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[ "information on pachypanchax arnoulti is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - pachypanchax (pachypanchax arnoulti )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - pachypanchax (pachypanchax arnoulti )\ntitle =\narkive species - pachypanchax (pachypanchax arnoulti )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthree protected areas are included within the range of pachypanchax arnoulti: the\ncomplexe mahavavy kinkony\n, ankarafantsika and bombetoka belemboka .\nthis species appeared on the iucn red list as pachypanchax sp. nov.' betsiboka' until 2016. this species was formally described as pachypanchax arnoulti in loiselle (2006). an updated red list assessment has been created to reflect this change .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > pachypanchax arnoulti < / i > male\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - < i > pachypanchax arnoulti < / i > male\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > pachypanchax arnoulti < / i > male\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe genus pachypanchax is endemic to madagascar and the granitic seychelles with one recently translocated population known from the island of zanzibar .\np. arnoulti has been in the aquarium hobby for many years but was identified as the congener p. omalonotus prior to its description .\nmyers, g. s. , 1933 - american museum novitates no. 592: 1 p. pachypanchax, a new genus of cyprinodont fishes from the seychelles islands and madagascar .\narnoulti: named for jacques arnoult ‘in recognition of his many contributions to malagasy ichthyology, and who first introduced this and other fishes from madagascar to science and to the aquarium hobby in the 1950’s .\nloiselle, p. v. , 2006 - zootaxa 1366: 1 - 44 a review of the malagasy pachypanchax (teleostei: cyprinodontiformes, aplocheilidae), with descriptions of four new species .\nloiselle, p. v. , 2006. a review of the malagasy pachypanchax (teleostei: cyprinodontiformes, aplocheilidae), with descriptions of four new species. zootaxa 1366: 1 - 44. (ref. 57724 )\np. arnoulti can be told apart from p. omalontotus by the absence of metallic gold spots on the flanks (vs. presence), presence of iridescent white edges to the anal - fin and lower caudal - fin lobe (vs. absence), possession of more rounded dorsal and anal - fins and a longer caudal peduncle (17. 0 ± 1. 9% sl vs. 14. 7 ± 1. 6% sl) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nnamed for jacques arnoult in recognition of his many contributions to the malagasy ichthyology and who first introduced this and other fishes from madagascar to science and to the aquarium hobby in the 1950' s (ref. 57724 )\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 5. 9 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 57724 )\nfound in wide range of habitats: swamp whose water is clear, tannin stained, acidic, soft and deficient in dissolved substances; small creek whose water is clear, colorless, with a neutral ph, moderate hardness and deficient in dissolved substances. feeds on terrestrial and aquatic insects and preyed upon mostly by fish - eating birds and dragonfly nymphs (ref. 57724) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5079 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00389 (0. 00180 - 0. 00842), b = 3. 12 (2. 94 - 3. 30), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 5 ±0. 5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months () .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (10 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\neschmeyer, w. n. , fricke, r. and van der laan, r. (eds). 2016. catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. updated 2 may 2016. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 2 may 2016) .\nrandrianizahaisa, h. , rasoloariniaina, r, ravelomanana, t. & velosoa, j .\njustification: this species is recorded from rivers on the western slopes of madagascar from the betsiboka - kamoro basin to the tsiribihina and including lac kinkony. however, the betsiboka / ikopa and kinkony subpopulations are impacted by loss of habitat and exotic fishes colonisation. the extent of occurrence is less than 20, 000 km², it is found in only four locations, and there is an ongoing decline in habitat. this species is assessed as vulnerable .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nclassified as vulnerable (vu) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\ndr. paul v. loiselle curator of freshwater fishes new york aquarium surf ave. and west 8th st. brooklyn ny 11224 united states of america tel: (718) 265 - 3406 fax: (719) 265 - 3420 ploiselle @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npachpanchax: from the greek pachy, meaning ‘thick’, and the generic name panchax, in reference to member species’ appearing rather like a ‘chubby’ panchax .\ncurrent known range includes the mahavavy du sud and betsiboka river systems in western madagascar, some first - order streams entering the mozambique channel between their mouths and lake kinkony plus its satellite lakes in the mahavavy du sud delta region .\nadditional localities include a hill stream flowing from the tampoketsa highlands and the upper kamoro river basin, and may also occur in the mahajamba and soahany watersheds .\ntype locality is ‘swamp draining into a tributary stream of the ikopa river, flowing parallel to rn - 4 at antanimbary village (17°10’79”s, 46°50’97”e), 246 m a. s. l. (betsiboka river drainage) ’ with the type series f2 descendants of fish collected there .\nthis species’ population have declined dramatically since the 1950s and when last surveyed it was abundant only in the upper kamoro river, the small streams between the estuaries of the betsiboka and mahavavy du sud rivers and satellite lakes of the kinkony basin .\nat other localities where it was reported abundant in the past it has been replaced by non - native swordtails, xiphophorus hellerii, and mosquitofish, gambusia holbrooki .\nmany habitats have also been devastated by removal of natural forest for conversion to cultivation and pastureland, a practise which has led to an enormous increase in soil erosion .\nas a result it’s currently classified as a species of special concern by the world conservation union, i. e. , its status needs to be monitored on a regular basis .\nappears to be something of a habitat generalist and has been collected from a range of environments .\nthe type locality consists of a swamp with vegetation dominated by pandanus and dracaena spp. containing clear, tannin - stained, soft (total hardness < 17. 1 ppm), slightly acidic (ph 6. 2) water with low conductivity (16 μs / cm²) .\nmicrofauna included various aquatic coleoptera and hemiptera while xiphophorus hellerii, was collected in the outflowing stream but not the swamp itself. there were no aquatic plants or filamentous algae .\nin a creek flowing into the akalimolitra river, a tributary within the betsiboka system, it was collected from the water was clear, transparent, neutral (ph 7. 0), moderately hard (total hardness 68. 4 ppm) and weakly conductive (34 μs / cm²) with no aquatic plants or filamentous algae .\nalthough only dragonfly nymphs were observed in the creek sympatric fishes in the main river channel included paretroplus kieneri, p. tsimoly, glossogobius giuris, awaous macrorhynchus and non - native oreochromis mossambicus .\nthe faeces of wild fish has been observed to contain both aquatic and terrestrial insects, suggesting it feeds both at the water surface and from the substrate .\nin the aquarium it’s an unfussy feeder and will accept quality dried products as well as live and frozen fare, including earthworms of its own body length as well as bloodworm, tubifex, daphnia, etc .\nwingless fruit flies of the genus drosophila and tiny crickets are also excellent foods if gut - loaded prior to use .\nrelatively peaceful although much smaller fishes are likely to be predated on, and given its conservation status it’s perhaps best maintained alone .\nmales grow larger than females and develop more - extended fins as they mature, plus they are far more colourful than females .\nif conditions are suitable this species is not difficult to breed and will deposit its eggs among live plants, aquatic mosses, synthetic mops, etc .\nit’s perhaps best spawned in a group which can be left in situ and in a well - decorated set - up some fry may escape predation by the adults, otherwise eggs or medium can be removed to a separate container for incubation .\nit appears in the majority of older aquarium literature under that name and as a result a degree of hybridisation has undoubtedly occurred .\nshould you wish to keep either species as a long - term breeding project it’s therefore advisable to work only with fish of guaranteed origin .\nit differs from p. playfairii in that males lack raised scales on the dorsal surface of the body and red spots on the flanks, while females lack a black ocellus in the dorsal - fin, and can be distinguished from p. sakaramyi and p. sparksorum in that the pectoral (chest) scales are not smaller than those on the flanks .\nit also has the longest head (30. 2 ± 1. 8% sl) among all congeners occurring on madagascar and lacks red pigmentation on the body and fins, this separating it from p. patriciae and p. varatraza .\nthe position of the family aplocheilidae within the order cyprinodontiformes and its constituent members appears to be in question .\nthe author stopped short of suggesting new family groups for the two genera, however, and both remain in aplocheilidae at time of writing .\nhertwig, s. t. , 2008 - zoologica scripta 37 (2): 141 - 174 phylogeny of the cyprinodontiformes (teleostei, atherinomorpha): the contribution of cranial soft tissue characters .\nmurphy, w. j. and g. e. collier, 1997 - molecular biology and evolution 14 (8): 790 - 799 a molecular phylogeny for aplocheiloid fishes (atherinomorpha, cyprinodontiformes): the role of vicariance and the origins of annualism." ]

{ "text": [ "pachypanchax arnoulti is a species of aplocheilid killifish endemic to madagascar .", "its natural habitat is rivers and lakes .", "it is threatened by habitat loss and invasive species . " ], "topic": [ 20, 13, 17 ] }

[ "pachypanchax arnoulti is a species of aplocheilid killifish endemic to madagascar. its natural habitat is rivers and lakes. it is threatened by habitat loss and invasive species." ]

[ "you selected emerald green betta (english). this is a common name for :\none of more than sixty species of betta, the emerald - green betta, also called the emerald betta, is relatively uncommon in the aquarium trade. these fish are native to the slow - moving waters of rice paddies, swamps and ditches in northeastern thailand. in their natural habitat, betta fish must be equipped to survive in water that contains relatively low oxygen content. to surive in this environment, emerald bettas have a special organ called a labyrinth which enables the fish to breathe air at the surface of the water .\n. they have green or blue gill plates with wild spots on the tail rays .\nthese bettas are carnivorous by nature, feeding on insects, small invertebrates and zooplankton in the wild. in the home aquarium, emerald bettas will generally accept dried foods. offer your betta high - quality betta pellets as a staple diet, supplementing it with small live foods such as bloodworms, daphnia and artemia .\nintroductions of domesticated betta are also known to be having an adverse effect on the purity of some populations .\nemerald bettas prefer heavily planted tanks decorated with driftwood roots and small clay pots. because they are naturally found in sluggish waters, filtration in an emerald betta tank should produce low water flow. these fish may also enjoy the addition of some leaf litter to simulate their natural environment. the males of this species can be very aggressive and are thus not recommended for a community tank .\na more peaceful betta which can be kept in pairs in 38 litres (10 us g .), groups in 114 litres (30 us g .) or larger. can be kept in peaceful non - territorial tank mates. in order to breed, they must be kept in species tanks .\nanal spines: 4 - 5; anal soft rays: 22 - 26. head length 4. 0 - 4. 5 times in sl; male with anal fin extending to end of caudal fin; stripes on body faint, adult male reddish brown with an iridescent blue or green spot on each scale; anal and caudal fins blue with red rays; female brown with 2 darker stripes (ref. 43281) .\nemerald bettas are best spawned in a species tank as long as plenty of cover is provided for the female. raising the temperature in the breeding tank may encourage spawning and once the process has started, spawning may take several hours. following spawning, the female should be removed from the tank and the male will care for the eggs until they hatch. hatching typically occurs after 24 to 48 hours and the fry will become free swimming after another 3 to 4 days .\nfreshwater; benthopelagic; ph range: 6. 0 - 8. 0; dh range: 5 - 19. tropical; 24°c - 27°c (ref. 1672 )\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 7. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 6398 )\nkottelat, m. , 2001. fishes of laos. wht publications ltd. , colombo 5, sri lanka. 198 p. (ref. 43281 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01122 (0. 00514 - 0. 02450), b = 3. 04 (2. 87 - 3. 21), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 2 ±0. 4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (10 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nthe species is threatened by habitat degradation; habitats across most of its range have been converted into intensive farmland, developed, or polluted, especially in thailand and lao pdr which are its centre of population. genetic erosion is a secondary threat from escaped farmed stock of\nits exact extent of occurrence and area of occupancy and declining rate are poorly known currently, but is locally uncommon it its suitable habitats. further information is needed on the species distribution and threats, and the species is assessed as data deficient .\nthis species is known from the khorat plateau in northeastern thailand and lowland lao pdr and northern cambodia in the mekong and basin. its natural range stretches southwards from the thai / lao pdr border through the provinces of nong khai, udon thani, khon khaen, ubon ratchathani and others. possibly reported from southern viet nam .\nlocally common to uncommon throughout its range. the species is now becoming scarce in many areas across its range due to pollution and habitat degradation .\nthis species occurs in shallow marshland and floodplains, small seasonal swamp and waterbodies with dense vegetation, grasses and small waterplants .\nwetland degradation from diversion, infrastructure and agriculture may threats to this species. hybridization from release of captive - bred specimens .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbest suited to a species tank; however, if you must house with other fish try dwarf corydoras, small cyprinids and otocinclus catfish .\njavascript has been deactivated in your browser. reactivation will enable you to use the vocabulary trainer and any other programs .\nyou are not signed in. please sign in or register for free if you want to use this function .\nwe are using the following form field to detect spammers. please do leave them untouched. otherwise your message will be regarded as spam. we are sorry for the inconvenience .\nthank you! your message has now been forwarded to the pons editorial department .\ncollect the vocabulary that you want to remember while using the dictionary. the items that you have collected will be displayed under\nvocabulary list\n.\nif you want to copy vocabulary items to the vocabulary trainer, click on\nimport\nin the vocabulary list .\nplease note that the vocabulary items in this list are only available in this browser. once you have copied them to the vocabulary trainer, they are available from everywhere .\nunique: the editorially approved pons online dictionary with text translation tool now includes a database with hundreds of millions of real translations from the internet. see how foreign - language expressions are used in real life. real language usage will help your translations to gain in accuracy and idiomaticity !\nenter a word (“newspaper”), a word combination (“exciting trip”) or a phrase (“with all good wishes”) into the search box. the search engine displays hits in the dictionary entries plus translation examples, which contain the exact or a similar word or phrase .\nthis new feature displays references to sentence pairs from translated texts, which we have found for you on the internet, directly within many of our pons dictionary entries .\na click on the tab “usage examples” displays a full inventory of translations to all of the senses of the headword. usage examples present in the pons dictionary will be displayed first .\nthe pons dictionary delivers the reliability of a dictionary which has been editorially reviewed and expanded over the course of decades. in addition, the dictionary is now supplemented with millions of real - life translation examples from external sources. so, now you can see how a concept is translated in specific contexts. you can find the answers to questions like “can you really say … in german? ” and so, you will produce more stylistically sophisticated translations .\nthe “examples from the internet” do, in fact, come from the internet. we are able to identify trustworthy translations with the aid of automated processes. the main sources we used are professionally translated company, and academic, websites. in addition, we have included websites of international organizations such as the european union. because of the overwhelming data volume, it has not been possible to carry out a manual editorial check on all of these documents. so, we logically cannot guarantee the quality of each and every translation. this is why they are marked “not verified by pons editors” .\nwe are working on continually optimizing the quality of our usage examples by improving their relevance as well as the translations. in addition, we have begun to apply this technology to further languages in order to build up usage - example databases for other language pairs. we also aim to integrate these usage examples into our mobile applications (mobile website, apps) as quickly as possible .\nthe examples come from the entire data collection of the pons dictionary and are all editorially certified .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 3234f3f4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 323d350c - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 32a7d814 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nfroese r. & pauly d. (eds). (2018). fishbase (version feb 2018). in: roskov y. , abucay l. , orrell t. , nicolson d. , bailly n. , kirk p. m. , bourgoin t. , dewalt r. e. , decock w. , de wever a. , nieukerken e. van, zarucchi j. , penev l. , eds. (2018). species 2000 & itis catalogue of life, 30th june 2018. digital resource at urltoken species 2000: naturalis, leiden, the netherlands. issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 75e2c75c - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\ndouble - check spelling, grammar, punctuation. translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different, search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different, try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations, dictionary, verb conjugations, and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language. have a suggestion, idea, or comment? send us your feedback .\ncharacteristics: natural gravel, 100% acrylic coating. it will not alter the chemistry of your aquarium water and is non - toxic .\nonce we have processed your order, this product will be despatched on a standard next working day delivery service for customers within mainland uk (as specified by our couriers). this service is charged at £3 - 95 for this item .\norders that exceed the size / weight or volume limits set by our couriers for each service may incur a delivery charge adjustment or changes to the delivery service used. certain postcodes may also be subject to a surcharge. please visit our delivery page for more information. to get an accurate delivery price for your order, simply add the items you wish to purchase to your basket, proceed to the checkout and complete your delivery address. please ensure you are happy with the delivery price at the checkout before completing your order .\norders that contain products with different delivery services will only be charged one delivery price, using the product with the highest delivery service .\nall parcels require a signature upon delivery, meaning that our courier is unable to leave an item without a signature .\nfor our full delivery terms and conditions, please visit our terms and conditions page .\nthis website uses cookies to improve your experience. we' ll assume you' re ok with this, but you can opt - out if you wish. accept read more\nthis article is a stub. we cannot complete the encyclopaedia without your help. you can contribute to the aquarium wiki by expanding this article. dont be shy! .\nthese bettas are quite tolerant of varying water conditions provided they remain healthy and stable. do best in densely planted tanks .\nthis page was last edited on 13 december 2017, at 03: 35 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3. 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. for additional information, see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. if you reside in an eu member state besides uk, import vat on this purchase is not recoverable. for additional information, see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\ndelivery time is estimated using our proprietary method which is based on the buyer' s proximity to the item location, the shipping service selected, the seller' s shipping history, and other factors. delivery times may vary, especially during peak periods .\ncopyright © 1995 - 2018 ebay inc. all rights reserved. accessibility, user agreement, privacy, cookies and adchoice" ]

{ "text": [ "the emerald green betta or blue betta , betta smaragdina , is a species of betta fish native to southeast asia , where they are found in the basins of the mekong and the chao phraya .", "this species grows to a length of 7 cm ( 2.8 in ) .", "this species is also found in the aquarium trade . " ], "topic": [ 22, 0, 20 ] }

[ "the emerald green betta or blue betta, betta smaragdina, is a species of betta fish native to southeast asia, where they are found in the basins of the mekong and the chao phraya. this species grows to a length of 7 cm (2.8 in). this species is also found in the aquarium trade." ]

[ "this is the place for neblinae definition. you find here neblinae meaning, synonyms of neblinae and images for neblinae copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word neblinae. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word neblinae and, of course, neblinae synonyms and on the right images related to the word neblinae .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage, code on github. page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about crepitus? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for crepitus? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhave a fact about crepidato? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for crepidato? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about crepitere? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for crepitere? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about crepidae? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for crepidae? write it here to share it with the entire community .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "crepidochares neblinae is a moth in the eriocottidae family .", "it was described by davis in 1990 .", "it is found in venezuela .", "the length of the forewings is about 8 mm for males and 8.2-8.6 mm for females .", "the forewings are light grey , heavily irorrated with fuscous and most scales with dark fuscous tips .", "there are three distinct , irregular bands of dark fuscous traversing the outer half of the wing .", "there are small patches of cream scales scattered along the costa and the termen .", "the hindwings are uniform grey .", "adults have been recorded on wing in december . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "crepidochares neblinae is a moth in the eriocottidae family. it was described by davis in 1990. it is found in venezuela. the length of the forewings is about 8 mm for males and 8.2-8.6 mm for females. the forewings are light grey, heavily irorrated with fuscous and most scales with dark fuscous tips. there are three distinct, irregular bands of dark fuscous traversing the outer half of the wing. there are small patches of cream scales scattered along the costa and the termen. the hindwings are uniform grey. adults have been recorded on wing in december." ]

[ "species polycera mediterranea bergh, 1879 accepted as polycera quadrilineata (o. f. müller, 1776 )\nspecies polycera nigropicta ihering, 1885 accepted as polycera quadrilineata (o. f. müller, 1776 )\nspecies polycera salamandra labbé, 1931 accepted as polycera quadrilineata (o. f. müller, 1776 )\nvariety polycera quadrilineata var. marplatensis franceschi, 1928 accepted as polycera marplatensis franceschi, 1928 (original combination )\nspecies polycera gnupa er. marcus & ev. marcus, 1967 accepted as polycera hedgpethi er. marcus, 1964\nspecies polycera nigrolineata dautzenberg & durouchoux, 1913 accepted as polycera quadrilineata (o. f. müller, 1776 )\nspecies polycera typica w. thompson, 1840 accepted as polycera quadrilineata (o. f. müller, 1776 )\nspecies polycera varians m. sars, 1840 accepted as polycera quadrilineata (o. f. müller, 1776 )\nspecies polycera lineatus risso, 1826 accepted as polycera quadrilineata (o. f. müller, 1776) (synonym )\nsubspecies polycera quadrilineata mediterranea bergh, 1879 accepted as polycera quadrilineata (o. f. müller, 1776) (synonym )\nsubspecies polycera quadrilineata nigropicta ihering, 1886 accepted as polycera quadrilineata (o. f. müller, 1776) (synonym )\nscientific synonyms and common names polycera dubia sars m. , 1829 polycera lessoni d' orbigny, 1837 polycera citrina alder, 1841 doris illuminata gould, 1841 euplocamus holboelli müller, 1842 polycera ocellata alder & hancock, 1842 polycera modesta lovén, 1844 polycera pudica lovén, 1846 palio pallida bergh, 1880 palio dubia (sars m. , 1829): picton, 1995\nspecies polycera ornata d' orbigny, 1837 accepted as polycera quadrilineata (o. f. müller, 1776) (synonym )\nsubspecies polycera quadrilineata nigrolineata dautzenberg & durouchoux, 1913 accepted as polycera quadrilineata (o. f. müller, 1776) (synonym )\nscientific synonyms and common names doris quadrilineata müller o. f. , 1776 doris flava montagu, 1804 doris cornuta rathke, 1806 policere lineatus risso, 1826 polycera ornata d' orbigny, 1837 doris ornate orbigny, 1837 polycera typica thompson w. , 1840 polycera varians sars m. , 1840 thecacera capitata alder & hancock, 1854 polycera quadrilineata mediterranea bergh, 1879 polycera quadrilineata nigropicta von ihering, 1885 polycera quadrilineata nigrolineata dautzenberg & durouchoux, 1913 doris ornata var. marplatensis franceschi, 1928 polycera salamandra labbé, 1931 polycera quadrilineata (müller o. f. , 1776): picton, 1995\nworms - world register of marine species - polycera hedgpethi er. marcus, 1964\nspecies polycera modesta lovén, 1846 accepted as palio dubia (m. sars, 1829 )\nre: polycera atra from california from: wesley m. farmer, july 1, 2008\nspecies polycera citrina alder & hancock, 1841 accepted as palio dubia (m. sars, 1829 )\nspecies polycera lessonii d' orbigny, 1837 accepted as palio dubia (m. sars, 1829 )\nspecies polycera zosterae o' donoghue, 1924 accepted as palio dubia (m. sars, 1829 )\nand then water planet, polycera offers exceptional performance characteristics previously found only with ceramic membranes but with a dramatic economic advantage. we believe polycera is a true game - changer in the industry ,\nsaid\nworms - world register of marine species - polycera quadrilineata (o. f. müller, 1776 )\nrobust, easy to clean polycera membranes extend the range of ultrafiltration performance beyond conventional ceramic and polymeric membranes .\nspecies polycera pudica lovén, 1846 accepted as palio dubia (m. sars, 1829) (dubious synonym )\nstatus in world register of marine species accepted name: polycera quadrilineata (müller o. f. , 1776 )\nspecies polycera lessoni d' orbigny, 1837 accepted as palio dubia (m. sars, 1829) (synonym )\nspecies polycera cornigera adams & reeve in adams, 1848 accepted as ceratosoma trilobatum (j. e. gray, 1827 )\nspecies polycera dubia m. sars, 1829 accepted as palio dubia (m. sars, 1829) (original combination )\nwe would love to hear from you to discuss how polycera membranes can help your existing or upcoming water treatment facility or system .\n( of polycera quadrilineata nigropicta ihering, 1886) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of polycera quadrilineata mediterranea bergh, 1879) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndoris quadrilineata o. f. müller, 1776 accepted as polycera quadrilineata (o. f. müller, 1776) (type by subsequent designation )\n( of polycera quadrilineata nigrolineata dautzenberg & durouchoux, 1913) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\npolycera polymer materials are 100% organic, but they exhibit unique electronic behavior that shifts from metal - like conducting to metal oxide - like semi - conducting to plastic - like insulating properties. these materials are neither conventional polymers nor are they traditional metals or metal - oxide ceramics. polycera goes beyond traditional polymeric and ceramic materials .\n( of polycera salamandra labbé, 1931) labbé a. (1931). les polycerades de la station du croisic et description sommaire d' une espèce nouvelle: polycera salamandra n. sp. . bulletin de la société zoologique de france 56: 19 - 24. page (s): 19 - 24 [ details ]\npolycera membranes are offered in our proprietary spiral monolith ® module, which enables either dead - end (low - energy) or cross - flow (high - fouling) operation combined with hydraulic backwashing. the result is that our spiral monolith modules with polycera membranes inside maximize process uptime and water recovery and minimize energy and operating cost .\npolycera has the potential to revolutionize the membrane industry by setting a totally new benchmark for membrane performance and cost. based on nobel prize winning chemistry that was further developed at\n/ prnewswire / - - water planet, a global supplier of high - performance membrane - based water treatment solutions, introduces polycera®, a breakthrough membrane filtration technology based on advanced polymeric materials .\npolycera® is a new polymeric material platform derived from nobel prize winning polymer chemistry developed into membrane materials at the university of california, los angeles (ucla) and the california nanosystems institute (cnsi) .\nwater planet recently completed a six week pilot test of polycera be - 100 - xb ultrafiltration (uf) modules to reclaim domestic wastewater for non - potable reuse at remote temporary work camps in south texas. the testing validated that the polycera uf membranes were able to consistently polish wastewater to meet the standards for direct non - potable reuse with filtrate water quality always less than 1 mg / l tss, 2 cfus per 100 ml and 0. 1 ntu turbidity. moreover, when compared with pvdf uf membranes, polycera maintained a much higher sustainable flux, and its permeability was recovered from fouling with half the backwashing and cleaning frequency .\npicton, b. e. & morrow, c. c. (2016). polycera faeroensis lemche, 1929. [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland. urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 10\n( of polycera quadrilineata nigropicta ihering, 1886) ihering h. von (1886). beiträge zur kenntnis der nudibranchien des mittelmeeres. part 2. malakozoologische blätter n. f. 8: 12 - 48 [ 1886 ] [ details ]\nsimilar species: sometimes p. quadrilineata is confused with polycera faeroensis; however in the latter there are 8 or more oral veil processes and the patches of yellow pigment that are present on the dorsum of p. quadrilineata are normally absent .\npicton, b. e. & morrow, c. c. (2016). polycera quadrilineata (o f müller, 1776). [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland. urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 10\ndelivering alien invasive species inventories for europe (daisie) to biodiversity heritage library (1 publication) (from synonym polycera gnupa er. marcus & ev. marcus, 1967) to biodiversity heritage library (10 publications) to biological information system for marine life (bismal) to clemam to encyclopedia of life to pesi to sea slug forum (via archive. org) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection (from synonym polycera gnupa er. marcus & ev. marcus, 1967) to itis\n( of polycera quadrilineata nigrolineata dautzenberg & durouchoux, 1913) dautzenberg, ph. ; durouchoux, p. (1913). les mollusques de la baie de saint - malo. feuille des jeunes naturalistes: rennes - paris. 64 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\ngiacobbe s. & de matteo s. (2013). the potentially invasive opisthobranch polycera hedgpethi er. marcus, 1964 (gastropoda nudibranchia), introduced in a mediterranean coastal lagoon. biodiversity journal. 4 (2): 359 - 364. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfor oems, integrators and owner / operators who struggle to apply membrane filtration in industrial wastewater treatment, our polycera ® titan product is a sub - 5 nm pore size uf membrane that delivers next - level oil, hydrocarbon, ph and temperature stability with high sustainable flux operation and ease of cleaning .\n( of polycera lineatus risso, 1826) backeljau, t. (1986). lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van belgië [ list of the recent marine molluscs of belgium ]. koninklijk belgisch instituut voor natuurwetenschappen: brussels, belgium. 106 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\npolycera membranes were developed to extend the range of polymeric membrane filtration to tackle the most challenging applications, delivering stable performance even under extreme ph, temperature, fouling and chemical conditions. this means low energy and high sustainable flux operation with extended membrane life, maximum system uptime, and minimal residual waste to manage .\n( of polycera ornata d' orbigny, 1837) backeljau, t. (1986). lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van belgië [ list of the recent marine molluscs of belgium ]. koninklijk belgisch instituut voor natuurwetenschappen: brussels, belgium. 106 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nfor oems, integrators and owner / operators who struggle to maintain high water throughput in tap water filtration, our polycera® hydro product is a sub - 20 nm uf membrane that delivers 6: 4: 3 log removal (bacteria: virus: protozoa) with high sustainable flux operation, fouling tolerance and ease of cleaning .\n( of polycera typica w. thompson, 1840) thompson, w. (1840). contributions towards a knowledge of the mollusca nudibranchia and mollusca tunicata of ireland, with descriptions of some apparently new species of invertebrata. annals of natural history, 5: 84 - 102, pl. 2, available online at urltoken [ details ]\nedwards, r. v. 2008. polycera quadrilineata a sea slug. in tyler - walters h. and hiscock k. (eds) marine life information network: biology and sensitivity key information reviews, [ on - line ]. plymouth: marine biological association of the united kingdom. [ cited 10 - 07 - 2018 ]. available from: urltoken\n( of polycera ornata d' orbigny, 1837) orbigny a. d. d' (1837). mémoire sur des espèces et sur des genres nouveaux de l' ordre des nudibranches observés sur les côtes de france. magasin de zoologie, 7, classe 5: 1 - 16, pl. 102 - 109, available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of polycera gnupa er. marcus & ev. marcus, 1967) marcus ev. ; marcus er. (1967). american opisthobranch mollusks part i, tropical american opisthobranchs, part ii, opisthobranchs from the gulf of california. studies in tropical oceanography. 6: 1–256, pl. 1. page (s): 198 - 200 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nclemam (from synonym greilada elegans bergh, 1894) encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland (from synonym greilada elegans bergh, 1894) marine life information network - uk (from synonym greilada elegans bergh, 1894) to biodiversity heritage library (18 publications) (from synonym greilada elegans bergh, 1894) to biodiversity heritage library (7 publications) to clemam to clemam (from synonym greilada elegans bergh, 1894) to clemam (from synonym polycera messinensis odhner, 1941) to clemam (from synonym palio espagnoli tejedo, 1994) to encyclopedia of life to pesi to pesi (from synonym palio espagnoli tejedo, 1994) to pesi (from synonym polycera messinensis odhner, 1941) to pesi (from synonym greilada elegans bergh, 1894) to sea slug forum (via archive. org) (from synonym greilada elegans bergh, 1894 )\nkeppel, e. ; sigovini, m. ; tagliapietra, d. (2012). a new geographical record of polycera hedgpethi er. marcus, 1964 (nudibranchia: polyceridae) and evidence of its established presence in the mediterranean sea, with a review of its geographical distribution. marine biology research. 8 (10): 969 - 981. (look up in imis), available online at urltoken [ details ]\npolycera membranes offer a unique combination of extreme hydrophilicity, permeability and robustness. improved hydrophilicity means improved fouling resistance and ease of cleaning, ultimately, more water and less cost. captive bubble contact angle using a pure hydrocarbon oil droplet, as shown below, measures the extent to which the oil droplet can displace water and stick strongly to the membrane surface. the lower the angle, the more the membrane favors water, resists fouling and cleans easily .\nfouling - resistant, easy - to - clean, highly oleophobic, and exhibiting extreme ph, temperature and oxidant stability, polycera be - 100 - xb uf modules are ideal for a wide range of applications including tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater; high cod / bod industrial wastewater water treatment; conventional air and high - purity oxygen membrane bioreactors; chemical, pharmaceutical, biotech, dairy, food and beverage process separations; pre - filtration for brackish and ocean water desalination; and municipal - scale to point - of - use drinking water purification .\n( of polycera lineatus risso, 1826) risso, a. (1826 - 1827). histoire naturelle des principales productions de l' europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de nice et des alpes maritimes. paris, levrault: vol. 1: xii + 448 pp. , 1 map [ 1826 ]; vol. 2: vii + 482 pp. , 8 pls [ november 1827 ]; vol. 3: xvi + 480 pp. , 14 pls [ september 1827 ]; vol. 4: iv + 439 pp. , 12 pls [ november 1826 ]; vol. 5: viii + 400 pp. , 10 pls [ november 1827 ]. . 3 (xvi): 1 - 480, 14 pls. , available online at urltoken page (s): 30 [ details ]\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter, please feel free to enter the title and author information. the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request. please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news, content highlights, and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services. help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request. please try again and if the problem persists, please send us feedback .\ncuvier, g. (1817). le règne animal distribué d' après son organisation, pour servir de base à l' histoire naturelle des animaux et d' introduction à l' anatomie comparée. [ work generally dated 1817; published before 2 december 1816 according to roux journal of the society for the bibliography of natural history 8 (1): 31 ]. tome 1, 540 pp. ; tome 2, 528 pp. ; tome 3, 653 pp. ; tome 4, 255 pp. , 15 pl. deterville, paris. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nenter your information into this form and we will be in touch with you shortly .\n) develops and markets breakthrough water treatment technologies to solve the world' s most challenging water reuse and desalination applications. water planet' s product lines include\n® membrane products. since 2011, water planet' s world - class team has a demonstrated, global track record of delivering reliable and affordable solutions for industrial, municipal, and agricultural water use and reuse .\ncopyright © 2018 pr newswire association llc. all rights reserved. a cision company .\n( of doris quadrilineata o. f. müller, 1776) müller, o. f. (1776). zoologiae danicae prodromus: seu animalium daniae et norvegiae indigenarum characteres, nomina, et synonyma imprimis popularium. hafniae, typiis hallageriis. 1 - 274. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndistribution p. quadrilineata is reported from the belgian coast by maitland (1897) and vonck (1933). however, no definite reports of ...\ndistribution p. quadrilineata is reported from the belgian coast by maitland (1897) and vonck (1933). however, no definite reports of living specimens exist upon. [ details ]\n( of doris flava montagu, 1804) montagu, george. (1804). description of several marine animals found on the south coast of devonshire. transactions of the linnean society, london. 7: 61 - 85, pl. 6 - 7. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of doris cornuta rathke, 1806) müller, o. f. (1806). zoologia danica seu animalium daniae et norvegiae rariorum ac minus notorum descriptiones et historia. havniae [ copenhague ], n. christensen. volumen quartum: [ 1 - 5 ], 1 - 46, pls. 121 - 160. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of thecacera capitata alder & hancock, 1854) alder j. & hancock a. (1854). notice of some new species of british nudibranchiata. annals and magazine of natural history. ser. 2, 14: 102 - 105. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca. in: costello, m. j. et al. (eds), european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. patrimoines naturels. 50: 180 - 213. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nhayward, p. j. ; ryland, j. s. (ed .). (1990). the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe: 1. introduction and protozoans to arthropods. clarendon press: oxford, uk. isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1. 627 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of doris ornata var. marplatensis franceschi, 1928) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of doris ornata (d' orbigny, 1837) ) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ntype locality tomales bay, california, u. s. a. [ details ]\nzenetos, a. , m. e. çinar, m. a. pancucci - papadopoulou, j. g. harmelin, g. furnari, f. andaloro, n. bellou, n. streftaris & h. zibrowius. (2005). annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species. mediterranean marine science 6 (2): 63 - 118. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nmarchini, a. ; ferrario, j. ; sfriso, a. ; occhipinti - ambrogi, a. (2015). current status and trends of biological invasions in the lagoon of venice, a hotspot of marine nis introductions in the mediterranean sea. biological invasions. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nkatsanevakis, s. ; bogucarskis, k. ; gatto, f. ; vandekerkhove, j. ; deriu, i. ; cardoso a. s. (2012). building the european alien species information network (easin): a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data. bioinvasions records. 1: 235 - 245. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of greilada elegans bergh, 1894) bergh, l. s. r. (1894). eine neue gattung von polyceraden (greilada). archiv für naturgeschichte, berlin. 60 (1): 1 - 6. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of palio espagnoli tejedo, 1994) tejedo m. v. (1994). tres nuevas especies de doridáceos (gastropoda: nudibranchia) en la costa del mediterráneo catalán. . butlletí del centre d’estudis de la natura del barcelonès - nord 3 (1): 63 - 72. [ details ]\n( of greilada elegans bergh, 1894) hayward, p. j. ; ryland, j. s. (ed .). (1990). the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe: 1. introduction and protozoans to arthropods. clarendon press: oxford, uk. isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1. 627 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfeeding on bryozoan bugula, shaw' s cove, laguna beach, california. ¬†photo: bruce wight .\ncharacterised by its bluish black longitudinal lines and oblong yellow tubercles. grows to about 20mm in length. feeds on the arborescent bryozoan bugula .\nreference: • macfarland, f. m. (1905). a preliminary account of the dorididae of the monterey bay, california. proceedings of the biological society of washington, 18: 35 - 54 • macfarland, f. m. 1966. studies of opisthobranchiate mollusks of the pacific coast of north america. memoirs of the california academy of sciences, 6: 1 - 546, pls. 1 - 72 .\ndescription: this nudibranch may grow to a length of 45mm, the ground colour is translucent white. eight or more yellow tipped oral veil processes are present. there is a yellow tipped process at either side of the gills, which in larger individuals usually becomes flattened and develops several points. the tips of the rhinophores, propodial tentacles, oral lobes and gills are also pigmented with yellow. occasionally rounded yellow spots are present on the body .\nhabitat: it appears that p. faeroensis feeds on erect bryozoans such as bicellariella ciliata, crisia and perhaps bugula species. the spawn is a white coiled ribbon .\ndistribution: a common species in the circalittoral and on steep rockfaces on the western and southern coasts of the british isles. originally described from the faeroes .\neight or more processes on the oral veil, two rhinophores without basal processes .\ndistribution map from nbn: interactive map: national biodiversity network mapping facility, data for uk .\nm. j. de kluijver, s. s. ingalsuo & r. h. de bruyne\nthis common species may reach a length of 39 mm, coloured white with yellow or orange pigment located in blotches. there is usually a row of ovoid blotches down the midline of the back together with others on the flanks and the\n. occasionally, streaks and blotches of jet black may be present. on either side of the\n, usually on the lower shore, or in shallow offshore situations, to 60 m .\nhayward, p. j. , wigham, g. d. & n. yonow, 1990. mollusca i: polyplacophora, scaphopoda, and gastropoda. in: the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe. (ed. p. j. hayward & j. s. ryland). clarendon press, oxford: 628 - 730 .\nseaward, d. r. , 1990. distribution of the marine molluscs of north west europe. nature conservancy council .\nthompson, t. e. & g. h. brown, 1976 / 1984. biology of opisthobranch molluscs, volume i and ii. ray society. london .\nthompson, t. e. , 1988. molluscs: benthic opisthobranchs (mollusca: gastropoda). synopses of the british fauna (ns), 8: 1 - 356 .\noccurs on encrusting sea mats (bryozoa) from the intertidal and sublittoral zones to depths of about 60 m .\nhayward, p. j. & ryland, j. s. (ed .) 1995a. the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe. volume 2. molluscs to chordates. oxford science publications. oxford: clarendon press .\nhowson, c. m. & picton, b. e. , 1997. the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas. belfast: ulster museum. [ ulster museum publication, no. 276. ]\njncc (joint nature conservation committee), 1999. marine environment resource mapping and information database (mermaid): marine nature conservation review survey database. [ on - line ] urltoken\nnational biodiversity network (nbn) atlas website. available from: http: / / www. nbnatlas. org. accessed 01 april 2017\npicton, b. e. & morrow, c. c. , 1994. a field guide to the nudibranchs of the british isles. london: immel publishing ltd .\npicton, b. e. & morrow, c. c. , 2000. encyclopaedia of marine life of britain and ireland. urltoken 2003 - 09 - 18\npicton, b. e. , 2000. nudibranchs of the british isles. urltoken 2003 - 09 - 11\nthompson, t. e. & brown, g. h. , 1976. british opisthobranch molluscs. london: academic press. [ synopses of the british fauna, no. 8. ]\nmarine life information network (marlin), the marine biological association of the uk (see contact us) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk, all rights reserved .\nthe information (text only) provided by the marine life information network (marlin) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2. 0 uk: england & wales license. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse. permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here. based on a work at urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / ietf / / dtd html 3. 0 / / en\nhtml. dtd\nmembers of this genus possess an elongate, limaciform body; the frontal veil has short, pointed processes; the non - retractile gills have accessory postero - lateral extra - branchial appendages .\ntypically has a gray white body with longitudinal black stripes. yellow orange dots occur on the lighter portion of the body; rhinophores and gills are black with orange tips. there are about a half dozen orange tubercles on the dorsolateral ridge from each rhinophore to the gills. the frontal veil has 4 - 8 processes, with varying amounts of yellow - orange coloration .\nhas been documented by previous authors. macfarland (1966: 117) wrote that\nlighter colors are more frequent in specimens from southern waters as shown in the figures made from photographs\n( his plate 18, figures 2 and 3). behrens (1991: 53) has stated that\nsouthern california kelp bed specimens may be quite white with only a few black stripes .\nmy collecting experience seems to suggest that the lighter color phase is based on feeding habits, not geographic distribution. i have found the very whitish form feeding on the bryozoan\ncollected from bahía tortugas (near the extreme southern limit of its range), exhibit a more typical darker coloration .\nliving adult specimens average 25 mm, but can reach 30 - 40 mm in total length. this species has been reported from cape arago, oregon, usa, to bahía estero de coyote (on the punta eugenia peninsula, just south of bahía tortugas), baja california sur, mexico .\n( i thank the mexican federal government comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, referencia: l136, for funding of my recent research at bahía tortugas. )\nassoc. prof. dept. of math and natural sciences national university 192 imperial beach blvd. # a imperial beach, ca 91932 fax (619) 423 - 9118 send hans e - mail at hansmarvida @ urltoken\n© the slug site, michael d. miller 1998. all rights reserved .\nthis is a sublittoral species which reaches 45 mm in length, white with pigment blotches of yellow. the body has a soft appearance, and often seems to be loosely swollen. the yellow pigment covers the frontal\n. occasionally, areas of black pigment may be present. the head is semicircular in front, extending to form numerous (normally eight) finger - like, tapering frontal\nand the flattened oral lobes are paler in colour. the general texture of the body is, compared with\nthis species is especially common sublittorally, from 10 to 100 m. the diet consists principally of the bryozoa\nharms, j. , 1993. check list of species (algae, invertebtates and vertebrates) found in the vicinity of the island of helgoland (north sea, german bight) - a review of recent records. helgoländer meeresunters. , 47: 1 - 34 .\nin this hardy little species, the ground colour of the body is dark brown to olive green, with pale brown or white excrescences. the lamellate\n( up to 5 in number) are brownish. the frontal margin is slightly bilobed and bears a variable number of short, finger - like, pale brown\nand the flattened oral lobes are virtually colourless. the general texture of the body is, compared with\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\ndescription: the body of this nudibranch is usually translucent white with patches of yellow or orange pigment forming five longitudinal lines. however some individuals have fine black spots over the body and occasionally all the white area is coloured black. there are usually 4 (rarely 6) oral veil processes. at either side of the branchial plume there is a single orange tipped process. the tips of the rhinophores, propodial tentacles, oral lobes and gills are pigmented yellow. the maximum recorded length for this species is 45mm .\nhabitat: feeds on membranipora membranacea, a bryozoan species that grows on kelp, and also on other bryozoans such as electra pilosa on red algae. it is often found in large numbers. the spawn is a short white curved ribbon .\ndistribution: common all around the british isles and from america to the mediterranean .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications. this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nmartínez - pita, ines and garcía, francisco josé 2017. embryonic abnormalities of two seaslug species from south spain. thalassas: an international journal of marine sciences, vol. 33, issue. 2, p. 109 .\nchávez - viteri, yolanda e. brown, federico d. and pérez, oscar d. 2017. deviating from the norm: peculiarities ofaplysia cf. californicaearly cleavage compared to traditional spiralian models. journal of experimental zoology part b: molecular and developmental evolution, vol. 328, issue. 1 - 2, p. 72 .\nnekhaev, ivan o. 2016. newly arrived or previously overlooked: is there evidence for climate - driven changes in the distribution of molluscs in the barents sea? . biodiversity and conservation, vol. 25, issue. 5, p. 807 .\npalomar, gemma pola, marta and garcia - vazquez, eva 2014. first molecular phylogeny of the subfamily polycerinae (mollusca, nudibranchia, polyceridae). helgoland marine research, vol. 68, issue. 1, p. 143 .\ndionísio, gisela rosa, rui leal, miguel costa cruz, sónia brandão, cláudio calado, gonçalo serôdio, joão and calado, ricardo 2013. beauties and beasts: a portrait of sea slugs aquaculture. aquaculture, vol. 408 - 409, issue. , p. 1 .\nwolf, maya and young, craig m. 2012. complete development of the northeast pacific arminacean nudibranch janolus fuscus. the biological bulletin, vol. 222, issue. 2, p. 137 .\ngoddard, jeffrey h. r. 2011. palio dubia (nudibranchia: doridina) from the north - west atlantic ocean: is its morphology at hatching consistent with settlement one day later? . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, vol. 91, issue. 08, p. 1651 .\nhamel, jean - françois sargent, philip and mercier, annie 2008. diet, reproduction, settlement and growth of palio dubia (nudibranchia: polyceridae) in the north - west atlantic. journal of the marine biological association of the uk, vol. 88, issue. 02 ,\n, were collected in the intertidal zone of el portil (huelva) in south - western spain. in the laboratory spawn were collected daily. length and width of the spawn, number of eggs per mm\n, egg size and capsule size were measured. the egg masses were controlled several times a day to provide a timetable for the main developmental events until hatching. embryonic growth was measured between some characteristic stages (gastrula, preveliger, primordial velum and veliger prior to hatch) .\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads, pdfs sent to google drive, dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 10th july 2018. this data will be updated every 24 hours." ]

{ "text": [ "polycera is a genus of sea slugs , specifically nudibranchs , shell-less marine gastropod molluscs in the family polyceridae .", "polycera is the type genus of the family polyceridae . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26 ] }

[ "polycera is a genus of sea slugs, specifically nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropod molluscs in the family polyceridae. polycera is the type genus of the family polyceridae." ]

[ "showing page 1. found 0 sentences matching phrase\nosteodiscus cascadiae\n. found in 0 ms. translation memories are created by human, but computer aligned, which might cause mistakes. they come from many sources and are not checked. be warned .\ngreek, osteon = bone + gree, diskos = disc shape (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; bathydemersal; depth range 1900 - 3000 m (ref. 51661). deep - water\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 7. 4 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 26773); 8. 5 cm sl (female )\nmcallister, d. e. , 1990. a list of the fishes of canada. syllogeus no. 64. nat. mus. nat. sci. , ottawa, canada. 310 p. (ref. 11980 )\n): 1. 7 - 1. 9, mean 1. 8 (based on 18 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 6250 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00427 (0. 00188 - 0. 00970), b = 3. 19 (2. 99 - 3. 39), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 3 ±0. 3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (14 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\neschmeyer, william n. (editor). 1998. catalog of fishes. volumes 1 - 3. california academy of sciences, san francisco, california. 958 pp. updates available online at: urltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness, completeness, or accuracy of any specific data. natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility, fitness for a particular purpose, and non - infringement. natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server. in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special, indirect, incidental, consequential damages, or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, under any theory of liability used. natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice; however, natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein. since the data in the central databases are continually being updated, it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt. the data provided is for planning, assessment, and informational purposes. site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies. if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site, the appropriate state natural heritage program (s) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area (see visit local programs) .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\ncookies help us deliver our services. by using our services, you agree to our use of cookies .\nno translation memories found. consider more lenient search: click button to let glosbe search more freely .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "osteodiscus cascadiae or the bigtail snailfish is a marine fish in the family liparidae ( snailfishes or seasnails ) .", "this species is known from the deep waters of the northeast pacific ( british columbia , canada to at least oregon , united states ) where in occurs at depths of from 1,900 to 3,000 metres ( 6,200 to 9,800 ft ) .", "it grows to a lengths from 7.4 centimetres ( 2.9 in ) sl ( male/unsexed ) to 8.5 centimetres ( 3.3 in ) sl ( female ) .", "this species is one of three known members of its genus .", "the species name cascadiae refers to the cascadia abyssal plain , a location off oregon where the fish has been found . " ], "topic": [ 27, 18, 0, 26, 25 ] }

[ "osteodiscus cascadiae or the bigtail snailfish is a marine fish in the family liparidae (snailfishes or seasnails). this species is known from the deep waters of the northeast pacific (british columbia, canada to at least oregon, united states) where in occurs at depths of from 1,900 to 3,000 metres (6,200 to 9,800 ft). it grows to a lengths from 7.4 centimetres (2.9 in) sl (male/unsexed) to 8.5 centimetres (3.3 in) sl (female). this species is one of three known members of its genus. the species name cascadiae refers to the cascadia abyssal plain, a location off oregon where the fish has been found." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for palmadusta humphreyii yet. learn how to contribute .\npalmadusta iredale, t. , 1930 type species: palmadusta clandestina clandestina linnaeus, c. , 1767\nforma palmadusta humphreysii f. coccinella lorenz & hubert, 2000 accepted as palmadusta johnsonorum lorenz, 2002 (invalid forma name )\n» forma palmadusta ziczac f. undata (lamarck, 1810) accepted as palmadusta ziczac (linnaeus, 1758) (synonym )\n» forma palmadusta humphreysii f. coccinella lorenz & hubert, 2000 accepted as palmadusta johnsonorum lorenz, 2002 (invalid forma name )\nreferences: sherborn 1922, urltoken (12. 2015, with incorrect spelling humphreyii) .\n02 / 27 / 15 - - 09: 51: spelling: humphreysii is an incorrect origi... for taxon palmadusta humphreyii (gray, 1825 )\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species: palmadusta humphreyii (j. e. gray, 1825) - id: 1591150985\npalmadusta androyensis is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\npalmadusta asellus is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\npalmadusta clandestina is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\npalmadusta contaminata is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\npalmadusta lentiginosa is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\npalmadusta ziczac is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\npalmadusta androyensis consanguinea is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nsubfamily: erroneinae - genus: palmadusta t. iredale, 1930 (syn: evenaria - db: 12 sp, 35 img )\n( of palmadusta humphreysii (gray, 1825) ) lorenz f. (2002) new worldwide cowries. descriptions of new taxa and revisions of selected groups of living cypraeidae (mollusca: gastropoda). schriften zur malakozoologie aus dem haus der natur - cismar 20: 1 - 292, pls 1 - 40. [ details ]\n( of cypraea humphreysii gray, 1825) petit r. e. (2012) john edward gray (1800 - 1875): his malacological publications and molluscan taxa. zootaxa 3214: 1 - 125. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\ncypraea humphreysii gray, j. e. , 1825 (lapsus & correction in original publication )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngray, j. e. 1825. monograph on the cypræidæ, a family of testaceous mollusca. - zoological journal 1 (4): 489 - 518 .\nyou will be directed to the entry page of the digitized work. go to the page you need in the navigation system there .\nthe basic data of this taxon were entered by hand, consulting the original description, and following animalbase standard .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\n02 / 26 / 15 - - 14: 35: _ etymology: from gre ...\n02 / 26 / 15 - - 14: 35: _ spelling: the artic ...\n02 / 26 / 15 - - 14: 35: _ synonymy: as a cons ...\n02 / 27 / 15 - - 00: 16: _ taxonomy: the speci ...\n02 / 27 / 15 - - 02: 28: _ type locality: nice ...\n02 / 27 / 15 - - 02: 41: _ etymology: the spec ...\n02 / 27 / 15 - - 02: 41: _ etymology: the gene ...\n03 / 01 / 15 - - 06: 08: _ etymology: the spec ...\n03 / 01 / 15 - - 06: 08: _ remark: note on bio ...\n02 / 26 / 15 - - 14: 35: etymology: from greek hystrix = porcupine. for taxon rhaphidiophorus hystrix thompson, 1979 †\nnote\netymology: from greek hystrix = porcupine .\nfor taxon rhaphidiophorus hystrix thompson, 1979 † has been added by geoffrey read via the webinterface on 2015 - 02 - 26 22: 35: 41z\n02 / 26 / 15 - - 14: 35: etymology: from greek rhaphid = needle, phorus =... for taxon rhaphidiophorus thompson, 1979 †\n02 / 26 / 15 - - 14: 35: spelling: the article has a lapsus in the genus na... for taxon rhaphidiophorus thompson, 1979 †\nnote\nspelling: the article has a lapsus in the genus name spelling, presenting it as\nraphidiophorus\n. this has apparently led to nomenclator zoologicus and ion (index organism names) recording it under the misspelling. it is quite evident that rhaphidiophorus is the correct spelling. however, a first revisor should formalise this under art. 24. 2. 3 (if not already done) .\nfor taxon rhaphidiophorus thompson, 1979 † has been added by geoffrey read via the webinterface on 2015 - 02 - 26 22: 35: 41z\n02 / 26 / 15 - - 14: 35: synonymy: as a consequence of the study of bonse e... for taxon eulalia viridis (linnaeus, 1767 )\nnote\nsynonymy: as a consequence of the study of bonse et al (1996), subjective synonyms from the mediterranean area such as eulalia (eumida) microceros and eulalia virens, or from nw france such as phyllodoce gervillei and eulalia brevisetis are doubtful and may instead be eulalia clavigera or even independently valid, but re - evaluations of these taxa are not yet available [ g. read, feb. 2015 ]\nfor taxon eulalia viridis (linnaeus, 1767) has been added by geoffrey read via the webinterface on 2015 - 02 - 26 22: 35: 41z\n02 / 27 / 15 - - 00: 16: taxonomy: the species desmanthus incrustans... for taxon desmanthus incrustans (topsent, 1889 )\n02 / 27 / 15 - - 02: 28: taxonomy: sertularella cornuta is not the original... for taxon sertularella cornuta ritchie, 1909\nnote\ntaxonomy: sertularella cornuta is not the original combination, which is sertularella polyzonias var. cornuta ritchie, 1909: 525\nfor taxon sertularella cornuta ritchie, 1909 has been added by peter schuchert via the webinterface on 2015 - 02 - 27 10: 28: 34z\n02 / 27 / 15 - - 02: 28: original combination: this is not the original com... for taxon millepora nodosa esper, 1790\n02 / 27 / 15 - - 02: 41: etymology: the species name, sahulensis, is based... for taxon sousa sahulensis jefferson & rosenbaum, 2014\nnote\netymology: the species name, sahulensis, is based on the apparent range, over the sahul shelf extending between australia and the island of new guinea. the suggested common name is the australian humpback dolphin, which refers to the main area of its known range, and the source of virtually all information available on this species to date .\nfor taxon sousa sahulensis jefferson & rosenbaum, 2014 has been added by leen vandepitte via the webinterface on 2015 - 02 - 27 10: 41: 58z\n02 / 27 / 15 - - 02: 41: etymology: the specific name, a masculine noun in... for taxon phoronis emigi hirose, fukiage, katoh & kajihara, 2014\nnote\netymology: the specific name, a masculine noun in the genitive case, is in honor of the french researcher dr. christian c. emig for his remarkable contributions to lophophorate systematics .\nfor taxon phoronis emigi hirose, fukiage, katoh & kajihara, 2014 has been added by leen vandepitte via the webinterface on 2015 - 02 - 27 10: 41: 58z\n02 / 27 / 15 - - 02: 41: etymology: the species name, bella, is in triple r... for taxon malo bella gershwin, 2014\nnote\netymology: the species name, bella, is in triple reference to its small bell - like shape, its beauty, and the montebello islands in the pilbara region of western australia, where the species was fi rst found. noun in apposition .\nfor taxon malo bella gershwin, 2014 has been added by leen vandepitte via the webinterface on 2015 - 02 - 27 10: 41: 58z\n02 / 27 / 15 - - 02: 41: etymology: the species name, gigas, is in referenc... for taxon keesingia gigas gershwin, 2014\nnote\netymology: the species name, gigas, is in reference to the enormous size of this species .\nfor taxon keesingia gigas gershwin, 2014 has been added by leen vandepitte via the webinterface on 2015 - 02 - 27 10: 41: 58z\n02 / 27 / 15 - - 02: 41: etymology: the generic name refers to site of infe... for taxon areospora rohanae stentifor, bateman, feist, oyarzún, uribe, palacios & stone, 2014\nnote\netymology: the generic name refers to site of infection within the connective tissues of the host. the specific epiphet is derived from the given name (rohana) of the daughter of the first author (stentiford) .\nfor taxon areospora rohanae stentifor, bateman, feist, oyarzún, uribe, palacios & stone, 2014 has been added by leen vandepitte via the webinterface on 2015 - 02 - 27 10: 41: 58z\n03 / 01 / 15 - - 00: 44: spelling: spelling error in heading for intended r... for taxon raphidiophorus thompson, 1979 †\nnote\nspelling: spelling error in heading for intended rhaphidiophorus. thompson uses the intended rhaphidiophorus five times in the article and includes an etymology from rhaphid = needle. thus there is absolutely no doubt the intended spelling was not raphidiophorus. however, nomenclator zoologicus and ion indexers appear to have missed this conflict and have indexed the name only on the spelling error in the heading. worms includes both spellings. a first reviser choice should confirm the intended rhaphidiophorus .\nfor taxon raphidiophorus thompson, 1979 † has been added by geoffrey read via the webinterface on 2015 - 03 - 01 08: 44: 29z\n03 / 01 / 15 - - 02: 13: taxonomy: originally placed in rissoina (zebinella... for taxon rissoina constantinensis cossmann & pissarro, 1902 †\n03 / 01 / 15 - - 02: 13: taxonomy: originally placed in rissoina (zebinella... for taxon rissoina corrugata cossmann & pissarro, 1902 †\n03 / 01 / 15 - - 06: 08: etymology: the specific epithet epipharynx... for taxon pionosyllis epipharynx hartman, 1953\nnote\netymology: the specific epithet epipharynx is formed by the latin prefix of greek origin epi -, meaning' upon' or' attached to', and pharynx, and refers to the middorsal long, rectangular flap or membrane attached to the anterior end of the pharynx and directed downward .\nfor taxon pionosyllis epipharynx hartman, 1953 has been added by joão gil via the webinterface on 2015 - 03 - 01 14: 08: 17z\n03 / 01 / 15 - - 06: 08: remark: note on bioluminescence :\na field note wit... for taxon pionosyllis epipharynx hartman, 1953\nnote\nremark: note on bioluminescence :\na field note with the type collection, from st. 34, states that the postdorsum flashed light when placed in formalin - alcohol preservative\n( hartman, 1953: 23) .\nfor taxon pionosyllis epipharynx hartman, 1953 has been added by joão gil via the webinterface on 2015 - 03 - 01 14: 08: 17z\ncowry or cowrie, plural cowries, is the common name for a group of small to large sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nain ghazal is a neolithic site located in north - western jordan, on the outskirts of amman .\nafrican art is a term typically used for the art of sub - saharan africa .\nthe ajuran sultanate (saldanadda ajuuraan, سلطنة أجوران), also spelled ajuuraan sultanate, and often simply as ajuran, was a somali muslim empire that ruled over large parts of the horn of africa in the middle ages .\nalvise cadamosto or alvide da ca' da mosto (also known in portuguese as luís cadamosto; c. 1432 – july 16, 1483) was an italian slave trader and explorer, who was hired by the portuguese prince henry the navigator and undertook two known journeys to west africa in 1455 and 1456, accompanied by the genoese captain antoniotto usodimare .\nan astrologer' s day is a thriller, suspense short story by author r. k. narayan .\nanglo - saxon amulets and curing stones is an archaeological study of amulets, talismans and curing stones in the burial record of anglo - saxon england .\nanglo - saxon paganism refers to the religious beliefs and practices followed by the anglo - saxons between the fifth and eighth centuries ad, during the initial period of early medieval england .\nanishinaabe (or anishinaabeg, which is the plural form of the word) is the autonym often used by the odawa, ojibwa, and algonquin indigenous peoples (usually called aboriginal peoples in canada or\nfirst nations\n) and their subsidiary first nations in ontario .\nannepona mariae is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nthe anziku kingdom, also called the teke kingdom, the tyo kingdom or tio kingdom, was a pre - colonial west central african state of modern republic of congo .\narab slave trade was the practice of slavery in the arab world, mainly in western asia, north africa, southeast africa, the horn of africa and certain parts of europe (such as iberia and sicily) beginning during the era of the arab conquests and continuing through the 19th century .\nthe aro confederacy (1690–1902) was a political union orchestrated by the igbo subgroup, the aro people, centered in arochukwu in present - day southeastern nigeria .\nthe art of tuvalu has traditionally been expressed in the design of clothing and traditional handicrafts such as the decoration of mats and fans .\nthe ashanti (also spelled asante) empire (1701–1957) was an akan empire and kingdom now ashanti region .\nchowka bara (chowka bara) ) (ashta chamma (అష్టా చమ్మా) ) is a board game of india, played during the era of kings. this game was used to improve eye - to - eye coordination, and to teach teenagers war tactics and strategy. this game is divided for juniors and seniors. the junior board consists of 5x5 grid with 5 crossed boxes and the senior board consist of 7x7 grid with 8 crossed boxes. the movement of coins is controlled by throw of 4 or 6 cowry shells, hence it is a game of chance. ashta chamma is primarily a game of chance, but involves thinking and planning. it also helps in developing counting skills. it is an interesting and amusing way to develop strategy skills. instead of cowries, dice can also be used .\nthe ashtāpada（अष्टापद）is an indian board game which predates chess and was mentioned on the list of games that gautama buddha would not play .\nashta - kashte is a race board game from bengal akin to the cross and circle family for two to four players originating in india .\nin hawaiian mythology, an aumakua (often spelled aumakua) is a family god, often a deified ancestor .\naustrasiatica axelhuberti is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\naustrasiatica deforgesi is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nthe bailey - matthews national shell museum is a museum devoted to every aspect of seashells, conchology, and malacology, including the paleontological and archeological aspects of the study of shells .\nbistolida hirundo is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nbistolida owenii is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nbistolida stolida, common name the stolid cowrie, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nbistolida ursellus is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nblasicrura interrupta is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nthe brunei dollar (malay: ringgit brunei, currency code: bnd), has been the currency of the sultanate of brunei since 1967 .\nthe pitis was a currency of brunei last issued in 1868 which circulated into the 20th century .\nthe bruneian empire was a malay sultanate, centred in brunei on the northern coast of borneo island in southeast asia .\ncaenogastropoda (from ancient greek caeno - meaning\nrecent\n) is a taxonomic clade, a large diverse group which are mostly sea snails and other marine gastropod mollusks, but also includes some freshwater snails and some land snails .\ncalpurnus verrucosus, the' umbilical egg shell' or' warty / little egg cowry', is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ovulidae, the cowries .\nthe calyptraeidae, the slipper snails or slipper limpets, cup - and - saucer snails, and chinese hat snails, are a family of small to medium - sized marine prosobranch gastropods .\ncameo is a method of carving an object such as an engraved gem, item of jewellery or vessel made in this manner .\ncatanduanes is an island province of the philippines located in the bicol region of luzon .\nthe centre de la mer et des eaux was an aquarium and museum of marine life located in the 5th arrondissement in the building of the institut océanographique at 195, rue saint - jacques, paris, france .\nchaupar (chaupar) is a board game very similar to pachisi of the cross and circle family played in india .\nchelycypraea testudinaria, common name the tortoise cowry, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nchinese coinage during the spring and autumn and warring states periods includes some of the earliest coins produced in the world .\nchowka bhara (also spelt as chowka bara) is a two - or four - player board game from india .\na coin is a piece of hard material used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender .\ncolonial nigeria refers to the area of west africa, which became the modern day nigeria, during the time british rule in the 19th and 20th centuries .\ncommodity money is money whose value comes from a commodity of which it is made .\neach\narticle\nin this category is a collection of entries about several stamp issuers, presented in alphabetical order .\ncongkak (jawi: چوڠكق) or congkak is a mancala game of malay origin played in malaysia, singapore, indonesia, brunei and southern thailand .\ncontradusta bregeriana is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncontradusta walkeri is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncornrows, also known as rows, braids, or canerows in the caribbean, are a traditional african style of hair grooming where the hair is braided very close to the scalp, using an underhand, upward motion to produce a continuous, raised row .\ncowrie - shell divination refers to several distinct forms of divination using cowrie shells that are part of the rituals and religious beliefs of certain religions .\ncrenavolva martini is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ovulidae, the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries .\ncribrarula angelae is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncribrarula cribellum is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncribrarula cribraria, the' sieve / tan and white cowry', is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncribrarula esontropia is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncribrarula exmouthensis is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncribrarula garciai is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncribrarula gaskoini is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncribrarula gravida is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncribrarula pellisserpentis is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncribrarula toliaraensis is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncowry shells (cypraea moneta), or boli, were the first known medium of exchange used in the maldives .\ncypraea is a genus of medium - sized to large sea snails or cowries, marine gastropod mollusks in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncypraea friendii is a species of cowry, a sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncypraea leucodon, common name the white - toothed cowry, is a rare cowry, a species of sea snail, or marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncypraea pantherina, common name the panther cowry, is a species of large tropical sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncypraea tigris, commonly known as the tiger cowrie, is a species of cowry, a large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncypraeidae, common name the cowries (singular: cowry), is a taxonomic family of small to large sea snails .\ncypraeovula algoensis is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncypraeovula amphithales is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncypraeovula capensis, common name the cape cowrie, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncypraeovula castanea is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncypraeovula colligata is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncypraeovula fuscorubra is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncypraeovula immelmani is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncypraeovula kesslerorum is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\ncypraeovula volvens is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nthe dagaaba people (singular dagao), update as of 25 may 2003, retrieved 2009 - 02 - 12 .\ndahomey was an african kingdom (located in the area of the present - day country of benin) which lasted from about 1600 until 1894, when the last chief behanzin was defeated by the french and the country was annexed into the french colonial empire .\nthere have been numerous attempts to decipher the rongorongo script of easter island since its discovery in the late nineteenth century .\na djembe or jembe (from malinke jembe) is a rope - tuned skin - covered goblet drum played with bare hands, originally from west africa .\ndna barcoding is a taxonomic method that uses a short genetic marker in an organism' s dna to identify it as belonging to a particular species .\nduk - duk is a secret society, part of the traditional culture of the tolai people of the rabaul area of new britain, the largest island in the bismarck archipelago of papua new guinea, in the south pacific .\nthe dyula (dioula or juula) are a mande ethnic group inhabiting several west african countries, including the mali, cote d' ivoire, ghana, burkina faso, and guinea - bissau .\neclogavena dani is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nhumanity originated in africa, and as soon as long as human societies have existed, so has economic activity .\nthe economic history of china covers thousands of years and the region has undergone alternating cycles of prosperity and decline .\nin ancient times the maldives were renowned for cowries, coir rope, dried tuna fish (maldive fish), ambergris (maavaharu) and coco de mer (tavakkaashi) .\nelenora\nrukiya\nbrown is an artist from new orleans who has appeared in several art shows and exhibits around the country .\nerosaria is a genus of sea snails, cowries, marine gastropod mollusks in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nerosaria acicularis, common name the atlantic yellow cowry, is a species of cowry, a sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nerosaria beckii is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nerosaria bellatrix is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nerosaria cernica is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nerosaria citrina, common name the orange cowrie, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nerosaria eburnea, common name ivory cowry, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nerosaria erosa, common name the gnawed or eroded cowry, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nerosaria gangranosa is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nerosaria marginalis is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nerosaria miliaris, common name the millet cowry or the inocellate cowry or the military cowry, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nerosaria nebrites, common name the false margined cowry, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nerosaria ocellata, common name the ocellate cowry, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nerosaria poraria, common name the purple - based cowry or porous cowry, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nerosaria spurca, common name the dirty cowry, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nerosaria thomasi is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nerronea caurica, common name the thick - edged cowry, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nerronea cylindrica is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nerronea errones, the' wandering cowry' or' erroneous cowry', is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nerronea onyx, common name the onyx cowry, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nerronea ovum, common name the egg cowry, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nerronea pallida, common name pale cowry, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nerronea pyriformis, common name the pear - shaped cowrie, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nfajã grande is a rural civil parish in the municipality of lajes das flores in the portuguese archipelago of the azores .\nfauna of africa, in its broader sense, is all the animals living in africa and its surrounding seas and islands .\nthe fishing industry in the maldives is the island' s second main industry .\nthe''' gastropod shell''' is part of the body of a gastropod or snail, a kind of mollusk or mollusc .\nthe gastropoda or gastropods, more commonly known as snails and slugs, are a large taxonomic class within the phylum mollusca .\nthe ghana cedi (currency sign: gh₵; currency code: ghs) is the unit of currency of ghana .\nthe use of historical money in tibet started in ancient times, when tibet had no coined currency of its own .\nthe city of beijing has a long and rich history that dates back over 3, 000 years .\nmanitoba is one of canada' s 10 provinces, and the easternmost of the prairie provinces .\nthe history of money concerns the development of means of carrying out transactions involving a physical medium of exchange .\nthe oral history of the iban has traditionally been committed to memory, and recorded in a system of writing on boards (papan turai) by the initiated shamans, or lemambang .\nthe maldives is a nation consisting of 26 natural atolls, comprising 1192 islands .\nibeji (known as ibejí, ibeyí, or jimaguas in latin america) is an orisha .\nsultan ibrahim iskandhar sri kularanmeeba kathiri bavana mahaa radun (born c. 1630) was the sultan of maldives from 1648 to 1687 .\na pie (abbreviated as ps) was a unit of currency in india, burma and pakistan until 1947 .\nthe indianapolis zoo is located in white river state park, in indianapolis, indiana, united states .\nipsa is a genus of small or medium - sized sea snails, cowries, marine gastropod mollusks in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nipsa childreni is a species of small or medium - sized sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\njericho (أريحا; יריחו) is a city located near the jordan river in the west bank .\nthe kalasha (kalasha: kaĺaśa, nuristani: kasivo) or kalash, are a dardic indigenous people residing in the chitral district of khyber - pakhtunkhwa province of pakistan .\nkatagum is a town, a local government area and a traditional emirate in bauchi state of northern nigeria .\nkhiamniungan is one of the minor naga tribes, mainly found in the tuensang district of nagaland, india and the adjoining areas of burma .\nkiffa beads are rare powder glass beads named after the mauritanian city of kiffa, where french ethnologist r. mauny documented them first in 1949 .\nthe kingdom of kano was a hausa kingdom in the north of what is now northern nigeria that dates back before 1000 ad, and lasted until the proclamation of the sultanate of kano by king ali yaji dan tsamiya in 1349 .\nthe koteka, horim, or penis gourd is a penis sheath traditionally worn by native male inhabitants of some (mainly highland) ethnic groups in new guinea to cover their genitals .\nperhaps the best known of the southern savanna kingdoms is that of the kuba, which developed during the early seventeenth century and reached its peak in the second half of the nineteenth .\nkunming (mand. pronunciation) is the capital and largest city in yunnan province, southwest china .\nkut chum (กุดชุม) is a district (amphoe) of yasothon province in northeastern thailand .\nleporicypraea is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nleporicypraea mappa (previously known as cypraea mappa), common name the map cowry, is a species of large sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nlife on earth: a natural history by david attenborough is a television natural history series made by the bbc in association with warner bros. and reiner moritz productions .\nthe philippines supports a rich and varied flora with close botanical connections to indonesia and mainland southeast asia .\nthis is a list of english words that are borrowed directly or ultimately from dravidian languages .\nplease see external links for images of buttons (front & back) made from the material (s) in question .\nlittorinimorpha is a large order of snails, gastropods within the subclass orthogastropoda, consisting primarily of sea snails (marine species), and also in addition some freshwater snails (aquatic species) and land snails (terrestrial species) .\nluria cinerea, common name, the atlantic gray cowry, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nluria controversa, the' controversial isabella', is a species of cowry, a sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nluria gilvella is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nluria lurida is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nluria pulchra is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nlyncina aurantium, common name the golden cowrie, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nlyncina broderipii is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nlyncina camelopardalis, common name the camel cowrie, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nlyncina carneola, common name the carnelian cowrie, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nlyncina kuroharai is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nlyncina leucodon is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nlyncina leviathan is a species of tropical sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nlyncina nivosa is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nlyncina sulcidentata, common name the square toothed cowry or groove toothed cowry, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nmacrocypraea cervinetta, the' little deer cowry', is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nmacrocypraea cervus, common name the atlantic deer cowry, is a species of large sea snail, a very large cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nmacrocypraea zebra, common name the measled cowrie, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nmakruk (หมากรุก), or thai chess, is a board game descended from the 6th - century indian game of chaturanga or a close relative thereof, and therefore related to chess .\nthe maldives (or; , officially the republic of maldives; ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ dhivehi raa' jeyge jumhooriyya) is a sovereign island country and archipelago in the indian ocean .\nmancala is a family of board games played around the world, sometimes called\nsowing\ngames, or\ncount - and - capture\ngames, which describes the gameplay .\nmanillas are penannular armlets, mostly in bronze or copper, very rarely gold, which served as a form of commodity money (and, to a degree, ornamentation) among certain west african peoples (aro confederacy, guinea coast, gold coast, calabar and other parts of nigeria, etc .). chamberlain, c. c. (1963) .\nmargovula crawfordcatei is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ovulidae, the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries .\nmauritia arabica, common name the arabian cowry, is a species of cowry, a sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nmauritia eglantina, the' dog - rose cowry' or' eglantine cowry', is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nmauritia grayana, the' gray' s arabica cowry', is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nmauritia histrio, common name the harlequin cowry or the stage cowry, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nmauritia mappa, common name the map cowrie, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nmauritia scurra, common name the jester cowry, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nmelanesian mythology is the folklore, myths and religion of melanesia — the archipelagos of new guinea, the torres strait islands, the admiralty islands, solomon islands, new caledonia and vanuatu .\nmelicerona felina, common name the kitten cowrie, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nthe mergui archipelago (also myeik archipelago or myeik kyunzu; မြိတ်ကျွန်းစု) is an archipelago in far southern myanmar (burma) and is part of the tanintharyi region .\nthe midewiwin (also spelled midewin and medewiwin) or the grand medicine society is a secretive religion of the indigenous peoples of the maritimes, new england and great lakes regions in north america .\nthe molluscs or mollusksspelled mollusks in the usa, see reasons given in rosenberg' s; for the spelling mollusc see the reasons given by compose the large phylum of invertebrate animals known as the mollusca .\nmonetaria annulus, common name the ring cowrie or gold ringer, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nmoney is any item or verifiable record that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts in a particular country or socio - economic context, or is easily converted to such a form .\nmuracypraea mus, common name the mouse cowry, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nthe music of mali is, like that of most african nations, ethnically diverse, but one influence predominates; that of the ancient mali empire of the mandinka (from c. 1230 to c. 1600) .\nneobernaya is a genus of tropical sea snail, cowries, marine gastropod mollusks in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nnesiocypraea aenigma is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nnesiocypraea teramachii is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nransoniella punctata, common name the brown - spotted cowry, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nnotocypraea is a genus of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nnotocypraea angustata is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nnotocypraea piperita, common name peppered cowrie, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nnucleolaria granulata, common name the\ngranulated cowry\n, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nnumismatics is the study or collection of currency, including coins, tokens, paper money, and related objects .\nthe ojibwe (also ojibwa), or chippewa are a large group of native americans and first nations in north america .\nojigi (also ojiji) was alaafin of the yoruba oyo empire in what is now nigeria from 1724 - 1735 .\nan opon ifá (known as la mesa de ifá in latin america) is a divination tray used in traditional african and afro - american religions, notably in ifá and yoruba tradition .\nthe oropom (also known as iworopom, oworopom, oyoropom or oropoi) are the aboriginal inhabitants of much of karamoja in uganda and probably turkana district in kenya .\novatipsa chinensis common name the chinese cowrie, is a species of cowry, a sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\novatipsa coloba is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\novulidae, common names the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries, is a family of small to large predatory or parasitic sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily cypraeoidea, the cowries and the cowry allies .\noware is an abstract strategy game among the mancala family of board games (pit and pebble games) played world - wide with slight variations as to the layout of the game, number of players and strategy of play .\npachisi (पचीसी) is a cross and circle board game that originated in ancient india which has been described as the\nnational game of india\n.\npallanghuzi, or pallankuli, (பல்லாங்குழி in tamil, (తెలుగులో\nవామన గుంటలు\n, പല്ലാങ്കുഴി in malayalam) is a traditional mancala game played in south india (especially tamil nadu, karnataka, andhra pradesh and kerala), sri lanka and malaysia. variants are called as ali guli mane (in kannada) vamana guntalu (in telugu) and kuzhipara (in malayalam). the game is played by two players, with a wooden board that has fourteen pits in all (hence the name from the words fourteen pits (pathinaalam kuzhi). there have been several variations in the layout of the pits, one among them being seven pits on each player' s side. the pits contain cowry shells, seeds or small pebbles used as counters. there are several variations of the game depending on the number of shells each player starts with .\npalmulacypraea boucheti is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\npalmulacypraea omii is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\npedicularia is a genus of small predatory or ectoparasitic sea snails, cowry - like marine gastropod molluscs in the family pediculariidae, the cowry allies .\npedicularia pacifica is a species of small predatory or ectoparasitic sea snail, a cowry - like marine gastropod mollusc in the family pediculariidae, the cowry allies .\nperisserosa is a genus of sea snails, cowries, marine gastropod mollusks in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nperisserosa guttata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\npetroforms, also known as boulder outlines or boulder mosaics, are human - made shapes and patterns made by lining up large rocks on the open ground, often on quite level areas .\npierre edouard leopold verger, alias fatumbi or fátúmbí (4 november 1902, in paris & ndash; 11 february 1996, in salvador, brazil) was a photographer, self - taught ethnographer, and babalawo (yoruba priest of ifa) who devoted most of his life to the study of the african diaspora & mdash; the slave trade, the african - based religions of the new world, and the resulting cultural and economical flows from and to africa .\nporcelain is a ceramic material made by heating materials, generally including kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between .\npropustularia surinamensis is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nprosobranchia was a large taxonomic subclass of sea snails, land snails and freshwater snails .\npseudocypraea alexhuberti is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family pediculariidae, one of the families of cowry allies .\npseudozonaria annettae is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\npseudozonaria arabicula, common name: the little arabian cowry, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\npurpuradusta gracilis is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\npurpuradusta microdon is species of tropical sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\npurpuradusta oryzaeformis is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\npustularia is a small genus of medium - sized sea snails or cowries, marine gastropod mollusks in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\npustularia bistrinotata is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\npustularia chiapponii is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\npustularia cicercula is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\npustularia globosus, common name the globular cowry, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\npustularia globulus is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\npustularia mauiensis is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nthe quanzhou ship (泉州湾古船), or quanzhou wreck, was a 13th - century chinese seagoing sailing junk – rounds the length and beam width to 34 and 9. 8 m, respectively (also abstract on pp. 62–63, 240 - 242) that sank near the city of quanzhou in fujian province, and was discovered in 1973 .\nthe raikat family was a princely family that controlled large estates in what is now west bengal, india, first as subjects to the state of koch bihar, later as zamindars to the mughal rulers of bengal, and then to british raj .\nransoniella bulbosa is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nransoniella erminea is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nransoniella fusula is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nransoniella glandina is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nransoniella labiosa is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nransoniella meyeri is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nransoniella oryza is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nransoniella radiosa is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries .\nransoniella serrata is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries." ]

{ "text": [ "palmadusta humphreyii , common name : the humphrey 's cowrie , is a species of sea snail , a cowry , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae , the cowries . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "palmadusta humphreyii, common name: the humphrey's cowrie, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries." ]

[ "characterization of a highly repetitive sequence conserved among the north american morone species. - pubmed - ncbi\n( lee, et al. , 1980; page and burr, 2011 ;\nyellow bass (morone mississippiensis )\n, 2009 )\nfroese, r. 2010 .\nmorone mississippiensis\n( on - line). fishbase. accessed july 18, 2011 at urltoken .\nwhat made you want to look up morone? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\ncook, a. , j. duston, r. bradford. 2006. thermal tolerance of a northern population of striped bass morone saxatilis. .\nmartens, a. 2006 .\nmorone americana\n( on - line). animal diversity web. accessed july 17, 2011 at urltoken .\nmorgan, t. 2006 .\nmorone chrysops\n( on - line). animal diversity web. accessed july 17, 2011 at urltoken .\npaperna, i. , d. zwerner. 1976. parasites and diseases of striped bass, morone saxatilk (walbaum), from the lower chesapeake bay .\nwalberg, e. and j. wright 2012 .\nmorone mississippiensis\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\nto cite this page: wittenberg, j. 2011 .\nmorone saxatilis\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\nminnesota department of natural resources. 2011 .\nmorone mississippiensis\n( on - line). the minnesota department of natural resources web site. accessed april 01, 2011 at urltoken .\ntexas parks and wildlife department. 2009 .\nyellow bass (morone mississippiensis )\n( on - line). texas parks and wildlife. accessed july 17, 2011 at urltoken .\nhassan - williams, c. , t. bonner. 2007 .\nmorone mississippiensis\n( on - line). texas freshwater fishes. accessed july 18, 2011 at urltoken .\ni am jennifer lyn morone ™ inc and i have established a new business model that is designed to determine the value of an individual relative to society and to the data he or she creates. curious ?\n( of morone rufa mitchill, 1814) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of morone pallida mitchill, 1814) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\npaperna, i. , d. zwerner. 1982. host - parasite relationship of ergasilus labracid krøyer (cyclopidea, ergasilidae) and the striped bass, morone saxatilis (walbaum) from the lower chesapeake bay. .\nnelson, g. , m. armstrong, j. stritzel - thomson, k. friedland. 2010. thermal habitat of striped bass (morone saxatilis) in coastal waters of northern massachusetts, usa, during summer .\n( of morone americanus (gmelin, 1789) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of morone lineatus (bloch, 1792) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of morone saxitilis (walbaum, 1792) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ntable 1. states with nonindigenous occurrences, the earliest and latest observations in each state, and the tally and names of hucs with observations†. names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records. the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of morone chrysops are found here .\n( of morone rufa mitchill, 1814) mitchill, s. l. (1814). report, in part, of samuel l. mitchill, m. d. ,... on the fishes of new - york. new york. 1 - 28. [ details ]\n( of morone rufa mitchill, 1814) eschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfuller, p. , 2018, morone chrysops (rafinesque, 1820): u. s. geological survey, nonindigenous aquatic species database, gainesville, fl, urltoken revision date: 1 / 3 / 2017, peer review date: 4 / 1 / 2016, access date: 7 / 10 / 2018\nmather, m. , j. finn, s. pautzke, d. fox, t. savoy, h. brundage, l. deegan, r. muth. 2010. diversity in destinations, routes and timing of small adult and sub - adult striped bass morone saxatilis on their southward autumn migration. .\njennifer lyn morone, inc has advanced into the inevitable next stage of capitalism by becoming an incorporated person. this model allows you to turn your health, genetics, personality, capabilities, experience, potential, virtues and vices into profit. in this system you are the founder, ceo, shareholder and product using your own resources .\njustification: morone chrysops has been assessed as least concern. this species has a broad distribution across the united states and canada and occupies a range of habitat types. it has expanded its range and is increasing in abundance in areas. there are no known major threats reportedly impacting the population of this species, and therefore the population of this species is reported to be stable .\nthere are no known major threats thought to be causing a significant decline in the population numbers of this species. in some areas of its range, it is under pressure for resources due to competition with the invasive species morone americana. this species is also fished recreationally, however this does not appear to pose a significant threat to this species as it is described as growing in abundance in areas and expanding its range .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani, 30. 11. 04, , php script by cmilitante, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by cmilitante, 14 / 03 / 2013\nlove words? you must — there are over 200, 000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\nchrysops, ammocrypta pellucida, etheostoma chlorosoma, percina phoxocephala, and aplodinotus grunniens .\nis a political - science professor at brown university and the author most recently, of hellfire nation: the politics of sin in american history .\ninterprets much of american political history as an oscillation between progressive and conservative versions of the specifically puritan moralism brought to massachusetts bay in the 1630s .\n, a political science professor at brown university, amasses a wealth of historical data (the endnotes alone run sixty pages) to refute the notion that american history can be understood principally as a progressive movement from a colonial puritan past towards liberalism (i .\n, have turned to another holy grail of even longer - standing interest: the case of pietro carnesecchi .\n, barrett hazeltine teaching award, brown university, louis ortmayer, hunter hamilton love of teaching award, davidson college, l .\nsaxatilis, are found over a wide range of aquatic habitats, their survival and abundance can be limited by summertime water temperatures .\nsaxatilis, cohorts hatched when temperatures were above 17 [ degrees ] c, whereas cohorts subjected to temperatures below that demonstrated reduced survival and, in some cases, total cohort failure .\nall content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. this information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional .\nwe' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser. would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\ncara quer atravessar a fronteira do méxico montado num jegue, entrar ilegalmente nos eua e ainda se fazendo de vítima... vou te falar .\nesse povo brasileiro que foram barrados de entrar ilegalmente nos eua têm sotaque mineiro. seriam eles de governador valadares ?\nferrari engines are musically engineered to sound perfect by utilizing 3rd and 6th harmonics on the air intake, like an organ or flute .\nfalando na rádio italiana, salvini disse: “as ongs só verão a itália em um cartão postal. “ongs estrangeiras, com tripulações estrangeiras, com bandeira estrangeira e financiadas por instituições estrangeiras, não vão mais pisar na itália”. urltoken\ntá rolando no zapzap a teoria marcelo se cagou. e o pior: faz todo sentido. urltoken\ncristiano ronaldo é criticado, messi é criticado, jogadores espanhóis criticados, tá na copa vai ser criticado, mas se criticam o neymar ...\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup. try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets, such as your city or precise location, from the web and via third - party applications. you always have the option to delete your tweet location history. learn more\nhere' s the url for this tweet. copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app, you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter? sign up, tune into the things you care about, and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you’ll spend most of your time, getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love, tap the heart — it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else’s tweet with your followers is with a retweet. tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply. find a topic you’re passionate about, and jump right in .\nin this model you need to look at not only what is valuable to you but how and why you are valued by others. this will help you determine your most crucial and unique assets. using time and energy as an indicator against other measures, such as enjoyment, irritation, distraction, and other emotions felt when resources are being depleted, enables you to achieve a\nbetter state of life efficiency\n.\nwhen you are a corporation you can turn almost anything into a good or service. necessities of life become business expenses and you set the price based on the cost of your production. this model helps you determine how much you could charge when you use your own resources measured by your production costs, energy and time. so that when you, as the product, are used you can rest assured that your profit margin will satisfy you as the owner .\njlm inc is always looking for talented and dedicated individuals to help build dome and the platform. if you are interested in working together get in touch at dev (at) dome (dot) network\nstriped bass can be found on the atlantic coast of the united states, from northern florida to the st. lawrence estuary in southeastern canada. this species has been introduced to many inland lakes and reservoirs in the midwest, as well as, the pacific coast of the united states .\n. during their first year of life, striped bass reach anywhere from 10 to 12 inches in length. males reach sexual maturity by 3 years of age, and females reach sexual maturity within 4 to 6 years of age. striped bass can live for up to 20 years in the wild .\nis polyandrous. a group of 7 to 8 males surround a single larger female, and once surrounded, males bump the female to the waters surface. this act is often referred to as “rock fights, ” due to the splashing that occurs on the surface of the water. once at the surface, males continue bumping the female until she releases her eggs into the water. once the eggs are discharged into the water, males release their sperm .\nbreeding season striped bass spawn once a year, from april to mid - june .\nstriped bass are broadcast spawners and embryos developed while suspended in the water column. as a result, parental care is nonexistent in this species .\nmost striped bass live between 10 and 12 years; however, individuals older than 30 years have been recorded in the wild .\nfor the first 2 years of life, striped bass move in small groups and tends not to migrate. once large enough, they congregate in larger schools and begin following annual migrations patterns. striped bass an perform upriver spawning migration, which lasts from late winter to early spring, and coastal migration, which is not associated with spawning. although this species is generally social, females exceeding 30 pounds have been found as solitary individuals .\nthere is no information available regarding the average home range size of striped bass .\nsensory perception in striped bass occurs via the lateral line, a keen sense of smell and marginal vision. the lateral line gives them the ability to detect sound waves, as well as information related velocity and pressure. it also allows them to sense vibrations which is useful in predation and predator avoidance. striped bass possess an acute sense of smell, which helps guide them to natal spawning grounds as well as detect potential prey. while striped bass have marginal vision, the number of rods and cones in their retinas allow for vision similar to that in\n. rods allow them to see in low light conditions whereas cones make color vision possible. vision is primarily used during close encounters with prey .\nthe dietary habits of striped bass change throughout their life. as larvae, striped bass feed on zooplankton, and as juveniles they mostly feed on\n. striped bass do most of their feeding at night in benthic habitats, but chase prey to the water' s surface when necessary, typically during fall when trying to build winter fat reserves .\n( argentieri, 2002; buckel, et al. , 2005; burnley, 2006 )\n, adult striped bass have few natural predators. juveniles, however, are preyed upon by many larger fish, such as\nand help maintain prey populations at sustainable levels. major parasites of striped bass include\nlarvae). for a complete account of parasites specific to this species, please reference paperna and zwerner (1976) .\nstriped bass introduced into the california delta prey upon salmon and delta smelt and are now considered an invasive species .\nare important prey for a number of piscivorous fish species, which have experienced significant declines since the introduction of striped bass .\njosh wittenberg (author), radford university, gregory zagursky (editor), radford university, john berini (editor), animal diversity web staff .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the new world. this includes greenland, the canadian arctic islands, and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nan area where a freshwater river meets the ocean and tidal influences result in fluctuations in salinity .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\na species whose presence or absence strongly affects populations of other species in that area such that the extirpation of the keystone species in an area will result in the ultimate extirpation of many more species in that area (example: sea otter) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother' s body .\nreferring to a mating system in which a female mates with several males during one breeding season (compare polygynous) .\nanimal constituent of plankton; mainly small crustaceans and fish larvae. (compare to phytoplankton. )\n2010 .\natlantic striped bass\n( on - line). fish watch - u. s. seafood facts. accessed march 03, 2011 at urltoken .\n2011 .\nfederal judge to approve settlement in striped bass predation case\n( on - line). accessed july 02, 2011 at urltoken .\nargentieri, a. 2002 .\nstriped bass\n( on - line). accessed february 21, 2011 at urltoken .\nbuckel, ., j. tuomikoski, p. rudershausen. 2005. prey selectivity and diet of striped bass in western .\nbanck, j. 2009 .\nstriped bass\n( on - line). accessed march 03, 2011 at urltoken .\nbell, c. 2005 .\nstriped bass behavior and habits\n( on - line). accessed february 21, 2011 at urltoken .\nblankenship, k. 2008. strong evidence found linking mycobacteriosis to striped bass mortality .\n. guilford, ct: the lyons press, attn: rights and permissions department. accessed february 02, 2011 at\n. ames, iowa: iowa stare university press. accessed february 02, 2011 at\ndiodati, p. 2007 .\nstriped bass\n( on - line). accessed march 02, 2011 at urltoken .\n. amsterdam, the netherlands: elsevier science b. v. copyright and permissions department. accessed february 02, 2011 at\n. university of california: smithsonian institution press. accessed february 03, 2011 at\nnekf, 2007 .\nstriped bass, anatomy, and fishing\n( on - line). accessed february 21, 2011 at urltoken .\n. mississippi: mississippi department of wildlife, fisheries and parks. accessed february 02, 2011 at\nsanders, b. 2010 .\nstriped bass spawning habits\n( on - line). accessed march 02, 2011 at urltoken .\n. hoboken, new jersey: john wiley & sons, inc. . accessed february 02, 2011 at\nshepherd, g. 2006 .\nstatus of fishery resources off the northeastern us\n( on - line). accessed february 03, 2011 at urltoken .\nshepherd, g. 2000 .\nstriped bass\n( on - line pdf). accessed february 02, 2011 at urltoken .\nwalter, j. , m. mather, k. ferry, a. overton. 2003. atlantic coast feeding habits of striped bass: a synthesis supporting a coast - wide understanding of trophic biology. .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\njavascript is disabled for your browser. some features of this site may not work without it .\nif you believe that any material in vtechworks should be removed, please see our policy and procedure for requesting that material be amended or removed. all takedown requests will be promptly acknowledged and investigated .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as least concern in view of the large extent of occurrence, large number of subpopulations, large population size, and lack of major threats. trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable, or the species may be declining but not fast enough to qualify for any of the threatened categories under criterion a (reduction in population size) .\noccurs in the northern gulf of mexico and off florida, usa (get reference, wca fao). depth range? ?\nthis species is represented by a large number of subpopulations and locations. total adult population size is unknown but relatively large .\npopulation in sacramento - san joaquin delta has declined steadily since 1960s (hassler 1988). chesapeake bay population has recovered from large declines that extended through the 1970s (baker 1994) .\nstriped bass use rivers, tidally influenced fresh waters, and estuaries for spawning and nursery areas. preferred spawning areas often are shallow (1 - 20 feet, 0. 3 - 6. 1 meters) and turbid and range from the tidal zone to a few hundred kilometers upstream (usually within 38 miles or 60 km of coast). spawners often seek areas with strong turbulent flow and substrates of rock and / or fine gravel. at powell reservoir, utah, spawning occurred over a rocky shoal in or near the mixing zone of river water and reservoir water .\neggs are semibuoyant, drift and sink slowly; in riverine populations, current of about 30 cm / sec reportedly is required to keep eggs afloat and prevent death due to settling on bottom (though this may vary with differences in egg buoyancy in different regions). juveniles apparently prefer clean sandy bottom but have been found over gravel, rock, and (rarely) soft mud; may or may not move to areas of higher salinity in first summer / fall (varies with locality) .\nsee hill et al. (1989) and crance (1984) for habitat suitability index model and details on various environmental requirements and tolerances (e. g. , temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, toxicants) .\noccurs in rivers, estuaries and near shore waters as well as shallow bays, along beaches and in rocky areas. some populations of\nare landlocked in fresh water. this species is anadromous, seasonally migratory and have been successfully introduced in many areas .\nis a voracious predator that feeds primarily on fishes and invertebrates and feeding ceases right before spawning (kells and carpenter 2011). this species is normally gonochoristic, with a rare incidence of hermaphroditic individuals. males reach maturity at about two years of age and 17cm total length and female at four to six years and 45cm to 55cm total length. the maximum age for\nhas been estimated to about 30 years. fecundity estimates range from 15 000 for a 46cm fish to 4 million for a 13 year - old, 14. 5kg fish (heemstra 2002) .\nauthor (s): able, kw (able, kenneth w .) 1; grothues, tm (grothues, thomas m .) 1; turnure, jt (turnure, jason t .) 1; byrne, dm (byrne, donald m .) 2; clerkin, p (clerkin, paul) 1source :\nis of high commercial and recreational value and is also sought for sport (kells and carpenter 2011, get references) .\nis caught by anglers as well as with beach seines, fyke nets, gill nets, pound nets, fish traps, and otter trawls .\nis marketed fresh or filleted and frozen (heemstra 2002). recreational landings for\nmake up about 75 - 80% of the coastal landings. in 2005, almost 60% of all striped bass sold in the united states were grown in aquaculture. aquaculture for hybrid\n) began in 1986, and production peaked in the early 2000s (national oceanic and atmospheric administration 2012) .\ncurrently, this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management, monitoring, or research action .\nare managed by state jurisdictions (maryland department of natural resources 2012, virginia marine resources commission 2012) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species is native to the st. lawrence - great lakes, hudson bay (red river), and mississippi river basins from quebec to manitoba and south to louisiana; gulf slope drainages from mississippi river, louisiana, to rio grande, texas and new mexico (page and burr 1991). it has been introduced widely within and outside its natural range .\nthis species is represented by a large number of occurrences (subpopulations): total adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 1, 000, 000. abundance has increased in the lower missouri river as a result of human - caused changes in the river (e. g. reservoir construction and consequent reductions in turbidity) (pflieger and grace 1987). warren et al. (2000) categorized the trend as\ncurrently stable\nin the southeastern united states .\ngmelin, j. f. (1789). caroli a linné... systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species; cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. editio decimo tertia, aucta, reformata. 3 vols. in 9 parts. lipsiae, 1788 - 93. v. 1 (pt 3), pp 1033 - 1516. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndistribution lake ontario drainage in quebec to peedee river, gulf of st. lawrence to south carolina\ndistribution lake ontario drainage in quebec to peedee river, gulf of st. lawrence to south carolina [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\neschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngulf of maine biogeographic information system (gmbis) electronic atlas. 2002. november, 2002. [ details ]\nscott, w. b. ; scott, m. g. (1988). atlantic fishes of canada. canadian bulletin of fisheries and aquatic sciences. no. 219. 731 pp. [ details ]\n( of roccus americanus (gmelin, 1789) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of perca immaculata walbaum, 1792) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of perca americana gmelin, 1789) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhabitat anadromous species, prefer mud bottoms, found to depths of 10 m; landlock populations also exist. [ details ]\nartedi, p. ; artedi, p. ; linné, c. v. ; walbaum, j. j. (1792). petri artedi sueci genera piscium: in quibus systema totum ichthyologiae proponitur cum classibus, ordinibus, generum characteribus, specierum differentiis, observationibus plurimis: redactis speciebus 242 ad genera 52: ichthyologiae. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of roccus striatus mitchill, 1814) mitchill, s. l. (1814). report, in part, of samuel l. mitchill, m. d. ,... on the fishes of new - york. new york. 1 - 28. [ details ]\ncollette, b. b. , and g. klein - macphee (eds .). 2002. bigelow and schroeder' s fishes of the gulf of maine, 3rd edition. smithsonian institution press, washington and london. 748 p. [ details ]\nmceachran, j. d. (2009). fishes (vertebrata: pisces) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 1223–1316 in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. biodiversity. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. [ details ]\nlutaenko, k. a. ; furota, t. ; nakayama; s. ; shin, k. ; xu, j. (2013). atlas of marine invasive species in the nowpap region. beijing: nowpap dinrac (northwest pacific action plan, data and information network regional center). 189 pp. [ details ]\n( of roccus striatus mitchill, 1814) eschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sciaena lineata bloch, 1792) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of roccus lineatus (bloch, 1792) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of roccus saxatilis (walbaum, 1792) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of perca saxatilis walbaum, 1792) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of perca mitchilli alternata mitchill, 1815) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmolnar, j. l. ; gamboa, r. l. ; revenga, c. ; spalding, m. d. (2008). assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity. frontiers in ecology and the environment. 6 (9): 485 - 492. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhabitat anadromous species; found to depths of 30 m in cool bays and rivers. [ details ]\nmitchill, s. l. (1814). report, in part, of samuel l. mitchill, m. d. ,... on the fishes of new - york. new york. 1 - 28. [ details ]\n( of roccus mitchill, 1814) mitchill, s. l. (1814). report, in part, of samuel l. mitchill, m. d. ,... on the fishes of new - york. new york. 1 - 28. [ details ]\n( of roccus mitchill, 1814) eschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbecker (1983); page and burr (1991); etnier and starnes (1993); jenkins and burkhead (1994) .\nst. lawrence - great lakes, hudson bay (red river), and mississippi river basins from quebec to manitoba and south to louisiana (page and burr 1991). widespread throughout the ohio and mississippi drainages, the great lakes region, and southward to the red river basin (hubbs et al. 1991) .\napalachicola; escambia; lower chattahoochee; lower ochlockonee; lower st. johns; st. marys; upper st. johns\nbeaver reservoir; bull shoals lake; current; independence - sugar; james; little chariton; north fork white; tarkio - wolf; thompson; upper black; upper st. francis\nintentionally stocked for sportfishing. in california, white bass were initially intentionally stocked for sport fishing in lake nacimiento, an area that was managed to support them and where they would not pose a threat to other vulnerable species. however, the fish mysteriously appeared in lake kaweah. apparently the fish had been transported and stocked illegally. the fish then gained access to the tulare lake basin when lake kaweah flooded in 1982 and 1983 (dill and cordone 1997) .\nthe white bass has been reported as established locally in most areas, except in delaware, where the species is known from a single record in 1888 and, presumably is extirpated (raasch and altemus 1991). attempts to establish the species in the youghiogheny river, maryland and pennsylvania, have failed (hendricks et al. 1979, 1983) .\ndill and cordone (1997) gave a fascinating account of the introduction of this species into california and the resulting fallout. this account is also a good illustration of how fish can be dispersed even when they are thought to be contained .\nanonymous. 1994b. fishes of the dakotas. brochure. american fisheries society dakota chapter, and north dakota game and fish department .\nbean, t. h. 1903. the food and game fishes of new york: notes on their common names, distribution, habits and mode of capture. j. b. lyon company, albany, ny .\nboschung, h. t. 1992. catalogue of freshwater and marine fishes of alabama. alabama museum of natural history bulletin 14: 1 - 266 .\nboschung, h. t. , jr. and r. l. mayden. 2004. fishes of alabama. smithsonian books, washington .\nbouc, k. 1987. the fish book. nebraskaland magazine 65 (1): 1 - 130 .\nburr, b. m. , and m. l. warren, jr. 1986. a distributional atlas of kentucky fishes. kentucky nature preserves commission scientific and technical series 4. 398 pp .\ncooper, e. l. 1983. fishes of pennsylvania. pennsylvania state university press. university park, pa. 243 pp .\ncross, f. b. 1967. handbook of fishes of kansas. state biological survey and university of kansas museum of natural history, miscellaneous publication 45, topeka, ks .\ndahlberg, m. d. , and d. c. scott. 1971b. introductions of freshwater fishes in georgia. bulletin of the georgia academy of science 29: 245 - 252 .\ndallmier, k. 2005. queen city lake fisheries management plan. georgia department of natural resources wildlife resources division, social circle, ga .\ndeacon, j. e. , and j. e. williams. 1984. annotated list of the fishes of nevada. proceedings of the biological society of washington 97 (1): 103 - 118 .\ndenoncourt, r. f. , t. b. robbins, and r. hesser. 1975a. recent introductions and reintroductions to the pennsylvania fish fauna of the susquehanna river drainage above conowingo dam. proceedings of the pennsylvania academy of science 49: 57 - 58 .\ndill, w. a. , and a. j. cordone. 1997. history and status of introduced fishes in california, 1871 - 1996. fish bulletin 178. california department of fish and game, sacramento, ca. urltoken\nellis, m. m. 1974. fishes of colorado. university of colorado studies, boulder, co 11 (1): 1 - 136 .\nerdsman, d. s. 1984. exotic fishes in puerto rico, p 162 - 176, in: w. r. jr. courtenay and j. r. jr. stauffer, eds. distribution, biology, and management of exotic fishes. john hopkins. baltimore and london .\neverhart, w. h. , and w. r. seaman. 1971. fishes of colorado. colorado game, fish and parks division, denver, co. 75 pp .\nford, h. c. , h. c. demuth, g. h. welshons, s. b. stillwel, l. streuber, and w. l. powell. 1892. report of the fish commissioners for the years 1889 - 90 - 91. pennsylvania report of state commissioners of fisheries, edwin k. meyers, state printer, harrisburg, pa. 19: 1 - 156 .\nfowler, h. w. 1906. the fishes of new jersey. pages 35 - 477 in annual report of the new jersey state museum (1905), part ii. maccrellish and quigley, state province, trenton, nj .\nfowler, h. w. 1952. a list of the fishes of new jersey, with off - shore species. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia civ: 89 - 151 .\nfries, l. t. , and w. d. harvey. 1989. natural hybridization of white bass with yellow bass in texas. transactions american fisheries soceity 118 (1): 87 - 89 .\ngrabowski, s. j. , s. d. hiebert, and d. m. lieberman. 1984. potential for introduction of three species of nonnative fishes into central arizona via the central arizona project? a literature review and analysis. rec - erc - 84 - 7. u. s. department of the interior, bureau of reclamation, denver, co .\nhendricks, m. l. , j. r. stauffer, jr. , c. h. hocutt, and c. r. gilbert. 1979. a preliminary checklist of the fishes of the youghiogheny river. chicago academy of sciences, natural history miscellanea 203: 1 - 15 .\nhocutt, c. h. , r. e. jenkins, and j. r. stauffer, jr. 1986. zoogeography of the fishes of the central appalachians and central atlantic coastal plain. 161 - 212 in c. h. hocutt and e. o. wiley, eds. the zoogeography of north american freshwater fishes. john wiley and sons, new york, ny .\nholton, g. d. 1990. a field guide to montana fishes. montana department of fish, wildlife and parks, helena, mt. 104 pp .\ninsider viewpoint. 2001. fishing records – nevada. insider viewpoint magazine. 3 pp .\njenkins, r. e. , and n. m. burkhead. 1994. freshwater fishes of virginia. american fisheries society, bethesda, md .\njones, d. j. 1963. a history of nebraska' s fisheries resources. dingell - hohnson federal aid in fish restoration project f - 4 - r publication. nebraska game, forestation and parks commission. .\nkoster, w. j. 1957. guide to the fishes of new mexico. university of new mexico press, albuquerque, nm .\nkraai, j. e. , w. p. provine, and j. a. prentice. 1983. case histories of three walleye stocking techniques with cost - to - benefit considerations. proceedings of the southeastern association of fish and wildlife agencies 37 (1983): 395 - 400 .\nlee, d. s. , c. r. gilbert, c. h. hocutt, r. e. jenkins, d. e. mcallister, and j. r. stauffer, jr. 1980 et seq. atlas of north american freshwater fishes. north carolina state museum of natural history, raleigh, nc .\nloyacano, h. a. , jr. 1975. a list of freshwater fishes of south carolina. bulletin of the south carolina experimental station 580: 1 - 8 .\nmenhinick, e. f. 1991. the freshwater fishes of north carolina. north carolina wildlife resources commission. 227 pp .\nmiller, r. r. and c. h. lowe. 1967. part 2. fishes of arizona, p 133 - 151, in: c. h. lowe, ed. the vertebrates of arizona. university of arizona press. tucson .\nminckley, w. l. 1973. fishes of arizona. arizona fish and game department. sims printing company, inc. , phoenix, az .\nmoyle, p. b. 1976a. inland fishes of california. university of california press, berkeley, ca .\noklahoma wildlife commission. 1963. know your oklahoma fishes. department of wildlife conservation, oklahoma city, ok .\npage, l. m. , and b. m. burr. 1991. a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico. the peterson field guide series, volume 42. houghton mifflin company, boston, ma .\npflieger, w. l. 1975. the fishes of missouri. missouri department of conservation, jefferson city, mo. 343 pp .\npowers, s. l. and p. a. ceas. 2000. ichthyofauna and biogeography of russell fork (big sandy river - ohio river). southeastern fishes council proceedings. 41: 1 - 12 .\nprentice, j. a. 1985. texas statewide walleye fishery management program. federal aid project f - 31 - r - 11 .\npritchard, d. l. , o. d. may, jr. , and l. rider. 1976. stocking of predators in the predator - stocking - evaluation reservoirs. proceedings of the 30th annual conference of the southeastern association of game and fish commissioners 30 (1976): 108 - 113 .\nraasch, m. s. , and v. l. altemus, sr. 1991. delaware' s freshwater and brackish water fishes - a popular account. delaware state college for the study of del - mar - va habitats and the society of natural history of delaware. 166 pp .\nrasmussen, j. l. 1998. aquatic nuisance species of the mississippi river basin. 60th midwest fish and wildlife conference, aquatic nuisance species symposium, dec. 7, 1998, cincinnati, oh .\nred river authority of texas. 2001. red and canadian basins fish inventory: grayson county. red river authority of texas .\nrinne, j. n. 1994. the effects of introduced fishes on native fishes: arizona, southwestern united states. world fisheries congress, may 1992, athens, greece .\nrohde, f. c. , r. g. arndt, j. w. foltz, and j. m. quattro. 2009. freshwater fishes of south carolina. university of south carolina press, columbia, sc. 430 pp .\nrohde, f. c. , r. g. arndt, d. g. lindquist, and j. f. parnell. 1994. freshwater fishes of the carolinas, virginia, maryland, and delaware. university of north carolina press, chapel hill, nc. 122 pp .\nschmidt, b. - chief fisheries mangement, division of wildlife resources, salt lake city, ut. response to nbs - g non - indigenous questionaire. 1992 .\nsigler, f. f. , and r. r. miller. 1963. fishes of utah. utah department of fish and game, salt lake city, ut. 203 pp .\nsigler, w. f. , and j. w. sigler. 1987. fishes of the great basin: a natural history. university of nevada press, reno, nv .\nsmith, h. m. 1896. a review of the history and results of the attempts to acclimatize fish and other water animals in the pacific states. pages 379 - 472 in bulletin of the u. s. fish commission, vol. xv, for 1895 .\nstauffer, j. r. , jr. , j. m. boltz, and l. r. white. 1993. the fishes of west virginia. west virginia department of natural resources. unpublished manuscript. 1114 pp .\nsublette, j. e. , m. d. hatch, and m. sublette. 1990. the fishes of new mexico. new mexico department of game and fish, university of new mexico press, albuquerque, nm. 393 pp .\ntrautman, m. b. 1981. the fishes of ohio. ohio state university press, columbus, oh .\nvon geldern, c. e. , jr. 1966. the introduction of white bass (roccus chrysops) into california. california fish and game 52 (4): 303 .\nyoung, b. a. , t. l. welker, m. l. wildhaber, c. r. berry, and d. scarnecchia, editors. 1997. population structure and habitat use of benthic fishes along the missouri and lower yellowstone rivers. annual report of missouri river benthic fish study pd - 95 - 5832. u. s. army corps of engineers and the u. s. bureau of reclamation. 207 pp .\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision. it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science. the information has not received final approval by the u. s. geological survey (usgs) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u. s. government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy, scale, completeness, extent of coverage and origin. it is the user' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations. we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information: u. s. geological survey. [ 2018 ]. nonindigenous aquatic species database. gainesville, florida. accessed [ 7 / 10 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted. for queries involving fish, please contact pam fuller. for queries involving invertebrates, contact amy benson .\nyellow bass are yellowish - silver with 7 black or brown stripes on the top and middle of their body that run from their head to tail. the stripes lower on their bodies are broken or jagged in the middle. their backs are olive green or olive gray, and they are white or yellow underneath. some of their fins are dark or dusky and others are clear or white. they have yellow eyes, and no teeth or tongue. their bodies are thin from side to side but wide from top to bottom .\nyellow bass live in waters that drain into lake michigan and the mississippi river basins from minnesota down to the gulf of mexico. they are native to parts of oklahoma and texas, and are found east through the middle of tennessee. yellow bass have been introduced in other places like arizona .\nyellow bass live in quiet pools, dams, or slow - moving waters that are part of streams, lakes, and man - made water reservoirs. they prefer clear water with few plants but lots of carp. they live on or close to the bottom of lakes and rivers .\n( carlander, 1997; froese, 2010; lee, et al. , 1980; page and burr, 2011 )\neggs take 4 to 6 days to hatch after they are fertilized. they hatch at 21°c. within 4 days, the young fish absorb their yolk sacs. they gather in groups called schools, and grow quickly. in a lake in tennessee, they got to be almost 20 cm long in the first year .\nyellow bass are able to release and fertilize eggs when they are 2 to 4 years old, depending on where they live. males often mature when they are 2 to 3 years old, and females usually mature when they are 3 to 4 years old. females have more than one set of eggs in the same season. yellow bass scatter their eggs in late april to early june after the water gets to be 14. 5°c to 26°c. females release groups of eggs into the water which males fertilize. this process is called spawning .\nyellow bass spawn once per year in streams or lakes between late april and early june. females lay on their right sides over gravel or rocks that are from 0. 6 to 0. 9 m deep and release their eggs. males swim nearby and fertilize the eggs as they are released .\n( bosworth, et al. , 1998; carlander, 1997; hassan - williams and bonner, 2007; pfleiger, 1997 )\nyellow bass eggs stick to plants or rocks. parents don' t care for the eggs after they are released and fertilized .\nyellow bass form groups called schools. they feed near the surface or at middle depths in lakes and rivers. they might move from lakes or larger parts of rivers into smaller, shallower streams in order to release and fertilize their eggs. they feed at dusk and dawn .\n( hassan - williams and bonner, 2007; lee, et al. , 1980 )\nscientists don' t know the size or characteristics of the home range of yellow bass .\nbass use sight, hearing, chemical signals to understand their environment. their main sense organ is their lateral line, which runs from their head to tail and also helps them sense vibrations. .\nyellow bass eat mainly small animals without vertebrae that they find near the surface of the water or in middle depths. young yellow bass usually eat zooplankton, small\n. the size of prey they can eat usually gets bigger as yellow bass grow. adult yellow bass eat\n, including smaller yellow bass. yellow bass hunt at dusk and at dawn .\nyellow bass are both predators and prey in their ecosystem and also get infected with many parasites. they get infected by flatworms or flukes called\nyellow bass have been hunted by humans for entertainment and food since the 1800' s .\nyellow bass are listed as a species of special concern by minnesota' s list of endangered, threatened, and special concern species .\neric walberg (author), minnesota state university, mankato, jeremy wright (author, editor), university of michigan - ann arbor, robert sorensen (editor), minnesota state university, mankato, gail mccormick (editor), animal diversity web staff, catherine kent (editor), special projects .\ncollier, j. 1959. changes in fish populations and food habits of yellow bass in north twin lake, 1956 - 1958 .\ndarnell, r. 1961. trophic spectrum of an estuarine community, based on studies of lake pontchartrain, louisiana .\ngoldstein, r. , t. simon. 1999. toward a united definition of guild structure for feeding ecology of north american freshwater fishes. pp. 123 - 202 in t simon, ed .\nkraus, r. 1963. food habits of the yellow bass, roccus mississippiensis, clear lake, iowa, summer 1962 .\nschoffman, r. 1958. age and rate of growth of the yellow bass in reelfoot lake, tennessee, for 1955 and 1957 .\nvan den avyle, m. , b. higginbotham, b. james, f. bulow. 1983. habitat preferences and food habits of young - of - the - year striped bass, white bass, and yellow bass in watts bar reservoir, tennessee." ]

{ "text": [ "morone is a genus of temperate basses native to the atlantic coast of north america and the freshwater systems of the southwestern and eastern united states . " ], "topic": [ 6 ] }

[ "morone is a genus of temperate basses native to the atlantic coast of north america and the freshwater systems of the southwestern and eastern united states." ]

[ "to donate to the recovery efforts, visit the bridled nail - tail wallaby trust .\nmanagement documents for the bridled nail - tail wallaby are at the start of the profile .\nfame provided support to bridled nail - tail recovery program in queensland. only three wild populations of bridled nail - tail wallaby totaling about 300 individuals remain in queensland. funding provided by fame helped to secure bridled nail - tail wallabies at avocet nature reserve from feral predators and to engage the local community in conservation efforts. previously fame helped establish a population of bridled nail - tail wallabies at scotia sanctuary in nsw. this is now the largest population of bridled nail - tail wallabies in australia .\nthe young of the bridled nail - tailed wallaby is usually born in may .\n* * * this wallaby has a horny pointed' nail' on the tip of its tail, giving it the name' nail - tailed' .\nthe bridled nail - tailed wallaby weighs 4 to 8 kg (9 to 18 lb) .\nfame established a colony of critically endangered bridled nail - tail wallabies (previously extinct in new south wales) at scotia sanctuary .\nbridled nailtail wallabies are also known as merrin, bridled wallaby, pademelon, waistcoat wallaby and canguro rabipelado oriental .\nthere are three species of wallaby that have the characteristic' nail - tail', a small horny nail - like spur about 3 - 6 mm long at the tip of the tail: the bridled nailtail wallaby, crescent nailtail wallaby (believed to be extinct) and northern nailtail wallaby (common in northern australia). it is unknown whether the' nail - tail' spur serves a function, but one theory is that it may aid their speed when the spur hits the ground and acts as a point on which the wallaby pivots during sharp turns .\nsporting shooters' association of australia - hunting & conservation (queensland) received $ 22 402 through the threatened species network community grants in 2008 - 09 for the bridled nail - tail wallaby recovery - feral predator control project. the project will increase the control of feral cats on avocet reserve, a critical activity for the survival and increase of the bridled nail - tail wallaby population .\nthe bridled nailtail wallaby or bridled nail - tail wallaby is a marsupial species living in various parts of australia. it derives its name from the white - colored bridle line that runs from center of its neck down behind forearms on either side, as well as the horny nailed point at the tip of the long tail .\na crest of hair at the tip of the wallaby’s tail partially conceals a claw - like nail. it is this nail which leads to the name ‘nailtail’ wallaby, however little is known of its purpose. there were once three species of nailtail wallabies, one (the crescent nailtail wallaby onychogalea lunata) is now extinct .\n* * * the bridled nail - tailed wallaby hops with a fast, smooth movement (hence its nickname' flash jack') .\nbridled nail - tail wallabies are generally faithful to their home ranges and particular shelter sites, and are not mobile, although the size of home ranges changes depending on environmental conditions (fisher 2000) .\nnail - tailed wallabies are shy and usually solitary. the bridled nail - tail has been reported to appear in larger numbers only when the dry season progresses and the pasture deteriorates. females may be seen with young, but larger groups of 4 to 5 animals have also been observed .\nraise the alarm! ! this is the adorable bridled nail - tail wallaby (onychogalea fraenata) and there are only around 500 individuals left in the entire world. the small wallaby is named for its three distinguishing characteristics; a white “bridle” line that runs down from the back of the neck around the shoulders, and the horny spur on the end of its tail .\nthe droppings of the bridled nail - tail wallaby are more cylindrical than those of the black - striped wallaby (macropus dorsalis), which is common in the same habitat within taunton national park (scientific) and at idalia national park (evans & jarman 1999; fisher 2000). black - striped wallabies are also more likely to occur in groups, and are usually larger than bridled nail - tail wallabies (fisher 1999; fisher et al. 2001; lundie - jenkins 2001) .\nbridled nail - tail wallabies have a distinctive' bridle' of white around the shoulder blades, which begins as a white stripe bordered by black at the back of the neck. this is often visible during spotlighting. the end of the tail is black and has a small crest of hair covering the claw - like nail. the tail is held stiff in an inverted' u' shape with the tip pointing up while hopping. the bridled nail - tail wallaby hops with its head held low and its arms held outwards (evans 1992 cited in lundie - jenkins 2001; fisher 1999). juveniles often freeze and lie flat on the ground when approached, and are then very difficult to see (fisher & goldizen 2001) .\nthe bridled nailtail wallaby is one of the three nailtail species that are indigenous to australia, the other two being the northern nailtail wallaby and the crescent nailtail wallaby .\ntail: the tail is light - colored and is around 450 mm long. it has got a spur or a point that is 3 to 6 mm in length and is partially covered with hair .\nthe survey guidelines for australia' s threatened mammals (dsewpac 2011j) includes survey design principles when planning a mammal survey and includes recommendations for survey methods for the bridled nail - tail wallaby and habitat that it occurs in (dsewpac 2011j). the following information is additional to the guidelines .\nbridled nailtail wallaby - profile (office of environment & heritage, 2015e) [ internet ] .\nthe bridled nailtail wallaby is basically nocturnal, moving around and feeding at dusk and during the night .\nbridled nailtail wallaby (department of environment and heritage protection (dehp), 2013f) [ database ] .\nurltoken wildlife / threatened - species / endangered / endangered - animals / bridled _ nailtail _ wallaby. html\nthe bridled nailtail wallaby is a grazier on various species of grass, flowering plants, herbs and shoots .\npredation by feral cats, felis catus, on an endangered marsupial, the bridled nailtail wallaby, onychogalea fraenata .\nthe diet of the bridled nailtail wallaby (onychogalea fraenata): site and seasonal influences and dietary overlap with the black - striped wallaby (macropus dorsalis) and domestic cattle .\ngordon, g. & b. c. lawrie (1980). the rediscovery of the bridled nail - tailed wallaby, onychogalea fraenata (gould) (marsupialia: macropodidae) in queensland. australian wildlife research. 7: 339 - 345 .\nrecovery plan for the bridled nailtail wallaby (onychogalea fraenata) 2005 - 2009 (pdf - 317. 46 kb )\nthe rediscovery of the bridled nailtail wallaby onychogalea fraenata, (gould) (marsupialia: macropodidae), in queensland .\nintensive, regular surveys for the bridled nail - tail wallaby are carried out at taunton national park (scientific) and the surrounding region, and idalia national park (fisher et al. 2001; lundie - jenkins 2001; pople et al. 2001). the category' national park (scientific)' designates a conservation reserve containing a wild population and not open to the general public .\nthe total population of bridled nail - tail wallabies varies from year to year, depending on rainfall. it is currently likely to be between 600 - 1900 (horsup & evans 1993; fisher et al. 2000; pople et al. 2001). the best habitat at taunton national park (scientific) supported a mean density of 12 - 32 bridled nail - tail wallabies per km² in the mid to late 1990s (fisher et al. 2001). in 2001 approximately half of the population occured at taunton national park (scientific) and half at idalia national park (fisher et al. 2001; lundie - jenkins 2001; pople et al. 2001) .\nfk is a director of the non - profit bridled nailtail wallaby trust while rrjm was a director between 2007 and 2010 .\nbridled nailtail wallaby: over 2, 500 animals occur on scotia, representing more than 80% of the entire population .\nrecovery plan for the bridled nailtail wallaby (onychogalea fraenata) 2005–2009. report to the department of environment and heritage (deh )\na recovery team for the bridled nailtail wallaby is led by the queensland department of environment and heritage protection (ehp). this team provides advice and guidance to qpws for management of the taunton and idalia national parks’ populations. more information: bridled nailtail wallaby\nthe bridled nailtail wallaby is a medium sized wallaby exhibiting strong sexual dimorphism, with males reaching up to 8kg and females 6kg. they are easily identifiable by a white ‘bridle’ line which runs from the back of the neck down behind each of the forearms. their fur is soft and greyish in colouration, becoming darker towards the tip of the tail .\nthe bridled nailtail wallaby is classified as vulnerable (vu) (1) and listed on appendix i of cites (3) .\nhabitat in idalia national park where the bridled nailtail wallaby has been successfully re - introduced. (image: queensland parks and wildlife )\nthe bridled nailtail wallaby is known or predicted to occur in the following sub - regions of the other state interim biogeographic regionalisation of australia .\ndavidson, c. 1991. recovery plan for the bridled nailtail wallaby (onychogalea fraenata). unpublished report. anpws endangered species program .\ntierney, p. j. 1985. habitat and ecology of the bridled nailtail wallaby with implications for management. queensland institute of technology .\nthe bridled nail - tail wallaby is a highly solitary, medium - sized macropod; up to 1 m tall and weighing up to 8 kg (males). the species has distinctive markings of a white' bridle' line running from the centre of the neck, along the shoulder to behind the forearm on each side of the body. a black stripe runs the length of the body, and white cheek stripes are present on both sides of the head. a horny' nail' occurs at the tip of the tail, is between 3 - 6mm and is partly concealed by hair (evans 1992 cited in lundie - jenkins 2001). the species has a high level of sexual dimorphism and males may be up to twice as large as females (sigg & goldizen 2006) .\ncompetition with introduced stock (mainly sheep) and rabbits. it has been found that sheep favor grassy areas similar to the bridled nailtail wallaby .\nmarsupial and monotreme action plan 2013. contributor to accounts of the bridled nailtail wallaby, kultarr, blue - grey mouse, and northern quoll .\n“the local community is proud of their bridled nailtail wallaby population and will be sad to be losing them from idalia, but it’s important for the survival of the species that we give the bridled nailtails every chance .\nthey can grow to a body length of 1 meter (1 / 2 body length, 1 / 2 tail length), and weigh around 4 to 7 kg .\nin droughts, very little food grows in the brigalow regrowth and woodlands, and bridled nail - tail wallabies must feed in the open, leaving them potentially vulnerable to predators such as the dingo (canis lupus dingo) and the cat (felis catus). however in times of higher rainfall, food grows in the sheltered habitats and they increasingly feed under cover, avoiding open areas (fisher 2000) .\nfisher do (1999) offspring sex ratio variation in the bridled nailtail wallaby, onychogalea fraenata. behavioral ecology and sociobiology 45, 411 - 419 .\nevans, m. 1992. the bridled nailtail wallaby: ecology and management. report to australian national parks and wildlife service, september 1992. .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - bridled nailtail wallaby (onychogalea fraenata )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - bridled nailtail wallaby (onychogalea fraenata )\ntitle =\narkive species - bridled nailtail wallaby (onychogalea fraenata )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ntwo populations of bridled nailtail wallabies were introduced to idalia national park and avocet nature refuge, and two captive bridled nailtail wallaby populations live at aace’s safehaven, and at scotia sanctuary owned by the australian wildlife conservancy in new south wales .\ndavidson, c. (1991). recovery plan for the bridled nailtail wallaby (onychogalea frenata). anpws endangered species program. unpublished report to anpws .\nfisher, d. (1999). behavioural ecology and demography of the bridled nailtail wallaby onychogalea fraenata. ph. d. thesis. university of queensland .\nbridled nailtail wallaby (onychogalea fraenata) recovery plan progress report no. 1. epa / qpws conservation strategy branch. unpublished report to anpws, june 1993 .\ndistribution and status of the northern nailtail wallaby, onychogalea unguifera (gould 1841) .\nbefore beginning a survey to detect the bridled nail - tail wallaby, daytime searches can be used to find potentially suitable habitat, such as open eucalypt forest adjacent to woodland and brigalow scrub. searches of areas up to 5 ha should be along transects spaced at 50 - 100 m intervals. the placement of transects should be planned in advance using aerial photographs and maps. as a guide, for every 1 ha surveyed, at least two hours should be spent searching for potential habitat and signs of activity (ambs 2004) .\nevans, m. & g. gordon (1995). bridled nailtail wallaby. in: the mammals of australia. page (s) 356 - 358 .\nfisher, d. (1999b). offspring sex ratio variation in the bridled nailtail wallaby onychogalea fraenata. behavioral ecology and sociobiology. 45: 411 - 419 .\nfactors contributing to the decline of the bridled nail - tailed wallaby include shooting for fur and as a pest species (especially around the turn of the century), habitat modification, introduced predators (fox) and possibly competition from introduced rabbits. competition with domestic grazing stock, especially sheep, has been proposed by some as the most important single factor .\nthe preferred diet of the bridled nailtail wallaby is largely non - woody broad - leafed plants, chenopods (succulents including pigweed), flowering plants and grasses. two potential competitors for this food include the black - striped wallaby macropus dorsalis and domestic stock .\nfisher, d. (1998). endangered bridled nailtail wallaby: a strategy for survival. proceedings of the royal society of queensland. 107: 115 - 118 .\nfisher do, goldizen aw (2001) maternal care and infant behaviour of the bridled nailtail wallaby (onychogalea fraenata). journal of zoology 255, 321 - 330 .\nfisher, diana (1999). behavioural ecology and demography of the bridled nailtail wallaby, onychogalea fraenata phd thesis, school of biological sciences, the university of queensland .\nat the time of european settlement, bridled nail - tail wallabies were common all along the east australian coastline region to the west of the great dividing range. the species declined in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with no confirmed sightings between 1937 and 1973, by which time it was believed to be extinct. after reading an article in a magazine about australia’s extinct species, a fencing contractor reported that there was an extant population on a property near dingo, queensland .\nthe bridled nailtail wallaby is listed as endangered in queensland and nationally. just one known wild population of bridled nailtail wallabies survives on taunton national park west of rockhampton, after the species, thought to be extinct, was rediscovered there in the early 1970s .\ngordon, g and lawrie, bc 1980. the rediscovery of the bridled nailtail wallaby (onychogalea fraenata gould) in queensland. australian wildlife research 7: 339 - 345 .\ndescription: the northern bettong is a delicately - built rat - kangaroo about the size of a rabbit with a body length between 300 - 380 mm and a tail length of 290 - 360 mm. an adult weighs between 1 - 1. 5 kg. it has pale grey fur and a cream coloured belly. a short black brush of fur on top of the tail tip distinguishes it from the rufous bettong aepyprymnus rufescens. the tail is prehensile (capable of grasping) and is used to carry nesting material. the northern bettong has a broad head with a flattened, naked nose and short, pointy ears .\ntierney, p. j. (1985). habitat and ecology of the bridled nailtail wallaby with implications for management. m. sc. thesis. queensland institute of technology .\nin this region the bridled nailtail wallaby - other state is known to be associated with the following vegetation formations and classes. click on a name to get background information about it .\n). we briefly consider the concept of mis - matches in scales and summarise their implications, before using this framework to explore the history of conservation efforts for the bridled nailtail wallaby .\nthis area had a mixture of grassy woodland, shrubland and grazing grasslands, that this wallaby prefers .\nthe bridled nail - tailed wallaby is mainly nocturnal, beginning to feed at dusk. while it occasionally moves about in daylight, it spends most of the day in a shallow nest scratched out beneath a tussock of grass or a bush. when in danger, it may hide in a hollow log or crouch down in long grass or beneath a low shrub, where it will remain even when closely approached .\nsigg dp, goldizen aw (2006) male reproductive tactics and female choice in the solitary, promiscuous bridled nailtail wallaby (onychogalea fraenata). journal of mammalogy 87, 461 - 469 .\nthe bridled nailtail wallaby has developed some distinct adaptive skills that enable it to protect itself from predators as well as to feed itself. the principal adaptive features of these marsupials are discussed below :\nfisher, d. o. , and goldizen, a. 2001. the maternal care strategy and infant behaviour of the bridled nailtail wallaby. journal of zoology 255: 321 - 330 .\n“idalia is west of the natural distribution for the bridled nailtail wallaby, and as a consequence, drier conditions have affected their establishment. bridled nailtails bred well there when conditions were right, but the likelihood that the population will survive in the wild on idalia is now very poor .\nbridled nailtail wallabies breed well in captivity and this had lead to successful re - introductions .\nthe bridled nailtail wallaby was presumed extinct in the 1930s until it was rediscovered in queensland in 1973. in the last 10 years, the population in queensland has declined from around 800 to less than 300 animals. however, at scotia wildlife sanctuary, the population of wild bridled nailtail wallabies has dramatically increased from 40 animals in 2004 to over 2, 500 animals now. thus, awc protects more than 80% of the remaining population of the bridled nailtail wallaby at scotia .\nre - introductions: new populations of the bridled nailtail wallaby have been re - introduced to habitats it once occupied to aid recovery of the species in the wild. in 1994 bridled nailtail wallabies were introduced to idalia national park and currently the population is estimated to be approximately 100 wallabies .\nthis species of wallaby lives in acacia shrubland and grassy woodland in semi - arid regions (5) .\nlundie - jenkins, g. (2002) recovery for the bridled nailtail wallaby (onychogalea fraenata) 1997 - 2001. report to environment australia, canberra. queensland parks and wildlife service, brisbane .\njohnson, p. m. (1997). reproduction in the bridled nailtail wallaby, onychogalea fraenata gould (marsupialia: macropodidae), in captivity. wildlife research. 24: 411 - 415 .\nin 2011 the bridled nailtail wallaby still remains on queensland, australian and international endangered species lists, no new populations have been established, and the existing populations appear to still be declining. it would seem fair to conclude at this stage that the present mono - centric conservation approach that has been adopted for the bridled nailtail wallaby has not been particularly successful. an alternative approach would seem to warrant further scrutiny .\nturni, c. & l. r. smales (2001). parasites of the bridled nailtail wallaby (onychogalea fraenata) (marsupialia: macropodidae). wildlife research. 28: 403 - 411 .\nphd. the department of zoology and entomology, university of queensland, supervised by professor craig moritz and dr anne goldizen: behavioural ecology and demography of the bridled nailtail wallaby, onychogalea fraenata 1994 - 1998 .\nlundie - jenkins, g and lowry, j 2005. recovery plan for the bridled nailtail wallaby (onychogalea fraenata) 2005 - 2009. report to the department of environment and heritage (deh), canberra .\nfisher, diana o. (1999) offspring sex ratio variation in the bridled nailtail wallaby, onychogalea fraenata. behavioral ecology and sociobiology, 45 6: 411 - 419. doi: 10. 1007 / s002650050578\ndemography of bridled nailtail wallabies translocated to the edge of their former range from captive and wild stock .\neffects of body size and home range on access to mates and paternity in male bridled nailtail wallabies .\nhorsup, a and evans, m 1993. predation by feral cats, felis catus, on an endangered marsupial, the bridled nailtail wallaby, onychogalea fraenata. australian mammalogy 16 (1): 85 - 86 .\nthe bridled nailtail wallaby was believed to be extinct from 1937 onwards, but then later in 1973, a small population was discovered in central queensland. the population of these marsupials was decreased by hunting activities carried out by humans, predation from foxes, dingoes and feral cats, competition for food from sheep and rabbits as well as habitat destruction. currently, the bridled nailtail wallaby is classified under the category of “endangered” by the iucn .\nthe bridled nailtail wallaby lives in semi - arid areas where dense acacia shrubland and grassy woodland meet. at the time of european settlement it was a common species with a distribution reaching from the west of the great dividing range, north to charters towers in queensland, south to north - western victoria, and possibly extending west to eastern south australia. the bridled nailtail wallaby now survives in a small percentage of the area it once inhabited .\nspotlight surveys designed to detect populations of bridled nail - tail wallabies outside of the national park should concentrate on the edge of potential shelter vegetation and adjacent pasture. providing lucerne (medicago sativa) in these places during the days before surveys may be useful (fisher 1999; fisher et al. 2001). these surveys should use a hand - held 50 or 75 w spotlight, and travel along at least two 1000 m transects in each 5 ha site, maintaining an interval of at least 100 m between the transects. surveys should be repeated on two separate nights. if observers see a wallaby, the vehicle engine should be turned off so that they can check its identity using binoculars (fisher 1999; deh 2004) .\nfisher, d. o. & a. w. goldizen (2001). maternal care and infant behaviour of the bridled nailtail wallaby onychogalea fraenata. jounal of zoology (london). 255: 321 - 330 .\nhorsup, a. & m. evans (1993). predation by feral cats, felis catus, on an endangered marsupial, the bridled nailtail wallaby, onychogalea fraenata. australian mammalogy. 16: 83 - 84 .\nin the mid 19th century 1840 - 1860 the bridled nailtail wallaby ranged right through new south wales (and just into victoria) and well into queensland in the semi - arid inland, west of the great dividing range .\ndaytime transect surveys can be used to detect bridled nail - tail wallabies while they are resting. however, they are much easier to detect and identify when they are active (fisher et al. 2000). the appropriate distance between transects depends on the sighting distance, and is often 100 m or less in brigalow scrub habitat (fisher 1999; fisher et al. 2000). surveys conducted on foot should be conducted at around 10 m per minute. each 1 ha area requires at least one 100 m transect (two if the observers view is obstructed) in at least four survey sites (ambs 2004) .\nbridled nailtail wallabies have been removed from a national park in queensland' s west due to drought conditions .\nsubstantial financial resources have been expended on the state recovery program for the bridled nailtail wallaby - aud $ 3. 39 million between 2005 and 2009, equating to approximately us $ 2. 7 million in 2009 - (lundie -\nellis, b. a. , p. j. tierney & t. j. dawson (1992). the diet of the bridled nailtail wallaby (onychogalea fraenata). 1. site and seasonal influences and dietary overlap with the black - striped wallaby (macropus dorsalis) and domestic cattle. wildlife research. 19: 65 - 78 .\ndawson, t. j. , p. j. tierney & b. a. ellis (1992). the diet of the bridled nailtail wallaby (onychogalea fraenata). 2. overlap in dietary niche breadth and plant preferences with the black - striped wallaby (macropus dorsalis) and domestic cattle. wildlife research. 19: 79 - 87 .\nthe total population of bridled nail - tail wallabies was estimated to be 1200 - 1500 in 1991 (horsup & evans 1993). the population was considered to have declined markedly during a prolonged drought in the early 1990s (fisher et al. 2000) and was estimated to be 400 - 500 in march 1994 (fisher 1998). between 1994 - 1997 the rate of population increase was estimated to be 28% per year. the reintroduced population at idalia national park in western queensland was also estimated to be increasing at a rate of 37 - 43% per year, and numbered around 400 in late 1999 (pople et al. 2001) .\nbridled nailtail wallabies can breed throughout the year. the frequency of their breeding depends on the availability of food .\nas already mentioned the most distinguishing feature of the bridled nailtail wallaby is the white' bridle' line running from the back of the neck, down its body behind its smaller forearms, which stands out from its general grey coloured fur .\nthe estimated taunton wallaby population declined markedly between 1991and 1994, from approximately 1400 individuals to around 450 individuals (pople et al .\nbridled nailtail wallaby: (a) showing striped markings on back (© project kial), (b) with livestock on avocet grazing enterprise (© brian siebel 2008) and, (c) monitoring (© brian siebel 2008) .\nawc protects over 90% of the entire bridled nailtail wallaby population. scotia wildlife sanctuary currently supports the largest population of bridled nailtail wallabies in the country. this population comprises of two groups established in feral predator free areas (each around 4, 000ha in size). both populations continue to expand on the sanctuary with natural breeding and recruitment indicating successful reintroductions .\nlandholders in the areas where bridled nailtail wallabies have been known to occur should report sightings to their local ehp office .\nbridled nailtail wallabies live for 6 to 8 years in the wild and almost 10 to 12 years in captive care .\nnorthern bettongs are nocturnal, sleeping during the day in well - concealed nests constructed of grass, leaves and bark over shallow depressions or under thick shrubs or grass trees. when moving, they hop quickly with their head held low, back arched and their tail held straight out behind them .\nsigg, d. p. & a. w. goldizen (2006). male reproductive tactics and female choice in the solitary, promiscuous bridled nailtail wallaby (onychogalea fraenata). journal of mammology. 87 (3): 491 - 469 .\nfisher, d. o. and goldizen, a. w. (2001) maternal care and infant behaviour of the bridled nailtail wallaby (onychogalea fraenata). journal of zoology, 255 3: 321 - 330. doi: 10. 1017 / s095283690100142x\nbridled nail - tail wallabies prefer vegetation edges: in the mid 1980s, they were most likely to occur in a narrow band of vegetation at the interface between dense acacia scrub and open grassy eucalypt woodland in the north west of the park (tierney 1985). in the mid 1990s when the brigalow regrowth in the north east of the park had reached 2 - 3 m in height, they preferred the area where brigalow regrowth abuts pasture there, and the area where rosewood (acacia rhodoxylon) and eucalypt woodland borders open alluvial flats in the centre of the park. in both areas, the feeding ranges of many wallabies are concentrated at former cattle yards, where food is plentiful due to the fertile soil (fisher 2000) .\nkearney, f. , r. r. mcallister & n. d. macleod (2012). conservation and grazing in australia' s north - east: the bridled nailtail wallaby. pastoralism: research, policy and practice. 2 (1): 20 .\n). both translocation sites were considered to meet the necessary habitat requirements for the bridled nailtail wallaby and also offer good scope for the implementation of necessary management procedures. a captive - breeding facility was also established at the idalia national park site, albeit temporary in nature .\n). now found across vast tracts of northern and central australia, its control on conservation lands is highly problematic, and it has been implicated in the ongoing decline of the bridled nailtail wallaby population on taunton national park (taunton national park, unpublished workshop report) .\nkingsley, l. , goldizen, a. w. , and fisher, d. o. 2012. establishment of endangered species populations on a private nature refuge: what can we learn from reintroductions of the bridled nailtail wallaby? oryx 46: 240 - 248 .\naace has been authorised to hold the relocated wallabies temporarily at safehaven. the wallabies are held in quarantine from the existing safehaven captive bridled nailtail wallaby population. genders are segregated to avoid breeding until ehp makes a further assessment and decisions about the recovery strategy and captive breeding activities .\nthe bridled nailtail wallaby is a small wallaby with males weighing an average of 5 - 6 kg and females 4 - 5 kg. it is grey to light tan in colour with a distinct white line forming a' bridle' from the back of the neck to behind the forelimbs. its other distinctive markings are the white stripes along the sides of the face, and a black stripe down the length of the back .\nqueensland' s devastating drought has taken its toll on a population of critically endangered bridled nailtail wallabies in the state' s west .\nehp threatened species unit undertook a situation assessment of the bridled nailtail wallabies on idalia and recommended the action to relocate the remaining animals .\nlundie - jenkins, g. and lowry, j. 2005. recovery plan for the bridled nailtail wallaby (onychogalea fraenata) 2005 - 2009. report to the department of environment and heritage (deh). environmental protection agency / queensland parks and wildlife service, brisbane, australia .\nlength: the head - body length of the male wallaby is around 50 to 70 centimeters and that of the female is around 43 to 55 centimeters .\nscotia also protects a population of mainland mala (rufous hare - wallaby), a species that is listed as extinct in the wild on mainland australia .\nkingsley, l. , a. goldizen & d. o. fisher (2012). establishment of an endangered species on a private nature refuge: what can we learn from reintroductions of the bridled nailtail wallaby onychogalea fraenata? . oryx. 46 (2): 240 - 248 .\nthe bridled nailtail wallaby was historically found throughout the semi - arid inland of australia, from the murray river in north western victoria to charters towers in queensland. populations could be found on the slopes and plains west of the great dividing range, where tall shrublands and grassy woodlands were favoured .\nnuske, susan, fisher, diana and seddon, jennifer (2014) common species affects the utility of non - invasive genetic monitoring of a cryptic endangered mammal: the bridled nailtail wallaby. austral ecology, 39 6: 633 - 642. doi: 10. 1111 / aec. 12124\nat one point, bridled nailtail wallabies were thought to be extinct, before a colony was rediscovered at taunton national park west of rockhampton .\nthe bridled nailtail was once widespread in eastern australia, then thought extinct, re - discovered in queensland and successfully re - introduced elsewhere .\nreduced genetic diversity and significant genetic differentiation after translocation: comparison of the remnant and translocated populations of bridled nailtail wallabies (onychogalea fraenata) .\nthe bridled nailtail wallaby likes to avoid confrontation and has 2 main ways of avoiding potential threats one is to hide in a hollow log or crawling under a low shrub. but if caught in the open grassland, it may try to lie prone and not move a muscle hoping not to be observed\n). males and females weigh 5 - 8 kg and 4 - 6 kg respectively. of the three species in the genus, the northern nailtail wallaby (\nall four free - living populations of the bridled nailtail wallaby are considered to be important; in 2001 approximately half of the population occurred at taunton national park (scientific) and half at idalia national park (fisher et al. 2001; pople et al. 2001; lundie - jenkins 2001) .\nmccallum, h. (1995). modelling translocation strategies for the bridled nailtail wallaby onychogalea fraenata gould, 1840. in: serena, m. , ed. reintroduction biology of australian and new zealand fauna. page (s) jul - 14. surrey beatty & sons: chipping norton, nsw .\nkingsley, lisa, goldizen, anne and fisher, diana o. (2012) establishment of an endangered species on a private nature refuge: what can we learn from reintroductions of the bridled nailtail wallaby onychogalea fraenata? . oryx, 46 2: 240 - 248. doi: 10. 1017 / s0030605311000652\nbridled nailtail wallabies are usually solitary animals, but sometimes form small aggregations (4 - 5 animals) when feeding or when females have young. the main defence strategy of the bridled nailtail wallaby is to hide rather than flee, which is uncommon in macropods. they are fairly inactive during the day with most of their movement related to maintaining their position in the shade of bushes. adults often rest and shelter in hollow logs or under young brigalow trees .\ntoday the bridled nailtail wallaby is officially only found on one reserve near dingo in central queensland (see map) this area has open grassy eucalypt forest edging onto shrubland, which in this case is brigalow scrub. they are thought to have preferred acacia scrubland boarding woodlands in semi - arid regions when more populated .\n). this particular grass species can also out - compete native grasses and forbs, thereby decreasing food availability and selection for the bridled nailtail wallaby. buffel grass can also support hotter fires than the maximum temperature that the acacia overstory can withstand, thus further removing suitable habitat for the wallabies (miller et al .\nevans m (1996) home ranges and movement schedules of sympatric bridled nailtail and black - striped wallabies. wildlife research 23, 547 - 556 .\n“the ongoing severe drought in western queensland has had a devastating impact, with intensive surveys showing that idalia’s bridled nailtail numbers have dropped to about 20 .\nscotia is home to some of the largest remaining populations of threatened mammals such as bilbies, numbats, bridled nailtail wallabies and brush - tailed bettongs .\nin this instance, by analysing the institutional failures, and showing how the private sector can be an effective conservator, we provide recommendations on how public institutions or policies can catalyse private sector action at appropriate regional scales. the case of the bridled nailtail wallaby provides a few clear messages for species conservation that may be generalised .\nthe idalia population of bridled nailtail wallabies was established in 1994 to spread risk for the critically low population and provide extra potential in recovery of the species .\nbridled nail - tailed wallabies are nocturnal, beginning to feed at dusk. they spend most of the day sheltering in shallow nests scratched out beneath tussocks of grass or bushes and, at night, tentatively come out to feed in the more open grassy woodlands on grasses, shrubs and browse, raking aside dry material and picking up vegetation with their forepaws (6). as the dry season progresses and the pasture deteriorates these marsupials have been reported to gather in larger numbers, though usually they are shy and solitary animals (5) .\nkey locations of bridled nailtail wallaby populations within queensland: (a) gold coast; (b) avocet grazing; property; (c) townsville; (d) idalia national park; (e) taunton national park; (f) gregory mine; (g) private breeding facility. shading indicates the approximate historical range .\nin captivity, sexual maturity is reached at 136 - 277 days in female bridled nail - tail wallabies, and 270 - 419 days in males (johnson 1997). however, males in the wild do not usually gain access to females to breed until they are around two years old (fisher & lara 1999; sigg et al. 2005). average life expectancy in the wild (based on population projection data) is around six years (fisher et al. 2001). average survival of juveniles once they leave the mother' s pouch is 47% (with a 95% confidence interval of 14 - 100 %), and average adult survival is 80% per year (with a 95% confidence interval of 64 - 97 %). average survival in the reintroduced population was estimated to be 71% per year (with a 95% confidence interval of 57 - 82% ; pople et al. 2001) .\n). many management recommendations have been developed for conservation of the bridled nailtail wallaby from this body of knowledge, and some have been implemented. for example, feral cats are recognised to be major predators of young wallabies and thought to be responsible for suppressing juvenile recruitment, and dingoes are held responsible for the majority of adult deaths (lundie -\nfrom the late 1990s the ngo, australian wildlife conservancy, has conducted a bridled nailtail wallaby breeding program on a privately owned, managed and fully enclosed and predator free facility known as ‘scotia sanctuary’, in southwestern new south wales. as of the end of 2011 the sanctuary is reported to be holding in excess of 1500 + individual animals (awc\nveldman, f. (1998). behavioural ecology of reintroduced bridled nailtail wallabies (onychogalea fraenata). hons. thesis. honours thesis, university of queensland .\nin queensland, the focus of this case example, all native fauna and flora are the exclusive property of the state (i. e. owned on behalf of the public by the government of queensland), including the bridled nailtail wallaby on both public and privately owned land. a state - based conservation program has been operating for the wallaby in queensland from the time that the remnant population was re - discovered in 1973, during that time a some ecological, biological and management research has been undertaken relating to the species (e. g .\na masters study finished in 2008 by lisa kingsley at the university of queensland evaluated the success of the reintroduced population of bridled nailtail wallaby at avocet nature refuge. although there was only a slight increase in the population from 2005 to 2008, the study found that the population was doing well as the wallabies had good body condition and a lower reproductive failure rate .\nlundie - jenkins, g. (2001). non - current recovery plan for the bridled nailtail wallaby (onychogalea fraenata) 1997 - 2001. queensland parks and wildlife service. available from: urltoken. in effect under the epbc act from 14 - jul - 2001. ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 10 - nov - 2006 .\nevans, m. (1996). home ranges and movement schedules of sympatric bridled nailtail and black - striped wallabies. wildlife research. 23: 547 - 556 .\nidalia is located to the west of the known historical distribution of bridled nailtail wallabies and droughts have had, and continue to have, a devastating effect on the local population .\nlundie - jenkins, g. , & j. lowry (2005). recovery plan for the bridled nailtail wallaby (onychogalea fraenata) 2005 - 2009. report to the department of environment and heritage, canberra. environmental protection agency / queensland parks and wildlife service, brisbane. available from: urltoken. in effect under the epbc act from 10 - nov - 2006 .\nevans, m. c. , jarman pj (1999) diets and feeding selectivity of bridled nailtail wallabies and black - striped wallabies. wildlife research 26, 1 - 20 .\nthe bridled nail - tailed wallaby was common in australia in the mid - 19th century over much of inland eastern australia west of the great dividing range, and ranged from the murray river, victoria, in the south, to charters towers queensland, in the north. in 1866, krefft called it' the most common of all the smaller species of the kangaroo tribe' in northwest victoria and southwest new south wales (flannery 1990). around the turn of the century, it was still sufficiently common for bounties to be paid for its scalp from 1880 - 1916. it declined dramatically during the last century. the last record of its existence in new south wales is from an animal taken near manilla, in the northeast portion of the state, in 1924. it seems to have disappeared from victoria long before this .\nfisher, d. o. 2000. effects of food, vegetation structure and experimental shelter provision on home range and habitat preferences of an endangered wallaby. journal of applied ecology 37: 660 - 671 .\nour framework for understanding conservation failures for the endangered bridled nailtail wallaby has focussed on an examination of institutional failures in the dominant paradigm as well as advancing alternatives that offer greater potential success. a critical question that has been raised is whether or not bridled nailtail wallaby conservation management issues and resultant actions are necessarily being targeted at a scale that is appropriate to effectively address the problem. we are particularly interested in the potential role of pastoralists in effective landscape resource conservation, including local protection of endangered species, and so the framework seeks to understand their role within the broader system of governance. it is important to note, however, that such an institutional framework does not assume that there is a single panacea to solve all conservation problems. regardless of the purpose, institutions are rarely, if ever, perfect .\nmany thanks to hugo spooner the owner of ‘avocet’, the collective membership of conservation and wildlife management (qld) and the individuals within the queensland state government for their commitment to the conservation of the bridled nailtail wallaby. rrjm acknowledges feedback from participants of the arc centre of excellence for environmental decisions workshop 22 - 26 august. thanks to bruce taylor and angela guerrero gonzalez for helpful comments on the manuscript .\nfisher, d. o. (2000). effects of vegetation structure, food and shelter on the home range and habitat use of an endangered wallaby. journal of applied ecology. 37: 660 - 671 .\nwhile generally we consider that conservation of the bridled nailtail wallaby can co - existence with grazing, buffel grass management provides at least one example where pastoralist management can assist in meeting both conservation and grazing goals. buffel grass is a widely planted pasture species throughout the grazing lands of central and western queensland, is highly invasive, and is considered a major pest species by many conservation bodies (miller et al .\nawc and the nsw government have signed a historic agreement that will substantially increase the population of at least 10 of the world’s most threatened mammal species including numbats, bilbies and bridled nailtail wallabies .\nmccallum, h. , p. timmers & s. hoyle (1995). modelling the impact of predation on reintroductions of bridled nailtail wallabies. wildlife research. 22: 163 - 171 .\nevans, m. c. and jarman, p. j. 1998. diets and feeding selectivities of bridled nailtail wallabies and black - striped wallabies. wildlife research 26: 1 - 19 .\nfemales stay with their young until they are independent at around one year old. usually born in may the offspring are extremely under developed, almost in an embryonic stage, common to all other marsupials (5). they are tiny, with rudimentary limbs and tail, and closed ears and eyes. however, once their umbilical cord breaks they crawl at an amazing speed up through the mother’s fur to the safety of her pouch where they suckle for up to 11 months (4) .\nthe bridled nailtail wallaby was once distributed across millions of square kilometres ranging from charters towers in north queensland down to the murray river on the new south wales - victorian border. habitat for the species varies through open grass woodlands (eucalypt dominant) to dense shrublands (acacia dominant), although it generally shows a marked preference for more fertile areas of the landscape and especially transition areas where dense shrubland and grassy woodlands meet (\nfisher, d. o. , s. p. blomberg & s. d. hoyle (2001). mechanisms of drought - induced population decline in an endangered wallaby. biological conservation. 102: 107 - 115 .\nthe bridled nailtail wallabies like avoiding confrontation and will hide if a predator is nearby. they might crawl under low shrubs or hide in hollow logs. they remain hidden as long as the threat passes .\nevans, m. c. & p. j. jarman (1999). diets and feeding selectivities of bridled nailtail wallabies and black - striped wallabies. wildlife research. 26: 1 - 19 .\n). nevertheless, adequate devolution of responsibility and decision - making powers is essential if vulnerable species and habitats are to be adequately conserved. the state - based conservation program for the bridled nailtail wallaby has largely failed to date to increase the population size, distribution and genetic diversity of the species, despite some individual successes. an examination of the scales of management suggests that for conservation outcomes on privately managed grazing enterprises to be positive, a new\nfisher, d. o. , hoyle, s. d. and blomberg, s. p. 2000. population dynamics and survival of an endangered wallaby: a comparison of four methods. ecological applications 10: 901 - 910 .\ne). this remnant population was immediately surveyed, the two properties on which it resided were acquired and a state (queensland government) conservation program was initiated by the national parks service. at the time of acquisition, the wallaby population was estimated at approximately 1400 individuals, with most of the animals located within the boundaries of taunton national park. from that time, however, there appears to have been a substantial decline in wallaby numbers despite state plans to protect the species .\nbridled nailtail wallabies love feeding on grasses, herbs, forbs, occasional tubers and non - woody broad - leaved plants like daisies from the open eucalypt woodlands. they generally prefer greener plant materials to dry vegetation .\nfisher, d. o. , s. d. hoyle & s. p. blomberg (2000). population dynamics and survival of an endangered wallaby: a comparison of four methods. ecological applications. 10: 901 - 910 .\nregardless of the context, the influence of an individual actor is largely determined by the extent to which their participation in a given issue modifies the dynamic actor - institutional networks that emerge around such settings. the structure of these policy networks, that support bridled nailtail wallaby conservation, need greater attention. there is no single correct solution to this issue, and policy networks can range from top - down to bottom - up and designed or self - organized (see\nintensive surveys of bridled nailtail wallabies on idalia by trapping, spotlighting and cameras over the last 12 months by qpws and the university of queensland have confirmed that the idalia population is likely to be fewer than 20 individuals .\n1 young is born at a time and depending on suitable conditions of food sources, as to how often they breed. they have a gestation period of around 23 odd days and the joey (young wallaby) stays in the pouch for approximately 4 months\n). a very limited number of these animals may be able to be utilised to augment other populations if the necessary state approval can be obtained, but the core of the wallaby conservation efforts and all remnant and wild translocated populations presently remain in queensland." ]

{ "text": [ "the bridled nail-tail wallaby ( onychogalea fraenata ) , also known as the bridled nail-tailed wallaby , bridled nailtail wallaby , bridled wallaby , merrin , and flashjack , is a vulnerable species of macropod .", "it is a small wallaby found in three isolated areas in queensland , australia , and whose population is declining .", "the total population of the species is currently estimated to be less than 1,100 mature individuals in the wild . " ], "topic": [ 28, 17, 17 ] }

[ "the bridled nail-tail wallaby (onychogalea fraenata), also known as the bridled nail-tailed wallaby, bridled nailtail wallaby, bridled wallaby, merrin, and flashjack, is a vulnerable species of macropod. it is a small wallaby found in three isolated areas in queensland, australia, and whose population is declining. the total population of the species is currently estimated to be less than 1,100 mature individuals in the wild." ]

[ "information on the alpine marmot is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nalpine marmot marmota marmota central and western european alps, tatra, introduced into the pyrenees .\nan alpine marmot’s thumb has a nail, specialized for digging, while all its other digits have claws .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - alpine marmot grooming\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - alpine marmot grooming\ntitle =\narkive photo - alpine marmot grooming\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - alpine marmot calling\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - alpine marmot calling\ntitle =\narkive photo - alpine marmot calling\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe marmot adds charm to the alpine meadows, and its family cooperation testifies to the wisdom of the creator. ​— psalm 50: 10\nin germany, alpine marmots are considered a delicacy. residents of the alps like to use the orange - yellow marmot teeth to decorate belts .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - alpine marmot (marmota marmota )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - alpine marmot (marmota marmota )\ntitle =\narkive species - alpine marmot (marmota marmota )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nmarmot - rocky mountain national park (u. s. national park service )\nan alpine marmot marks its territory by smearing a secretion from its cheek glands onto rocks and trees. anal glands emit a foul - smelling substance used during fights .\nalpine marmots are social animals that live as dense societies near their burrows. one can often see an alpine marmot\nstanding\n, that is keeping a look - out for possible predators or other dangers emitting a loud shrill or chirp on such an occasion .\nsocial thermoregulation during hibernation in alpine marmots (marmota marmota). - pubmed - ncbi\nregulation of body temperature and energy requirements of hibernating alpine marmots (marmota marmota) .\nwhile marmots, such as the alpine marmot (marmota marmota), were a source of food for most of the last millennium in europe, as agriculture increased they not only became less relied on, but became seen as an agricultural pest (karels 2004). now the alpine marmot is seen as a symbol of the alps (karels 2004) .\nlife on the alpine pastures is not easy for the marmot. winters are cold, and its habitat may be snowbound for months. also, predators on land and in the sky pose a threat. so the marmot’s survival depends on cooperation, planning, and vigilance .\nmarmot fat or\nmankei fat\nhas long been considered a relief for arthritic pain. for about 100 years, people have been rubbing marmot fat onto their bodies for this purpose .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - alpine marmot alarm call; golden eagle and red fox near den\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - alpine marmot alarm call; golden eagle and red fox near den\ntitle =\narkive video - alpine marmot alarm call; golden eagle and red fox near den\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ndel moral, r. 1984. the impact of the olympic marmot on subalpine vegetation structure .\nalpine marmots, like many rodents, can eat plants that are poisonous to other mammals .\nbarash dp (1973) the social biology of the olympic marmot. anim behav monogr 6: 171–249\nlives 400 - 500m above the forest line in the central and western alpine mountains of europe .\nperhaps the most important family responsibility is that of guard duty. an adult marmot acts as a sentinel while other family members forage nearby. to check for danger, the marmot sometimes stands on its hind feet to survey its surroundings better. eagles, foxes, and humans are the main threats to the alpine marmot. their presence or the sight of any large bird of prey will elicit an alarm call. interestingly, the alarm call for eagles​—the marmot’s principal winged predator—​is noticeably distinct. at the sound of a warning call, the marmots scamper for safety. in an instant, it seems, no marmot can be seen above ground !\nweighing up to a thick 14 pounds, and sometimes measuring more than 2 feet long, the marmot is a signature rodent in the alps. it hibernates from october through march and emerges in spring from a network of burrows to begin foraging in mountain meadows. the marmot lives in family groups and stakes out territory that remains the same as seasons change. their multi - room burrows include a nursery for marmot babies and a waste elimination area. two other alpine rodents join the marmot above the treeline, the snow vole and the common vole .\nbenedict fg, lee rc (1938) hibernation and marmot physiology. carnegie inst washington publ no 497, washington\nramousse r, métral j, giboulet o (2003) alpine marmot introduction in the mézenc massif (france): twenty years monitoring. in: ramousse r, allainé d, le berre m (eds) adaptive strategies and diversity in marmots. strategies adaptatives et diversité chez les marmottes, international marmot network, lyon, pp 259–268\nregulation of body temperature and energy requirements of hibernating alpine marmots (marmota marmota). - pubmed - ncbi\nolympic marmots primarily occupy sub - alpine and alpine meadows as well as talus slopes. the are generally found at elevations of 1, 500 to 1, 750 m but have been observed at elevations as low as 3 m and as high as 1, 990 m. the alpine meadows and subsequent area include avalanche lilies (\nmankei fat\nor marmot fat has long been regarded as a relief for arthritic discomforts. because the marmots live all winter long in moist cold dens and never show signs of rheumatism, alpine residents believe it is their fat that must give them immunity. for around 100 years, people have rubbed marmot fat on thier bodies to relieve arthritis .\nmsnnow actually doubles down on the bashful - marmot rhetoric by reporting that they are\nnormally exceedingly shy creatures\n; but they just link back to the daily mail, so i remain skeptical. (let' s face it — playing up the illusion of the socially withdrawn marmot is what really sells stories on\nmarmot - whisperers\nlike matteo. )\nalpine marmots are herbivorous, eating mostly leaves and blossoms. because they don' t spend much time chewing ,\narnold w (1990a) the evolution of marmot sociality. i: why disperse late? behav ecol sociobiol 27: 229–237\ndozier j (1989) spectral signature of alpine snow cover from landsat thematic mapper. rem sens environ 28: 9–22\nalpine marmots occur in central as well as southern europe, living in the alps, carpathians, the pyrenees, tatras, and the northern apennines in italy. their habitat is typically sub - alpine and alpine meadows and pastures of 800 to 3, 200m in altitude, where they live in colonies in rocky areas in alluvial soil in deep burrow systems .\nwith a head - body length of 63 to 73 cm the alpine marmot is one of the two largest species of the squirrel family, the other being the bobac marmot from central asia. its tail is 13 to 16 cm long. in autumn marmots may weigh 5. 5 to 7. 5 kgs, in spring about 2. 8 to 3. 3 kgs .\nhoary marmots can weigh up to 13. 5 kg (30 lb .), but are usually 5 to 9 kg (11 to 20 lb .). in summer the hoary marmot will gain body - fat on its diet of lush alpine plants. the stored energy allows the hoary marmot to spend the seven to eight winter months in hibernation far beneath the snow .\nlenti boero d (2003) habitat choice and census techniques in alpine marmot: a preliminary review. in: ramousse r, allainé d, le berre m (eds) adaptive strategies and diversity in marmots. international network on marmots, pp 177–182\n) into the mont - vallier nature reserve, and the history of its subsequent colonization between 1961 and 1991. in: bassano b, durio p, gallo orsi u, macchi e (eds) proceedings of 1st international symposium on alpine marmot (\nmarmots have been an historical source of meat, fat, and fur for early europeans and a food source for native americans and in asia. the history of human - marmot interaction is a long one, with paintings of marmots in france traced to the mid to late pleistocene (karels 2004). during the twentieth century, marmot fur was fashionable in europe, and it is estimated that mongolians, who did not use marmot skins traditionally, prepared approximately 132, 700 marmot skins a year between 1906 and 1994 (karels 2004). in his writings, marco polo also refers to the marmot, listing them as\npharaoh' s rats .\nalpine marmots are herbivores and eat mostly blossoms and leaves. sometimes they eat grain, worms, insects, and spiders .\nan invasion of marmots has alpine farmers in germany' s southern allgäu region claiming the rodents have become a fuzzy plague .\njohns dw, armitage kb (1979) behavioral ecology of alpine yellow - bellied marmots. behav ecol sociobiol 5: 133–157\narnold w (1990b) the evolution of marmot sociality. ii: costs and benefits of joint hibernation. behav ecol sociobiol 27: 239–246\nnebel d, giboulet o, ramousse r (2002) alpine marmot colonization of the state reserve of mount vallier from 1961 to 1997. in: armitage kb, rumiantsev vy (eds) holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity. abf, moscow, pp 280–289\nthe marmot is a large, omnivorous variety of ground squirrel belonging to the genus marmota. in fact, the alpine marmot (marmota marmota), the species that consorts with matteo, is the largest of fifteen marmot species; it can reach up to 21 inches in length and tips the scales at as much as 18 pounds. like i said: hefty. they can hold their own, but when they feel threatened, marmots will typically whistle loudly to alert others of their kind to danger. they clearly react very differently around matteo .\ninsomnia is certainly not a problem for alpine marmots; they hibernate for about six months. a related species, the hoary marmot, may hibernate for as long as nine months. during hibernation, the alpine marmot’s heart slows down to one or two beats per minute, and its body temperature drops to about 41 degrees fahrenheit [ 5 degrees celsius ]. understandably, fasting for such a long period requires preparation. during summer and early autumn, the marmots eat voraciously to acquire fat reserves that will last them through the long winter hibernation .\nalpine marmots live in grazed sub - alpine pastures and higher elevation alpine regions. like many other old world marmots, alpine marmots live in family groups where there is a breeding pair and offspring from previous years. older male offspring have been shown to help thermoregulate younger siblings during the cold alpine winters. occasionally sons may mate with their mothers. about half the adult females will breed in a given year. litter sizes are small, about two and a half pups. active seasons are relatively long, five and a half months, but young tend not to disperse for at least 3 years. sometimes new adult males move into a social group and kill pups. such male infanticide has also been reported in golden marmots. alpine marmots have two different alarm calls. they commonly\na marmot' s day consists of morning and evening feedings, while they spend the middle of the day and nights hidden in their burrows .\nhave also been observed preying on the olympic marmot. when a large predator is spotted in the area, members of the colony produce alarm calls .\ncould potentially become endangered due to massive hunting. in austria and switzerland alone, 6, 000 alpine marmots are killed annually as trophies .\nin summer spot chamois in high alpine meadows above 1, 800m across the swiss alps, as well as forested areas in the jura .\naccording to the alpine marmot project resource, it is estimated that the total population size of these animals is over 100, 000 individuals. according to the iucn red list, 1, 500 individuals occur in romanian carpathians. overall, alpine marmots’ are abundant in at least parts of its core range in the alps, their numbers are stable today and they are classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list .\nmarmots can be found all over the alps living in meadows and subalpine grassland. for a good chance of spotting them walk the marmot trail in avers, in the canton of graubünden, or the marmot trail at sunnegga near zermatt, an area which is thought to have a particularly large population of marmots .\nsouth fe, hartner wc, luecke rh (1975) responses to preoptic temperature manipulation in the awake and hibernating marmot. am j physiol 229: 150–160\nto cite this page for personal use: “hoary marmot”. [ online ]. natural history notebooks. canadian museum of nature. last updated (web site consulted\nhabituation is one of the marmot' s only options when it comes to human disturbance, as relocating can be difficult for them. as griffin points out :\nkapitonov vi (1978) winter burrow digging of the kamchatka marmot in northwestern verkhoyansk russian - sfsr ussr. byull mosk o - va ispyt prir odt biol 83: 43–51\nprefers softer stalks in order to ease digestion. like many rodents, alpine marmots are able to eat plants that would poison other mammals. (nowak 1991 )\nsandvik sm, heegaard e, elven r, vandvik v (2004) responses of alpine snowbed vegetation to long - term experimental warming. ecosci 11: 150–159\nalpine marmots occupy alpine meadows. and scree slopes. they spend most of their lives underground in burrows they excavate in well - drained soil. they are deep hibernators and may sleep up to 9 months of the year, living of their fat reserves during that period. they may emerge briefly during spells of mild winter weather .\ndirnböck t, dullinger s, grabherr g (2003) a regional impact assessment of climate and land - use change on alpine vegetation. j biogeogr 30: 401–417\ndid you know? that a north american cousin of the alpine marmot, the woodchuck or ground hog, is used for traditional weather forecast? it is believed that, if on february 2 a groundhog can see its shadow, there will be six more weeks of winter. if it cannot see its shadow, spring is on the way .\na loud whistle pierced the air. it sounded like a boy whistling to a friend​—but was much louder. the whistle echoed across the mountainside, giving little indication of its source. then i noticed a small furry rodent dart into a nearby burrow. a quick look at my guidebook confirmed that i had just seen and heard an alpine marmot .\nthick steppe marmots before hibernation. marmot with a tuft of grass prepares a soft bed. video taken on september 23. a week later, all were asleep and hole has been closed\nbut the daily mail, the coen brothers, and pretty much every outlet running these absurdly cute snapshots of matteo and his marmot pals are wrong about marmots and their\ntimidity\n.\nthe alpine marmot, although overhunted in the past, is not a threatened species and may be hunted under licence in most of its range. zoos therefore keep marmots, representing a prototype of a hibernating species, primarily for educational reasons. marmots also allow for arranging close encounters with children, which is important to awake a positive attitude towards animals and nature .\nin other words, the media has been lying to you about these marmot pictures. they do not show the remarkable friendship between a boy and timorous mammals of the hills. in reality, they reveal the extent to which humans have intruded on the marmot' s natural environment, and why that may be a bad thing (regardless of how cute these photos are) .\nthe fur color of alpine marmots is a mixture of blonde to reddish to dark gray. their bodies are plump and sturdy and stand at a height of 18cm. body mass changes drastically from season to season. before hibernation in the fall, the average weight of males is 4540g and that of females is 4355g. in the springtime, the average weight of males is 3000g and females is 2900g. specialized for digging, the thumb of an alpine marmot has a nail on it while all other digits have claws. (nowak 1991, parker 1990 )\nalpine marmots are adapted to cold climates. they are able to live in places where there is little vegetation. they are able to burrow in gravelly and frozen ground. (nowak 1991 )\nand this is unlikely to change while the complaints about marmots remain few and far between. gottfried mayrock, head of the oberallgäu district office for environmental protection, is hesitant to call the existing marmot population a plague .\nthe hoary marmot is well known to hikers in the western mountains of north america, where a high - pitched whistle often welcomes visitors to the alpine country. the whistle is actually a warning to other members of the colony of approaching danger. they are sometimes called' whistlers' because of it, but they are more commonly identified by the name inspired by the\nhoary\nmantle of white fur that covers their shoulders and backs .\n“the marmots are advancing on the huts because they are being hunted by the eagles. many of those buildings now have an awful stench to them, ” said peter danks of the alpine business association of allgäu .\nthere are around 15, 000 ibex in switzerland, mostly in rocky high alpine areas above the treeline. sure - footed and agile, you might spot them standing on rocky cliffs or negotiating a path that looks impossible .\nthe name marmot comes from french marmotte, from old french marmotan, marmontaine, from old franco - provençal, from low latin mures montani\nmountain mouse ,\nfrom latin mures monti, from classical latin mures alpini\nalps mouse .\nmarmot is the common name for the stocky, short - legged, diurnal, and typically short - furred and burrowing ground squirrels comprising the genus marmota of the rodent family sciuridae (squirrels). those members of marmota most often referred to as marmots tend to live in mountainous areas such as the rockies and the sierra nevada in the united states, the european alps, and northern canada. however, the north american groundhog or woodchuck (marmota monax) is also properly called a marmot .\nmost marmots are highly social, and use loud whistles to communicate with one another, especially when alarmed. the hoary marmot (marmota caligata) lives in family groups of up to 35 members, including several females, several cohorts of offspring, and an adult male (karels 2004). on the other hand, the groundhog (m. monax) is assigned the latin name monax, for\nsolitary ,\nbecause it is the only asocial marmot (except during breeding and raising of the pups) (karels 2004) .\nhomebase for alpine marmots is an underground burrow, which is passed down through many generations of a single family. in these burrows are 8 - 10ft tunnels which lead to a big room called a den, where the whole family hibernates during winter months .\nrezouki c, tafani m, cohas a, loison a, gaillard j, allainé d, bonenfant c (2016) socially - mediated effects of climate change decrease survival of hibernating alpine marmots. journal of animal ecology 85 (3): 761–773 .\nthey enjoy feasting on another of switzerland' s ‘big five', the marmot. so if you hear marmots chirping in fright, look up. golden eagles have no natural predators, but territorial squabbles between themselves mean they can neglect their young, so breeding is not always successful .\nmarmots (marmota marmotini) thrive at high altitudes and at 1, 526 - metre the idyllic zipfsalpe peak fits the bill perfectly were it not for the predators. as the region' s eagle population recovers and grows, the marmots are seeking refuge in nearby alpine huts .\nresembling larger, fatter squirrels, these funny creatures live in family groups in burrows, and the males mark their territory with their scent. during summer they feast on grass, alpine clover and other plants, fattening themselves up before going into hibernation at the end of september .\n[ marmots' ] narrow habitat requirements and dependence on a complex burrow system prevent them from moving away from an area if conditions deteriorate. similarly, they cannot temporally avoid tourists because they are diurnal and must forage extensively during the short alpine summer — when tourism is highest .\narnold, w. 1985 socioecology of alpine marmots. abst. 19th international ethological conference, universite p. sabatier, toulouse (30 nov. - 2 dec .) http: / / cons - dev. univ _ lyon1. fr / marmotte / biblio / bibmara. html\none of the most critically endangered species is the vancouver island marmot (marmota vancouverensis), whose distribution is restricted to vancouver island, british columbia, canada. in 2002, only 25 animals were known to live in the wild on vancouver island (karels 2004). there are other species in captivity .\nalpine marmots are a hibernating species of rodent. they will hibernate up to 9 months of the year in deep underground burrows. like all hibernating mammals, marmots build up their store of body fat that they will live off of during their hibernation period. marmots live in mountain meadows and prairies .\nduring hibernation, the temperature of alpine marmots drops to 5 degrees f from 97 degrees and its breathing slows down to 2 - 3 breaths per minute. adult temperatures being warmer than that of the young, parents and offspring that are older cuddle close to the youngest ones to control their temperature .\neagles, foxes, and humans are the main threats to the alpine marmots. they could become endangered due to extensive hunting. in switzerland and austria alone, 6, 000 of these animals are killed every year as trophies. there is a very small population in rodna (transylvania, romania) and it is threatened by poaching. populations in austria which live below the timberline are under threat by the loss of open habitats due to abandonment of cattle grazing at high altitudes. there are two subspecies of alpine marmots, and hybridization with introduced subspecies is a threat to remaining pure - bred groups in the high tatras of the alps .\nlives in monogomous family groups consisting of a parental breeding pair and many of their offspring (usually 15 - 20 individuals). young are very playful and all ages engage in nose to nose greetings. they care for each other by grooming. alpine marmots also have a social system wherein one individual sits and looks around as if on\nguard - duty\n. if any enemies are spotted the\nguard\nwill warn the colony with a high - pitched whistle. although alpine marmots are friendly within their families, they become hostile when a stranger enters their territory. the female is particularly ferocious when it comes to guarding her territory .\nhave you heard tell of the marmot whisperer? that' s him pictured above. photos of the boy — who goes by matteo walch — have been doing laps around the internet the last few days — an eight year old child from innsbruck sharing meals, touching noses, hanging out and having a good time. with marmots. in the mountains of austria .\nthe alpine marmot is endemic to europe. its core range extends through the alps of france, italy, switzerland, germany, austria and slovenia. isolated subpopulations are found in the pyrenees, massif central, jura, vosges, black forest, apennines, high tatras, and romanian carpathians. a number of these isolated subpopulations (those in the pyrenees, massif central, jura, vosges, black forest, and apennines, and eastern alps) are the result of introductions. the marmot has inhabited the alps and high tatras continuously since the end of the last ice age, and was reintroduced to the romanian carpathians (three attempts in 1973, the third attempt was successful). it occurs as two subspecies: m. m. marmota in the alps (and most introduced subpopulations) and m. m. latirostris in the high tatras. a hybrid population exists in the low tatras, the result of introductions of both subspecies. likewise populations in the apennines are hybrids of both subspecies. it occurs at altitudes of 600 - 3, 200 m (preleuthner 1999) .\nalpine marmots have plump and sturdy bodies, with their body mass changing drastically from one season to another. their fur color ranges from a mixture of blond, reddish and dark gray. these animals are excellent diggers, and can penetrate soil that is hard to work with a pickaxe. up to nine months of the year is spent in hibernation .\nbut here' s the thing. matteo has been portrayed as being blessed with that most - subtle of gifts: the gift of marmot - whispering. i' m here to tell you that portrayal is a fabrication, an invention meant to trick you into forwarding these nauseatingly darling photographs to everyone in your inbox, and that the reality of the situation is much less saccharine .\nthe marmot takes hygiene seriously. a separate burrow is used as a toilet so that the home burrow is kept clean. at the end of their main burrow, marmots prepare an enlarged den, which they line with grass. this den provides a safe haven where the female gives birth. it also offers a warm sanctuary where the whole family can huddle during the long winter hibernation .\nmates within the first few days after emergence from hibernation, which occurs in may. reproducing is not necessarily annual and depends on the weight of the dominant female of a group (as she is the only female to reproduce) after hibernation. gestation takes approximately 33 - 34 days. litters range in number of young from one to seven, each weighing in around 29g at birth. hair begins to grow after 5 days and eyes open around the 23rd day. after birth, the young are hidden in burrows by their mother and do not exit until they are weaned (around 40 days old). young become sexually mature around 2 years of age. the life span of an alpine marmot is expected to be between 15 and 18 years .\nin the high meadows where alpine marmots live, there is abundant grass to eat, and the summer climate is temperate. if the weather is cool, marmots will sunbathe on a suitable rock. high temperatures create more problems for them, since they cannot remove their furry coat. for this reason marmots are usually more active in the early morning and late afternoon .\n“there are occasional complaints from alpine residents about the marmots but it does not yet seem to us that the population is out of hand, ” he told die welt. he recommends that the farmers scare away the rodents with strange smells, such as a diesel - soaked rag. “when they notice a foreign smell in the building they continue searching for shelter. ”\nmarmots are omnivores and eat grasses, flowers, insects and even bird eggs when available. while feeding out in the open, one marmot stands as a sentinel and whistles sharply when danger is near. this gives each colony member a chance to escape into the nearest burrow entrance. when above ground, marmots spend much of their time fattening up and resting in the sunshine during the short growing season .\nit inhabits alpine meadows and high - altitude pastures, typically on south - facing slopes from 1, 200 - 3, 000 m (although it is occasionally found at lower altitudes). colonies inhabit deep burrow systems in alluvial soil or rocky areas (preleuthner 1999). it has a herbivorous diet, primarily composed of green parts of grasses, sedges, and herbs (krapp 1978) .\nalpine marmots are usually monogamous, mating with the same partner more than once. within one family group, the dominant pair is the only one that regularly mates and produces young, the dominant pair suppressing the reproductive functions of any subordinate animals. these marmots mate a few days after coming out of hibernation, in may. they do not necessarily reproduce each year, this depending on the dominant female’s weight after hibernation. gestation is for about 34 days. litters can number 1 to 7. the hair of the young starts to grow from when they are 5 days old and their eyes open when they are about 23 days old. the mother keeps the young hidden in burrows and they do not exit until after weaning, when they are about 40 days old. alpine marmots reach maturity at about 2 years old .\nalpine marmots are diurnal and live within family groups of a pair of parents with usually 10 - 20 offspring. young marmots are very playful, and individuals of all ages care for one another by grooming, and participate in nose to nose greetings. alpine marmots are friendly with their family members but are hostile towards strangers entering their territory. females are particularly ferocious when guarding their territory, which they mark by smearing secretions from cheek glands onto trees and rocks. their underground burrows are passed down through the generations of one family. the burrows have 8 - 10ft tunnels leading to a large room called a den, which is where, in the winter, the whole family hibernates. around october, they enter the burrow and close up the entrance with grass and hay. once every 10 or so days they wake up for a brief period, which brings their temperature up and prevents them from freezing .\necologists and wildlife conservationists call this habituation. the marmots become so accustomed to seeing and interacting with humans that they cease to regard them as a threat. in a study published in this 1998 issue of wildlife biology, researchers peter neuhaus and bruno mainini conclude that alpine marmots (living in the very mountain ranges where matteo works his so - called\nmagic\n) have become increasingly tolerant of close human contact in recent years, as wilderness areas are affected more and more by tourism .\nfifteen reptiles and 21 amphibians inhabit the alps, including the alpine salamander. preferring humid, grassy or wooded areas, this crack - dwelling black creature emerges after rainfall or at night. you might not see one for six to eight months, though, considering its hibernation period. if you see one, look but don' t touch: it excretes a toxic liquid when it feels threatened. other reptiles and amphibians in the alps include snakes, lizards, newts, toads and frogs .\nmost marmot species have been hunted, sometimes intensively, for millennia and thus would be expected to respond to humans as a threat ,\nwrites university of montana biologist suzanne c. griffin in this study, which examines the effects of tourists on the behavior of marmots in washington state' s olympic national park. but study after study reveals that increased human disturbance (in the form of parks, trails, urbanization, and so on) tends to blunt the fear response of marmots to humans, and humans on foot, especially .\nmarmots have important adaptations for personal energy conservation. they each build large fat stores that will get each of them through roughly 200 plus days of hibernating. while hibernating, the body temperature of a marmot can fall to 41 degrees fahrenheit. an active heart beat of 180 to 200 beats per minute also decreases to an average of 30 beats per minute. marmots also need to take only one to two breaths per minute during the hibernation phase. each of these physiological traits helps ensure they have the energy to survive and reproduce when they wake each spring .\nsome ground - dwelling squirrels are known as vectors of human disease. these include marmots in central asia that are considered a significant carrier of the plague; in mongolia, marmot hunting is banned in areas known to have plague—although this results in an increase in marmots and the area of the plague (karels 2004). some historians suggest that marmots, rather than rats, were the primary carriers of the bubonic plague or yersinia pestis during several historic outbreaks (kelly 2005). through this, marmots are credited with a death toll of over a billion, making them second only to the malarial mosquito as a killer of humans. marmots are also credited with transmitting numerous coughing ailments to humans .\nalpine marmots spend all spring and summer getting as fat as they can in preparation for winter. around october, these animals enter their burrow and close the entrance with hay and grass. when hibernating their temperature drops from 97 degrees faranheit to 5 degrees faranheit. breathing slows to 2 - 3 breathes per minute. adult temperatures are warmer than their young, so parents and older offspring control the temperature of the young by cuddling close to them. thermoregulation also benefits adults by helping them to conserve thier own energy. about once every 10 days the den occupants will wake up for a short while. this waking brings up their temperature and keeps them from freezing .\nthe stocky native european chamois - - think part goat, part antelope - - weighs more than 100 pounds and boasts thick fur that turns from brown to grey in winter. it has short, curved horns above a white face with black markings, and has a black stripe along its backbone. the chamois is protected by law, but natural predators such as wildcats and wolves seek this herbivore. the brown alpine ibex, meanwhile, lives above the treeline and nimbly navigates steep slopes and rocky clearings. during winter the ibex moves lower, and females roam in herds of 10 to 20 while males stay with their summer herds or are solitary; males and female herds join up from fall through early spring. hunting in the early 19th century brought the ibex to the point of extinction, but now tens of thousands live in the mountains, with the greatest population in switzerland .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor air transport, container note 79 of the iata live animals regulations should be followed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: global and european regional assessment: least concern (lc) eu 28 regional assessment: least concern (lc) the species is listed as least concern because it is not threatened at present. subspecies marmota is common within at least parts of its range and has no major threats. however, subspecies latirostris has a restricted range and small population, and should be monitored and protected .\nm. m. marmota is abundant in at least parts of its core range in the alps, although some subpopulations may be under threat (e. g. in the jura and in germany). reported population densities for m. m. marmota range from 24 - 36 individuals per 100 hectares (gran paradiso, italy) to 40 - 80 individuals per 100 hectares (tessin, switzerland). in romanian carpathians, the population is estimated at 1, 500 individuals. it is known from three areas in romania: retezat, fagaras and rodna. in retezat and fagaras the populations are stable; in rodna the population is very small and is threatened by poaching (popescu and murariu 2001, botnariuc and tatole 2005). subspecies m. m. latirostris has a restricted range (it occurs at higher elevations in a small region of the high tatras) and is considered to be rare and threatened (preleuthner 1999) .\nmarmots were previously hunted for meat, fur, and fat (which was used for cosmetics and medicines). hunting continues today, but is primarily a leisure activity (preleuthner 1999). in slovenia and austria, hunting levels are sustainable, but in austria at least populations living below the timberline are threatened by loss of open habitats through abandonment of high - altitude cattle grazing (spitzenberger 2002, b. kryštufek pers. comm. 2006). hybridisation with introduced m. m. marmota is a potential future threat to remaining pure - bred populations of m. m. latirostris in the high tatras .\nthe species occurs in a number of national parks within its range. it is listed under appendix iii of the bern convention. subspecies latirostris requires strict protection in slovakia and poland .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nmammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together. * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production. a valuable reference work and a vital tool, particularly for researchers. * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections. * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work, and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come. * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work. * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work. - - g. r. seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist, and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines. * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals. this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries. * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues, we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003... we can say that the wait was worth it. - - sergio solari and robert j. baker * journal of mammalogy *\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nin early summer, young marmots spend hours engaged in playful wrestling matches. though the pushing and grappling can be quite vigorous, marmots have only to give a sharp yelp to end the bout. hoary marmots grow to adult size by late summer .\nimages: charles douglas, robert potts © california academy of sciences, dr. lloyd glenn ingles © california academy of sciences, dr. lloyd glenn ingles © california academy of sciences, canadian museum of nature, jean l. mackenzie, valerie j. may, valerie j. may, valerie j. may, jessie m. woollett, don r. mcphee\nthis site is marked private by its owner. if you would like to view it, you’ll need two things :\npermission from the site owner. once you' ve created an account, log in and revisit this screen to request an invite .\nclassified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nsubspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 117 911 4675 fax: + 44 (0) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nthis terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains, either without vegetation or covered by low, tundra - like vegetation .\nnowak, ronald, 1991. walker' s mammals of the world. fifth edition. john' s hopkins press, baltimore .\nparker, sybil. 1990. grizmek' s encyclopedia of mammals. volume 3. mcgraw - hill inc. , new york .\nto cite this page: landeryou, j. 1999 .\nmarmota marmota\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n. the more common whistle tends to be repeated a variable number of times and is associated with the degree of risk a caller experiences .\nduring the next few days, i became familiar with these furry rodents. i learned which rocks they preferred for sunning themselves, where their principal burrows were located, and how they survive in the harsh environment above the tree line .\nmarmots are family - oriented, usually living in groups that consist of a breeding pair and their offspring. each family has several burrows​—one serves as the family home and the others provide shelter in times of danger. sometimes marmots excavate their burrows in crevices underneath large boulders. these castlelike dwellings offer the marmots vantage points that serve both as turrets for observation and as sun terraces for relaxing." ]

{ "text": [ "the alpine marmot ( marmota marmota ) is a species of marmot found in mountainous areas of central and southern europe .", "alpine marmots live at heights between 800 and 3,200 metres in the alps , carpathians , tatras , the pyrenees and northern apennines in italy .", "they were reintroduced with success in the pyrenees in 1948 , where the alpine marmot had disappeared at end of the pleistocene epoch .", "they are excellent diggers , able to penetrate soil that even a pickaxe would have difficulty with , and spend up to nine months per year in hibernation . " ], "topic": [ 13, 18, 7, 14 ] }

[ "the alpine marmot (marmota marmota) is a species of marmot found in mountainous areas of central and southern europe. alpine marmots live at heights between 800 and 3,200 metres in the alps, carpathians, tatras, the pyrenees and northern apennines in italy. they were reintroduced with success in the pyrenees in 1948, where the alpine marmot had disappeared at end of the pleistocene epoch. they are excellent diggers, able to penetrate soil that even a pickaxe would have difficulty with, and spend up to nine months per year in hibernation." ]

[ "recommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: fraseria cinerascens. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\ntaylor, b. (2018). african forest - flycatcher (fraseria ocreata). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8. 2g: 8. 2\nsee sangster et al. 2010, zuccon & ericson 2010 for revisions of muscicapidae\ntransferred from turdidae (voelker and spellman 2004, sangster et al. 2010); see also\nscrub robins (sangster et al. 2010; cf collar 2005). revision of the genus\nadd: hockey et al, 2005. correct original spelling. fide od .\nposition and relationships of brown scrub robin uncertain (sangster et al. 2010 )\nne pakistan and india to s, e china, hainan i. (off se china), thailand and indochina .\ns thai - malay pen. , sumatra (including simeulue, nias, batu, mentawai, belitung, and bangka is .), w java, and s and w borneo\nnepal and n india to s china and indochina including con son i. (off s vietnam )\nvisayan shama is a proposed split from white - browned shama (lim et al. 2010, collar 2011b, not h & m4 nor hbw )\nor: s myanmar, s thailand, n peninsular malaysia. also ne borneo\nis an incorrectly formed latin word intended to refer to the pale color of the feet and legs, and must be emended. dickinson & christidis, 2014, hbw .\nwas split from blue - throated blue flycatcher (zhang et al. 2016 )\ntaxonomic position of white - tailed flycatcher not resolved (sangster et al. 2010 )\nrename (8. 2) henna - tailed jungle flycatcher to sula jungle flycatcher with split of banggai jungle flycatcher. ssp subspecies\non sulawesi was an erroneous assumption probably based on incorrect museum label information (garg et al 2018, eaton et al 2016) .\nis split (8. 2) from sister ssp on sula island based on vocal differences, genetic divergence, and restricted gene flow (eaton et a. 2016, garg et al. 2018) .\ncontinental europe to ural mts. , w turkey, islands in e atlantic and nw morocco\nmt. mulanje (s malawi) and mt. namuli (n mozambique )\nis invariable. (n david, h & m corrigenda 2. 1 )\nfollowing beresford and cracraft (1999). lumped pending needed revision. (dowsett comm, cf schmidt et al. 2008 )\ntransferred from turdidae to muscicapidae / saxicolinae (sangster et al. 2010, zuccon & ericson 2010; full revision of muscicapidae to come )\ntransferred from pellorneidae to muscicapidae / saxicolinae (sangster et al. 2010, zuccon & ericson 2010 )\ntransferred from turdidae to muscicapidae / saxicolinae (sangster et al. 2010, zuccon & ericson 2010 )\nmultiple species in this complex remain to be separated; philippine taxa will be split from mainland taxa (hbw alive, eaton and rheindt 2016, kyriazis et al. 2018 )\nsevertsov, 1873. priority claimed for the latter is only speculative. dickinson, 2008 .\nchinese rubythroat is split from himalayan [ white - tailed ] rubythroat (liu et al. 2016). english names provisional\nc and e himalayas to c china, c indochina, malay pen. and myanmar\nis related instead to the blue flycatchers within niltavinae (robin et al. 2017 )\nretaining the english modifier\nwhite - bellied\nwhich was assigned to the pre - split species. (rasmussen & anderton 2005); see also robin et al. 2010. now assigned to\ndescribed as a new species (robin et al. 2017). more white below; vocals. treat (7. 4) as subspecies of\n; other members of this species complex are species candidates (moyle et al. 2005, collar and pilgrim 2007) .\ntransferred from turdidae to muscicapidae / saxicolinae (sangster et al. 2010, zuccon & ericson 2010) .\nbased on phylogenetic studies. voelker, et al 2016, hooper et al 2016 .\nokinawa' flycatcher is a candidate split (leader et al. 2013, dong et al. 2015). await data on additional populations. english name under discussion\neu: central asia through the himalayas to c, ne china, n myanmar, n thailand and n indochina .\nmay be split (zuccon & ericson 2010a, rasmussen & anderton 2012). further study needed .\nrecent papers do not support previous splits of amber mountain rock thrush or benson' s rock thrush, now included in forest rock thrush (outlaw et al. 2007, zuccon and ericson 2010 )\nto canary islands stonechat to conform to prevailing usage and documentation that it is imbedded in the phylogeny of' stonechats' (zink et al. 2009) .\n( wittmann et al. 1995, wink et al. 2002); under review by bli .\neu: e caucasus, se turkey and w iran. c siberia, c asia, the himalayas to w, c china ;\n( wittmann et al. 1995, wink et al. 2002); bou does not recognize pending resolution of status of chinese subspecies\nshould not be applied to the population of siberian stonechat breeding north of the caucasus .\nis the oldest available name for this population. svensson et al. 2012 .\nis more appropriately applied to the population in eastern turkey, transcaucasia and n, w iran than the population north of the caucasus .\nsplit (ioc 2. 4) based on zink et al. 2009 mtdna analysis, but may be premature; further resolution of this stonechat complex is needed\n( collar 2005, outlaw et al. 2010, aliabadian et al. 2012 )\n( outlaw et al. 2009, sangster et al. 2010, aliabadian et al. (2012 )\n( sangster et al. 2010, aliabadian et al. 2012, cf collar 2005 )\ndistinctive subspecies now recognized as schalow' s wheatear in major field guides; cf förschler et al. 2010b, ibc. stet - await results of current genetic studies\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 330, 175 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263, 328, 148 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\n– s benin, c & s nigeria, bioko and s cameroon e to w uganda, s to extreme n angola and c drcongo .\n). male nominate race has head and upperparts dark slate - grey, blacker on forehead and crown; lores ...\nvocal. calls mostly harsh and buzzing, including frequently uttered short series of buzzy notes ...\nprimary and secondary evergreen forest, to 1600 m. prefers dense, continuous mature forest, ...\nmostly insects, including moths and hairy and smooth caterpillars (lepidoptera), beetles (coleoptera), ants (hymenoptera), winged termites ...\nrecorded in jan and nov (and adults with enlarged gonads mar and jun–sept) in liberia, sept–oct in nigeria, sept–dec (and ...\nnot globally threatened. uncommon to frequent or common throughout range. average density of 2·1 groups (16 individuals) / km² recorded in ne gabon. no published evidence for ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nsequence of genera and species follows results of recent molecular sampling # r # r # r, although not all species have been screened to date .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\ngill, f. and wright, m. (2006) birds of the world: recommended english names, princeton university press, →isbn\nthis page was last edited on 22 october 2015, at 18: 25 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource, 2012. 01. 01, website (version 01 - jan - 12 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource\nmaintained by alan p. peterson at urltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nplease set a username for yourself. people will see it as author name with your public flash cards." ]

{ "text": [ "fraseria is a genus of passerine birds in the old world flycatcher family muscicapidae .", "it contains the following species : fraser 's forest flycatcher ( fraseria ocreata ) white-browed forest flycatcher ( fraseria cinerascens )" ], "topic": [ 26, 24 ] }

[ "fraseria is a genus of passerine birds in the old world flycatcher family muscicapidae. it contains the following species: fraser's forest flycatcher (fraseria ocreata) white-browed forest flycatcher (fraseria cinerascens )" ]

[ "this is the place for ericoidesi definition. you find here ericoidesi meaning, synonyms of ericoidesi and images for ericoidesi copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word ericoidesi. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word ericoidesi and, of course, ericoidesi synonyms and on the right images related to the word ericoidesi .\ngnorimoschema ericoidesi povolny & powell, 2001, n. sp. , holarctic lepidoptera, v. 8, no. suppl. 1, p. 1 - 53 .\nhave a fact about gnorimoschema ligulatum? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for gnorimoschema ligulatum? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about gnorimoschema fischerellum? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for gnorimoschema fischerellum? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation." ]

{ "text": [ "gnorimoschema ericoidesi is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by powell and povolný in 2001 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california .", "the length of the forewings is 8.5 – 10 mm for males and 8.5-9.2 mm for females .", "the forewings have blackish scales with whitish tips , forming irregular shades between three more prominent stigmata in the discal area and others at one-fifth along the costa .", "the ochreous shades are limited to thin longitudinal , subcostal , and axial lines and faint spots surround the black dots of the discal area .", "there is a longitudinal blackish shade at the apex .", "the hindwings are grey .", "the larvae possibly feed on ericameria ericoides . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "gnorimoschema ericoidesi is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by powell and povolný in 2001. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from california. the length of the forewings is 8.5 – 10 mm for males and 8.5-9.2 mm for females. the forewings have blackish scales with whitish tips, forming irregular shades between three more prominent stigmata in the discal area and others at one-fifth along the costa. the ochreous shades are limited to thin longitudinal, subcostal, and axial lines and faint spots surround the black dots of the discal area. there is a longitudinal blackish shade at the apex. the hindwings are grey. the larvae possibly feed on ericameria ericoides." ]

[ "chionodes ludio hodges, 1999, n. sp. , mona fascicle 7. 6\nchionodes ludio hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 152, 332, pl. 2, f. 64; tl: new lisbon, burlington co. , new jersey\nchionodes borzella bidzilya, 2000; beitr. ent. 50 (2): 391\nchionodes soella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 21\nchionodes aprilella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 24\nchionodes flavipalpella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 33\nchionodes flavipalpella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes caucasiella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 34\nchionodes caucasiella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes frigidella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 50\nchionodes frigidella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes tantella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 64\nchionodes tantella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes attonita; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes ermolaevi bidzilya, 2012; shilap revta lepid. 40 (160): 422; tl: sakhalin\nchionodes grandis clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 253; tl: silverton, colorado\nchionodes tundra bidzilya, 2012; shilap revta lepid. 40 (160): 421; tl: jamalo - nenetskiy ar\nchionodes pereyra clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 253; tl: vero beach, florida\nchionodes stefaniae; landry & roque - albelo, 2010, revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 699 (list )\nchionodes decolorella ab. colorella (caradja, 1920), described as gelechia decolorella ab. colorella and recorded from the alai mountains\nchionodes salicella sattler, 1967; can. ent. 99: 82; tl: skeena crossing, cassiar dist. , british colombia\nchionodes acerella sattler, 1967; can. ent. 99: 78; tl: izman creek, kamloops distr. , british columbia\nchionodes tessa clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 246; tl: petaluma, sonoma co. , california\nchionodes canofusella clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 248; tl: encantada, brooks co. , texas\nchionodes bicolor clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 250; tl: petaluma, sonoma co. , california\nchionodes meridiochilensis king & montesinos, 2012; acta zool. cracov. 55 (1): 47; tl: chile, region de biobio\nchionodes stefaniae schmitz & landry, 2007; rev. suisse zool. 114: 177; tl: galapagos, isabela, volcan darwin, 630m\nchionodes iridescens clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 244; tl: american lake, pierce co. , washington\nchionodes pleroma; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331\nchionodes scotodes; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331\nchionodes whitmanella clarke, 1942; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 92 (3149): 271; tl: pullmann, washington\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland. fascicle 7. 6. gelechioidea, gelechiidae (part), gelechiinae (part - chionodes )\nthe lepidoptera of white sands national monument, otero county, new mexico, usa 10. a remarkable new white species of chionodes hübner (gelechiidae )\nchionodes sabinianae powell, 1959; ent. news 70 (5): 127; tl: russelman park, mt diablo, contra costa co. , california\nchionodes soella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 139, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes aprilella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 141, 31; [ fe ]\n= chionodes psilopterus; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 201; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes cusor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 204, 333, pl. 4, f. 75; tl: alamosa, colorado\nchionodes offectus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 219, 333, pl. 3, f. 57; tl: boulder, colorado\nchionodes fimus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 204, 333, pl. 4, f. 76; tl: schrader lake, alaska\nchionodes is a genus of moths of the family gelechiidae. it is distributed throughout much of the world. the larvae of many species use the douglas fir as a host plant .\nchionodes tragicella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 139, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes luctuella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 140, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes molitor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 210, 333, pl. 3, f. 36; tl: putnam co. , illinois\nchionodes boreas hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 211, 333, pl. 3, f. 43 - 44; tl: nordegg, alberta\nchionodes holosericella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 143, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes histon hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 221, 333, pl. 3, f. 61; tl: penticon creek, british columbia\nchionodes perpetuella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 146, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes apolectella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 147, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes hayreddini; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 149, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes hinnella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 149, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes bastuliella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 150, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes nebulosella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 152, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes sagayica; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 63; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes nitor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 84, 331, pl. 1, f. 59; tl: berkeley, alameda co, california\nchionodes oecus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 89, 331, pl. 1, f. 63 - 64; tl: palm springs, california\nchionodes lacticoma; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes icriodes; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes litigiosa; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes pentadora; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes dryobathra; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 106 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes argosema; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 165 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes consona; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 165 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes eburata; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 165 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes salva; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 172 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes sepultor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 220, 333, pl. 3, f. 60; tl: 6 mi nw newcastle, wyoming\nchionodes percultor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 58, 331, pl. 4, f. 1; tl: washington mtns, near nogales, arizona\nchionodes plutor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 91, 331, pl. 1, f. 69; tl: sanderson, terrell co. , texas\nchionodes nepos hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 92, 331, pl. 1, f. 71; tl: indio, riverside co. , california\nchionodes thyotes hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 96, 331, pl. 2, f. 1; tl: southmost, cameron co. , texas\nchionodes soter hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 128, 332, pl. 2, f. 39 - 41; tl: putnam co. , illinois\nchionodes ceryx hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 172, 332, pl. 3, f. 13 - 14; tl: n key largo, florida\nchionodes rabula hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 59, 331, pl. 1, f. 16; tl: parker island, highlands co. , florida\nchionodes cacula hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 61, 331, pl. 5, f. 1; tl: archbold biologial station, lake placid, florida\nchionodes emptor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 62, 331, pl. 1, f. 17; tl: archbold biologial station, lake placid, florida\nchionodes drapeta hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 63, 331, pl. 1, f. 18; tl: key largo, monroe co. , florida\nchionodes paean hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 93, 331, pl. 1, f. 72; tl: jacumba, san diego co. , california\nchionodes cibus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 98, 331, pl. 2, f. 6; tl: laguna atascosa, cameron co. , texas\nchionodes occlusus; [ nacl ], # 2101; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes suasor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 57, 331, pl. 1, f. 14; tl: huntsville state park, walker co. , texas\nchionodes esor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 62, 331, pl. 1, f. 19; tl: big pine key, monroe co. , florida\nchionodes tarmes hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 66, 331, pl. 4, f. 5; tl: t2n r14w s31, allegan co. , michigan\nchionodes macor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 88, 331, pl. 1, f. 62; tl: saratoga springs, san bernardino co. , california\nchionodes irreptor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 143, 332, pl. 2, f. 53; tl: garner state park, uvalde co. , texas\nchionodes restio hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 148, 332, pl. 2, f. 58 - 59; tl: sonoma, sonoma co. , california\nchionodes obelus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 186, 332, pl. 3, f. 16; tl: hayfork ranger station, trinity co. , california\nchionodes kubai hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 188, 332, pl. 4, f. 43; tl: pne hill, el dorado co. , california\nchionodes rectifex hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 199, 333, pl. 3, f. 23 - 24; tl: pensacola, escambia co. , florida\nchionodes aleo hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 202, 333, pl. 4, f. 71; tl: cedar pass campground, modoc co. , california\nchionodes rupex hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 203, 333, pl. 4, f. 74; tl: green river lake, wind river range, wyoming\nchionodes fictor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 219, 333, pl. 3, f. 58; tl: atigun pass & below, brooks range, alaska\nchionodes praecia hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 222, 333, pl. 3, f. 63 - 64; tl: vineyard, utah co. , utah\nchionodes pulvis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 69, 331, pl. 1, f. 30; tl: san bruno mtns, san mateo co. , california\nchionodes bios hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 191, 332, pl. 4, f. 47; tl: 4 mi n prescott, yavapai co. , arizona\nchionodes tannuolella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 32; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes lictor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 222, 333, pl. 3, f. 62; tl: mt. shasta city, shasta co. , california\nchionodes procus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 92, 331, pl. 1, f. 70; tl: gran quivira national monument, socorro co. , new mexico\nchionodes lector hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 121, 332, pl. 2, f. 25 - 26; tl: woodwardia canyon e, riverside co. , california\nchionodes sevir hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 137, 332, pl. 4, f. 24; tl: highlands, 3865', macon co. , north carolina\nchionodes baro hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 144, 332, pl. 2, f. 54; tl: highlands, 3865', macon co. , north carolina\nchionodes popa hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 167, 332, pl. 3, f. 6 - 7; tl: mint canyon, los angeles co. , california\nchionodes donatella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 169, 332, pl. 3, f. 9; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes petro hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 169, 332, pl. 3, f. 10; tl: 2 mi ne lakeside, san diego co. , california\nchionodes dolo hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 198, 333, pl. 3, f. 22; tl: dempster highway, km 155, 1050m, yukon, canada\nchionodes praeco hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 209, 333, pl. 3, f. 34 - 35; tl: ocqueoc lake, presque isle co. , michigan\nchionodes manabiensis schmitz & landry, 2007; rev. suisse zool. 114: 180; tl: ecuador, manabi, parque nacional machalilla, los frailes, s 01°29. 340', w 80°46. 868 40m\nchionodes hapsus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 55, 331, pl. 1, f. 12; tl: devil' s den state park, washington co. , arkansas\nchionodes volo hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 75, 331, pl. 1, f. 38; tl: fort davis, 5000', jeff davis co. , texas\nchionodes landryi hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 95, 331, pl. 1, f. 76; tl: lost river valley, 10 km s onefour, alberta, cadana\nchionodes factor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 196, 333, pl. 4, f. 60; tl: big bear lake, 6800, san bernardino co. , california\nchionodes trico hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 211, 333, pl. 3, f. 45 - 46; tl: hardy work center, lawrence co. , south dakoa\nchionodes impes hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 227, 333, pl. 3, f. 70, pl. 5, f. 4; tl: kamiak butte, washington\nchionodes sannio hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 70, 331, pl. 1, f. 31; tl: 2. 5 mi west fort simcoe, yakima co. , washington\nchionodes stator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 71, 331, pl. 1, f. 32; tl: 2. 5 mi west fort simcoe, yakima co. , washington\nchionodes meddix hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 73, 331, pl. 1, f. 35; tl: clear creek camp, se camp verde, yavapai co. , arizona\nchionodes pavor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 80, 331, pl. 1, f. 49; tl: camp baldy, san bernardino mtns, san bernardino co. , california\nchionodes pacator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 82, 331, pl. 1, f. 53; tl: mt lowe, san gabriel mtns, los angeles co. , california\nchionodes regens hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 85, 331, pl. 1, f. 61; tl: hackberry lake, valenine national wildlife refuge, cherry co. , nebraska\nchionodes morus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 103, 331, pl. 4, f. 22; tl: ciervo hills, 18 mi sw medota, fresno co. , califoria\nchionodes cautor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 142, 332, pl. 2, f. 52; tl: green gulch, big bend national park, brewster co. , texas\nchionodes mikkolai hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 208, 333, pl. 3, f. 33; tl: carmacks, 62°05' n, 136°20' w, yukon, canada\nchionodes franclemonti hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 65, 331, pl. 4, f. 2 - 4; tl: wrangle brook road, lakehurst, ocean co. , new jersey\nchionodes sanator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 85, 331, pl. 1, f. 60; tl: sw res sta, 5400, chiricahua mts, cochise co. , arizona\nchionodes repertor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 89, 331, pl. 1, f. 65; tl: 7 mi e jacob lake, coconino co. , 6800', arizona\nchionodes adamas hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 150, 332, pl. 2, f. 61 - 63; tl: devil' s den state park, washington co. , arkansas\nchionodes elainae hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 192, 332, pl. 4, f. 50; tl: onion saddle, 7600', chiricahua mtns, cochise co. , arizona\nchionodes hospes hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 196, 333, pl. 4, f. 61 - 62; tl: 9 mi sw atascadero, san luis obispo co. , california\nchionodes sponsus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 207, 333, pl. 4, f. 81; tl: sierra diable wildlife management area, 6400', culberson co. , texas\nchionodes theurgis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 213, 333, pl. 3, f. 47; tl: 4 mi sw buean vista, 8700', chaffee co. , colorado\nchionodes imber hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 71, 331, pl. 1, f. 33 - 34; tl: hackberry lake, valentine nationa wildlife reserve, cherry co. , nebraska\nchionodes naevus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 77, 331, pl. 1, f. 41; tl: cave creek canyon, 5400', chiricahua mtns, cochise co. , arizona\nchionodes davisi hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 78, 331, pl. 1, f. 42; tl: southwest research station, 5400', chiricahua mtns, cochise co. , arizona\nchionodes delitor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 83, 331, pl. 1, f. 58; tl: k bar ranch, chisos mtns, 3400', brewster co. , texas\nchionodes bardus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 99, 331, pl. 4, f. 10; tl: santa barbara island, channel island national park, santa barbara co. , california\nchionodes metoecus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 125, 332, pl. 2, f. 32 - 34; tl: snake creek, 3 mi nw midway, wasatch co. , utah\nchionodes optio hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 154, 332, pl. 4, f. 32; tl: mt locke, davis mtns, 6700', jeff davis co. , texas\nchionodes agriodes; [ nacl ], # 2059; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 202, 333; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes bustosorum metzler, 2016; zootaxa 4109 (3): 373; tl: new mexico, otero co. , white sands nat. mon. , 106°1. 38' w; 32°46. 60' n 4, 000'\nchionodes powelli hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 52, 331, pl. 1, f. 2; tl: snake lake, 4 mi nw quincy, 4000', plumas co. , california\nchionodes abavus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 64, 331, pl. 1, f. 20; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mts, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes obex hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 75, 331, pl. 1, f. 39; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes munifex hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 76, 331, pl. 1, f. 40; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes sabinianae; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 79, 331, pl. 1, f. 48; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes rector hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 83, 331, pl. 1, f. 56 - 57; tl: 5 mi n buena vista, 8200', chaffee co. , colorado\nchionodes fremor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 128, 332, pl. 2, f. 38; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes lusor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 130, 332, pl. 2, f. 42; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes erro hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 134, 332, pl. 4, f. 23; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes altor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 141, 332, pl. 4, f. 30; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes pinax hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 149, 332, pl. 2, f. 60; tl: hart prairie, 10 mi nnw flagstaff, 8500', coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes messor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 153, 332, pl. 2, f. 65; tl: 1 mi ne san marcos pass, 1500', santa barbara co. , california\nchionodes magirus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 157, 332, pl. 4, f. 34; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes gestor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 159, 332, pl. 2, f. 74; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes bibo hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 162, 332, pl. 3, f. 3; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 5600', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes luror hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 193, 332, pl. 4, f. 51; tl: west fork, 6500', 16 mi sw flagstaff, coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes gratus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 203, 333, pl. 3, f. 28; tl: big timber canyon, 6500', half moon park, crazy mts. , montana\nchionodes senica hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 206, 333, pl. 4, f. 79; tl: hart prairie, 8500', 10 mi nnw flagstaff, coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes dator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 206, 333, pl. 4, f. 80; tl: louis lake, 28 mi sw lander, 8600', fremont co. , wyoming\nchionodes ustor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 207, 333, pl. 3, f. 32; tl: bridger forest camp, 7500', wind river mtns, sublette co. , wyoming\nchionodes rogator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 208, 333, pl. 4, f. 82 - 83; tl: mosca creek, great sand dunes national monument, alamosa co. , colorado\nchionodes veles hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 212, 333, pl. 4, f. 84; tl: castles, 8 mi e buena vista, 8800', chaffee co. , colorado\nchionodes gerdius hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 214, 333, pl. 4, f. 87; tl: oso flaco lake, 5 mi s oceano, san luis obispo co. , california\nchionodes latro hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 224, 333, pl. 3, f. 68 - 69; tl: lake delancy, ocala national forest read 75, mario co. , florida\nchionodes rhombus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 105, 331, pl. 2, f. 9; tl: fort valley, 7. 5 mi nw flagstaff, 7350ä, coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes tributor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 214, 333, pl. 3, f. 48; tl: ozena camp, cuyama river, 1 mi e hiway 33, ventura co. , california\nchionodes ensis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 216, 333, pl. 3, f. 50 - 51; tl: head of ephraim canyon, 10000 - 10300', sanpete co. , utah\nchionodes nubilella; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 35; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 145, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes donahueorum hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 68, 331, pl. 1, f. 28 - 29; tl: mt washington district, 840', los angeles, los angeles co. , california\nchionodes parens hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 136, 332, pl. 2, f. 50 - 51; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes adam hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 140, 332, pl. 4, f. 28 - 29; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes nubis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 156, 332, pl. 2, f. 67 - 68; tl: hart prairie, 10 mi nnw flagstaff, 8500', coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes innox hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 158, 332, pl. 2, f. 69 - 73; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 5600', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes canofusella; [ nacl ], # 2066; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 189, 332, pl. 3, f. 17; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes psilopterus; [ nacl ], # 2111; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 201, 333, pl. 3, f. 26; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes metallicus; [ nacl ], # 2094; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 220, 333, pl. 3, f. 59; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes canor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 221, 333, pl. 3, f. 25; tl: fort valley, 7. 5 mi nw flagstaff, 7350', coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes abitus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 56, 331, pl. 1, f. 13; tl: cold creek, 5 mi s buck creek ranger station, 6300', modoc co. , california\nchionodes lactans hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 74, 331, pl. 1, f. 36 - 37; tl: sierra diablo, 20 mi nnw van horn, 6000', culberson co. , texas\nchionodes fructuarius; [ nacl ], # 2078; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 97, 331, pl. 2, f. 4 - 5; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes luteogeminatus; [ nacl ], # 2091; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 100, 331, pl. 4, f. 11 - 12; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes helicostictus; [ nacl ], # 2083; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 102, 331, pl. 4, f. 16 - 18; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes pallor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 197, 333, pl. 3, f. 20 - 21; tl: fort valley, 7350', 7. 5 mi nw flagstaff, coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes nigrobarbatus; [ nacl ], # 2097; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 223, 333, pl. 3, f. 65 - 66; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes praetor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 224, 333, pl. 3, f. 67, pl. 4, f. 90; tl: head ephraim canyon, 10300', sanpete co. , utah\nchionodes permactus; [ nacl ], # 2106; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 228, 333, pl. 5, f. 5 - 8; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes violacea; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 25; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 142, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes distinctella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 42; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 148, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes clarkei hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 228, 333, pl. 3, f. 71, pl. 5, f. 9; tl: steens mt. , fish lake, 7100, harney co. , oregon\nchionodes electella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 52; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 150, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes fumatella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 59; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 153, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes ignorantella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 65; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 154, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes argentipunctella; [ nacl ], # 2061; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 55, 331, pl. 1, f. 11; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes gilvomaculella; [ nacl ], # 2080; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 59, 331, pl. 1, f. 15; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes periculella; [ nacl ], # 2105; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 80, 331, pl. 1, f. 49; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes xanthophilella; [ nacl ], # 2125; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 90, 331, pl. 1, f. 66; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes sistrella; [ nacl ], # 2116; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 93, 331, pl. 1, f. 73; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes hodgesorum metzler, 2014; j. lep. soc. 68 (2): 81; tl: new mexico, otero co. , white sands nat. monument, edge of dunes habitat, 106°11. 32' w, 32°45. 72' n, 4000'\nchionodes paralogella; [ nacl ], # 2103; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 100, 331, pl. 4, f. 13; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes salicella; [ nacl ], # 2114; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 120, 331, pl. 2, f. 22; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes acerella; [ nacl ], # 2057; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 124, 332, pl. 2, f. 31; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes terminimaculella; [ nacl ], # 2117; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 132, 332, pl. 2, f. 46; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes pastor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 155, 332, pl. 2, f. 66, pl. 4, f. 33; tl: great basin exp staion nr ephraim, 8850', sanpete co. , utah\nchionodes fondella; [ nacl ], # 2076; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 160, 332, pl. 3, f. 1; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes pseudofondella; [ nacl ], # 2110; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 161, 332, pl. 3, f. 2; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes mariona; [ nacl ], # 2092; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 168, 332, pl. 3, f. 8; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes halycopa; [ nacl ], # 2082; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 171, 332, pl. 2, f. 12; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes hibiscella; [ nacl ], # 2084; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 190, 332, pl. 4, f. 46; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes aristella; [ nacl ], # 2062; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 195, 333, pl. 4, f. 56; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes mongolica; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 142, 31; park & ponomarenko, 2006, shilap revta. lepid. 34 (135): 280; [ fe ]\nchionodes hostis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 122, 332, pl. 2, f. 23 - 24; tl: major' s flat near ephraim canyon, oak / pinyon junipre zone, 7100', sanpete co. , utah\nchionodes fuscomaculella; [ nacl ], # 2079; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 53, 331, pl. 1, f. 3 - 6; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes bicostomaculella; [ nacl ], # 2064; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 54, 331, pl. 1, f. 7 - 9; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes lophosella; [ nacl ], # 2089; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 67, 331, pl. 1, f. 21 - 23; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes nanodella; [ nacl ], # 2095; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 68, 331, pl. 1, f. 24 - 27; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes abella; [ nacl ], # 2055; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 79, 331, pl. 1, f. 43 - 47; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes kincaidella; [ nacl ], # 2086; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 87, 331, pl. 4, f. 6 - 9; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes pinguicula; [ nacl ], # 2109; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 90, 331, pl. 1, f. 67 - 68; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes dentella; [ nacl ], # 2071; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 95, 331, pl. 1, f. 74 - 75; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes abdominella; [ nacl ], # 2054; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 97, 331, pl. 2, f. 2 - 3; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes dammersi; [ nacl ], # 2070; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 101, 331, pl. 4, f. 14 - 15; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes notandella; [ nacl ], # 2098; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 102, 331, pl. 4, f. 19 - 21; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes ochreostrigella; [ nacl ], # 2102; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 104, 331, pl. 2, f. 7 - 8; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes thoraceochrella; [ nacl ], # 2119; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 117, 331, pl. 2, f. 13 - 17; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes chrysopyla; [ nacl ], # 2068; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 119, 331, pl. 2, f. 18 - 21; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes obscurusella; [ nacl ], # 2099; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 123, 332, pl. 2, f. 27 - 30; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes occidentella; [ nacl ], # 2100; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 127, 332, pl. 2, f. 35 - 37; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes trichostola; [ nacl ], # 2120; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 135, 332, pl. 2, f. 47 - 49; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes acrina; [ nacl ], # 2058; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 139, 332, pl. 4, f. 25 - 27; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes secutor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 146, 332, pl. 2, f. 55, pl. 4, f. 31; tl: davis mnts, 5 mi se livermore, 6000', jeff davis co. , texas\nchionodes trophella; [ nacl ], # 2121; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 147, 332, pl. 2, f. 56 - 57; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes discoocellella; [ nacl ], # 2072; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 170, 332, pl. 3, f. 11 - 12; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes ceanothiella; [ nacl ], # 2067; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 187, 332, pl. 4, f. 41 - 42; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes aruns hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 189, 332, pl. 3, f. 18, pl. 4, f. 44; tl: sierra diablo, 20 mi nnw van horn, 6000', culberson co. , texas\nchionodes retiniella; [ nacl ], # 2112; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 192, 332, pl. 4, f. 48 - 49; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes arenella; [ nacl ], # 2060; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 193, 332, pl. 4, f. 52 - 53; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes figurella; [ nacl ], # 2073; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 194, 333, pl. 4, f. 54 - 55; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes braunella; [ nacl ], # 2065; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 225, 333, pl. 4, f. 91 - 93; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes flavicorporella; [ nacl ], # 2074; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 229, pl. 3, f. 72 - 73, 333; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes sattleri hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 218, 333, pl. 3, f. 54 - 56, pl. 4, f. 89; tl: bog e of big indian lake, halifax watershed, halifax co. , nova scotia\nchionodes (gelechiini); [ me3 ], 137, 31; [ sangmi lee ]; landry & roque - albelo, 2010, revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 704, 699 (list); lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15; [ fe ]\nchionodes johnstoni; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 76; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 81, 331, pl. 1, f. 51 - 52; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes formosella; [ nacl ], # 2077 (rev. stat .); [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 50, 331, pl. 1, f. 1; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes praeclarella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 200, 333, pl. 4, f. 64 - 67; [ me3 ], 144, 31; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18; [ fe ]\nchionodes mediofuscella; [ nacl ], # 2093; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 131, 332, pl. 2, f. 43 - 45; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes iridescens; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 75; [ nacl ], # 2085; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 54, 331, pl. 1, f. 10; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes pereyra; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 109; [ nacl ], # 2104; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 163, 332, pl. 3, f. 4; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes grandis; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 64; [ nacl ], # 2081; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 195, 333, pl. 3, f. 19; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes tessa; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 137; [ nacl ], # 2118; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 82, 331, pl. 1, f. 54 - 55; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes petalumensis; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 111; [ nacl ], # 2107; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 164, 332, pl. 4, f. 36 - 38; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes bicolor; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 24; [ nacl ], # 2063; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 205, 333, pl. 3, f. 29 - 30; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes whitmanella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 147; [ nacl ], # 2124; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 205, 333, pl. 3, f. 31, pl. 4, f. 77 - 78; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes viduella; [ nacl ], # 2123; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 54; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 215, 333, pl. 3, f. 49; [ me3 ], 32; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19; [ fe ]\nchionodes continuella; [ nacl ], # 2069; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 37; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 216, 333, pl. 3, f. 52 - 53, pl. 4, f. 88; [ me3 ], 145, 31; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16; [ fe ]\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhodges, r. w. , 1999. moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 7. 6, p. 152; pl. 2. 64. order\n=; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 15; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nformosella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32, 331\nformosella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 50, 331\nnova scotia, sw. manitoba, north carolina, missouri. see [ maps ]\n= gelechia vernella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 884\n=; [ nacl ], # 2077; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 50, 331; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nlarva on quercus imrbricaria? q. rubra, q. velutina, q. alba, ostrya virginiana hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 52\ncalifornia, oregon, washington, texas, oklahoma, arkansas, louisiana, mississippi, florida. see [ maps ]\nlarva on quercus lobata, q. kelloggii, q. garryana hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 52\nnova scotia, quebec - florida, sw. wisconsin, e. texas, e. oklahoma. see [ maps ]\n=; [ nacl ], # 2079; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 53, 331; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nlarva on quercus macrocarpa, q. rubra, fagus grandifolia, carya hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 53\n=; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 879; [ nacl ], # 2064; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 54, 331; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15" ]

{ "text": [ "chionodes ludio is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from new jersey .", "the larvae feed on quercus ilicifolia . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 8 ] }

[ "chionodes ludio is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from new jersey. the larvae feed on quercus ilicifolia." ]

[ "an invertebrate is an animal without a backbone. invertebrate animals include fruit flies and sea sponges .\n‘amphioxus is the closest living invertebrate relative of the vertebrates, and is key to understanding the evolution of vertebrates from an invertebrate ancestor. ’\n2. invertebrate characteristics  invertebrate animals have no inner skeleton or backbone.  size: most invertebrate are very small, but some are enormous, like the giant squid.  body covering: some invertebrate bodies are protected by shells or exoskeletons, but others have no covering\nthe mouth in the vertebrates does not agree in character with the invertebrate mouth .\nhis natural history of invertebrate animals (1815 - 22) was justly celebrated .\n39. invertebrate respiration  invertebrate respiratory organs have  large surface areas  are in contact with air or water  if require diffusion they must be moist .\ndonors, please refer to the invertebrate zoology policies regarding the deposition of material .\ninvertebrate models for biomedical research, testing, and education. - pubmed - ncbi\nthe 5000 volume collection consists of publications in general invertebrate zoology, invertebrate paleobiology, coelenterates, echinoderms, sponges, worms and tunicates. in 2009, the 7000 volume mollusk library and william healey dall library was incorporated into the invertebrate zoology library. this collection covers bivalvia, gastropoda and cephalopoda, including an extensive invertebrate paleontology section .\nsea squirts also give us a very useful illustration of the vertebrates’ closest invertebrate relatives .\nin contrast, sea squirts are possibly the closest invertebrate relatives to humans, drs .\nalthough the invertebrate nervous system is usually much simpler than the nervous systems found in vertebrates, there is still a broad range in complexity depending on the type of invertebrate .\nmeglitsch pa, schram fr (1991) invertebrate zoology. oxford university press, new york\n‘serotonin has been demonstrated to enhance excitability and spike output in vertebrate and invertebrate neurons. ’\nspotted salamanders spend most of their year underground, gorging on earthworms and other invertebrate treats .\ninvertebrate. (2017, may 11). in encyclopedia britannica online. retrieved from urltoken\ninvertebrate. (2017, may 11). in the canadian encyclopedia. retrieved from urltoken\nin the wild, these slugs are known to feed on hydroids, an invertebrate marine organism .\n‘anhydrobiosis is a state of suspended animation certain invertebrate animals enter in response to severe drought. ’\nother invertebrate animals include: roundworms, segmented worms, starfish, sea urchins and sea cucumbers .\n( comparative embryology of invertebrate animals: echinodermata and semichordata), moscow: nauka, 1978 .\njackson is an invertebrate, lymphatic creature, of whose mental equipment i have no opinion at all .\nonline version: barnes, robert d. invertebrate zoology. philadelphia, saunders, 1968 (ocolc) 645912707\n‘sea cucumbers, invertebrate animals of the phylum echinodermata, might hold out some hope for the afflicted. ’\nthe stricken man flung up his arms, and, without a sound, collapsed in an invertebrate heap .\nhenderson. a sex - specific metabolite identified in a marine invertebrate utilizing phosphorus - 31 nuclear magnetic resonance .\nand that, surely, ought to have been the big moment in the career of an unloved invertebrate .\nmorrow je, smithson bl. learning sets in an invertebrate. science. 1969; 164: 850–1 .\ndepartment of invertebrate zoology news - no bones this blog contains postings from the broad diversity of individuals who make up the invertebrate zoology community. it is meant to be a spot for reporting both happenings and topics of interest to iz community members to an audience ranging from others interested in invertebrate zoology to members of the broader smithsonian community .\n‘vertebrate and invertebrate animals, land plants, and protists are all represented as fossils in the solnhofen limestone. ’\n‘most endophytes produce n - rich alkaloid compounds that deter or poison a range of vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores. ’\n‘the senior students were keen to observe the invertebrate marine animals, such as starfish, urchins and crustaceans. ’\nthompson r. successive reversal of a position habit in an invertebrate. science. 1957; 126: 163–4 .\non these lands, the general public are allowed to collect small amounts of plant and invertebrate fossils, says polly .\nbut there are also large numbers of small invertebrate animals, including insects, which are the foundations of the ecosystem .\nso do the first plants, the first invertebrate animals, the first fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammals .\nmollusca, an order of invertebrate animals having a soft, fleshy body, which is inarticulate, and not radiate internally .\nholloway, d. and schmidt, r. (2012) invertebrate palaeontology in museums victoria collections urltoken accessed 10 july 2018\n( 2) no backbone. we already talked about this one. that' s the whole definition of invertebrate, no\nall vertebrates belong to the phylum chordata – however not all chordata are vertebrates (e. g. invertebrate sea squirts )\nwhile trump continues to gratuitously stoke culture wars by attacking the nfl, the gop’s invertebrate dysfunction continues to be on full display .\naccording to symposium information, demouthe is a geologist in the department of invertebrate zoology and geology at the california academy of sciences .\nof the courses in invertebrate zoology and vertebrate zoology, it can be safely said that they overlook the importance of field work .\nwe use the museum' s fossil invertebrate, micropalaeontology and palaeobotany collections to unravel the origins and evolution of these diverse groups .\nstudents may do experiments on invertebrate animals, and exhibit their work in science fairs. lower orders of life - bacteria, fungi, protozoa, plants and invertebrate animals with elementary nervous systems - can be used in experimentation to reveal valuable basic biological information .\n‘minerals, mushrooms, higher and lower plants, invertebrate and vertebrate animals make up the richest museum collection on the balkan peninsula. ’\nmaggenti, a. r. , and s. gardner. 2005. online dictionary of invertebrate zoology retrieved december 19, 2007 .\n‘odorant - binding proteins are present in the olfactory systems of both vertebrate and invertebrate animals, but these gene families are not related. ’\n‘he then told us that these first life - forms evolved into bacteria and then into the invertebrate animals, as well as plants. ’\nwhat made you want to look up invertebrate? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\n‘they are a common adaptation in organisms that use internal fertilization, and have arisen multiple times in a number of vertebrate and invertebrate lineages. ’\n. in: menzel r, benjamin pr, editors. invertebrate learning and memory. united kingdom: elsevier; 2013. p. 337–55 .\nwerren jh, baldo l, clark me. wolbachia: master manipulator of invertebrate biology. nature reviews microbiology, 2008. 6: 741–751 .\ndisplays of the invertebrate phyla and the members of the university who studied them, were created by a manpower services team from 1987 - 1989 .\nthe sub - phylum vertebrata includes the majority of living chordates (37, 790 species). they differ from the invertebrate chordates in possessing :\n‘over the last decade, we have become increasingly aware that environmental contaminants act through multiple mechanisms to alter endocrine functioning in vertebrate and invertebrate species. ’\n‘once vertebrate and invertebrate eyes were established hundreds of millions of years ago, evolution continued borrowing genes and fine - tuning them for new situations. ’\none fellow, who reeled through the car in a molluscous invertebrate condition, stopped by my seat to tell me he was my friend for life .\n‘the possible role of fibroblast growth factors in organization of the limb blastema is explored and the similarities between vertebrate and invertebrate control of regeneration are discussed. ’\nbiologists have yet to describe many species of plants, invertebrate animals and lichens. so the number of these species known to science increases substantially every year .\n‘given the high heritability of sideroxylonal and its effectiveness as a deterrent against vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores, it is surprising that undefended trees persist in the population. ’\nmaitland, d. p. a highly complex invertebrate lung: the gill chambers of the soldier crab mictyris longicarpus. naturwissenschaften. 74: 293–295, 1987 .\n11 sep 1975, calicut (india), during international symposium on reproductive physiology of invertebrates. original title: international society of invertebrate reproduction (isir) .\npekár s, jarab m (2011) assessment of color and behavioral resemblance to models by inaccurate myrmecomorphic spiders (araneae). invertebrate biology 130: 83–90 .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: invertebrate zoology author: robert d barnes publisher: philadelphia, saunders, 1968. oclc: 173898\n‘returning to the united states in 1894, he joined the faculty of the university of california, teaching and carrying out research in both vertebrate and invertebrate paleontology. ’\ninvertebrates are animals that don’t have a backbone. the vertebral column is another name for the backbone. over 90% of all species on earth are invertebrates, and invertebrate species have been found in the fossil record as far back as 600 million years ago. molecular biology studies suggest that all invertebrates evolved from a single invertebrate group .\n1. an invertebrate is / has _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .\nbeatty, j. a. , and r. e. blackwelder. 1974. names of invertebrate phyla. systematic zoology 23 (4): 545 - 547 .\nthe invertebrate collection is composed entirely of animals that lack a backbone. prominent invertebrate groups include corals, anemones and jellyfish; sponges; worms; snails, clams and octopuses; crabs and shrimp; sea stars and urchins; sea squirts; and a wide variety of microscopic animals. while the invertebrate collection spans a variety of taxonomic groups (including representatives from more than 20 phyla and 700 families), it does not include insects, arachnids, centipedes or millipedes, which are housed separately in the entomology collection .\n‘we vertebrates do not stand higher and later than our invertebrate cousins, for all ‘advanced’ animal phyla made their first appearance in the fossil record at essentially the same time. ’\n‘the invertebrate ancestors of vertebrates had gill slits, but these were used primarily for filter feeding; these organisms took up most of the oxygen they needed through the skin. ’\ntable 8b - total endemic and threatened endemic invertebrate species in each country for groups where > 80% of species in the group have been assessed (totals by taxonomic group) .\ndecades of degradation by hikers, motorcyclists, homeless campers and partying had hammered the fish, forcing heaps of gravel off fragile slopes into the creek, snuffing stoneflies and other invertebrate food .\nthe term invertebrate was coined by jean - baptiste lamarck, who divided these animals into two groups, the insecta and the vermes. today, invertebrates are classified into about 30 phyla .\nwithin the department of invertebrate zoology, scientists conduct original research on all 30 major invertebrate animal groups (phyla) of the world (except insects), and are stewards for the 35 million specimens of invertebrates that comprise the u. s. national collection. the study of invertebrates offers great challenges and opportunities to contribute to the world' s knowledge of these organisms .\ninvertebrate central pattern generation moves along current biology, volume 15, issue 17, 6 september 2005, pages r685 - r699 eve marder, dirk bucher, david j schulz and adam l taylorsummary .\ninvertebrate senses can range from simple systems to more complex organs. many invertebrates can sense dissolved or airborne chemicals, changes in pressure, gravity and portions of the electromagnetic spectrum including infrared and ultraviolet radiation .\nthe entomology library is located on the 5th floor, east wing of the natural history museum building. the invertebrate zoology library is on the 3rd floor, west wing of the natural history museum building .\n), which suggests that the diversities of the invertebrate populations mainly differ in the rather infrequent species. hence the essential differences are to be found in the long “tail” of rare species, and the significant\ndo not have backbones. both groups are in the kingdom animalia, but their bodies are organized differently. what makes invertebrates different? all invertebrates share common traits. at the bottom of the invertebrate world are the\nthe two subphyla of invertebrate chordates, the subphylum urochordata (1250 species) and the subphylum cephalochordata (45 species), lack a vertebral column. although insignificant and little known, these marine animals are of great scientific interest as it is generally accepted that their ancestors were close relatives of the ancestral vertebrate. studies of living invertebrate chordates have been very important in helping to solve the mystery of ‘the origin of the vertebrates’ .\nthe invertebrate holdings at yale university now in the yale peabody museum’s division of invertebrate zoology began to grow immediately with the arrival of addison e. verrill in 1864 as the university’s first professor of zoology. named curator of zoology in 1866 at the newly founded peabody museum, his collecting and describing of local marine and freshwater fauna formed the basis of what was to evolve into a major collection of western atlantic coastal invertebrates for the museum .\nwhile all nervous systems carry out these basic functions, the structure and complexity of the nervous system varies tremendously in different organisms. in vertebrates, it is divided into the central nervous system (cns), which contains the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (pns), which is composed of the nerves that carry information to and from the cns. invertebrate nervous systems may or may not have distinct peripheral and central regions, but communication with and response to the environment still occurs. overall, invertebrate systems are much less complex. a vertebrate nervous system may contain a trillion neurons, whereas an invertebrate may have as few as 305 .\npeter j. mill. invertebrate respiratory systems. compr physiol 2011, supplement 30: handbook of physiology, comparative physiology: 1009 - 1096. first published in print 1997. doi: 10. 1002 / cphy. cp130214\n3. invertebrate characteristics  body shape: most invertebrates are symmetrical: - bilateral symmetry: two identical halves or planes - radial symmetry: several planes of symmetry - asymmetry: the body has no symmetry. it is irregular\nkragten s, ramiro sm, van der poll r, wang j, de snoo g (2011) abundance of invertebrate prey for birds on organic and conventional arable farms in the netherlands. bird conserv int 21: 1–11 .\nthese example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word' invertebrate.' views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of merriam - webster or its editors. send us feedback .\nalthough asexual reproduction occurs in many invertebrate species, most reproduce sexually. the basic unit of sexual reproduction is a gamete (sperm or egg), produced by specialized tissues or organs called gonads. sexual reproduction does not necessarily imply copulation or…\nthe invertebrate palaeontology taxonomic collection is significant not only because of its size but also because of its comprehensive coverage of many groups of invertebrate fossils from south - eastern australia. the collection of tertiary fossils is unsurpassed by any other australian institution and the collection of overseas fossils is also considered one of the finest in the country. the graptolite collection is the largest and most diverse in australia and is of international significance in dating and correlating ordovician rocks in victoria with others around the world .\nwith billions of individuals and possibly hundreds of thousands of genera, invertebrates represent the largest number and greatest diversity of all animals used in research. although the capacity for nociception is recognized in many invertebrate taxa, researchers and iacuc members are challenged by a lack of clear understanding of invertebrate welfare and by differing standards of moral concern for these taxa. in practice this has led iacucs to consider invertebrates in two major groups: species worthy of increased moral concern approximating that shown to vertebrate species (this group includes cephalopods and to some extent decapod crustaceans) and all others. this dichotomy has led to differences in how invertebrate research is regulated and documented. this article presents two case studies illustrating specific concerns in invertebrate research protocols and then provides relevant information to address practical iacuc matters related to regulatory and ethical issues, sourcing and record keeping, risk management, assessment of pain and nociception in invertebrates, housing and husbandry, invasive procedures, veterinary care, and humane endpoints .\nalexander k. n. a. , drake m. d. , lott d. a. and webb j. r. 2005. english nature research report no. 618. invertebrate assemblages on english sssis. english nature, peterborough .\namphioxus, any of certain members of the invertebrate subphylum cephalochordata of the phylum chordata. amphioxi are small marine animals found widely in the coastal waters of the warmer parts of the world and less commonly in temperate waters. both morphological and molecular evidence…\nwe maintain and develop the new zealand arthropod collection and its associated databases and the national nematode collection of new zealand. we deliver invertebrate information through the fauna of new zealand series, other science publications, identifications, online tools and other services .\nsupplementary geospatial data with the site of sympatric breeding of three species of aerial invertebrate feeding birds (common swifts, barn swallow and house martins) in the village of gołębin stary, south - western poland, where the dietary study in 2012 was conducted .\nwilson jd, morris a, arroyo b, clark s, bradbury r (1999) a review of the abundance and diversity of invertebrate and plant foods of granivorous birds in northern europe in relation to agricultural change. agr ecos environ 75: 13–30 .\na fossil unearthed in great britain may end a long - running debate about the mollusks, one of life' s most diverse invertebrate groups: which evolved first, shelled forms like clams and snails, or their shell - less, worm - like relatives .\ncitation: orłowski g, karg j, karg g (2014) functional invertebrate prey groups reflect dietary responses to phenology and farming activity and pest control services in three sympatric species of aerially foraging insectivorous birds. plos one 9 (12): e114906. urltoken\n· the invertebrate fauna of red hill is yet to be surveyed, but as a large woodland patch it is likely that red hill would support populations of invertebrate species of conservation significance. on 22 october 2006 three females of the threatened flightless perunga grasshopper (perunga ochracea), were observed near davidson’s trig. this grasshopper has an x across its back, blue “shoe” colouring at the extremity of its feet and reduced wings. the grasshopper was previously observed in the early 1990s, behind calthorpe’s house, and in 2008 on the slope above the golf course road (18) .\npharyngeal slits, which allow water that enters through the mouth to exit without continuing through the entire digestive tract. in many of the invertebrate chordates, these function as suspension feeding devices; in vertebrates, they have been modified for gas exchange, jaw support, hearing, and other functions .\ninnes, a. j. , e. w. taylor, and a. j. el haj. air breathing in the trinidad mountain crab: a quantum leap in the evolution of the invertebrate lung? . comp. biochem. physiol. [ a ] 87: 1–8, 1987 .\nthe invertebrates are worth mentioning because they represent the evolutionary history of the vertebrates. the vertebrates are a relatively recent “branch” on the tree of life and retain features of almost every invertebrate group. some people find it intriguing that, of the invertebrates, our closest relatives are starfish and sea urchins .\nthe mollusks (american spelling) or molluscs (british spelling) are the large and diverse phylum mollusca, which includes a variety of familiar animals well - known for their decorative shells or as seafood. these range from tiny snails, clams, and abalone to squid, cuttlefish and the octopus (which is considered the most intelligent invertebrate). there are some 112, 000 species within this phylum (feldkamp 2002). the giant squid, which until recently had not been observed alive in its adult form, is the largest invertebrate; although it is possible that the colossal squid is even larger .\ncitation: tseng h - y, lin c - p, hsu j - y, pike da, huang w - s (2014) the functional significance of aposematic signals: geographic variation in the responses of widespread lizard predators to colourful invertebrate prey. plos one 9 (3): e91777. urltoken\na second kind of temporary aggregation is based on sexual behavior. this may involve only two individuals, as it does in paramecia, or vast numbers, as in the mating swarms of the palolo worm of the pacific. the great majority of invertebrate societies belong to one or the other of these temporary aggregations .\neach year, the invertebrate collection is visited by researchers, students and the general public. we regularly host visiting scientists to facilitate taxonomic and biogeographic studies, and we frequently loan collection material to other institutions. we also provide guided tours of the collection to biology classes and members of the general public by scheduled appointment .\nthe entomology and invertebrate zoology libraries provide information support services to the entomology and invertebrate sections of the department of zoology at the national museum of natural history, 10th and constitution avenue, n. w. , washington, d. c. 20560. in addition to serving museum staff, they also provide information assistance to a wide array of individuals including pre - doctoral students, post - doctoral fellows, visiting scientists, interns and the general public. the libraries' collections emphasize systematics, taxonomy, morphology, zoogeography, ecology, evolution, biodiversity and comparative anatomy as related to invertebrates. the collections date from the mid - nineteenth century and emphasize new world fauna .\nalter their host behavior remains unknown in crustaceans. in other species range from mammals to invertebrate, a review highlighted the four proximate mechanisms by which symbionts impact host’s behavior by affecting the biosynthesis of neural peptides and neurotransmitters as well as the neurotransmitter receptor protein abundance, affecting the central nervous system architecture and development and finally manipulation of sex pheromones [\nif you' re a really special invertebrate, you might also have a good head on your shoulders with all of the sensory organs concentrated near the brain, an evolutionary development called cephalization. having your sensory organs together allows you to respond to your environment much quicker, but only if you' re also lucky enough to have bilateral symmetry .\na database summarising the relationships between invertebrate species and habitat type could help inform the development of site management plans, the assessment of trends within the wider countryside and the evaluation of site quality. the requirements for such a habitat - based invertebrate assemblage classification system are discussed. for the purposes of nature conservation, it is clear that a system that details both type and quality of any given invertebrate assemblage would be very beneficial. such a system would clarify biodiversity interest for both entomologists and conservation staff alike. english nature’s approach to this system is detailed, the basic approach employing a series of broad assemblage types that are sensitive to changes in hydrology and disturbance regimes, and a series of specific assemblage types that can be used to assess changes in site quality. examples of the current wetland assemblage types are given. this approach is tested using pairwise bray–curtis similarity indices. the results are promising, although it is clear that the system requires further work. finally, the future of the project is outlined, with the expectancy that a fully operational prototype will be ready by 2006 .\ndirect effects of neuroinvasion on its host remain largely unknown. a better understanding of wolbachia neurological infections on their hosts can shed light on the ecological and evolutionary aspects of the infection. because infected invertebrates by wolbachia can be intermediate hosts in the infection of vertebrates, the ecological and evolutionary consequences of invertebrate infection may be of broader importance that effects of the infection on invertebrates alone .\ninvertebrate animals have been used as medicinals for 4, 000 years and have served as models for research and teaching since the late 1800s. interest in invertebrate models has increased over the past several decades as the research community has responded to public concerns about the use of vertebrate animals in research. as a result, invertebrates are being evaluated and recognized as models for many diseases and conditions. their use has led to discoveries in almost every area of biology and medicine - - from embryonic development to aging processes. species range from terrestrial invertebrates such as nematodes and insects to freshwater and marine life including planarians, crustaceans, molluscs, and many others. the most often used models are the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster and the minuscule nematode caenorhabditis elegans. topics in this article are categorized by biologic system, process, or disease with discussion of associated invertebrate models. sections on bioactive products discovered from invertebrates follow the models section, and the article concludes with uses of invertebrates in teaching. the models reviewed can serve as references for scientists, researchers, veterinarians, institutional animal care and use committees (iacucs), and others interested in alternatives to vertebrate animals .\nquite possibly one of the most important body parts for an animal is its head. not all invertebrates have one, but for those that do we call this phenomenon cephalization. this concentration of the brain and sensory organs in the head allows these animals to do more than their headless invertebrate buddies could ever dream of - well, if they had a head to dream with, i guess .\nthe invertebrate collection has grown steadily in recent years, largely through donations and targeted sampling. approximately 1, 000–5, 000 lots of new material are accessioned into the collection each year. in addition to our own field sampling and collection activities, we collaborate with a variety of partners including government agencies, academic institutions and the general public, whose valuable donations help us reach our annual collection targets .\nwhales are remarkably culturally complex. the bottlenose dolphins of western australia' s shark bay use sponges to protect their snout (rostrum) and dig in the sand for invertebrate prey. this behavior is exhibited almost exclusively by females and is passed down from mother to daughter. there are many other documented example of learning and cultural transmission in whales species, including orca mothers teaching their offspring how to avoid beaching .\nour results demonstrated the capacity of an invertebrate, the terrestrial isopod armadillidium vulgare, to learn turns in an experimental maze. learning occurred in individuals of both sexes both with and without infections of the intra - cellular bacterium wolbachia. our results show, however, that the probabilities of learning and of memorization are both lower for individuals carrying wolbachia. memorization tests of individuals carrying wolbachia revealed no significant difference compared to random turns .\nwe advocate the need for precise descriptions of avian diets based both on number and biomass of consumed prey and the utility of a functional invertebrate group classification (cf. the ‘functional insectivory’ concept at the level of avian species in [ 64 ]) for ecological and dietary studies of farmland birds, which can result in accurate assessments of interactions with cropping systems, food web dynamics, biocontrol services and the seasonality of the food consumed .\na coordinating and integrating system functioning in the adaptation of an invertebrate organism to its environment. all multicellular organisms have a nervous system, which may be defined as assemblages of cells specialized by their shape and function to act as the major coordinating organ of the body. nervous tissue underlies the ability to sense the environment, to move and react to stimuli, and to generate and control all behavior of the organism. compared to vertebrate nervous systems, invertebrate systems are somewhat simpler and can be more easily analyzed. invertebrate nerve cells tend to be much larger and fewer in number than those of vertebrates. they are also easily accessible and less complexly organized; and they are hardy and amenable to revealing experimental manipulations, such as changes in the composition and temperature of the fluids surrounding them. however, the rules governing the structure, chemistry, organization, and function of nervous tissue have been strongly conserved phylogenetically. therefore, although humans and the higher vertebrates have unique behavioral and intellectual capabilities, the underlying physical - chemical principles of nerve cell activity and the strategies for organizing higher nervous systems are already present in the lower forms. thus, neuroscientists have taken advantage of the simpler nervous systems of invertebrates to acquire further understanding of those processes by which all brains function. see also: nervous system (vertebrate )\nnew zealand has a distinctive and diverse land invertebrate fauna, with 22, 000 arthropod species described and at least that number again awaiting discovery. approximately 80% of these species are endemic being found nowhere else in the world. less than 20% of endemic species have adequate scientific descriptions. systematic studies on poorly known groups are revealing the presence of many new species, as well as species introduced mainly through the actions of humans .\ncomparing the distribution of tutoring examples used by the participants to the distribution of animals in the training data provides some insights into whether or not participants were choosing training examples at random. in the dataset used, the number of animal exemplars for each category are not equal; for instance, there are many more mammals (40) than birds (20) or reptiles (5). as such, if participants chose a random animal as the topic, the aggregated distribution of category choices is expected to be very close to the distribution of the database. however, this is not what was observed. statistically significant differences between the dataset distribution and the distribution of participants’ choices were found for the reptile, invertebrate, insect, amphibian and mammal categories in the non - social condition, and for the reptile, fish, invertebrate, insect and mammal categories in the social condition .\nsimilar to most natural history collections, the invertebrate collection would benefit from further taxonomic study. although the majority of specimens have been identified to genus or species level, a small fraction of the collection (< 10 %) remains unidentified at any taxonomic level. renewed activity within the collection is expected to remedy many of these issues, but this will require years of steady work by museum staff, research associates, visiting scientists, students and volunteers .\nthe vertebrates are actually a subphylum within the phylum chordata. chordates are characterized by having a nerve cord running along the length of the back. while there are a few invertebrate chordates, the vertebrates are noted for having an endoskeleton (endo = internal), which includes the backbone. interestingly, not all vertebrates have backbones — or skeletons — made of bone. more primitive forms, like sharks and rays, have skeletons made entirely of cartilage .\ninvertebrates are incredibly diverse. they live in fresh water, salt water, on land and as parasites in other animals. there are invertebrates that are carnivorous (meat eaters), herbivores (plant eaters) and omnivores (meat and plant eaters). there are even some invertebrate species that grow bacteria and cells inside their bodies that make their food. some invertebrates stay in one spot, while others fly, swim, float, crawl and burrow .\nas you can see, invertebrates are quite diverse and cover all sorts of environments. some of the earliest - known animal fossils are invertebrates, but they certainly have come a long way since then. the three main things that develop as invertebrate animals evolve are symmetry, specialization, and cephalization. let' s take a closer look at each of these to understand how invertebrates have evolved over time to become the incredible world - dominating animals that they are today .\nthis is a good reference for students of any age. even high schoolers will appreciate how simple this makes the complex subject of invertebrate taxonomy. the chart can be a reference throughout a unit, then at the end of the unit the teacher can play some simple quiz games asking if anyone can remember which flap certain organisms are under. guess first, then lift the flap to see if you were correct. we had great success with this in our classes .\nthe feature uniting all chordates (all vertebrates and some invertebrates) is that at some stage in their lives, all have a flexible supporting rod, a notochord, that runs through the length of their bodies. in a majority of chordates, the notochord is replaced by a series of interlocking bones — vertebrae — during early development. these presence of these bones is what determines whether an animal is a vertebrate (has vertebrae) or invertebrate (does not have vertebrae) .\nprimary strengths of the division of invertebrate zoology include large holdings of western atlantic invertebrates represented not only by recently acquired specimens, but also by a strong historical component dating to the late 1800s, totaling approximately 3 million individuals, thousands of which are the type specimens of species new to science. the yale peabody museum’s collections are available to legitimate researchers for scholarly use. loans are issued to responsible individuals at established institutions. loans and access to the collection can be arranged through the collections manager .\ninvertebrates (animals without backbones) are often good indicators of environmental health, which is especially important as the center makes large - scale changes to the native plant communities at its branches. community efforts are crucial in monitoring the effects of recently - created green spaces such as the milwaukee rotary centennial arboretum and three bridges park on invertebrate communities. the urban ecology center also participates in national projects, such as the monarch larvae monitoring project, monarch watch, and the 4th of july butterfly count .\nmany of the features observed in more complex invertebrate nervous systems are also present in vertebrates. all vertebrates have a distinct central component that consists of a brain and spinal cord, as well as peripheral structures such as ganglia and nerves. the primary difference from invertebrates is in the number of neurons and the size of nervous system structures. however, just as variety exists among the nervous systems of the invertebrates, there are also diverse levels of complexity from one type of vertebrate nervous system to another .\nthe spinal cord is similar to the invertebrate nerve cord, but is usually enclosed in a protective column of vertebrae (with the exception of the most primitive vertebrates, the lampreys and hagfishes). information is carried to and from the brain and spinal cord by the peripheral nervous system, which contains ganglia located adjacent to the spinal cord. spinal nerves enter and exit the spinal cord to carry information to and from the body; cranial nerves carry similar information about the head directly into the brain .\nyour backbone allows you to stand up straight, and it also allows you to be grouped with the other vertebrates: animals with backbones. invertebrates are the opposite: they have no backbone. these are the two major groups of animals. also, this word is used for people who are spineless in the sense of having no courage. you could say a coward acts in an invertebrate way. whether it' s a backbone - free animal or a courage - free person, all invertebrates lack spines .\nattaining uniform geographical and ecological coverage throughout the province also remains a challenge. specimens from northern and central areas of british columbia, including the coast and the interior, are underrepresented within the collection. relative to marine intertidal and subtidal fauna, specimens from deep - sea environments are weakly represented, although this is improving through partnerships with external institutions. freshwater and terrestrial systems also have not been sampled as extensively; with the exception of gastropods and bivalves, some invertebrate groups found within these habitats are underrepresented within the collection .\nbegan a nearly 40 - year tenure as the museum’s first curator of invertebrate zoology, serving until his retirement in 1992. under his stewardship the collections began to grow again, particularly in areas of his principle research interest, the systematics and evolution of sponges and their association with coral reefs. hartman assembled a large series of invertebrates, primarily sponges and corals, from many caribbean localities and was a participant in several expeditions to the tropics, notably to the indian ocean (yale seychelles expedition, 1957–1958), jamaica and belize (\nhost reduction of learning capacities could be an unadaptative side effect caused by the feminization potentially decreasing infected host fitness. such behavioral alteration could potentially contribute in evolutionary strategies of avoiding or slowing down the parasites’ transmission in the population. wolbachia infection of other invertebrate hosts may also affect their learning and memory capacities with potential negative impact of the host fitness link to cognition performances. such finding opens to new approach for understanding host / parasite interactions and in particular on wolbachia impact on signal interpretation, learning and long term memory consequences in various hosts .\nthe exact number of phyla of invertebrates varies according to the taxonomic scheme. for example, some taxonomists recognize a phylum endoprocta (or ectoprocta) that exists independently of phylum bryozoa, but others place both in the single phylum bryozoa (colancecco et al. 2001). some taxonomic schemes recognize phylum echiura (spoon worms) and phylum pogonophora (beard worms), while other taxonomists assign these the rank of class, with class echiura and class pogoonophora part of the plylum annelida. the following is a broad listing of invertebrate phyla :\napart from the absence of a vertebral column, invertebrates have little in common. indeed, they are distributed between more than 35 phyla. in contrast, all vertebrates are contained within a single phylum, the chordata. (phylum chordata also includes the sea squirts and some other invertebrate groups .) invertebrates are generally soft - bodied animals that lack a rigid internal skeleton for the attachment of muscles but often possess a hard outer skeleton (as in most mollusks, crustaceans, and insects) that serves, as well, for body protection .\nthe dietary composition of individual faecal sacs was expressed as the number, biomass (both used in the subsequent statistical analyses) and percentage composition of the six functional invertebrate groups. prey mass was expressed as the value calculated for dry mass (mg d. w .); these values were obtained from detailed measurements of insect mass based on the analysis of 479, 087 individuals of different taxa of insects [ 13 ] and which were used in dietary studies of the aerial insectivores [ 31 ], [ 42 ], [ 43 ] .\nwe' ve already touched on specialization a little, but it' s so important it deserves a bit of time to itself. basically, as animals become larger and more complex, their tissues become specialized to form distinct body parts. nerve cells are different from muscle cells because they perform different - or specialized - functions, just like kidney cells are different from lung cells for the very same reason. you don' t need to get too far into the invertebrate world to see how specialization plays a role in the lives of animals .\ninvertebrate is a term used to describe any animal without a backbone or spinal column. the group includes about 97 percent of all animal species; that is, all animals except vertebrates, (subphylum vertebrata of the phylum chordata), which have a backbone or spinal column. invertebrates include simple organisms, such as sponges and flatworms, and more complex animals, such as arthropods and molluscs. vertebrates include the familiar fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals. since invertebrates include all animals except a certain group, invertebrates form a paraphyletic group .\nfor many biologists the nervous system is a particularly fascinating organ system. the nervous system is involved in or is even responsible for many features that are regarded as being characteristic of animals in general. since the last comprehensive work was published about 50 years ago, the time has probably come to provide a new review on recent, newly gathered knowledge on the structure of invertebrate nervous systems, especially since new methods have come into use. these advances now enable us to demonstrate neuronal architecture down to the level of the genes and the cell types involve... more\noverall, for the set of faecal samples collected at the same time during five periods from the second half of july to the first half of august (i. e. when all three species were simultaneously present in the study area; figs. 1 and 2) the dietary composition, expressed as the number and biomass of six functional invertebrate prey groups, varied significantly among swifts, swallows and house martins (manova, wilks’s lambda, λ 12, 670 = 0. 352 and 0. 225, p < 0. 0001, for number and biomass respectively) .\nthe invertebrates have adopted a myriad of breathing strategies to facilitate the extraction of adequate quantities of oxygen from their surrounding environments. their respiratory structures can take a wide variety of forms, including integumentary surfaces, lungs, gills, tracheal systems, and even parallel combinations of these same gas exchange structures. like their vertebrate counterparts, the invertebrates have evolved elaborate control strategies to regulate their breathing activity. our goal in this article is to present the reader with a description of what is known regarding the control of breathing in some of the specific invertebrate species that have been used as model systems to study different mechanistic aspects of the control of breathing. we will examine how several species have been used to study fundamental principles of respiratory rhythm generation, central and peripheral chemosensory modulation of breathing, and plasticity in the control of breathing. we will also present the reader with an overview of some of the behavioral and neuronal adaptability that has been extensively documented in these animals. by presenting explicit invertebrate species as model organisms, we will illustrate mechanistic principles that form the neuronal foundation of respiratory control, and moreover appear likely to be conserved across not only invertebrates, but vertebrate species as well .\nthe societies of vertebrate animals are also related to basic anatomy and physical capacities. vertebrates have an internal skeleton and hence are capable of continuous growth. they can become immensely large, and their life spans may be enormously extended incomparison with insects. the capacity for learning is consequently much more valuable and plays a more important role than it does among invertebrate societies, so that there are many examples of cultural as well as biological inheritance. furthermore, the vertebrate eye is vastly more efficient than the compound eye of arthropods, making mutual imitation or allelomimetic behavior possible, particularly for animals active in the daytime .\ntranscription factors encoded by antennapedia - class homeobox genes play crucial roles in controlling development of animals, and are often found clustered in animal genomes. the hox and parahox gene clusters have been regarded as evolutionary sisters and evolved from a putative common ancestral gene complex, the protohox cluster, prior to the divergence of the cnidaria and bilateria (bilaterally symmetrical animals). the deuterostomia is a monophyletic group of animals that belongs to the bilateria, and a sister group to the protostomia. the deuterostomes include the vertebrates (to which we belong), invertebrate chordates, hemichordates, echinoderms and possibly xenoturbellids, as well as acoelomorphs. the studies of hox and parahox genes provide insights into the origin and subsequent evolution of the bilaterian animals. recently, it becomes apparent that among the hox and parahox genes, there are significant variations in organization on the chromosome, expression pattern, and function. in this review, focusing on invertebrate deuterostomes, i first summarize recent findings about hox and parahox genes. next, citing unsolved issues, i try to provide clues that might allow us to reconstruct the common ancestor of deuterostomes, as well as understand the roles of hox and parahox genes in the development and evolution of deuterostomes .\nthe percentage composition of six functional aerial invertebrate prey groups in various periods of the breeding seasons were relatively more differentiated in the diets of barn swallows and house martins compared to common swifts (fig. 1). visual inspection showed that the overall patterns of the percentage distribution (decrease or increase) of the six functional prey groups were quite consistent among these birds; the exception was the coprophilous insect group, which showed a relatively sharp increase in barn swallows after the oil - seed rape harvest (fig. 1). prior to the oil - seed rape harvest (15–20 july), the pests of this crop and other crop - provisioned taxa clearly decreased in all three target bird species. the changes observed in the case of the other arable pests took place in the opposite direction, their proportions in the diets of all three predator species showing a clear increase following the harvesting of the oil - seed rape. the small displacements in time of the peak of the proportion of other crop - provisioned taxa and the invertebrate group from mixed non - crop habitats between barn swallows and house martins most likely resulted from the inclusion in the analysis of samples from a longer (a few days) time span (fig. 1) .\ncrustaceans and molluscs have gills that are compact and protected with hard covering devices. such gills divide into highly branched structures to minimize the gas exchange. some terrestrial invertebrate like insects, centipedes and some mites, ticks and spiders have tracheal systems consisting of highly branched chitin lined tubes called tracheae. trachea opens to the outside of the body through spiracles; most gas exchange occurs by diffusion though preumostome. arachnids possess tracheae, book lungs or both. book lungs are paired invaginations of ventral body wall. air enters the book lung through a spiracle and circulates between lamellae. respiratory gases diffuse between the hemolymph moving along the lamellae and the air in the air chamber .\nin contrast to invertebrates, vertebrates have a highly developed nervous system. with the help of their specialized nerve - fiber system, they can react very quickly to changes in their surroundings, giving them a competitive edge. compared to vertebrates (animals with backbones), most invertebrates have simple nervous systems, and they behave almost entirely by instinct. this system works well most of the time, even though these animals are often incapable of learning from their mistakes. moths, for example, repeatedly flutter around bright lights, even at the risk of getting burned. notable exceptions are octopuses and their close relatives, which are thought to be among the most intelligent animals in the invertebrate world." ]

{ "text": [ "invertebrates are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column ( commonly known as a backbone or spine ) , derived from the notochord .", "this includes all animals apart from the subphylum vertebrata .", "familiar examples of invertebrates include insects ; crabs , lobsters and their kin ; snails , clams , octopuses and their kin ; starfish , sea-urchins and their kin ; jellyfish , and worms .", "the majority of animal species are invertebrates ; one estimate puts the figure at 97 % .", "many invertebrate taxa have a greater number and variety of species than the entire subphylum of vertebrata .", "some of the so-called invertebrates , such as the tunicata and cephalochordata are more closely related to the vertebrates than to other invertebrates .", "this makes the term \" invertebrate \" paraphyletic and hence almost meaningless for taxonomic purposes . " ], "topic": [ 4, 17, 16, 17, 17, 12, 19 ] }

[ "invertebrates are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a backbone or spine), derived from the notochord. this includes all animals apart from the subphylum vertebrata. familiar examples of invertebrates include insects; crabs, lobsters and their kin; snails, clams, octopuses and their kin; starfish, sea-urchins and their kin; jellyfish, and worms. the majority of animal species are invertebrates; one estimate puts the figure at 97%. many invertebrate taxa have a greater number and variety of species than the entire subphylum of vertebrata. some of the so-called invertebrates, such as the tunicata and cephalochordata are more closely related to the vertebrates than to other invertebrates. this makes the term \" invertebrate \" paraphyletic and hence almost meaningless for taxonomic purposes." ]

[ "dario dario * red scarlet indian badis * 1. 5cm dario dario * red scarlet indian badis * 1. 5cm\nget ready to solve the mystery behind the scarlet badis (dario dario) .\naqua - fish. net. 2010. scarlet badis - dario dario. available at: urltoken .\ncommon name: dario dario, scarlet badis, dwarf badis scientific name: dario dario wild origin: india maximum size: 1. 3cm – 2cm, 0. 5 inches – 0. 8 inches\nthe little, amazingly colored fish known variously as the scarlet badis or badis bengalensis (dario dario) has generated a large amount of confusion and misinformation, most likely because of the relative lack of literature about them .\nscarlet badis (dario dario) are small chameleonfish, relatives of the more common gouramis. they are tiny with reddish bodies and darker red vertical ...\nit occurs sympatrically with badis blosyrus and b. kanabos at the neotype locality .\nyou may see it referred to as badis badis bengalensis or b. bengalensis which is a result of an erroneous ‘description’ published by a hobbyist magazine in 1999 .\nhi emeraldalkaline, i have kept scarlet badis (dario dario / badis badis) in the past. they tend to be shy and like cover to hide. also, they can be picky eaters avoiding flakes and dry foods and sometimes only eating live foods like grindal worms, live adult brine shrimp, and smaller white worms. i would also be concerned that the platys might out - compete the scarlet dario for food .\na 10 gallon species only tank is perfect for scarlet badis. 4 is a good number for that size. you could go with 5 or 6, but not over that .\nunfortunately, i had to give up my self - sufficiency concept with borellis because they are not tiny enough like scarlet badis. i had to begin giving some supplementary food even in miniscule amounts. nevertheless, i am now quite sure that the self - sufficiency concept was a success with the tiny scarlet fish .\nscarlet badis are slightly finicky eaters, and they are more likely to eat live or frozen foods at first, such as cyplos, daphnia, mosquito larvae, and artemia (brine shrimp). bloodworms and tubifex should not be used as food for any badis because such foods can quickly result in obesity and higher susceptibility to disease. scarlet badis sometimes will eventually accept dry foods after they are comfortable in their environment, but that can take quite some time. dry foods should not comprise the majority of its diet .\nlike most fish, scarlet badis do best in tanks that have live plants, rocks, or driftwood that provides them with cover. though they are not considered ideal candidates for community tanks due to their shy nature, they are peaceful and can be kept successfully with other non - aggressive types of fish. examples of fish that are known to get along with scarlet badis are gouramis, rasboras, and other small - sized tropical fish .\ndwarf scarlet badis care: tank parameters required: ph – 6. 5 - 8. 5 gh – 3 - 10 kh – 1 - 5 tds – 50 - 300 temperature – 18 - 26c or 64 – 79f\nscarlett badis - d. dario | characins | poppa ryno' s aquatics - aquarium forums by hobbyists for hobbyists\nabout three months after the initial set up i thought, the population of shrimps reached a sufficient level for sustaining tiny carnivorous fish, and added four young male scarlet badis to the tank (november 2006). only males, because i couldn’t find any females. it’s somehow very difficult to find female scarlet fish. i added a pair of dwarf croaking gouramis in december .\ni hope this article will clear up some of the mystery surrounding the scarlet badis and encourage you to at least think about dedicating an aquarium to a pair or small group of these tiny beauties. i can guarantee that you’ll be glad you did .\nteeny but sassy, dario dario make a great focal point for for a nano aquarium. urltoken urltoken dario dario “scarlet badis / scarlet gem” ph: 6. 5 - 8. 0 temperature - 70 - 79 hardness: 2 - 15 dkh adult size: . 75″ maximum behavior: peaceful diet: micropredator, takes live or small frozen foods compatability: does best with other small peaceful fish\nthese fish hail from slow - moving streams in india, and their natural environment includes dense plants and algae and sand or gravel substrate. they are very small fish, never exceeding one inch in length. scarlet badis are related to other perch - like fish such as bettas, gouramis, and cichlids. they are shy yet fascinating to watch, and they are similar to dwarf cichlids in personality. male scarlet badis will often dance for the females' attention, or even “face - off” against each other .\nspecificationsmpnf90 0022 0279manufacturerthat fish placecommon namescarlet badis scientific namedario dario originwest bengal max size (in inches) 0. 7 ...\ndescription: scarlet badis is the smallest known perch - like fish species and very suitable to nano style planted tanks. males have 7 bright red stripes on their flanks interspersed with bluish - white stripes, their head and back are also red. scarlet badis males have bright red fins lined with iridescent blue - white. adult males develop extended pelvic fins. females are smaller, have duller patterning. their body and fins are a pearly - pink sometimes with very faint stripes. females are much more difficult to find in the hobby due to the fact that they are rarely imported, because of their dull coloration .\nscarlet badis are, in our humble opinion, one of the most underrated fish species of the aquarium hobby. also known as dario dario or scarlet gem badis, these small fish are simply gorgeous. the males are mostly a ruby red in color with luminescent light blue stripes, and their large fins are similarly red with blue streaks and white - blue trim. the females are more plain in appearance, but are still very beautiful. they are silver in color with translucent fins, and some of them feature light orange stripes. their vibrant beauty makes these tiny fish the jewels in the crown of any aquarium set - up !\nthe scarlet badis is a cousin of better - known perch - like aquarium fish, including bettas and gouramis, and of course, cichlids. it is the smallest known perch - like fish. it is found in heavily planted areas along the shore of small streams of the brahmaputra river system in assam and west bengal, india .\nthe scarlet badis is a cousin of better - known perchlike aquarium fish, such as the bettas and gouramis, and of course, cichlids. in fact, it is the smallest known perchlike fish. it is found in heavily planted areas along the shore of small streams of the brahmaputra river system in assam and west bengal, india .\none of the most exciting and colorful recent additions to the aquarium hobby is the gorgeous scarlet badis. these little, amazingly colored fish have generated a large amount of confusion and misinformation, probably due to the relative lack of literature about them. i hope this short piece will clear up some of that confusion and encourage you to try your hand with these diminutive beauties .\nif i can' t find' shellies' i might just end up making it a platy - only tank. though i really would like to keep some badis if i could .\nprior to 2002 the family badidae included just five species of which only b. badis and, to a lesser extent, badis dario were popular in the aquarium hobby. however an extensive revision paper by kullander and britz published that year resulted in the erection of ten new species along with the genus dario, into which b. dario was moved and designated the type species .\nhere is another how to care for video, in this video i am featuring my scarlet badis aka dario dario. these are the smallest fish i' ve ever owned and i have to say for there size they are jam packed full of personality. please enjoy my video and like sub share and leave a comment. thank you for enjoying. intro was designed for me by mcocgaming clash of clans: urltoken\nmy four young scarlet fish thrived in the biotope without any additional food. in several months they became colorful and aggressive adults. each had its own territory in the tank. they were slimmer, more colorful, more aggressive and agile than the scarlet fish i have seen in some industrial aquariums. even their behaviors were different. they weren’t showing up the whole day like a porcelain piece in a vitrine. they were hiding most of the day only to appear at dawn and dusk times. they were briefly but efficiently searching for food and showing other males who is the boss in their territory. after five months my scarlet badis were still as healthy as iron, and i was sure that they could find sufficient food in the tank. this was the aquarium now which i enjoyed most because i could observe more natural behaviors. how should i find wives for my scarlets on heat ?\nwater fleas (daphnia pulex) could also multiply very well in the first four months with the algeater dwarf otocinclus as the only resident fish. they disappeared in a few days after the arrival of scarlet badis. i was sorry for my water fleas and for the diminishing biodiversity but i knew that the water fleas had no chance. but i know today that the common water flea can easily be a part of such an ecosystem with shrimps and plant eaters without the carnivorous fish .\nhi everyone, i' ve recently become interested in keeping badis / scarlet badis in my tank; i' m sure i' ve encountered them at my lfs in the past, but thought from the way they looked that were cichlids, since i seldom see such color patterns on any other fish type. i hear they' re fussy eaters and will only partake of live foods. that' s a problem for me since my lfs only has tubifex worms, and since we get regular dengue outbreaks, i' m not inclined to raise mosquito larvae either. i can get daphnias, but i suspect they' re catching them in very polluted creeks here in the city. just wondering if they' ll take something like poached fish or chicken. tia\ndario dario, unlike its better - known cave - spawning cousin badis badis, lays its eggs in the plants. the male scarlet badis displays his bright colors for the female, quivering and shaking while showing off its gaudy flanks. if she is ready to spawn, she follows him into his territory and allows him to embrace her, similar to the famous embrace of the betta. after a few false starts, the female will release her eggs, which the male fertilizes as they fall into the plants. over the course of an hour or so, as many as 80 surprisingly large eggs are laid - the egg cluster is often larger than the female. the eggs don' t appear to be adhesive and are not deliberately laid, they just all land in the same general area. after spawning is complete, the male drives the female away, and then he guards the area, though he doesn' t\ntend\nto the eggs as a cichlid would. he just keeps other fish out of the general area, and he is relentless in doing so .\ndario dario, unlike its better - known cave - spawning cousin badis badis, lays its eggs in the plants. courting reminds me of the mating dance of many birds. the male scarlet badis displays his bright colors for the female, quivering and shaking while showing off his gaudy flanks. if she is ready to spawn, she follows him to his territory and allows him to embrace her, similar to the famous embrace of the betta. after a few false starts, the female will release her eggs, which the male fertilizes as they fall into the plants. over the course of an hour or so, as many as 80 surprisingly large eggs are laid – the egg cluster is often larger than the female. the eggs don’t appear to be adhesive and are not deliberately laid, they just all land in the same general area. after spawning is complete, the female is driven off, and the male guards the area, though he doesn’t “tend” to the eggs as a cichlid would. he just keeps other fish out of the general area, and he is relentless in doing so .\ni waited four months before adding four scarlet fish (dario dario), a pair of dwarf croaking gouramis (trichopsis pumila) and six celestial pearl danio (celestichthys margaritatus) into the tank. after four months i thought the population of shrimps and arthropods reached a sufficient level for sustaining the carnivorous fish .\nseemingly the staff don' t want to decide on the fish for the office tank... . so it ends up being my choice anyway. i looked at the scarlet badis early on but wondered if it would work with other possible fish... i think the mix might be ok. other fish would be a few oto catfish and a small group of whiptail catfish with as many badis as may fit in a well planted tank with an assortment of small driftwood pieces. i was considering shrimp as well but not sure about that. water parameters are suitable for all. does anyone have any experience with these? for some reason i think they may be fussy eaters and i won' t be checking or feeding 7 days a week... it is work after all. edit: oops, i meant to put this in the fish section. jeff .\nthe dwarf shrimps (neocaridina denticulate) thrived extremely well and reached an unbelievable population in just four months. i guess, they liked the clean nitrate - free water. after four months i could see baby shrimps everywhere in the tank. because there were no enemies like carnivorous fish they were foraging freely during the day. they changed their behavior after i added the carnivorous fish like the scarlet badis or dwarf croaking gouramis. they began to live nocturnal and hide during the day, especially the small babies. though some of them fall prey to fish their population was big enough and stable after four months with the carnivorous fish .\ni would suggest keeping them in their own tank. i currently have a heavily planted 10 gallon tank for my scarlet badis. as the other poster said they prefer live foods... mine only eat live daphnia, grindal worms, and small blackworms. they can be territorial and chase. i currently have 2 females and 3 males in my tank. average size is about 3 / 4 of an inch. great little fish. most suppliers usually don' t have females so if you can get a ratio of more females to males then i think you would be fine... . i would not have 7 males in the same tank .\nthanks for the replies. so badis can eat infusoria eh? i got the impression only really small fry can see / eat them. i' m looking into raising daphnia as well... just need to get a good culture. who knew these guys don' t like chlorinated water? : d\ni had some that would eat frozen bloodworms and some that wouldn' t. i never had luck with freeze dried. i think that with some training you could get them all on frozen bloodworms. i have found that the food thing is the only real drawback. i didn' t think they were a hard fish to keep. a couple other food ideas would be to keep snails in the tank, like pond snails or any small pest snail. keeping cherry shrimp would be beneficial so the badis can pick off a few young shrimp also. keeping a worm culture is easy and would be beneficial. any small bugs you can get living in the tank the better. it keeps the badis fed and makes you do less work. i' m starting a pygmy sunfish 2 tank setup right now. you might look into them. they are essentially the same as the badis but black and blue. plus they are native to florida .\nscarlet badis (dario dario) is a magnificent tiny fish of indian origin whose size can hardly exceed 2. 5 cm. because it lives in ponds and lakes in high altitude plateaus it likes cool water, but it tolerates temporary higher temperatures like 28°c. dario dario is in general a hardy fish. it is resistant to diseases and adaptable to various water conditions. but they rarely accept staple food; they need live foods. that’s why they are not easy fish to keep in any home aquarium, but ideal candidates with their tiny size for a self - sufficient biotope aquarium. they are very beautiful. they resemble the anemone fish of coral reefs with their bright colors .\ni have had this species for a couple years now, and it is true they are fussy eaters. i don' t have live foods, but i found they will eat frozen bloodworms readily. probably would frozen daphnia too, i can' t get that here to try. the suggestion about well planted is bang on. if the tank has lots of plants, and you leave the substrate alone, there will be a lot of microscopic plankton and such. i know my scarlet badis are living primarily on this, since i don' t feed bloodworms often. putting in a couple of dried leaves, such as oak or beech, or almond leaves that you can buy in some fish stores, will promote infusoria. byron .\ni would move the platies if i were you. 7 badis would be fine if it were a mix of males and females. the problem is that the females are rare. 7 males in a 10 gallon is pushing it for room for each male to have territory. i think you would be fine with frozen bloodworms and snails. i would try other foods as well but they will survive on snails and bloodworms .\nand finally, the consensus on platys is that they would pick on the badis? i' ve not had aggression problems with mine while keeping them with glowlight tetras and guppies, but if it' s a major concern i can let them live in the 20 gallon. as far as them out competing for food, they are used to flakes, so i' d probably feed flake food, then shortly after put in some frozen food for the darios .\nit was a mistake to put dwarf croaking gouramis to the tank. i had initially hoped that they would remain near to the surface and leave bottom areas to scarlets. but they didn’t. maybe due to lack of swimming plants on the surface they looked for hiding places on the bottom and dominated scarlet fish. though they looked healthy enough i think my unheated aquarium was too cool for the gouramis. so, after three months i separated them to another natural but heated aquarium. they are still living there together with betta imbellis. they could even produce some young fish in the meantime .\nbreeding: currently only one account of breeding: 60 cm tank, heavily planted, with a sponge filter. temperature 25 - 26 degrees c. . the males will establish a territory, and protect it fiercely. if a female approaches, the male will start to display and dance around the female. if she' s willing to spawn she will follow him to his territory. if she (or a juvenile male) is not interested the male will chase her away and return. no account of the actual spawning exists, but the small brown fry aren' t eaten by the other badis in the tank, and will hide between plants .\nthey' re tough fish to keep, environment is a huge part of being successful. i agree completely that they should be in a species tank and not with platys. platys can be very aggressive depending on the individual, males particularly. i' d expect they' d either kill the badis by definning or stress them to death with chasing. platys seem to get nasty at night and have a definite hierarchy. aqadvisor is usually pretty good, but the mix you mention they advised isn' t something i' d do. i' ve come to see aqadvisor recommendations as usually the most you can do and back off from there. they seem very accurate with bioload, but stocking in a tank with community fish can be far higher than with territorial fish. mixing the two can work out poorly. if tiny fish with interesting behavior is what you' re seeking, consider shellies, too. they' ll do ok in a 10 gal and are easier to keep .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe spawning embrace of this species is typical of badids and similar to that in anabantoids .\nthe male begins to wrap his body around that of his mate ...\nnow the embrace is complete and the pair in position beneath the chosen spawning site .\nspawning is a brief affair - this female has just deposited a batch of eggs on the underside of a leaf ...\nif more than a single male is maintained usually only the dominant individual is involved in spawning .\nadult male feeding on live [ i ] tubifex [ / i ] worms .\ndario: derived from the specific epithet of the type species, dario, which in turn is from its bangla name, darhi .\nappears to be restricted to tributary systems draining into the brahamaputra river in parts of west bengal and assam states, india although it may also range into bhutan .\nkullander and britz (2002) designated a neotype, for which the locality is ‘janali river, raimana, 26°39’00″n, 89°58’00″e, brahmaputra river drainage, kokrajhar district, assam, india’ .\ntypically inhabits shallow, clear water streams with sand or gravel substrates and dense growths of marginal and / or aquatic vegetation. at one locality the macrophyte assemblage included members of hygrophilia, limnophila, ottelia, rotala and vallisneria .\nbest - maintained in a well - structured arrangement with plenty of cover. a soft substrate is preferable although fine - grade gravel is acceptable, while ideal plants include cryptocoryne spp. or those that can be grown attached to the décor such as microsorum, anubias, or taxiphyllum species .\nthe latter is particularly useful as it is also an ideal spawning substrate, and driftwood branches, floating plants and leaf litter can all be used as well .\ndario species are micropredators feeding on small aquatic crustaceans, worms, insect larvae and other zooplankton. in captivity they should be offered small live or frozen fare such as artemia nauplii, daphnia, grindal, micro -, and banana worm .\nslow - moving with a retiring nature, and easily intimidated or outcompeted for food by larger or more aggressive tankmates. it is best maintained alone or with small pelagic species .\nrival males can be very aggressive towards one another, especially in confined spaces. in small aquaria only a single pair or one male and several females should be purchased, but in roomier surroundings a group can coexist provided there is space for each male to establish a territory .\nwell - planned placement of caves can help in this respect; do not be tempted to cluster all available spawning sites in one area, for example. if you do intend to house it in a community tankmates must be chosen with care .\nfemales are smaller, less colourful (they do not have any red or blue pigmentation on the flanks and only indistinct bars or none at all) and possess a noticeably shorter, stumpier - looking body profile then males. in addition, males develop extended pelvic, dorsal and anal fins as they mature .\nsubstrate - spawner forming temporary pair bonds. other fishes are best omitted if you want to raise good numbers of fry, although in a mature, well - furnished community a few may survive to adulthood .\neither a single pair or a group of adults can be used but if using multiple males be sure to provide each with space to form a territory with around 30 cm² per individual adequate .\none male will usually become dominant meaning the others will not be involved in breeding .\nwater parameters should be within the values suggested above and the fish conditioned with plenty of live and frozen foods. as they come into breeding condition males will begin to form territories and display courtship behaviour alongside an intensified colour pattern .\nthis can be prolonged for several days with the female often being chased away then courted again minutes later. the male will make a non - aggressive approach towards the female and appear to ‘invite’ her into the centre of his territory, and if ready to spawn she will follow .\nthe act itself is over in just a few seconds with eggs being scattered in a random fashion on the underside of a solid surface such as a plant leaf. post - spawning the female is ejected and the male takes sole responsibility for the territory. if you want to maximise the numbers of fry raised now is the time to either remove the medium to a container containing water from the spawning tank or the adults as the fry will be preyed upon once hatched .\nthe incubation period should be 2 - 3 days after which the fry may need up to a week to fully absorb the yolk sac. they are very small indeed and will require an infusoria - grade diet until large enough to accept microworm, artemia nauplii, and suchlike .\nthis species is among the more well - known badids in the aquarium hobby, and is a popular choice for ‘nano’ aquaria since it is among the smallest percoid fishes known .\nit is easily told apart from congeners since it is the only species in which males possess a series of seven iridescent blue vertical bars on the flanks .\nd. dario can be further distinguished from d. dayingensis by absence (vs. presence) of palatine teeth in the upper jaw, 8½ (vs. 9½) scales in the transverse row, and presence (vs. absence) of distinct pre -, post -, and supraorbital stripes .\nit differs from d. hysginon in absence (vs. presence) of an anguloarticular lateralis canal, and from both d. hysginon and d. dayingensis by possessing 13 - 14 (vs. 15 - 16) dorsal - fin spines and lacking (vs. possessing) both infraorbital bones and a black spot in the anterior portion of the dorsal - fin .\ndario currently contains five species, of which four are considered miniature species since they do not exceed 26 mm in standard length (sl) .\nthe fifth, d. urops, not only grows larger, to at least 28. 0 mm sl, but occurs in southwestern india whereas the others are native to the brahmaputra, meghna, and ayeyarwaddy river systems in northern india, myanmar, and southwestern china, and this raises interesting questions regarding their biogeography. in addition, d. urops lacks some diagnostic characters of dario and thus may represent the sister group to other members of the genus, though this hypothesis remains to be tested .\nby the small adult size of member species, predominantly red colouration, more extended first few dorsal rays and pectoral fins in males, straight - edged (vs. rounded) caudal - fin, lack of visible lateral line and less - involved parental behaviour .\nhamilton, f. , 1822 - edinburgh & london: i - vii + 1 - 405 an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches .\nbritz, r. and s. o. kullander, 2013 - zootaxa 3731 (3): 331 - 337 dario kajal, a new species of badid fish from meghalaya, india (teleostei: badidae) .\nbritz, r. , a. ali and s. philip, 2012 - zootaxa 3348: 63 - 68 dario urops, a new species of badid fish from the western ghats, southern india (teleostei: percomorpha: badidae) .\nkullander, s. o. and r. britz, 2002 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 13 (4): 295 - 372 revision of the family badidae (teleostei: perciformes), with description of a new genus and ten new species .\nrüber, l. , r. britz, s. o. kullander and r. zardoya, 2004 - molecular phylogenetics and evolution 32 (3): 1010 - 1022 evolutionary and biogeographic patterns of the badidae (teleostei: perciformes) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequence data .\n[ … ] can also be told apart from d. dario and d. hysginon by lacking a dark stripe on the anterior margin of the pelvic - fin, and from d. [ … ]\nfreshwater; benthopelagic; depth range 0 - 1 m (ref. 46238). tropical\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 1. 5 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 46238); 1. 2 cm sl (female )\ndorsal spines (total): 12 - 14; dorsal soft rays (total): 6 - 8; anal soft rays: 6 - 7; vertebrae: 24 - 25. no palatine dentition. scales in transverse row 8. 5. pre -, post -, and supraorbital stripes present. no anguloarticular lateralis canal. males with 7 prominent dark vertical bars across sides; females uniform or with indistinct vertical bars (ref. 46238) .\ncollected from a stream (in november, dry season) which varied in width between 2 - 5 m and in depth 30 - 70 cm; the water is crystal clear and around 26°c; dense vegetation of aquatic plants (e. g. limnophila, hygrophila, vallisneria, ottelia, and rotala species); bottom cover was sand and fine gravel (ref. 46238) .\nkullander, s. o. and r. britz, 2002. revision of the family badidae (teleostei: perciformes), with description of a new genus and ten new species. ichthyol. explor. freshwat. 13 (4): 295 - 372. (ref. 46238 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5156 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00447 (0. 00177 - 0. 01127), b = 3. 10 (2. 88 - 3. 32), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 0 ±0. 2 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months () .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (10 of 100) .\nthe adult males are like living jewels. the head, shoulders and back are rusty orange to ruby red. their flanks are covered with seven red bands that extend into the fins. these bands are interspersed with eight silver - blue stripes, which also extend into the fins. the fins are outlined in white. the ventral fins are intense bluish - white and are often nearly as long as the fish is tall (one - half to 1 inch). the iris is golden to pale amber .\nthe females are plain, being a dull silver - gray with clear fins. some larger females exhibit a few thin pale orange stripes on their flanks, but that’s it for color. probably because of this marked difference in coloration, females are rarely, if ever, imported. this is also probably the biggest reason hobbyists fail to get these fish to breed — they only have males .\nyour dealer might be able to find a pair, or you can obtain pairs through many hobbyist breeders. a local aquarium club should be able to help you locate a breeder if you can’t find them in local shops. assuming you are lucky enough to find a pair, you’ll need to understand this fish’s special requirements in order to succeed in getting them to breed .\nfirst, you’ll have to take their diminutive size into consideration. the largest of males will not quite measure 1 inch, and females reach barely half that. a single - species aquarium would be best. even though the males are tiny, they are mighty! they will spar with one another, and many aquarists have reported that one dominant male killed all the others in their aquarium. you can limit the aggression by only adding one male, adding several males (so that the aggression is not focused on one fish, which would eventually weaken and kill it) or adding plenty of plants to the aquarium .\nnext, you’ll need to feed the adults properly. they rarely touch flake foods. they will eat a few prepared foods like tiny pellets, as long as they are moving in the water. you will need to replicate their wild diet of insects, worms and crustaceans if you want them to thrive. they eat newly hatched brine shrimp, microworms, grindal worms, mosquito larvae, and small daphnia. they will also eat some frozen foods. frozen cyclops (a small aquatic crustacea) is a favorite and contains enough nutrients that it can serve as a primary diet .\nwater conditions seem unimportant, as long as extremes are avoided. keep the temperatures in the mid - 70s fahrenheit, and do regular partial water changes, and these fish will be happy. happy fish will spawn. i keep my breeders in water with a ph of 7. 0 – 7. 2, a total hardness of about 125 ppm with about half of that coming from carbonates, and a temperature of 76 degrees. i use a slowly bubbling sponge filter and change about 50 percent of the water every week. some hobbyists i’ve spoken with have had success in harder, more alkaline water, and other hobbyists have had success in acid water. the key seems to be that the water is clean and changed regularly .\nthe clear eggs hatch in two to three days, depending on temperature. the fry disappear into the plants and are not seen again for several days. i’m not sure if they head for the surface or for the bottom. after they absorb their yolk sac, i believe they feed on the micro - fauna that live on the surface of the plants. after three or four weeks, they’ll definitely be on the bottom, and you’ll see miniature copies of the adults coming out from under the java moss to eat while you are feeding the adults. young males begin to develop their bright adult coloration at about three - eighths of an inch, so they are easy to sex at an early age .\nwith a good diet, the adults will spawn every three to four weeks. for that reason, it’s a good idea to either move the adults to another similar aquarium after spawning or remove the java moss containing the eggs to another aquarium. otherwise, the older fry might prey upon their younger siblings hiding in the java moss .\ndoctype htmlpublic\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\n1. 5 cm sl (male); 1. 21 cm sl (female )\nthe adult males are truly living jewels. the head, shoulders and back range from rusty orange to ruby red. their flanks are covered with seven red bands that extend into the fins. these bands are interspersed with eight silvery - blue stripes, which also extend into the fins. the fins are outlined in white. the ventral fins are intense bluish - white and are often nearly as long as the fish is tall (one - half to 1 inch). the iris is golden to pale amber .\nthe females are plain, being a dull silver - gray with clear fins. some larger females exhibit a few thin pale orange stripes on their flanks, but seldom is there more color. perhaps, because of this marked difference in coloration and relative drabness, females are rarely imported. this easily accounts for the failure of most aquarists to get these fish to breed - they only have males .\nif you ask, your dealer might be able to find a pair, or you can obtain pairs through many hobbyist breeders. a local aquarium club should be able to help you locate a breeder. once you find a pair, you' ll need to understand this fish' s special requirements in order to succeed in getting them to breed .\nfirst, you' ll have to take their diminutive size into consideration. the largest of males will not quite measure 1 inch, and females reach barely half that. for breeding, a single - species tank is best. even though the males are tiny, they are tough! they will spar with one another, and some aquarists have reported that one dominant male killed all the others in their tank. you can limit the aggression by 1) only adding one male, 2) adding several males (so that the aggression is not focused on one fish, which would eventually weaken and kill it) or 3) adding plenty of plants to the tank, or 4) a mixture of these measures .\nas long as the fish are small and immature they usually swim together, and males show only faint colors. when the males get larger they will start to develop full coloration, and become territorial. small caves and corners are selected as their territorium, and are defended against other males .\nwater conditions seem unimportant, as long as extremes are avoided. keep the temperatures in the mid - 70°s f, and make regular partial water changes, and these fish will be happy. happy fish will spawn. some breeders report success by keeping their breeders in water with a ph of 7. 0 - 7. 2, a total hardness of about 125 ppm with about half of that coming from carbonates, and a temperature of 76°f. use a slowly bubbling sponge filter and change about 50 percent of the water every week. some hobbyists have had success in harder, more alkaline water, and other hobbyists have had success in acid water. the key seems to be that the water is clean and changed regularly .\nthe clear eggs hatch in two to three days, depending on temperature. the fry disappear into the plants and are not seen again for several days. breeders don' t seem to be sure whether the fry head for the surface or for the bottom. after they absorb their yolk sac, it is believed they feed on the micro - fauna that live on the surface of the plants. after three or four weeks, they' ll definitely be on the bottom, and you' ll see miniature copies of the adults coming out from under the java moss to eat while you are feeding the adults. young males begin to develop their bright adult coloration at about three - eighths of an inch, so they are easy to sex at an early age .\ngiven a good diet, the adults will spawn every three to four weeks. therefore, it is a good idea to either move the adults to another, similar tank after spawning or remove the java moss containing the eggs to another tank. otherwise, the older fry might prey upon their younger siblings hiding in the java moss .\nas one example of a collection from a slowly flowing stream (in november, dry season in india) which varied in width between 2 - 5 m and in depth 30 - 70 cm; the water was crystal clear and around 26°c; dense vegetation of aquatic plants (e. g. limnophila, hygrophila, vallisneria, ottelia, and rotala species); bottom cover was sand and fine gravel\ncare: species tank with soft neutral water, and a little current. frequent waterchanges are required, the fish are very susceptible to pollution. temperature around 22 - 24 degrees, although the fish can also be kept at much lower temperatures. the fish require lots of small live food. ph: 6. 5 - 7. 5 .\nsexual dimorphism: males very colorfull, females greyish without color in the fins .\nfrom talking with other keepers, it may be that the fish will show full coloration at the end of their lives. the males will then try to reproduce and shortly afterwards die. one day everything is fine, the males are healthy and well, the next day they are dead without any apparent cause. the circle of life .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2011 future - digital international. all rights reserved. sales at urltoken\nchoose a pack: group of 6 - $ 41. 29 group of 12 - $ 74. 19\nwe sell these fish in groups because they are known to do best in groups of 6 or more. females are quite a rare find with this species, so our stock mostly consists of males. there is a chance that your order may include females, but we cannot guarantee the inclusion of females and we cannot take requests for females at this time .\n: meaty foods, especially frozen foods such as daphnia, mosquito larvae, blood worms and brine shrimp. dry foods will often be ignored at first, but may be accepted after some time .\n: 1 inch (2. 5 cm) for males, 1 / 2 inch (1. 3 cm) for females\njoin our mailing list for special discounts and notifications about new and limited stock items .\ncurrent fish tanks: 20 gallon se asian biotope? : 8 amano shrimp, 1 gold gourami, 6 panda corys 10 gallon: 3 female bettas, 3 nerite snails, 4 emerald green corys 7 gallon cube: 3 licorice gouramis, 1 leftover dario hysignon 4 gallon cube: male halfmoon plakat betta 2. 5 gallon: male bumblebee betta\nto view links or images in signatures your post count must be 10 or greater. you currently have 0 posts .\n75 gallon, 2x55w ah supply cf 8800k, 1xfluval f & p 2. 0; 45 gallon tall, 96watt ah supply cf 6700k; 30 gallon long; fluval f & p 2. 0; 20 gallon, 1x26w ah supply led; all with co2 and (calcined) montmorillonite clay\nhad some in my 75gal, they can become extremely territorial when guarding eggs. they love white worms. had them with cpd, chili rasbora, misc types of otos, coral red pencil fish and some others. they stuck to the bottom zone of the tank around the mosses and such hunting for food. really cool fish and seemed to breed rather readily. correction. i had dario hysginon which are virtually the same thing just a little dif color pattern .\ni have all the characteristics of a human being: blood, flesh, skin, hair; but not a single, clear, identifiable emotion, except for greed and disgust. something horrible is happening inside of me and i don' t know why. my nightly bloodlust has overflown into my days. i feel lethal, on the verge of frenzy. i think my mask of sanity is about to slip\nalso, i can always put the platys in my 20 gallon so i have flexibility. however, i havent heard of them being hard to keep aside form the food issues. would frozen or dried version of those not work? if so i have no idea where i' d get live food. as well, if 7 is too many, how many would you say is\nmaximum\nfor a 10 gallon tank ?\nyou can find white worm and micro worm cultures on ebay or aquabid. with white worms you want to keep them cool. i had some in my desk drawer and had to throw them out today. must of gotten too warm in there. stunk to high heaven. thankfully i keep a back up culture in the basement .\nalso, what' s the maximum number of them i could have in a 10 gallon? a few f you have acted like 7 is too many due to territorial issues .\nalright. i will put the platys into the 20. i can see if liveaquaria could give me males and females, but if not, what would be a safe number ?\nill look into getting a culture but good to know they' d be fine on that .\nin order to be able to post messages on the the planted tank forum forums, you must first register. please enter your desired user name, your email address and other required details in the form below .\nplease enter a password for your user account. note that passwords are case - sensitive .\nfor the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on javascript in your browser .\nwe use cookies to improve your online experience. to accept these cookies continue browsing as normal. read our cookies policy here for more information\nyour company account is blocked and you cannot place orders. if you have questions, please contact your company administrator .\nplease note – the image used above is for illustration purposes only; size, colour and sex may vary. many of our livestock species are sold as juveniles and have not yet reached their full size and colour potential. if you have any concerns about the size or colour of the livestock you wish to order, please contact our livestock team via our support centre before placing your order. due to the large quantities of livestock orders daily, the livestock team will are unable to select fish / shrimp to meet specific gender or aesthetic needs .\napproximate purchase size: 1 - 1. 75cm all pond solutions will always endeavour to supply as close to the approximate size range as possible. due to variations from suppliers on rare occasions this may not always be possible. images used are to show the full potential of the fish when fully mature and are not always representative of juvenile specimens .\nhow easy are they to care for? we would class these as a medium level of care .\nwhere in the world are they from? found in river systems located in western bengal .\nwhat is the ideal number to keep together? in small aquariums keep in single pairs or 1 male with multiple females. males will coexist in large aquariums with set territories .\nwhat water conditions do they require? soft slow moving water is ideal with a ph of 6. 0 - 7. 5 and will accept temperatures from 18 - 26 degrees celcius .\nwhat should you feed them? microfeeders, may be trained to accept flake but should chiefly by fed on daphnia, artemia etc. avoid over feeding on bloodworms and tubifex as this can cause obseity." ]

{ "text": [ "scarlet badis ( dario dario ) is a tropical freshwater fish and one of the smallest known percoid fish species .", "it is a micropredator , feeding on small aquatic crustaceans , worms , insect larvae and other zooplankton .", "it is sold under a variety of names ( badis badis bengalensis , b. bengalensis ) in the aquarium trade . " ], "topic": [ 9, 8, 27 ] }

[ "scarlet badis (dario dario) is a tropical freshwater fish and one of the smallest known percoid fish species. it is a micropredator, feeding on small aquatic crustaceans, worms, insect larvae and other zooplankton. it is sold under a variety of names (badis badis bengalensis, b. bengalensis) in the aquarium trade." ]

[ "donacoscaptes fulvescens - urdu meaning and translation of donacoscaptes fulvescens, translation, multiple word search (seperate words with space), english to urdu machine translation of donacoscaptes fulvescens and more .\ndonacoscaptes fulvescens is a moth in the crambidae family. it is found in peru .\nthis is the place for fulvescens definition. you find here fulvescens meaning, synonyms of fulvescens and images for fulvescens copyright 2017 © urltoken\ndonacoscaptes fulvescens is a moth in the crambidae family. it is found in peru. the wingspan is about 40 mm. the forewings are pale ochraceous buff with scattered large black scales and vinaceous - fawn shading in the cell. there is a black point at ...\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word fulvescens. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word fulvescens and, of course, fulvescens synonyms and on the right images related to the word fulvescens .\nmegachile fulvescens is a species of bee in the family megachilidae. it was described by smith in 1853 .\nmycerinopsis fulvescens is a species of beetle in the family cerambycidae. it was described by breuning in 1973 .\ncorrebia fulvescens is a moth of the arctiidae family. it was described by dognin in 1913. it is found in panama .\nhexaplex fulvescens is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails .\nparcoblatta fulvescens, the fulvous wood cockroach, is a species of cockroach endemic to the united states and possibly canada that measures around 13 mm long .\neriostepta fulvescens is a moth of the arctiidae family. it is found in french guiana, surinam, the upper amazon region, brazil and bolivia .\nlepidochrysops fulvescens is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family. it is found in the highlands of angola. adults have been recorded in october and november .\nmitra fulvescens, common name: the tawny mitre, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family mitridae, the miters or miter snails .\nhydrorybina fulvescens is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by munroe in 1977. it is found in indonesia, where it has been recorded from sumatra .\naphanoascus fulvescens is a mould fungus that behaves as a keratinophilic saprotroph and belongs to the ascomycota. it is readily isolated from soil and dung containing keratin - rich tissues that have been separated from their animal hosts. this ...\noligoryzomys fulvescens, also known as the fulvous colilargo, fulvous pygmy rice rat, or northern pygmy rice rat, is a species of rodent in the genus oligoryzomys of family cricetidae. it is found from southern mexico through central america into ...\ntrichaeta fulvescens is a moth in the arctiidae family. it was described by walker in 1854. it is found in the republic of congo, the democratic republic of congo, kenya, lesotho, mozambique, rwanda, somalia, south africa, zambia and zimbabwe .\nmelinoessa fulvescens is a species of moth in the family geometridae, native to sierra leone and gambia. it was described by dru drury in 1782 as phalaena fulvata, a name which was pre - occupied. the current, slightly different, specific name was ...\nleioproctus fulvescens is a species of bee native to the south island of new zealand. adults are about 10 mm long with thick hair, dark orange - brown in the early summer fading to light yellow in the late summer. the bees fly primarily from november ...\nadhemarius fulvescens is a species of moth in the family sphingidae. it was described by closs in 1915, and is known from mexico, guatemala, costa rica and north - central nicaragua. adults are on wing in may, from july to august and again from october ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nman fulf is at it again! ahhhhhhhhhhhhh! fulf is under my covers .\nthe best of slydini... and more (two volume set) - 1976 by karl (written and edited by); preface by tony spina fulves and arthur manfredi (photographs )\nkarl fulves is a magician and author and editor of publications on magic, including the pallbearers review. karl fulves lives in fairlawn, new jersey. there is not much known about him other than his high output of magic literature. he has taught ...\nfulvestrant is a drug treatment of hormone receptor - positive metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women with disease progression following anti - estrogen therapy. it is a complete estrogen receptor antagonist with no agonist effects, which in ...\nthe forest pearl charaxes is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family. it is found in senegal, guinea - bissau, guinea, sierra leone, liberia, ivory coast, ghana, togo, benin, nigeria, cameroon, equatorial guinea, gabon, the republic of congo, the central ...\n1835 - [ [ henryk wieniawski ] ] - polish violinist and composer (d. 1880 )\n1839 - [ [ adolphus busch ] ] - german brewer, co - founded anheuser - busch (d. 1913 )\n1856 - [ [ nikola tesla ] ] - serbian - american physicist and engineer (d. 1943 )\n1864 - [ [ austin chapman ] ] - australian businessman and politician, 4th minister for defence (australia) | australian minister for defence (d. 1926 )\n1867 - [ [ prince maximilian of baden ] ] - (d. 1929 )" ]

{ "text": [ "donacoscaptes fulvescens is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it is found in peru .", "the wingspan is about 40 mm .", "the forewings are pale ochraceous buff with scattered large black scales and vinaceous-fawn shading in the cell .", "there is a black point at the end of the cell and a number of small terminal black points , as well as a faint brownish postmedial line .", "the hindwings are suffused with smoky olive grey .", "the costa and postmedial space are whitish . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "donacoscaptes fulvescens is a moth in the crambidae family. it is found in peru. the wingspan is about 40 mm. the forewings are pale ochraceous buff with scattered large black scales and vinaceous-fawn shading in the cell. there is a black point at the end of the cell and a number of small terminal black points, as well as a faint brownish postmedial line. the hindwings are suffused with smoky olive grey. the costa and postmedial space are whitish." ]

[ "photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nthe information below is based on images submitted and identified by contributors. range and date information may be incomplete, overinclusive, or just plain wrong .\nhover over black occurrence boxes to see number of images submitted. log in to make states, months and boxes clickable .\ntischeria explosa braun, 1923; trans. am. ent. soc. 49 (2): 126; tl: palm springs, riverside co. , california\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\n[ nacl ]; hodges, 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep. am. n of mexico\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / softquad software / / dtd hotmetal pro 6. 0: : 19990601: : extensions to html 4. 0 / / en\nhmpro6. dtd\n) and other butterflies, and skippers (robertson, 1929). these floral visitors cross - pollinate the flowerheads. other insects feed on the leaves, stems, seeds, and other parts of false sunflower. these species include a leaf beetle (\n); see clark et al. (2004), microleps website (2010), covell (1984 / 2005), marcovitch (1916), and hoffman (1996). little is known about this plant' s relationships to vertebrate animals, but they are probably similar to those of sunflowers (\n). hoofed mammalian herbivores probably browse on the young foliage, while upland gamebirds, granivorous songbirds, and small rodents probably eat the seeds .\nthe photographs were taken at kaufman lake park in champaign, illinois, near some trees .\n) because both the ray and disk florets of its flowerheads can produce seeds. in contrast, only the disk florets of sunflowers can produce seeds. in contrast to both false sunflower and true sunflowers, only the ray florets of\ncan produce seeds, while their disk florets are seedless. all of these species are relatively large and robust plants that produce showy flowerheads with yellow rays, and they prefer habitats that are at least partly sunny. false sunflower resembles many sunflower species, particularly those that are found in and around woodlands. in addition to the difference in the fertility of their florets, false sunflower can be distinguished by its more erect flowerheads, by the rather stout and blunt - tipped phyllaries on its flowerheads, and by the arrangement of its outer phyllaries in a single series. in contrast, most sunflower species have flowerheads that nod sideways, their phyllaries are either more slender (linear - lanceolate in shape) or they are triangular with acute tips, and they have several overlapping series of outer phyllaries .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\ncatalogue of the world nepticuloidea & tischerioidea | nepticulidae and opostegidae of the world, version 2. 0\nnepticuloidea ir tischerioidea (lepidoptera) pasaulio ir lietuvos faunoje. the nepticuloidea & tischerioidea (lepidoptera) - a global review, with strategic regional revisions\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution, non - commercial cc by - nc licence." ]

{ "text": [ "astrotischeria helianthi is a moth of the tischeriidae family .", "it was described by frey and boll in 1878 .", "it is found in north america , including missouri and ohio . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "astrotischeria helianthi is a moth of the tischeriidae family. it was described by frey and boll in 1878. it is found in north america, including missouri and ohio." ]

[ "snakehead gudgeon, giuris margaritacea. source: hans ho / nmmba. license: all rights reserved\neleotris margaritacea valenciennes, 1837, histoire naturelle des poissons 12: 240. type locality: vanikolo .\nallen, g. r. , midgley, s. h. & allen, m. (2002). field guide to the freshwater fishes of australia. perth: western australian museum 394 pp. (as giuris margaritacea) .\npicture by murdy, e. o. / ferraris, c. j. , jr .\nmarine; freshwater; brackish; demersal; amphidromous (ref. 46888); depth range 0 - 5 m (ref. 86942). tropical; 20°c - 30°c (ref. 2060); 18°n - 25°s\nafrica to oceania: madagascar to new guinea, australia and other islands of melanesia .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 29. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 11344); max. published weight: 171. 00 g (ref. 9162); max. published weight: 171. 00 g\ndorsal spines (total): 7; dorsal soft rays (total): 8 - 9; anal spines: 1; anal soft rays: 9. body relatively large, stout and cylindrical with a dorsally flattened head; generally greenish brown with 8 - 10 dark bars across sides and large black blotch at base of pectoral fins; lower half of head tan or yellowish with 3 - 4 dark brown to reddish stripes radiating from lower part of eye (ref. 44894) .\nadults occur in fresh water, estuaries and inshore (ref. 86252). found in a variety of habitats including rivers, swamps, coastal streams and floodplains over mud bottoms, often among dense aquatic vegetation or the cover of undercut banks. they feed mainly on aquatic insects and nymphs, but also takes lesser amount of algae, other aquatic plants and small crustaceans. pelagic larval stage is found in marine water, but adults are always found in freshwater (ref. 44894) .\nallen, g. r. , s. h. midgley and m. allen, 2002. field guide to the freshwater fishes of australia. western australian museum, perth, western australia. 394 p. (ref. 44894 )\n): 26. 6 - 29. 3, mean 28. 6 (based on 2159 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 1. 0000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00603 (0. 00286 - 0. 01269), b = 3. 19 (3. 00 - 3. 38), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & (sub) family - body (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 6 ±0. 2 se; based on diet studies .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (fec = 100, 000) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (33 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nkottelat, m. 2013. the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia: a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters, mangroves and estuaries. raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no. 27: 1 - 663 .\n. there are at least three species under this name and further research is needed .\njustification: this species is widespread and can be very common locally. it appears to be adaptable although it has a definite habitat preference, and therefore, further research is required. it is listed as least concern .\nthis species is widely distributed from indonesia through new guinea to micronesia, fiji and new caledonia. it is also reported from multiple localities in the western indian ocean (south africa, madagascar, seychelles). further taxonomic work is required to determine if the western pacific and western indian ocean subpopulations are conspecific .\nthis species inhabits freshwater to estuarine areas of shallow rivers and streams, as well as swamps and turbid creeks. it is most often found in small, well - forested clear freshwater streams, with sandy to muddy substrate and cover in the form of woody debris, rocks and leaf litter. in papua new guinea it has been recorded at 400 m asl. pusey et al. (2004) present a summary of life history data, combining their observations with that of coates' (1992) .\nthis species is used as a subsistence food fish. it also appears in the aquarium trade, mostly in the northern hemisphere; stock comes from\nindonesia\n.\nthis species seems to have specific habitat requirements within its wide distribution, so that any threats to lowland streams may affect it. however, the species seems to be able to persist in less than pristine streams in some parts of queensland (h. larson pers. obs. 2011) and its observed range of habitats demonstrates its adaptability. therefore, threats to this species are unknown .\nthis species is known to occur within a number of protected areas. further research is required on this species' ability to withstand changes to its preferred habitats. further work is also required on the species' taxonomy, population and distribution .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nadults occur in fresh water, estuaries and inshore (ref. 86252). found in a variety of habitats including rivers, swamps, coastal streams and floodplains over mud bottoms, often among dense aquatic vegetation or the cover of undercut banks. they feed mainly on aquatic insects and nymphs, but also takes lesser amount of algae, other aquatic plants and small crustaceans. pelagic larval stage is found in marine water, but adults are always found in freshwater (ref. 44894) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nbody generally greenish - brown, lower part of head tan or yellowish with 3 - 4 brownish red stripes radiating from lower part of eye; sides with 8 - 10 indistinct bars, and a large black blotch at the pectoral - fin base. lives on muddy bottoms in rivers, swamps, coastal streams and floodplains, often amongst dense aquatic vegetation or underneath cut away banks. video of a snakehead gudgeon from klademak creek, in sorong, west papua, indonesia .\nknown in northern australia from about cape tribulation to the burdekin river, queensland; also occurs elsewhere in the tropical western and central pacific; benthic on mud bottoms, inhabiting rivers, swamps, coastal streams and floodplains, often amongst dense aquatic vegetation or underneath cut away banks .\ndorsal fin vi + i, 8 - 9; anal fin i, 9; pectoral fin 14 - 16; pelvic fin i, 5. relatively large, body stout, elongate and cylindrical; body depth 20 - 25% sl; head dorsoventrally flattened; mouth extends to below front part of eye. lateral line absent; mid - lateral scales 30 - 32; horizontal scale rows 8 - 9; side of head completely scaled. two separate dorsal fins; pectoral fins separate; caudal fin rounded .\ngenerally greenish - brown with 8 - 10 dark bars across sides and large black blotch at base of pectoral fins. tan or yellowish on lower half of head with 3 - 4 brownish red stripes radiating from lower part of eye. grey spots on caudal and dorsal fins .\nomnivore - feeds mainly on aquatic insects and nymphs and smaller amounts of algae, other aquatic plants and small crustaceans .\noviparous, benthic spawners. females deposit approximately 100, 000 to 220, 000 small eggs. likely to have a marine larval phase .\nallen, g. r. (1989). freshwater fishes of australia. neptune, new jersey: t. f. h. publications 240 pp. pls 1–63 (as o. aporos )\nbauchot, m. - l. , desoutter, m. , hoese, d. f. & larson, h. k. (1991). catalogue critique des types de poissons du muséum national d' histoire naturelle (suite) sous - ordre des gobioidei. bull. mus. natl. hist. nat. paris (4) 13 (section a, 1–2, supplement): 1–82\ncuvier, g. l. & valenciennes, a. (1837). histoire naturelle des poissons. paris: levrault vol. 12 507 pp. pls 344–368\na snakehead gudgeon caught on hook and line at a depth between. 5 m and 1 m at approximately 3pm, suavanao, santa isabel province, solomon islands, 8 august 2010 .\nthe stream is spring fed and is separated from any tidal influence. the fish was taken on a small surface lure to imitate insects, falling from the overhaning canopy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nbauchot, m. - l. , desoutter, m. , hoese, d. f. & larson, h. k. 1991 ,\ncatalogue critique des types de poissons du muséum national d' histoire naturelle (suite) sous - ordre des gobioidei\n, bulletin du muséum national d' histoire naturelle, paris, ser. 4, vol. 13, no. section a, 1–2, supplement, pp. 1 - 82\nhoese, d. f. 2006 ,\neleotridae\n, ed. hoese, d. f. , bray, d. j. , paxton, j. r. & allen, g. r. , fishes. in, beesley, p. l. & wells, a. (eds) zoological catalogue of australia. vol. 35, ser. volume 35, no. parts 1 - 3, , pp. pp. 1596 - 1611, abrs & csiro publishing, australia\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 12946c15 - f638 - 401f - 82d6 - 4c6e788dfb1e\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 70304422 - 68d1 - 4389 - 949c - 409b733d7d86\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 403178b6 - 213f - 4276 - 99ba - 10ad5c5306c1\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country." ]

{ "text": [ "the snakehead gudgeon ( giuris margaritacea ) is a species of sleeper goby found in marine , brackish , and fresh waters from madagascar to melanesia .", "this species grows to a length of 23 cm ( 9.1 in ) with a maximum recorded weight of 171 g ( 6.0 oz ) .", "this species is important to the local peoples as a food fish .", "this species is the only known member of its genus . " ], "topic": [ 3, 0, 15, 26 ] }

[ "the snakehead gudgeon (giuris margaritacea) is a species of sleeper goby found in marine, brackish, and fresh waters from madagascar to melanesia. this species grows to a length of 23 cm (9.1 in) with a maximum recorded weight of 171 g (6.0 oz). this species is important to the local peoples as a food fish. this species is the only known member of its genus." ]

[ "other names: c. albinasus: white - nosed saki, red - nosed saki, white - nosed bearded saki, red - nosed bearded saki; hvidnæset saki (danish); witneussaki (dutch); valkonenäpartasaki (finnish); saki à nez blanc (french), weißnasensaki (german); saki dal naso bianco (italian); cuxiú, cuxiú - de - nariz - branco (portuguese); saki de nariz blanca, saki nariblanco (spanish); vitnäst saki, vitnosad satansapa, vitnossaki (swedish); c. chiropotes: c. israelita, red - backed bearded saki; c. israelita: brown - backed bearded saki, bearded saki; cuxiú (portuguese); capuchinos del orinoco, mono barbudo (spanish); c. satanas: c. s. satanas, black bearded saki, bearded saki, black saki, brown - bearded saki; satansaap (dutch); saki nori (french); cuxiú - preto (portuguese), rödryggad saki, svartskäggig saki, sydamerikansk satansapa (swedish); c. utahicki: c. utahickae, c. s. utahicki, uta hick' s bearded saki; cuxiú (portuguese) .\nby their larger black beards and their black noses. the two identified subspecies are primarily black except for the light yellowish - brown to ochraceous coloring on the back of\nflannery, s. 2007 .\nblack - bearded saki (chiropotes satanas )\n( on - line). the primata. accessed november 05, 2007 at urltoken .\nfeeding ecology of uta hick’s bearded saki (chiropotes utahickae) on a man‐made island in southeaste ...\nby hunting them for meat and body parts. humans also may benefit economically from keeping some black - bearded sakis in zoos .\n( brown - bearded saki) is found throughout much of northern amazonia and the guianas. there are two recognized subspecies :\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - bearded saki (chiropotes satanas )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - bearded saki (chiropotes satanas )\ntitle =\narkive species - bearded saki (chiropotes satanas )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nvan roosmalen, m. , r. mittermeier, j. fleagle. 1988. diet of the northern bearded saki (chiropotes satanas chiropotes): a neotropical seed predator .\ncite this page as: gron kj. 2009 june 26. primate factsheets: bearded saki (chiropotes) taxonomy, morphology, & ecology. < urltoken >. accessed 2018 july 10 .\nseeking out trees with the best seeds and fruits is a time consuming activity for the bearded saki (6), undertaken in groups of around 30 individuals (4). the gestation period in this monkey lasts for five months, with just a single young born at a time. the bearded saki becomes sexually mature at four years of age and can live for more than 18 years (4) .\nsituated within one of the most densely inhabited parts of the brazilian amazon (7), the small range of the bearded saki has been subject to logging and other disturbances such as the construction of a hydroelectric plant and major highways (4) (7). in some areas, the effects of intense habitat disturbance are exacerbated by hunting pressure (11); bearded sakis are hunted for bushmeat (12), and their tails are reportedly used as dusters (7). this perilous combination of habitat destruction and hunting, along with the bearded saki’s specialised diet and preference for undisturbed forest (7), has led some to regard the bearded saki as the most endangered primate in the amazon (4) .\nblack - bearded sakis use vocalizations and body language to communicate. as is the case with many arboreal primates, vocalizing is an important way to keep track of conspecifics in an environment with often limited vision. there have been no extensive studies on vocalizations of\na boa constrictor (boa constrictor) was recorded killing an adult bearded saki 8 meters (26. 2 ft) above the ground (ferrari et al. 2004). harpy eagles (harpia harpyja) have been seen taking adult male bearded sakis (martins et al. 2005) .\nendemic to brazil, the bearded saki occurs only in a small area of the eastern amazon basin (1) (7), situated south of the lower rio amazonas and east of the rio tocantins (1) .\nthis specimen, usnm 518225 (urltoken), is a male black bearded saki (chiropotes satanas satanas) from brazil. this individual was collected in 1948 by a. p. de souza. this specimen weighed 2. 5 kg, measured a total length of 760 mm, a tail length of 380 mm, a hind tarsus length of 116 mm, and an ear notch length of 30 mm .\nherschkovitz, p. (1985) a preliminary taxonomic review of the south american bearded saki monkeys genus chiropotes (cebidae, platyrrhini), with the description of a new subspecies. fieldiana zoology, 27: 1 - 46 .\nin captivity, bearded sakis have lived into their high teens (weigl 2005) .\nwith a head of thick, black hair and a dense beard framing the face (4), bearded sakis are highly distinctive monkeys. the coat is mostly black, with highlights of light yellow brown to dark brown on the back and shoulders (2). the bushy fox - like tail (a characteristic of all monkey species in the pitheciidae family (5) ), is also black, and unlike some other monkeys, it is only capable of grasping in infant bearded sakis (2). female bearded sakis are slightly smaller than males (2), and males can also be distinguished by their bulging foreheads (6). the scientific name chiropotes is a combination of greek words meaning ‘hand - drinker’, referring to the manner in which bearded sakis have sometimes been observed drinking by scooping water in the hollow of their hand and bringing it to their mouth. this was once thought to be an attempt to keep their magnificent beards dry (5) .\nlike all new world primates, the bearded saki lives almost exclusively in trees (2). it is found in tropical rainforest, often near streams and rivers (4) (7), and preferably in areas that are not flooded and are undisturbed (7) .\nnorconk, m. 1994. challenge of neotropical frugivory: travel patterns of spider monkeys and bearded sakis .\nin general, the different species of bearded sakis can be distinguished by pelage differences (bonvicino et al. 2003). c. israelita is distinguished by its black extremities and the contrasting tawny - olive and buffy - brown dorsum but overall, the body is dark - brown to black. the hairless face, head, beard, and tail are blackish and it has a tuft of hair on either side of the head (bonvicino et al. 2003). c. chiropotes is black overall, with light brown or reddish hair to mostly orange or ochre on its back and blackish limbs, ventrum, tail, and sides (hershkovitz 1985; peetz 2001; bonvicino et al. 2003). c. utahicki has a predominantly brownish back and overall the coat is reddish - brown or buffy (hershkovitz 1985; bonvicino et al. 2003). the beard and extremities are dark brown and the tail is black - brown. (hershkovitz 1985). c. satanas has a blackish or blackish - brown back with only slightly darker limbs. ventral surfaces are blackish and the face is black but sometimes with lighter colors interspersed (hershkovitz 1985). c. albinasus is mostly blackish over its entire body, including the ventral surfaces, but the nose and upper lips are a sharply contrasting whitish color. in this species, female head tufts are less developed in females than in males (hershkovitz 1985) .\nwho eat some of the same fruits, but only when ripe. brown - bearded sakis often live sympatrically with several other\nthe bearded saki is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species (cites), meaning that any international trade in this species should be carefully monitored (3). however, to ensure the future survival of this highly threatened primate, adequately protected reserves and a captive breeding programme are said to be urgently required (7) .\n. brown - bearded sakis use a variety of sleeping trees and do not return to the same sleeping site each night. locomotion in\nveiga, l. , s. ferrari. 2007. geophagy at termitaria by bearded sakis (chiropotes satanas) in southeastern brazilian amazonia .\nveiga, l. , s. ferrari. 2006. predation of arthropods by southern bearded sakis (chiropotes satanas) in eastern brazilian amazonia. .\n, males have distinctive, pink scrota and females have pink vaginal lips. black - bearded sakis are slightly sexually dimorphic with an average weight of 3 kg in males and 2. 6 kg in females. head and body length ranges from 327 to 480 mm and tail length from 370 to 463 mm. their hindlimbs are slightly longer than their forelimbs, resulting in an intermembral index of 83. they have a small thumb lacking true opposability. the foot tends to deviate laterally and the tarsal bones have increased mobility, a trait associated with their habit of hindlimb suspension while feeding .\nbearded sakis move predominantly quadrupedally (fleagle & mittermeier 1980; walker 1996). for example, c. satanas moves through its environment in a mostly quadrupedal fashion (80% of movement), but leaping (18 %) is also used and climbing is only rarely seen (fleagle & meldrum 1988). during leaps, bearded sakis usually land on all fours, and often start leaps while already moving, not from a standing start (walker 2005). during suspensory feeding, the non - prehensile tail of adult bearded sakis may be used as a support (van roosmalen et al. 1988). bearded sakis usually travel and feed in the higher parts of the forest canopy, although c. utahicki in at least one study used middle forest strata (mittermeier & van roosmalen 1981; walker 1996; bobadilla & ferrari 2000) .\nveiga, l. m. and ferrari, s. f. (2007) geophagy at termitaria by bearded sakis (chiropotes satanas) in southeastern brazilian amazonia. american journal of primatology, 69: 816 - 820 .\nveiga, l. m. and ferrari, s. f. (2006) predation of arthropods by southern bearded sakis (chiropotes satanas) in eastern brazilian amazonia. american journal of primatology, 68: 209 - 215 .\nbearded sakis actively forage for arthropods (lepidopterans & orthopterans, including insects, larvae, spiders, caterpillars, cicadas, and ants), but such foods represent a dietary supplement and are only a minor food source (mittermeier et al. 1983; frazão 1991; norconk 1996; peetz 2001; veiga 2005; veiga & ferrari 2006). geophagy is also recorded for bearded sakis, with individuals seen taking and eating soil from an arboreal termite nest (veiga & ferrari 2007) .\n... this led johns and ayres [ 1987 ] to predict the extinction of the endangered southern bearded saki, c. satanas, by the turn of the twentieth century, owing to extensive deforestation within its geographic range (the amazonian hylea east of the tocantins river). more recently, however, a number of studies [ peetz, 2001; port - carvalho & ferrari, 2004; santos, 2002; veiga, 2006; vieira, 2005 ] have shown that bearded sakis are able to survive in relatively small fragments even of a few dozen hectares, and may sometimes prefer disturbed forest over primary habitat. most of these fragments are very much smaller than estimated home ranges in continuous forest, which may exceed 1, 000 ha [ pinto, 2008 ], and tolerance of such habitat fragmentation appears to be mediated by major shifts in a variety of behavior patterns, including a reduction in group size, and the exploitation of suboptimal resources such as flowers and the mesocarp of palm fruits... .\nbearded sakis are sympatric with a number of other primate species across their range, including alouatta spp. , aotus spp. , ateles spp. , cebus spp. , pithecia spp. , saguinus spp. , and saimiri spp. (van roosmalen et al. 1981; norconk & kinzey 1994; bobadilla & ferrari 1998; 2000; wright 2004; silva & ferrari 2009). even though bearded sakis and ateles spp. are sympatric and both are frugivorous, there is little competition between the two genera due to different preferences for fruit ripeness and fruit parts (norconk & kinzey 1994). however, agonistic encounters sometimes occur between cebus spp. and bearded sakis when they are both feeding in the same tree and sometimes alouatta spp. are displaced by bearded sakis or vice versa (silva & ferrari 2009; sarah boyle pers. comm .). interspecific associations of chiropotes with cebus spp. and saimiri sciureus have been seen, during which activities are synchronized between the species (van roosmalen et al. 1981; silva & ferrari 2009) .\nthe bearded saki is a medium - sized primate with a bushy, foxlike non - prehensile tail (hershkovitz 1985; peetz 2001). however, during the first two months of life, the tail of the infant is prehensile even though the tail of adults is not (van roosmalen et al. 1988). on the head there are tufts of hair (coronal tufts) on both sides, and the species has a thick beard (hershkovitz 1985). the tufts and beard are longer and thicker in males than in females (hershkovitz 1985). the ears are generally not visible as the fur is thick and the shoulders and upper arms have longer hair than the rest of the body, often looking like a cape (ankel - simons 2007) .\nbrown - bearded sakis avoid predation largely through occupying the highest levels of the forest canopy and through their large body size. quadrupedal leaping is also a helpful predator avoidance mechanism allowing a speedy and difficult to follow getaway. harpy eagles, jaguars, and humans are the primary predators of\nthe jaws of brown - bearded sakis have specialized anterior dentition for opening thick, woody, husked fruits. adapted for powerful crushing, they have strong jaw muscles, low, flat molar teeth, broad canines, a deep robust mandible, and a dense maxilla without a maxillary sinus .\nferrari, s. f. , emidio - silva, c. , lopes, m. a. and bobadilla, u. l. (1999) bearded sakis in south - eastern amazonia – back from the brink? . oryx, 33 (4): 346 - 351 .\nas frugivores, brown - bearded sakis play a role in distributing seeds of fruiting trees. their role as seed dispersers, however, is decreased by the fact that they eat immature seeds of unripe fruits. their ability to get at immature seeds in unripe fruits also effects sympatric frugivorous species like\nis characterized as arboreal quadrupedalism with some leaping and climbing. climbing only accounts for 2% of locomotion, leaping accounts for 18% , and quadrupedal branch walking and running account for the vast majority of locomotion at 80% . brown - bearded sakis typically feed in a pronograde, quadrupedal position but also commonly use hindlimb suspension postures to extend their reach to otherwise inaccessible fruits. in hindlimb suspension brown - bearded sakis typically drape their long, non - prehensile tails over a branch for added support. while resting on horizontal boughs or thick branches adults wave their tails to give signals. when on smaller branches, tail waiving is used for balance. the tail of\nbrown - bearded sakis spend 130 to 200 minutes a day feeding, not including travel time between food resources. while foraging they split up into smaller feeding units of around nine individuals and move rapidly in a cohesive manner between groups of feeding trees. once the troop has arrived at a new feeding area they then split up, staying within a radius of 50 to 75 m, well within range of each others vocalizations which they keep up constantly. the pattern of rapidly moving between food trees with periods of relatively short but intense feeding bouts observed in brown - bearded sakis is to be expected of a specialized species concentrating on widely dispersed, seasonal, high protein food sources .\n... bearded sakis (chiropotes spp .) are specialized seed predators that derive approximately 90% of their diet from fruit (ayres 1981; peetz 2001). although some studies have examined the genus chiropotes in humanaltered habitats (ferrari et al. 1999; peetz 2001; port - carvalho & ferrari 2004; veiga & ferrari 2006), much of this research has focused on forested islands that were formed by the construction of and subsequent flooding by hydroelectric dams (peetz 2001; santos 2002; veiga & ferrari 2006). bearded sakis (chiropotes spp .) typically live in large social groups that separate and rejoin throughout the day, have large home ranges, and travel long daily distances (norconk 2011)... .\nbearded sakis specialise in eating the young seeds from inside unripe fruits (2) (8). their robust canines (8), along with the other upper teeth that jut forward over the lower teeth like a macaw’s beak, are perfect for cracking open the hard shells of some fruits and nuts, enabling them to reach the soft kernels within (4). their remarkably strong jaws and teeth are capable of breaking open fruits that humans would be unable to achieve without the aid of a hammer (4). bearded sakis supplement this diet of seeds and fruits with arthropods, including spiders and insects (9), and, unusually, soil. the habit of eating soil, also known as geophagy, may be done for a number of reasons, such as for minerals, to absorb toxins, or to alleviate gastrointestinal upsets (10) .\nbearded sakis are diurnal primates, with activity occurring between soon after sunup to right before sundown (silva & ferrari 2009). most of the day is spent traveling and feeding, with less time engaged in resting, foraging, and in social behavior (veiga 2005; silva & ferrari 2009). in venezuela, bearded sakis monkeys (c. chiropotes) living on an island spent their time feeding (37. 0 %), foraging (10. 1 %), traveling (18. 7 %), nesting (21. 4 %) and in other activities (12. 8 %) (peetz 2001). sleeping sites are usually among the tallest trees available, and are usually different from night to night (peetz 2001). sleep occurs in tall trees with the tail curled around the body (silva & ferrari 2009) .\nchiropotes utahickae – which is endemic to brazil – is one of the least known of the five species of bearded sakis recognized by silva jr. et al. bobadilla and ferrari (1998, 2000) and ferrari et al. (1999) provide some general information, and confirm considerably greater densities in disturbed habitat in comparison with continuous forest. more recently, ferrari et al. (2002) surveyed the... [ show full abstract ]\nthere are some seasonal shifts in feeding habits at one study site in venezuela, with highest amounts of seed feeding occurring during the dry months, and higher amounts of fruit feeding and a reduction of seed - eating during the wet months (norconk 1996; peetz 2001). however, the only true period of food scarcity at this site was during transitions between the seasons, and the bearded sakis coped by lengthening their daily path to find suitable foods (peetz 2001) .\nbearded sakis are mostly frugivorous with a high dietary component of seeds making them seed predators (seeds are usually over half of the diet) (van roosmalen et al. 1981; 1988; kinzey & norconk 1993; norconk & kinzey 1994; norconk 1996; review in peetz 2001; peetz 2001). in fact, this reliance on seeds may largely exclude them from adverse affects of low rainfall on food availability (norconk 1996). in addition, bearded sakis have dental adaptations which allow then to crack and access seeds in extremely hard pods. they open hard - shelled fruits in a specialized, efficient process using their teeth (van roosmalen et al. 1988). immature seeds and ripe fruit are also consumed, with a lesser reliance on flowers and leaf stalks (van roosmalen et al. 1988; port - carvalho & ferrari 2004). between study sites, foods include seeds (50. 7 - 74. 8% of diet), fleshy fruit (0 - 52 %), flowers (0 - 11. 4 %), leaves (0 - 16. 1 %), and insects 0. 5 - 21 %) (reviewed in norconk 2007). at one study site in venezuela, up to 85 plant species were consumed, but only a small number of preferred species made up the majority of the diet (peetz 2001). at a study site in brazil, bearded sakis consumed more than a hundred species of plants (veiga 2005) .\n... few detailed studies of behavior patterns are available for free - ranging bearded sakis, and most are in fact from the tucuruí area, including both c. satanas [ santos, 2002; veiga, 2006 ] and c. utahickae [ santos, 2002; vieira, 2005 ]. these and other studies [ peetz, 2001; pinto, 2008; port - carvalho & ferrari, 2004 ] vary considerably in terms of factors such as group size, study area, sampling schedule, and study period, but all are relatively consistent with regard to the predominance of travel–forage, and relatively reduced rates of rest and social behavior. overall, however, the activity budgets of the two groups studied here were more similar to each than either was to that of any other study group... .\nin general, bearded sakis are found in eastern amazonia; present in brazil, guyana, french guiana, suriname, and venezuela (hershkovitz 1985). the western limit of the genus appears to be at least as far west as the pico da neblina national park, brazil (boubi 2002). amongst the species, c. chiropotes is found from southern and central venezuela east to the mouth of the amazon which also forms its southern limit of distribution (peetz 2001). c. utahicki exists south of the amazon and its mouth, between the xingu and tocantins rivers as far south as the serra dos carajás and the itacaiuna river (hershkovitz 1985). the distribution of c. satanas is east of c. utahcki, extending east from the tocantins river to likely as far as and probably east of the gurupú river (hershkovitz 1985). c. israelita is found in the brazilian amazonas and roraima states, restricted in the south and west by the rio negro and in the east by the rio branco (bonvicino et al. 2003). c. albinasus is restricted south of the amazon, meeting c. utahicki in the east at the xingu river and range as far south and west as the brazilian side of the guaporé / iteñez river which separates brazil from the santa cruz department, bolivia (wallace et al. 1996; peetz 2001). as such, the species could conceivably be present in bolivia as the river is narrow at this point (wallace et al. 1996). bearded sakis are present in the southwestern brazilian state of rondônia, but the restricted extent of its distribution in the state appears to be west of the jiparaná - pimenta bueno river system, and the reasons for the limits of its distribution in this region are unclear (ferrari et al. 1999) .\nc. albinasus males have a head and body length of 42. 7cm (16. 8 in) and females measure 41. 8cm (16. 5 in). c. chiropotes males measure 39. 9 cm (15. 7 in) while females are 39. 0 cm (15. 4 in) long. c. satanas males measure 40. 6 cm (16. 0 in) while females are 36. 9 cm (14. 5 in) long. c. utahicki males have a head and body length averaging 39. 0 cm (15. 4 in) while females measure 36. 6 cm (14. 4 in) (hershkovitz 1985). on average, males have greater body mass than females (hershkovitz 1985). female bearded sakis weigh on average 2. 56 kg (5. 6 lb) while males average 3. 06kg (6. 75 lb) (ford & davis 1992) .\nbearded sakis are found in various types of forest, preferring high rain forest but including high and low primary rainforest, high and mountain savanna forest, transitional semi - deciduous tropical moist forest, savanna - like forest, terre firme rain forest, southern forest, mora forest, pre montane forest, wallaba forest, kanuku forest and southeast seasonal forest. other forms of habitat are used as well, including riparian forests, varzea and annually flooded forests, liana forest, igapó forest and selectively cut forests as well as other secondary forests (mittermeier & van roosmalen 1981; branch 1983; johns & ayres 1987; ayres 1989; sussman & phillips - conroy 1995; ferrari et al. 1999; bobadilla & ferrari 2000; peetz 2001; trolle 2003; lehman 2004; port - carvalho & ferrari 2004; lehman et al. 2006). however, the species only uses edge habitats rarely (mittermeier & van roosmalen 1981). c. utahicki is somewhat more tolerant of habitat disturbance than was previously assumed (bobadilla & ferrari 2000) .\n... more recently, ferrari et al. (2002) surveyed the tucuruí reservoir on the tocantins river in the south of the state of pará, where remnant populations of c. utahickae are found on a number of relatively small islands, including the site of the present study. while the pioneering studies of ayres (1981ayres (, 1989), van roosmalen et al. (1981), johns and ayres (1987) and frazão (1992) indicated that bearded sakis depend on relatively large areas of undisturbed forest, more recent research (peetz 2001; port - carvalho & ferrari 2004; veiga 2006; silva & ferrari 2009) has provided a very different perspective on the ecology of chiropotes. in particular, whereas early estimates of homerange size varied from 200–500 ha, and pinto (2008) recorded a range of approximately 1000 ha for chiropotes albinasus in continuous forest, some groups are now known to survive in much smaller fragments, some less than 20 ha, although this tolerance of habitat disturbance may be mediated by significant shifts in resource exploitation... .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nmammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together. * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production. a valuable reference work and a vital tool, particularly for researchers. * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections. * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work, and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come. * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work. * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work. - - g. r. seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist, and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines. * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals. this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries. * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues, we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003... we can say that the wait was worth it. - - sergio solari and robert j. baker * journal of mammalogy *\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nclassified as critically endangered (cr) on the iucn red list (1) and listed on appendix ii of cites (3) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\narthropods a very diverse phylum (a major grouping of animals) that includes crustaceans, insects and arachnids. all arthropods have paired jointed limbs and a hard external skeleton (exoskeleton). bushmeat the meat derived from wild animals. endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area. gestation the state of being pregnant; the period from conception to birth. new world a term used for the americas .\nmacdonald, d. w. (2006) the encyclopedia of mammals. oxford university press, oxford .\nnowak, r. m. (1999) walker' s mammals of the world. johns hopkins university press, baltimore, maryland .\npreston - mafham, r. and preston - mafham, k. (2002) primates of the world. facts on file inc, new york .\nthornback, j. and jenkins, m. (1982) the iucn mammal red data book. part 1: threatened mammalian taxa of the americas and the australasian zoogeographic region. iucn, gland, switzerland .\nanapol, f. and lee, s. (1994) morphological adaptation to diet in platyrrhine primates. american journal of physical anthropology, 94: 239 - 261 .\ncare for the wild international and pro wildlife. (2007) going to pot: the neotropical bushmeat crisis and its impact on primate populations. care for the wild international, kingsfold, uk .\nliza veiga coordenação de pós - graduação (czo) museu paraense emílio goeldi (mpeg) av. perimitral 1901 belém pará brazil tel: + 55 (91) 3217 - 6132 lizaveiga @ urltoken urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsuborder: haplorrhini infraorder: simiiformes family: pitheciidae subfamily: pitheciinae genus: chiropotes species: c. albinasus, c. chiropotes, c. israelita, c. satanas, c. utahicki\nthe taxonomy of the genus chiropotes is debated. the iucn red list recognizes four species within the genus (c. albinasus, c. chiropotes, c. satanas, and c. utahicki) with c. israelita considered to be a synonym of c. chiropotes (urltoken). the taxonomy proposed by bonvicino et al. (2003) and accepted by groves (2005) elevates former subspecies of c. satanas and formerly synonymous types of the genus to five full species (c. albinasus, c. chiropotes, c. israelita, c. satanas, c. utahicki) and is used here .\nat one study site in venezuela, there is a dry season from roughly december to may, with annual rainfall totaling 134. 0 cm (52. 8 in). at this study site, the average temperature is 25. 6°c (78. 1°f). temperatures are lowest in december and january and hottest in april and may (peetz 2001) .\nrecorded home ranges of groups in continuous forest are 2. 5 - 3. 5 km² (0. 97 - 1. 35 mi²) (c. albinsasus), 1. 42 km² (0. 57 mi²) and 2. 0 - 5. 59 km² (0. 77 - 2. 16 mi²) (c. chiropotes) and 0. 69 km² and 0. 8 km² (0. 27 and 0. 31 mi²) (c. satanas) (ayres 1981 cited in ayres 1989; van roosmalen et al. 1981; peetz 2001; veiga 2005; boyle et al. 2008, 2009; silva & ferrari 2009). between study sites and species, chiropotes day range averages are between 1097 - 3200 m (3599. 1 - (10498. 7 feet) (range 240 - 4500m (787. 4 - 14763. 8 ft) (van roosmalen et al. 1981; norconk & kinzey 1994; review in peetz 2001; review in norconk 2007; boyle et al. 2009) .\nprimate info net is maintained by the wisconsin primate research center (wprc) library at the university of wisconsin - madison. wprc programs are supported by grant numbers rr000167 and rr015311, national primate centers program, national center for research resources, the national institutes of health .\ndisclaimer: the wisconsin primate research center provides primate info net as an informational service. we are not responsible for the content of linked sites, nor does inclusion of a link imply endorsement of the views expressed in that content .\noccurs more widely north of the amazon river and east of the negro and orinoco rivers. the total geographic range of\n( flannery, 2007; fleagle, 1999; lehman, 2004; van roosmalen, et al. , 1981; veiga and ferrari, 2006 )\nis typically found in primary tropical rainforests. in brazil, members of this species are found in terra firma forests and occasionally in regenerating forests. in suriname ,\nhas been seen in rain forests, mountain savannah forests and occasionally in gallery forests. they rarely descend to lower canopy levels and the forest floor .\nindividuals spend 60% of their time in the middle and upper levels of the forest canopy .\n( flannery, 2007; lehman, 2004; van roosmalen, et al. , 1981; veiga and ferrari, 2006 )\n( flannery, 2007; fleagle and meldrum, 1988; fleagle, 1999; van roosmalen, et al. , 1988; van roosmalen, et al. , 1981; walker, 2005 )\nin the wild. they live and interact mainly in multi - male multi - female social groups, monogamous groups have been observed rarely .\n( fleagle, 1999; kay, et al. , 1988; peetz, 2000; van roosmalen, et al. , 1981 )\n, producing a hybrid offspring. here it was observed that the female’s anogenital region became bright red to indicate sexual receptivity and that she made this visible to the male by lying in front of him and lifting her to exposing the red color. she also made a purring vocalization similar to one made by the male during mating .\nin the wild. birth seem to occur at the beginning of the rainy season, in december or january. this coincides with the beginning of the fruiting season of several important species of\n( flannery, 2007; van roosmalen, et al. , 1988; van roosmalen, et al. , 1981 )\nin captivity. these observations estimate a gestation period of four to five months. the hybrid offspring was weaned and capable of independent locomotion by the age of three months .\ninfants is their prehensile tail. observed in the wild as well as with the captive hybrid, the tail is prehensile for about the first two months of life. it is used to cling to the mother. the tail ceases being prehensile at about 2 months old .\nbreeding season in surinam young were born at the beginning of the rainy season. this suggests breeding occurs from july to september .\nmost of the parental care comes from the mother. the reaction of a male\nto the cries of his hybrid infant in captivity show a level of concern that could translate in the wild to pre - weaning protection. this cannot be truly known given that the offspring is a hybrid and in captivity forced to be in close contact. the mother nurses the infant and carries the infant on her until the young are weaned. infants show some association with the mother after weaning, at 2 to 3 months of age, often retreating to her for protection when startled .\n, so no available information on lifespan in this species. related species have been recorded living up to 20 years .\nlive in relatively large multi - male multi - female groups of about 8 to 40 individuals. larger groups split into smaller troops of about nine while foraging. while foraging the troop moves fast, stopping briefly for intense feeding periods. troops move so rapidly from one cluster of feeding trees to the next that occasionally, single individuals get lost from their group for days or weeks. in these cases the lost monkey often temporarily joins groups of\nis interesting in that it is prehensile until about two months of age and then becomes non - prehensile .\n( flannery, 2007; fleagle and meldrum, 1988; fleagle, 1999; norconk, 1994; peetz, 2000; van roosmalen, et al. , 1988; van roosmalen, et al. , 1981; veiga and ferrari, 2006; walker, 2005 )\nis huddling. characterized by two or more individuals crowding close together or embracing on horizontal supports, huddling behavior is a response to threatening situations like predation avoidance, resource defense, and mate defense. accompanied by alarm, chirping sounds, and tail wagging, these huddling bouts last an average of 23 seconds. interestingly, the majority of huddling is done between two males (62 %), while none has been observed between two females. males and females have been observed huddling together in 38% of observations and juveniles have been involved in 16% , usually because of an association with a female. adult to adult as well as adult to juvenile grooming has been observed in\nhave been recorded averaging 2500 to 3500 m. home range has never accurately been recorded but estimates range from 75 to 250 ha .\n, but some repeatedly observed vocalizations have been recorded. weak chirps are associated with eating and satisfaction, and a shrill vocalization was recorded when a group was eating seasonally abundant caterpillars in eastern brazilian amazonia. a high pitch whistle, described as starting off as a sharp penetrating whistle, lasting for about a second and then cutting off, serves as a contact signal while a more intense version serves as an alarm call. a shrill bird like cry is also made when disturbed. purring vocalizations are emitted by the female prior to mating and by the male while mating. the hybrid offspring infant described above made similar sounds when it wanted to nurse prompting the mother' s help in finding the nipple. the infant' s vocalization also provoked a similar vocalization from the mother which apparently excited the male. loud cries by the infant disturbed the mother and father prompting close examination by both parents .\ntail wagging has been observed in a number of contexts. considered a sign of excitement, it may also serve as a displacement activity and as a silent contact signal .\n( flannery, 2007; van roosmalen, et al. , 1981; veiga and ferrari, 2006 )\nfeeds primarily on immature seeds particularly covered in hard pericarp. they have been recorded to eat at least 53 different species of seeds and are especially fond of the brazil nut family (\n). their specialized anterior dentition allows them to open very hard fruit for the young, relatively soft seeds. by eating young immature seeds\nnot only gets at a resource unavailable to many other primates, but also may avoid toxins that only occur in more mature seeds. the ability to break open hard shells of immature seeds and fruit also gives\nan advantage by allowing them first pick of fruiting trees often not leaving many to ripen to stages that other species can eat. the opening of hard fruits and shells by\nis accomplished by first biting a hole into the fruit at the edge of the operculum, then using it’s procumbent incisors to pop off the operculum to get to the seeds inside. the powerful wedge - shaped canines of\n, rather than the incisors, are used when opening very tough foods with thick, hard seed pods .\n> individuals have been observed consuming 66% of their diet in seeds. they compliment this diet with ripe fruit, flowers, leaf stalks, and arthropods. studies in brazil, surinam, and venezuela showed 10 taxonomic orders of\nis usually fairly low throughout the year peaking one to three times a year during temporary spikes in prey availability. when capturing prey ,\noften exhibit dexterity and agility. for example, individuals can remove gall wasp larvae from galls 4 mm in diameter, and others rest their arms, allow ants to climb onto them, and then eat the ants off their hair .\ncaptive individuals often drink by cupping their hands to pick up water then suck the fluid from their hands. although not recently recorded in the wild, it can probably be assumed that this is characteristic of the species since the scientific name chiropotes, coined by humboldt, means “hand - drinker. ”\n. in both instances individuals were seen eating a few handfuls of termitaria without any inspection (as they would do when hunting insects) indicating that the ingestion of the termitaria was the purpose. this is thought to be an adaptive behavior for a number of reasons: mineral supplementation, absorption of harmful toxins, and for easing gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhea and excess stomach acidity .\n( flannery, 2007; fleagle and meldrum, 1988; fleagle, 1999; norconk, 1994; van roosmalen, et al. , 1988; van roosmalen, et al. , 1981; veiga and ferrari, 2006; veiga and ferrari, 2007 )\n( fleagle, 1999; van roosmalen, et al. , 1981; walker, 2005 )\n( fleagle and meldrum, 1988; fleagle, 1999; van roosmalen, et al. , 1988 )\nis considered endangered because of human induced habit degradation and hunting. the united states endangered species act list lists\nas endangered. the cites appendices has both subspecies under appendix ii since 1977. the formation of protected areas may be improving the prospects for populations of\nadam berne (author), university of oregon, stephen frost (editor, instructor), university of oregon .\nliving in the southern part of the new world. in other words, central and south america .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching. in birds, naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhumans benefit economically by promoting tourism that focuses on the appreciation of natural areas or animals. ecotourism implies that there are existing programs that profit from the appreciation of natural areas or animals .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\ngenerally wanders from place to place, usually within a well - defined range .\nthe kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females .\nrainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal .\nreferring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody (usually, but not always, a river or stream) .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23. 5 degrees north to 23. 5 degrees south .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nfleagle, j. , d. meldrum. 1988. locomotor behavior and skeletal morphology of two sympatric pitheciine monkeys, pithecia pithecia and chiropotes satanas .\nkay, r. , j. plavcan, k. glander, p. wright. 1988. sexual selection and canine dimorphism in new world monkeys .\nlehman, s. 2004. biogeography of the primates of guyana: effects of habitat use and diet on geographic distribution." ]

{ "text": [ "the black bearded saki ( chiropotes satanas ) is a species of bearded saki , a type of new world monkey .", "this critically endangered species is endemic to the far eastern amazon in brazil , it being restricted to a relatively small region from the tocantins river in pará east to around the grajaú river in maranhão ( similar to the range of the equally threatened kaapori capuchin ) .", "it formerly included the red-backed , brown-backed and uta hick 's bearded saki as subspecies or taxonomical insignificant variations ( in which case the ' combined ' species simply was called the bearded saki ) , but based on colour of pelage , karyotype , and molecular analysis it has been recommended treating these as separate species .", "the black bearded saki is the only dark-nosed species of bearded saki with a blackish back , though some females and young have a paler , brownish back . " ], "topic": [ 12, 13, 23, 12 ] }

[ "the black bearded saki (chiropotes satanas) is a species of bearded saki, a type of new world monkey. this critically endangered species is endemic to the far eastern amazon in brazil, it being restricted to a relatively small region from the tocantins river in pará east to around the grajaú river in maranhão (similar to the range of the equally threatened kaapori capuchin). it formerly included the red-backed, brown-backed and uta hick's bearded saki as subspecies or taxonomical insignificant variations (in which case the' combined' species simply was called the bearded saki), but based on colour of pelage, karyotype, and molecular analysis it has been recommended treating these as separate species. the black bearded saki is the only dark-nosed species of bearded saki with a blackish back, though some females and young have a paler, brownish back." ]

[ "hawk - cuckoo hierococcyx fugax and philippine hawk - cuckoo h. pectoralis (payne\npicture of the common hawk cuckoo has been licensed under a creative commons attribution .\ncommon hawk - cuckoo. binomial name: hierococcyx varius | keralathile pakshikal | pinterest\nit is not easy to get a picture of the elusive common hawk - cuckoo .\ncommon hawk - cuckoo - one individual calling while it had just finished a hairy caterpillar .\noriental cuckoo c. saturatus (payne 1997); common cuckoo c. canorus and\ncommon hawk cuckoo by shakes555 on urltoken ranganthittu, near mysore tags: environment, india, birds, wildlife, habitat, global warming, extinction, globalisation, hawk, cuckoo, common, mysore, ranganthittu photo propertiesnp! id: 1715683title: common hawk cuckoofile size: 729 × 1024 – 359. more\nthe common hawk - cuckoo cuculus varius also popularly called the brainfever bird is a medium sized cuckoo resident in south asia. it is called a hawk - cuckoo because of its resemblance to the shikra hawk. it is a brood parasite, laying its eggs in foster nests .\npage 152, sulawesi hawk - cuckoo cuculus crassirostris the english name is changed to sulawesi cuckoo, after “true” hawk - cuckoos are removed to the genus hierococcyx .\nthe common hawk - cuckoo does not approach the thresholds for being vulnerable neither under the population trend criterion nor under the population size criterion. the iucn (international union for conservation of nature) has categorized and evaluated the common hawk - cuckoo (\npage 152 - 153, genus cuculus in accord with raou and with sorenson and payne (2005), the following species are transferred from the genus cuculus to the genus hierococcyx: large hawk - cuckoo cuculus sparverioides common hawk - cuckoo cuculus varius moustached hawk - cuckoo cuculus vagans hodgson’s hawk - cuckoo cuculus nisicolor northern hawk - cuckoo cuculus hyperythrus malaysian hawk - cuckoo cuculus fugax philippine hawk - cuckoo cuculus pectoralis reference: sorenson, m. d. , and r. b. payne. 2005. a molecular genetic analysis of cuckoo phylogeny. pages 68 - 94 in r. b. payne, the cuckoos. oxford university press, new york, new york .\nthe common hawk - cuckoo has close resemblance to the shikara (a common hawk species). these cuckoos are brood parasites, laying eggs in the nest of other birds and rely on the host to raise their young .\nthe elusive spot bellied eagle owl holds onto a common hawk cuckoo. it is more common to see a big cat in this forest than his beautiful owl. photo: shaaz jung bahadur\nother interesting birds here are: gray partridge, quails, red spurfowl, grey junglefowl, common peafowl, rails, crakes, snipes, red - wattled lapwing, little - ringed plover, sandpipers (marsh, green, wood and common), whimbrel, river tern, pigeons, doves, parakeets, cuckoos — red - winged crested cuckoo, pied - crested cuckoo, common hawk - cuckoo, indian cuckoo, common cuckoo, banded bay cuckoo, grey - bellied plaintive cuckoo, drongo - cuckoo, koel, small green - billed malkoha, sirkeer malkoha, greater coucal, and lesser coucal .\nthe common hawk cuckoo is classified as least concern. does not qualify for a more at risk category. widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\n) and laughing - thrushes, as the breeding season of the hawk cuckoo coincides with that of the hosts .\ncommon hawk cuckoo (hierococcyx varius), also called brain fever bird (cuculus varius). this bird is a common breeding summer visitor. locally called papiha, kapak or upak, it is found in wooded areas of haryana. more\neach of the two monotypic groups of large hawk - cuckoo hierococcyx sparverioides is recognized as a separate species (sorenson and payne 2005, payne 2005): large hawk - cuckoo (large) hierococcyx sparverioides sparverioides becomes large hawk - cuckoo hierococcyx sparverioides, and large hawk - cuckoo (dark) hierococcyx sparverioides bocki becomes dark hawk - cuckoo hierococcyx bocki. revise the range description of large hawk - cuckoo from “n pakistan to india, s china, myanmar, thailand and indochina” to “breeds from northern pakistan to india, southern china, myanmar, thailand and indochina; winters to southern india (eastern and western ghats), bangladesh, the malay peninsula, sumatra, java, bali, the philippines, borneo, and sulawesi” .\npied cuckoo or jacobin cuckoo call, sound, voice - dr. d. vijayagovindarajan, vellore, tamilnadu, india\nthe common hawk - cuckoo occurs in most of the indian subcontinent, from pakistan in the west, across the himalayas foothills, east to nepal, bhutan and bangladesh and south into sri lanka .\npage 437, common chiffchaff (abietinus) phylloscopus collybita abietinus change the name for this single - subspecies group to common chiffchaff (scandinavian) .\nthe common hawk - cuckoo cuculus varius also popularly known as the brainfever bird due to its call, is a medium sized cuckoo resident in south asia. it bears a close resemblance to the shikra, a sparrow hawk, even in its style of flying and perching. the resemblance to hawks gives this group the generic name of hawk - cuckoo and like many other cuckoos these are brood parasites, laying their eggs in nests of babblers and laughing - thrushes with the chicks brought up by the foster parents .\ncommon hawk cuckoo forward | print | individual message | show original | report this message | find messages by this author name of species - hierococcyx varius common name - common hawk cuckoo family - cuculidae status - ns photo taken on - 28. 9. 2008 at - jhalana eco - tourism park, jaipur, rajastan, india description it is in juvenile stage. regards, devendra bhardwaj your mail works best with the new yahoo optimized ie8. get it now! http: / / downloads. yahoo. more\nlike other members of the cuckoo family, the common hawk cuckoo is a brood parasite. it targets birds from the babbler family as hosts for its eggs. the hawk cuckoo’s single blue egg so closely resembles its host’s, that the latter has little hesitation in incubating it. the hawk cuckoo hatchling is not a benign guest, and firmly believes in knocking out the competition. given the slightest opportunity, it edges out the host’s own eggs (if they haven’t hatched yet), or its young chicks, thereby getting a larger share of the food that the hardworking parents ferry to the nest .\nsubspecies borneensis, previously listed as a subspecies of ruddy cuckoo - dove macropygia emiliana, properly belongs with philippine cuckoo - dove macropygia tenuirostris .\nought to be recognized: common chiffchaff p. collybita, iberian chiffchaff p .\nas the most romanticised bird in literature, the koel has been a common imagery of love. but here’s an antidote to that soft face of the cuckoo\nthe common hawk - cuckoo occurs in punjab, pakistan east across most of the indian peninsula from about 800m in the himalayas south; bangladesh; sri lanka. it is generally resident but where occurring at high altitudes and in arid areas is locally migratory .\nto be common (morris & hawkins 1998). the same applies to jocotoco antpitta\nthe diet of these hawk - cuckoo consists mainly of caterpillars, moths, grasshoppers, locusts, cicadas, winged ants and termites, fruits, fig, berries and lizards .\nking, b. f. 2002. the hierococcyx fugax, hodgson' s hawk cuckoo, complex. bulletin of the british ornithologists' club 122: 74 - 80 .\nbased primarily on vocal differences, dusky cuckoo - dove macropygia magna is split into three species (ng et al. 2016): a polytypic flores sea cuckoo - dove macropygia macassariensis, including subspecies macassariensis and longa; a monotypic timor cuckoo - dove macropygia magna; and a monotypic tanimbar cuckoo - dove macropygia timorlaoensis .\nboth cuckoos and koels are found in india. the common hawk cuckoo, called as the ‘brain fever bird’ due to the peculiarity of its call and pied cuckoo, called ‘akka kuyil’ in tamil, are also aggressive brood parasites. greater coucal and southern coucal are the only members of the cuckoo family that build their own nests. “they usually roost in the bushes and feed their young ones with the chicks of other birds. ”\nking, b. f. (2002) the hierococcyx fugax, hodgson' s hawk cuckoo, complex. bull. brit. ornithol. club 122: 74 - 80 .\nnot globally threatened. common on the plains of india, where characteristic call is amongst the most widely known of bird sounds; also common in nepal, but rare in sri lanka ...\noriginal file name: common hawk - cuckoo (cuculus varius) _ india - brainfever or brain - fever bird. jpg resolution: 423x844 file size: 54906 bytes date: 2007: 03: 05 09: 55: 16 upload time: 2007: 10: 26 17: 19: 05\nbased primarily on vocal differences, ruddy cuckoo - dove macropygia emiliana is split into three species (ng et al. 2016): a polytypic ruddy cuckoo - dove macropygia emiliana, including subspecies emiliana and megala; a monotypic enggano cuckoo - dove macropygia cinnamomea; and a polytypic barusan cuckoo - dove macropygia modiglianii, including subspecies hypopercna, modiglianii, and elassa .\nread what you will into the hawk cuckoo’s call, but spare a moment to learn more about the bird itself. in bengaluru, like the rest of india, right now (april / may) is the best time to spot this bird. keep your ears peeled for its vibrant, repetitive call - a prominent feature of the soundscape in wooded areas of the city. once you zone in, look out for a pigeon - sized bird with ashy - grey upper plumage and whitish lower plumage. the overall appearance of the bird is similar to members of the sparrow - hawk family, in particular the shikra, hence the “hawk” appendage in its name. the common hawk cuckoo goes all the way with the shikra act, even imitating its flight and mannerisms. other birds are so taken in by this imitation that they steer clear of the hawk cuckoo, giving it first dibs on the best feeding spots .\nis a medium - to large - sized cuckoo, about the size of a pigeon. the\nin accord with nomenclatural priority, change the names for a polytypic group from common yellowthroat (occidentalis group) geothlypis trichas [ occidentalis group ] to common yellowthroat (melanops group) to geothlypis trichas [ melanops group ] .\nthe common hawk cuckoo cuculus varius occurs in punjab, pakistan east across most of the indian peninsula from about 800m in the himalayas south; bangladesh; sri lanka. it is generally resident but where occurring at high altitudes and in arid areas is locally migratory. this bird was photographed at vedanthangal bird sanctuary in december 2008. more\naspects of the topic common hawk cuckoo are discussed in the following places at britannica. assorted references * barbet (in barbet (bird) )... haemacephala) of asia and the african tinkerbirds of the genus pogoniulus, are noted for their ringing calls. maddeningly vocal or repetitious species are sometimes called brain - fever birds. more\nthe hawk cuckoo’s diet mainly consists of insects, but with a twist. while most birds shun hairy caterpillars, which can cause intense irritation in their innards, the hawk cuckoo specializes in feeding on these deadly delicacies. when it catches one, it first tries to remove as many of the toxins as possible by hitting the caterpillar on a branch. what’s left is swallowed, and the hairs stick to the cuckoo’s stomach lining. every once in a while, the stomach lining peels off and gets expelled as a hairy pellet, while a new one takes its place .\ndue to its call, it is popularly known as brainfever bird. it seems quite similar to shikra bird. hawk - cuckoo is a medium to large size cuckoo approx. 34 cm. they are nest - parasitic and lay their eggs in babbler nest. their breeding season is march to june and lays single egg at a time .\nis distributed all over india, northeast pakistan, nepal, bhutan, bangladesh and myanmar. the cuckoo subspecies\nthese cuckoo species are mostly non - migratory resident birds. post breeding dispersal of juveniles takes place. they may make local movements for feeding and breeding. the cuckoo species in higher altitudes descent to lower altitudes during winter .\nnarayan, goutam; rosalind, lima (1991) .\nhovering: an unrecorded behaviour in the indian cuckoo\nwhite - faced cuckoo - dove is not monotypic; sulaensis forbes and robinson 1900, long considered to be a junior synomym of nominate manadensis, is vocally distinct (ng and rheindt 2016). therefore, white - faced cuckoo - dove is split into two species: white - faced cuckoo - dove turacoena manadensis, with range “sulawesi and the togian islands”; and sula cuckoo - dove turacoena sulaensis, with range “banggai islands and sula islands. ”\nraptors can include: black - shouldered kite, black - crested baza, oriented honey buzzard, black kite, brahminy kite, shikra, crested goshawk, besra, sparrow hawk, common buzzard, mountain hawk eagle, crested hawk eagle, bonelli’s eagle, booted eagle, rufous - bellied eagle, black eagle, white - bellied sea eagle, grey - headed fish eagle, red - headed vulture, long - billed vulture, egyptian vulture, pallid harrier, montague’s harrier, pied harrier, eurasian marsh harrier, short - toed eagle, crested - serpent eagle, osprey, peregrine falcon, oriental hobby, red - necked falcon, and common kestrel .\npage 154, shining bronze - cuckoo chrysococcyx lucidus insert the previously overlooked subspecies chrysococcyx lucidus plagosus and recognize it as a subspecies group shining bronze - cuckoo (shining), with range “s australia and tasmania; winters to n melanesia. ”\nin northern india, they are locally common in the breeding season with as many as a calling bird for every 2 square km .\nthese cuckoo species are distributed in indian subcontinent and myanmar. vagrant birds have been recorded in thailand and oman. the subspecies\nsize - it is a smallish cuckoo at 23 cm. adults are mainly grey with a white lower belly and undertail .\npayne, r. (2018). common hawk - cuckoo (hierococcyx varius). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nsorenson, m. d. , and r. b. payne. 2005. a molecular genetic analysis of cuckoo phylogeny .\nthey breed throughout the year; peak breeding in northern india has been noted between march–april and july–september. birds are able to breed after their third year. the nest is built halfway in a tree, concealed in dense masses of foliage. the normal clutch is three or four (but can be up to seven) deep greenish blue eggs. in northern india, birds breeding during june–september tend to be parasitized by the pied crested cuckoo and sometimes by the common hawk - cuckoo. helpers assist the parents in feeding the young. post fledging survival is very high .\nprasad, jn; jayanth, ms (1993) .\na record on indian cuckoo breeding in bandipur, karnataka .\n.\nbutterflies including the blue mormon (princeps polymiestor), blue oakleaf (kallima horsfieldi), common jezebel (delias eucharis), the nawab (polyura athamas athamas) are few of the attractive butterflies. giant wood spider, signature spider, wolf spider are some of the common spider species .\nterminalia arjuna, locally called arjun is distinct because of its pale bark and thick girth, is more common near water sources. other terminalia species are terminalia chibula and terminalia bellarica, axle wood (anogeisis latifolia), locally referred to as dhaoda, good for making charcoal and agricultural implements is common .\nthe common hawk cuckoo is a member of the cuckoo family that is found across the indian subcontinent. its identity is defined by its loud three - note call that rises to a crescendo, and repeats over and over again in a hysterical manner. this call has been “translated” into various languages, with the listener’s culture and state of mind casting strong overtones on the interpretation. as you may have guessed, hindi speakers decode the hawk cuckoo’s call as “peea kahan? ”, or “where’s my lover? ” uttered with increasing desperation. marathi speakers, hearing its calls before the onset of the monsoon, prefer to understand it as “paos ala”, a frantic warning that “the rains are coming”. the colonial british, fresh off the boat and bewildered by the sights and sounds of this alien land, quickly concluded that this bird chanted “brain fever”, its self - diagnosis uttered in a manner befitting a deranged creature .\nthis cuckoo parasitises turdoides babblers in our area, mainly jungle and common babblers. it breeds when they do in the hot summer months. the newly hatched cuckoo ejects the eggs or young of its host, stimulated by an irritable patch on its back. it then monopolises the food sources. it is mostly found in well - wooded country and scrub including groves and lines of trees as well as parks and large gardens. it therefore has a wide distribution but is nowhere common. the adults depart south before the young and so from september most birds seen are juveniles. they then instinctively make their own way south .\nthattekkad the thattekad bird sanctuary is a star destination in south india. it is located in north kerala. it is a small area (about 25 sq. km), best approachable from kochi or from munnar (about 2 hrs drive). due to diversity of bird species, it is hailed as the richest bird habitat on peninsular india. thattekad means flat forest. it falls within the evergreen low - land forest. several species, both forest birds as well as the water birds, visit the sanctuaries, and the important ones include: indian pitta, ground thrush, large - billed warbler, jerdon’s nightjar, indian cuckoo, darters, cormorants, whiskered terns, collared scops owl, frogmouth, pompadour green pigeon, yellow - browed bulbuls, drongo cuckoo, indian hawk cuckoo, large hawk cuckoo, mountain hawk eagles, dark - fronted babbler, brown - cheeked fulvetta, brown - backed and white - rumped needletails, emerald green pigeons, little grebe, cormorants, darter, herons, egrets, bittern, storks (painted, woolly, black), ducks (garganey) are the prominent aquatic species .\nbased primarily on vocal differences, slender - billed cuckoo - dove macropygia amboinensis split into two species (ng et al. 2016): a polytypic amboyna cuckoo - dove macropygia amboinensis, including subspecies amboinensis, keyensis, maforensis, griseinucha, kerstingi, meeki, admiralitatis, hueskeri, carteretia, goldiei, cinereiceps, and cunctata; and a polytypic sultan’s cuckoo - dove macropygia doreya, including subspecies sanghirensis, albicapilla, atrata, sedecima, albiceps, doreya, and balim. the sequence of subspecies within amboyna cuckoo - dove is revised, to reflect the order in which they are listed above .\nlong - billed cuckoo is merged into the genus chrysococcyx (sorenson and payne 2005); change the scientific name from rhamphomantis megarhynchus to chrysococcyx megarhynchus .\nrasmussen, p. c. (1999) a new species of hawk - owl (ninox) from north sulawesi, indonesia. wilson bull. 111: 457 - 464 .\npage 85, common moorhen (american) gallinula chloropus [ cachinnans group ] the scientific name for this group name is corrected to gallinula chloropus [ galeata group ] .\npage 687, common cactus - finch geospiza scandens abingdoni revise range from “abingdon i. (galapagos islands) ” to “pinta i. (galapagos islands). ”\nthe breeding season of these hawk - cuckoo species is from march to july in india and it is from january to april in sri lanka. these cuckoos do not nest. they are brood parasites, laying eggs in the nest of other birds and rely on the host to raise their young. their preferred hosts are babblers (predominantly\nedelaar, p. (2008) assortative mating also indicates that common crossbill loxia curvirostra vocal types are species. j. avian biol. 39: 9 - 12 .\nin china, one of the names (simplified chinese: 四声杜鹃; traditional chinese: 四聲杜鵑; pinyin: sìshēngdùjuān) means\nfour - note cuckoo\n.\npage 687, common cactus - finch geospiza scandens scandens revise range from “galapagos islands (james and jervis) ” to “galapagos islands (santiago and rábida is .). ”\nthe grey - bellied cuckoo is a bird of light woodland and cultivation. it is a brood parasite, and lays its single egg in the nests of warblers .\nthe south west monsoon has set in and the nippy mornings are punctuated by the mellifluous call of the cuckoo. the bird has been the muse of great poets and writers and cuckoo songs are associated with rains. but have you ever noticed a cuckoo tailing a crow in your neighbourhood. the sight is most likely to take place in the monsoons, when crows start nesting. “koels and cuckoos are cousins belonging to the same family. both the birds lay eggs in the nests of host birds, ” says n. raveendran, a city - based birder. “koels are entirely dependent on house crows. they have also become common neighbourhood birds over the years. they are parallel bird communities that co - exist. but they have a love - hate relationship. ”\nindian cuckoo is a 33 cm long bird of cuckoo family of birds. its appearance is above dark slaty grey, brown tinged, pale ashy and white below barred with broad black bands. it produces a loud, far - reaching fluty whistle with a wide range of suggestive renderings. its breeding season is from march to august and lays eggs on nest of drango, orioles etc .\nindrawan, m. and somadikarta, s. (2004) a new hawk - owl from the togian islands, gulf of tomini, central sulawesi, indonesia. bull. brit. ornithol. club 124: 160 - 171 .\npage 46, variable hawk (variable) buteo polyosoma polyosoma this subspecies, inadvertently omitted from clements checklist 6. 4, is reinstated. the range statement is: “andes of sw colombia to tierra del fuego and falkland islands. ”\nin the flapping of wings, flight movements and perching style, the cuckoo mimic shikara. the squirrels and small birds raise the alarm, as they do on sighting a bird of prey. the males are slightly larger than the females. the male cuckoo makes a loud screaming three - note call which is repeated 4 - 5 times. the female responds with a series of grating sounds .\nsankar, k (1993) the indian cuckoo (cuculus micropterus micropterus gould) in sariska tiger reserve, rajasthan. j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 90 (3): 512\npage 154, shining bronze - cuckoo (golden) chrysococcyx lucidus lucidus revise range from “australia, tasmania and new zealand; winters to n melanesia” to “new zealand; winters to n melanesia. ”\nrevise the range description for the monotypic group common chlorospingus (cinereocephalus) chlorospingus flavopectus cinereocephalus from “subtropical central peru (junín) ” to “east slope of the andes of central peru (pasco to western cuzco) ” .\nthe common hawk cuckoo is a fairly common breeding summer visitor to our area. most birds begin arriving in march and leaving in october but there have been a few winter records. in much of india it is resident and, like all cuckoos, its main food source is caterpillars. our area is usually too cold for most caterpillars in the winter months and as a result the cuckoos have to leave us for warmer climes further south. it is a secretive bird not readily seen except in flight but its call is one of the best known sounds of summer. it calls a loud, incessant “dee dee dit” often rendered as “brain - fever” or “chok ga lo” and is given to calling in the early morning before sunrise. the call often rises and increases to a manic pitch, which together with its persistence, gives rise to its popular name of brain - fever bird .\n), also known as brainfever bird, belongs to the family of cuckoos, cuculidae. these cuckoo species are distributed in india, pakistan, nepal, bhutan, bangladesh, myanmar and sri lanka .\nthe indian cuckoo (cuculus micropterus) is a member of the cuckoo order of birds, the cuculiformes, that is found in the indian subcontinent and southeast asia. it ranges from india, bangladesh, bhutan, nepal and sri lanka east to indonesia and north to china and russia. it is a solitary and shy bird, found in forests and open woodland at up to 3, 600 m .\nrevise the range description for the monotypic group common chlorospingus (southern peru) chlorospingus flavopectus peruvianus from “subtropical s peru (puno) ” to “east slope of the andes of southern peru (easterm cuzco to puno) ” .\nso what could be reason for the asian koel possessing such a contrasting image to its portrayal? “probably, the role of brood parasite species is to check the population of common birds like the crow, ” suggests raveendran .\nmunnar in northern kerala, munnar is the base for eravikulam national park (rajamalai national park). it is a hill station with plenty of tea estates and some raj influence as well. birds to be observed here are: grey - breasted laughing - thrush, nilgiri woodpigeon, nilgiri flycatcher, black and orange flycatcher, white - bellied shortwing, broad - tailed grassbird, nilgiri pipit (all endemic), grey - headed canary flycatcher, common flameback woodpecker, long - tailed shrike, blue rock thrush, painted bush quail, black eagle, common kestrel, peregrine falcon, bonelli’s eagle, rufous - bellied eagle, hill swallow, common rose finch etc .\nng, n. s. r. , and f. e. rheindt. 2016. species delimitation in the white‑faced cuckoo‑dove (turacoena manadensis) based on bioacoustic data. avian research 7: 2 .\npage 153, pallid cuckoo cuculus pallidus in accord with raou, this species transferred from the genus cuculus to the genus cacomantis. we intended to resequence this species to initiate the genus cacomantis (immediately following the barred long - tailed cuckoo cercococcyx montanus), but we failed to implement this change in the clements checklist 6. 5 spreadsheet. we will correct this oversight in the next round of revisions to clements checklist .\ndepending on whom you ask, this bird is either a lover or a lunatic. i’m talking about the papiha (or common hawk cuckoo) – forever immortalised in that ethereal melody “bol re papihara” from the 1971 film guddi. the heroine identifies with the papiha as a kindred soul - lovelorn and separated from its sweetheart. she tries to convey her angst and yearning for her beloved through the voice of this bird. meera bai, the 16th century poet saint, chose to portray the papiha as a fickle lover, winning over and then deceiving its paramours like her beloved lord krishna. the british, on the other hand, decided it was crazy and named it the brain fever bird .\n28 cm. smallish hawk - cuckoo, similar in appearance to several other species with a bright yellow eye - ring. head and upperparts are slate grey in the adult, with a grey chin, white lores, throat and neck - sides. the underparts are pale rufous becoming white from the lower belly down. subadults are grey - barred rufous where the adults are grey; the head may be nearly black and the underparts have heavy brown streaking on the breast and upper belly .\npage 33, black scoter (eurasian) melanitta nigra nigra black scoter (american) melanitta nigra americana in accord with nacc, black scoter is split into two species, common scoter (melanitta nigra) and black scoter (melanitta americana) .\nnorman, j. a. , christidis, l. , westerman, m. and hill, f. a. r. (1998) molecular data confirms the species status of the christmas island hawk - owl ninox natalis. emu 98: 197 - 208 .\noptimality theory suggests that parasitic cuckoos should evolve an optimal laying behaviour aiming to positively select host nests in which the eggs match the phenotype of their own eggs, thus minimizing the rejection risk from hosts and, in turn, maximizing the cuckoos' fitness. we tested this hypothesis by investigating cuckoo - egg matching between parasitized and nonparasitized nests in a common cuckoo (cuculus canorus) host, the oriental reed warbler (acrocephalus orientalis), by use of vorobyev–osorio and nature - pattern - match models to quantify the matching of egg colour and pattern from avian vision, respectively. the results of our study indicated that cuckoo - egg matching in parasitized nests was no better than that in nonparasitized nests, and thus we found no support for the optimal laying hypothesis in cuckoos. the mixed conclusions from all previous studies, including the present study, may be explained by (1) the parallel coevolution in different cuckoo–host systems; (2) the inappropriate methodology; and (3) the deficiency of the assumption itself. we suggest that a better methodology should be developed to solve the puzzle of whether cuckoos choose to lay eggs matching those of the host .\ngjershaug, j. o. , kvalfy, k. , rfv, n. , prawiradilaga, d. m. , suparman, u. and rahman, z. (2004) the taxonomic status of flores hawk eagle spizaetus floris. forktail 20: 55 - 62 .\napart from the larger animals, kanha is a veritable paradise for birdwatchers. from the larger raptors like the short - toed eagle (circaetus gallicus), the crested hawk - eagle (spizactus cirrhutus) and crested serpent eagle (spilorrns cheela), many smaller birds like the grassland warblers (sylviinae spc .), flycatchers (muscicapinae sps .), bee - eaters (meropidae sps .), minivets (pericrocotus sps .), brilliantly coloured indian roller or blue jay (coracias bengalensis), cattle egrets (bubulcus ibis), black stork (cicinia nigra), barbets, nuthatchers, so many kinds of woodpeckers and the kingfishers are resident species of kanha. in the drier months and during monsoon time, the forest resounds with the call of the hawk cuckoo or brainfever bird (cuculus varius) .\npage 687, common cactus - finch geospiza scandens intermedia revise range from “galapagos is. (barrington, floreana, duncan, santa cruz, isabela) ” to “galapagos is. (santa fé, floreana, pinzón, santa cruz, isabela is .). ”\nred jungle fowl (gallus gallus), the ancestor of the common village hen makes its appearance in these forests as south of vindhyas greyjungle fowl (gallus sonerati) is seen instead of this. the peafowl (pavo cristatus), the national bird is commonly seen .\nottvall, r. , bensch, s. , walinder, g. and lifjeld, j. t. (2002) no evidence of genetic differences between lesser redpolls carduelis flammea cabaret and common redpolls arduelis f. flammea. avian sci. 2: 237 - 244 .\n) has not been quantified. the overall population size is considered to be stable. their generation length is 7 years. these cuckoo species have large range and population. the habitat loss due to deforestation and logging is threatening the survival of these species .\nthe nocturnal species are likewise interesting: oriental scops owl, collared scops owl, spot - bellied eagle owl, brown fish owl, jungle owlet, brown hawk owl, spotted owlet, brown wood owl, short - eared owl, great - eared nightjar, indian nightjar, franklin’s nightjar, and grey nightjar .\npage 155, white - crowned koel caliechthrus leucolophus in accord with sorenson and payne (2005), this species was transferred from the genus caliechthrus to the genus cacomantis. we intended to resequence this species to a position near the beginning of the genus cacomantis (immediately following the barred long - tailed cuckoo cercococcyx montanus and the pallid cuckoo cacomantis pallidus), but we failed to implement this change in the clements checklist 6. 5 spreadsheet. we will correct this oversight in the next round of revisions to clements checklist. reference: sorenson, m. d. , and r. b. payne. 2005. a molecular genetic analysis of cuckoo phylogeny. pages 68 - 94 in r. b. payne, the cuckoos. oxford university press, new york, new york .\npage 46, eurasian buzzard buteo buteo we announced in the updates and corrections of clements checklist 6. 4 that the english name was to be changed to common buzzard. we failed to implement this change in the clements checklist 6. 4 spreadsheet, but we do so in the 2010 spreadsheet .\nthe cuckoo species inhabit evergreen and semi - evergreen forests, wooded hillsides, deciduous hill forests, partly cultivated farmlands, plantations and parks with dense shady trees. it occurs in elevations of up to 1, 000 meters in himalayan foothill forests and in hills of central sri lanka .\nthe eggs of the cuckoo hatch in 12 days while those of the brown shrike in the amur region take 14 days. during the third or fourth day, the young bird bends its back when touched and heaves out other eggs or nestlings. this instinct is lost soon after .\ngamauf, a. , gjershaug, j. - o. , rfv, n. , kvalfy, k. and haring, e. (2005) species or subspecies? the dilemma of taxonomic ranking of some south - east asian hawk - eagles (genus spizaetus). bird conserv. int. 15: 99 - 117 .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is reported to be common in most parts of its range but rarer in sri lanka (del hoyo et al. 1997). trend justification: the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\ni arrived in kabini in the late ’80s to the sight of two sloth bears fighting by a campfire. but my first life - changing incident would take place many years later, when i was guiding my first group of guests. the call of the hawk cuckoo marked the end of summer as storm clouds gathered. to my left, the barking deer barked twice, signalling danger. there was a leopard to our right: he sat there, oblivious to our presence, graceful in his existence but with blood dripping from his face. it was clear he was battling for this territory and within minutes, he was gone .\nsorenson, m. d. , and r. b. payne. 2005. a molecular genetic analysis of cuckoo phylogeny. pages 68 - 94 in r. b. payne, the cuckoos. oxford university press, new york, new york, and oxford, united kingdom .\ncomparison of egg colour matching (n = 30) between cuckoo and host eggs for the all - eggs - assessment mechanism of cuckoos. box plots show medians, quartiles, and 5th and 95th percentiles. for further details, see material and methods. jnd, just noticeable differences .\ncomparison of egg colour matching (n = 30) between cuckoo and host eggs for the one - egg - assessment mechanism of cuckoos. box plots show medians, quartiles, and 5th and 95th percentiles. for further details, see material and methods. jnd, just noticeable differences .\ncomparison of egg pattern matching (n = 30) between cuckoo and host eggs for both all - eggs - assessment and one - egg - assessment mechanisms of cuckoos. box plots show medians, quartiles, and 5th and 95th percentiles. for further details, see material and methods .\nthe other common tree species belong to the terminalia genus, the most numerous being what in india is popularly known as crocodile bark, the earlier scientific name being terminalia tomentosa, now it is referred to as terminalia crenulata, it is good timber, locals call it as saja and in maharashtra it is called as ain .\nthe dhole or wild dog (cuon alpinus), referred to as whistling hunters are very interesting in terms of stories of their hunting prowess. they hunt in packs between 7 to 15 and tire out their prey with long chases. jackal (canis aurens), jungle cat (felis bengalensis) are common among the small predators .\nrevise the range description for the monotypic group common merganser (north american) mergus merganser americanus from “widespread north america” to “breeds southern and central alaska east to eastern canada, and south to northern california, colorado, and the north central and northeastern united states; winters southern alaska and maritime provinces (canada) south to north central mexico” .\npage 613, common waxbill estrilda astrild niansae an error in the scientific name is remedied as “ niansae ” [ sic = nyansae ] is corrected to “ adesma, ” as the name nyansae is preoccupied under current concepts of the genus estrilda; see peters check - list volume xiv: 342 and howard & moore, 3rd edition: 730 .\nthe jungle babbler is a common resident breeding bird in most parts of the indian subcontinent and is often seen in gardens within large cities as well as in forested areas. in the past, the orange - billed babbler, turdoides rufescens, of sri lanka was considered to be a race of this babbler, but is elevated to a species .\nscientific name - phaenicophaeus tristis description - it is a species of non - parasitic cuckoo found throughout south and southeast asia. the birds are waxy bluish black with a long graduated tail with white tips to the tail feathers. the bill is prominent and curved. these birds are found in dry scrub and thin forests .\ncanchao yang, longwu wang, wei liang, anders p. møller; do common cuckoos (cuculus canorus) possess an optimal laying behaviour to match their own egg phenotype to that of their oriental reed warbler (acrocephalus orientalis) hosts? , biological journal of the linnean society, volume 117, issue 3, 1 march 2016, pages 422–427, urltoken\nthe sloth bear (melursus ursianus) is more common in the hilly areas, can occasionally be seen. it is an omnivore with its diet mostly made up of berries, honey and insects. porcupine, pangolin or scaly anteater are very rarely seen. wild boar (sus scrofa) which feeds on roots, carrion etc. , is very commonly seen .\nthe size of common hoopoe is almost close to size of myna. its appearance is fawn coloured bird with black and white zebra markings on back, wings & tail. both sexes are alike. they feed insects, grubs and pupae and thus helpful in agriculture. their nesting season is from february to may and lays 5 - 6 eggs at a time .\nit is also known as greater coucal and is a non - parasitic member of cuckoo family of birds. its size is similar to jungle crow with long and broad tail. they feed caterpillars, large insects, snails, lizards etc. their nesting season is from february to march and lays 3 - 4 eggs at a time .\nscientific name - cuculus micropterus description - this is a medium sized cuckoo with both sexes alike. it has grey upperparts while the underside has broad black barring. the tail is barred with a broad subterminal dark band and a white tip. the species is found widely distributed across asia, from the indian subcontinent eastwards to southeast asia. the preferred habitat is deciduous and evergreen forests but also occur in garden lands and thick scrub. some populations appear to migrate south in winter. the indian cuckoo is a brood parasite. it lays its single egg mostly in the nests of drongos and crows. it removes and eats an egg from the host nest before laying its own .\npage 369, yellow - eyed cuckoo - shrike coracina lineata in accord with raou, change the english name to barred cuckoo - shrike. page 372, white - shouldered triller lalage sueurii white - winged triller lalage tricolor in accord with raou, white - winged and white - shouldered trillers are lumped into a single species, white - winged triller lalage sueurii. both former species still maintain an identity as groups: white - winged triller (white - shouldered) lalage sueurii sueurii white - winged triller (white - winged) lalage sueurii tricolor page 375, gray - chinned minivet pericrocotus solaris deignani correct a typographic error in the range statement: change “a vietnam” to “s vietnam. ”\nng, e. y. x. , j. a. eaton, p. verbelen, r. o. hutchinson, and f. e. rheindt. 2016. using bioacoustic data to test species limits in an indo - pacific island radiation of macropygia cuckoo doves. biological journal of the linnean society 118: 786 - 812 .\nscientific name - clamator jacobinus description - it is a member of the cuckoo order of birds that is found in africa and asia. it is partially migratory and in india, it has been considered a harbinger of the monsoon rains due to the timing of its arrival. it has been associated with a bird in indian mythology and poetry, known as the chatak (sanskrit: चातक) represented as a bird with a beak on its head that waits for rains to quench its thirst. this medium - sized, slim black and white cuckoo with a crest is distinctive. the call is a ringing series of whistling notes\npiu - piu\nwith the calls of the nominate form more rapid and slightly mellower\namong the snakes, the largest and the one mostly seen here is the indian python (python molurus), other nonvenomous snakes are the dhaman or rat snake (ptyas mucosus) - similar to indian cobra in appearance and the wolf snake (lycodon aulicus). among the venomous snakes the common ones are indian cobra (naja naja) and the saw scaled viper (echis carinatus) .\nwith the change in the english name of the neotropical species buteogallus coronatus from crowned eagle to chaco eagle (aou - sacc proposal 681), there no longer is conflict with the widespread use of crowned eagle for stephanoaetus coronatus (e. g. , brown and amadon, britton 1980, brown et al. 1982, borrow and demey 2001). therefore change the english name of stephanoaetus coronatus from crowned hawk - eagle to crowned eagle .\nthe excel version of the checklist includes the scientific and common names used, the authority (for the original description of the taxon), the latest global iucn red list category (e. g. extinct, vulnerable, least concern, etc .), taxonomic notes where relevant, and a record id number unique to the taxonomic entity. previously recognised taxa are also included and distinguished as ‘not recognised’ .\nthese birds are very common near towns and cities particularly in northern india and are well known for their habit of moving in groups giving them the local name of\nsath bhai\nwhich means seven brethren but translated by the english in india to\nseven sisters\n. visitors to india were very likely to notice these vocal and active birds and frank finn notes an incident during the colonial period in india :\nin summary, the mixed conclusions of previous studies, in conjunction with those of the present study, may be explained by (1) the parallel coevolution in different cuckoo–host systems; (2) the inappropriate methodology and (3) the deficiency of the assumption itself. therefore, we suggest that a better methodology should be developed to test the egg matching hypothesis of cuckoos .\nthe asian koel is a large, long - tailed, cuckoo measuring 39–46 cm. the male of the nominate race is glossy bluish - black, with a pale greenish grey bill, the iris is crimson, and it has grey legs and feet. they are very vocal during the breeding season (march to august in south asia), with a range of different calls .\nthe mean ± sd distance between parasitized and nonparasitized nests was 21. 5 ± 6. 5 m (range 8–32 m, n = 38 paired nests). for egg colour matching between cuckoo and host eggs based on the assumption that cuckoos assess all host eggs in laying, neither the egg background colour, nor the egg markings colour was found to differ between parasitized and nonparasitized nests for both chromatic and achromatic components (fig. 1). in line with this, for the assumption of one egg being assessed, cuckoo - egg matching in parasitized nests did not differ statistically from that of unparasitized nests in all aspects (fig. 2). the results from egg pattern matching did not differ significantly between parasitized and unparasitized nests for either assessment mechanism (fig. 3) .\nit is a medium - to large - sized cuckoo, about the size of a pigeon. the plumage is ashy grey above; whitish below, cross - barred with brown. the tail is broadly barred. there is distinct black bars on tail and fine rufous bars on belly and flanks of its body. it has yellow iris and eye - ring. it has yellowish gray bill and yellow legs .\nnagarhole park it is close by ooty. the significant species are: rufous babbler, blue - capped rock thrush, indian scimitar babbler, blue - winged parakeet, indian swiftlet, black - headed cuckoo shrike, white - bellied woodpecker, red - headed vulture, chestnut - bellied nuthatch, white - cheeked barbet, jungle owlet, plum - headed parakeet, tickell’s flowerpecker, thick - billed warbler etc .\nit is a stocky bird of length 26 - 27cm. its breast is golden brown with blue blue tail and rest of the body. the feed insects. their breeding season is from march to june and lays 3 - 5 eggs at a time. indian roller is most commonly seen roller family bird in almost all major wildlife & bird sanctuaries of north india. their sighting is quite common close to grasslands, ponds and other water sources in countryside sites .\nthis is a medium - sized cuckoo with both sexes alike. it has grey upperparts while the underside has broad black barring. the tail is barred with a broad subterminal dark band and a white tip. young birds have white markings on the crown and white chin and throat contrasting with a dark face. juveniles are browner and have broad white tips to the head and wing feathers. the eye - ring is gray to yellow (a feature shared with the\nfrogmouth: the ceylon frogmouth is observed here. other species are: swifts, trogons (malabar), kingfishers (lesser - pied, common, blue - eared, stork - billed, white - throated, black - capped), bee - eaters, rollers, hoopoe, hornbills (malabar grey and great), barbets (brown - headed, small green, crimson - throated, and crimson - breasted), woodpeckers (eurasian wryneck, speckled peculet, rufous, lesser yellow - nape, black - rumped flameback, greater flameback, white - naped, white - bellied woodpecker, brown - capped pygmy, heart - spotted), pitta, larks, swallows, martins, shrikes, orioles, drongos, wood swallow, starlings, mynas, crows, treepies, jays, minivets, leafbirds, fairy bluebird, bulbuls, babblers, laughing thrushes (white - breasted, waynad), flycatchers, warblers, chats, tits, nuthatch, pipits, wagtails, flower - peckers, sunbirds, spider hunters, white eye, sparrow, baya, munias, common rose finch etc .\nthe asian koel is a crafty avian parasite that’s a dominant aggressive survivor. “it’s a brood parasite. the parent birds would push the eggs of the host to accommodate their eggs. in some cases, even the newly hatched chick pushes the host’s egg off the nest, ” reveals raveendran. “it was startling to see this happen at a nest in the city outskirts. the incubation period of cuckoos is 13 to 16 days and the period for crows is 17 to 20 days. that’s how the cuckoo chicks hatch earlier than crows. ”\nthe present study was performed in zhalong national nature reserve (46°48′ to 47°31′ n, 123°51′ to 124°37′ e), which is located on the northern songnen plain in heilongjiang, north - east china. the habitats there include reed swamps, open water, and degenerative grasslands. mean annual temperature and precipitation are 3. 2 °c and 426 mm, respectively, and the coldest and warmest months are january and july, with mean temperatures of −19. 2 and 22. 8 °c, respectively (wang, xu & sun, 2006; yang et al. , 2015a). mean temperature and precipitation during the breeding season (june to august, 2012–2014) were 22. 3 °c (9–35 °c) and 187 mm, respectively. the oriental reed warbler is genetically closely related to (and was formerly classified as a subspecies of) the great reed warbler, which is well studied in europe (dyrcz & nagata, 2002). it is the most predominant host species utilized by common cuckoo in this area, with parasitism rates from 34. 3% to 65. 5% (liang et al. , 2014; yang et al. , 2014) .\ncuckoos are partial migrants and residents of tropical forest. they have many hosts such as common mynah, sterlings, iora, yellow billed babbler and jungle babblers, while crow is the only host for koels. “koels generally avoid the jungle crow’s nest, ” says raveendran. “once i came across an injured female koel in my backyard. most probably it was attacked by a jungle crow. it must have been caught red handed while laying eggs in the host nest. ” koels are omnivorous and they feed on catterpillars and insects for proteins. however, fruits form their staple diet. they exhibit high adaptability like crows and are found mostly in green areas and temple gardens in madurai." ]

{ "text": [ "the common hawk-cuckoo ( hierococcyx varius ) , popularly known as the brainfever bird , is a medium-sized cuckoo resident in the indian subcontinent .", "it bears a close resemblance to the shikra , even in its style of flying and landing on a perch .", "the resemblance to hawks gives this group the generic name of hawk-cuckoo and like many other cuckoos these are brood parasites , laying their eggs in nests of babblers .", "during their breeding season in summer males produce loud , repetitive three note calls that are well-rendered as brain-fever , the second note being longer and higher pitched .", "these notes rise to a crescendo before ending abruptly and repeat after a few minutes ; the calling may go on through the day , well after dusk and before dawn . " ], "topic": [ 12, 21, 28, 14, 14 ] }

[ "the common hawk-cuckoo (hierococcyx varius), popularly known as the brainfever bird, is a medium-sized cuckoo resident in the indian subcontinent. it bears a close resemblance to the shikra, even in its style of flying and landing on a perch. the resemblance to hawks gives this group the generic name of hawk-cuckoo and like many other cuckoos these are brood parasites, laying their eggs in nests of babblers. during their breeding season in summer males produce loud, repetitive three note calls that are well-rendered as brain-fever, the second note being longer and higher pitched. these notes rise to a crescendo before ending abruptly and repeat after a few minutes; the calling may go on through the day, well after dusk and before dawn." ]

[ "complex (nematoda: ascaridoidea: anisakidae) using genetic markers in the internal transcribed spacers of ribosomal dna .\nshamsi s, gasser r, beveridge i. genetic characterisation and taxonomy of species of anisakis (nematoda: anisakidae) parasitic in australian marine mammals .\nfirst record of larvae of hysterothylacium (nematoda: anisakidae) with zoonotic potential in the pirarucu arapaima gigas (osteichthyes: arapaimidae) from south america / primeiro registro de larvas de hysterothylacium sp. (nematoda: anisakidae) com potencial zoonotico em pirarucu arapaima gigas (osteichthyes: arapaimidae) na america do sul\nfirst record of hysterothylacium sp. moravec, kohn et fernandes, 1993 larvae (nematoda: anisakidae) infecting the ornamental fish hyphessobrycon eques steindachner, 1882 (characiformes, characidae) / primeiro registro de larvas de hysterothylacium sp. moravec, kohn et fernandes, 1993 (nematoda: anisakidae) infectando o peixe ornamental hyphessobrycon eques steindachner, 1882 (characiformes, characidae )\ntemporal stability of parasite distribution and genetic variability values of contracaecum osculatum sp. d and c. osculatum sp. e (nematoda: anisakidae) from fish of the ross sea (antarctica )\ntemporal stability of parasite distribution and genetic variability values of contracaecum osculatum sp. d and c. osculatum sp. e (nematoda: anisakidae) from fish of the ross sea (antarctica) - sciencedirect\nthe anisakidae worms tend to infect different types of fish, birds, and even reptiwes. the most prevawent being de trigger fish (abawistes stewwaris) and de carp bream (abramis brama). [ 1 ]\n) shows a considerable nucleotide difference of 38. 9–39. 8% in both its - 1 and its - 2 regions. this is greater than nucleotide difference found for distinct species within a genus of family anisakidae (\npereira, f. b. ; luque, j. l. (2017). an integrated phylogenetic analysis on ascaridoid nematodes (anisakidae, raphidascarididae), including further description and intraspecific variations of raphidascaris (sprentascaris) lanfrediae in freshwater fishes from brazil. parasitology international. 66 (1): 898 - 904. , available online at urltoken note: subfamilies supported [ details ]\nits - 1 and its - 2 sequences of well identified closely related taxa were selected to build the phylogenetic tree to investigate the association of larvae in the present study with other taxa within family anisakidae. both neighbour joining and maximum parsimony (the latter is not shown) trees had similar profile and grouping of taxa were the same among both trees. in the neighbour joining phylogenetic tree (\nmattiucci, simonetta; cipriani, paowo; webb, stephen c. ; paowetti, michewa; marcer, federica; bewwisario, bruno; gibson, david i. ; nascetti, giuseppe (2014) .\ngenetic and morphowogicaw approaches distinguish de dree sibwing species of de anisakis simpwex species compwex, wif a species designation as anisakis berwandi n, uh - hah - hah - hah. sp. for a. simpwex sp. c (nematoda: anisakidae )\n.\nthe nucleotide variation within terranova larval type in the present study was very low (0–0. 4% for both its - 1 and its - 2), and was within the range for nucleotide variation (0–0. 2% and 0–0. 4% for its - 1 and its - 2 respectively) calculated for members of the same species in the family anisakidae (shamsi et al. , 2009b). this suggests they all should be the same genotype / species .\nbezerra, t. n. ; decraemer, w. ; eisendle - flöckner, u. ; holovachov, o. ; leduc, d. ; miljutin, d. ; sharma, j. ; smol, n. ; tchesunov, a. ; mokievsky, v. ; venekey, v. ; vanreusel, a. (2018). nemys: world database of free - living marine nematodes. anisakidae railliet & henry, 1912. accessed through: world register of marine species at: urltoken; = 19961 on 2018 - 07 - 10\nshamsi, s. (2015). anisakidae skrjabin & karokhin, 1945. in: guiwini, k. ; bezerra, t. n. ; deprez, t. ; fonseca, g. ; howovachov, o. ; leduc, d. ; miwjutin, d. ; moens, t. ; sharma, j. ; smow, n. ; tchesunov, a. ; mokievsky, v. ; vanaverbeke, j. ; vanreusew, a. ; vincx, m. (2016) nemys: worwd database of free - living marine nematodes. accessed drough: worwd register of marine species at urltoken on 2016 - 08 - 03\nthis famiwy of parasites have a compwex wife cycwe, meaning dat dey come in contact wif more dan one host droughout de duration of deir wife. the aduwt anisakidae worms way eggs in de stomachs of many underwater organisms, cetaceans, and den dese eggs are excreted from de host via fecaw matter. once dese hatched warvae are in open water, dey can be ingested by de crustaceans wiving in de water. at dis stage, de prevawence, or proportion of infected hosts, is rader wow. the infected crustaceans can den be eaten by different types of fish and cephawopods, where de parasite den furders its devewopment. once de fish obtains de parasite, it den can reach de definitive host, or finaw host, drough de consumption of de infected fish. [ 3 ]\nde ley, p. ; blaxter, m. l. (2004). a new system for nematoda: combining morphological characters with molecular trees, and translating clades into ranks and taxa. nematology monographs & perspectives. 2: 633 - 653. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nanderson, r. c. ; chabaud, a. g. ; willmott, s. (1974). cih keys to the nematode parasites of vertebrates. i - x. [ details ]\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ncentro di referenza nazionale per le anisakiasi (c. re. n. a .), istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale della sicilia, palermo, italy\ncentro di referenza nazionale per le anisakiasi (c. re. n. a .), istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale della sicilia, via gino marinuzzi 3, 90129 palermo, italy. + 39. 091. 6565455 - fax: + 39. 091. 6565234. ti. ailicisszi @ illetnarref. oznecniv\nconference presentation: part of this paper was presented at the 23rd national aivi congress, 2013 june 12 - 14, rome, italy .\nreceived 2013 may 14; revised 2013 sep 9; accepted 2013 sep 11 .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution non - commercial license (urltoken) which permits unrestricted non - commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited .\naudicana mt, ansotegui jj, de corres lf, kennedy mw, 2002 .\nbernardi c, gustinelli a, fioravanti ml, caffara m, mattiucci s, cattaneo p, 2011 .\nmolecular identification of anisakis spp. from fishes collected in the tyrrhenian sea (nw mediterranean )\nd’amelio s, mathiopoulos kd, santos cp, pugachev on, webbd sc, picanco m, paggi l, 2000 .\nmattiucci s, fazii p, de rosa a, paoletti m, salomone megna a, glielmo a, de angelis m, costa a, meucci c, calvaruso v, sorrentini i, palma g, bruschi f, nascetti g, 2013 .\nmattiucci s, paoletti m, borrini f, palumbo m, macarone palmieri r, gomes v, casati a, nascetti g, 2011 .\nanisakid larvae in the liver of cod (gadus morhua) l. from the southern baltic sea\nurban fj, madden kb, svetic a, cheever a, trotta pp, gause wc, katona im, finkelman fd, 1992 .\nfamily of large nematode worms (superfamily heterocheilidae) found in the stomach and intestines of fish - eating birds and marine mammals; infection is acquired by consuming uncooked marine fish; human anisakiasis have been reported primarily in japan. see also: anisakis .\na family of nematode parasites of marine mammals, fish, birds, reptiles and, by accidental infestation, humans. see phocanema, terranova and contracaecum .\nlarvae were fixed in afa and stored in glycerin - alcohol in proportion 1: 1 and examined with the aid of a magnifying glass .\nhistopathology from liver of tuvira (gymnotus spp .) parasitized by larvae of nematodes / histopatologia de figado de tuvira parasitado por larvas de nematoides\n( nematoda: ascaridoidea) parasitas da cabrinha prionotus punctatus (bloch, 1793) (osteichthyes: triglidae) do litoral do estado do rio de janeiro, brasil .\nem acestrorhynchus lacustris da area de protecao ambiental do rio curiau, macapa, estado do amapa .\nis of great importance to public health due to its zoonotic potential (takemoto et al .\nand the metacestode scolex pleuronectis muller, 1758 represented, respectively, the second and third most prevalent taxon (table 1) .\nprevalencia y abundancia de contracaecum sp. en rubio salminus affinis en el rio sinu y san jorge: descripcion morfologica\nand are parasites of aquatic organisms such as fish, marine mammals and piscivorous birds (bicudo et al .\nall content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. this information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. for attribution, the original author (s), title, publication source (peerj) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .\ndead fish were cut open and first examined for presence of larval nematodes in the surface of the internal organs and also for gross pathology. then the gastro - intestinal tract from mouth to anus was examined for the presence of nematodes. all nematodes found were washed in physiological saline and then preserved in 70% ethanol. a small piece of the mid - body of each nematode was excised for molecular study, and the rest of the nematode were used for microscopy .\nthe anterior and posterior parts of each nematode were cleared in lactophenol and examined under a light microscope. terranova larvae were identified according to the identification key proposed by cannon (1977) and were selected for description and further molecular analyses. illustrations were made using a microscope equipped with camera lucida .\nrepresentative samples based on host species and geographical locations were selected for sequencing. sequences were aligned using the computer program clustalx (thompson et al. , 1997) and then adjusted manually. polymorphic sites were designated using international union of pure and applied chemistry (iupac) codes. pair - wise comparisons of sequence differences (d) were determined using the formula d = 1 − (m ∕ l), where m is the number of alignment positions at which the two sequences have a base in common, and l is the total number of alignment positions over which the two sequences are compared (chilton, gasser & beveridge, 1995) .\nphylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence data for combined its - 1 and its - 2 regions were conducted in paup 4. 0 .\nshows details of the taxa used to build phylogenetic trees. two tree - building methods, neighbour - joining and maximum parsimony were employed for phylogenetic analysis. the outgroup employed was\nscientific name and specimens / accession number of taxa used to build phylogenetic trees in the present study .\ntype larvae were found in 13 species of fish collected from north - eastern, eastern and south eastern coasts of australia. material morphologically examined were 10 larvae in good condition from\nall measurements are given in millimetres. mean measurements are given, followed by the range in parentheses .\ndiagram of terranova larval type found in the present study indicating taxonomically important features (scale - bars = 0. 3 mm) .\na total of 93 specimens from various fishes, including abudefduf whitleyi, caesio cuning, carangoides fulvoguttatus, caranx ignobilis, caranx melampygus, epinephelus cyanopodus, grammatorcynus bicarinatus, lutjanus argentimaculatus, l. bohar, l. carponotatus and l. fulviflamma and scomber australasicus were subjected to pcr amplification. based on the species of hosts and their geographical locations, 25 and 21 specimens were selected and sequenced for its - 1 and its - 2 respectively .\nthe length of the its - 1 was 437 bp except for two specimens which were 436 bp long. the difference in length was due to a gap at alignment position 20 in the latter specimens (\n). sequence variation in the its - 1 among specimens was 0–0. 4% and the g + c content was 47. 6–47. 9% . the length of the its - 2 was 252 bp. sequence polymorphism was detected at alignment position 22 in two specimens. sequence variation among individuals was 0–0. 4% and the g + c content was 46. 4–46. 8% . its - 1 and its - 2 sequences of\nthe left column indicates the genbank accession number of specimens. numbers to the right of alignment indicate the alignment position. polymorphic sites were designated using iupac codes .\nlarval types, i and ii, in queensland waters which were later reported by other authors from other parts of australia (e. g. ,\n, the main difference between larval types i and ii is the ratio of intestinal caecum to ventriculus being 1: 1 in the former and 2: 1 in the latter morphotype. based on the similarity in the ratio of intestinal caecum to ventriculus and considering the geographical location of larvae and matching it with presence of adult nematodes, he suggested\nspp. was not discussed in cannon’s work. in addition, assigning larval type to adults based on the ratio of intestinal caecum to ventriculus has been considered to be unreliable .\nshowed that the length of the intestinal caecum is shorter in smaller / younger larvae and increases as the larvae grow in length. this can affect the ratio of intestinal caecum to other organs, such as ventricular appendix or ventriculus. as a result the specific identity of\nlarval types remains unknown. for the same reasons, despite of morphological resemblance between\nthere is no certainty that they are genetically similar or belong to the same species due to lack of comparable molecular data for cannon’s specimens .\ntwynams paar, ceylon; south australia and queensland, australia; natal, northern brazil .\na the species has been described based on a single female and should be redescribed .\nb mozgovoi (1953) lists this species as terranova serrata (drasche 1884) while bruce, adlard & cannon (1994) listed it as porrocaecurn draschei (stossich, 1896) and noted that there is some doubt as to which name has priority for this species .\nc this taxon was considered as junior synonym of t. galeocerdonis by tanzola & sardella (2006) .\nd according to johnston & mawson (1945) t. nidifex may be identical to t. galeocerdonis .\ne this taxon was regarded as species inquirenda by gibson & colin (1982) .\ng this species was considered as a synonym of t. secundum (chandler, 1935) by olsen (1952) .\ntm in the original description cação panan was stated as type host which could not be assigned to any specific elsamobranch .\nin an attempt to specifically identify terranova larval type in the present study, we genetically characterised all terranova larval type found in the present study from broad geographical region as well as a broad variety of fish species, based on their its - 1 and its - 2 sequences followed by phylogenetic analyses .\nlarval type found in the present study comparable its sequences from well identified adults must be available. to date, there is no such sequence in the genbank database. among reliably identified species whose its - 1 and its - 2 sequences were available in the genbank database, there was no identical or highly similar sequence to its - 1 and its - 2 sequences found in the present study. alignment of its - 1 and its - 2 sequences of\nlarval type in the present study with those available in genbank database did not result in finding identical or highly similar sequences. although the closest its sequences in the genbank database belonged to\nspp. in the genbank was too great (38. 9–39. 8% and 46. 7–48. 4% for its - 1 and its - 2, respectively) to be considered within the genus\npairwise comparisons of the nucleotide differences (%) in the consensus sequences of its - 1 and its - 2 between terranova larval type found in the present study and pseudoterranova spp. (the only taxa with closest its sequence similarity available in genbank database) .\nlarval type found in the present study were resolved as a distinct clade with strong bootstrap support of 100% . none of the anisakid species (\nlarval type found in the present study. closely related species becoming adult in teleost fishes (\nin both phylogenetic trees produced in the present study based on the combined its - 1 and its - 2 sequences, the terranova larval type was resolved separately from pseudoterranova spp. suggesting they do not belong to the genus pseudoterranova .\nthis is the first report of a terranova larval type from abudefduf whitleyi, carangoides fulvoguttatus, caranx ignobilis, c. melampygus, chaetodon flavirostris, lutjanus argentimaculatus, l. bohar, pristipomoides multidens, scomber australasicus. some of these fish, such as australian mackerel (scomber australasicus) are popular edible fish. infection of those fish species that are not edible is also very important due to their role in the survival and transmission of terranova larval type in the ecosystem .\nlarvae which would have different implications for seafood and consumers’ safety and policy development in the country. it should be emphasized that it is very likely that\nlarvae exist in australian waters, infect some fish and await discovery. their definitive hosts, australian sea lion, australian fur seal and new zealand fur seal are found in southern coast of australia (\nmap shows reported cases of terranova larval types (circles), adult terranova spp (asterisk), adult pseudoterranova spp (square), adult pulchrascaris (triangle), distribution of australian sea lion (solid line), australian fur seal (square dots) and new zealand fur seal (round dot) .\nauthors are grateful to prof. tom cribb (university of queensland, australia) and his research group for their generous cooperation in collecting specimens from heron island .\nthis work had partial financial support by school of animal and veterinary sciences, charles sturt university and university of melbourne. shokoofeh shamsi received support from the graham centre for agricultural innovations. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nthe authors declare there are no competing interests. shokoofeh shamsi is a member of the graham centre for agricultural innovations .\nshokoofeh shamsi conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and / or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper, drawings of the parasite .\njaydipbhai suthar performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and / or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper .\nmaterials examined morphologically were deposited in south australian natural history museum. the isolate numbers are as below: 301 - 1, 304 - 18, 304 - 2, 316 - 2, 324 - 4, 333 - 10, 336 - 4, 336 - 6, 340 - 4 and 341 - 3 .\narizono n, miura t, yamada m, tegoshi t, onishi k. human infection with\nbruce nl, adlard rd, cannon lrg. synoptic checklist of ascaridoid parasites (nematoda) from fish hosts .\nbruce nl, cannon lrg. ascaridoid nematodes from sharks from australia and the solomon islands, southwestern pacific ocean .\nbullini l, arduino p, cianchi r, nascetti g, d’amelio s, mattiucci s, paggi l, orecchia p, plotz j, berland b, smith jw, brattey j .\ncambridge: cambridge university press; 1997. genetic and ecological research on anisakid endoparasites of fish and marine mammals in the antarctic and arctic - boreal regions; pp. 39–44 .\nchai j - y, darwin murrell k, lymbery aj. fish - borne parasitic zoonoses: status and issues .\nchilton nb, gasser rb, beveridge i. differences in a ribosomal dna sequence of morphologically indistinguishable species within the\ntres especies de nematodes de peces venezolanos, con descriptcion de terranova caballeroi, n. sp. (nematoda )\nvol. 22. maracay: revista de medicina veterinaria y parasitologia; 1967. pp. 1–8 .\ndoupe rg, lymbery aj, wong s, hobbs rp. larval anisakid infections of some tropical fish species from north - west australia .\nfang wz, luo dm. description of a new ascarid species in elasmobranchs from taiwan strait .\nhafsteinsson h, rizvi ssh. a review of the sealworm problem—biology, implications and solutions .\njimenez fa, gardner sl, navone g, orti g. four events of host switching in aspidoderidae nematoda involve convergent lineages of mammals .\njohnston th, mawson pm. parasitic nematodes. british, australian and new zealand antarctic research expedition .\nkijewska a, czarna a, fernandez m, zdzitowiecki k, rokicki j, wrobel b. analysis of 5. 8s rdna and internal transcribed spacer 1 (its1) sequences of ascaridoid nematodes: phylogenetic signal and hypothesis testing .\nkijewska a, rokicki j, sitko j, wegrzyn g. ascaridoidea: a simple dna assay for identification of 11 species infecting marine and freshwater fish, mammals, and fish - eating birds .\nli a, d’amelio s, paggi l, he f, gasser rb, lun z, abollo e, turchetto m, zhu x. genetic evidence for the existence of sibling species within\nmattiucci s, nascetti g. advances and trends in the molecular systematics of anisakid nematodes, with implications for their evolutionary ecology and host—parasite co - evolutionary processes .\nmoore br, stapley j, allsop q, newman sj, ballagh a, welch dj, lester rjg. stock structure of blue threadfin\nmozgovoi aa. key to parasitic nematodes. in: skrjabin ki, editor .\nvol 2. new delhi: academiya nauk sssr; 1950. washington, d. c. : united states department of agriculture and the national science foundation, 1982 .\nnadler sa, d’amelio s, dailey md, paggi l, siu s, sakanari ja. molecular phylogenetics and diagnosis of\nvol. 2. port aransas: institute of marine science of the university of texas; 1952. pp. 173–215 .\norecchia p, paggi l, mattiucci s, smith jw, nascetti g, bullini l. electrophoretic identification of larvae and adults of\npaggi l, nascetti g, cianchi r, orecchia p, mattiucci s, d’amelio s, berland b, brattey j, smith jw, bullini l. genetic evidence for three species within\n( nematoda, ascaridida, ascaridoidea) in the north atlantic and norwegian and barents seas .\npontes t, d’amelio s, costa g, paggi l. molecular characterisation of larval anisakid nematodes from marine fishes of madeira by a pcr - based approach, with evidence for a new species .\nshamsi s, gasser rb, beveridge i. mutation scanning - coupled sequencing of nuclear ribosomal dna spacers (as a taxonomic tool) for the specific identification of different\nshamsi s, norman r, gasser r, beveridge i. genetic and morphological evidences for the existence of sibling species within\nshamsi s, norman r, gasser r, beveridge i. redescription and genetic characterization of selected\nshamsi s, poupa a, justine j - l. characterisation of ascaridoid larvae from marine fish off new caledonia, with description of new hysterothylacium larval types xiii and xiv .\nszostakowska b, myjak p, kur j, sywula t. molecular evaluation of hysterothylacium auctum (nematoda, ascaridida, raphidascarididae) taxonomy from fish of the southern baltic .\n( chondrichthyes: odontaspididae) off argentina, with comments on some related species .\nthompson jd, gibson tj, plewniac f, jeanmougin f, higgins dg. the clustal x windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools .\numehara a, kawakami y, araki j, uchida a. multiplex pcr for the identification of anisakis simplex sensu stricto ,\nyamaguti s. studies on the helminth fauna of japan. part 33. nematodes of fishes, ii .\nzhu x, d’amelio s, paggi l, gasser rb. assessing sequence variation in the internal transcribed spacers of ribosomal dna within and among members of the\nzhu x, gasser rb, podolska m, chilton nb. characterisation of anisakid nematodes with zoonotic potential by nuclear ribosomal dna sequences .\nzhu xq, d’amelio s, palm hw, paggi l, george - nascimento m. sscp - based identification of members within the\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nthey have some traits dat are common wif oder parasites. these incwude: spicuwes, taiw shapes and caudaw papiwwae. [ 2 ]\nthe prevawence of dis parasite is higher in pwaces dat reguwarwy consume raw fish, such as japan, france, spain, and oder european countries. there have been reported incidents of dis parasites worwdwide, but not as prevawent as de above mentioned countries .\ntext is avaiwabwe under de creative commons attribution - shareawike license; additionaw terms may appwy. by using dis site, you agree to de terms of use and privacy powicy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of de wikimedia foundation, inc. , a non - profit organization, uh - hah - hah - hah." ]

{ "text": [ "the anisakidae are a family of intestinal nematodes ( roundworms ) .", "the larvae of these worms can cause anisakiasis when ingested by humans , in raw or insufficiently cooked fish . " ], "topic": [ 4, 18 ] }

[ "the anisakidae are a family of intestinal nematodes (roundworms). the larvae of these worms can cause anisakiasis when ingested by humans, in raw or insufficiently cooked fish." ]

[ "pink vent fish (thermarces cerberus). photo credit: ifremer. publisher: allen, chris. cc by - nc 3. 0\nsancho, g. , fisher, c. r. , mills, s. micheli, f. , johnson, g. a. , lenihan, h. s. , peterson, c. h and mullineaux, l. s. 2005. selective predation by the zoarcid fish thermarces cerberus at hydrothermal vents. deep - sea research 152: 837 - 844 .\nremarks: 1. another close species, t. andersoni rosenblatt & cohen, 1986, was described from galapagos rift, but its synonymy with t. cerberus is debated. 2. a new species of thermarces was found at east pacific rise: 9°n, showing strong morphological and color differences. it is being described elsewhere (m. biscoito & m. segonzac, unpublished data) .\nit’s perhaps no surprise that dante alighieri ’s divine comedy oozes with classic greek mythology. the inferno and pergatorio are the first two parts of the three - part epic allegorical poem called the divine comedy which describes the living poet’s lengthy journey through hell, purgatory and paradise. in it, dante references cerberus, the rivers styx and acheron, and atropos and lachesis of the moirai (or the fates). these are not only characters and locations in greek mythology, but also scientific names for organisms. tragic by nature and full of terror, these names conjure feelings of woe, terror and despair. be warned – what is learned can never be unlearned .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission (ioc) of unesco. the ocean biogeographic information system (obis), available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmarine; bathydemersal; depth range? - 2630 m (ref. 11954). deep - water\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 21. 8 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 11954 )\ncollected from the abyss along the east pacific rise at hydrothermal vents, and the galapagos rift (ref. 11954) .\nanderson, m. e. , 1994. systematics and osteology of the zoarcidae (teleostei: perciformes). ichthyol. bull. j. l. b. smith inst. ichthyol. 60: 120 p. (ref. 11954 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 6250 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00692 (0. 00224 - 0. 02138), b = 3. 05 (2. 80 - 3. 30), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 4 ±0. 3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate vulnerability (38 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npaduan, j. b. ; clague, d. a. ; caress, d. w. ; lundsten, l. ; martin, j. f. ; nieves - cardoso, c .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nsize: up to 150 mm distribution: east pacific rise from 21°n to 23°s biology: dwells inside organic tubes in active chimney walls. temperature growth range 20 - 50°c but can tolerate exposure to temperatures > 100°c; feeds on bacteria; outer surface colonized by filamentous bacteria highest temperature growing animal (their proteins are adapted to high temperature in the same way as thermophilic microorganisms. )\nsize: up to 80 mm color: bright red in life (fe hemoglobin) distribution: explorer ridge, juan de fuca ridge, gorda ridge biology: grows at temperatures 20 - 50°c and prefers 40 - 50°c. lives on sulfide chimneys and feed on bacteria\nsize: up to 80 mm distribution: gorda ridge, explorer ridge, juan de fuca ridge biology: most commonly found with its caudal end coiled around the distal portions of siboglinid tubes or on the surface of sulfide mineral deposits covered in a sheath of inorganic particulates accumulated by mucus deposits. deposit feeder\npass sediment, mud, sand or water into their mouths using mucous - covered tentacles or arms, or by a mucous net. organic material is then removed from the deposit and digested examples: various polychaetes limpets, squat lobsters, shrimp, amphipods crabs\ncatch food or organic material from the water using tentacles or spiny arms. they do not create a current like filter feeders examples: limpets, anemones, serpulid polychaetes, enteropnuests siphonophores\ncapture food that is suspended in the water by creating a current within them for the water to flow through. example: some polychaete\nvent vestimentiferan tubeworms are more enriched in the heavy isotope of carbon than other vent animals with endosymbionts. this is thought to be due to limitations in inorganic carbon (dic) during c - fixation by the symbionts seep vestimentiferan tubeworms while variable are much more negative. this is thought to be due to slow growth in seeps compared to rapid growth at vents; there is not c - limitation vescomycid clams tissue has a 13c of - 38 to - 31. 4% o whereas the clam shell carbonate is - 1. 6 to 3% o mussels are very negative reflecting methane oxidation\nsize: leg span up to 26. 7mm distribution: mid atlantic ridge, snake pit, logatchev, rainbow, lucky strike, menez owen biology: not much known and different species have been found in diverse vent habitats\nthere is a dichotomy of the trophic structure, with the mussels being significantly depleted in 13c and shrimps being significantly enriched in 13c. primary consumers are divided into main groups according to their 13c signature: > - 15 (shrimps) and < - 20 (mussels). vent predators are tightly linked to one or the other group. bathyal species are top predators, making incursions into the vent fields to profit from the large biomass the trophic model: at the base of the food chain the chemolithotrophic bacteria predominate. four trophic levels were distinguished: primary consumers, feeding only on bacteria; mixotrophs feeding on bacteria and small invertebrates; vent predators feeding only on small invertebrates; and finally top predators\ncalyptogena magnifica growth rates ranged from 0. 5 to 4 - 6 cm yr - 1 depending on technique, location and size of clam bathymodiolus thermophilus (mussel) similar growth rates as the clam and just as variable vent crabs (bythograea thermydron) growth rate estimated by radiometric ages (u and th) of four adult determined to be 3 - 4 years old with a carapace width of 54 - 65 cm\nlarvae have distinct larval shells (prodissoconch: first shell). the larval shell morphology in mollusks determine whether or not the larvae are planktonic or lecithotrophic. the bathymodiolid mussels have planktonic larvae whereas other mollusks such as calyptogena have lecithotrophic larvae\nthe larval and early postlarval stages of rimicaris species from the mid atlantic ridge are characterized by having large amounts of bright - orange lipids in their thoracic and abdominal regions. while these are planktonic larvae, they survive for long intervals without feeding by using these lipid reserves\nbuoyant and cannot tolerate the high temperatures where the adults thrive, thus they are transported above the bottom .\nreleases fertilized eggs into the water column where they develop with minimum swimming ability. the trochophore develops into a metatrochophore, which settles at a hydrothermal vent site and then acquires the symbiotic bacteria\nlarvae of riftia and related tubeworms are similar to polychaetes and lack any vestige of a mouth or anus. later in development they develop larval branchiae (later resorbed) and a mouth and anus. this is followed by development of a full gut and usually when the gut is formed the endosymbionts can be detected in midgut epithelial cells the next stage involves the disappearance of the midgut and the development of a trophosome. the midgut epithelial cells become the bacteriocytes of the trophosome. the trophosome development is coordinated with settlement by the young juveniles in juvenile stage the anus closes and symbiosis runs the show. the larvae of riftia and lamellibrachia are lecithotrophic\nlarval forms have been identified for many species of vent animals although the different larval stages of most vent animals are not known there is evidence for larvae to be transported at more than 100 km distances (gastropods and crabs, for example) the early larval stages of the dominant animals (by biomass) in the vents - tubeworms, clams and mussels - do not have symbionts the east pacific rise may have been the pioneering vent habitats and the source of animals to other vents globally .\na beneficial symbiont that associates with the host, but can also live apart from it. examples include rhizobium species that associate with legumes, but also have a free - living stage in their life cycle .\na beneficial symbiont that lives exclusively with its host and depends on the host for survival. examples include many nutritional symbionts of insects, which cannot survive outside the insect host cell. these associations are reciprocally obligate when the host cannot live without the endosymbiont .\na symbiont that manupulates host reproduction to its own benefit. reproductive parasites usually bias offspring to infected females\neuprymna scolopes and its extracellular endosymbiont vibrio fischeri in the light organ crypts. male and female hosts copulate, egg clutches are laid in the environment and they develop into aposymbiotic juveniles. free - living v. fischeri is selectively taken up from the environment, and colonization of the light organ is completed within 12 hours after hatching\nin the 1970' s and 1980' s established that chloroplasts and mitochondria were symbionts. she also pushed her ideas about\nsymbiogenesis\n( today, we believe that all eukaryotes have symbionts )\nthe vestimentiferan tubeworm riftia pachyptila harbours endosymbiots in the trophosome. sperm are released from males and migrate to females, where eggs are fertilized internally; zygotes are released into the water column, disperse and develop to larvae that settle, and metamorphosis is initiated. symbionts infect the larval skin, migrate to the mesoderm surrounding the gut, and the trophosome develops. environmental bacteria are shown in purple .\n1. the larvae of vestimentifera are symbiont - free and possess a transient digestive system 2. each generation of tubeworm must be newly colonized with its specific symbiont 3. new model indicates bacterial symbiont colonizes the developing tube of the settled larvae and enters through the skin and this process occurs before the development of the trophosome 4. in later juvenile stages there is massive apoptosis of host epidermis muscles and undifferentiated mesodermal tissue, which ws coincident with the cessation of the colonization process .\n• early larval stages of tube worms feed on protists and bacteria • symbiont along with other marine bacteria enter larva through the skin and the symbiont is found in both the epidermis and in regions that eventually become the trophosome • in larvae, an extracellular substance apparently released by special glands formed a mucous coat in which newly settled animals were embedded. diverse environmental bacteria including the symbiont colonized the mucous coat. • after the trophosome is formed, tube worms no longer take up bacteria through the skin and lose their mouth and anus. • it is not yet understood the mechanisms by which tubeworms identify their symbiont and select it while eliminating all other bacteria\ncarbon: most of the fixed co2 comes from the environment. dominant internal form of carbon is bicarbonate. neither co2 nor bicarbonate are bound to hemoglobin nitrogen: inorganic and not consumption of organic nitrogen. nitrate is the most important source of nitrogen sulfur: incorporates hs - and not h2s. at the physiological ph ~ 7 h2s disassociates into hs - and h\nthe symbionts are capable of\nfine - tuning\ntheir physiology to meet the different requirements of the hosts in response to different environmental conditions .\n1. reduced s (hs -) and no3 - enter blood (unknown mechanism). co2 and o2 enter by diffusion. 2. in the blood hs - and o2 bind hemoglobin (hb - o2 - hs -) for transport to the trophosome 3. hs - is oxidized to s° or directly to sulfite (so3 2 -) and then to so42 - via the adenosine 5' - phosphosulfate pathway for atp production 4. co2 fixation via the calvin benson cycle using atp and nadph from hs - oxidation 5. transfer of organic matter from symbionts to the host occurs via both translocation of organic compounds (amino acids, nucleotide bases) released from symbionts and direct digestion of symbionts\n• riftia does not possess any arginine decarboxylase or ornithine decarboxylase activity • the first three enzymes of the pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthetic pathway are present only in the symbiont and not in the worm • riftia digests its symbionts • riftia has developed a metabolism for biosynthesis of pyrimidines and polyamines which is similar to that observed in some parasites (giardia and trichomonas for example) suggesting a similarity in the adaptation of metabolic pathways in symbiosis and parasitism .\ndigestion\nindicates that the symbionts are digested within the bacteriocytes in the gills. chno organic matter from digested bacteria. because of substantial environmental sulfide concentrations, sulfide oxidation by the animal for control of the toxicity of sulfide within symbiosis even though sulfide is not utilized by the symbiont\nmay represent an early intermediate in the evolution toward a plastid - like chemoautotrophic organelle .\nhouses a dense population of gamma - proteobacteria within the cells of its greatly enlarged esophageal gland dense coat of mineralized scales covering its foot. the scales are coated with iron sulfides and heavily colonized by epsilon and delta proteobacteria shell is super shock resistant\n• unique gastropod has enlarged esophageal gland never before seen in gastropods. this gland contains a single species of gamma - proteobacteria • the unique iron enriched sclerites covering the gastropod is heavily colonized with episymbionts of both epsilon - and gamma - proteobacteria. the sclerites are thought to be the result of bacterial iron oxidation. • the three - layer shell is a multifunctional design providing protection against numerous environmental threats found in hydrothermal vent environments to maximize survivability\nsize: 5 cm color: bright red distribution: juan de fuca ridge east pacific rise biology: lives on rocks and bacterial mats; not associated with tube worms; the diet is unknown. believed to be an early colonizer of vent communities; apparently swims\n•all are extensively colonized by bacteria along the cuticle. in some cases the synbionts are sulfur oxidizers (vents and sulfidic muds) and in others, little is known about the symbionts. •there is evidence that marine nematodes produce a ca - mannose specific lectin protein (lectins are sugar binding proteins) that coincides with mucus production by the nematode. the lectin triggers congregation of the symbionts (aem 2006 )\n• submarine volcanism at intraoceanic arcs occurs in water depths < 2000 m (mor mostly > 2000 m )\nvolcanic arcs are the primary locations on earth where submarine volcanism / hydrothermal venting occurs within the upper ocean\n• arc volcanoes provide a wide range of variables (e. g. , depth, chemistry of magma, geology, chemistry of hydrothermal fluids) • some of earth' s most extreme environments occur on arc volcanoes and they can interact with shallow ecosystems\nat ph 5. 4 shell thickness and growth rate is ½ that of mussels growing at ph of 7. 8\n• rimicaris species have symbionts in and around the gills, the mouth parts and the exoskeleton • the symbionts include sulfide oxidizing and sulfate reducing bacteria, and possibly hydrogen utilizing epsilon - proteobacteria. the symbionts on the carapace appear to be iron oxidizing bacteria • it is not fully understood the relationship between the symbionts and the shrimp\nmetazoa arose from a colony of flagellate - like cells like volvox and eudorina in which all of the cells originally possessed a photoreceptor organelle, an\neyespot\nthat transmits its signals to the flagella and allows for phototactic behavior. the next step would involve differentiation of the unicellular photoreceptors into different cell types including pigment cells etc .\nbased on the observation that the eye organelle in flagellates like volvox is located in the chloroplast, suggesting that light perception goes back to cyanobacteria (proteorhodopsin gene found in nostoc and pyrocyctis). this hypothesis is also supported by identification of photoreceptor organelles of some dinoflagellates which are as elaborate as the human eye but assembled in a single cell. they consist of a cornea - like surface layer, a lens - like structure, a retina - like structure with stacked membranes, and a pigment cup - all in a single cell .\n• the symbiosis is unique in that the symbiont is a heterotroph and not a chemoautotroph. • the symbiotic bacteria are located in roots of the worm. the roots attach to the whale bone. • there was no evidence for the presence of rubisco, in animal tissue indicating the absence of the calvin benson cycle. • the stable carbon isotope ratios from osedax tissue was the same as the whale bone and shale flesh, again indicating heterotrophy. • the symbionts belong to the oceanospirillales, a group known to degrade complex organic compounds. • at least 9 species of osedax have been described on a single whale fall • the male worm is smaller than the female • the worm has been found eating antarctic penguin bones • osedax is at least 100 million years old\n1. the mobile - scavenger stage: 2. the enrichment - opportunist stage: 3. the sulfophilic (or\nsulfur - loving\n) stage: 4. the reef stage :\nsoft tissue is removed from the carcass by dense aggregations of large, active necrophages .\ndense assemblages of heterotrophic macrofauna (especially polychaetes and crustaceans) colonize the bones and organically enriched sediments surrounding the carcass .\nan assemblage that includes chemolithoautotrophs colonizes the bones and sediments as sulfide is emitted from the anaerobic bacterial decomposition of bone lipids and other tissue. methane can also be released during anaerobic tissue decay, fostering free - living or endosymbiotic bacterial methanotrophs .\n• they are believed to have remained unchanged form more than 200 million years • live in cold muddy sea floors in dense groups of up to 15, 000. they have a low reproduction rate and low death rate • known to burrow into dead or dying animals (dead whales) and eating them from the inside out. however, most of their diet consists of polychaetes and other invertebrates - large slime glands - major defense mechanism - can tie themselves in knots\none of the most vigorously venting systems in the world - within 1 football - sized field > 100 black smokers very intense seismic activity - > 12, 000 earthquakes / yr largest black smokers known, some grow 2 m in 3 days hosts highest temperature organism known on earth (121°c) .\n15 km west of mar 1. 5 ma crust water depths of 730 - 900m lies on a fault bounded terrace at the top of > 3800m high scarp hosted by serpentinized peridotites and metagabbros\nhigh ph due to the excess oh - produced by serpentinization reactions and the lack of formation of buffering minerals (e. g. , al - bearing phases) in seawater, hco3 - and co32 - species are abundant - at high ph these quickly combine with ca2 + from vent fluids to form caco3 precipitates\nformation & exposure of mafic and ultramafic lithosphere along detachment faults in oceanic core complexes as key components of slow and ultraslow spreading ridges serpentinization processes, production of abiogenic methane, off - axis hydrothermal activity & carbonate deposition, exemplified by the lost city hydrothermal field .\non - going active serpentinization is evident by in situ records of gas release and by\nhot spots\nof hydrogen & methane over a number of sites. intact sequences & contacts indicate that the shallow detachment fault zone along the southern wall of atlantis massif is made up of heterogeneous sequences of mafic and ultramafic rocks that are distinct from the gabbroic central dome at iodp site u1309. the recovered intervals record multiple phases of magmatism and progressive fluid - rock interaction. high strain shear zones are localised in talc - rich domains. low biomass - future microbial studies will likely confirm that life is tough in the city... .. drilling certainly was !\npopulates the deep - sea hydrothermal vent areas of the east pacific rise and the galapagos rift. only a handful of scientists have studied this species, and it has yet to be found elsewhere .\n( boss and turner, 1980; terwilliger, et al. , 1983; van dover, 2000 )\nthrives in the lush areas surrounding hydrothermal vents. using the foot and byssal threads as an anchor, these organisms pack, or clump, themselves in the crevices of basalt on the ocean floor. these clumps are termed “clambakes. ” within the cracks, there is a low flow of warm, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide rich vent water, no sunlight, over a thousand atmospheres of pressure, and a temperature of about 10 - 15 degrees celsius (c). the visceral mass of the animal experiences a temperature of about 2 - 4 degrees c, due to its location above the foot. the siphons of the clam are used to tap into the ambient oxygen and carbon dioxide above the valves. population density increases with increasing concentrations of hydrogen sulfide .\n( boss and turner, 1980; jones, 1983; powell and somero, 1986; terwilliger, et al. , 1983 )\nlarvae are lecithotrophic, and nonplanktonic. larvae are free - swimming and rely solely on their stored yolk reserves for energy. once contacting a substrate, the larvae metamorphoses into the adult form. this species has indeterminate growth, as the shell of the bivalve grows in annual, evident increments .\ngametes are released into the environment continuously and in small numbers by all individuals. egg cells range from 105 - 195 micrometers, and the heads of sperm cells are about 3 micrometers in diameter. fertilization results from any successful union of an egg cell and a sperm cell. therefore, mating is random and results in high gene flow and genetic variability .\nis a sessile bivalve species. sexes are separate (dioecious) and fertilization is external and non - specific. once clams are greater than 6 cm in length (between 1 and 4 years old) they begin maturing sexually, and by 9 - 10 cm long they are considered ripe. the gonads then start filling, and complete sexual maturity is reached at 12 - 14 cm. since environmental stimuli are largely absent, spawning is continuous and takes place between the ages of 3 and 15. thus, breeding occurs year round. large clams remain almost fully ripe, as only a small proportion of gametes are released at any one time. although dispersal distance is limited, this species has no problem effectively dispersing gametes from individuals throughout its range .\n. the yolk reserves of the lecithotrophic larvae are the only known maternal support the offspring receive .\nindividuals can survive anywhere from 3. 5 to approximately 25 years. the hydrothermal vents where they anchor themselves last only tens of years, so strong colonization abilities are favored over longevity since adults are non - motile. the shell of the bivalve grows in annual increments, which makes it possible to determine the age .\nis a sessile and marginally motile organism. typically its foot is deep in the mud and the siphon extends out toward the overlying water. the foot is highly vascularized and extends; it functions in taking in sulfide and transporting it through the blood to the sulfur - metabolizing bacteria .\n( childress, et al. , 1993; hart and blusztajn, 1998 )\nhas a synchronized but not always consistent release of sperm and eggs. the males detect an increase in water temperature and release sperm through their exhalant siphons. in response, the females release eggs from their exhalant siphons when a threshold of sperm or associated chemicals is detected. however, the water current must be slow for the females to detect the high concentration of chemical cues. if either or both conditions are not met, the females will not release their eggs. the neurotransmitter serotonin is commonly responsible for the stimulation of the release and re - initiation of meiosis in the oocyctes and may be one of the chemical cues responsible for egg release in\nhas an inhalant siphon that is used to sense the chemical environment from the incoming flow of water .\n( fujikura, et al. , 2007; krylova and sahling, 2005; micheli, et al. , 2002 )\nsuspension - feeds on particles rich in nitrogen and lipid compounds present in the hydrothermal fluid. it also receives nutrients through a symbiotic relationship with sulfur - metabolizing bacteria that are located on the outer region of its gill tissue .\nhas been observed by mobile grazers such as small gastropods, amphipods, and crabs. these predators consume newly settled larvae and juveniles. at the same time, indirect predation has also been observed by the removal of bacterial film on rocks by these mobile grazers. without the bacterial film on rocks, larvae lose the marker that indicates where to settle during development. large epibenthic predators such as zoarcid fish ,\nis considered unpalatable to predators when hydrogen sulfide is released from the sulfide - metabolizing bacterial symbiont on the gill tissue. once an adult, these clams have a thick shell that provides a structural defense against predators .\n( kicklighter, et al. , 2004; micheli, et al. , 2002 )\nhas a mutualistic relationship with sulfur - metabolizing bacteria located on its gill tissue, foot, and mantle. it depends on these sulfur - metabolizing bacteria to receive its nutrients from the rich hydrogen sulfide environment of the hydrothermal vent. the bacteria located on the outer layer of the foot and mantle also provide peripheral defense by detoxifying the sulfide as soon as it enters the body. high molecular weight factors in the blood bind the sulfide tightly to extract the sulfide from the environment. the sulfide is then transported to the bacterial symbiont via circulation. as a result, low concentration of free sulfide is found in the blood, protecting the aerobic respiration of the organisms from poisoning by sulfide due to its sensitivity to cytochrome - c oxidase and the enzymes involved in carbon fixation in the symbiont .\ncan be used to study the thermal and chemical history of hydrothermal vent systems in the mid - ocean ridge and volcanic activity through a time series. by measuring the strontium / calcium ratio and the annual growth rate observed on the shell, the hydrothermal vent temperature can be studied over time and used to evaluate eruptions that may have occurred. also, its shells are composed of calcium carbonate and will dissolve at a rate dependent on shell mineralogy, shell microstructure, and proximity to hydrothermal vent fluids. the rate of shell dissolution provides information in determining the longevity of hydrothermal vent activity along the rise axis .\nmary lee (author), the college of new jersey, deanna tarquinio (author), the college of new jersey, keith pecor (editor), the college of new jersey, renee mulcrone (editor), special projects .\nbody of water between the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), australia, asia, and the western hemisphere. this is the world' s largest ocean, covering about 28% of the world' s surface .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\na method of feeding where small food particles are filtered from the surrounding water by various mechanisms. used mainly by aquatic invertebrates, especially plankton, but also by baleen whales .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\n( as keyword in perception channel section) this animal has a special ability to detect heat from other organisms in its environment .\na large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. in insects ,\nincomplete metamorphosis\nis when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form, and\ncomplete metamorphosis\nis when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms. butterflies have complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nareas of the deep sea floor where continental plates are being pushed apart. oceanic vents are places where hot sulfur - rich water is released from the ocean floor. an aquatic biome .\nthe kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females .\nattached to substratum and moving little or not at all. synapomorphy of the anthozoa\nberg, c. 1985. reproductive strategies of mollusks from abyssal hydrothermal vent communities .\ncary, s. , s. giovannoni. 1993. transovarial inheritance of endosymbiotic bacteria in clams inhabiting deep - sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps .\nhart, s. , j. blusztajn. 1998. clams as recorders of ocean ridge volcanism and hydrothermal vent field activity .\njones, d. 1983. sclerochronology: reading the record of the molluscan shell .\nkicklighter, c. , c. fisher, m. hay. 2004. chemical defense of hydrothermal vent and hydrocarbon seep organisms: a preliminary assessment using shallow - water consumers .\nmichael, j. , r. lutz. 1999. calcium carbonate dissolution rates in deep - sea bivalve shells on the east pacific rise at 21 deg n: results of an 8 - year in - situ experiment .\nmicheli, f. , c. peterson, l. mullineaux, c. fisher, s. mills, g. sancho, g. johnson, h. lenihan. 2002. predation structures communities at deep - sea hydrothermal vents .\npowell, m. , g. somero. 1986. adaptations to sulfide by hydrothermal vent animals: sites and mechanisms of detoxification and metabolism .\nto cite this page: lee, m. and d. tarquinio 2013 .\ncalyptogena magnifica\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndelving deeper into the dark side of taxonomy, we forge forth into the ether to uncover obscure and wickedly inspired scientific names. what’s in a scientific name? as described in the dark side of taxonomy: part one, some scientific names for organisms have dark and twisted origins. in part two of this three - part series, we peek behind the thin gauze - like veil, fearlessly sifting through time and lore to deliver a new collection of gruesome scientific names. here we share ancient tales of greek mythology, an italian literary genius from the middle ages and the unforgiving underworld .\ndeath’s head hawkmoth (acherontia atropos). photo: didier descouens mhnt cc by - sa 4. 0\nin both dante’s inferno and greek mythology, archeron is described as a large and wide river that is full of woe and encircles the entrance the underworld. the river styx comprises most of the fifth circle of hell in dante’s inferno and is a toxic marsh - like river system meant to punish those who were angry back when they walked amongst the living. it is here that they are doomed to drown in the river’s noxious black fluid over and over for eternity whilst choking on their own venomous rage. in greek mythology, the river styx is featured as the boundary between earth and the underworld. in purgatorio, dante stays true to greek mythology describing atropos and lachesis as two of the three moirai that control the very fate of every mortal being – atropos cuts the threads of life of all beings and lachesis gives the correct amount of life to beings .\nthe scientific names for three death’s head hawkmoths (acherontia atropos, acherontia lachesis, acherontia styx) all have direct connections with dante’s poems and greek mythology, and the genus acherontia is derived from the greek word acheron that refers to that woeful and wide river encircling the underworld. what’s quite peculiar about hawkmoths is that they share a similar human skull - like pattern on their thorax. ever watched the movie silence of the lambs? it prominently features a death’s head hawkmoth with its characteristic and eerie skull - like pattern .\nthis website is powered by bluehost (privacy policy, terms of service) and wordpress (privacy policy and terms of service). please see the about & privacy page for further information .\n800 million tons of blue carbon may lie buried in u. s. tidal wetlands\njavascript is disabled for your browser. some features of this site may not work without it .\nthesis: buckman, kate lynn ,\nbiotic and abiotic interactions of deep - sea hydrothermal vent - endemic fish on the east pacific rise\n, 2009 - 09, doi: 10. 1575 / 1912 / 3079, urltoken\nstable sulfur isotopes (δ34s) and trace co are analyzed in sulfide and sulfate minerals from six sample types collected from the tag active mound, 26°n mid - atlantic ridge. δ34s values range from 2. 7 to 2o. 9% , with sulfate ...\nhydrothermal vents discharge superheated, mineral rich water into our oceans, thereby providing a habitat for exotic chemosynthetic biological communities. hydrothermal fluids are convected upwards until they cool and ...\nthe colonization dynamics and life histories of pioneer species are vital components in understanding the early succession of nascent hydrothermal vents. the reproductive ecology of pioneer species at deep - sea hydrothermal ...\nall items in whoas are protected by original copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated. whoas also supports the use of the creative commons licenses for original content. a service of the mblwhoi library | about whoas\npdf links are to journal websites, or to pdfs not available online. some are open access, but not all, and depending on your institution’s subscriptions, there may be a fee for downloading the articles .\nwheeler, jd & kyk chan (co - first authors), ej anderson, ls mullineaux. 2016. effects of turbulence on larval swimming and orientation of the sea urchin arbacia punctulata. j exp biol 219: 1303 - 1310 doi: 10. 1242 / jeb. 129502\nnedoncelle, k. , lartaud, f. , pereira, l. c. , yuecel, m. , thurnherr, a. m. , mullineaux, l. , & le bris, n. 2015. bathymodiolus growth dynamics in relation to environmental fluctuations in vent habitats. deep - sea res i, 106: 183 - 193. doi: 10. 1016 / j. dsr. 2015. 10. 003\nwheeler, j. d. , k. r. helfrich, e. j. anderson, l. s. mullineaux. 2015. isolating the hydrodynamic triggers of the dive response in eastern oyster larvae. limnol & oceanogr 60: 1332 - 1343\nmullineaux, l. s. , deep sea hydrothermal vent communities. 2014. ch. 17 in: bertness, m. , bruno, m. , silliman, b, stachowicz, j. (eds .), marine community ecology and conservation. sinauer, sunderland, massachusetts .\nwhite, m. m. , l. s. mullineaux, d. c. mccorkle, a. l. cohen. 2014. elevated pco 2 during fertilization of the bay scallop argopecten irradians reduces larval survival but not shell size. mar ecol prog ser 498: 173 - 186\nmills, s. w. , mullineaux, l. s. , beaulieu, s. e. , adams, d. k. 2013. persistent effects of disturbance on larval patterns in the plankton after an eruption on the east pacific rise. mar. ecol. prog. ser. 491: 67 - 76\nmullineaux, l. s. , mcgillicuddy, d. j. , mills, s. w. , kosnyrev, v. k. , thurnherr, a. m. , ledwell, j. r. , lavelle, j. w. 2013. active positioning of vent larvae at a mid - ocean ridge. deep sea research ii 92: 46 - 57\nwheeler, j. d. , anderson, e. j. , helfrich, k. r. , mcgann, b. , staats, p. , wargula, a. e. , wilt, k. , mullineaux, l. s. 2013. upward swimming of competent oyster larvae (crassostrea virginica) persists in highly turbulent flow as detected by piv flow subtraction. mar. ecol. prog. ser. 488: 171 - 185 .\nwhite, m. m. , mccorkle, d. c. , mullineaux, l. s. , cohen, a. l. 2013. early exposure of bay scallops (argopecten irradians) to high co2 causes a decrease in larval shell growth plos one 8 (4), e61065 .\nmullineaux ls, le bris n, mills sw, henri p, bayer sr, secrist rg, siu n. 2012. detecting the influence of initial pioneers on succession at deep - sea vents. plos one 7: e50015. doi: 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0050015\nfornari dj, von damm kl, bryce jg, cowen jp, ferrini v, fundis a, lilley md, luther gw, mullineaux ls, perfit mr, meana - prado mf, rubin kh, seyfried we, shank tm, soule sa, tolstoy m, white sm. 2012. the east pacific rise between 9°n and 10°n: twenty - five years of integrated, multidisciplinary oceanic spreading center studies. oceanography 25: 18 - 43\nlavelle jw, thurnherr am, mullineaux ls, mcgillicuddy dj, ledwell jr. 2012. the prediction, verification and significance of flank jets at mid - ocean ridges. oceanography 25: 277 - 283 .\nadams dk, mcgillicuddy dj, zamudio l, thurnherr am, liang x, rouxel o, german cr, mullineaux ls. 2011. surface - generated mesoscale eddies transport deep - sea products from hydrothermal vents. science 332: 580 - 583 .\nthurnherr, a. m. , j. r. ledwell, j. w. lavelle, l. s. mullineaux. 2011. circulation near the crest of the east pacific rise between 9◦and 10◦n. deep - sea res. i 58: 365 - 376 .\nbayer sr, mullineaux ls, waller rg, solow ar 2011. reproductive traits of pioneer gastropod species colonizing deep - sea hydrothermal vents after an eruption. marine biology 158: 181 - 192 .\nlavelle, j. w. , a. m. thurnherr, j. r. ledwell, d. j. mcgillicuddy, jr. , l. s. mullineaux. 2010. deep ocean circulation and transport where the east pacific rise at 9–10°n meets the lamont seamount chain. journal of geophysical research – oceans 115: c12073 .\nfuchs, h. l. , a. r. solow, and l. s. mullineaux. 2010. larvae from different adult habitats have genus - specific responses to turbulence in a tidal channel. journal of marine research 68: 153 - 188 .\nadams, d. k. , s. w. mills, t. m. shank, l. s. mullineaux. 2010. expanding dispersal studies at hydrothermal vents through species identification of cryptic larval forms. marine biology 157: 1049 - 1062 .\nmcgillicuddy dj, lavelle w, thurnherr am, kosnyrev vk, mullineaux ls. 2010. larval dispersion along an axially symmetric mid - ocean ridge. deep sea res i 57: 880 - 892 .\nmullineaux ls, adams dk, mills sw, beaulieu se. 2010. larvae from afar colonize deep - sea hydrothermal vents after a catastrophic eruption. pnas 107: 7829–7834 .\nmullineaux, l. s. , f. micheli, c. h. peterson, h. s. lenihan, n. markus. 2009. historical effects on succession: imprint of past conditions on structure of a deep - sea hydrothermal vent community. oecologia 161: 387 - 400 .\nrona, p. a. , a. seilacher, c. de vargas, a. j. gooday, j. m. bernhard, s. bowser, c. vetriani, c. o. wirsen, l. mullineaux, r. sherrell, j. f. grassle, s. low, r. a. lutz. 2009. paleodictyon nodosum: a living fossil on the deep - sea floor. deep - sea research ii 56: 1700 - 1712 .\nbeaulieu, s. e. , mullineaux, l. s. , adams, d. k. , and mills, s. w. 2009. comparison of a sediment trap and plankton pump for time - series sampling of larvae near deep - sea hydrothermal vents. limnology and oceanography: methods 7: 235 - 248 .\nmetaxas, a. , l. s. mullineaux and j. sisson. 2009. distribution of echinoderm larvae relative to the halocline of a salt wedge. mar. ecol. prog. ser. 377: 157 - 168 .\njennings, r. m. , t. m. shank, l. s. mullineaux, and k. m. halanych. 2009. assessment of the cape cod phylogeographic break using the bamboo worm clymenella torquata reveals the role of regional water masses and dispersal. j. heredity 100: 86 - 96 .\nlenihan, h. s. , s. w. mills, l. s. mullineaux, c. h. peterson, c. r. fisher, f. micheli. 2008. biotic interactions at hydrothermal vents: recruitment inhibition by the mussel bathymodiolus thermophilus. deep - sea research 155: 1707 - 1717 .\nstrasser, c. a. , l. s. mullineaux, s. r. thorrold. 2008. temperature and salinity effects on elemental uptake in the shells of larval and juvenile softshell clams (mya arenaria). mar. ecol. prog. ser. 370 - 155 - 169 .\n2008 tyler, p. a. , s. pendlebury, s. w. mills, l. s. mullineaux, k. j. eckelbarger, m. baker and c. m. young. reproduction of gastropods from vents on the east pacific rise and the mid - atlantic ridge. j. shellfish res. 27: 107–118 .\nstrasser, c. a. , l. s. mullineaux and b. d. walther. 2008. growth rate and ontogeny effects on mya arenaria shell chemistry: implications for biogeochemical studies. j. exp. mar. biol. ecol. , 355: 153 – 163 .\nadams, d. k. and l. s. mullineaux. 2008. supply of gastropod larvae to hydrothermal vents reflects transport from local larval sources. limnology and oceanography 53: 1945 – 1955 .\nstrasser, c. a. , s. r. thorrold, v. r. starczak, and l. s. mullineaux. 2007. laser ablation icp - ms analysis of larval shell in softshell clams (mya arenaria) poses challenges for natural tag studies. limnology and oceanography methods 5: 241 - 249 .\nfuchs, h. , m. neubert and l. s. mullineaux. 2007. effects of turbulence - mediated larval behavior on larval supply and settlement in tidal currents. limnol oceanogr 52: 1156 - 1165 .\nmills, s. w. , l. s. mullineaux and p. a. tyler. 2007. habitat associations in gastropod species at east pacific rise hydrothermal vents (9°50’n). biological bulletin 212: 185 - 194 .\nneubert, m. , l. s. mullineaux and m. f. hill. 2006. a metapopulation approach to interpreting diversity at deep - sea hydrothermal vents. in ‘marine metapopulations’, j. kritzer and p. sale, eds. , elsevier academic press, pp. 321 - 350 .\npradillon, f. , m. zbinden, l. s. mullineaux and f. gaill. 2005. effects of patch dynamics on size - structure and reproductive maturity of alvinella pompejana (polychaeta: alvinellidae) populations. marine ecology progress series 302: 147 - 157 .\nmullineaux, l. s. , s. w. mills, a. k. sweetman, a. h. beaudreau, a. metaxas, h. l. hunt. 2005. spatial structure and temporal variation in larval abundance at hydrothermal vents on the east pacific rise. marine ecology progress series 293: 1 - 16 .\nfuchs, h. l. , l. s. mullineaux, and a. r. solow. 2004. sinking behavior of gastropod larvae (ilyanassa obsoleta) in turbulence. limnology and oceanography 49: 1937 - 1948 .\nhunt, h. l. , a. metaxas, r. m. jennings, k. halanych and l. s. mullineaux. 2004. testing biological control of colonization by vestimentiferan tubeworms at deep - sea hydrothermal vents (east pacific rise, 9°50’n). deep - sea research 51: 225 - 234 .\nmullineaux, l. s. , c. h. peterson, f. micheli and s. w. mills. 2003. successional mechanism varies along a gradient in hydrothermal fluid flux at deep - sea vents. ecological monographs 73: 523 - 542 .\nmullineaux, l. s. , k. g. speer, a. m. thurnherr, m. e. maltrud, a. vangriesheim. 2002. . implications of cross - axis flow for larval dispersal along mid - ocean ridges. cahiers de biologie marine 43: 281 - 284 .\nhunt, h. l. , d. a. mclean and l. s. mullineaux. 2002. alteration of spatial settlement patterns of the soft shell clam mya arenaria by post - settlement events. estuaries 26: 72 - 81 .\npodar, m, mullineaux, l. s. , huang, h. - r. , perlman, p. s. and sogin, m. l. 2002. bacterial group ii introns in a deep sea hydrothermal vent environment. applied and environmental microbiology 68: 6392 - 6398 .\nhunt, h. l. and l. s. mullineaux. 2002. the roles of predation and postlarval transport in recruitment of the soft shell clam mya arenaria. limnology & oceanography 47: 151 - 164 .\nmicheli, f. , c. h. peterson, l. s. mullineaux, c. fisher, s. w. mills, g. sancho, g. a. johnson and h. s. lenihan. 2002. predation structures communities at deep - sea hydrothermal vents. ecological monographs 72: 365 - 382 .\ngulmann, l. k. , l. s. mullineaux and h. l. hunt. 2001. effects of caging on retention of postlarval soft - shelled clams (mya arenaria). journal of shellfish research. 20: 135 - 142 .\nmarsh, a. g. , l. s. mullineaux, c. m. young and d. t. manahan. 2001. larval dispersal potential of the tubeworm riftia pachyptila at deep - sea hydrothermal vents. nature 411: 77 - 80 .\netter, r. and l. s. mullineaux. 2001. deep - sea communities. in, bertness, m. d. , s. d. gaines and m. e. hay, eds. , marine community ecology, p. 367 - 394, sinauer associates inc. sunderland, ma .\nmullineaux, l. s. , c. r. fisher, c. h. peterson and s. w. schaeffer. 2000. vestimentiferan tubeworm succession at hydrothermal vents: use of biogenic cues to reduce habitat selection error? oecolog ia 123: 275 - 284 .\nberntson, e. a. , s. c. france and l. s. mullineaux. 1999. phylogenetic relationships within the class anthozoa (phylum cnidaria) based on 18s ribosomal dna sequence information. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 13 (2): 417 - 433 .\ndunn, r. , l. s. mullineaux and s. w. mills. 1999. resuspension of postlarval soft - shell clams mya arenaria through disturbance by the mud snail ilyanassa obsoleta. marine ecology progress series 180: 223 - 232 .\nkim, s. l. and l. s. mullineaux. 1998. distribution and near - bottom transport of larvae and other plankton at hydrothermal vents. deep - sea research ii 45: 423 - 440 .\nmullineaux, l. s. , s. w. mills and e. goldman. 1998. recruitment variation during a pilot colonization study of hydrothermal vents (9°50’n, east pacific rise). deep - sea research ii 45: 441 - 464 .\nmullineaux, l. s. and s. w. mills. 1997. a test of the larval retention hypothesis in seamount - generated flows. deep - sea research 44: 745 - 770." ]

{ "text": [ "thermarces cerberus is a species of ray-finned fish in the family zoarcidae .", "this fish , commonly known as the pink vent fish , is associated with hydrothermal vents and cold seeps at bathypelagic depths in the east pacific . " ], "topic": [ 29, 15 ] }

[ "thermarces cerberus is a species of ray-finned fish in the family zoarcidae. this fish, commonly known as the pink vent fish, is associated with hydrothermal vents and cold seeps at bathypelagic depths in the east pacific." ]

[ "dismorphia laja (cramer, [ 1779 ]) = papilio laja cramer, [ 1779 ] = dismorphia laia = dismorphia laja rosina lamas, 2004 .\ndismorphia are characterised by having long narrow almost elliptical fore - wings, and disproportionately large hindwings .\ndismorphia teresa (hewitson, 1869) male. ecovia coroico, yungas, bolivia december 17, 2017. photographer; peter møllmann\nthe subfamily dismorphiinae, to which the wood whites of europe belong, has its headquarters in south america, where 51 different species are found. the neotropical genera include dismorphia, enantia, lieinix, patia, moschoneura and pseudopieris .\nunknown, however devries states that several dismorphia species in costa rica feed as larvae on inga or pithecellobium (mimosaceae). in the case of most species in the subfamily dismorphiinae, the eggs are spindle - shaped, and laid singly on the underside of leaves. in most (probably all) species the larvae are cryptically coloured - dark green above, and paler green below .\n- another pierid butterfly, albeit in a different subfamily - pierinae. both species are inhabitants of the cloudforests of the peruvian andes .\nthis species is found in cloudforest and pre - montane habitats at altitudes between about 600 - 1500m .\nmales are usually found in the vicinity of small waterfalls and rivulets, where they imbibe mineralised moisture from rocks or road surfaces .\nall photographs, artwork, text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins (unless otherwise stated) and are protected by copyright. photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\npuna clouded sulphur, colias euxanthe ssp. satuata. huarina, titicaca elevation 3830 m, bolivia february 22, 2016. photographer; peter møllmann\nlesbia clouded sulphur, colias lesbia. sorata, 2500 m, yungas, bolivia february 21, 2016. photographer; peter møllmann\nmountain white, leptophobia aripa elodina (boisduval, 1836). mallacita, caranavi, yungas, bolivia january 2015. photographer: peter møllmann\n83. leptophobia helena doubledayi 84. leptophobia nephthis 85. leptophobia penthica ssp. nov. 86. leptophobia philoma subargentea 87. leptophobia pinara pinara 88. leptophobia tovaria ssp. nov .\nitaballia pandosia pisonis (hewitson, 1861). mallacita, caranavi, yungas, bolivia january 2015. photographer: peter møllmann\ndarkened dartwhite, catasticta ctemene ssp. alma (hopffer, 1874). coroico, yungas, bolivia december 16, 2017. photographer; peter møllmann\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe species in this neotropical genus are remarkable batesian mimics of various nymphalid models, especially ithomiines, and indeed, it was the convergent similarity between them and the ithomiines that led h. w. bates to fomulate his theory of mimetic resemblance (1862) .\nbates hw. 1862. contributions to an insect fauna of the amazon valley. lepidoptera: heliconidae. trans. linn. soc. 23: 495 - 566 .\nlamas g ed. 2004. atlas of neotropical lepidoptera. checklist: part 4a hesperioidea - papiionoidea. gainesville: scientific publishers / association of tropical lepidoptera .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v. z. brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook" ]

{ "text": [ "dismorphia laja is a butterfly in the family pieridae .", "it is found in northern south america .", "adults are sexually dimorphic .", "males are black with cream bands and mimic heliconius wallacei , while females are orange , yellow and black , and mimic species of the \" tiger-complex \" ithomiines . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 8, 19 ] }

[ "dismorphia laja is a butterfly in the family pieridae. it is found in northern south america. adults are sexually dimorphic. males are black with cream bands and mimic heliconius wallacei, while females are orange, yellow and black, and mimic species of the \" tiger-complex \" ithomiines." ]

[ "pomacentridae meaning in english, значение слова. webster' s new international english dictionary\n— i. | pōmə | sen. trə̇d adjective etymology: new latin pomacentridae: of or relating to the pomacentridae ii. noun (- s): …\nеще значения слова и перевод pomacentridae с английского на русский язык в англо - русских словарях. что такое и перевод pomacentridae с русского на английский язык в русско - английских словарях. more meanings of this word and english - russian, russian - english translations for pomacentridae in dictionaries .\nthe damselfish family pomacentridae is the third largest fish family in australia after the gobiidae and labridae .\naltrichthys, a new genus of damselfish (pomacentridae) from philippine seas with description of a new species .\ngut characteristics and assimilation efficiencies in two species of herbivorous damselfishes (pomacentridae: stegastes dorsopunicans and s. planifrons )\ngut characteristics and assimilation efficiencies in two species of herbivorous damselfishes (pomacentridae: stegastes dorsopunicans and s. planifrons) | springerlink\n— adj pertaining to the pomacentridae, a family of bright - colored tropical fishes having spiny opercula; — often called coral fishes .\nsome damselfishes (family pomacentridae) begin life as males and change into females. in some, females can revert back to males .\nwhat made you want to look up pomacentridae? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\n— (a .) pertaining to the pomacentridae, a family of bright - colored tropical fishes having spiny opercula; - - often called coral fishes .\nto cite this page: weinheimer, m. 2003 .\npomacentridae\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\nthe fishes of the families pomacentridae, labridae, and callyodontidae, collected by the united states bureau of fisheries steamer “albatross, ” chiefly in philippine seas and adjacent waters .\n— [ dam. sel. fish ] n (1904): any of numerous often brilliantly colored marine fishes (family pomacentridae) living esp. along coral reefs - - called also demoiselle\n( pomacentridae). journal of fish biology. 2008, 72 (2): 451 - 457. 10. 1111 / j. 1095 - 8649. 2007. 01746. x .\nbernardi g, longo gc, quiros teal (2017) altrichthys alelia, a new brooding damselfish (teleostei, perciformes, pomacentridae) from busuanga island, philippines. zookeys 675: 45–55. urltoken\nemery ar: comparative ecology and functional osteology of fourteen species of damselfish (pisces: pomacentridae) at alligator reef, florida keys. bulletin of marine science. 1973, 23: 649 - 770 .\nfrédérich b, pilet a, parmentier e, vandewalle p: comparative trophic morphology in eight species of damselfishes (pomacentridae). journal of morphology. 2008, 269 (2): 175 - 188 .\nfrédérich b, parmentier e, vandewalle p: a preliminary study of development of the buccal apparatus in pomacentridae (teleostei, perciformes). animal biology. 2006, 56 (3): 351 - 372 .\nwellington, g. m. & victor, b. c. planktonic larval duration of one hundred species of pacific and atlantic damselfishes (pomacentridae). mar. biol. 101, 557–567 (1989) .\nwellington gm, victor bc: planktonic larval duration of 100 species of pacific and atlantic damselfishes (pomacentridae). marine biology. 1989, 101 (4): 557 - 567. 10. 1007 / bf00541659 .\npomacentridae is a family of perciform fish, comprising the damselfishes and clownfishes. they are exclusively marine (rarely brackish), and noted for their hardy constitutions and territoriality. many are brightly coloured, so they are popular in aquaria .\nfrédérich b, fabri g, lepoint g, vandewalle p, parmentier e: trophic niches of thirteen damselfishes (pomacentridae) at the grand récif of toliara, madagascar. ichthyological research. 2009, 56 (1): 10 - 17 .\nrandall, h. a. & allen, g. r. (1977). a revision of the damselfish genus dascyllus pomacentridae) with the description of a new species. rec. aust. mus. 31 (9): 349–385 figs 1–11\nfrédérich b, adriaens d, vandewalle p: ontogenetic shape changes in pomacentridae (teleostei, perciformes) and their relationships with feeding strategies: a geometric morphometric approach. biological journal of the linnean society. 2008, 95 (1): 92 - 105 .\n] in which morphological divergence at speciation has been associated with the repeated convergence on a limited number of ecotypes: algivory, omnivory and planktivory. among the pomacentridae, algivory and omnivory have both arisen seven times, planktivory four times, and feeding on scleractinian coral polyps twice [\nanemone fish, (genus amphiprion), any of about 30 species of indo - pacific fishes constituting the genus amphiprion of the family pomacentridae (order perciformes), noted for their association with large sea anemones. anemone fishes live and shelter among the tentacles of the anemones, swimming in…\ncooper, w. j. , smith, l. l. & m. w. westneat. 2009. exploring the radiation of a diverse reef fish family: phylogenetics of the damselfishes (pomacentridae), with new classifications based on molecular analyses of all genera. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 52: 1 - 16 .\nallen, g. r. , j. drew and d. fenner, 2010. amphiprion pacificus, a new species of anemonefish (pomacentridae) from fiji, tonga, samoa, and wallis island. aqua, intl. j. ichthyol. 16 (3): 129 - 138. (ref. 85065 )\nfowler, h. w. & b. a. bean, 1928. the fishes of the families pomacentridae, labridae, and callyodontidae, collected be the united states bureau of fisheries steamer ‘albatross’, chiefly in the philippine seas and adjacent waters. bull. u. s. nat. mus. 100: 1–525 .\nkavanagh kd, alford ra: sensory and skeletal development and growth in relation to the duration of the embryonic and larval stages in damselfishes (pomacentridae). biological journal of the linnean society. 2003, 80 (2): 187 - 206. 10. 1046 / j. 1095 - 8312. 2003. 00229. x .\nfowler, h. w. ; bean, e. a. 1928. the fishes of the families pomacentridae... collected by...' albatross'... philippine seas and ajdacent waters. bull. u. s. natn. mus. , 100 (7): 525 pp. , 49 pl .\ndamselfishes (pomacentridae) use a variety of visual, olfactory, tactile, and auditory cues to communicate in different situations. during courtship damselfishes respond to the sight of spawning colors and ritualized movements performed by a potential mate (see reproduction: mating systems). such movements may also signal the location of territory to other males or encourage reproductive synchrony. anemonefishes (\ncooper wj, smith ll, westneat mw: exploring the radiation of a diverse reef fish family: phylogenetics of the damselfishes (pomacentridae), with new classifications based on molecular analyses of all genera. molecular phylogenetics and evolution. 2009, 52 (1): 1 - 16. 10. 1016 / j. ympev. 2008. 12. 010 .\npomacentridae primarily inhabit tropical reef habitats. some live along steep edges of the reef, and others in sandy sheltered lagoons. in each ocean a few species occupy warm temperate waters, and three estuarine species can sometimes be found in fresh water. some school in the water column, some live on rocky areas or sea - grass beds, and fishes of the subfamily\npomacentrids, commonly known as damselfishes and anemonefishes, are one of the most abundant and widely - studied families of tropical reef fishes. small and brightly colored, they are popular aquarium fish. the family pomacentridae consists of approximately 28 genera and 335 species. they tend to be territorial and can be aggressive, although this is not the case for the non - territorial, free - swimming planktivores or the anemonefishes (\n]. indeed, our data probably illustrate successive allometric repatternings allowing ecomorphological shifts during the evolution of pomacentridae. this result implied that the ontogenetic trajectories of the damselfish species are evolutionarily labile. the evolutionary changes seen in ontogenetic trajectories across the phylogeny may reflect the complex interplay between developmental processes and selective pressure that are more intense at various developmental stages (e. g. reef settlement stage and / or adult stage) [\nsin t. m. , teo m. m. , ng p. k. l. , chou l. m. , khoo h. w. (1994) the damselfishes (pisces: osteichthyes: pomacentridae) of peninsular malaysia and singapore: systematics, ecology and conservation. in: sasekumar a. , marshall n. , macintosh d. j. (eds) ecology and conservation of southeast asian marine and freshwater environments including wetlands. developments in hydrobiology, vol 98. springer, dordrecht\nof small, primarily tropical marine fishes of the family pomacentridae (order perciformes) found in the atlantic and indo - pacific oceans. damselfishes are deep - bodied and usually have forked tails. they resemble the related cichlids and, like them, have a single nostril on each side of the head and have interrupted lateral lines. damselfishes have two anal spines. many species are brilliantly coloured, often in shades of red, orange, yellow, or blue; most do not exceed a length of about 15 cm (6 inches) .\nsampling was conducted within the lagoon of lizard island, northern great barrier reef (14ᵒ40′ s, 145ᵒ28′ e), in november 2006 to january 2007. the lagoon encompasses an extensive area of protected coral reef. the reef flat is largely degraded due to regular sun exposure at low tides. it is dominated by soft coral, dead coral rubble and partially dead massive corals. the reef edge and slope are dominated by hard corals, predominantly by porites cylindrica. the community of small site - attached reef fishes largely consisted of species from the families pomacentridae (damselfishes) and labridae (wrasses) .\nquantitative studies of the variation of disparity during ontogeny exhibited by the radiation of coral reef fishes are lacking. such studies dealing with the variation of disparity, i. e. the diversity of organic form, over ontogeny could be a first step in detecting evolutionary mechanisms in these fishes. the damselfishes (pomacentridae) have a bipartite life - cycle, as do the majority of demersal coral reef fishes. during their pelagic dispersion phase, all larvae feed on planktonic prey. on the other hand, juveniles and adults associated with the coral reef environment show a higher diversity of diets. using geometric morphometrics, we study the ontogenetic dynamic of shape disparity of different head skeletal units (neurocranium, suspensorium and opercle, mandible and premaxilla) in this fish family. we expected that larvae of different species might be relatively similar in shapes. alternatively, specialization may become notable even in the juvenile and adult phase .\nwe determined the species - specific habitat associations of coral reef fishes and environmental characteristics in an okinawan coral reef in japan. we focused on three families (pomacentridae, gobiidae and labridae) and attempted to determine differences in habitat utilization. we selected six sites along the coast of amitori bay, from the entrance to the innermost part, in order to cover a wide range of habitat characteristics (exposed habitat, semi - exposed habitat and sheltered habitat). the species diversity of coral assemblages was greater at the exposed and semi - exposed habitats, whereas branching coral mostly covered the sheltered habitat. the environmental factors that determine the species - specific spatial association in fishes differed among families. both biological characteristics (coral morphology and coral species diversity) and physical characteristics (water depth and wave exposure) affected the spatial association of pomacentrids and gobiids. in contrast, physical characteristics such as substrate complexity and water depth affected the species - specific spatial association of labrid species. further study is needed to determine the ecological factors that regulate the species - specific habitat preference in okinawan coral reefs .\nglobal demand for energy and oil - based products is progressively introducing petrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) into sensitive marine environments, primarily from fossil - fuel exploration, transport, and urban and industrial runoff. these toxic pollutants are found worldwide, yet the long - term ecological effects on coral reef ecosystems are unknown. here, we demonstrate that oil exposure spanning pah concentrations that are environmentally relevant for many coastal marine ecosystems (≤5. 7 μg l −1), including parts of the great barrier reef, red sea, asia and the caribbean, causes elevated mortality and stunted growth rates in six species of pre - settlement coral reef fishes, spanning two evolutionarily distinct families (pomacentridae and lethrinidae). furthermore, oil exposure alters habitat settlement and antipredator behaviours, causing reduced sheltering, shoaling and increased risk taking, all of which exacerbate predator - induced mortality during recruitment. these results suggest a previously unknown path, whereby oil and pah exposure impair higher - order cognitive processing and behaviours necessary for the successful settlement and survival of larval fishes. this emphasizes the risks associated with industrial activities within at - risk ecosystems .\ncoral species richness appears to play a more important role than habitat complexity in explaining species richness in this reef fish community, possibly due to a high level of coral dependence and habitat specialisation. at least 9 - 11% of coral reef fish are dependent on live coral [ 9, 19 ], although some families appear to have a much higher percentage of species dependent on live coral than others (e. g. 53% pomacentridae [ 62 ]). furthermore, juveniles of many fish species prefer to settle near live coral [ 9 ]. reasonably high levels of specialisation have been reported for at least some coral reef fish families (e. g. [ 7, 10, 44, 62 ]). although some species of fish tend to have similar preferences for specific coral species or morphologies that provide fitness advantages [ 28, 46, 47, 63 ], there are also differences among species in the types of corals they inhabit or prefer to feed on [ 34, 64, 65 ]. therefore, a higher diversity of coral species should provide a greater range of habitats for habitat specialist fishes. coral species also vary greatly in their physical structure and presumably a larger number of corals would provide a greater diversity of shelter sites that could be exploited by a wide range of species .\naltmann, j. 1974. observational study of behavior: sampling methods. behavior 49: 227–265 .\narnal, c. & i. m. côté. 1998. interactions between cleaning gobies and territorial damselfish on coral reefs. anim. behav. 55: 1429–1442 .\ncollette, b. b. & f. h. talbot. 1972. activity patterns of coral reef fishes with emphasis on nocturnal - diurnal changeover. bull. nat. hist. mus. los angeles co. 14: 98–124 .\ncolin, p. 1975. the neon gobies. t. f. h. publications, neptune city. 304 pp .\n( lucas) (decapoda natantia, palaemonidae). crustaceana 35: 35–40 .\ncôté, i. m. , c. arnal & j. d. reynolds. 1998. variation in posing behaviour among fish species visiting cleaning stations. j. fish biol. 53 supplement a: 256–266 .\nfeder, h. m. 1966. cleaning symbiosis in the marine environment. pp. 327–380 .\n: s. m. henry (ed .) symbiosis, volume 1, academic press, new york .\nfrancini - filho, r. b. , r. l. moura & i. sazima. 2000. cleaning by the wrasse\ngrutter, a. s. 1995. relationship between cleaning rates and ectoparasite loads in coral reef fishes. mar. ecol. prog. ser. 118: 51–58 .\nhiatt, r. w. & d. w. strasburg. 1960. ecological relationships of the fish fauna on coral reefs of the marshall islands. ecol. monogr. 30: 65–127 .\nhobson, e. s. 1974. feeding relationships of teleostean fishes on coral reefs in kona, hawaii. u. s. fish. bull. 72: 915–1031 .\nhumann, p. 1994. reef fish identification: florida, caribbean, bahamas, 2nd ed. vaughan press, orlando. 396 pp .\nalong a depth gradient at salt river submarine canyon, st. croix. env. biol. fish. 23: 225–232 .\nlehner, p. n. 1979. handbook of ethological methods. garland stpm press, new york. 403 pp .\nlosey, g. s. 1971. communication between fishes in cleaning symbiosis. pp. 45–76 .\n: t. c. cheng (ed .) aspects of the biology of symbiosis, university park press, baltimore .\nlosey, g. s. 1974. cleaning symbiosis in puerto rico with comparison to the tropical pacific. copeia 1974: 960–970 .\nlosey, g. s. 1979. fish cleaning symbiosis: proximate causes of host behaviour. anim. behav. 27: 669–685 .\nlosey, g. s. 1993. knowledge of proximate causes aids our understanding of function and evolutionary history. mar. behav. physiol. 23: 175–186 .\nnelson, j. s. 1994. fishes of the world, 3rd ed. john wiley & sons, new york. 600 pp .\n( cuv. & val .) (labridae) on aldabra. anim. behav. 21: 250–291 .\nrandall, j. e. 1967. food habits of reef fishes of the west indies. stud. trop. oceanogr. 5: 665–847 .\nrandall. j. e. 1983. caribbean reef fishes, 2nd ed. t. f. h. publications, neptune city. 350 pp .\nsale, p. f. (ed .) 1991. the ecology of fishes on coral reefs. academic press, san diego. 754 pp .\n, at fernando de noronha archipelago, western south atlantic. copeia 2000: 297–299 .\nsp. n. (perciformes: gobiidae), a new cleaner goby from the coast of brazil. aqua j. ichthyol. aq. biol. 2: 33–38 .\nsazima, i. , r. l moura & j. l gasparini. 1998. the wrasse\n( labridae) as a specialized cleaner. bull. mar. sci. 63: 605–610 .\n, on the reefs of the abrolhos archipelago, western south atlantic. env. biol. fish. 56: 399–407 .\nvan tassel, j. l. , a. brito & s. a. bortone. 1994. cleaning behavior among marine fishes and invertebrates in the canary islands. cybium 18: 117–127 .\nwicksten, m. k. 1995. associations of fishes and their cleaners on coral reefs of bonaire, netherlands antilles. copeia 1995: 477–481 .\nwicksten, m. k. 1998. behaviour of cleaners and their client fishes at bonaire, netherlands antilles. j. nat. hist. 32: 13–30 .\nsazima, i. , sazima, c. , francini - filho, r. b. et al. environmental biology of fishes (2000) 59: 69. urltoken\n) that live commensally with anemone hosts. damselfishes are largely herbivorous, sometimes tending “gardens” of filamentous algae, but may eat tiny invertebrates, or in the case of anemonefishes, anemones and other organisms living symbiotically with anemones. damselfishes manifest a range of reproductive behaviors, with groups that are polygynous, promiscuous, polyandrous, and monogamous. anemonefishes are able to change from male to female under certain conditions (see reproduction: mating systems) .\n( allen, 1998; böhlke and chaplin, 1994; helfman, et al. , 1997; nelson, 1994; thresher, 1984 )\npomacentrids are found throughout the world in tropical and warm temperate waters, with the majority of species occurring in the indo - west and central pacific region .\n( allen, 1998; helfman, et al. , 1997; nelson, 1994; thresher, 1984 )\n. a few deep - water species occur at the edge of the shelf at depths below 100 m, but most pomacentrids occupy shallow water between two and 15 meters deep .\n( allen, 1998; böhlke and chaplin, 1994; helfman, et al. , 1997; hoese and moore, 1998; thresher, 1984; wheeler, 1985 )\n) externally only in the form of the urogenital papilla, and (except for one species) lack permanent sexual dichromatism. the majority, however, do assume sex - specific colors during spawning. usually the male, but sometimes the female (and sometimes neither), assumes courtship colors, the pattern and intensity of which vary according not only to species, but also to geographic and perhaps other factors. adult males tend to be larger than adult females, but the opposite is true for anemonefishes (\n), which are protandrous hermaphrodites: a male can change sex if the dominant female (the largest fish in the group) dies. in these fishes a single individual possesses ovarian as well as testicular tissue .\n( allen, 1998; böhlke and chaplin, 1994; helfman, et al. , 1997; moyle and cech, 2000; nelson, 1994; thresher, 1984 )\npomacentrid larvae hatch from a clutch of 50 to 2500 eggs, depending on the species. for some the planktonic stage may last only a day while others drift in the open ocean for a few weeks. juveniles settle in reef areas and their coloration can be quite different from that of adults of the same species. in anemonefishes (\n) one sexually active pair is dominant over a group of juveniles. the young grow slowly in this situation and do not reach sexual maturity until they can replace one of the dominant fish .\nthe majority of damselfishes engage in a range of ritualized behavior to attract mates and prepare nest sites. the male, and sometimes the female, begin to groom and tend a rocky surface several days before spawning. he removes invertebrates and algae with his mouth, sometimes allowing certain elements to remain, as is the case with\n, a species that weeds out all but red algae from the site. courtship activities accompany cultivation of the potential nest. males may give auditory signals; depending on the stage of courtship, species of\nemit three different types of chirps and grunts. they may also display visual signals, with most damselfish males assuming distinct colors for courtship, and many executing various movements to entice the female to the nest site. such movements have been described as “leading, ” which may include quick bursts of swimming and intermittent hovering in front of the female, “signal - jumping, ” or rapid up and down movements, and “dipping, ” which is similar to signal - jumping and includes an abrupt descent .\n( allen, 1998; helfman, et al. , 1997; moyle and cech, 2000; thresher, 1984 )\n), enter into permanent monogamous pairings and as a rule display a simplified pattern of courtship. fish in this subfamily are protandrous, a mating system in which male individuals can become female. ambosexual (neither sperm - nor egg - producing tissues are active) juveniles live on an anemone with a sexually mature male and female pair. if the female dies, her male partner develops into a female to take her place. the largest juvenile grows rapidly and replaces him as the dominant male .\n( helfman, et al. , 1997; moyle and cech, 2000; thresher, 1984 )\n( böhlke and chaplin, 1994; helfman, et al. , 1997; peterson and warner, 2002; thresher, 1984 )\npolygyny is common: one male may guard the eggs of several females, and damselfish harems have also been observed. some damselfish are promiscuous, and still others are monogamous. polyandry has been reported only in an anemonefish, although monogamy is the general rule for anemonefishes (\n). these fish stay paired for at least a year and sometimes for their entire lifetime. they spawn year - round, usually near the full moon. hypotheses suggest that lunar spawning occurs because of the increased light for nest tending, the greater currents for larvae dispersal, and the relative abundance of spawning invertebrates as a food source. anemonefish most frequently live in single pairs, along with a group of sexually immature individuals, in association with an anemone (see reproduction: mating systems). groups containing several males and females may occasionally occur if the fish population density is extremely high. spawning occurs at the base of the anemone, on a rock surface, or, if the anemone lives on sand, on a surface the fish drag near the anemone. the male clears the nest site by biting at the tentacles of the anemone until they withdraw, and then leads the female there for spawning, during which both fish quiver and bite the nest surface .\n( helfman, et al. , 1997; peterson and warner, 2002; thresher, 1984 )\nmale damselfishes (and in very few cases, females) guard their eggs until they hatch. they remove detritus, sand, and fungus - afflicted eggs, fan the eggs, and guard against predators. most become more aggressive when egg - tending, but this is not the case with anemonefishes (\n, parents guard their school of young near the spawning cave for three to six weeks .\n( allen, 1998; böhlke and chaplin, 1994; froese, et al. , 2003; helfman, et al. , 1997; thresher, 1984 )\nspp. live an estimated six to eight years. some species may live 10 to 12 years in the wild and perhaps 18 years in captivity .\nmost pomacentrids, or damselfishes, stake out territories on patches of reef in sheltered areas where they hide, feed and spawn. males aggressively defend these territories, allowing thick algal growth that provides them a primary food source. sometimes females have territories near the males. relations between damselfishes and other fishes are not always agonistic, as juveniles of some species of damselfish clean other fishes. certain groups of damselfish are not territorial; midwater plankton - feeders may have shelter for retreat or spawning but do not maintain permanent territories, and anemones provide a built - in defense for areas occupied by anemonefishes (\n). anemonefishes, however, may compete for position in the mating dominance hierarchy, and have been observed striking each other with the pectoral fins. in the anemonefish genus\neach group contains a male / female pair whose behavioral dominance suppresses the sexual maturation of the smaller males. if one of the dominant fishes dies, the next fish in the hierarchy takes its place (see reproduction: mating systems) .\n( allen, 1998; helfman, et al. , 1997; moyle and cech, 2000; peterson and warner, 2002 )\n, have a highly evolved relationship with sea anemones. they remain undisturbed by contact with anemone tentacles that would be fatal to other small fish. a mucous secretion is thought to protect them from the stinging nematocysts. while anemonefishes receive protection living in close proximity with their hosts, the anemones benefit as well. the fish clean the anemone’s upper surface, remove parasites, drop food on the anemone, and chase away butterflyfishes that eat anemones. waste excretions from the fish may also help symbiotic algae within the anemone to grow. anemonefishes spend their entire adult lives with a single host .\n) appear to use perception of individual color differences to recognize their monogamous partner. in addition to visual cues, male damselfishes use sound to ward off other males and sometimes as part of courtship and spawning rituals. they may touch and nip females to guide them toward a nest. chemical cues from some damselfishes may encourage conspecific (individuals of the same species) juveniles to establish nearby territories and may discourage other groups of damselfish from settling. young anemonefishes use visual and chemical cues when choosing a preferred species of anemone as host .\n( helfman, et al. , 1997; myrberg and fuiman, 2002; thresher, 1984 )\nbottom - dwelling damselfishes feed, for the most part, on algae and small invertebrates. they may tend “gardens” of filamentous algae, or in the case of anemonefishes, feed on the anemone itself or other organisms that are commensal with the anemone. one species of damselfish ,\n, eats the polyps of live coral. damselfishes that live in the water column tend to feed on plankton and zooplankton .\n( allen, 1998; böhlke and chaplin, 1994; froese, et al. , 2003; helfman, et al. , 1997; moyle and cech, 2000 )\nreef damselfishes gain protection from predators by hiding in coral shelters, anemonefishes by living in close contact with a host anemone, and the free - swimming damselfishes by schooling. each group’s method of protecting itself applies to its eggs as well, except for midwater damselfishes, which must establish temporary shelter for spawning and egg laying .\n( helfman, et al. , 1997; hixon and webster, 2002 )\ndamselfishes are numerous and common on tropical reefs, and as such are an established element of those habitats. many of them affect the growth of algae on the reef, encouraging algal growth in some areas while using the algae as a food source. the anemonefishes provide some protection and bring in sources of nourishment for their anemone hosts, and some groups of juvenile damselfishes clean other fishes .\n( böhlke and chaplin, 1994; helfman, et al. , 1997 )\nmany damselfishes are brilliantly colored and are popular aquarium fish. in aquarium settings they can be aggressive, but are extremely hardy. in some areas bordering the indian ocean people eat damselfishes that they catch in traps or with hooks, but in general pomacentrids are not used for food .\n( allen, 1998; böhlke and chaplin, 1994; froese, et al. , 2003; hoese and moore, 1998; wheeler, 1985 )\nthere are fossil records of pomacentrids from the lower tertiary and lower eocene periods .\nthe body of water between africa, europe, the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), and the western hemisphere. it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .\nliving in australia, new zealand, tasmania, new guinea and associated islands .\nliving in sub - saharan africa (south of 30 degrees north) and madagascar .\nliving in the southern part of the new world. in other words, central and south america .\nbody of water between the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), australia, asia, and the western hemisphere. this is the world' s largest ocean, covering about 28% of the world' s surface .\nreferring to an animal that lives on or near the bottom of a body of water. also an aquatic biome consisting of the ocean bottom below the pelagic and coastal zones. bottom habitats in the very deepest oceans (below 9000 m) are sometimes referred to as the abyssal zone. see also oceanic vent .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving a worldwide distribution. found on all continents (except maybe antarctica) and in all biogeographic provinces; or in all the major oceans (atlantic, indian, and pacific .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nislands that are not part of continental shelf areas, they are not, and have never been, connected to a continental land mass, most typically these are volcanic islands .\nfound in the oriental region of the world. in other words, india and southeast asia .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother' s body .\nthe business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .\nreferring to a mating system in which a female mates with several males during one breeding season (compare polygynous) .\nthe kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females .\nstructure produced by the calcium carbonate skeletons of coral polyps (class anthozoa). coral reefs are found in warm, shallow oceans with low nutrient availability. they form the basis for rich communities of other invertebrates, plants, fish, and protists. the polyps live only on the reef surface. because they depend on symbiotic photosynthetic algae, zooxanthellae, they cannot live where light does not penetrate .\nthat region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north (between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south (between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle) .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23. 5 degrees north to 23. 5 degrees south .\nallen, g. 1998. damselfishes. pp. 205 - 208 in w eschmeyer, j paxton, eds .\n. wynnewood, pa: published for the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia by livingston .\nfroese, r. , d. pauly, d. woodland. 2003 .\nfish base\n( on - line). fishbase world wide web. accessed august 05, 2003 at urltoken .\nharmelin - vivien, m. 2002. energetics and fish diversity on coral reefs. pp. 268 in p sale, ed. san diego, ca: academic press .\nhixon, m. , m. webster. 2002. density dependence in reef fish populations. pp. 314 in p sale, ed .\nmyrberg, a. , l. fuiman. 2002. the sensory world of coral reef fishes. pp. 146 in p sale, ed .\npeterson, c. , r. warner. 2002. the ecological context of reproductive behavior. pp. 103 in p sale, ed .\nthe world conservation union, 2002 .\niucn 2002\n( on - line). 2002 iucn red list of threatened species. accessed august 02, 2003 at urltoken .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\na large family of colourful marine fishes with more than 380 species, mostly found on coral reefs. more than 140 species occur in australian waters .\nmost species live on tropical coral reefs, although the monotypic mecaenichthys and most members of the genus parma are found on rocky reefs in southern australia. at least one species enters freshwater .\ndamselfishes grow to a maximum length of about 15 cm, and most are usually less than 8 cm .\ndamselfishes have a variety of feeding modes. most species feed on either small invertebrates or benthic algae, or frequently a combination of these items .\nothers have very specialised feeding habits, for example cheiloprion and plectroglyphidodon, which consume coral polyps and most chromis species feed on zooplankton .\nbecause of their small size the group is of little commercial importance, although some of the colourful species such as the anemone fishes (amphiprion) are sold in the aquarium trade .\nallen, g. r. (1972). anemonefishes, their classification and biology. new jersey: t. f. h. publications 288 pp. 140 figs\nallen, g. r. (1975). anemonefishes, their classification and biology. neptune city, new jersey: t. f. h. publications 2nd edn 351 pp .\nallen, g. r. (1975). damselfishes of the south seas. new jersey: t. f. h. publications 237 pp. 251 figs\nallen, g. r. (1991). damselfishes of the world. melle, germany: mergus verlag 271 pp .\nallen, g. r. & emery, a. r. (1985). a review of the pomacentrid fishes of the genus stegastes from the indo - west pacific with descriptions of two new species. indo - pacific fishes 3: 1–31 figs 1–5 pls 1–3\nallen, g. r. & hoese, d. f. (1975). a review of the pomacentrid fish genus parma, with descriptions of two new species. rec. west. aust. mus. 3 (4): 261–294 figs 1–18\ncooper, w. j. & m. w. westneat. 2009. form and function of damselfish skulls: rapid and repeated evolution into a limited number of trophic niches. bmc evolutionary biology 9: 24 .\nfautin, d. g. & allen, g. r. (1992). field guide to anemonefishes and their host sea anemonies. perth: western australian museum 160 pp .\nrandall, j. e. , allen, g. r. & steene, r. (1997). fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea. bathurst: crawford house press 2nd edn 557 pp. figs .\nsantini, s. & g. polacco. 2006. finding nemo: molecular phylogeny and evolution of the unusual life style of anemonefish. gene 385: 19–27 .\ndescription chiefly marine; rare in brackish water. all tropical seas, mainly indo - pacific. one nostril on each side of head; double ...\ndescription chiefly marine; rare in brackish water. all tropical seas, mainly indo - pacific. one nostril on each side of head; double nostrils in some species of chromis and dascyllus. body usually deep and compressed. small mouth. incomplete and interrupted lateral line. anal fin with usually 2 spines, very rarely 3. no palatine teeth. about 35 cm maximum length. coloration variable with individuals and with locality for the same species. many species are highly territorial herbivores or omnivores. damselfishes lay elliptical demersal eggs that are guarded by the males. included are the anemonefishes (amphiprioninae), which live in close association with large sea anemones. poma - = opercle, centron = spine, (refers to pointed margin of opercle); amphi - (gr .) = on both sides, prion = saw, (refers to serrate opercles) [ details ]\nvan der laan, r. ; eschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. (2014). family - group names of recent fishes. zootaxa. 3882 (1): 1 - 230. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nvan der land, j. ; costello, m. j. ; zavodnik, d. ; santos, r. s. ; porteiro, f. m. ; bailly, n. ; eschmeyer, w. n. ; froese, r. (2001). pisces, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 357 - 374 (look up in imis) [ details ]\neschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nuse the table to access images and fact sheets of the pomacentrid fishes on the site .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe damselfishes are some of the most common and conspicuous coral reef fishes in the region and are often selected as the subjects for ecological and behavioral studies. their taxonomy is straightforward; there are only four genera in the caribbean with relatively few species. two genera include several species each: the ubiquitous stegastes with six species (and one fresh - water species) and chromis with two shallow and four deep - water species. there are two abudefduf species and the single microspathodon chrysurus. the caribbean stegastes have been moved around from genus to genus over the recent past, spending some time as eupomacentrus and pomacentrus .\npomacentrid larvae closely resemble juvenile damselfish in form and are easy to recognize. larval damselfishes are characterized by a rounded body with a wide caudal peduncle, continuous spinous and soft dorsal fins, large round eyes, a relatively small terminal mouth, and the absence of head spines. distinguishing species for the larval and newly - settled stages can be a challenge in this family where meristics can broadly overlap, especially within stegastes. the marking patterns that separate species of stegastes typically diverge only at the late juvenile stage and new recruits can share many of the features that will later distinguish the species (i. e. ontogenetic homology). the two regional abudefduf are also very similar as larvae and new recruits. as a result, some descriptions of damselfish early life history and many illustrations of small juvenile damselfishes in guidebooks and on the web are incorrect .\nthe numerous damselfishes of this genus are known for marked coloration and pattern changes as they grow, mostly converging on a uniform dusky appearance as adults. pre - transitional larval stegastes are mostly colorless with few distinguishing markings and overlap extensively in meristics and thus dna sequencing is necessary to identify many larvae to species. damselfish larvae rapidly acquire juvenile markings during the night of settlement and transitional larvae are common in collections over the reef, even before they have the chance to transform in a trap .\nnew recruits of some stegastes species can share the markings that are used as species - specific diagnostic characters in the later juvenile stages. these shared markings include the pattern of spots and stripes on the head, the size, shape, and position of the dorsal - fin ocellus, the spot at the top of the pectoral - fin base, and the upper caudal - peduncle saddle - spot. these characters may not be consistent for identifying juveniles below 20 mm sl and many species identifications of photographs of small juveniles on the web and in reef fish guides are mistaken. furthermore, the published descriptions of juveniles of this genus are almost always incongruent and depend on highly variable characters, such as shades of yellow or the degree of striping. the most egregious example of this is the commonplace assignment of any juvenile with blue head stripes to s. diencaeus .\ntransient ontogenetic homologies in pomacentrid early life history: this interesting phenomenon of short - lived, presumably vestigial, markings that appear on early juveniles is somewhat analogous to the homologies in ontogeny shown in mammalian embryology. in this case, however, ontogeny may recapitulate phylogeny (in a way) as ancestral markings may persist in the earliest juveniles of an entire clade. the similarity may extend to the mechanism for the persistence: just as obsolete embryological structures persist because of reduced selection pressure within the womb (for example the hindlimbs in dolphin embryos), these early markings may persist because of reduced selection pressure for species recognition among the smallest juvenile stages on the reef. alternatively, a more intriguing explanation may be that this phenomenon is an adaptation to disguise species identity at the time of extreme vulnerability to competitive interactions from adults .\nspecies identification: among the larval stegastes, s. partitus diverges first during the transition phase by not developing the dorsal - fin ocellus shared by all of the other reef species. the dorsal - fin ocellus is the first transitional marking appearing on larvae. immediately afterwards, the outlines of iridescent spots and stripes appear on the head and upper body and the spotted species, s. adustus and s. planifrons, can be distinguished from the striped species, s. diencaeus, s. leucostictus, and s. variabilis .\nnew recruits of s. partitus share the blue spots and stripes on the head characteristic of other stegastes, although these are usually not conspicuous and disappear rapidly. once the dorsal - fin ocellus develops, s. adustus and s. planifrons can be distinguished by having only spots, not stripes, on the top of the head (as well as other distinctive color patterns). the three remaining reef species, all with a dorsal - fin ocellus and stripes on the head, share most basic markings as new recruits (s. diencaeus, s. leucostictus, and s. variabilis). nevertheless, with the characters described below, juveniles of these species should be categorized correctly. it should be noted, however, that intermediate individuals do occur. this is probably variability within species, although the possibility of occasional hybridization should not be excluded. dna - sequencing analyses, underway at present on this group, will confirm the identification of larvae and new recruits of these species and explore the hybridization question further .\nthe most troublesome feature of juvenile markings in these damselfishes is the rapid change in the size, shape, and position of the spots, stripes, and the dorsal - fin ocellus. overlying these ontogenetic changes is a high degree of variability within species. my dna sequencing of these damselfishes reveals that many features are inconsistent for separating species at these early stages, especially the size and position of the dorsal - fin ocellus and the intensity of spots on the head and dorsal fin .\nhave a mode of 21 pectoral - fin rays). given this overlap, it is likely that pre - transitional larvae will require dna sequencing to reliably distinguish the species .\nhave only a few discrete small and round blue spots on the head and upper body with only a single spot on the upper iris (not a stripe). there is a large black ocellus centered on the last three dorsal - fin spines and first three dorsal - fin soft rays (about 40% on the fin, 60% on the body) and a caudal - peduncle saddle made up of a pale area surrounded by dusky shading followed by a distinct black spot. although it is a diagnostic feature for later juveniles, new recruits do not have a spot at the top of the pectoral - fin base. ontogenetic homologies include a short - lived blue ring around the dorsal - fin ocellus and blue edging around the caudal - peduncle saddle spot .\njuvenile analogues: new recruits of s. planifrons are separated from s. diencaeus, s. leucostictus, and s. variabilis by having no stripes on the iris or the top of the head. in addition, they are uniformly yellow or dusky yellow (s. diencaeus is the only other species that can be uniformly yellow, although often new recruits are not). new recruits of s. planifrons are separated from s. adustus by color as well as having much smaller blue spots (and only one on the iris) and from s. partitus by having a dorsal - fin ocellus and caudal - peduncle saddle .\nlater juveniles (over 15 mm sl) are characterized by a uniform yellow body, a black dorsal - fin ocellus, a large black upper caudal - peduncle spot, and a prominent black spot at the pectoral - fin base .\nhave a mode of 21 pectoral - fin rays. the two latter species have a slight divergence in anal - fin soft rays, with\njuvenile analogues: new recruits of s. adustus are separated from s. diencaeus, s. leucostictus, and s. variabilis by having no stripes\nhave a mode of 21 pectoral - fin rays). given this overlap, larvae and even early juveniles can require dna sequencing to reliably distinguish the species .\nhave a pattern of blue stripes and spots on the head and upper body with a broad stripe and two spots on the iris. the upper part of the head and anterior body have a dusky blue background color. the blue stripes and spots are heavier than in other conspecifics and usually there is a third line of blue spots between the top stripe on the head and the stripe directly off the upper eye. furthermore, the stripes typically break up into a pattern of numerous bright spots on the anterior dorsal fin. there is a large black ocellus ringed in blue centered on the last two dorsal - fin spines and first three dorsal - fin soft rays. the ocellus is typically mostly on the fin (usually 70% or more) and often higher than wide. there is usually one unmarked scale row between the lateral line and the blue ring. in addition, the scales with blue below the ocellus on the body are darkly - outlined rather than merged into a blue line. the spot migrates rapidly onto the fin and, by the time the juveniles reach 20 mm sl, almost all of the black spot is over the dorsal fin. there is a dark spot at the top edge of the pectoral - fin base. there is no caudal - peduncle saddle spot .\njuvenile analogues: new recruits of s. leucostictus are separated from s. planifrons and s. adustus by having stripes along with the spots on the head and iris and from s. partitus by having a dorsal - fin ocellus. the more difficult separation of new recruits (up to 15 mm sl) from s. variabilis and s. diencaeus depends on subtle characters, primarily the dorsal - fin ocellus centered off the body, usually more than 70% over the dorsal fin. in s. leucostictus, there is a space about one scale wide between the blue ring edge and the lateral line, while in the other species the blue ring starts less than a scale above the lateral line. in addition, the blue ring segment below the dorsal - fin ocellus is made up of dark - edged scales in s. leucostictus and merged into a blue line on the other two species. on the head, the blue spots usually form a third row between the top head stripe and the upper - eye stripe, whereas in the other two species this additional row is reduced and appears later, after 15 mm sl. s. leucostictus recruits and juveniles do not have the caudal - peduncle saddle spot, thus its presence excludes s. leucostictus (the absence of the saddle means little in new recruits, when s. variabilis may not yet have developed a saddle and when s. diencaeus variably shows none or a transient mark). also s. leucostictus recruits and juveniles always show the dark spot at the top of the pectoral fin, thus the absence of the spot excludes s. leucostictus, but its presence does not exclude the other species." ]

{ "text": [ "pomacentridae is a family of perciform fish , comprising the damselfishes and clownfishes .", "they are primarily marine , while a few species inhabit freshwater and brackish environments ( e.g. , neopomacentrus aquadulcis , n. taeniurus , pomacentrus taeniometopon , stegastes otophorus ) .", "they are noted for their hardy constitutions and territoriality .", "many are brightly colored , so they are popular in aquaria .", "around 385 species are classified in this family , in about 29 genera .", "of these , members of two genera , amphiprion and premnas ( subfamily amphiprioninae ) , are commonly called clownfish or anemonefish , while members of other genera ( e.g. , pomacentrus ) are commonly called damselfish .", "the members of this family are classified in four subfamilies : amphiprioninae , chrominae , lepidozyginae , and pomacentrinae . " ], "topic": [ 3, 8, 19, 23, 26, 26, 26 ] }

[ "pomacentridae is a family of perciform fish, comprising the damselfishes and clownfishes. they are primarily marine, while a few species inhabit freshwater and brackish environments (e.g., neopomacentrus aquadulcis, n. taeniurus, pomacentrus taeniometopon, stegastes otophorus). they are noted for their hardy constitutions and territoriality. many are brightly colored, so they are popular in aquaria. around 385 species are classified in this family, in about 29 genera. of these, members of two genera, amphiprion and premnas (subfamily amphiprioninae), are commonly called clownfish or anemonefish, while members of other genera (e.g., pomacentrus) are commonly called damselfish. the members of this family are classified in four subfamilies: amphiprioninae, chrominae, lepidozyginae, and pomacentrinae." ]

[ "confused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nturner, a. j. 1939 ,\na second revision of the lepidoptera of tasmania\n, papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania, vol. 1938, pp. 57 - 115\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: a4d501ae - dc78 - 49e0 - 9f53 - 5d74e4ac84b5\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 342254\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word peloxythana. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word peloxythana and, of course, peloxythana synonyms and on the right images related to the word peloxythana .\nthis is the place for peloxythana definition. you find here peloxythana meaning, synonyms of peloxythana and images for peloxythana copyright 2017 © urltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "epiphyas oresigona is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from tasmania .", "the habitat consists of alpine heathland .", "the wingspan is about 15 mm .", "there is one generation per year .", "the larvae feed on helichrysum ledifolium and possibly helichrysum hookeri .", "larvae have been recorded from august to mid-january . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24, 9, 15, 8, 8 ] }

[ "epiphyas oresigona is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in australia, where it has been recorded from tasmania. the habitat consists of alpine heathland. the wingspan is about 15 mm. there is one generation per year. the larvae feed on helichrysum ledifolium and possibly helichrysum hookeri. larvae have been recorded from august to mid-january." ]

[ "photo of a new zealand ground weta, possibly hemiandrus pallitarsis (2 cm body length). found in new plymouth .\nhemiandrus is a genus of about 40 species of ground weta native to new zealand and australia. most of the hemiandrus have not yet been described .\nchappell, e. m. , trewick & morgan - richards. 2012. biol. j. linn. soc. 105 (1): 169 - 186 > > hemiandrus pallitarsis\nchappell, e. m. , d. s. webb, a. j. brown & tonkin. 2015. new zealand ent. 38 (1): 1 - 6 > > hemiandrus pallitarsis\nwalker, f. 1871. catalogue of the specimens of dermaptera saltatoria in the collection of the british museum supplement: 24 > > libanasa pallitarsis urn: lsid: orthoptera. speciesfile. org: taxonname: 19671\nhide in burrows in the ground. they are usually nocturnal and at night emerge to hunt or scavenge invertebrate prey and to eat fruit. hemiandrus are characterised by thread - like antennae which can reach to several times the body length. ground weta\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\northoptera species file (version 5. 0 / 5. 0) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay. you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions, you should login. to do this, click on the logo in the upper left corner .\ncopyright © 2018. except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 4. 0 international license .\nflies, caddisflies, craneflies, damselflies dragonflies, gnats, mayflies. midges, mosquitoes\ninsects (ants, beetles, bugs, cicadas, cockroaches, centipedes, crickets, grasshoppers, lacewings, ladybirds, mantis, millipedes, scale, shield bugs, stick insects, wetas, weevils, etc .) .\nbug (shield bug) (brown shield bug) (dictyotus caenosus) .\nbug (shield bug) (brown marmorated stink bug) (halyomorpha halys) .\nbug (shield bug) (brown soldier bug) (cermatulus nasalis) .\nbug (shield bug) schellenberg' s soldier bug (oechalia schellenbergii) .\nbug (shield bug) (yellow spotted stink bug) (erthesina fullo) .\nbug (shield bug 5th instar (brown shield bug) (dictyotus caenosus) .\nreptiles (frogs, geckos, skinks, snakes, lizards, turtles) .\ntrees & shrubs (new zealand native) botanical names a to f with photo .\ntrees & shrubs (new zealand native) botanical names g to l with photo .\ntrees & shrubs (new zealand native) botanical names m to q with photo .\ntrees & shrubs (new zealand native) botanical names r to z with photo .\ntrees (new zealand) hebes and their hybrids & cultivars (photos) .\nweeds & escapee plants: a to f (common names with photo) .\nweeds & escapee plants: g to l (common names with photo) .\nweeds & escapee plants: m to q (common names and photo) .\nweeds & escapee plants: r to z (common names with photo) .\nnot have ears on their forelegs like those of the tree weta. they are usually long - lived with adults having a lifespan of over a year. the females inject their eggs into plant material in the ground .\na 12mm ground weta (12 mm body length). note the length of the antennae\n© copyright 2008 - 2018 - t. e. r: r. a. i. n. all rights reserved. last update: 12 - apr - 18. site designed & hosted by smokeylemon .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it." ]

{ "text": [ "hemiandrus pallitarsis is a species of ground weta , endemic to the north island of new zealand .", "it is an important food source for kiwi . " ], "topic": [ 27, 15 ] }

[ "hemiandrus pallitarsis is a species of ground weta, endemic to the north island of new zealand. it is an important food source for kiwi." ]

[ "many species hibernate, but the blanding' s turtle takes its deep sleep to a different level .\nan omnivorous species, blanding’s turtle will eat crayfish and other small animals, as well as plants and seeds .\nrefsnider, j. 2009. high frequency of multiple paternity in blanding' s turtle (emydoidea blandingii) .\nrowe, j. 1992. dietary habits of the blanding' s turtle (emydoidea blandingi) in northeastern illinois .\ngibbons, j. 1968. observations on the ecology and population dynamics of the blanding' s turtle, emydoidea blandingii .\nthe flesh of a sea turtle, esp. the green turtle, used chiefly for soup .\nthe blanding' s turtle was proposed as the minnesota state reptile in 1998 hf3471 / sf3103 and in 1999 (hf737) .\nbaker, r. , j. gillingham. 1983. an analysis of courtship behavior in blanding' s turtle, emydoidea blandingi .\nbeauvais, thomas f. 2013. geographic distribution: emydoidea blandingii (blanding' s turtle). herpetological review 44 (4): 623\nthe blanding’s turtle (emydoidea blandingii), nova scotia population, is a species listed on schedule 1 of the species at risk act as endangered .\nmacpherson, matthew r. 2016. emydoidea blandingii (blanding' s turtle) aggressive behavior. herpetological review 47 (2): 283 - 284\nsheppard, anna c. 2014. emydoidea blandingii (blanding' s turtle) mass mortality. herpetological review 45 (2): 312 - 313\nnatural heritage & endangered species program. blanding' s turtle: emydoidea blandingii. none. massachusetts: massachusetts division of fisheries & wildlife. 2015 .\nrowe, j. 1992. observations of body size, growth, and reproduction in blanding' s turtle (emydoidea blandingii) from western nebraska .\nmacculloch, r. , w. wayne. 1988. some aspects of reproduction in a lake erie population of blanding' s turtle, emydoidea blandingii .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - blanding' s turtle (emydoidea blandingii )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - blanding' s turtle (emydoidea blandingii )\ntitle =\narkive species - blanding' s turtle (emydoidea blandingii )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nwhat made you want to look up blanding' s turtle? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nlundeen, d. and a. f. badje 2017. geographic distribution: emydoidea blandingii (blanding’s turtle). herpetological review 48 (2): 386\ncongdon, j. , o. kinney, r. nagle. 2011. spatial ecology and core - area protection of blanding’s turtle (emydoidea blandingii) .\nflaherty, james p. and glenn johnson. 2013. emydoidea blandingii (blanding' s turtle) foraging and diet. herpetological review 44 (2): 304\nhecht, max 1943. a new record for blanding' s turtle in eastern new york. copeia 1943 (3): 196 - 197 - get paper here\nmeyer, j. j. , et al. 2017. emydoidea blandingii (blanding’s turtle) cold tolerance. herpetological review 48 (2): 423 - 424\n(\nblanding' s turtle: emydoidea blandingii\n, 2015; congdon, et al. , 2008; ernst and barbour, 1992; harding, 2000 )\nblanding' s turtle (nova scotia population) designated threatened in april 1993. status re - examined and designated endangered in may 2005. last assessment based on an update status report. blanding' s turtle (great lakes / st. lawrence population) designated threatened in may 2005. last assessment based on an update status report .\nzagorski, g. , boreham, d. & litzgus, j. 2018. emydoidea blandingii (blanding' s turtle) aggression. herpetological review 49: 106 .\ncordero, gerardo a. 2017. quick guide: the turtle’s shell biology 27: r163–r171 - get paper here\ndowling, z. , t. hartwig, e. kiviat, f. keesing. 2010. experimental management of nesting habitat for the blanding’s turtle (emydoidea blandingii) .\nthe blanding’s turtle is an exceptionally long - lived and late - maturing species, even for a turtle. blanding’s turtles mature between 14 - 25 years of age and can continue to reproduce successfully until at least 75 years old. mature females produce one clutch of eggs every 1 - 3 years and female fecundity and reproductive frequency are positively correlated with age. females carry out long - distance nesting migrations and can make overland movements of > 10 km. the blanding’s turtle’s ability to make long - distance movements facilitates gene flow among wetlands and may substantially increase reproductive success. the mean generation time for canadian blanding’s turtles is ~ 40 years. [ updated 22 / 01 / 2018 ]\nruane, s. , s. dinkelacker, j. iverson. 2008. demographic and reproductive traits of blanding' s turtles, emydoidea blandingii, at the western edge of the species' range .\nbaxter - gilbert, james, julia l. riley and jacqueline d. litzgus. 2013. chrysemys picta marginata (midland painted turtle), emydoidea blandingii (blanding' s turtle) hatchling mortality. herpetological review 44 (2): 303 - 304\nthe blanding' s turtle overwinters under or near water, in mud or under vegetation or debris. during the nesting season, a female blanding' s turtle may be found more than a kilometer from where it hibernated. it is omnivorous, eating crustaceans and other invertebrates, fish, plants, carrion and vegetable debris. it is capable of catching live fish. blanding' s turtles take 18 - 22 years to reach sexual maturity and may live to be 70 years old .\nstryszowska, k. , g. johnson, l. mendoza, t. langen. 2016. species distribution modeling of the threatened blanding' s turtle' s (emydoidea blandingii) range edge as a tool for conservation planning .\nthe conservation plan for populations of the blanding' s turtle (pdf, 1. 34 mb) provides basic information about the turtle' s natural history and biology; identifies conservation goals, objectives, and strategies; and lists actions to obtain a self - sustaining population of the species in new york .\n) are common internal parasites of blanding’s turtles, and there are multiple leech species that are ectoparasites of these turtles. in canada, specifically ontario and nova scotia, the smooth turtle leech (\nseries, the world is said to be supported by four elephants carried on the back of a giant turtle; the idea of the universe supported on a turtle' s back is derived from hindu mythology .\nblanding' s turtle is also vulnerable because they tend to reproduce late in life. females become sexually mature around eighteen years old while males mature around twelve. hatchlings also have a low survival rates due to the appetites of nearby raccoons, foxes and skunks. if the hatchling can become an adult and survive within its habitat, the blanding' s turtle can live as long as 70 + years !\n(\nblanding' s turtle: emydoidea blandingii\n, 2015; congdon, et al. , 2008; ernst and barbour, 1992; harding, 2000; van dijk and rhodin, 2016 )\ngraham, t. , t. doyle. 1979. dimorphism, courtship, eggs, and hatchlings of the blanding' s turtle, emydoidea blandingii (reptilia, testudines, emydidae) in massachusetts .\ncongdon, j. , t. graham, t. herman, j. lang, m. pappas, b. brecke. 2008. emydoidea blandingii (holbrook 1838) - blanding' s turtle .\nmockford, s. w. ; t. b. herman; m. snyder & < br / > j. m. wright 2007. conservation genetics of blanding’s turtle and its application in the identification of evolutionarily significant units. conservation genetics 8: 209–219\ncongdon, j. , r. nagle, o. kinney, r. van loben sels. 2001. hypotheses of aging in a long - lived vertebrate, blanding' s turtle (emydoidea blandingii) .\nthe blanding' s turtle is a medium sized turtle with an average shell length of approximately seven to nine inches and a maximum length of 10 inches. a distinguishing feature of this turtle is the bright yellow chin and throat. the carapace, or upper shell, is domed, but slightly flattened along the midline, and is oblong when viewed from above. the carapace is speckled with numerous yellow or light - colored flecks or streaks on a dark background. the plastron, or lower shell, is yellow with dark blotches symmetrically arranged. the head and legs are dark, and usually speckled or mottled with yellow. the blanding' s turtle is also called the\nsemi - box\nturtle, for although the plastron is hinged, the plastral lobes do not shut as tight as the box turtle' s .\nspecies of tropical and subtropical distribution: the green turtle, the loggerhead, the hawksbill (or tortoiseshell turtle), the kemp' s ridley, and the olive ridley. the family dermochelidae includes only one species, the\nharding, j. h. & davis, s. k. 1999. clemmys insculpta (wood turtle) and emydoidea blandingii (blandings’ turtle). hybridization. herpetological review 30: 225 - 226 - get paper here\nblanding’s turtles are valued turtles in the pet trade, and are illegally collected by non - permitted trappers. these freshwater turtles are imported and exported specifically out of texas as well as japan. they are exported and imported for pet trade, where mostly female wild blanding’s turtles are captured. they are the second most popular turtle species in commercial trade .\nrutzen, karl, lisa mitchem, nicholas rudolph, kerry katovich and joshua m. kapfer. 2015. emydoidea blandingii (blanding' s turtle) juvenile diet. herpetological review 46 (1): 79 - 80\nstanding, k. , t. herman, d. hurlburt, i. morrison. 1997. postemergence behaviour of neonates in a northern peripheral population of blanding' s turtle, emydoidea blandingii, in nova scotia .\nnamed after dr. william blanding (1772 - 1857), american naturalist .\nturn turtle chiefly (of a boat) turn upside down. from turtle - hunters' flipping over turtles on to their backs to render them helpless. used figuratively from the early 19th century for turning upside down something held to resemble a turtle in shape .\nmating occurs between april and november, though less then half of the females in a population of blanding’s turtles will reproduce in any year .\n: a freshwater turtle (emys blandingii) of the northeastern u. s. and canada having a black or dark olive shell with small yellow spots\npaterson, james e. , maple mcdermott, brad steinberg and jacqueline d. litzgus. 2011. emydoidea blandingii (blanding' s turtle) hatchling behavior. herpetological review 42 (3): 418 - 419 - get paper here\n(\nblanding' s turtle (emydoidea blandingii) in the brainerd / baxter region: population status, distribution and management recommendations\n, 1998; congdon, et al. , 2008; ; van dijk and rhodin, 2016 )\nkiviat, e. 1997. blanding' s turtle habitat requirements and implications for conservation in dutchess county, new york. conservation, restoration, and management of tortoises and turtles - an international conference, none: 377 - 382 .\na long lived species, blanding’s turtles usually live until around 60 years, but they have been known to live up to 100 years old .\n). they are most commonly found on the necks, legs, shells, and tails of the blanding’s turtles. the scutate snail leeches (\n. members of this group have webbed feet; many spend most of the time in freshwater ponds or marshes; some live in brackish estuaries. they include such well - known north american turtles as the pond turtles (including the spotted, wood, and muhlenberg' s turtles), the painted turtle, the sliders, the diamondback terrapin, and the blanding' s turtle. the\nriley, julia l. , matthew keevil, patrick moldowan and jacqueline d. litzgus. 2011. emydoidea blandingii (blanding' s turtle) record egg size. herpetological review 42 (3): 417 - 418 - get paper here\n) are found on blanding’s turtles, which usually host these two parasites the most. these leeches are pathogens that can transmit a protozoan blood parasite (\ngutzke, w. , g. packard. 1987. the influence of temperature on eggs and hatchlings of blanding' s turtles, emydoidea blandingii .\nblanding’s turtles are protected under massachusetts, new york, nebraska, michigan, minnesota state legislation and regulations. state and federal administrations manage wetlands where these turtles are present and conservation action programs have emerged in these states. blanding’s turtles are listed as endangered in nova scotia and threatened in the great lakes and st. lawrence region by canada’s species at risk act .\nturtle .\noxford dictionary of rhymes. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nu. s. department of the interior u. s. fish and wildlife service. conservation status of live u. s. nonmarine turtles in domestic and international trade. none. cedar city, utah: u. s. department of the interior u. s. fish and wildlife service. 2002 .\nthe blanding' s turtle, nova scotia population, is protected under the federal species at risk act (sara). more information about sara, including how it protects individual species, is available in the species at risk act: a guide .\nnewton, e. , t. herman. 2009. habitat, movements, and behaviour of overwintering blanding’s turtles (emydoidea blandingii) in nova scotia .\nlee, y. 1999. special animal abstract for emydoidea blandingii (blanding’s turtle). michigan natural features inventory, lansing, mi. 3pp. features inventory. lansing, mi. 4 pp. features inventory. lansing, mi. 4 pp .\nturtles are classified in 12 families. the northern hemisphere' s largest family is that of common freshwater turtles (emydidae), which includes about a third of all turtle species and is abundant in s and e asia, e\naccording to iucn red list, blanding’s turtles are listed as endangered. these turtles are under appendix ii according to cites, meaning they are not threatened with extinction, but it may come to this if trade is not controlled. and are under review for the u. s. fish and wildlife service. the state of michigan list has the blanding’s turtles listed as special concern .\ngrgurovich, m. , p. sievert. 2005. movement patterns of blanding' s turtles (emydoidea blandingii) in the suburban landscape of eastern massachusetts .\nmarkle, chantel e. and patricia chow - fraser 2017. thermal characteristics of overwintering habitats for the blanding’s turtle (emydoidea blandingii) across three study areas in ontario, canada. herp. cons. biol. 12 (1): - get paper here\nfinal report to the nongame wildlife office, minnesota dnr, brainerd. blanding' s turtle (emydoidea blandingii) in the brainerd / baxter region: population status, distribution and management recommendations. 56401. grand forks, north dakota: nongame wildlife. 1998 .\n(\nblanding' s turtle: emydoidea blandingii\n, 2015; congdon, et al. , 2008; ferrara, , et al. , 2013; giles, 2005; pappas, et al. , 2009; whitear, et al. , 2016 )\nturtle .\na dictionary of food and nutrition. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\n) are similar in appearance, but blanding’s turtles are distinguished by the bright yellow color on the ventral portion of their throats and long necks with dark lines on the upper jaw area. eastern box turtles only have yellow on their chins, but not their throats or necks. blanding' s turtles are also bigger than eastern box turtles .\ninnes, r. , k. babbitt, k. john. 2008. home range and movement of blanding' s turtles (emydoidea blandingii) in new hampshire .\nstryszowska, kinga m. ; glenn johnson, lorianny rivera mendoza, and tom a. langen 2015. species distribution modeling of the threatened blanding' s turtle' s (emydoidea blandingii) range edge as a tool for conservation planning journal of herpetology sep 2016, vol. 50, no. 3: 366 - 373. - get paper here\nchris leone has kept and bred turtles and tortoises for more than 20 years. his work with blanding’s turtles, western hermann’s tortoises and many other species has become a valuable asset to the reptile community worldwide. visit him and his animals at urltoken\na sea turtle that lived during the late cretaceous, was 15 ft (4. 5 m) long .\nturtle .\nthe columbia encyclopedia, 6th ed... retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nturtle .\nthe oxford pocket dictionary of current english. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nturtle .\nthe oxford dictionary of phrase and fable. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nturtle .\nthe concise oxford dictionary of english etymology. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nturtle .\nthe concise oxford dictionary of english etymology. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nturtle .\nthe oxford dictionary of phrase and fable. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nmillar, catherine s. and gabriel blouin - demers 2011. spatial ecology and seasonal activity of blanding' s turtles (emydoidea blandingii) in ontario, canada. journal of herpetology 45 (3): 370 - 378. - get paper here\ndinkelacker, s. , j. costanzo, j. iverson, r. lee, jr. . 2004. cold - hardiness and dehydration resistance of hatchling blanding' s turtles (emydoidea blandingii): implications for overwintering in a terrestrial habitat .\nrowe, john w. ; chelsea e. martin, kendall r. kamp, and david l. clark 2017. spectral reflectance of blanding’s turtle (emydoidea blandingii) and substrate color - induced melanization in laboratory - reared turtles herpetological conservation and biology 12 (2) - get paper here\n) are common parasites of freshwater turtles, as well. some of the less common leeches that are parasites to blanding’s turtles, found in both canada and the united states, are\npappas, m. , j. congdon, b. brecke, j. capps. 2009. orientation and dispersal of hatchling blanding’s turtles (emydoidea blandingii) from experimental nests .\nthe blanding’s turtle, emydoidea blandingii, is the only representative of the genus emydoidea. it is a medium - sized freshwater turtle with a characteristic bright yellow throat and a highly domed black shell with yellowish spots and flecks. it has one of the smallest global ranges compared to most other north american turtles and only ~ 20% of its global range occurs in canada. [ updated 22 / 01 / 2018 ]\nturtle .\noxford dictionary of rhymes. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\nmarkle, chantel elizabeth and patricia chow - fraser 2014. habitat selection by the blanding' s turtle (emydoidea blandingii) on a protected island in georgian bay, lake huron. chelonian conservation and biology dec 2014, vol. 13, no. 2: 216 - 226. - get paper here\nthe blanding’s turtle is a medium - sized turtle with adult carapace lengths ranging from 6 to 11 inches (15 - 28 cm). the carapace (i. e, top part of shell) is usually black with yellowish spots and streaks and is dome - like, elongated, and smooth. the plastron (i. e. , bottom part of shell) typically is yellow with a dark blotch at the outer corner of each scute or scale. the blanding’s turtle has a very long neck and a bright yellow chin and throat. the head is dark with brown or yellow spots, and is relatively flat with a short, rounded snout and a notched upper jaw, giving the appearance of a permanent grin .\na major problem facing the blanding' s turtle in new york state is the destruction of its habitat through the construction of housing developments, shoreline property and other summer recreation facilities. roads which cross migration routes between the ponds where the turtles hibernate and the areas where they nest are particularly hazardous to the species .\nurbanek, rachael e. , gary a. glowacki, and clayton k. nielsen. 2016. effect of raccoon (procyon lotor) reduction on blanding'''' s turtle (emydoidea blandingii) nest success. the journal of north american herpetology 2016 (1): 39 - 44 - get paper here\nrefsnider, j. , m. linck. 2012. habitat use and movement patterns of blanding' s turtles (emydoidea blandingii) in minnesota, usa: a landscape approach to species conservation .\nalthough blanding’s turtles can be seen anytime during the active season, the best time to survey for this species is in may and june during the mating and nesting seasons when the turtles are most active. blanding’s turtles generally are active during the day, and most active in the morning. however, during hot summer weather, they may limit their activities to early morning and evening or even become nocturnal. in addition to visual surveys, blanding’s turtles also can be trapped throughout the active season using baited aquatic traps (e. g. , hoop and net traps) and terrestrial drift fences .\nturtle .\na dictionary of food and nutrition. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\nthe blanding' s turtle is a gentle and timid creature that will either dive in a nearby body of water and remain submerged for hours, or pull itself into its shell when faced by predators. these defense mechanisms may work against its natural predators, but they unfortunately do not protect it from its biggest threat - man .\n) as well, and will also eat seeds. the adult turtles are more carnivorous, with up to over 75% of the diet being meat, while the juvenile blanding’s turtles eat more plants .\ncritical habitat descriptions in the canada gazette (1 record (s) found. )\nlefebvre, josé; trevor s. avery, and tom b. herman 2011. size dimorphism and growth rates in distinct populations of blanding' s turtles (emydoidea blandingii) in nova scotia in relation to environment. herp. cons. biol. 6 (3) - get paper here\nfemale blanding’s turtles require terrestrial nesting habitats where soil has little to no vegetation. the lack of vegetation means less food available and therefore fewer potential predators in the vicinity. they will build their nests on the sides of roads and also on edges of trails. for feeding and mating, blanding’s turtles will move to temporary wetland habitats and swamps. terrestrial habitats are also the most common living situation during the night .\nedge, c. , b. steinberg, r. brooks, j. litzgus. 2009. temperature and site selection by blanding’s turtles (emydoidea blandingii) during hibernation near the species’ northern range limit .\nturtle .\nthe columbia encyclopedia, 6th ed... encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\nturtle .\nthe oxford pocket dictionary of current english. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\nturtle .\nthe oxford dictionary of phrase and fable. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\nturtle .\nthe concise oxford dictionary of english etymology. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\nturtle .\nthe concise oxford dictionary of english etymology. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\nturtle .\nthe oxford dictionary of phrase and fable. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\nmcguire, j. , k. scribner, j. congdon. 2013. spatial aspects of movements, mating patterns, and nest distributions influence gene flow among population subunits of blanding’s turtles (emydoidea blandingii) .\nblanding' s turtles that inhabit small wetlands have a home range of 0. 6 ha to 7. 9 ha and 0. 8 ha to 7. 8 ha for females and males, respectively. the average home range for these turtles that live in more suburban ponds is 22 ha. when blanding' s turtles occupy larger open water areas like lakes, males have a much larger home range than females. the males average 56. 9 ha and the females 18. 9 ha. however, the older females have much larger home ranges than younger turtles and females also travel more. blanding’s turtles do not actively defend their territory .\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states, the u. s. territories, and canada\nmillar, catherine s. ; jeffrey p. graham, and gabriel blouin - demers 2012. the effects of sex and season on patterns of thermoregulation in blanding' s turtles (emydoidea blandingii) in ontario, canada. chelonian conservation and biology 11 (1): 24 - 32. - get paper here\nblanding’s turtles are omnivores, but half of their diet consists of crustaceans, including crayfish. these reptiles will consume their food alive, or as carrion. they also eat insects and other invertebrates. these turtles resort to aquatic insects such as dragonfly nymphs and aquatic beetles when crayfish are not available in certain geographic locations, like nova scotia. blanding’s turtles also will consume fish eggs, fish, frogs, and snails. they will eat coontail (\nthe blanding’s turtle hibernates completely underwater from late october or early november until the early spring. the cold - blooded reptile only needs to burrow itself in cold, muddy bottoms to stay warm. its metabolism also slows so little oxygen is needed and it doesn' t have to search for food. unlike most turtles, the blanding' s is quite happy in the cold water; on occasion it is seen slowly swimming underneath the ice in areas where they winter - like the great lakes. these turtles are also present in some of our preserves, such as merry lea and douglass woods .\nsometimes confused with box turtles, the blanding’s turtle is distinguished from other native turtles by its bright yellow chin and throat. its shell, head and legs are dark in color, but mottled with yellow or light - colored dots. as a semi - aquatic species, the turtle spends significant time in the water and on the land. it dwells underwater during hibernation as well as to eat and mate. it will, however, return to land to nest and move from one body of water to another .\nthe blanding’s turtle is a remarkable and heart - warming turtle species to work with. every year, these turtles suffer in their native habitats as humans encroach and push predators closer to them, resulting in poor reproduction rates. it is through responsible captive breeding and conservation that enables them to still exist today. should you get the opportunity to keep and even breed these rapidly disappearing creatures, you will constantly be rewarded with doglike personalities, decades of enjoyment and a comical smile that goes a long, long way .\ncongdon, j. d. 1993. delayed sexual maturity and demographics of blanding' s turtles (emydoidea blandingii): implications for conservation and management of long - lived organisms. conservation biology vol. 7 no. 4 .\ncongdon, j. , a. dunham, r. van loben sels. 1993. delayed sexual maturity and demographics of blanding' s turtles (emydoidea blandingii): implications for conservation and management of long - lived organism .\ndemers, dominic; emily hawkins, gabriel blouin - demers, annie morin 2018. can snapping turtles be used as an umbrella species for blanding’s turtles in ontario, canada? herpetology notes 11: 137 - 145 - get paper here\n* by providing your mobile phone number, you agree that the nature conservancy may contact you by mobile phone call and text message regarding the conservancy' s programs, events and membership, subject to our mobile service provider' s terms of use and mobile service provider' s privacy policy .\nand the marine leatherback turtle, which is encased in a thick, ossified skin resembling a carapace. when startled, most turtles withdraw their heads straight back into their shells, the neck folding into an s - shaped curve. however, in the\npaterson, j. , b. steinberg, j. litzgus. 2014. effects of body size, habitat selection and exposure on hatchling turtle survival .\ncongdon, j. d. , d. w. tinkle, g. l. breitenbach, and r. c. van loben sels. 1983. nesting ecology and hatching success in the turtle emydoidea blandingii. herpetologica 39 (4): 417 - 429. hatching success in the turtle emydoidea blandingii. herpetologica 39 (4): 417 - 429. hatching success in the turtle emydoidea blandingii. herpetologica 39 (4): 417 - 429 .\nmating probably occurs in april and early may with nesting beginning in early june and lasting throughout the month. the clutch size varies from region to region. in new york, the clutch size ranges from 5 - 12 eggs with an average of eight. the blanding' s is a timid turtle and may plunge into water and remain on the bottom for hours when alarmed. if away from water, the turtle will close itself up within its shell. it is very gentle and rarely attempts to bite. it is very agile and a good swimmer .\nduring the mating season, male blanding’s turtles rely on their tactile senses. mounting is one of these tactile activities, as is gulping. in the latter activity, the males sway their bodies and spew water from their mouths onto the females’ head .\nfws digital media library - - the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video .\nturtle taxonomy working group [ van dijk, p. p. , j. iverson, a. rhodin, h. shaffer, and r. bour ]\nultimately, these turtles do not commonly display aggressive behavior, and hardly ever bite if handled by humans. male blanding’s turtles, however, are very aggressive toward the females during mating, forcefully mounting the females and bobbing their heads in an intense fashion .\nfritz, u. ; schmidt, c. & ernst, c. h. 2011. competing generic concepts for blanding’s, pacific and european pond turtles (emydoidea, actinemys and emys) —which is best? . zootaxa 2791: 41–53 - get paper here\nblanding’s turtles are known to be some of the very first turtles out of hibernation. because they are so cold tolerant, they can be seen emerging and already basking in early march in many regions; however, they may not begin to feed until april .\nseidel, michael e. & carl h. ernst 2017. a systematic review of the turtle family emydidae vertebrate zoology 67 (1): 1–122 - get paper here\nendangered species q and a get fast answers to common questions about missouri' s endangered species on private property .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother' s body .\nruane, sara, stephen a. dinkelacker and john b. iverson. 2008. demographic and reproductive traits of blanding' s turtles, emydoidea blandingii, at the western edge of the species' range. copeia 2008 (4): 771 - 779 - get paper here\nthe minimum expected lifespan of wild blanding’s turtles is 70 years, while the maximum is 77 years. there are no known captive breeding programs, so information on the lifespan of captive blanding’s turtles is not available. there has been confounding studies on whether male or female turtles live longer. however, studies have shown that there is an overall positive correlation between the age of blanding’s turtles and survivorship. a 35 - year survivorship study by congdon (2001) showed that the older these turtles are, the higher their yearly survivorship rate, with no significant difference between the males and females. the annual survivorship of male and female adults (14 + years of age) is over 93% , while that of juveniles (1 - 13 years of age) is around 72% (congdon et al. , 1993) .\npower, t. d. ; herman, t. b. ; kerekes, j. 1994. water colour as a predictor of local distribution of blanding' s turtles, emydoidea blandingii, in nova scotia. canadian field - naturalist 108 (1): 17 - 21\nproulx, catherine l. ; gabrielle fortin, and gabriel blouin - demers 2014. blanding' s turtles (emydoidea blandingii) avoid crossing unpaved and paved roads. journal of herpetology jun 2014, vol. 48, no. 2: 267 - 271. - get paper here\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states, the u. s. territories, and canada, draft (2004 )\nthe female turtles often create roadside nests. as a result, road mortality is high for blanding’s turtles. furthermore, these freshwater turtles run into nest predators at times when constructing their nests or burying the eggs. males, when protecting the nests, will also face the nest predators. conservation measures have included attempts to reduce road mortality with the implementation of fences and road passages, and turtle crossing signs, now present in nebraska and minnesota. another recommended conservation strategy is to eliminate nest predators via trapping. there are removal efforts in minnesota that prohibit herbicide usage in known wetland habitats of the blanding’s turtles. with this, wetland buffer zones is another highly recommended conservation effort, meaning road construction and building developments are only allowed within certain distances from the wetlands .\nmccluskey, eric m; stephen w mockford, kylie sands, tom b herman, glenn johnson, rusty a gonser 2016. population genetic structure of blanding' s turtles (emydoidea blandingii) in new york journal of herpetology 50 (1): 70 - 76. - get paper here\nlaura ingalls wilder’s little house on the prairie was proposed as the minnesota state book in 1990 (hf2663). laura ingalls wilder' s book on the banks of plum creek was proposed as the state book in 1992 (hf1708 / sf1592) .\nbe part of our community! every month, the conservancy’s great places e - newsletter brings you conservation updates from indiana and around the world — plus incredible nature photos and green living tips you can use. join today — it' s free !\nfemale blanding' s turtles have taller shells compared to the males, and the males tend to have wider shells than the females. male turtles are more probable of having eroded and pitted shells compared to the females. this is hard to understand mainly because females in most turtle species have more erosion and pitting present, especially during breeding season when they use their shells to form healthy eggs. males also can be distinguished from females by a light yellow coloring that covers the mouth of only the male turtles .\nlearn the history of turning michigan' s non - renewable resources (oil, gas and minerals) into recreation opportunities for all .\nminton, s. a. 1972. amphibians and reptiles of indiana. indiana academy of science, indianapolis. 3: 346pp .\nblanding’s turtles inhabit clean, shallow waters with abundant aquatic vegetation and soft muddy bottoms over firm substrates. this species is found in ponds, marshes, swamps, bogs, wet prairies, river backwaters, embayments, sloughs, slow - moving rivers, and lake shallows and inlets. blanding’s turtles also occupy terrestrial habitats in the spring and summer during the mating and nesting seasons and in the fall to a lesser extent. females nest in open uplands adjacent to wetland habitats, preferring sunny areas with moist but well - drained sandy or loamy soil. they will nest in lawns, gardens, plowed fields or even gravel road embankments if suitable natural nesting habitat is not available .\nhatchlings should be offered food items daily for the first one to two years. housing multiple hatchlings together usually finds few problems; however, tail nips are common with blanding’s turtles as aggressive individuals tend to bite the tails of others because they’ve mistaken them for prey. this can be avoided by providing them with enough room to escape one another, and also by keeping them well - fed. once the sexes of each turtle can be officially determined, it may be necessary to watch the males closely for aggression or even relocate them to another enclosure .\nurltoken needs javascript to function properly and provide you with a fast, stable experience. please enable javascript or check your browser' s settings .\ncanada (s ontario, sw quebec, isolated populations in sc nova scotia), usa (the great lakes region, michigan, nw pennsylvania, n ohio, n indiana, illinois, wisconsin, iowa, minnesota, w nebraska, iowa, ne missouri, in scattered localities in e new york, sc connecticut, s rhode island, ne massachusetts, s new hampshire, sw maine) type locality: fox river, illinois .\ncompeting bills proposed the designation of a state beer in 1987. hf288 / sf303 proposed schell’s deer brand beer, while hf671 suggested cold spring beer .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nof the order chelonia, with strong, beaked, toothless jaws and, usually, an armorlike shell. the shell normally consists of bony plates overlaid with horny shields. the upper portion, or carapace, covers the turtle' s back and sides, and the lower portion, or plastron, covers the belly; the two parts are joined at the sides. exceptions are the rare plateless turtles of\n) are native to canada, stretching as far west as southeastern ontario and as far east as southern nova scotia. they continue southward to the united states. with a range including the great lakes region, these reptiles’ range stretches as far northeast as maine and as far northwest as south dakota and nebraska, including southeastern new york, pennsylvania, illinois, indiana, iowa, massachusetts, southern michigan, southeastern minnesota, new hampshire, as well as ohio. blanding' s turtle populations are greater in wisconsin, missouri, and north - central nebraska, and disjunct populations are found in nova scotia, massachusetts, new hampshire, and new york .\ncitation information: u. s. geological survey. [ 2018 ]. nonindigenous aquatic species database. gainesville, florida. accessed [ 7 / 10 / 2018 ] .\nthe three small subpopulations of this species found in central southwest nova scotia total fewer than 250 mature individuals. these three subpopulations are genetically distinct from each other and from other blanding’s turtles in quebec, ontario and the united states. although the largest subpopulation occurs in a protected area, its numbers are still declining. the other subpopulations are also susceptible to increasing habitat degradation, mortality of adults and predation on eggs and hatchlings .\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates. therefore, it’s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nlike other turtles, blanding' s turtles exhibit temperature sex determination. gutzke and packard (1987) incubated eggs at 26. 5 c and found that all males hatched, while all females hatched at 31 c. they hypothesized that all males would develop at temperatures less than about 28 c, and all females would develop at higher temperatures, above 30 c. these cut - off conform to standard temperature cut - off for most turtle species. time to hatching also was affected by temperature. these turtles' eggs took 49 days to hatch when incubated at 31 c. those incubated at 26. 5 c took about 2 weeks longer to hatch (gutzke and packard, 1987) .\nhatchling blanding’s turtles are born at a length of 29 to 39 mm, weighing 6 to 10 grams. their shells are more rounded when they are younger, and gradually flatten as they age. in the first year of the blanding’s turtles’ lives, they experience rapid growth in mass, as well as the length of their plastrons and carapaces. their abdominal plates will, on average, increase about 70 percent in the first year. after the first year of rapid growth, they experience a decrease in growth rate over the next four years. this rate of growth ranges from 4 to 9 percent, and by their fourth year of life, the turtles reach complete adult size. these reptiles' ages can be determined by the number of annuli on their shells. annuli are rings on the shells of turtles, where each ring marks a year of living .\n(\nconservation status of live u. s. nonmarine turtles in domestic and international trade\n, 2002; ceballos and fitzgerald, 2004; van dijk and rhodin, 2016 )\nturtles are found throughout most of the temperate and tropical world and in the open ocean; of the 270 known species, 42% are rare or threatened with extinction. many turtles and their eggs are valued as food. edible species include several marine turtles, the green turtle (traditional ingredient of turtle soup), the diamondback terrapin, and the soft - shelled turtles. catching females when they lay eggs on land has contributed to a serious decline in many species, since it can take 10 to 30 years for some turtles to reach sexual maturity .\nlove words? you must — there are over 200, 000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\ndavy, c. , k. shim, s. coombes. 2009. leech (annelida: hirudinea) infestations on canadian turtles including the first canadian record of helobdella modesta from freshwater turtles .\nanthonysamy, whitney j. b. ; michael j. dreslik, david mauger, and christopher a. phillips 2014. a preliminary assessment of habitat partitioning in a freshwater turtle community at an isolated preserve. copeia jun 2014, vol. 2014, no. 2: 269 - 278. - get paper here\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision. it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science. the information has not received final approval by the u. s. geological survey (usgs) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u. s. government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nwilson, d. s. et al. 2003. estimating age of turtles from growth rings: a critical evaluation of the technique. herpetologica 59 (2): 178 - 194 - get paper here\nupdated 5 / 15 / 2018. information is summarized from mnfi' s database of rare species and community occurrences. data may not reflect true distribution since much of the state has not been thoroughly surveyed .\nanthonysamy, whitney j. b. ; michael j. dreslik, marlis r. douglas, natalie k. marioni, and christopher a. phillips 2014. reproductive ecology of an endangered turtle in a fragmented landscape. copeia sep 2014, vol. 14, no. 3: 437 - 446. - get paper here\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nwe’re taking kids to an amazing new place. it’s called outside! time spent outside with nature goes a long way toward creating a happy, healthy childhood. so we’re giving kids a place they can call their own. literally .\nstephens, p. r. & wiens, j. j. 2009. evolution of sexual size dimorphisms in emydid turtles: ecological dimorphism, rensch’s rule, and sympatric divergence. evolution 63 - 4: 910–925 - get paper here\nbills were introduced in 2013 (hf68 / sf208 and hf1465 / sf1278) to designate the\nhonor and remember flag\nas an official symbol of the state' s commitment to military service members who have lost their lives in service to our country .\nthe state that some animals enter during winter in which normal physiological processes are significantly reduced, thus lowering the animal' s energy requirements. the act or condition of passing winter in a torpid or resting state, typically involving the abandonment of homoiothermy in mammals .\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. therefore, that information is unavailable for most urltoken content. however, the date of retrieval is often important. refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nfor a ten - year period from 1999 through 2008, the united states mint commemorated each state by releasing a quarter honoring each state. minnesota' s quarter was released in 2005. the minnesota coin design was selected by the members of the minnesota state quarter commission .\ngregoire, d. r. , 2018, emydoidea blandingii (holbrook, 1838): u. s. geological survey, nonindigenous aquatic species database, gainesville, fl, urltoken revision date: 10 / 28 / 2009, access date: 7 / 10 / 2018\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy, scale, completeness, extent of coverage and origin. it is the user' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations. we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\nblanding’s turtles are semi - aquatic, living mostly in shallow wetland habitats where aquatic vegetation is abundant. these reptiles will specifically live in ephemeral wetlands in attempts to keep away from predators that are more prevalent in permanent wetlands. they will also utilize the grasslands next to their freshwater shelters for living, especially during the summer. during the overwintering period, these freshwater turtles are mostly found in places with less than a meter of water such as marshes, ponds, bogs, fens, and creeks. these wetland habitats will range from 35 to 105 centimeters in depth, and are very similar in the range of depth in their non - overwintering sites, ranging from 30 to 125 centimeters .\nthree nicknames are commonly used to refer to the state of minnesota: the gopher state; land of 10, 000 lakes; and the north star state .\nl' etoile du nord\n( translated\nstar of the north\n) is minnesota' s official state motto .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (> 23. 5° n or s latitude). vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nas female blanding’s turtles contribute to the well - being of young by finding safe spots to bury the eggs, the males also contribute, usually in packs. their parental investment occurs in multiple paternity, where multiple males look over the nest of one clutch to which they contributed genetically. there are usually male mates who have more eggs in the clutch that belong to them compared to the other contributors. however, this does not affect the amount of protection each male gives to the clutch, as each male contributes the same amount of time. females leave the eggs once they bury the eggs in a safe nesting spot, and the males watch over the eggs from then on until the final days of the incubation period .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nshaw, g. & nodder, f. p. 1793. the naturalist' s miscellany [... ], vol. iv. london, nodder & co. , plates 111 - 146, 158 unnumbered pages [ published in monthly issues between august 1, 1792, and july 1, 1793 ] - get paper here\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nthis species' range centers around the great lakes, and extends from central nebraska and minnesota eastward through southern ontario and the south shore of lake erie as far east as northern new york, with a few disjunct populations in southeastern new york (dutchess county), new england and nova scotia. recent investigations in northern new york report the range of this turtle to be primarily in the vicinity of the thousand island region along the st. lawrence river. in this region it is found in isolated coves and weedy bays, and further inland in shallow, marshy waters and ponds. it does not commonly occur in the main channel of rivers .\nminnesota is called the “land of 10, 000 lakes” despite the fact that there are 11, 842 lakes larger than 10 acres in size in the state. the legend of paul bunyan gives paul and babe the blue ox credit for creating the lakes with their footprints. in reality, minnesota’s many lakes were created by the filling of depressions in the minnesota landscape when four large glacier systems melted. read more about it: house information, minnesota state government series - state profile." ]

{ "text": [ "blanding 's turtle ( emys blandingii or emydoidea blandingii ) is a semi-aquatic turtle of the family emydidae .", "this species is native to central and eastern parts of canada and the united states .", "it is considered to be an endangered species throughout much of its range . " ], "topic": [ 21, 20, 17 ] }

[ "blanding's turtle (emys blandingii or emydoidea blandingii) is a semi-aquatic turtle of the family emydidae. this species is native to central and eastern parts of canada and the united states. it is considered to be an endangered species throughout much of its range." ]

[ "the divine rose is a keychain for sora' s and the player' s keyblades which appears in kingdom hearts, kingdom hearts chain of memories, and kingdom hearts χ .\ncardinal kingdom, a brother to sacred kingdom, who stands at norman park stud, cowra .\nin kingdom hearts, belle gives sora the divine rose once he locks hollow bastion' s keyhole, and speaks with her at the library. in kingdom hearts chain of memories, the divine rose is the signature attack card for hollow bastion .\nthe divine rose' s design differs depending on its upgrades, most of which are seen in kingdom hearts χ. whenever the divine rose hits an opponent, it emits roses .\nofficials found that soumillon, after rounding wide into the stretch aboard buena vista, urged her strongly with a right - handed whip with about 200 meters left, causing her to duck inward. running to her inside was rose kingdom, who had victoire pisa coming toward her on her inside. in a tight spot, take was forced to take up rose kingdom. they placed buena vista second. victoire pisa, who finished a nose behind rose kingdom, was kept in the third spot .\nthe greenhouse is filled with magnificent rosebushes, all growing in big pots. on the central stem of each bush blooms a splendid rose, gorgeously colored and deliciously fragrant, and in the center of each rose is the face of a lovely girl. besides the roses, the only resident of the rose kingdom is the royal gardener and is the interim ruler of the kingdom when no royal rulers are ripe .\nthe third upgrade takes on a red, yellow, blue, and green handguard. the rose vine and rainguard are more ornate, with the rose on the teeth developing a second rose. the keychain is golden, with the token brighter .\nthe divine rose' s japanese name is a pun on the phrase\nlife in rose\n. although the phrase refers to seeing the world through\nrose - colored glasses\n, in this context it is a reference to the fact that the beast' s life is quite literally within his single rose. the keyblade' s english name is simply a reference to the magical power of the rose .\nthis includes value encosta de lago young sire, cardinal kingdom – a full - brother to sacred kingdom – who is standing at dennis doble’s norman park stud, just out of cowra .\nthe fourth upgrade adopts a sky - blue handguard. rose vines are also present on the handguard, with flowers appearing on the rainguard and bottom. the rose vine on the blade has also engulfed the blade, with four roses on the blade. the keychain is also a rose vine, with a leaf on the rose flower .\nsince 2011, rose kingdom is honored to serve huge customers like sheraton, intercontinental, majestic, novotel, mövenpick... with its abundant list of products in high quality .\nimage - dakota - rose - against - a - background - of - a - suspension - bridge. jpg | kingdom keepers second generation role - play wiki | fandom powered by wikia\nthe second upgrade, also seen in kingdom hearts, has a golden guard and a brown handle. the rainguard is designed to resemble the thorny leaves of a rose bush. the blade is darker once again, with the rose in the keychain token and teeth more ornate .\nbetsy bobbin, hank, and the shaggy man all met in the rose kingdom, but they were sentenced to death. hoping to find a sympathetic ruler they picked ozga from the royal rose bush. ozga was rejected and the party was exiled. (tik - tok of oz )\nunited kingdom emblem buttons isolated on white background royalty free cliparts, vectors, and stock illustration. image 17589147 .\ndakota - rose - against - a - background - of - a - suspension - bridge. jpg\nencosta de lago young sire, cardinal kingdom is standing at dennis doble’s norman park stud, just out of cowra .\nthe antioxidant activities of rose oil spur on the healing process of the skin, paired with the antiseptic properties naturally delivered by rose oil, which make this the perfect way to start your skin care regime .\nrose kingdom was born in 2007. he is by king kamehameha out of rosebud by sunday silence. rose kingdom was awarded best two - year - old colt in japan in 2009. one of the best sons of two - time japanese champion sire king kamehameha, he was unbeaten at 2 and won three races, including the asahi hai futurity stakes. at 3 he was declared the winner in the grade 1 japan cup by the disqualification of buena vista, who interfered with him in the stretch. rose kingdom entered stud in japan in 2014. his first crop hit the track in 2017 and has yielded some good winners including ambrosio, who won the begonia sho .\ncardinal kingdom, along with sacred kingdom, is also a three - year - old brother to dual winning rainbow nation who cost his owners $ 640, 000 at an inglis easter yearling sale which speaks volumes for their outstanding female family .\nthe japan cup has been a tough spot for three - year - old colts in recent years. other than rose kingdom (2010), who only sneaked in via the controversial disqualification of buena vista, the last was jungle pocket in 2001 .\nthe kingdom is not of very great extent. its border with the land of ev is a deep gulf with a single drawbridge .\na deep impact colt out of the champion nz 3yo filly king’s rose topped the yearling session of the jrha select sale .\nthe basic divine rose has a periwinkle handguard designed after stained glass. its handle is dark brown, with the pommel and the base of the blade being dull yellow. the blade itself is a thin, light violet shaft, with a rose vine wrapping around it and the bud serving as the teeth. the keychain is sky blue, with the token being a rose bud .\nthe law of the rose kingdom is written in a small book carried by the royal gardener. breaking the glass of the greenhouse is against the law. also, no strangers are allowed in their domains; strangers are to be condemned by the ruler and put to death .\nsired by king kamehameha, who won seven out of eight career starts and winner of two g1 titles including the tokyo yushun (japanese derby, 2, 400m), rose kingdom raises much hope for a successful three - year - old season and the triple crown in 2010 .\ncarnevale, a. p. , rose, s. j. , and hanson, a. r. (2012) .\nand post a popular 1 ¾ - length victory over a closing rose kingdom, the 2009 champion 2 - year - old colt in japan ridden by top japanese jockey yutaka take. final time for 2, 400 meters (about 1 ½ miles) on turf was 2: 25. 2 .\na 3 - year - old son of king kamehameha—rosebud, by sunday silence, rose kingdom previously won the kobe shimbun hai (jpn - ii) and asahi hai futurity, and was second in the japanese derby (jpn - i) and japanese st. leger (jpn - i) .\nbut the jubilation was short - lived. after a 24 - minute inquiry, the stewards disqualified buena vista for interference in the stretch. the top two finishers are both owned by the same entity, sunday racing company, although rose kingdom is trained by kojiro hashiguchi and hiroyoshi matsuda trains buena vista .\nbred in france by jean michel and dominique le breton out of the winning chaser rose beryl (lost world), a half - sister to the 2005 grade one prix ferdinand dufaure chase winner bonbon rose (mansonnien) and the 2011 listed prix gaston despres angers chase winner speed rose (passing sale), and herself out of the 1992 listed prix gaston despres angers chase winner rose angevine (master thatch), clarcam is a half - brother to three other french jumps winners and hails from the family of the triple grade two winning jumper irish saint (saint des saints) .\nracing enthusiasts and owners will easily recall the deeds of world renowned galloper sacred kingdom, a racing marvel who was honoured with horse of the year in hong kong in 2010 .\nrose kingdom capped off his two - year - old season with a convincing victory in the two - year - old championship grade one event, the asahi hai futurity stakes (1, 600m), earning him the season' s jra title of best two - year - old colt by large majority just two short of the total 287 votes .\nyet lewis has mentioned that when he first saw the finished cut of\nmax rose ,\nhe felt he had never seen himself onscreen in that way before .\nand after taking some time off the netflix series to focus on her hollywood career, ruby rose is set to make a comeback for the prison drama' s fifth season .\nthe royal gardens are surrounded by a tall hedge, and several enormous rose bushes grow there, with thick green leaves of the texture of velvet. upon these bushes grow the members of the royal family, fairies in human form, male as well as female in all stages of maturity. before they are ripe their flesh and clothes are a light shade of green, and they stand lifeless upon their branches with wide open eyes staring straight ahead, unseeing and unintelligent. only a male offspring of these plants can rule the rose kingdom as its king .\na $ 345, 000 yearling when sold at inglis’ melbourne premier yearling sale, cardinal kingdom lived up to his purchase price and made a promising start to his racing career when winning his first appearance .\nthe final moments of\nmax rose\nwould make for an emotional, elegiac farewell to one of hollywood' s most enduring stars. just don' t tell that to jerry lewis .\nthe most expensive theme park at walt disney world resort just got a little pricier. starting february 23, visitors ages 10 and up will pay $ 99 for one - day tickets to the magic kingdom, a $ 4 increase .\nin the 2013 drama “max rose, ” jerry lewis played a retired jazz musician who, while mourning the death of his wife, becomes suspicious that she carried on a long - term affair with another man .\nprices for one - day tickets at epcot, animal kingdom and hollywood studios also increased $ 4, from $ 90 to $ 94. many visitors to the disney parks purchase multi - day passes, which can decrease the daily cost of visiting the parks .\nrose kingdom only made his debut in late october but already made a strong impression in his first career start with a sharp turn of speed. he proceeded to capture his first grade race title in his second outing at tokyo over a 1, 800 meter race on turf, then was sent to post first choice for the asahi hai futurity stakes at nakayama, where he turned in a magnificent performance from racing mid - field and exhibiting his powerful charge at the stretch for the g1 victory .\na question about any connection he may have felt between his own family life and that of the character of max rose, whether sacrifices were made at home for his career, is what drew jerry lewis death stare no. 1 .\n2008 / 13 crosby, d. a and hawkes, d. d. (2008) cross - national research using contemporary birth cohort studies: a look at early maternal employment in the united kingdom and united states. cls working paper, london: centre for longitudinal studies\ncoming off a fourth in his step - race in france, the prix niel (g2, 2, 400m), he was seventh (elevated from eighth) in the arc, but displayed plenty of effort in passing a number of rivals once clear of traffic. upon returning home from his overseas challenge, he faced another strong field in the japan cup (g1, 2, 400m) under french jockey maxime guyon and battled fiercely to a photo finish with eventual winner rose kingdom (c3, by king kamehameha) .\nthis gel is packed with damascene rose oil, which is blessed with multiple properties. it is a natural astringent, working to lift and tone skin. it is a cicastrisant, which helps to fade scars caused by spots, pocks and acne .\ntracing back to champion australian racefilly triscay, time check is also a sister to the dam of recent godolphin star galloper astern, an atc golden rose - g1 winner by medaglia d’oro, and who begins his first stud season in aberdeen this year .\n2013 / 3 calderwood, l. and rose, n. (2013) collecting saliva samples for dna extraction from children and parents: evidence from the uk millennium cohort study. cls working paper 2013 / 3. london: centre for longitudinal studies .\n2014 / 3 calderwood, l. , smith, k. , rose, n. and williams, r. (2014) training and accreditation of interviewers to carry out physical measurements. cls working paper 2014 / 03. london: centre for longitudinal studies .\nafter the first world war (1914 - 1918), the price of gold in the united kingdom rose above its price in south africa and a profit could be made by converting banknotes into gold in south africa and selling the gold in london. commercial banks had to buy gold at a higher price in london (for re - import into south africa to back their banknotes in issue) than the price at which they converted their banknotes into gold. this\nobligation to trade at a loss\nposed a serious threat to the ability of banks to continue meeting their obligations .\nthe movie\nmax rose ,\nfeaturing the legendary jerry lewis in his first starring role in over two decades, is a deeply moving drama about a retired jazz musician whose beloved wife of nearly six decades has just passed away. (kirk mckoy / los angeles times )\n2017 / 15 gilbert, e, conolly, a, tietz, s, calderwood, l, rose, n (2017)' measuring young people' s physical activity using accelerometers in the uk millennium cohort study' cls working paper 2017 / 15. london: centre for longitudinal studies\nwe are people who love theatre, comedy, video games, star trek, ghibli films, good food, sleeping late and so much more. with paper rose pr, we tend to only focus on a few of those subjects, but you’d be surprised how much they tend to intersect .\neight out of ten awards to horses were won by vote totals exceeding 200. apapane, the best three - year - old filly, was just one ballot short of a unanimous decision, the lone vote going to british–irish oaks winner snow fairy (ire) from britain, who defeated apapane in the queen elizabeth ii commemorative cup (g1). victoire pisa carried home the best three - year - old colt award with a decisive victory in the arima kinen, amassing 280 votes despite a strong group of three - year - old colts that included tokyo yushun (japanese derby, g1) winner eishin flash and japan cup (g1) winner rose kingdom .\nf ilm legend jerry lewis died sunday at 91 in las vegas. in early 2016, lewis sat down with the times' mark olsen on the eve of the release of\nmax rose ,\nlewis' first starring role in more than two decades. this article was published sept. 6, 2016 .\na # cult favourite amongst our partner spas. flecked oil based gel cleanser with damascene rose oil. the honey texture melts between fingertips into a hydrating oil to massage into skin & emulsifies into a milky fluid when water is added. multifunctional - gentle enough to use around the eye area & to remove make up .\nthe first upgrade gives the guard a more varied color, with violet, yellow, and green patterns. the handle is a darker grey, with the pommel being violet. the blade' s base is pink, while the blade takes on a darker violet color. the teeth are a blossoming rose, as is the keychain token. the keychain' s links are also violet .\ni don' t know that that' s the case ,\nlewis said of how he would feel if\nmax rose\nwere his last leading role onscreen .\ni could start one tomorrow. and i' ve got two in my typewriter now. i' ve been writing for probably a year and a half on a screenplay that i love and that i will do .\nour goal while creating paper rose was - and still is - to make a pr company that works with artists as they build their brands, whether it’s writing press releases, managing schedules, or simply saying nice things to strangers on the street. we pride ourselves on collaborating with our clients to create pr strategies that suit their needs and leave them free to continue making quality work while we make sure that quality work is seen .\nmy new fave cleanser! i had a facial at lower mill spa and this was one of the products they used - i had to buy some! smells amazing. really gentle, i have such sensitive skin, and this has really helped calm my easily irritated skin. i use it with the rose water and aloe toner - really fresh, clean and calming. a little goes a long way - so pleased i found this !\nthere were 390 yearlings and foals sold from 479 offered july 11 - 12 at the jrha select sale at northern horse park for record receipts of ¥14, 942, 100, 000 ($ 147, 437, 068), an increase of 13% on last year. the overall average rose 15% to a record ¥38, 310, 000 ($ 378, 044). the clearance rate came in at 81. 4% .\nin the new film\nmax rose ,\nopening friday in los angeles, lewis plays a retired jazz musician who, while mourning the death of his wife, becomes suspicious that she carried on a long - term affair with another man. his first leading role in a movie since 1995' s\nfunny bones ,\nlewis' performance is ruminative and interior, sincere and raw. the role is potentially a fitting grace note to a storied career .\none of six winners produced by the two - time german winner depeche toi (konigsstuhl), a half - sister to the 1996 listed frühjahrs stuten preis winner dapprima (shareef dancer) who is herself the dam of the german group two winner denaro (dashing blade) and group three winner and sire davidoff (montjeu), don cossack is a half - brother to the triple german winner dubai diva (unfuwain), the dam of the french listed prix aguado hurdle runner - up dubai star (lord of england), and hails from the further family of the 2011 kentucky derby and 2013 dubai world cup winner animal kingdom .\nwith a background in the arts, bernie has built up her experience working both regionally and nationally throughout the uk. having travelled the world to experience live comedy, music and theatre, her passion for the industry has grown. she has a degree in public relations specialising in entertainment and spent 5 years working at the edinburgh festival fringe, 3 years of which were in press offices at both c venues and pleasance theatre trust. bernie is based in birmingham, giving paper rose pr a national reach and also runs snap comedy, a monthly comedy night in birmingham city centre .\nikee has established himself as one of the most prominent trainers in a short period of time since acquiring his trainer' s license in 2003. after winning his first trainer' s title for winning average in 2006, yasutoshi ikee rose to the top of the trainers' national standings with 51 wins in 2008, when he claimed the jra award for races won. in the same year, he also became the youngest trainer to be honored for training technique. having scored over 40 annual wins every year since, he now has two titles for winning average among his four jra awards overall .\njohn patrick brasier - creagh, known as patrick creagh, poet and translator, died on 19 september 2012, aged 81. the son of a naval officer, he was educated at wellington college and, following national service with the raf (from which he was prematurely discharged), brasenose college, oxford, where he read english. after graduating in 1955 he lived mainly in italy. he produced several volumes of poems between 1962 and 1980, but was better known for his translations of italian authors including giacomo leopardi, italo calvino, gesualdo bufalino, and antonio tabucchi. he was survived by his partner, susan rose, and by two children .\nat the other end of the educational spectrum, coles conducted research on the science content knowledge and skills necessary for both higher education and the workforce in the united kingdom by interviewing groups from each sector. he found that employers and higher education professionals have more in common than not in their views of what science skills makes one qualified for their specific sector, noting: “ [ t ] he number of components common to employers and higher education tutors is about twice the number of components specific to employers and about twice the number of components specific to tutors in higher education. ” young and glanfield (1998) add support to this finding, stating, “under the impact of information technology, the skills needed in different occupational sectors are converging as more and more jobs demand generic and abstract rather than sector - specific skills” (p. 7) .\nat various times in his career, lewis has played characters which revealed more about himself than, perhaps, he wanted to let out of the box. the sleazoid lounge - lizard buddy love — the alter - ego to lewis' timid professor julius kelp — might not be the swipe at lewis' former partner dean martin but rather an examination of lewis' own internal conflict, between the egotist and the earnest. lewis' isolation by fame was dramatized in martin scorsese' s 1982 film\nthe king of comedy ,\nin which he plays a late - night television host held hostage. and, in\nmax rose ,\nhe plays a man grappling with the question of whether his work, and by extension his life, have added up to anything .\nchristopher silver frcp, geriatrician, died on 12 november 2012, aged 92. born in exeter, the son of a dentist, he was educated at norwood school in exeter, king’s school in bruton, somerset, and hertford college, oxford, where he qualified as a doctor in 1942 (and later took his dm in 1954). during the latter stages of the second world war he served with the ramc in north africa, italy, and india. following a succession of jobs in general medicine he joined the london chest hospital in 1952, but with the success of new measures to combat tuberculosis he retrained as a geriatrician. he transformed the services at st matthew’s hospital, shoreditch, and later took charge of the geriatric services in the london borough of tower hamlets. in retirement he wrote a book on isambard kingdom brunel’s innovative prefabricated crimean war hospital at renkioi. he was survived by his four children, his wife nancy (who had read greats at oxford and became a distinguished headmistress) having predeceased him .\nmichael edward thomas stanley, artist and director of modern art oxford from 2009 to 2012, died on 21 september 2012, aged 37. born in widnes, cheshire, he was educated at ss john fisher and thomas more high school in colne and the ruskin school of drawing and fine art, oxford, where his pieces for his bfa included a series of super - 8 film loops of a collapsing chair. he continued to work as an artist but was increasingly drawn to curating, organising his first exhibition in 1997. after curating a series of celebrated exhibitions at the ikon gallery, birmingham, in 2004 he became director of milton keynes gallery. as director of modern art oxford he oversaw a radical series of exhibitions across the city (ranging from the radcliffe observatory to rose hill housing estate), as well as at the gallery’s central oxford premises. he was survived by his wife, the painter and printmaker carrina robson, and their three children .\nage: 41. rawiller is a three - time champion in sydney (2009 / 10, 2010 / 11, 2012 / 13) and well - established in the top echelon of australian jockeys with more than 2100 wins to his credit, including more than 50 g1 victories. rawiller’s brother, brad, and sister, stacey, are jockeys, while another brother, tom, is a trainer - their father, keith, was a jump jockey. rawiller started his career in victoria and early success at the elite level came on elvstroem. he moved to sydney in 2007 to team up with trainer gai waterhouse and has since been associated with the champion race mare more joyous and outstanding colt pierro. rawiller moved to hong kong in september 2014. notable wins include: caulfield cup (2004 elvstroem), dubai duty free (2005 elvstroem), golden slipper (2012 pierro), doncaster mile (2010 rangirangdoo, 2012 more joyous), queen elizabeth stakes (2011 my kingdom of fife, 2012 more joyous). hong kong career wins (as of 14 april): 47 (win strike rate: 6. 93 %) .\nage: 49. frenchman gerald mosse’s distinguished career began in 1983 and in his early days he was associated with patrick biancone and francois boutin. he famously partnered the latter’s sensational juvenile, arazi, through the summer of 1992. mosse has ridden more than 50 g1 wins in europe alone and was the aga khan’s principal rider from 1993 to 2001. his career highlight remains his arc triumph on saumarez in 1990 although in 2010 he became the first french rider to win the melbourne cup, on board americain. he has also won all the french classics and all classic races in hong kong. he became stable jockey to the manfred man stable ahead of the 2015 / 16 hong kong season. he has won more hkir races (8) than any other jockey, those wins being: hong kong cup (1991 river verdon, 1999 jim and tonic), hong kong mile (1998 jim and tonic, 2011 beauty flash), hong kong sprint (2002 all thrills too, 2007 sacred kingdom), hong kong vase (2009 daryakana, 2012 red cadeaux). he won the ap qeii cup in 1998 aboard jim and tonic. hong kong career wins (as of 14 april): 657 (win strike rate: 10. 28 %) .\nage: 25. tommy berry grew up around horses at the warwick farm stable of his father kevin berry, a former jockey. he and his late twin brother, nathan berry, both followed their father into the saddle. berry began his career in 2007 and was a champion apprentice in the 2009 / 10 season. he became stable jockey to sydney trainer gai waterhouse in april 2011, alongside nash rawiller, and then turned freelance in early 2015. he took up his first short - term contract with the hong kong jockey club from 28 april, 2013 until that season' s end and registered an impressive 22 wins. berry became the first hkjc licensed rider to win a g1 on the first day of his contract when successful aboard military attack in the 2013 ap qeii cup. in 2014 he became the third rider to notch back - to - back ap qeii cup wins as he partnered designs on rome to victory. his first g1 win came on epaulette in the 2012 golden rose stakes. he has five g1 wins so far this term, including the citi hong kong gold cup on designs on rome and the manikato stakes and t j smith stakes atop chautauqua. other notable wins include: hong kong derby (2014 designs on rome), hong kong classic cup (2014 designs on rome), golden slipper (2013 overreach, 2015 vancouver) and singapore airlines international cup (2014 & 2015 dan excel). hong kong career wins (as of 14 april, 2016): 51 (win strike rate: 11. 86 %) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nbuena vista, capping off an outstanding year of thoroughbred racing, was the overwhelming selection as the japan racing association (jra) horse of the year in 2010. named as the top runner in 211 of 285 ballots cast by racing journalists, the special week filly was picked on the strength of two g1 titles and close runner - up efforts in four other g1 starts .\nthis marks the remarkable filly' s third consecutive award - winning year, following best two - year - old filly in 2008 and best three - year - old filly in 2009. this year she boosted her career earnings beyond one billion yen (about 13. 6 million usd), as well as replaced vodka as japan' s all - time single - season leader in earnings by a filly or mare. after providing convincing evidence of her superiority over the jra' s best thoroughbreds of any age or gender, buena vista' s vote total widely outdistanced apapane, winner of all three triple crown g1 starts for fillies, and arima kinen (g1) winner victoire pisa, who earned 41 and 28 votes respectively. buena vista is the fourth filly / mare to be named horse of the year, following tomei (1971), air groove (1997) and vodka (2008 and 2009). she also was presented this year' s best older filly or mare award by a unanimous decision .\nhidetaka otonashi claimed best trainer (races won) with a personal best in victories during his 16th year, after finishing second once and third three times since 2004. victoire pisa trainer katsutoshi sumii, who continued to collect g1 titles despite the retirement of two - time horse of the year vodka, won his third jra award for best trainer (money earned), following 2005 and 2008. sumii' s output of high - quality runners also earned him a second - consecutive best trainer (training technique). yasutoshi ikee won his second best trainer (winning average) award, which he also earned in 2006 .\njockey hiroyuki uchida, who captured a much - desired derby win in the tokyo yushun, defended his 2009 title as the jra' s best jockey (races won). norihiro yokoyama, who made a strong start but then suffered a serious skull fracture that nearly ended his career in september, recovered miraculously to nearly capture the wins title, but still easily won best jockey (winning average), his much - anticipated first jra award. masayoshi ebina, enjoying one of his best seasons by partnering with best older colt or horse nakayama festa to a runner - up effort in the prix de l' arc de triomphe (g1) and best three - year - old filly apapane in a triple crown victory, claimed his second best jockey (money earned) award, following 2001 .\nthe equine culture award, which recognizes noteworthy achievements and contributions to japanese equine culture, was presented to\nchance ,\na television drama about a woman who sees her successful career vanish, but then finds the hope and strength to rebuild her life as a result of encountering the behind - the - scenes world of horse racing, which becomes her newfound passion in life .\nnote: all information, including ages and race performances, are as of december 31, 2010, unless otherwise indicated. wins and earnings figures include nar and overseas starts designated by the jra for consideration in award voting .\nbuena vista, formerly the jra' s 2008 best two - year - old filly and 2009 best three - year - old filly, lived up to her lofty reputation by bagging not one but two more awards in 2010 — horse of the year and best older filly or mare. the special week filly decorated her 2010 campaign by capturing one g2 and two g1 titles, plus a runner - up effort in her first overseas campaign in the dubai sheema classic (g1, 2, 410m) and second - place finishes in three of japan' s toughest g1 events .\nafter breaking her maiden in 2008, buena vista immediately landed her first g1 win in the hanshin juvenile fillies (1, 600m), and then won both the oka sho (japanese 1000 guineas, 1, 600m) and the yushun himba (japanese oaks, 2, 400m). in the shuka sho (g1, 2, 000m), however, she finished third (demoted from second) to red desire (f4, by manhattan cafe), the runner - up in both three - year - old filly classics. second only to powerful vodka in voting for the 2009 arima kinen (g1, 2, 500m), she displayed runner - up form to the 2009 best older colt or horse, dream journey (h6, by stay gold), and then capped off her three - year - old campaign with an impressive 3 - 2 - 2 out of seven starts .\nkicking off her four - year - old campaign in february with a win in the kyoto kinen (g2, 2, 200m), buena vista went to dubai for her first overseas endeavor in march and then returned to japan to capture the victoria mile (g1, 1, 600m) in a record - tie of 1: 32. 4. in her remaining four starts, all against top - caliber males at the g1 level, she demonstrated her exceptional turn of speed with an easy victory in the tenno sho (autumn) (g1, 2, 000m) under christophe soumillon, then produced two extremely close seconds, first in the takarazuka kinen (g1, 2, 200m) to nakayama festa, the subsequent runner - up in the prix de l' arc de triomphe (g1), and then in the arima kinen (g1, 2, 500m) to victoire pisa, winner of the satsuki sho (japanese 2000 guineas). finally, in the japan cup (g1, 2, 400m), she was demoted to second after crossing the wire 1 - 3 / 4 lengths in front. never failing to live up to expectations, buena vista remained the virtually automatic choice as favorite for her 2010 races, as in previous years of her illustrious career .\nwith five g1 titles under her belt and a career record of 8 - 6 - 3 out of 17 starts, buena vista is now training for her five - year - old season, when she is expected to make another overseas challenge in dubai .\ngrand prix boss secured this season' s best two - year - old colt with a victory in the asahi hai futurity stakes (g1, 1, 600m), giving him three wins out of four career starts, which also include a g2 win in the keio hai nisai stakes (1, 400m) in his previous outing. his asahi hai win also presented trainer yoshito yahagi with his long - awaited first g1 victory .\npurchased as a foal by grand prix co. , ltd. at the jrha' s 2008 select sale, grand prix boss won under yasunari iwata in his maiden at sapporo. he was sent to post third choice for his next start, the daily hai nisai stakes (g2, 1, 600m), where he was beaten to seventh by subsequent two - year - old champion filly, reve d' essor. ridden by italian jockey mirco demuro in his last two starts, the sakura bakushin o colt was seventh favorite in the keio hai nisai stakes, which had been seen as a contest between two high - profile two - year - olds considered to be potential classic winners: orfevre (c2, by stay gold), a full brother to dream journey (h6), and real impact (c2), a colt from the promising first crop sired by legendary deep impact. however, grand prix boss demonstrated a fine turn of speed from mid - division—rather than being forwardly placed as in his previous starts—and cruised to a comfortable victory while holding off a strong charge from real impact .\ngrand prix boss had been fifth choice for the asahi hai futurity stakes, behind two deep impact colts and fuji kiseki colt sadamu patek (c2), whose overwhelming g3 victory had made him a 1. 8 favorite. the race unfolded with the top five picks filling up the board, but grand prix boss zoomed to clear victory by overtaking the front with great force, while the remaining top runners crossed the line in a near four - way photo finish .\ngrand prix boss is expected to have another strong season in 2011. for his first g1 challenge as a three - year - old, his connections have expressed their intention to position him for the nhk mile cup (g1, 1, 600m) —a distance that his bloodline suggests suits him best .\nreve d' essor capped off a perfect debut season with her first g1 victory in the 2010 hanshin juvenile fillies (1, 600m) and then being named the jra' s 2010 best two - year - old filly for her efforts .\nsired by 2001 satsuki sho (japanese 2000 guineas) winner agnes tachyon, who has produced successful g1 winners such as daiwa scarlet and deep sky, and out of french group 1 winner reve d' oscar (fr), reve d' essor promptly won her debut in september. she was sent to post favorite in her first grade - race challenge, the daily hai nisai stakes (g2, 1, 600m), against a field of 11 male opponents. positioned behind due to an awkward break, the filly made headway along the outside for the final turn, more like an old pro than a rookie in her second career start, and then swept past the leaders to win by a roomy 1 - 1 / 4 - length margin. the victory marked the race' s first win by a filly in 14 years, since seeking the pearl (usa), who went on to win the nhk mile cup (g1, 1, 600m) at three and become the first japanese - trained runner to win a european group 1—the prix maurice de gheest (g1, 1, 300m) in 1998. reve d' essor also won the final race of her two - year - old season in much the same manner—biding her time in mid - division at a slow - developing pace and then pouncing on the front - runners with an explosive charge along the outside .\nrecent winners of the two - year - old fillies' g1 have excelled in their three - year - old seasons, including vodka (2006), who won the tokyo yushun (japanese derby), tall poppy (2007), buena vista (2008) and apapane (2009), who successfully claimed the yushun himba (japanese oaks). for reve d' essor, who possesses equal potential with her dynamic racing style and turn of speed, the 2011 season could be her time for stardom .\nvictoire pisa' s convincing victory in the 2010 arima kinen (g1, 2, 500m), in which he held off turf queen buena vista and the season' s other top three - year - olds, proved the neo universe colt worthy of the jra award for best three - year - old colt of 2010 .\ntrained by katsuhiko sumii, an internationally recognized trainer with g1 victories in the u. s. , australia and hong kong, victoire pisa finished second in his two - year - old debut in october 2009 and concluded the season with three wins and a second out of four starts, including a grade - race victory in the radio nikkei hai nisai stakes (2, 000m). from the start of his three - year - old campaign he extended the winning streak to five—the last being his initial g1 title and the first leg of the three - year - old triple crown classic, the satsuki sho (japanese 2000 guineas, g1, 2, 000m). in the second leg the triple crown, the tokyo yushun (japanese derby, g1, 2, 400m), victoire pisa was third to eishin flash (c3, by king' s best) and then took the unconventional route of passing up the kikuka sho (japanese st. leger, g1, 3, 000m), won by big week (c3, by bago), in order to go to europe for the prix de l' arc de triomphe (g1, 2, 400m) .\nhaving well proved his ability to compete against older horses of g1 standard, victoire pisa' s connections are said to be considering another overseas challenge, perhaps in dubai this march .\napapane made headlines by capturing all three of the 2010 g1 triple crown titles for three - year - old fillies—the first time in seven years and only the third time in jra history—a remarkable feat worthy of the jra award for best three - year - old filly .\nfollowing her stellar debut season as a two - year - old, when she registered three wins and a third out of four starts, including her first g1 title in the hanshin juvenile fillies (1, 600m), the 2009 best two - year - old filly kicked off her three - year - old campaign in march with a runner - up effort in the tulip sho (g3, 1, 600m). she then claimed her first seasonal g1 in the oka sho (japanese 1000 guineas, 1, 600m) in a record 1: 33. 3 over the distance. sent to post first choice in the yushun himba (japanese oaks, g1, 2, 400m), apapane was positioned well off the pace through most of the journey. while many found it hard to close the gap over a track that was softening in rainy weather, the king kamehameha filly shifted into gear along the outside and pinned the leader in the last furlong before drawing away for an apparent two - length victory. shadowing her all the way to the wire, however, was saint emilion (f3, by zenno rob roy) and the two fillies wound up splitting the title after the stewards declared a dead heat—a first in the history of jra g1 races .\ncoming off a fourth place after a summer break, apapane was favorite again in her final leg of the triple crown, the shuka sho (g1, 2, 000m). against a field that included saint emilion and a few other fillies who had finished before her in her previous race, apapane proved to have it when it mattered most and cruised easily past her rivals for a clear victory. while becoming the third filly to claim all three titles, following mejiro ramonu (1986) and still in love (2003), no filly other than apapane has claimed four g1 titles, counting the hanshin juvenile fillies .\nalthough well beaten in the queen elizabeth ii commemorative cup (g1, 2, 200m) by british - irish oaks double winner snow fairy (ire, f3, by intikhab) and older mare meisho beluga (m5, by french deputy), who was coming off a g2 win, apapane has produced an outstanding score of 3 - 1 - 1 out of six starts and a career total of four g1 victories to position herself in line as the next filly to beat, perhaps following in the footsteps of greats such as vodka and buena vista .\nnakayama festa sprung to stardom this season when he proved well up to the highest international competition by finishing second in the 2010 prix de l' arc de triomphe (g1, 2, 400m) in october. just missing by a head margin to british derby winner workforce (gb, c3, by king' s best), the four - year - old bay became only the second japanese - based runner to finish within the money in one of europe' s most prestigious g1 events. this achievement, which positioned him tied for sixth in the world thoroughbred rankings with 127 lb, as well as two wins in the first half of 2010, including a g1 victory in the takarazuka kinen (g1, 2, 200m), made him a well - deserved recipient of the 2010 best older colt or horse award .\nalthough he claimed his first grade - race win in the tokyo sports hai nisai stakes (1, 800m) as a two - year - old, nakayama festa was out of the placing in all three triple crown classics owing to a temperamental nature inherited from his sire, so he was unable to produce results that matched his ability .\nfrom the beginning of his four - year - old season, however, the stay gold colt began to show his true form. fresh from a four - month spell, he won his kickoff start in the metropolitan stakes (2, 400m). he then was sent to post eighth choice in an all - star turf g1, the takarazuka kinen, where he nailed down the top favorite filly and dubai sheema classic (g1) runner - up, buena vista, to claim his first g1 title in june. he was shipped to france on august 9 and performed well away from home, turning in a runner - up effort in the prix foy (g2, 2, 400m), the step - up race to the arc .\nthe prix de l' arc de triomphe was a fierce battle in which a large field of 19 runners battled for position. running mid - division, nakayama festa was briefly held up some 800 meters out, but then came on strongly at the straight to duel with workforce, who had emerged from the inside. the race concluded with workforce making full use of his 3. 5 kg advantage to claim the title, but nakayama festa' s performance was well above expectations. after a disappointing return to the japan cup (g1, 2, 400m), however, he was found to have developed a leg injury in his left foreleg, so plans have been put on hold until he is fully recovered .\nkinshasa no kiseki (aus) captured his long - awaited g1 title in the 2010 takamatsunomiya kinen (1, 200m) and finished second in the other g1 turf sprint, the sprinters stakes (1, 200m). his achievements in these two races, as well as two other grade - race wins during the season, held him worthy of the top honor for best sprinter or miler of 2010 .\na southern hemisphere - born son of fuji kiseki and bred by arrowleave joint venture of australia, kinshasa no kiseki won his only start as a two - year - old and then during his three - year - old season he was quickly recognized as a potential sprinter when he finished third in the nhk mile cup (g1, 1, 600m). however, it was not until the summer of his five - year - old campaign when he captured his first grade - race victory in the hakodate sprint stakes (1, 200m). he also was second in both the takamatsunomiya kinen and the sprinters stakes that year, concluding the 2008 season with a solid 1 - 2 - 1 out of six starts .\nwhile he was out of form for most of the following season, the talented bay bounced back by winning his last two grade - race starts and then extended the winning streak to four wins starting the 2010 season, capturing his first g1 title in the takamatsunomiya kinen before a summer break .\nbest at distances of up to 1, 400 meters, kinshasa no kiseki was unable to handle the extra furlong in the mile championship (g1, 1, 600m) and disappointed to 13th, but he recovered for his second consecutive win in the hanshin cup (g2, 1, 400m) in december, confirming his supremacy in the sprint category .\nespoir city claimed the distinction of being voted best dirt horse for a second consecutive year, having also earned the title in 2009. after a strenuous overseas challenge in the breeders' cup classic (g1, dirt, 2, 000m) in the u. s. , he was unable to attend the japan cup dirt (g1, dirt, 1, 800m) and attempt to defend his title, but espoir city' s performances in his three starts in japan were enough to win 148 votes and defend his title of champion dirt horse .\nshowing great potential as a dirt runner with four consecutive wins from his first race, espoir city was shifted from turf in the midst of his three - year - old season. the son of gold allure had a stellar four - year - old campaign, landing his first grade - race win in the march stakes (g3, dirt, 1, 800m) after a fourth in his first g1 challenge, the february stakes (g1, dirt, 1, 600m). he then captured his first g1 title in the kashiwa kinen (dirt, 1, 600m), the first of a five - race winning streak—all g1—including the 2009 japan cup dirt (g1, dirt, 1, 800m), the 2010 february stakes and the 2010 kashiwa kinen, where he defended his previous year' s title." ]

{ "text": [ "rose kingdom ( japanese ローズキングダム , foaled 10 may 2007 ) is a japanese thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "in a racing career which lasted from 2009 until 2013 he won six of his twenty-five races .", "as a two-year-old in 2009 he was undefeated in three races and was voted japanese champion two-year-old colt .", "in the following year he won the kobe shimbun hai and finished second in both the satsuki sho and the tokyo yushun before being awarded the japan cup on the disqualification of buena vista .", "he won only once in sixteen subsequent starts and was retired from racing in 2013 . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14, 14, 14 ] }

[ "rose kingdom (japanese ローズキングダム, foaled 10 may 2007) is a japanese thoroughbred racehorse and sire. in a racing career which lasted from 2009 until 2013 he won six of his twenty-five races. as a two-year-old in 2009 he was undefeated in three races and was voted japanese champion two-year-old colt. in the following year he won the kobe shimbun hai and finished second in both the satsuki sho and the tokyo yushun before being awarded the japan cup on the disqualification of buena vista. he won only once in sixteen subsequent starts and was retired from racing in 2013." ]

[ "watch rare pangolin unique behavior. a indian pangolin searching to food in habitat gir forest india\nwatch rare pangolin unique behavior. a indian pangolin searching to food in habitat gir forest india - youtube\nb) spread awareness education among local communities to stop killing of indian pangolin .\nl. n. acharjyo and r. misra, “birth of indian pangolin (\nfor protection the indian pangolin curls up into a ball, exposing only its scales .\na) generate baseline information on ecology of indian pangolin, which is vital for its conservation .\nhabitat preference and population estimates of indian pangolin (manis crassicaudata) in district cha ...\nour target species is indian pangolin (manis crassicaudata) which is also known as scaly ant eater .\n)\nillegal mass killing of indian pangolin (manis crassicaudata) in potohar region, pakistan\n.\nmammalia 2015; aop morpho - anatomical characteristics of indian pangolin (manis crassicaudata) from ...\nthe four species found in asia: indian pangolin (manis crassicaudata), philippine pangolin (manis culionensis), sunda pangolin (manis javanica) and the chinese pangolin (manis pentadactyla) .\ngrand pangolin de l’inde, grand pangolin de l' inde, pangolin à grosse queue .\nr. k. mohapatra and s. panda, “husbandry, behaviour and conservation breeding of indian pangolin, ”\nindian pangolin (manis crassicaudata) is found in most states, while the smaller chinese pangolin (manis pentadactyla) is found in the northeast .\n2) there are 8 species of pangolin – the indian pangolin (manis crassicaudata), philippine pangolin (manis culionensis), giant pangolin (manis gigantea), ground pangolin (manis temminckii), tree pangolin (manis tricuspis), long - tailed pangolin (manis tetradactyla), chinese pangolin (manis pentadactyla) and sunda pangolin (manis javanica) .\npangolin is listed as\ncritically endangered\n, while the indian pangolin is listed as\nendangered\non the iucn red list of threatened species .\nfour pangolin species live in asia: the chinese pangolin, the sunda or malayan pangolin, the philippine pangolin, and the indian or thick - tailed pangolin. there are four african species which are the cape or temminck’s ground pangolin, the giant ground or giant pangolin, the tree or african white - bellied pangolin, and the long - tailed or black - bellied pangolin .\nindian pangolins have strong claws and use them to attack ants' nests and termite mounds .\n8) male indian pangolins can be up to 90% heavier than their female counterparts .\ntemporal variation in reproductive physiology of small indian mongoose male, herpestes javanicus, in ...\nindian pangolin lives in various forest types including grasslands, rainforest, secondary forests and also well adapted to desert regions of rajasthan and gujarat. pangolin distributed throughout indian states and found in the western ghats, nilgiri mountains and forest of kerala, maharashtra odisha and chhattisgarh .\nindian pangolin (manis crassicaudata) is a nocturnal and very secretive wild animal, found in the rainforest, hills and plains of indian subcontinent. the pangolin or scaly anteater is locally known as chippu handi, eenampechi, bajrakapta, saal khapri and sallu saanp in india .\nr. k. mohapatra and s. panda, “behavioural sampling techniques and activity pattern of indian pangolins\npopulation estimates, habitat preference and the diet of small indian mongoose (herpestes javanicus) ...\nfour pangolin species occur across asia: the indian pangolin, the chinese or formosan pangolin, the malayan or sunda pangolin, and the palawan pangolin. four species are found in africa south of the sahara desert: the cape or ground pangolin, the tree pangolin, the giant pangolin, and the long - tailed pangolin. the four asian pangolins are distinguished from the african species by the presence of bristles which emerge from between the scales .\nalthough the indian pangolin is a protected species but the population is declining due to hunting and poaching. breeding of pangolins in captivity is very difficult but successful reproduction of indian pangolins have been reported from calcutta zoo and nandankanan zoological park of odisha .\nprater, s. h. (1965) the book of indian animals. diocesan press, india .\n2008), and as a schedule i animal of the indian wildlife (protection) act, 1972 .\nthe present study describing 27 different behaviour patterns clustered in seven behavioural categories provides an initial framework for understanding the behavioural repertoires of indian pangolins. further studies on behavioural biology of indian pangolins are urgently required for facilitation of both ex - situ and in - situ conservation of the species. since a comprehensive knowledge on behavioural biology of the indian pangolin is essential for its management in captivity, descriptions of this paper may also useful in improving the husbandry and management of captive indian pangolin and design future conservation efforts .\nindia is home to the pangolin and the animal become the world’s most heavily trafficked animal. almost 100, 000 indian pangolins are estimated to be hunted and sold every year for illegal trade. indian pangolin is smuggled from india for its meat and scales, used traditional chinese and vietnamese medicines .\nno estimate of population size is available for indian pangolin. currently this species is classified as endangered (en) and it numbers today are decreasing .\n), all of which were over 300d, the results have large differences from that of the others. the gestation lengths of the indian pangolin (\nnormally a shy animal, indian pangolins have been known to wander into villages and dig through concrete into houses .\nthe special program is aimed at documenting the behavioral pattern and reproductive characteristic of the indian pangolin. they had a newborn record at 2007 (zeenews 2007) .\nindian pangolin is highly endangered animal in india and world’s most hunted as well as most trafficked animal in the world. the endangered thick tailed pangolin is being hunted for its meat, various body parts and scaly skin .\nalthough normally shy, indian pangolins are reported to wander into villages and have been known to dig through concrete and into houses .\nhas a myrmecophagous diet. they mainly eat termites, ants and their eggs, although one indian pangolin' s stomach was reportedly filled with beetle wing sheaths, cockroaches, and skins of worms .\nindian pangolin (manis crassicaudata), an endangered mammalian species under iucn red list. in india, small population of chines pangolin (manis pentadactyla) are also present in the eastern part and protected under the wildlife (protection) act, 1972 as a schedule i species along with indian pangolin. in national and international market the indian pangolin are highly in trade principally for its meat and scales. in curbing illegal wildlife, trade of indian pangolin on national and international level wildlife dna forensics plays an important role in the identification of species from the seized material. we received n = 15 wildlife seizures assumed to be the scales of pangolin from different state forest and the custom department for molecular analysis. the seizures sequenced for two mitochondrial genes i. e. cyt b and 16s rrna, which are often used in wildlife dna forensic to species identification. the sequences thus generated from these seizures compared to the ncbi database through blast search tool and our laboratory - generated references, yielding 100% similarity with indian pangolin. we identified twelve (n = 12) cyt b and five (n = 5) 16s rrna species specific snps, fixed in indian pangolin. this study shows, the importance of authenticated references, dna sequence data availability, highlighting the application of dna forensics in identifying species from scales .\nthe indian pangolin is a poorly known species. little effort has been devoted to understanding its biology, ecology, and behaviour, perhaps due to nocturnal and secretive habit of the species. available published information on indian pangolin is primarily from natural history observations, rescue reports, reports of illegal trade, and captive studies. many practical questions remain unanswered because of incomplete information on ecological and behavioural biology of the species. comprehensive knowledge of pangolin behaviour will be central to assess welfare and management of pangolins for potential captive breeding programme [ 7 ]. the ethogram for indian pangolin could not be found in the available literature. keeping all the points in view, an attempt was made to prepare a standard ethogram for indian pangolins in the present paper based on the observation in captivity at pangolin conservation breeding center (pcbc), nandankanan zoological park, odisha, india .\nof the eight extant species of pangolin, the indian pangolin manis crassicaudata and chinese pangolin m. pentadactyla occur in india. indian pangolin is a large anteater covered dorsally by 11 - 13 rows of scales. the adult male is about one - third larger than the female. a terminal scale is also present on the ventral side of the tail of the indian pangolin, which is absent in the chinese pangolin. its sticky tongue, which is longer than its body, is specially adapted for reaching and lapping up insects in deep crevices. to tear open the anthills or termite mounds, it uses the powerful forelimbs that are armed with three disproportionately long claws. in sharp contrast, the hind legs have tough soles and short, blunt nails on the five toes .\nwe are working on conservation of pangolin in pakistan. data regarding ecology of indian pangolin is scanty throughout its distribution range. it is being killed for its scales and have been listed as endangered in iucn red list of threatened species. our mission is to ;\nfour species live in africa: black - bellied pangolin (phataginus tetradactyla), white - bellied pangolin (phataginus tricuspis), giant ground pangolin (smutsia gigantea) and temminck' s ground pangolin (smutsia temminckii) .\npangolin comes from ‘penggulung, ’ the malay word for roller – the action a pangolin takes in self - defense .\n)\nanalysis of the scats of small indian mongoose (herpestes auropunctatus) with special reference to the insect fauna in croplands of faisalabad (pakistan )\n.\nr. k. mohapatra, s. panda, and m. v. nair, “architecture and microclimate of burrow systems of indian pangolins in captivity, ” in\nthe indian pangolin is almost entirely insectivorous and more specifically a myrmecophage - this species mainly eats ants, termites, and their eggs, though one has been recorded as eating beetle wing sheaths, skins of worms, and cockroaches .\nthe indian pangolin may be more arboreal but mostly nocturnal and terrestrial. they are entirely insectivorous and diet includes mainly ants and termites but also feeds on beetles, cockroaches and possibly worms. nocturnal and slow moving pangolin has cone - shaped head and long sticky tongue to feed specially on termites and ants .\n). this finding suggests the breeding season of chinese pangolin is similar to that of the cape pangolin, but different from the sunda and indian pangolins. regarding the cape pangolin, mating occurred from late summer to early autumn (between march and may in the southern hemisphere), with the birthing season in winter (from june to september in the southern hemisphere) (\nmain characteristics indian pangolins have a body length between 45 and 75 cms (18 - 29. 5 inches), a tail length between 33 and 45 cms (13 - 17. 7 inches) and they weigh between 5 and 35 kgs. with the exception of its underside, the indian pangolin is covered in extremely hard, yellow / brown coloured scales. it rolls up into a ball to protect itself when it is threatened and they emit a foul, strong smelling fluid from their anal scent glands. they have a small head, small eyes and small ears. their tongue is extremely long and it can reach length of up to 25. 5 cms (10 inches). on each foot they have 5 powerful claws that they use to dig and rip open termite mounds. they have poor senses of sight and hearing and they rely upon their sense of smell to locate prey. habitat indian pangolins are found in the forests and grasslands of india, sri lanka, nepal and pakistan. they are nocturnal and they spend their days in a burrow or rock crevice. they are mainly ground dwelling but they are able to climb and indian pangolins that inhabit sri lanka make best use of this ability. diet indian pangolins mainly feed on ants and termites. they rip open mounds with their claws and use their long, sticky tongue to eat their prey. breeding indian pangolins breed year round and after a gestation period of 65 - 70 days, 1 - 2 young are born. at birth the young pangolins weigh approximately 350g (12. 3 oz) and within a few days of birth their soft scales begin to harden. at approximately 1 month old they are carried around on their mother' s tail and they are weaned at 3 - 4 months old. predators predators of indian pangolins include humans and tigers. subspecies there are no subspecies of the indian pangolin. interesting facts as pangolins have no teeth, their stomach is specially designed to grind up their food, with the aid of the sand and small stones that they consume. similar animals long - tailed pangolin chinese pangolin ground pangolin tree pangolin philippine pangolin giant pangolin sunda pangolin\n03 october 2016: pangolin protectors at the iucn world conservation congress. conservation fellows from zsl received awards for their work to save the pangolin .\n11 may 2016: one very lucky pangolin. a wild sunda pangolin was rescued by villagers in southern thailand with help from zsl’s thailand team .\nthe result obtained in this study is similar to that of mishra & panda (2010) that report captive indian pangolins spend most of their time walking inside the enclosure under simulated conditions of surroundings .\ngenerally, regarding the pangolin’s reproduction, little information has been known. this situation greatly limits the application of artificial reproductive technology in pangolin’s artificial propagation, suggesting more work is needed to overcome the pangolin’s reproductive disturbance in captivity .\nsince the indian pangolins are nocturnal, secretive, solitary and intermittently active, behavioural observation was made through digital video recording system assisted by infrared enabled cctv cameras installed at each enclosure using focal animal sampling .\nclassification kingdom: animalia phylum: chordata class: mammalia order: pholidota family: manidae genus: manis species: m. crassicaudata zoological name: manis crassicaudata physical appearance: indian pangolin are 45 - 75 cm long. they have small triangular shaped head. their tongue is 23 - 25. 5 cm long and its tail is 33 – 45 cm long. they do not have teeth. they have bad listening power and have bad eyesight. each limb has powerful five claws. they are covered with the horny scales which protect their body. males are heavier than the females. presence in india: they are found in almost all the parts of india. they are also spotted in the national parks such as corbett, gir and bandavgarh national park. habitat: indian pangolin prefers tropical rain forests, lower slopes of mountains, sub tropical thorn forests and plains to live. diet: indian pangolin is insectivore. it feeds on insects and termites. reproduction: the gestation period rests for 65 - 70 days. females give birth to single offspring. young ones weigh between 200 - 500 gm. new born is carried on mother tail for several weeks. they are weaned at three months of age. conservation status: indian pangolin is listed on the iucn red list (1996) as lower risk / near threatened. lifespan: indian pangolin live for than 13 years of age .\nobservation on food habits and foraging behavior of chinese pangolin (manis pentadactyla) .\nthe cape pangolin often uses the burrows of other animals including aardvarks and aardwolves .\nthe indian pangolin lives in bangladesh, southern nepal, sri lanka, india (south of the himalayas), and small parts of pakistan. it inhabits rainforest, grasslands, and barren hilly areas. it can live in modified habitats, so long as there are plenty of termites and ants .\nnandankanan zoological park has the experience of maintaining indian pangolins since 1962 [ 8 ]. a pangolin conservation breeding center (pcbc) was established in 2008 in the park with an objective of scientific management and breeding of indian pangolins. study was conducted on seven (4f: 3m) indian pangolins between february 2012 and january 2013. details of housing and husbandry for these animals were described elsewhere [ 9, 10 ]. briefly, pangolins were housed in naturalistic soil - substrate enclosures of 4. 8 m × 4. 2 m × 3. 0 m dimensions, with hollow wooden logs, dry tree branches, and saucer shaped pool as enrichment materials. the daily husbandry routine consisted of enclosure cleaning, water replacement, feeding, and health monitoring .\nt. j. roberts and j. vielliard, “commentaires sur le grand pangolin indien\nthe thick - tailed pangolin has considerably larger scales than its three other asian cousins .\naccb is a pangolin program that has been running since 2004. they have the longest living malayan pangolin ever to be hand - reared in captivity (savepangolins 2013) .\none tree pangolin lives in the san diego zoo for visiting (sandiegozoo 2013) .\nair temperature changes in a burrow of chinese pangolin, manis pentadactyla, in winter .\na contribution of the ecology of the steppe pangolin manis - temminckii in the transvaal .\nthe newborn chinese pangolin baby mp86 (by fuhua zhang, 19 oct 2011) .\nmonitoring the gestation period of rescued formosan pangolin (manis pentadactyla) with progesterone radioimmunoassay .\nthe study of chinese pangolin in taiwan. the research report of taipei zoo in 2001\nthere are eight species of pangolin, and all are listed as threatened with extinction .\nindian pangolins have a pair of mammary glands in their thoracic region. young pangolin suckles from her mother while positioned amid mother’s coiled body (figure 1 (q) ). at times, baby hides its head underneath the ventral surface of her mother keeping its tail curling up mother’s body or tail. as the baby was growing, the mother pangolin used to relax its coil to accommodate the increasing size of the baby [ 8 ]. young are carried on the dorsal base of the mother’s tail [ 3, 15 ]. young pangolin climbs on mother holding the tail base of the mother pangolin with its limbs and its tail may remain parallel to that of the mother or move to a side (figure 1 (r) ). when not riding, the young pangolin usually walks nearby her mother. the mother intermittently inspects the baby pangolin. explorative movement with intermittent sniffing behaviour was observed in the mother pangolin, when the young pangolin moved to a distance. repeated burrow inspection, that is, mother pangolin moves to the burrow and comes back after a short bout of staying inside the burrow, was observed when the young pangolin was present inside the burrow. when disturbed, the mother pangolin gets coiled into a sphere around the young pangolin [ 15 ] .\nwant to help? check out our pangolin t - shirts: project pangolin is contributing $ 2. 00 per t - shirt or hoodie to education for nature - vietnam .\n)\na guide to the mammals of ceylon. part v. the pangolin\n.\nmonitoring the gestation period of rescued formosan pangolin (manis pentadactyla pentadactyla) with progesterone radioimmunoassay .\nsome notes on the feeding habits of the ground pangolin, smutsia temminckii (smuts) .\npangolin meat is a prized delicacy and pangolin scales are greatly sought after for traditional medicines. their skins are used in making shoes and boots. between 1980 and 1985, 175, 000 pangolin hides were imported into the united states, the practice has since been discontinued .\nthe microchip number and a short reference name for each pangolin are given in table 1 .\nbid to smuggle chinese pangolin foiled: police foiled a smuggling bid of a highly endangered animal species, rescued a chinese pangolin (ekantipur. com - 2011 - 01 - 04 )\nzsl has supported pangolin projects undertaken by the national trust for nature conservation (ntnc) in nepal and save vietnam’s wildlife (formerly carnivore and pangolin conservation program), and is the institutional host of the iucn ssc pangolin specialist group, which collaborates with multiple organisations worldwide .\nthe philippine pangolin is endemic to the philippines, inhabiting four islands including palawan and culion .\nroasted pangolin scales are believed to cure cancer, relieve palsy and even stimulate breast milk .\npangolins, also known as scaly anteaters, are eutherians, and unique placental mammals. despite fulfilling a similar ecological niche as anteaters and armadillos of the order xenarthra, they are taxonomically distinct. there are eight existing species of pangolins in the world, and all are the class mammalia, order pholidota, family manidae, and genus manis. pangolins mainly distribute in eastern, southeastern and southern asia, as well as most of africa. four species of pangolins are native to africa, including the cape pangolin (manis temmincki), giant pangolin (manis gigantean), long - tailed or black - bellied pangolin (manis tetradactyla) and tree or african white - bellied pangolin (manis tricuspis). the other four pangolins are native to asia, including the chinese pangolin (manis pentadactyla), indian pangolin (manis crassicaudata), malayan pangolin (manis javanica) and palawan pangolin (manis culionensis), a new species identified in 2005 (gaubert and antunes 2005) .\nthe both species of pangolin are listed on cites appendix ii (cites, 2000) recent cites appendix i (2015) global conservation status of chinese pangolin is endangered (duckworth et al. , 2008) whereas indian pangolin is near threatened (molur, 2008). both species are protected in nepal by department of national park and wildlife conservation act 1973, so the hunting of the species is prohibited in nepal. national conservation status of indian pangolin has been assessed as endangered b1ab (iii, v) whereas for the chinese pangolin it’s endangered a2d + 3d + 4d (jnawali et al. , 2011). still, the population of pangolin is decreasing sharply (duckworth et al. , 2008). the species trade levels are significant across its range, although precise estimates are unknown (cites, 2000). threats to pangolins include rapid loss and deterioration of available habitat and hunting for local use and for international trade in skins, scales, and meat (duckworth et al. , 2008; molur, 2008) .\nconservation breeding programmes as an essential tool for conservation of endangered species require a sound knowledge on behaviour of the species. at present time, knowledge of behaviour and biology of indian pangolins is inadequate and inconsistent. during the present study, an ethogram was developed based on the behavioural observations of seven indian pangolins (manis crassicaudata) at pangolin conservation breeding centre, nandankanan zoological park, odisha, india, between february 2012 and january 2013. a total of 27 behaviours of seven distinct behavioural categories (stationary body positions, locomotory patterns, maintenance behaviours, explorative behaviours, defensive behaviours, reproductive / social behaviours, and others) were described and illustrated. the results offer a consistent frame of reference for further studies on behavioural patterns of indian pangolins. besides, these preliminary observations could be useful in management and breeding of the species in captivity .\nin china the flesh of the pangolin is used for medicinal purposes. the chinese believe scales of pangolin purportedly reduce swelling, promote blood circulation and help breast - feeding women to produce milk .\nassessing the taxonomic status of the palawan pangolin manis culionensis (pholidota) using discrete morphological characters .\nglycoconjugates in the secretory epithelium of the mandibular salivary gland of malayan pangolin (manis javanica) .\nforaging behaviour and ecology of the cape pangolin (manis temminckii) in north - western zimbabwe .\nstudies on habitat selection by chinese pangolin (manis pentadactyla) in winter in dawuling natural reserve .\nthere are a total of eight species of pangolin on our planet. four live in asia :\nin a captive situation, an understanding of animal behaviour is essential for the maintenance of healthy and contented animals. any project that involves the captive maintenance of animals groups should assign part of its resources for structuring its ethogram [ 18 ]. the present study addresses commonly observed behaviours of indian pangolin and is completely descriptive rather than quantitative. many of the behaviours performed by m. crassicaudata were similar to that described for other pangolin species [ 19 – 22 ]. although behavioural repertoire presented here was based on preliminary observations, it can be used as a frame of reference for details for behavioural studies of indian pangolin in the future. it is crucial for a sound understanding of physical, social, and psychological aspects of the animals that serves as an essential tool to meet husbandry and animal conservation goals [ 23 ] .\nthe pangolin species (manis crassicaudata) is one of the mammals that are rarely seen in sri lanka. the derivation of the name pangolin is from malay pang gullin meaning one that rolls up .\nas predators preying on ants and termites, pangolins have a specialized diet and perform an important ecological role in regulating insect populations. it has been estimated that an adult pangolin can consume more than 70 million insects annually, and has a significant impact on the control of forest termites (shi and wang 1985). besides its ecological values, pangolins are extremely important economic animals, valued for both medicine and food. pangolin’s scales are used as a common ingredient in traditional asian medicines; for example, the chinese pangolin’s scales had been used as an ingredient in traditional chinese medicine for thousands of years, and had been recorded in several ancient books of chinese medicine. generally, the pangolin’s scales were thought to have the functions of promoting blood circulation, accelerating milk secretion, detumescence and apocenosis etc. but there is no too much progress in determining the scale’s active ingredients. the scales of indian pangolin, malayan pangolin and cape pangolin are also used as medicine by local residents while pangolin’s meat is considered as delicacy and tonic in some chinese and vietnamese cultures .\nindian pangolin (manis crassicaudata; family manidae; order pholidota) is one of the eight living species of pangolins of the world. they are toothless mammals with 11–13 rows of large overlapping horny scales, long protrusible tongue, and prehensile tail with a terminal scale on its ventral side [ 1, 2 ]. they are solitary, fossorial, nocturnal, and insectivorous. indian pangolin occurs throughout peninsular india [ 3, 4 ]. its range extends as far west as pakistan, east to west bengal (india) and yunnan (southwest china), south to sri lanka, and north to nepal [ 5 ]. their populations are increasingly under threat throughout their range due to domestic and international demand for live pangolins and their skin, scales, and meat. the biology of indian pangolins particularly low reproductive rate and a wide distribution make them vulnerable to overexploitation [ 6 ]. captive breeding programme, which is essential for the conservation of the species requires detailed knowledge about the behaviour of the species .\nwhen threatened, the thick - tailed pangolin emits a loud hissing sound and scatters faeces and urine .\nthose found in sri lanka belong to the genus hystrix. the indian crested porcupine, found in sri lanka, has as its scientific name hystrix indica. it is called ittawa in sinhala and mullam pandi in tamil. the meaning of the tamil name is prickly pig .\nit is quadrupedal movement exhibited by one pangolin to follow another pangolin of the opposite sex. the speed of chasing gait is greater than the normal walking gait. a long period of sniffing between individuals occurs before chasing. occasionally while chasing, the male pangolin rose on its hind limb with forelimbs extended apart and walked bipedally few steps towards the female pangolin to mount her (figure 1 (m) ) .\nthe authors are thankful to central zoo authority (cza), new delhi for the financial support and the permission to undertake the research in the indian pangolins at pangolin conservation breeding center, nandankanan zoological park, odisha. we are thankful to dr. l. n. acharjyo, former veterinary officer, nkzp, odisha for going through the manuscript and for his valuable suggestions .\ndon’t buy pangolins or pangolin products – this includes live pangolins, pangolin meat, wine, scales and leather. don’t be tempted to purchase these items – by doing so you are fuelling the illegal trade .\nthe thick - tailed pangolin has strong claws that it uses to hack into termite mounds and ants nests .\nthey are working with the cape pangolin for captive breeding and re - introduction purposes (pangolinsg 2013) .\na 10 - year review of autopsy of rescued formosan pangolin (manis pentadactyla pentadactyla) in taipei zoo .\nall currently known pangolin occurrences in bangladesh are contained in this dot locality map. labels correspond to numbers within\n11 august 2016: baby pangolin gets a piggyback. our team in khlong nakha wildlife sanctuary (knws), thailand, captured some gorgeous camera trap photos of a sunda pangolin carrying her baby on her tail .\n9 july 2015: new international pangolin conservation initiative. two - year international pangolin conservation initiative is announced, taking place in cameroon, thailand and china, with support from fondation segré and iucn save our species .\nindian pangolin (manis crassicaudata) is a fossorial, “near threatened” mammalian species occurring in pakistan and facing a risk of endangerment in its wild habitat. being nocturnal, ecological data of the species is lacking in the country and in south asia as well. the current study investigated some ecological parameters of the species like, distribution, habitat analysis, population and... [ show full abstract ]\nbecause of pangolin’s economic values, illegal hunting and illegal trade take place frequently. for example, approximately 24 tons and 14 tons of frozen pangolins were seized in vietnam and indonesia in march 2008 and july 2008, respectively (shepherd 2009); about nine tons and ten tons of frozen pangolins were seized in china and philippines in december 2012 and april 2013, respectively (guangzhoudaily 2012; huanqiunet 2013). this massive poaching has rapidly exhausted wild pangolin population. besides illegal hunting, habitat destructions also drastically decreases wild populations (wu et al. 2002). all extant species of pangolin are listed in appendix ii of cites (convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora). at the 11 th meeting of the conference of the parties to cites in 2000, a zero export quota was established for the three asian pangolin species (malayan pangolin, chinese pangolin and indian pangolin), for specimens removed from the wild and traded for primarily commercial purposes. in 2007, a zero export quota was also established for the palawan pangolin following its recognition as a species distinct from the malayan pangolin. in 2007, international union for conservation of nature and natural resources (iucn) and conservation international (ci) adjusted chinese pangolin and malayan pangolin from low - risk (lr) level to endangered (en) level (zhang et al. 2010). in addition, pangolins are also protected in their range states by domestic wildlife laws, for example, chinese pangolin is listed in class ii national key - protected species in china (wu et al. 2002) .\nit includes walking or climbing movement towards another individual followed by nosonasal or nosogenital sniffing. the above behaviour may lead to exhibition of one of the three possible behaviours: (i) female pangolin may remain stationary, allowing male pangolin to mount; (ii) male may chase the female pangolin as she quickly walks away; (iii) female pangolin may retreat, attaining a coiled posture, and the male walks away from her .\nzsl launched a two - year pangolin conservation initiative, supported by fondation segré and save our species, in june 2015. the project helped to protect four species of pangolin through supporting anti - poaching patrols and law enforcement at key sites in cameroon and thailand, and by initiating work to reduce demand for pangolin products in china .\n)\nforaging behavior and ecology of the cape pangolin (manis temminckii) in north - western zimbabwe\n.\nduring the pregnancy, the chinese pangolin does not show significant morphological changes except for its breast and body weight .\nsources: cota - larson, r. , “ 11 things you didn’t know about pangolins, ” project pangolin\n, india over 1377 hours of video recordings for each pangolin between 1500hr and 0800hr on 81 consecutive observational days .\nresearchers warned last year that the chinese pangolin is in danger of being “eaten to extinction” because of huge demand .\n... this may be achieved by analysing prey species and remains found in or around feeding burrows, analysis of stomach contents or analysing the undigested prey remains in faeces. an investigation conducted using fecal analysis of indian pangolins in four districts of potohar plateau, pakistan by irshad et al. (2015) found that ants (camponotus confusion, camponotus compresses) are the major prey of indian pangolin in the studied habitat while termites (odontotermis obesus), bugs, wood fibers and grasses constituted other major components of the diet. this study further identified clay and soil particles as the most voluminous components of fecal samples, accounting for about 48% to 62% of the fecal matter respectively... .\nthe chinese pangolins occur in the himalayan foothills in eastern nepal, bhutan and india, bangladesh, myanmar, viet nam, thailand, china and taiwan (duckworth et all, 2008); whereas indian pangolin occurs in pakistan, india, china, bangladesh, and nepal (molur, 2008). in nepal, the species are found in central nepal and eastern nepal (baral and shah, 2008) .\n7) pangolins are favorites in children’s books! titles include ‘pangolins, unicorns and other poems’ (marianne moore), ‘what on earth is a… pangolin’ (edward r. ricciuti) and ‘roly poly pangolin’ (anna dewdney) .\nbangladesh is rich in biodiversity, yet geographically - explicit knowledge regarding the status and distribution of pangolins, as well as many other species, is limited. pangolins are a highly - threatened order of mammal whose presence in bangladesh is debated in the literature. iucn considers the sunda pangolin (manis javanica) and chinese pangolin (m. pentadactyla) as critically endangered [ 1, 2 ], while indian pangolins (m. crassicaudata) are considered endangered [ 3 ]. a review of the literature detailing the distribution of three pangolin species reported to range bangladesh reveals that the existing body of knowledge for these species is scant, contradictory, and unreliable. this knowledge gap limits the efficacy of pangolin conservation efforts for the greater indo - burman region. the following multidisciplinary analysis establishes the presence of m. pentadactyla in multiple sites within bangladesh and provides an important baseline for pangolin conservation efforts .\nthere is a story of a villager that knocked a pangolin out and brought it back to the village with it around his neck. but the pangolin regained conscience and quickly tried to curl up into a ball. unfortunately the villager' s neck was caught in the middle and he was found strangled to death with the pangolin still wrapped around him .\na preliminary note on the birth and development of a small - scaled tree pangolin manis tricuspis at ife university zoo .\nit’s believed that a single pangolin consumes more than 70 million insects per year. they mainly eat ants and termites .\nthe word\npangolin\ncomes from the malay word\npengguling\n, meaning\nsomething that rolls up\n.\nwith 46 - 47 vertebrae the long - tailed pangolin holds the record for the highest number of vertebrae among mammals .\n... a recent study bymahmood et al. (2013) suggests that the indian pangolin digs two types of burrows; living burrows and feeding burrows. parameters such as barrow depth and diameter as well as the presence of remains of prey items and presence of fecal matter are considered as important signs in distinguishing the two types of pangolin barrows (irshad et al. , 2015). during the day time, pangolins sleep curled inside a\nliving burrow\n, which may have several outlets sealed with loose earth (prater, 1980)... .\nin this episode, we are talking with pangolin experts dr. chris shepherd and lisa hywood about asian and african pangolins .\nthough the enclosures of each pangolin were regularly inspected during the remaining time, i. e. , from 0800 to 1500\npangolins are mammals that belong to the family manidae and the genus manis. this genus comprises of eight species - indian, chinese, malaysian, pangwan, giant, cape, tree and the long - tailed, that are spread over in southeast asia and africa. there are four species in africa and four in southeast asia .\ntwo species of pangolins are found in nepal: chinese pangolin (manispentadactyla) and indian pangolin (maniscrassicaudata) (baral and shah, 2008; jnawali et al. , 2011). they are. small in size and weight having well developed external ear (suwal, 2011) with a streamline elongated body with a long tail. chinese pangolin are 70 - 80 cm long with tail 28 - 34cm and are covered with large rounded overlap scales of dark brown and yellow brown colour (heath, 1992) whereas the indian pangolin are 100 - 120 cm with yellowish brown scales on the body (chakraborty et al. , 2002). pangolins are widely distributed in primary and secondary tropical forests, limestone forests, bamboo forests, grasslands and agricultural fields (gurung, 1996; suwal, 2011) which digs its own burrows, or enlarges passages made by termites. pangolins are solitary, nocturnal, good climber though terrestrial (kaspal, 2009). the diet consists of ants and termites (prater, 1971; heath and vanderlip, 1988). they are slow breeders (shrestha, 2003) and generally unsocial (suwal, 2011) .\nendangered species often inhabit specific habitats and are dependent on specific prey. the indian pangolin (manis crassicaudata) is an “endangered”, inimitable mammal currently in jeopardy in pakistan. very little data are available about its ecology that could serve as baseline for its conservation. in the current study, we investigated the indian pangolin’s distribution, abundance and diet in four districts of potohar plateau. the species was found evenly distributed in two study districts, while it showed patchy distribution in the remaining two districts, and it occurred up to a maximum elevation of 862 m a. s. l. population density showed a sharp and significant decline over a period of three years from 2010 to 2013. faecal matter of the species was found to contain remains of ants (head, abdominal parts, legs) as the second - most voluminous component of the droppings, following soil or clay. remains of other food sources, like termites, bugs, wood and grasses, were found in minor percentages. our study reveals that the main prey items of indian pangolins include two species of black ants (camponotus confucii and camponotus compressus), and one species of termite (odontotermis obesus). the recorded population decline indicates that conservation measures may be needed .\npangolin seized, three arrested: jaman singh lama (46yr) of makwanpur and raju lama (35yr) and kanchha lama of nuwakot were arrested with a live pangolin in kathandu in 2011 (the himalayantimes. com - 2011 - 07 - 26 )\nendangered species often inhabit specific habitats and are dependent on specific prey. the indian pangolin (manis crassicaudata) is an\nendangered\n, inimitable mammal currently in jeopardy in pakistan. very little data are available about its ecology that could serve as baseline for its conservation. in the current study, we investigated the indian pangolin' s distribution, abundance and diet in four districts of potohar plateau. the species was found evenly distributed in two study districts, while it showed patchy distribution in the remaining two districts, and it occurred up to a maximum elevation of 862 m a. s. l. population density showed a sharp and significant decline over a period of three years from 2010 to 2013. faecal matter of the species was found to contain remains of ants (head, abdominal parts, legs) as the second - most voluminous component of the droppings, following soil or clay. remains of other food sources, like termites, bugs, wood and grasses, were found in minor percentages. our study reveals that the main prey items of indian pangolins include two species of black ants (camponotus confucii and camponotus compressus), and one species of termite (odontotermis obesus). the recorded population decline indicates that conservation measures may be needed .\ntypically, pangolins are solitary except in mating season. may to july is their preferred mating seasons. male pangolins often fight each other for females in the mating seasons. the winner will mate with the female pangolin, with the mating period generally lasting three to five days. female pangolins have two to five estrous cycles during the mating season, and each will last for 11 - 26 days, until pregnancy (cen et al. 2010). different species of pangolin have different gestation periods, cape pangolin’s gestation period is about 139 days (van ee 1966), the gestation periods of the tree pangolin and long - tail pangolin are close to the cape pangolin’s; the indian pangolin’s gestation period is shorter, just 65–70 days (hayssen and van tienhoven 1993). the pregnancy period of the chinese pangolin is about 101–169 days (wu 1998b; yang et al. 2007), but by monitoring the concentration of the serum progesterone, chin et al. believed that the gestation period of the chinese pangolin was 318 to 372 days (chin et al. 2011), which is significantly different from the results of wu’s and yang’s observations (wu 1998b; yang et al. 2007), suggesting that more systematic and quantitative analysis are needed to determine pangolin’s reproduction parameters. pangolins are believed to give birth to one young each time, but twins are known (lim 2008a). the cubs will stay with their mother for six months before they leave. there are suggestions that new - born pangolins reach sexual maturity in one or two years, though there is no consensus on this .\nwe collected 10 live and two dead specimens of indian pangolin (manis crassicaudata) from potohar plateau to record their morpho - anatomical characteristics. the average body weight and length were recorded in three age classes: juvenile, sub - adult and adult. the maximum body weight, body length and tail length was 20 kg, 147. 3 cm, and 85. 7 cm, respectively. the total number of scales was... [ show full abstract ]\na customs officer holds up pangolin scales during a news conference at the customs department in bangkok, thailand. (reuters photo )\nmadhya pradesh, which has 12. 44% forest cover, probably accounts for one of the highest pangolin populations in india .\ngiving birth after just 65 to 70 days, the thick - tailed pangolin has the shortest gestation period of all pholidota species .\n) in: proceedings of the “pangolin conservation stakeholders’ workshop”, november 4 - 5, 2008, cambodia, pp. 10 .\nhome range, activity cycle and natal den usage of a female sunda pangolin manis javanica (mammalia: pholidota) in singapore .\nthe boat' s 12 chinese crewmen are being detained on charges of poaching and attempted bribery, said adelina villena, the marine park' s lawyer. she said more charges are being prepared against them, including damaging the corals and violating the country' s wildlife law for being found in possession of the pangolin meat. it is not yet clear which of the four asian pangolin species the meat comes from. the international union of conservation of nature lists two as endangered: the sunda, or malayan, pangolin, and the chinese pangolin. two others, including the philippine pangolin endemic to palawan, are classified as near threatened .\n13) although modern pangolins live only in africa and asia, pangolin fossils have also been found in europe and north america .\nzsl has supported two edge fellows (in - country conservationists) to lead projects on the chinese and sunda pangolins in nepal and vietnam, and is currently supporting an edge fellow focusing on the sunda pangolin in thailand as part of the pangolin conservation initiative .\nconservationists are battling to save the pangolin, the most illegally traded animal in the world, before it is “eaten to extinction” .\nthe indian pangolin’s armor is amongst the most effective in the mammalian world. it has about 13 rows of moveable sharp scales covering its body, which are shed periodically. its snout, the inside of its legs and the underparts of its body are unprotected, but it can roll into a tight ball during times of danger, leaving only its scales exposed. it also has several hairs in between each scale, to protect against its primary prey – termites and ants .\n“in addition shepherd says it' s time for consumers to\nface the music .\nawareness amongst the public needs to be greatly raised, especially amongst potential consumer groups. people need to become responsible consumers and refuse to buy pangolin parts and derivatives. further to that, we need the public to become more actively involved in pangolin conservation ,\nshepherd says, who adds that concerned citizens can play an active role in saving pangolins .\ncall on your government to take pangolin poaching and trade issues seriously. refuse to spend money at restaurants or traditional medicine outlets that do sell pangolin parts and derivatives. support pangolin conservation initiatives .\n* - *\nsome species, such as the long - tailed pangolin, have prehensile tails that help in climbing in trees and hanging from branches .\na bluefire wifi 10m android borescope connected to an android smartphone was used to inspect a single active pangolin burrow in lawachara national park .\nzsl is championing the conservation of pangolins through engaging with on - the - ground conservationists, key decision makers, the media and conservation organisations around the world. we host the iucn ssc pangolin specialist group and run pangolin conservation projects in thailand, nepal and cameroon .\nafrican pangolin species are also threatened by intensive hunting but their habitat is also under threat from the use of pesticides and electric fences .\nthe species is understood to occur in various types of tropical forests as well as open land, grasslands and degraded habitats, including in close proximity to villages. the species can adapt well to modified habitats, provided its ant and termite prey remains abundant. indian pangolin is widely distributed in india, except the arid region, high himalayas and the north - east. it can be found at elevation up to 2500 m. the species also occurs in bangladesh, pakistan, nepal and sri lanka." ]

{ "text": [ "the indian pangolin , thick-tailed pangolin , or scaly anteater ( manis crassicaudata ) is a pangolin found in the plains and hills of bangladesh , india , sri lanka , nepal and bhutan .", "it is not common anywhere in its range .", "like other pangolins , it has large , overlapping scales on its body which act as armour .", "it can also curl itself into a ball as self-defence against predators such as the tiger .", "the colour of its scales varies depending on the colour of the earth in its surroundings .", "it is an insectivore that feeds on ants and termites , digging them out of mounds and logs using its long claws , which are as long as its fore limbs .", "it is nocturnal and rests in deep burrows during the day .", "the indian pangolin is threatened by hunting for its meat and for various body parts used in traditional medicine .", "within its range it is variously known as saal khapri ( chhattisgarhi ) , polusu pandi or nela chepa ( telugu ) , eenampechi ( \" ഈനാംപേച ചി \" in malayalam ) , azhungu or alangu ( tamil ) , bajrakapta ( oriya ) , kaballewa ( sinhala ) , and chippu handi ( kannada ) . " ], "topic": [ 1, 13, 1, 15, 1, 4, 28, 17, 19 ] }

[ "the indian pangolin, thick-tailed pangolin, or scaly anteater (manis crassicaudata) is a pangolin found in the plains and hills of bangladesh, india, sri lanka, nepal and bhutan. it is not common anywhere in its range. like other pangolins, it has large, overlapping scales on its body which act as armour. it can also curl itself into a ball as self-defence against predators such as the tiger. the colour of its scales varies depending on the colour of the earth in its surroundings. it is an insectivore that feeds on ants and termites, digging them out of mounds and logs using its long claws, which are as long as its fore limbs. it is nocturnal and rests in deep burrows during the day. the indian pangolin is threatened by hunting for its meat and for various body parts used in traditional medicine. within its range it is variously known as saal khapri (chhattisgarhi), polusu pandi or nela chepa (telugu), eenampechi (\" ഈനാംപേച ചി \" in malayalam), azhungu or alangu (tamil), bajrakapta (oriya), kaballewa (sinhala), and chippu handi (kannada)." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for tischerioidea yet. learn how to contribute .\napart from northern europe, the nepticuloidea and tischerioidea have so far been only poorly known. this book covers the mining microlepidoptera; nepticuloidea & tischerioidea - the world context; strategic regional revisions with descriptions of new species; revised fauna of the nepticulidae of lithuania; catalogue of the world nepticuloidea & tischerioidea; index to nepticuloidea & tischerioidea names; and an index to host - plants .\nsuperfamily tischerioidea approximately 80 species in a single family. family tischeriidae (trumpet leaf miner moths) approximately 80 species predominantly in north america; not found in australia or the rest of oceania. superfamily incurvarioidea\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nthis is a directory page. britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nanimal, (kingdom animalia), any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms (i. e. , as distinct from…\nthere are currently no reviews for this book. be the first to review this book !\nit' s @ solitarybeeweek - a week of action and education, raising awareness about solitary bees. if you' d like to lea… urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\nムモンハモグリガ科\nto\ntischeriidae\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nfensterminen - schopfstirnfalter\nto\ntischeria decidua wocke, 1876\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\na tischerid moth\nto\ntischeria decidua wocke, 1876\n.\nhans - martin braun removed a common name in an unknown language from\ntischeria decidua wocke, 1876\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncheck list of the lepidoptera of north america... ms, database (version 2003 )\nongoing developmental version with contributions by don lafontaine, jean - françois landry, jim troubridge, paul opler, ron hodges, john brown, et al. higher classification does not yet reflect recent and substantial changes that have been published\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor, t ex arter i ett visst län, i en viss biotop, substrat, som påverkas av en hotfaktor, eller som är knutna till en sk värdart, t ex trädet alm. dessa kan även kombineras .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, knutna till alm, är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .\ndefaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer. under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade. om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer. nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .\ndenna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera. du kan t. ex. navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn. du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder, kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista. ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera”, där du kan söka på olika egenskaper. ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .\nthe mit license copyright (c) 2014 - 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urltoken copyright (c) steven sanderson, the knockout. js team, and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright (c) 2009–2015 permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors. all rights reserved. redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution. this software is provided by openlayers contributors '` as is'' and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute goods or services; loss of use, data, or profits; or business interruption) however caused and on any theory of liability, whether in contract, strict liability, or tort (including negligence or otherwise) arising in any way out of the use of this software, even if advised of the possibility of such damage. the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, either expressed or implied, of openlayers contributors .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "tischerioidea is the superfamily of \" trumpet \" leaf miner moths .", "this is one candidate as the sister group ( see also palaephatoidea ) of the bulk of lepidoptera , the ditrysia ( davis , 1999 ; wiegmann et al. , 2002 ) , and they have a monotrysian type of female reproductive system .", "the superfamily contains just one family and traditionally one genus , tischeria , but currently three genera are recognised , widespread across the world including south america ( davis , 1986 ) , except for australasia ( puplesis and diskus , 2003 ) .", "these small moths are leaf-miners in the caterpillar stage , feeding mainly on fagaceae ( tischeria and coptotriche ) , asteraceae and malvaceae ( astrotischeria ) , and some also on rhamnaceae , tiliaceae and rosaceae . " ], "topic": [ 11, 16, 26, 8 ] }

[ "tischerioidea is the superfamily of \" trumpet \" leaf miner moths. this is one candidate as the sister group (see also palaephatoidea) of the bulk of lepidoptera, the ditrysia (davis, 1999; wiegmann et al., 2002), and they have a monotrysian type of female reproductive system. the superfamily contains just one family and traditionally one genus, tischeria, but currently three genera are recognised, widespread across the world including south america (davis, 1986), except for australasia (puplesis and diskus, 2003). these small moths are leaf-miners in the caterpillar stage, feeding mainly on fagaceae (tischeria and coptotriche), asteraceae and malvaceae (astrotischeria), and some also on rhamnaceae, tiliaceae and rosaceae." ]

[ "ronquil (ss - 396), surfaced and underway, date and place unknown .\na preview for' uss ronquil (ss - 396)' could not be found .\nronquil (ss - 396), after\nguppy\nmodernization, post 1953, place unknown .\nstarboard bow view of the ronquil (ss - 396) entering pearl harbor, circa 1944 - 45 .\n/ realestatehomesforsale / 604 - ronquil - park - pl - lenoir - nc - 28645 - gid400014292810. html\nphoto of re - commissioning ceremonies aboard ronquil (ss - 396) at mare island on 16 january 1953 .\ncdr. robert bond lander was the commanding officer of the ronquil (ss - 396) from december 1944 to 29 august 1945 .\nstarboard view of the ronquil (ss - 396) circa mid 1950' s passing the submarine tender nereus (as - 17) .\nronquil (ss - 396), at buckner bay, okinawa, with canadian destroyers anchored in background. circa mid 1950' s .\nronquil (ss - 396) makes her way past the wire fence into the open sea in this post mid 1950' s photo .\nwhat made you want to look up ronquil? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\ncommemorative postal cover marking the commissioning of the ronquil (ss - 396), 22 april 1944 at portsmouth navy yard, kittery, me .\nsterlet (ss - 392), and ronquil (ss - 396) moored outboard of the asr in yokosuka harbor, japan, 1954 .\nice station zebra star ronquil (ss - 396) in the 1968 film in which she played the part of the fictional tigerfish (ssn - 509) .\nhigh quality content by wikipedia articles uss ronquil (ss - 396), a balao - class submarine, was the only ship of the united states navy named for the ronquil, a spiny - finned fish found along the northwest coast of north america. it has a single dorsal fin and a large mouth and resembles the tropical jawfish .\nthe ronquil (ss - 396), taken 25 february 1949 passing under the golden gate bridge on her way in from extensive cold weather maneuvers in the gulf of alaska .\nsterlet (ss - 392), in kaohsiung, formosa, tied up alongside the dock and the ronquil (ss - 396) moored outboard. circa mid 1950' s .\narticle from the 12 november 1965 edition of the grapevine - drydocker newspaper (combined newspaper of mare island & hunters point naval shipyards) concerning the ronquil (ss - 396) donating her bow to the pomfret .\ncommemorative postal cover marking the quadruple launching of the razorback (ss - 394), redfish (ss - 395), ronquil (ss - 396) & scabbardfish (ss - 397) launching, 27 january 1944 at portsmouth navy yard, kittery, me .\nportside view of the ronquil (ss - 396), possibly taken circa january 1947, when she departed san diego for her first peacetime western pacific deployment. this patrol lasted 114 days and took the submarine to tahiti, the carolines, the marianas, japan, and the yellow sea .\nex ronquil (ss - 396), in spanish naval service. named after the spanish submarine pioneer, isaac peral (s - 32) is seen at barcelona, spain, 22 january 1983. partially visible is martín álvarez (l - 12), ex wexford county (lst - 1168) .\nronquil (ss - 396), in a postwar photo showing her radar antennae, peace - time hull number and name markings, and a pair each of 5 - inch and 40 - millimeter guns. some submarines were modified late in world war ii for heavy surface firepower for use against smaller ships and craft .\nearly 1944 photo of the redfish (ss - 395), ronquil (ss - 396) & razorback (ss - 394) under construction and soon to be launched, with prefabricated sections and other building parts for the soon to be constructed piper (ss - 409) & threadfin (ss - 410) in the foreground .\npreparing for the christening ceremony aboard the redfish (ss - 395) at portsmouth navy yard, kittery, me. , 27 january 1944. two of the submarines behind the redfish are either the razorback (ss - 394), ronquil (ss - 396) & scabbardfish (ss - 397). all 4 boats were launched that day .\nronquil (ss - 396), 19 june 1963. after taking part in a demonstration of antisubmarine operations for the national radio and television networks, she began a period of overhaul and local operations. the submarine departed san diego in november 1963 for duty with the 7th fleet; on her return to california, she again resumed operations off the west coast .\nsperry (as - 12) moored in the harbor at san diego ca. , in 1962 with submarines on her port side, from outboard to inboard, bugara (ss - 331) caiman (ss - 323) ronquil (ss - 396) charr (ss - 328) sea fox (ss - 402) and menhaden (ss - 377) .\nmiss ruth roper holds the bottle at the christening ceremony aboard the redfish (ss - 395) at portsmouth navy yard, kittery, me. , 27 january 1944. two of the submarines behind the redfish are either the razorback (ss - 394), ronquil (ss - 396) & scabbardfish (ss - 397). all 4 boats were launched that day .\nnorthern ronquil: ronquilus jordani size: to 7 inches (18cm) range: bering sea to monterey bay, central california. habitat: in rock rubble on sand mud; 10 – 540 feet (3 - 162 m) comments: pale to dark orange - cream and grey. elongated body with orange band or spot below eyes. single, continuous dorsal fin. species quickly retreats into shelter when approached .\nbroadside view of ronquil (ss - 396) off mare island on trials during her guppy ii conversion on 30 march 1953. she was under conversion at the yard from 27 may 1952 to 3 april 1953. note she was fitted with a so - called\nstep sail\n; as shown in other photographs on this page, this was later replaced by a\nnorthern sail\n, designed to bring the bridge higher, so that it could be manned in rough weather. she shows a new 100 - in sonar dome on deck forward to accommadate a wfa - 1 transducer (but designed for the bqs - 2 that replaced it). note also the sleeve, surrounding her raised periscope, that was designed to permit vibration free operation at higher speeds .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngreek, bathys = deep + greek, master, - eros = someone that researches, that looks for (ref. 45335) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions, which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather, it reflects the current content of fishbase, and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes. however, we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase, to start new work on the family, or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value. in particular, for published scientific, we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research, but again, not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised, the list is not complete, please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes (genera, species), including those with uncertain or unknown status, that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes (not shown but used to sort names) .\nin the column coff, the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff: 0: not checked; 1: same status; 2: different status; 3: other combination; 4: synonym in coff; 5: species / subspecies issue; 6: synonym of another species in coff; 7: not in coff; 8: should not be in coff. the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 (ref. 97102) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized, nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first (or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized) then other genera by chronological order of description (and alphabetical order) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order (and alphabetical order), with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\nnamed after david starr jordan, u. s. ichthyologist (ref. 6885 )\nmarine; demersal; depth range 3 - 275 m (ref. 6793). temperate; - 37°n\neastern pacific: pribilof canyon in the bering sea and amchitka island in the aleutian chain to monterey bay, california, usa .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 20. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 48889 )\ndorsal spines (total): 0; dorsal soft rays (total): 41 - 48; anal spines: 0; anal soft rays: 31 - 34. caudal rounded (ref. 6885). males orange dorsally, dull olive green ventrally; vague darker vertical bars on sides, fine yellow longitudinal lines below lateral line canal, and yellow on upper part of pectoral fin; golden bars below eye and across middle of cheek; black on top of head and across occiput, and behind eye; dusky blotch at anterior end of dorsal fin; black margined with yellow on dorsal and caudal fins; iridescent light blue margined with black on anal fin with golden spots at base; pelvic fins and lower parts of pectorals black. females olive green dorsally, lighter ventrally; yellow longitudinal lines on sides; reddish on occiput; dusky blotch on anterior part of dorsal fin; bright orange on edges of dorsal and caudal; pale light blue margined with brown on anal; white on pelvic fins (ref. 6885) .\neschmeyer, w. n. , e. s. herald and h. hammann, 1983. a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america. boston (ma, usa): houghton mifflin company. xii + 336 p. (ref. 2850 )\n): 3. 2 - 8. 9, mean 5. 7 (based on 254 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 1. 0078 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00389 (0. 00180 - 0. 00842), b = 3. 12 (2. 94 - 3. 30), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 1 ±0. 29 se; based on food items .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (10 of 100) .\ngreek, bathys = deep + greek, master, - eros = somebody that research (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; demersal; depth range 0 - 95 m (ref. 50550). boreal; 56°n - 52°n, 156°w - 128°w\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 30. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 2850 )\ninhabits rocky areas (ref. 2850). retreats into a hole or crevice (ref. 2850) .\n): 8. 2 - 9. 7, mean 9. 2 (based on 32 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5703 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 7 ±0. 3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (24 of 100) .\nlove words? you must — there are over 200, 000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\nthis page was last edited on 14 january 2018, at 02: 36 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. this website uses cookies that provide targeted advertising and which track your use of this website. by clicking ‘continue’ or by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\na slender bottom - dwelling fish that lives in cold coastal waters of the north pacific .\nstay up to date with our latest news and receive new words updates, blog posts, and more .\nin this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot - on cv .\narchaic words have a charm that never fades away, from french sounding to wondrously mysterious ones .\nany of several percoid fishes of the family bathymasteridae, ranging along the pacific coast of north america .\nurltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary, © random house, inc. 2018\nplease report any broken links or trouble you might come across to the webmaster. please take a moment to let us know so that we can correct any problems and make your visit as enjoyable and as informative as possible .\n: laid down, 9 september 1943, at portsmouth navy yard, kittery, me. ; launched, 27 january 1944; commissioned\n, 22 april 1944; decommissioned, 1 may 1952 ,\nguppy\nmodernization at mare island naval shipyard, vallejo, ca. ; recommissioned, 16 january 1953; decommissioned, 1 july 1971, struck from the naval register, the same day and transferred to spain, under the mutual security assistance act; commissioned into the spanish navy as\n; final disposition, struck from spanish naval rolls, in 1982, fate unknown .\n: displacement, surfaced 1, 526 t. , submerged 2, 391 t. ; length 311' 9\n; beam 27' 3\n; draft 15' 3\n; speed, surfaced 20. 25 kts, submerged 8. 75 kts; cruising range, 11, 000 miles surfaced at 10 kts; submerged endurance, 48 hours at 2 kts; operating depth, 400 ft; complement 6 officers 60 enlisted; armament, ten 21\ntorpedo tubes, six forward, four aft, 24 torpedoes, one 5\n/ 25 deck gun, one single 40mm gun mount, one single 20mm gun mount, two. 50 cal. machine guns; patrol endurance 75 days; propulsion, diesel - electric reduction gear, four fairbanks - morse diesel engines, 5, 400 hp, fuel capacity, 116, 000 gal. , four elliot motor co. electric main motors, 2, 740hp, two 126 - cell main storage batteries, two propellers .\nphoto courtesy of john d. alden, author of the fleet submarine in the u. s. navy: a design and construction history .\nusn photo # 15913 - 1 - 53, courtesy of darryl l. baker .\nusn photo # 16880 - 3 - 53, courtesy of darryl l. baker. partial text courtesy of fabio peña & u. s. submarines since 1945, an illustrated design history by norman friedman & james l. christley. naval institute press .\nisaac peral y caballero. born in cartagena, 1 june 1851. died in berlin, 22 may 1895. spanish scientist and sailor, lieutenant in the [ spanish ] royal navy and inventor of the first submarine torpedo boat, the peral (1885) .\nisaac peral (s - 32), at barcelona, spain, 22 january 1983. note retracted bow hydroplane\nthis page is created by michael mohl, and maintained by michael mohl ©1996 - 2018, navsource history all rights reserved .\ncfm script by eagbayani, 28. 08. 01, php script by cmilitante, 04 / 03 / 10, last modified by cmilitante, 11 / 12 / 12\nmarine; demersal; depth range 0 - 80 m (ref. 58017). temperate\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 21. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 2850 )\ndorsal spines (total): 2; dorsal soft rays (total): 41 - 45; anal spines: 1 - 2; anal soft rays: 29 - 34. pelvic fin thoracic, consisting of 1 spine and 5 soft rays, not covered with scales. length of scaled portion of caudal fin less than 1 / 2 its whole length. maxillary extending to below about middle of eye. attains about 20 cm sl .\n): 1. 9 - 7. 9, mean 3. 6 (based on 316 cells) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 6 ±0. 3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (11 of 100) .\nthis video is no longer available because the youtube account associated with this video has been terminated .\nthis advertisement does not suggest that the broker has a listing or has done a transaction in this property or properties, nor does it suggest, directly or indirectly that the advertising broker was involved in the transaction .\neach office independently owned and operated. re / max, llc is an equal opportunity employer and supports the fair housing act .\nspiny dogfish squalus acanthias linnaeus, 1758 etymology: squalus = shark; acanthais = referring to the spines size: to 5, 3′ to 20lbs range: cosmopolitan: bering sea to the baja california, chile. habitat: in schools, feeding on fishes description: slate grey to brown with grey - white underside; juveniles are spotted. a single spine is located at the front of each of the 2 dorsal fins. comments: species is taken in commercial fisheries, originally for live oil, now as a food fish. spiny dogfish bear young rather that laying eggs. sometimes schools of these sharks surround divers. species is also found chine to korea, and in atlantic, mediterranean and black sea. there have been canadian tag returns from japan to mexico .\nred irish lord hemilepidotus hemilepidotus, red irish lord sculpin, spotted irish lord size: 50 cm (20 in) long range: alaska to california habitat: intertidal to 50 m (165ft) description: so confident is the sculpin in its camouflage and its capacity for concealment, it is easily picked up by a diver. comments: a resourceful underwater photographer may turn this behaviour to advantage by placing a specimen on a suitable background .\nmosshead warbonnet chirolophis nugator, mosshead prickleback, ornamented blenny size: to 15cm (6 in) long range: alaska to california habitat: intertidal to 80m (265 ft) comments: this “crewcut” species often hides under rocks or in the empty casings of giant acorn barnacle. an organized group of beachcombers, suitably equipped, may find this fish by bailing out a tidal pool. select a pool in the lower intertidal zone that can be bailed out. this method is eco - friendly, as the returning tide quickly restores the habitat .\nlingcod ophiodon elongatus size: to 1. 5m (5ft) long, 47. 7kg (105lbs) wieght range: alaska – mexico habitat: subtidal to 2, 000m (6, 600 ft) comments: overfisihing has reduced virtually every population of this species, which appears tailor - made for a no - take marine protected area solution. in recent years, concerned and motivated divers have been participating in lingcod egg - mass counts every february .\nblackeyed goby: coryphopterus nicholsi size: rarely grows over 5 inches range: from canada to midway down the baja peninsula habitat: from tide pools to water over 400 feet deep comments: this small bottom - dwelling fish can be identified by the it’s cream to white color and large black eyes. they are brave little fish and often allow divers to approach within several inches before darting away for cover. around bc waters we find them around numerous rocky reef areas usually near the sand. they feed on tiny crustaceans, amphipods and mollusks. all blackeyed goby’s start out as females and turn to males somewhere between 2 1 / 2 – 3 inches .\nplainfin midshipman, midshipman, singing toadfish, singing fish, grunting fish porichthys notatus size: 38cm (15 in) long range: bc to mexico habitat: intertidal to 365 m (1, 200 ft) comments: this widespread species commonly buries in soft substrates. in summer, a protective adult male may be found under intertidal rocks guarding eggs or newborns, both of which are attached to the underside of the solid shelter. at any time of year, huge numbers are an unwanted bycatch in commercial shrimp trawling activities .\nroughback sculpin chitonotus pugetensis size: to 23 cm (9in) long range: bc to mexico habitat: subtidal, 9 – 140 m (30 – 462 ft) comments: a common, nocturnally active sculpin, it thrives on sandy or silty bottoms. adult specimens are usually east to sex. a male often displays bright or noticeable “eye caps” and always has a large anal papilla – an organ analogous to the penis .\nsailfin sculpin nautichthys oculofasciatus common names: sailorfish, sailor fish size: 20 cm (8 in) distribution: southern california to the gulf of alaska habitat: this sinuous swimmer is most abundant in shallow water where it cruises along rocky outcroppings cliff faces or upon adjacent sandy areas. it may also live around jetties and pilings a common sight for the night diver, the graceful sailfin scuplin swims over the bottom by holding still while moving its dorsal and anal fin rays independently, one after another in a continuous series of waves .\nlongfin gunnel pholis clemensi size: to 12. 5cm (5in) long range: alaska to california habitat: subtidal 7 – 64m (23 – 210ft) comments: this diminutive gunnel may dsplay either a bright or dull color variation. like many of the other elongate fishes covered here, the guarding parent coils around eggs and fans them with its pectoral fins .\ngrunt sculpin grunt fish, pigfish rhamphocottus richardsonii size: to 8. 9 cm (3. 7 inches) long range: japan, alaska to california habitat: intertidal to 200m (660 ft) comments: this atypical sculpin is intimately associated with the giant acorn barnacle, specifically the empty casings in which it hides. when showing its snout from a casing, it mimics a live quiescent barnacle. when protruding its orange tail, it produces the effect of a feeding barnacle .\nquillback rockfish sebastes maliger size: to 24″ (60cm) range: prince william sound, alaska to point sur < california habitat: on rocky refs surface (in kelp beds) to 480′ (146m) comments: common and abundant in many areas, often in shelter of rocks or sponges. not a schooling species. has been depleted in some areas by sport and commercial fisheries .\nsaddleback gunnel species: pholis ornata common names: saddled benny size: 30 cm (12in) range: central california to southern british columbia; korea habitat: shallow muddy substrate densely covered with eelgrass beds are prime locales for divers in search of the secretive saddleback gunnel. comments: in late winter and early spring, a mature female saddleback gunnel deposits her eggs in a small round cluster, while a male fertilizes them, and then both parents remain as guards." ]

{ "text": [ "ronquils ( sometimes spelt ronchils ) are perciform marine fish of the small family bathymasteridae .", "found only in arctic and north pacific waters , the ronquil family contains just seven species in three genera .", "the larger species are important to commercial fisheries as food fish .", "ronquils are most closely related to the eelpouts and prowfish .", "the name ronquil is said to derive from the spanish ronquillo meaning \" slightly hoarse \" .", "the family name bathymasteridae can be translated from the greek to mean \" deep searcher \" . " ], "topic": [ 17, 26, 15, 3, 25, 25 ] }

[ "ronquils (sometimes spelt ronchils) are perciform marine fish of the small family bathymasteridae. found only in arctic and north pacific waters, the ronquil family contains just seven species in three genera. the larger species are important to commercial fisheries as food fish. ronquils are most closely related to the eelpouts and prowfish. the name ronquil is said to derive from the spanish ronquillo meaning \" slightly hoarse \". the family name bathymasteridae can be translated from the greek to mean \" deep searcher \"." ]

[ "watson, a. 1957 ,\na revision of the genus tridrepana swinhoe (lepidoptera: drepanidae )\n, bulletin of the british museum (natural history) entomology, vol. 4, pp. 407 - 500, pls 2, 3\nthe adult moths of this species have yellow wings, with brown patches of various sizes on the forewings, particularly on the margin just below the wingtip, and also near the centre of the wing. the females appear to be somewhat paler than the males. the forewings have a distinctly hook - shaped wingtips, giving a recurve shape to the forewing margins the moths have a wingspan of about 2. 5 cms .\n, melbourne university press, 1990, pl. 11. 2, p. 380 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nwarren, w. 1922 ,\n[ details not found ]\n, ed. seitz, a. (ed .), [ 1922 - 1924 ]. the macrolepidoptera of the world. 10. bombyces and sphinges of the indo - australian region. 2 vols, alfred kernen verlag, stuttgart\nwarren, w. 1903 ,\nnew uraniidae, drepanulidae and geometridae from british new guinea\n, novitates zoologicae, vol. 10, pp. 343 - 413\nbutler, a. g. 1887 ,\n[ details not yet found ]\n, annals of natural history, ser. 5, vol. 19\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: b25bf946 - c99b - 4a9f - 8875 - 1997ee33cba9\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 371654\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nif you know the species, please, click on the picture and write the species name in comments section. also, you can go to the gallery page with all photos of drepaninae sp. (large size) .\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nspring and summer is the time for the larger moths. here is a sample from the kuranda rainforest .\ndavid and family moved to kuranda, queensland in 2002, following retirement from csiro canberra, australia. david, barbara and an assortment of wildlife live in a rainforest setting. it is their first experience living in the tropics. david' s major interest is entomology. he continues research in the orthopteroid insects and is keenly interested in the biology of the rainforest. this blog is a narrative of observations made in and around kuranda. and remember to see more insects go to: urltoken and proceed to the\nalbums\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3. 0 unported license .\nborneo! ! why borneo of all places. well it a place that i have visited about a half dozen times in the last 15 years and it is an interestin ...\nan interesting dilemma a situation has arisen recently that is worthy of note here. a large stick insect, the giant spiny stick ins ...\nmeet the green tree snake i’ve been waiting for that spectacular snake shot to introduce the snake fauna of our rainforest, but nothing very ...\nnothing has been said to date on the lizard fauna in this blog. kuranda has a nice selection of lizards ranging from some very small speci ...\nwell as a tropical low develops over the city of cairns, the titan arum in the cairns botanic gardens continues to develop. it is a wet time ...\nlast week during the height of the deluge, i had a look at the light and the tree adjacent to it, a quandong, elaeocarpus sp. , was actually ...\ncoremata, including hair pencils, is a phenomenon associated with lepidoptera. they are signalling structures produced by males that are see ...\na few interesting beetles each morning there is an array of beetles of many species at the light sheet. the species component varies with ...\nthe recent aquisition of a truly giant stick insect has prompted this bit of\ncrowing\n. australia' s largest insects are to be ...\nthere are only a few grasshopper species that could be considered as true rainforest inhabitants in northern australia. reasons for this are ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 / / en\nall rights reserved. no part of this publication may be reproduced (except brief passages for the purpose of a review), stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author." ]

{ "text": [ "tridrepana lunulata is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "it was described by butler in 1887 .", "it is found in indonesia , papua new guinea and australia , where it has been recorded from northern queensland .", "the wingspan is about 25 mm .", "the wings are yellow with brown patches on the forewings . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1 ] }

[ "tridrepana lunulata is a moth in the drepanidae family. it was described by butler in 1887. it is found in indonesia, papua new guinea and australia, where it has been recorded from northern queensland. the wingspan is about 25 mm. the wings are yellow with brown patches on the forewings." ]

[ "tropidonotus tigrinus boie 1826: 205 amphiesma tigrinum — duméril & bibron 1854: 732 tropidonotus lateralis berthold 1859 amphiesma tigrinum — hallowell 1860: 499 tropidonotus orientalis günther 1861: 391 tropidonotus tigrinus — günther 1888: 171 tropidonotus tigrinus — boulenger 1893: 249 tropidonotus tigrinus — boulenger 1896: 607 natrix tigrina — stejneger 1907: 272 natrix tigrina lateralis — stejneger 1907: 278 natrix tigrina lateralis — mell 1931 [ 1929 ] natrix tigrina lateralis ab. caerulescens — emelianov 1936 natrix tigrina lateralis — glass 1946 natrix tigrina — alexander & diener 1958 rhabdophis tigrina — malnate 1960 rhabdophis tigrinus lateralis — szyndlar 1984 rhabdophis tigrina lateralis zhao & jiang 1986 rhabdophis tigrina — kharin 2011 rhabdophis lateralis — takeuchi et al. 2012 rhabdophis tigrinus — takeuchi et al. 2012 rhabdophis tigrinus — wallach et al. 2014: 637 rhabdophis tigrinus formosanus (maki 1931) natrix tigrina formosana maki 1931 rhabdophis tigrinus formosanus ota & mori 1985 rhabdophis tigrinus formosanus ota et al. 1999 rhabdophis formosanus — takeuchi et al. 2012\nclinical characteristics of yamakagashi (rhabdophis tigrinus) bites: a national survey in japan, 2000 - 2013 .\nshows that rhabdophis tigrinus becomes poisonous by sequestering toxins from its prey, which consists of venomous toads. the process allows the snake\n' dietary sequestration of defensive steroids in nuchal glands of the asian snake rhabdophis tigrinus' by deborah a. hutchinson, akira mori et al .\nsakai a: clinical feature of envenomation by the snake, yamakagashi (rhabdophis tigrinus). chudoku kenkyu. 2007, 20: 235 - 243 .\nrhabdophis tigrinus is a diurnal, olive green snake. the snout - vent length of rhabdophis tigrinus males ranges between 60 - 90 cm and 60 - 260 grams (tanaka and ota, 2002). females range between 65 - 130 cm and 80 - 800 grams (tanaka and ota, 2002) .\nyamakagashi (rhabdophis tigrinus) is a species of pit viper present throughout russia and eastern asia. although r. tigrinus venom is known to induce life - threatening hemorrhagic symptoms, the clinical characteristics and effective treatment of r. tigrinus bites remain unknown. the present study aimed to clarify these issues .\nrhabdophis tigrinus (yamakagashi snake) is a rear - fanged colubrid snake present throughout russia and asia. its venom induces life - threatening hemorrhagic symptoms and severe disseminated intravascular coagulation with a fibrinolytic phenotype .\ntoriba, michihisa 2002. on the blue color phase of rhabdophis tigrinus [ in japanese ]. bulletin of the herpetological society of japan 2002 (2): 68 - 69. - get paper here\nota, h. ; mori, a. 1985. notes on the fourth collected specimen of rhabdophis tigrinus formosanus and the morphological features characteristic of this subspecies. japanese journal of herpetology 11: 41 - 45\nzhu, guangxiang; zhao ermi, wei mengjing, guo peng 2014. a multivariate morphometric analysis of rhabdophis tigrinus lateralis (squamata: colubridae) from the herpetofauna of china. sichuan journal of zoology 33 (3) - get paper here\nkomori k, konishi m, maruta y, toriba m, sakai a, matsuda a, hori t, nakatani m, minamino n, akizawa t: characterization of a novel metalloproteinase in duvernoy’s gland of rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus. j ttoxicoll sci. 2006, 31: 157 - 168. 10. 2131 / jts. 31. 157 .\nota, hidetoshi, szu - lung chen, jun - tsong lin and michihisa toriba. 1999. taxonomic status of the taiwanese population of rhabdophis tigrinus (squamata: colubridae): morphological and karyological assessement. japanese journal of herpetology 18 (1): 1 - 6\nthis study aimed to elucidate the clinical characteristics of r. tigrinus bites and to clarify the effectiveness of antivenom treatment .\nmorokuma k, kobori n, fukuda t, uchida t, sakai a, toriba m, ohkuma k, nakai k, kurata t, takahashi m: experimental manufacture of equine antivenom against yamakagashi (rhabdophis tigrinus). jpn j infect dis. 2011, 64: 397 - 402 .\nmori k, hisa s, suzuki s, sugai k, sakai h, kikuchi t, hiwatashi n, shishido h, goto y, takahashi t: a case of severe defibrination syndrome due to snake (rhabdophis tigrinus) bite. rinsho ketsueki. 1983, 24: 256 - 262 .\npatients with r. tigrinus bites presented with dic of a fibrinolytic phenotype, which can result in life - threatening injury unless appropriate antivenom and dic treatment are provided .\nin our small retrospective study, antivenom administration was likely to be effective in the management of r. tigrinus bites. apparently, further research is required to confirm its efficacy .\nzhu, guang - xiang; ying - yong wang, hirohiko takeuchi & er - mi zhao 2014. a new species of the genus rhabdophis fitzinger, 1843 (squamata: colubridae) from guangdong province, southern china. zootaxa 3765 (5): 469–480\nr. tigrinus bites were diagnosed based on the detailed information of snakes that patients observed and hemorrhagic symptoms including severe hypofibrinogenemia, and final diagnosis was recorded in a file of the japan snake institute .\nds into their nuchal glands, demonstrating the feasibility of uptake across the eggshell. female r. tigrinus provision bufadienolides to their offspring in direct proportion to their own level of chemical defense. by feeding toad - derived bufotoxins to r. tigrinus hatchlings, we determined that the sequestration of these compounds involves at least three types of modification: hydrolytic cleavage of suberylarginine side chains, hydroxylation, and epimerization .\nhe small colubrid snakes of the genus rhabdophis have a shady past in the pet trade. because they resemble certain harmless garter snake - like species, they were imported into the u. s. and u. k. under the wrong names, and ended up causing medically - significant emergencies when they bit their new owners .\nseventeen bufadienolides from the nuchal gland fluid of r. tigrinus. compound 8 is 11α - hydroxytelocinobufagin, compound 10 is gamabufotalin, compound 13 is hellebrigenin, and compound 17 is telocinobufagenin. compounds 2 – 6 and 9 are new natural products .\nhe researchers found that snakes living on japanís toad - free island of kinkazan lacked the toadís toxic bufadienolide compounds completely. snakes from ishima, where toads are plentiful, had high levels of bufadienolides. r. tigrinus from honshu, where toad numbers vary, displayed a wide range of bufadienolide concentrations. feeding r. tigrinus hatchlings toad - rich and toad - free diets confirmed these results. the study also found that snake mothers with high concentrations of the toxin are able to pass bufadienolide toxin on their offspring, helping protect them from predators .\nr. tigrinus antivenom manufactured by the immunization of horses to neutralize the venom has the risk of adverse events such as anaphylaxis and serum sickness disease. it should be used when benefit is greater than the risk of adverse effects; however, its efficacy has not been well evaluated .\nhplc chromatogram of pooled samples of nuchal gland fluid from r. tigrinus hatchlings born to dam no. 4 that were fed toads for 34–64 days. the 17 bufadienolides we identified are indicated by number (see fig. 5). mau, milli - absorbance units at 280 nm .\nr. tigrinus bites are rare in clinical practice but demonstrated dic with the fibrinolytic phenotype, which can result in life - threatening injury unless appropriate antivenom and dic treatment are provided. throughout the at - risk asian countries, critical care physicians should be aware of this injury and its treatment .\nour results provide chemical support for the hypothesis that r. tigrinus sequesters defensive bufadienolides from a dietary source. we found that when hatchling r. tigrinus lack bufadienolides, they can acquire those toxins from ingested toads. juvenile r. tigrinus prey primarily on non - bufonid frogs (30) but also consume larval and juvenile toads, when such food is available (ref. 31 and unpublished data). unfed hatchlings display higher tongue - flicking scores for bufonid extracts than for other prey extracts, demonstrating an innate preference for toads (32). the offspring of defended dams possessed bufadienolides at hatching, because of maternal provisioning of toxins sequestered by the dam from dietary toads. such defended hatchlings can increase the diversity of bufadienolides in their arsenal by consuming toads that possess additional bufadienolide compounds. subsequent experiments have confirmed the role of maternal provisioning and have demonstrated a strong positive relationship between the quantities of bufadienolides in dams and their offspring .\nalthough our previous survey of nine cases demonstrated that seven of all cases treated with antivenom survived, the clinical characteristics and prognosis without antivenom administration remained unclear. we assumed that r. tigrinus antivenom administration overlaps self - recovery with supportive care. we aimed to determine the association between antivenom administration and outcome with further analyzed cases .\nvenomous! nomenclature: “tigrina” fide khalikov 1998 (pers. comm .). distribution: not listed for vietnam (by sang et al. 2009). diet: the diet of r. tigrinus on kinkasan island exclusively consisted of a frog, rana tagoi, which is the only amphibian species inhabiting kinkasan island (akira & nagata 2016) .\nthe bufadienolides from nuchal gland fluid lacked the suberylarginine side - chain characteristic of bufotoxins, which are c3 - acylated bufadienolides present as major components of the skin secretions of both american and japanese toads (26, 27). the absence of bufotoxins in the nuchal gland fluid suggests that r. tigrinus either selectively takes up nonacylated bufadienolides from toads or, more likely, cleaves the suberylarginine side chains from bufotoxins after uptake. the mechanisms of bufadienolide uptake and storage in r. tigrinus have not yet been investigated. however, a preliminary analysis of plasma from one female revealed the presence of small amounts of two bufadienolides, suggesting that the dense capillary networks of the nuchal glands function in delivery of toxins .\nour comparison of snakes from a toad - free island (kinkazan) with those from a toad - rich island (ishima) demonstrate the influence of local prey availability on defensive chemistry and behavior in r. tigrinus. we interpret the reliance on flight for defense in kinkazan snakes (24) as an evolved response to the absence of toxic prey .\nwe tested the sequestration hypothesis by rearing hatchling r. tigrinus on diets either containing or lacking toads. our objectives were to assess whether unfed hatchlings contain bufadienolides in their nuchal glands and to determine whether hatchlings can sequester those toxins from ingested toads. we collected four gravid r. tigrinus from the kyoto and okayama prefectures on honshu, where toads occur, and sampled the nuchal gland fluid of each for chemical analysis. we also collected glandular fluid from several newly hatched offspring from each clutch before rearing them on alternative diets of fish, non - bufonid (non - toad) frogs that lack bufadienolides, or north american toads, which contain bufadienolides. we then resampled the nuchal gland fluid of the hatchlings one or two more times. each clutch consisted of 4–11 hatchlings .\nin clinical practice, physicians managing patients with snake bites usually ask for the assistance of the japan snake institute, where diagnosis is confirmed according to laboratory data and clinical symptoms. clinical data was routinely collected, and all cases of r. tigrinus bites were recorded in this institute. the records of the japan snake institute were retrospectively investigated between january 1, 1973 and december 31, 2013 .\nsome bufadienolides, such as gamabufotalin (10 and t7), appear to be sequestered unaltered or could be derived from side - chain hydrolysis of bufotoxins (10 from t3; 13 from t2; 17 from t6). most of the remaining bufadienolides in r. tigrinus resemble bufonid bufadienolides that have undergone additional hydroxylation after uptake by the snakes (figs. 2 and 5). hydroxylation of sequestered dietary toxins has been reported in predacious fireflies (28) and dendrobatid frogs (7). in dendrobatids, hydroxylation dramatically increases the toxicity of a sequestered alkaloid (7). the bufadienolides in r. tigrinus that have been studied for activity vary widely in their inhibition of the sodium - potassium pump and their positive inotropic action on heart muscle (29), which may be in part due to differences in hydroxylation among compounds. hydroxylation may also influence the bioavailability of bufadienolides .\nthe accumulation of sequestered toxins in the specialized defensive structures of r. tigrinus is unique among terrestrial vertebrates. our results not only document a rare case in which defensive toxins are acquired from vertebrate prey but also provide a compelling example of the geographic, ecological, and evolutionary interplay between diet and antipredator defense (33, 34). furthermore, our findings suggest that maternal diet and provisioning may be important determinants of hatchling fitness in this chemically defended vertebrate .\nthese experiments revealed that unfed juvenile snakes from kinkazan (n = 2) and those fed non - bufonid prey (n = 19) lacked bufadienolides in their nuchal glands. however, kinkazan snakes sequestered bufadienolides when fed toads in the laboratory (n = 17). these results further support the sequestration hypothesis and demonstrate that r. tigrinus on kinkazan have not lost the ability to sequester toxins. in contrast, all juvenile r. tigrinus from ishima possessed bufadienolides in their nuchal glands regardless of their diet in the laboratory. the presence of large quantities of bufadienolides (typically 1–2 mg per sampling) in unfed juveniles (n = 6) and those fed non - bufonid prey (n = 17) suggests that maternal provisioning of defensive bufadienolides is common where toads are abundant. furthermore, juveniles from ishima that were fed toads possessed more types of bufadienolides than their unfed siblings or those fed non - bufonid prey .\ncase 1 (a 54 - year - old man) with severe liver cirrhosis survived without administering antivenom. he had been bitten on his right hand by r. tigrinus. initially, he demonstrated decreased platelet counts and fibrinogen levels without increased fdp levels. he was closely followed up, and both platelet counts and fibrinogen levels were not decreased on the second day of admission, which was considered to be caused by lower venom adsorption. decreased platelet counts and fibrinogen levels on admission were caused by severe liver cirrhosis .\nin clinical practice, physicians managing patients with snake bites usually ask for the assistance of the japan snake institute, where diagnosis is confirmed according to laboratory data and clinical symptoms. antivenom is then dispatched to the treating physician by police car throughout japan, other than in the kyusyu region. in the kyusyu region, kaketsuken supplies antivenom to the physicians in the presence of the patient. antivenom is supplied only by these two institutes. clinical data was routinely collected, and all cases of r. tigrinus bites were recorded in the japan snake institute .\nnine patients (all males; median age, 38 years) with r. tigrinus bites were identified. on admission, the median levels of fibrinogen and fibrinogen degradation products, and platelet counts were 50 mg / dl, 295 μg / ml, and 107, 000 / mm 3, respectively. the median (minimum–maximum) disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic) score defined by the japanese association of acute medicine was 8 (1–8). antivenom was administered to seven patients, with a median interval of 35 h between bite and antivenom administration. all patients treated with antivenom survived, and the in - hospital mortality rate was 11% .\nin contrast, hatchlings from all three of these clutches rapidly and consistently accumulated bufadienolides in their nuchal glands when fed toads (fig. 3 a). for example, one hatchling that did not possess bufadienolides after feeding on fish for 8. 5 weeks exhibited nearly 0. 1 mg of these compounds in its nuchal gland fluid only 3 days after feeding on juvenile b. quercicus for 2 consecutive days. one hatchling that was sampled three times over 64 days continued to accumulate bufadienolides as additional toads were consumed (fig. 3 b). the results from these three clutches provide chemical evidence that dietary toxins are sequestered by r. tigrinus from toads .\nfour gravid female r. tigrinus were collected in the kyoto and okayama prefectures, japan. they were fed only non - bufonid frogs (rhacophorus arboreus and / or rana nigromaculata) in captivity before being shipped to the united states along with their clutches in july 2004. nuchal gland fluid was collected from the chemically defended dam (no. 4) in the u. s. after being fed goldfish (carassius auratus); the other three dams (nos. 1–3) appeared too emaciated after oviposition to be subjected to sampling. nuchal gland fluid was collected from these three dams postmortem, by which time they had been fed only fish and non - bufonid frogs in captivity .\naromatic region of 1 h - nmr spectra of nuchal gland fluid from r. tigrinus. (a) dam no. 3 and her hatchlings. the dam and her unfed and fish - fed hatchlings lacked bufadienolides (note the absence of peaks in the three regions diagnostic of bufadienolides, highlighted in green). the hatchlings only accumulated the toxins when fed toads. (b) a hatchling born to dam no. 3 that lacked bufadienolides at hatching (day 0) but accumulated increasing quantities as toads were consumed during the following 2 months. arrows indicate the presence of small quantities of bufadienolides. (c) a chemically defended dam (no. 4) and her offspring, which were maternally provisioned with toxins .\nnuchal glands of r. tigrinus. (a) snake in typical defensive posture (“neck arch”), with head bent and dorsal skin of neck exposed to predator. arrow indicates the ridge formed by the underlying nuchal glands. (b) vascular cast of skin in ventral view, showing the dense capillary beds of the paired nuchal glands. blood vessels have been filled with yellow latex, and the surrounding tissues have been cleared with methyl salicylate. anterior is toward the left. (scale bar: 5 mm .) (c) transverse section through a pair of nuchal glands, showing the absence of a secretory epithelium, lumen, or duct. the blue tissue is dermal collagen, which forms a dense capsule around each gland. the glands empty by rupturing through the thin skin between adjacent scales. trichrome stain was used. (scale bar: 1 mm. )\nthe fourth dam from honshu had very high concentrations of bufadienolides in her nuchal glands (fig. 3 c), presumably sequestered from japanese toads consumed before capture. a sample of nuchal gland fluid from this dam contained > 5 mg of bufadienolides. correspondingly, her offspring possessed bufadienolides immediately upon hatching, in quantities of 0. 1–1 mg per sampling (fig. 3 c). this finding indicates that chemically defended r. tigrinus can provision their hatchlings with bufadienolides, a pattern that we have recently observed in 10 additional clutches (unpublished data). the hatchlings from the fourth dam' s clutch retained bufadienolides in their nuchal glands for at least 8. 5 weeks, regardless of their diet in the laboratory. additionally, the fact that individuals fed north american toads accumulated new types of bufadienolides that they did not possess upon hatching (table 1) provided further evidence for sequestration of dietary toxins .\ntype locality: “japan”, “dejima of nagasaki city, eastern kyushu, japan” (fide zhao & adler, 1993) .\nnote: tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well. we are working on it .\ntype: bmnh 1861. 12. 27. 9 (and possibly additional specimens) .\nalexander, donald r. ; diener, richard a. 1958. a collection of amphibians and reptiles from japan. copeia 1958 (3): 218 - 219 - get paper here\naugstenová, barbora; sofia mazzoleniorcid, lukáš kratochvíl orcid and michail rovatsos 2017. evolutionary dynamics of the w chromosome in caenophidian snakes genes 2018, 9 (1), 5; doi: 10. 3390 / genes9010005 - get paper here\nbarbour, thomas 1909. notes on amphibia and reptilia from eastern asia. proc. new england zool. club 4: 53 - 78, 2 plates - get paper here\nberthold, a. a. 1859. einige neue reptilien des akad. zoolog. museums in göttingen. nachr. georg - august - univ. königl. ges. wiss. göttingen, 1859 (17): 179 - 181\nboie. h. 1826. merkmale einiger japanischer lurche. lsis von oken, jena. 18 - 19: 203 - 216 - get paper here\nboulenger, g. a. 1893. catalogue of the snakes in the british museum (nat. hist .) i. london (taylor & francis), 448 pp. - get paper here\nboulenger, g. a. 1896. catalogue of the snakes in the british museum, vol. 3. london (taylor & francis), xiv + 727 pp. - get paper here\nduméril, a. m. c. , g. bibron & a. h. a. duméril 1854. erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. vol. 7 (partie 1). paris, xvi + 780 s. - get paper here\ndunaev e. a. , orlova v. f. 2003. diversity of snakes (on the materials of the exposition of the zoological museum of the moscow state university). moscow: moscow state university press, 376 pp\ndunaev e. a. , orlova v. f. 2017. amphibians and reptiles of russia. atlas and determination. 2nd. ed. moscow: phyton xxi, 328 p\nemelianov, a. a. 1936. a new form from the family natricidae (ophidia) in the far east of the ussr. [ in russian ] bull. far e. br. acad. sci. u. s. s. r. (19): 111 - 113\nglass, bryan p. 1946. a collection of reptiles from hunan and anhwei provinces, china. copeia 1946 (4): 249 - 252 - get paper here\ngoris, r. c. & maeda, n. 2004. guide to the amphibians and reptiles of japan. krieger, malabar, 285 pp .\ngünther, a. 1861. [ letter relating to specimens sent from china by robert swinhoe ]. proc. zool. soc. london 1861: 390 - 391 [ 1862? ] - get paper here\ngünther, a. 1888. on a collection of reptiles from china. ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 1: 165 - 172 - get paper here\nhallowell, e. 1861. report upon the reptilia of the north pacific exploring expedition, under command of capt. john rogers, u. s. n. proc. acad. nat. sci. philadelphia 12 [ 1860 ]: 480 - 510 - get paper here\nitoh, masahiro; sasaki, motomichi; makino, sajiro. 1970. the chromosomes of some japanese snakes, with special regard to sexual dimorphism. japanese journal of genetics 45 (2): 121 - 128\nkharin v e 2011. annotated catalogue of amphibians and reptiles (amphibia, reptilia) of the far - eastern marine biosphere feb ras [ in russian ]. biodiversity and environment of far east reserves, vladivostok, dvmbgpz dvo ran 2011 (1): 30 - 48\nmacey, j. robert; papenfuss, theodore j. ; zhao, ermi 1988. the snakes of ningxia hui autonomous region as an indication of a herpetofaunal corridor. chinese herpetological research 2 (1): 4 - 5\nmatsubara, kazumi; chizuko nishida, yoichi matsuda, and yoshinori kumazawa 2016. sex chromosome evolution in snakes inferred from divergence patterns of two gametologous genes and chromosome distribution of sex chromosome - linked repetitive sequences. matsubara et al. zoological letters (2016) 2: 19 - get paper here\nmell, r. 1931. list of chinese snakes. lingnan sci. jour. , canton, 8 [ 1929 ]: 199 - 219 .\nmori, akira and eiko nagata 2016. relying on a single anuran species: feeding ecology of a snake community on kinkasan island, miyagi prefecture, japan current herpetology aug 2016, vol. 35, no. 2: 106 - 114. - get paper here\nmori, m. 1982. japans schlangen, vols. 1 - 3 (80, 102, 123 pp .). tokyo (igaku - shoin ltd .) [ bilingual edition in german and japanese ]\nnietzke, g. 2002. die terrarientiere 3: krokodile und schlangen. ulmer verlag (stuttgart), 375 pp .\nseung hoon, cha 2012. snake, the world most beautifull curve [ in korean ]. hownext, 304 pp. [ isbn 978 - 89 - 965656 - 7 - 3 ] - get paper here\nshannon, f. a. 1956. the reptiles and amphibians of korea. herpetologica 12 (1): 22 - 49 - get paper here\nstejneger, leonhard h. 1907. herpetology of japan and adjacent territory. bull. us natl. mus. 58: xx, 1 - 577 - get paper here\nszyndlar, z. 1984. a description of a small collection of amphibians and reptiles from the people' s democratic republic of korea, with notes on the distribution of the herpetofauna in that country. acta zool. cracov. 27 (1): 3 - 18\nwallach, van; kenneth l. williams, jeff boundy 2014. snakes of the world: a catalogue of living and extinct species. taylor and francis, crc press, 1237 pp .\nweinstein, scott a. 2017. non - front - fanged colubroid snakes. in: j. brent et al. (eds .), critical care toxicology. springer verlag, pp. 2453 - 2492 - get paper here\nzhao, e. m. 2006. the snakes of china [ in chinese ]. hefei, china, anhui sience & technology publ. house, vol. i, 372 pp. , vol. ii (color plates), 280 pp .\nzhao, e. & adler, k. 1993. herpetology of china. ssar, oxford / ohio, 1 - 522\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz (database content) and jakob hallermann, zoological museum hamburg (new species and updates) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsnake species of the world, vol. undetermined, manuscript (version 2004 )\nworking manuscript of follow - up volumes to mcdiarmid et al. (1999) ,\nsnake species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, vol. 1\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthe number of species increased from 10, 711 to 10, 793, i. e. an increase of 82 species. 66 new species have been described, 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species ...\nover the past 4 months, the number of species increased from 10, 639 to 10, 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10, 544 in the may release to now 10, 639 (+ 95 species) .\noverall, 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species, such as turtles, snakes, lizards, and crocodiles, as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians, but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10, 000 species and an additional 2, 700 subspecies. this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish (~ 25, 000 species) and birds (~ 10, 000 species), and significantly larger than mammals (~ 5, 000 species) or amphibians (~ 6, 000 species) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life. our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area (e. g. all snakes of egypt). its collection of more than 2, 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like. more than 30, 000 references provide a guide to further information .\nthis web site is an animal photo gallery and archives animal - related images and photographs including pet animals. you can upload your own photos of animals to this photo gallery and share them with people all over the world .\nyou can still enter into old version of animal pictures archive, where you will access some animal sounds, movies, cliparts, and animated gif images. however, note that the old photo gallery will not be updated anymore .\nupload tip: recommended image type is jpeg files, though file formats such as bmp, gif, png, and tiff are also supported. note that upon upload all images are stored in jpeg format. annotation in english is preferred but any language is possible .\nsearch tip: use singular and plural form together to retrieve as many images as possible. for example, use\nduck ducks\nor\nduck *\nrather than\nduck\nor\nducks\nto retrieve all duck images .\nthere' s no physical serparation of images in this archive. but you can build your own photo album by giving your name in the query. examples as follow ,\nyou are welcome to download jinsuk' s photos from the animal pictures archive for your personal or noncommercial use. if you want to include jinsuk' s images in your own web site, then permission is granted as long as you include a photo credit (photo by jinsuk kim) and a link to the animal pictures archive (http: / / www. animalpicturesarchive. com). you don' t have to notify him of using his photos. however, if you would like to use his photos for commerical purpose, please contact him .\nthe image you are to upload to this archive should be copyrighted by yourself or copyright free. otherwise, upon request from the original copyright owner, it will be removed from the archive without any notice. uploading your own picture does not mean that you are to transfer the copyright to this archive. animal pictures archive' s purpose is only to archive animal related photographs from all over the world and share the beauty of the animal world .\nif you are to use any images in this archive, you should ask to the original poster or author about copyright information. please remember that animal pictures archive does not have copyright for the pictures in this site .\nanimal pictures archive was first established in 1995 to archive animal photos posted to some usenet newsgroups. it had been worked until 2002, then stopped about a year due to the manager' s physical and mental retardation. in early 2004, he had almost recovered but could not recover all the original contents of animal pictures archive. thus he decided to develop new web site where people can share their own animal photographs, an animal photo album. this is the result .\nanimal pictures archive would like to thank the giis group for kindly permitting to use the kristal information retrieval and management system in this web site. a. p. a animal photo album was developed on this irms system using c + + and php .\ncopyleft © since 1995, animal pictures archive. all rights may be reserved .\nsmall to medium - sized snake; total length up to 100 cm. there are 15 - 19 (17 - 19 at mid - body) rows of scales, all are strongly keeled. head is oval and distinct from neck; body is moderately stout; tail is moderately long. eye is medium to large; iris is dark brown and pupil is round, jet black, surrounded by ring of gray. tongue is maroonish. the snake has a pair of nuchal glands and enlarged rear fangs (not directly connecting to venom glands). upper head is olive at least anteriorly; there is a thick, curved cross band of yellow on the nape, to which a black cross band adjoins in the front and rear. the supralabials are yellow with black sutures, the black areas along the sutures below eye are broad. upper body and tail bear green / yellow / orange and black spots arranged in alternating rows (totally 5 rows), creating a checkered appearance. ventral head is whitish. ventral scales on body and tail are blackish with (irregular) posterior margins of light green / yellow. anal scale is divided and subcaudals are paired .\nthis diurnal opistoglyphous (= rear - fanged, see footnote (1) ) snake inhabits humid environments, including mountain rivers, creeks, and forest floors. it preys on frogs and toads, and occasionally on fish or snakes. females produce 8 - 47 eggs per clutch in summer; hatchlings measure about 16 cm in total length. when threatened, the snake may rear its head and neck, and expand its neck transversely like a cobra .\nthis species is also the only known snake that is venomous and poisonous at the same time. (for the difference between the terms' venomous' and' poisonous' see footnote (2) ) .\nwhen threatened by a predator, the snake arches its neck toward the attacker and releases the contents of paired nuchal glands that lie in the dorsal skin. the product of those glands is distasteful and irritating to the eyes and contains compounds similar to those found in the skin glands of toads .\nesearchers led by deborah a. hutchinson of old dominion university in norfold, virginia, found that\nthe yamakagashi stores the sequestered toxins in' a series of paired structures known as nuchal glands in the dorsal skin of the neck,' according to the researchers. when threatened, the snake takes a defensive position that exposes the toxin - containing nuchal glands to predators. while sequestering defensive toxins from prey is unusual among terrestrial vertebrates, it is not unknown. research published last year by valerie c. clark of cornell university showed that poison dart frogs (dendrobates species) and their madagascar counterparts, the mantella frogs, sequester toxic skin chemicals, called alkaloids, from the ants they eat. these alkaloids protect the frogs from predation. similarly, some garter snakes are known to store tetrodotoxin from ingested newts while birds in new guinea appear to sequester poisons from insects .\nwhat is more, when attacked, snakes on different islands react differently. on ishima, snakes stand their ground and rely on the toxins in their nuchal glands to repel the predator. on kinkazan, the snakes flee.' snakes on kinkazan have evolved to use their nuchal glands in defence less often than other populations of snakes, presumably due to their lack of defensive compounds,' says hutchinson. moreover, baby snakes benefit too. the team showed that snake mothers with high toxin levels pass on the compounds to their offspring. snake hatchlings thus also enjoy the toad - derived protection .\nmany members of the family colubridae that are considered venomous are essentially harmless to humans, because they either have small venom glands, relatively weak venom, or an inefficient system for venom delivery .\nalthough this snake is reluctant to bite, even defensively, the bite has been known to cause fatalities in humans. the venom acts very slowly, inhibiting the ability of the blood to clot and causing death by hemorrhage\n, all marked by delayed, spontaneous, superficial hemorrhaging and profound impairment of normal blood coagulation. in two cases these phenomena were accompanied by signs of severe internal hemorrhaging and hemolysis. other symptoms may have resulted from transitory involvement of the central and autonomic nervous systems. therapeutic measures applied in these cases are described, including the apparently effective use of a systemic antihemorrhagic drug. it is concluded that\ndenotes the distribution of this subspecies, namely the island of taiwan (formerly formosa) .\n( 1 )\nopisthoglyphous snakes are similar to aglyphous (fangless) snakes, but possess weak venom, which is injected by means of a pair of enlarged teeth at the back of the maxillae (upper jaw). these\nfangs\ntypically point backwards rather than straight down, possess a groove which channels venom into the prey, and are located roughly halfway back in the mouth, which has led to the vernacular name of\nrear - fanged snakes\n. (source )\n( 2) the distinction between venom and poison there is a difference between organisms that are venomous and those that are poisonous, two commonly confused terms applied to plant and animal life: - venomous... refers to animals that deliver (often, inject) venom into their prey when hunting or as a defense mechanism .\n- poisonous, on the other hand, describes plants or animals that are harmful when consumed or touched. a poison tends to be distributed over a large part of the body of the organism producing it, while venom is typically produced in organs specialized for the purpose (source )\nupdate 1st june, 2018: we just set up snake _ id, a cool new page that simplifies snake identification. be sure to check it out !\nimages provided by flickr - / inaturalist - api. sporadic false assignments may occur .\nthese snakes are hesitant to strike, but they have a potent venom. in the 1970s they were considered being harmless and traded as pets, but a few severe and lethal bites later, they were reclassified as dangerous venomous snakes .\nthis snake is venomous and poisonous! in addition to its venom gland it has a nuchal gland to store toad toxin. a predator that grabs it by the neck will bite into the poison .\n1500 to? ?? meter above sea level (a. s. l. )\nrecords in the japan snake institute between 2000 and 2013 were retrospectively investigated. the following were determined: patient characteristics, coagulation and fibrinolytic system abnormalities, effect of antivenom treatment, and outcomes .\n) is a species of pit viper. it is present throughout russia and eastern asia, including china, taiwan, korea, and japan, but excluding ryukyu islands [\nantivenom was traditionally manufactured by the immunization of rabbits and goats. however, because of low supply, manufacture has more recently been based on immunizing horses and is supported by health science grants (1998–1999) from the ministry of health, labour and welfare in 2000 [\nthe japan snake institute records were retrospectively investigated for the period between january 1, 2000 and november 30, 2013. the study was approved by the institutional review board at the national disaster medical center .\nfibrinogen levels < 100 mg / dl are considered appropriate for antivenom administration in clinical practice. the antivenom used against\n]. in total, 1, 369 vials were produced and stored at two institutes: the japan snake institute (gunma) and kaketsuken (kumamoto) .\nsevere adverse effects refer to anaphylactic shock in which the patient was at risk of death because of antivenom administration .\nthe following parameters were recorded: age, gender, comorbidities, laboratory data, and dic score, as well as treatment - related factors, including the adverse effects of antivenom, and the outcome at hospital discharge .\n). all nine patients were male, with a median age of 38 years (5–81) .\nage, wbc, plt, fibrinogen, pt - inr, fdp, and dic scores are expressed as median (minimum–maximum). wbc, white blood cell; plt, platelet count; pt - inr, prothrombin time international ratio; fdp, fibrinogen degradation products; dic, disseminated intravascular coagulation; odl, over detection limit; lc, liver cirrhosis; dm, diabetes mellitus; ht, hypertension .\ntokyo, saitama, gunma, aichi, kochi, fukuoka, saga, and nagasaki prefectures .\n). antivenom was administered to seven patients, and the median interval between bite and antivenom administration was 35 h; no apparent adverse effects were observed. dic was treated using clotting factor replacement with fresh frozen plasma (ffp) and protease inhibitors in three patients (table\n). all patients treated with antivenom survived. however, the in - hospital mortality rate was 11% for all patients because a patient who did not receive antivenom died .\ndata are expressed as median (minimum–maximum) for the length of time from yamakagashi bite to antivenom administration, icu days, and hospital days. ffp, fresh frozen plasma; rcc, red cell concrete .\nbites that were effectively treated with antivenom administration and provided an outline of an untreated case. compared with the incidence of mamushi bites estimated, which is approximately 1, 000 cases annually [\n]. case 2 presented in this report may serve as a reminder of the risks of such an approach and of the need for a high index of suspicion .\nvenom is absorbed into the circulation, it activates prothrombin and thereby excessive coagulation. disseminated fibrin formation ensues and fibrinolysis is activated, resulting in hypofibrinogenemia and increased fdp levels [\nbites caused severe dic with a fibrinolytic phenotype. based on the current data, it appears that following bites ,\nbites were required to administer antivenom in the present survey because of both the inconvenient supply of antivenom and the delays in diagnosis. compared with the more common mamushi bites, which are typically rapidly progressive, there appears to be a longer therapeutic window for administering\n]. dic with the fibrinolytic phenotype is usually not accompanied with multiple organ dysfunction, and hemorrhage is the major concern. the excessive fibrino / fibrinogenolysis without fibrin formation and life - threatening bleeding are contributed by the expression of tissue plasminogen activator (t - pa) [\n] nor induce excessive t - pa. indeed, patients in the present study did not develop severe hypoperfusion at any stage during hospitalization, including the period before the administration of\ntherefore, antivenom was considered effective beyond the initial acute phase. further study is required to evaluate the indications and proper timing of antivenom administration on the basis of the mechanism described .\nadverse reactions to antivenom were negligible. although the numbers in this survey are too low to make an assessment, the adverse reaction rate may be lower than the 2. 4% –9% rate observed with mamushi antivenom [\nbite treatment: the national hospital organization disaster medical center, tokyo and kagawa university hospital, kagawa. clinical characteristics and treatment details, including the adverse effects of antivenom, are recorded for all cases and analyzed to ensure proper safety. in addition, patients with\nbites are covered by clinical research insurance to provide compensation in the event of adverse effects resulting from antivenom administration .\nthere are many limitations to this study. a major limitation is the fact that many cases remain undiagnosed or misdiagnosed because of the unfamiliar symptoms presented by this rare snakebite. in addition, we did not obtain specific clinical details, including coagulation markers, which would have been beneficial. finally, as this was a retrospective analysis, the details of dic were not obtained, such as the level of soluble fibrin and plasminogen activator inhibitor and treatment .\nthis study was supported by health science grants (2013–2015) from the ministry of health, labour and welfare of japan .\nth, as, ay, ya, and yk collected the patient data. th, mm, ag, hk, yk, ji, ya, kk, and mh treated patients. th wrote the manuscript. ma, ks, and yk revised and edited the manuscript. all authors read and approved the final manuscript .\ntanen d, ruha a, graeme k, curry s: epidemiology and hospital course of rattlesnake envenomations cared for at a tertiary referral center in central arizona. acad emerg med. 2001, 8: 177 - 182. 10. 1111 / j. 1553 - 2712. 2001. tb01284. x .\nboyer lv, seifert sa, clark rf, mcnally jt, williams sr, nordt sp, walter fg, dart rc: recurrent and persistent coagulopathy following pit viper envenomation. arch internal med. 1999, 159: 706 - 710. 10. 1001 / archinte. 159. 7. 706 .\ndellinger rp, carlet jm, masur h, gerlach h, calandra t, cohen j, gea - banacloche j, keh d, marshall jc, parker mm, ramsay g, zimmerman jl, vincent jl, levy mm, surviving sepsis campaign management guidelines committee: surviving sepsis campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. crit care med. 2004, 32: 858 - 873. 10. 1097 / 01. ccm. 0000117317. 18092. e4 .\ngando s, iba t, eguchi y, ohtomo y, okamoto k, koseki k, mayumi t, murata a, ikeda t, ishikura h, ueyama m, ogura h, kushimoto s, saitoh d, endo s, shimazaki s, japanese association for acute medicine disseminated intravascular coagulation (jaam dic) study group: a multicenter, prospective validation of disseminated intravascular coagulation diagnostic criteria for critically ill patients: comparing current criteria. crit care med. 2006, 34: 625 - 631 .\nhifumi t, yamamoto a, morokuma k, ogasawara t, kiriu n, hasegawa e, inoue j, kato h, koido y, takahashi m: surveillance of the clinical use of mamushi (gloydius blomhoffii) antivenom in tertiary care centers in japan. jpn j infectious dis. 2011, 64: 373 - 376 .\ngando s: acute coagulopathy of trauma shock and coagulopathy of trauma: a rebuttal. you are now going down the wrong path. j trauma. 2009, 67: 381 - 383. 10. 1097 / ta. 0b013e3181a84f63 .\nbrown sg, caruso n, borland ml, mccoubrie dl, celenza a, isbister gk: clotting factor replacement and recovery from snake venom - induced consumptive coagulopathy. intensive care med. 2009, 35: 1532 - 1538. 10. 1007 / s00134 - 009 - 1556 - 7 .\nfujita mys, kawamura y, tsuruta r, kasaoka s, okabayashi k, maekawa t: viper (agkistrodon halys blomhoffii “mamushi”) bite with remarkable thrombocytopenia. jjaam. 2005, 16: 126 - 130 .\nnakamura kin, murakami m, ogawa y, momii s: a case of acute renal and respiratory failure due to mamushi bite. jjaam. 2010, 21: 843 - 848 .\nsawamura a, hayakawa m, gando s, kubota n, sugano m, wada t, katabami k: disseminated intravascular coagulation with a fibrinolytic phenotype at an early phase of trauma predicts mortality. thrombosis res. 2009, 124: 608 - 613. 10. 1016 / j. thromres. 2009. 06. 034 .\nmangum m, venable rh, boatwright jd, cocke tb: hypoxia: a stimulus for tissue plasminogen activator release in humans? . aviat space environ med. 1987, 58: 1093 - 1096 .\nbartsch p, haeberli a, hauser k, gubser a, straub pw: fibrinogenolysis in the absence of fibrin formation in severe hypobaric hypoxia. aviat space environ med. 1988, 59: 428 - 432 .\no’brodovich hm, andrew m, gray gw, coates g: hypoxia alters blood coagulation during acute decompression in humans. j appl rhysiol respir environ exerc physiol. 1984, 56: 666 - 670 .\nhifumi t, yamamoto a, morokuma k, okada i, kiriu n, ogasawara t, hasegawa e, kato h, inoue j, koido y, takahashi m: clinical efficacy of antivenom and cepharanthine for the treatment of mamushi (gloydius blomhoffii) bites in tertiary care centers in japan. jpn j infect dis. 2013, 66: 26 - 31. 10. 7883 / yoken. 66. 26 .\ndart rc, mcnally j: efficacy, safety, and use of snake antivenoms in the united states. ann emerg med. 2001, 37: 181 - 188. 10. 1067 / mem. 2001. 113372 .\nthis article is published under license to biomed central ltd. this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (\n), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. the creative commons public domain dedication waiver (\n) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated .\nby using this website, you agree to our terms and conditions, privacy statement and cookies policy. manage the cookies we use in the preference centre .\nwe retrospectively reviewed the records of the japan snake institute between january 1, 1973 and december 31, 2013. antivenom and without antivenom groups were compared with regard to baseline demographic features, treatment - related factors, and outcomes .\nin total, 34 patients were analyzed (97% male, median age 37. 5 years). twenty - five patients were further examined from our previous study. on admission, the median levels of fibrinogen and fibrinogen degradation products were 35 mg / dl and 200 μg / ml, respectively, and platelet counts were 107, 000 / mm 3. the median disseminated intravascular coagulation score (defined by the japanese association of acute medicine) was 5. antivenom was administered to 19 patients, with a median interval of 32 h between bite and antivenom administration. the in - hospital mortality rate was 12% . in univariate analysis, baseline characteristics and laboratory data were not significantly different between the antivenom and without antivenom groups. hospital mortality in the antivenom group was significantly better than that in the without antivenom group (0% vs. 26. 7% , p = 0. 03). moreover, the number of patients developing renal failure requiring hemodialysis was significantly lower in the antivenom group (5. 3% vs. 40. 0% , p = 0. 03)." ]

{ "text": [ "rhabdophis tigrinus is a venomous colubrid snake found in east and southeast asia .", "many sources , though not itis , recognize one subspecies , rhabdophis tigrinus formosanus of taiwan . " ], "topic": [ 16, 5 ] }

[ "rhabdophis tigrinus is a venomous colubrid snake found in east and southeast asia. many sources, though not itis, recognize one subspecies, rhabdophis tigrinus formosanus of taiwan." ]

[ "scientific synonyms and common names ostrea maxima linné, 1758 pecten vulgaris da costa, 1778 pecten medius daniel, 1883 pecten maximus var. albida locard, 1888 pecten maximus var. depressa locard, 1888 pecten maximus var. luteola locard, 1888 pecten maximus var. rotundata locard, 1888 non pecten rotundatus lamarck, 1819 pecten maximus var. zonata locard, 1888 pecten maximus var. rufula locard, 1888 pecten maximus var. minor locard, 1888 pecten maximus var. maculata locard, 1888 non pecten maculatus lamarck, 1819 pecten maximus var. major locard, 1888 non pecten major young & bird, 1828 pecten maximus var. marmorea locard, 1888\nanatomical distribution of heavy metals in the scallop pecten maximus. - pubmed - ncbi\nchanges in the fatty acid composition of pecten maximus (l .) during larval development\nthe cardiac responses of the scallop pecten maximus (l .) to respiratory stress .\nswimming behaviour of the larvae of pecten maximus (l .) (bivalvia) .\nobservations on the dispersal and mortality of the scallop pecten maximus (l .) .\neffect of salinity on growth and survival of king scallop spat (pecten maximus) .\neffect of exposure period upon survival and growth of juvenile scallop (pecten maximus) .\nreproduction and larval development in two pecten maximus (l .) populations from brittany .\nphysiologie de la reproduction de la coquille saint - jacques (pecten maximus l. )\neffects of self - fertilization and other factors on the early development of scallop pecten maximus .\nstudies on heterozygosity and growth rate in the scallop, pecten maximus (l .) .\nbranchial rickettsialles - like infection associated with mass mortality of sea scallops pecten maximus in france .\nspat settlement of the scallops chlamys opercularis (l .) and pecten maximus on artificial collectors\nprodissochonch shell characteristics as indicators of larval growth and viability in pecten maximus (l. )\nchanges in the fatty acid composition of pecten maximus (l .) during larval development - sciencedirect\nearly development of the gill and implications for feeding in pecten maximus (bivalvia: pectinidae) .\namnesic shellfish poisoning in the king scallop, pecten maximus, from the west coast of scotland .\neffect of reduced salinity on the great scallop (pecten maximus) spat at two rearing temperatures .\nthe influence of certain environmental factors on the maximum length of the scallop, pecten maximus l .\neffect of temperature and ration on growth and condition of king scallop (pecten maximus) spat .\nthe types of escape reactions elicited in the scallop pecten maximus by selected sea - star species .\nmitochondrial dna variation in the scallop pecten maximus (l .) assessed by a pcr - rflp method\nthree european scallops: pecten maximus, chlamys (aequipecten) opercularis and c. (chlamys) varia\ndelayed growth of mussel (mytilus edulis) and scallop (pecten maximus) veligers at low temperatures .\nthe age and growth of the scallop, pecten maximus (l .), in manx waters .\na study of in situ behaviour of predators in relation to recently sown escallops (pecten maximus) .\nproduction artificielle de naissain de coquilles saint - jacques pecten maximus l. premiers résultats en rade de brest\ngrowth and distribution of the great scallop (pecten maximus) in the english channel: a modelling approach .\nthree european scallops: pecten maximus, chlamys (aequipecten) opercularis and c. (chlamys) varia .\nsize pecten maximus are hermaphrodite and, therefore, there is no separate male and female size range or size at maturity. pecten maximus grows up to 15 cm and will be at least 6 cm when sexually mature .\na seeding experiment of juvenile great scallops (pecten maximus (l .) ) off the island of jersey .\ngrowth anomalies in pecten maximus from coastal waters (bay of brest, france): relationship with diatom blooms .\naspects of the veliger larval growth and byssus drifting of the spat of pecten maximus and aequipecten (chlamys) opercularis .\neffects of environmental factors on the daily growth rate of pecten maximus juveniles in the bay of brest (france) .\nisolation and elemental analysis of metal - rich granules from the kidney of the scallop pecten maximus (l .) .\nsinobacterium norvegicum sp. nov. , isolated from great scallop (pecten maximus) broodstock and emended description of sinobacterium caligoides .\na seeding experiment of juvenile great scallops (pecten maximus (l .) ) off the island of jersey. | springerlink\ndistribution living specimens of pecten maximus are often supplied by the fisherman. the exact origin is not known (vanwalleghem, in ...\nliving specimens of pecten maximus are often supplied by the fisherman. the exact origin is not known (vanwalleghem, in litt .) .\nthe effect of dredge capture on the escape response of the great scallop, pecten maximus (l .): implications for undersized discards .\nsinobacterium norvegicum sp. nov. , isolated from great scallop (pecten maximus) broodstock and emended description of sinobacterium caligoides. - pubmed - ncbi\nan apparatus to supply water of fluctuating salinity and its use in a study of the salinity tolerances of larvae of the scallop pecten maximus l .\nproduction artificielle de naissain de coquille saint - jacques pecten maximus (l .) en rade de brest: analyse des facteurs affectant la croissance larvaire\neffects of copper - and tin - based anti - fouling compounds on the growth of scallops (pecten maximus) and oysters (crassostrea gigas) .\ndistribution living specimens of pecten maximus are often supplied by the fisherman. the exact origin is not known (vanwalleghem, in litt .). [ details ]\naccumulation of copper and nickel from anti - fouling compounds during cultivation of scallops (pecten maximus l .) and pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas thun .) .\ninduction de la métamorphose de la coquille saint - jacques pecten maximus l. par des dérivés de la tyrosine extraits de l' algue delesseria sanguinea lamouroux ou synthétiques\nan investigation of possible stock structure in pecten maximus (l .) using multivariate morphometrics, allozyme electrophoresis and mitochondrial dna polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism .\nuse of the north sea water parcel following model (norswap) to investigate the relationship of larval source to recruitment for scallop (pecten maximus) stocks of england and wales .\npecten maximus occurs along the european atlantic coast from northern norway, south to the iberian peninsula and has also been reported off west africa, the azores, canary islands and madeira .\nvariabilité spatio - temporelle de la distribution, de la croissance et de la survie des juvéniles de pecten maximus (l .) issus des pontes 1985, en baie de saint brieuc\nchristophersen g. and strand ø. effect of reduced salinity on the great scallop, pecten maximus, spat at rearing temperatures of 15 and 18 °c. aquaculture (in press) .\nis it possible to draw up a global scheme of p. maximus behaviour during its pelagic life ?\ndiagrammatic representation of the life cycle of p. maximus (pi and pii, prodissoconch i and ii, respectively) .\ncitation: sanders mb, bean tp, hutchinson th, le quesne wjf (2013) juvenile king scallop, pecten maximus, is potentially tolerant to low levels of ocean acidification when food is unrestricted. plos one 8 (9): e74118. urltoken\ncitation: chauvaud l, patry y, jolivet a, cam e, le goff c, strand ø, et al. (2012) variation in size and growth of the great scallop pecten maximus along a latitudinal gradient. plos one 7 (5): e37717. urltoken\nciclo gametogénetico y de almaceniamento de reservas en una poblacion natural de pecten jacobeus (l .) (bivalvia: pectinidae) en las costas de castellon\nle goff clement, lavaud romain, cugier philippe, jean frédéric, flye sainte marie jonathan (2013). growth and distribution of the great scallop (pecten maximus) in the english channel: a modelling approach. 3rd international sclerochronology conference, 18 - 22 may 2013, caernarfon, north wales, uk. urltoken\n( a) pecten fumatus, (b) equichlamys bifrons, and (c) mimachlamys asperrimus. samples were obtained from 59 sites within the d’entrecasteaux channel in 2010 .\nmobility swimming is generally limited to escape reactions. experimental contact with different starfish species elicited distinct, energy adaptive types of response from pecten maximus. full swimming response was initiated only by extracts of asterias rubens and astropecten irregularis which prey on molluscs, while limited jumping or valve - closing responses were induced by non - predatory starfish (thomas & gruffydd, 1971) .\nthe total catch reported for this species to fao for 1999 was 35 411 t. the countries with the largest catches were uk (19 108 t) and france (12 745 t). pecten maximus are fished in large numbers: the meat is considered as excellent and a luxury product. in france, the species is protected and the professional fishermen are obliged to respect severe regulations .\nwater flow and wave exposure pecten maximus tend to be most abundant just inside or just away from areas of strong currents (mason, 1983). gibson (1956) found that scallops living in sheltered areas grew faster than those on wave exposed beds and suggested that this was because the feeding apparatus become overwhelmed by particulate matter in the highly wave exposed areas. it is also possible that the delicate processes of larval settlement and byssal attachment would be disturbed in strong currents (brand, 1991) .\nk19 - 3, a perforated upper half - valve of pecten maximus from level i - k at cueva antón (height: 120 mm). (upper) the internal, naturally red side (left) and the external, whitish side that was painted with an orange colorant made of goethite and hematite (right). (lower) binocular microscope close - ups on pigment masses and pigment stains around the perforation. see also si appendix, section vi, figs. s25 and s26 .\npublic health campbell et al. (2001) reported that, in july 1999, the amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin, domoic acid (da), was found in pecten maximus at levels exceeding the regulatory limit of 20 µg da / gram across large areas of northern and western scotland. the risk of human illness resulting from consuming toxic scallops is, according to shumway & cembella (1993, cited in campbell et al. , 2001), a significant threat to both public health and the shellfish industry .\nduration of embryonic, larval (d larvae to pediveliger), pelagic (gamete emission to spat fall) and pediveliger stages, growth rate, swimming speed and swimming behaviour of p. maximus (*, mean representing 14 years of data) .\nboth shell valves are fan shaped with an' ear' on either side of the apex of the valve. the right valve is strongly convex and tends to be off - white, yellowish, or light brown in colour, often with bands or spots of darker pigment. the left valve is flat and is light pink to reddish brown in colour. pecten maximus grows up to 15 cm long and both valves each have 15 - 17 radiating ribs. also known as the king scallop, giant scallop, escallop and coquille st. jacques .\np. maximus individuals were sampled from 2000 to 2005 by dredging or scuba diving in 12 wild populations distributed along the northeast atlantic coast (table 1, figure 1). for facilitation of the identification of relationships between growth and latitude, the samples were collected at constant depth (15–20 m) .\nfrom 1985 to 1998, a french scientific program (pndr: national program for determinism and recruitment) has been carried out to provide a scientific database for better understanding of abundance fluctuations in selected marine species including p. maximus. this review summarizes the research supported by this program and is aimed specifically at answering the following questions :\nveligers do not necessarily represent the most fragile stage during rearing. depending on season, excellent survival (or larval yield: the ratio of pediveligers to d larvae at day 2) may be obtained (table 2). the only estimates available for survival under natural conditions range from 31 to 73% for p. maximus (salaün, 1994) .\n( of pecten vulgaris da costa, 1778) da costa e. m. (1778). historia naturalis testaceorum britanniae, or, the british conchology. london: millan, white, elmsley & robson. xii + 254 + viii pp. 17 pls. , available online at urltoken page (s): 140 - 143; pl. 9 fig. 3 [ details ]\nto answer the first two questions, the information on the pelagic development of pectinids has been arranged according to four major events representing consecutive morphological and physiological transformations: gamete emission, fertilization, hatching and metamorphosis. figure 1 provides a description of the p. maximus life cycle. next, the environmental factors affecting the pelagic life stages, and consequently recruitment, are discussed .\na) pecten. fumatus, b) equichlamys bifrons and c) mimachlamys asperrima throughout the d’entrecasteaux channel in 2010. circles indicate the survey sites and the colour intensity (white = no scallops) indicates the interpolated relative density of scallops. note density scales (to the right of each map) differ among species. areas located left of the dotted line were considered outside the model interpolation domain .\nthe three spondylus gaederopus shells were originally complete. the inner side of a level ii upper valve (fig. 2) bears residues of a pigmentatious mass composed of a red lepidocrocite base mixed with ground particles of charcoal, dolomite, hematite, and pyrite (si appendix, section iv, table s6, figs. s17 – s19), suggesting use as a container for the storage of colorants or as a kind of paint cup for their preparation. although examination of their surfaces for pigment residues is hindered by extensive carbonate coating, a similar function can be envisaged for the other valves of spondylus as well as for those of taxa with a similar concave morphology—an excavation - broken callista chione and two lower valve fragments of pecten maximus (si appendix, section i, figs. s9 and s10) .\ndespite considerable progress in hatchery technology, aquaculture of p. maximus is not yet competitive with the exploitation of natural beds. nonetheless, recruitment variations have a marked influence on the fisheries of wild populations (boucher and fifas, 1995). on the basis of experimental results, the pelagic phase does not appear to be the life stage most sensitive to variations in environmental conditions, although some factors negatively affecting larval populations have been identified .\nour observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the maximal size of p. maximus varies with latitude [ 6 ], a prerequisite for studies of spatio - temporal variation in growth trajectories. moreover, our study populations conformed to a pattern that has been described in many species of ectotherms (larger asymptotic size at higher latitude in the northern hemisphere) but is not universal (e. g. [ 36 ], [ 37 ]) .\nthe reserves initially contained in the oocyte represent the only energy source for the embryo. paulet et al. (1988) showed that the time required to reach metamorphosis is shorter for p. maximus larvae from the largest eggs, while krauter et al. (1982) noted that a. irradians larvae from the largest eggs have a better chance of survival than those from smaller eggs. these observations are valid for many pectinids (le pennec et al. , 1998) .\nthe dark line represents the general limit of southern species established by forbes [ 55 ], and the dark circles correspond to the p. maximus populations sampled from (1) vigo, (2) ile de re, (3) bay of brest, (4) bay of seine, (5) plymouth, (6) holyhead, (7) scarborough, (8) campbell town, (9) austevoll, (10) bessaker, (11) bronnoysund, and (12) traena .\nunder hatchery conditions, the analysis of a large number of batches of larvae has provided a model for the development of the larval shell of p. maximus. from this model, a definition of the morphological criteria of normality may be derived, such as the maximum intervalve distance for a shell height of 90 μm: the dim 90 index (salaün et al. , 1991). when this index was applied to larvae sampled from st. brieuc bay during the reproductive season of 1987, an estimated 13% of individuals exhibited malformations (salaün, 1994) .\nin situ, only the duration of the entire pelagic phase can be estimated as the time between gamete release and settlement on spat collectors. observed values range between 18 and 42 days for p. maximus (table 2). salaün (1994) estimated a growth rate of 1. 4 μm d −1 in st. brieuc bay. dadswell et al. (1987) found growth rates of 2. 5–4 μm d −1 for p. magellanicus in the bay of fundy (canada), i. e. values similar to those determined experimentally by culliney (1974) .\npecten fumatus were most dense in the eastern section of area 2, with a maximum of 85 scallops per 100 m 2 but were very scarce in areas 1, 3 and 4 (fig. 2). equichlamys bifrons were most dense in area 3 with as many as 33 scallops per 100 m 2, scarce in areas 1, 2 and were absent in area 4. mimachlamys asperrima were found in the highest densities in areas 2 and 3, with a maximum of 73 scallops per 100 m 2, but were absent in area 4. all three species had aggregated, non random distribution according to the standarised morisita’s index (table 1) .\ndepending on geographical characteristics, some bays harbouring pectinids, such as brest bay may be more protected from prevailing winds than others (st. brieuc bay). residual circulation patterns provide the best insight into larval displacement from breeding areas (thorson, 1950). according to thouzeau and lehay (1988), three types of factors account for the movement of water masses: tidal action, wind and density differences owing to variations in temperature and salinity (figure 2). these authors also determined that p. maximus larvae could travel 10–40 km over an 18 - day period solely as a result of tidal action .\nacross all species sediment type significantly explained scallop abundance. pecten fumatus was more strongly associated with finer sediments, e. bifrons with coarse grain sediments, whereas m. asperrima had a less selective association with sediment type, possibly because this species is able to use byssal attachment on a wide range of substrates [ 45 ]. habitat preferences are assumed to be adaptive, which means that associations between species and their habitats reflect enhanced survival and reproductive success in these particular habitats [ 46 ]. differential abundance of bivalves based on sediment characteristics suggests differing refuge properties related to physical properties of the sediment or changes in predator - prey relationships [ 47 ], [ 48 ] .\nfecundity (# oocytes / individual / emission; estimates made in a hatchery using individuals at laying stage collected in situ), hatching rate (% of eggs producing normal d larvae), larval deformation rate (% of abnormalities 48 h after fertilization), survival rate (up to the end of pelagic phase), dissoconch rate (% of pediveligers forming a dissoconch and staying alive after 2 weeks; tritar and lucas, 1989), and rate of metamorphosis (% of 2 - day d larvae going through metamorphosis and surviving 2 weeks; salaün, 1994) of p. maximus adults (*, mean representing 14 years of data±1 s. d .) .\nthe construction of the bivalve carbonate skeleton results from successive accretion of material on the outer edge of the shell. in p. maximus, the formation of microstructures called “striae” occurs daily [ 28 ], [ 33 ], [ 34 ]. for each individual, we estimated the daily growth rate by measuring the distance between two consecutive daily growth striae from the earliest detectable one to the outer edge of the shell. the daily growth patterns of each individual' s flat valve were examined on images acquired using a high - resolution video camera (sony dfw - x700) and analyzed with image analysis software (visilog ®, noesis, see [ 28 ] for additional information) .\nthe pecten from antón and higueral de valleja relate to the very end of the period of late persistence of neandertals in iberian regions to the south of the ebro drainage (in the andalucian site, the find comes from undated deposits capping a thick mp sequence, a chronostratigraphic position akin to antón’s and suggesting a similar age) (35). therefore, they cannot be disentangled from the controversies surrounding the interpretation of “contact period” ornaments found elsewhere in europe (8 – 18). the aviones material, however, comes from the approximately 50 ka cal b. p. brecciated remnant of a site fill entirely of mp age and where the notion of later intrusions is an oxymoron—the association of this material with the neandertals is, literally, rock - solid .\ncommercial hatcheries have recorded mean hatching rates (for 14 years of data collection) in p. maximus of about 29% (robert and gérard, 1999), although variations are large from one year to another, even for oocytes incubated under identical conditions (robert et al. , 1994). in situ, better rates of hatching (table 1) were obtained in june for individuals from brest bay (paulet et al. , 1997), and in july for those from st. brieuc bay (paulet et al. , 1992). in hatcheries, the eggs which give the best rates of hatching (as defined in table 1) are those produced simultaneously with the best spawning periods in nature, i. e. april to july .\nbacterial infections occur frequently during laboratory experiments (andersen et al. , 2000), and larvae are more susceptible than adults (lambert, 1998). vibriosis is particularly common in a. irradians larval rearing (leibovitz, 1989) and euvola ziczac (freites et al. , 1993). a vibrio anguillarum - related strain responsible for larval death has been isolated from a. purpuratus in the laboratory (riquelme et al. , 1995). in experimental and commercial pectinid hatcheries, high mortalities often occur unless antibiotics are applied. lambert et al. (1998) recently identified vibrio pectenicida in p. maximus, which causes a rapid death of all larvae. its pathogenic action in situ is unknown, but is considered more harmful when the physiological state of the larvae is sub - optimal (lambert, 1998) .\ngrowth rates in the laboratory depend on the quality of the algal mixture provided. observations range from 2. 5 to 5. 3 μm d −1 (table 2). cochard and gérard (1987) considered that a growth rate of 3–3. 5 μm d −1 was low, 3. 5–5. 5 μm d −1 moderate, and 5. 5–7. 5 μm d −1 high. as a consequence of variations in growth rate, the duration of the larval stage also varies. the average for hatchery - reared p. maximus larvae based on 14 years of data was 25 days (robert and gérard, 1999), compared to 20–24 days for a. purpuratus, 20–26 days for argopecten ventricosus, 25–27 days for nodipecten nodosus (uriarte et al. , 2001) and 30–40 days for m. yessoensis (yamamoto, 1960) .\nthe embryonic stage follows fertilization and lasts until prodissoconch i is formed (figure 1). observation of this stage has been limited to the controlled environment of the laboratory. for p. maximus, around 24 h is required after spawning to obtain trochophores at temperatures between 16 and 17°c (comely, 1972), and 48 h for d larvae (le pennec, 1974; cragg and crisp, 1991). casse (1995) obtained the first veligers in only 30 h at 19°c (table 2). there are differences among pectinid species. p. magellanicus develops its first veligers after 4–5 days at temperatures between 10 and 13°c (desrosiers et al. , 1995), and m. yessoensis after 5–7 days (yamamoto, 1960). regardless of species, development of this stage depends mainly on temperature conditions (wright et al. , 1983, 1984) .\nthe length of the growth season decreased with p. maximus age, a phenomenon that was common to all populations but varied in intensity along the latitudinal gradient and was more substantial in the south (figure 4). ω varied among populations (figure 5b), allowing us to sort populations into two geographical groups (chow test, f = 8. 5, dfm / dfe = 1 / 10, p = 0. 011). the nordic shells (stations 7–12) maintained an annual growth period close to that observed between the second and third winters (figure 5b; r 2 = 0. 078, f = 0. 34, dfm / dfe = 1 / 4, p = 0. 59), whereas the southern populations (stations 1–6) exhibited drastic decreases every year as the individuals aged (figure 5b; r 2 = 0. 71, f = 10, dfm / dfe = 1 / 4, p = 0. 03) .\nthis study received financial support from the norwegian research council and the european commission, contract fair gt 97 3926. we thank the personnel of the scallop hatchery for their kind help .\navakyan a. a. , popov (1984). rickettsiae and chlamydiae: comparative electron microscopic studies. acta virol 28: 159–173\nbergh ø. , naas k. e. and harboe t. 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(1992). isolation and characterisation of a pathogenic bacterium specific to manila clam ,\nnicolas j. l. , corre s. , gauthier g. , robert r. and ansquer d. (1996). bacterial problems associated with scallop\nnylund a. , kvenseth a. m. and isdal e. (1998). a morphological study of the epitheliocystis agent in farmed atlantic salmon. j anim aquat health 10: 43–55\notto s. v. , harshbarger j. c. and chang s. c. (1979). status of selected unicellular eukaryote pathogens and prevalence and histopathology of inclusions containing obligate prokaryote parasites in commercial bivalve molluscs from maryland estuaries. haliotis 8: 285–295\nriquelme c. , hayashida g. , toranzo a. e. , vilches j. and chavez p. (1995a). pathogenicity studies on a\nriquelme c. , toranzo a. e. , barja j. l. , vergara n. and araya r. (1996a). association of\nriquelme c. , hayashida g. , araya r. , uchida a. , satomi m. and ishida y. (1996b). isolation of a native bacterial strain from the scallop\nwith inhibitory effects against pathogenic vibrios. j shellfish res 15 (2): 369–374\nriquelme c. , araya r. , vergara n. , rojas a. , guaita m. and candia m. (1997). potential probiotic strains in the culture of the chilean scallop\nruiz - ponte c. , samain j. f. , sánchez j. l. and nicolas j. l. (1999). the benefit of a\n), using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge). syst appl microbiol 26: 302–311\nspangaard b. , huber i. , nielsen j. , appel k. f. and gram l. (2000). the microflora of rainbow trout intestine: a comparison of traditional and molecular identification. aquaculture 182: 1–15\nsugita h. , nakamura t. , tanaka k. and deguchi y. (1994). identification of o / 129 - sensitive\nsugumar g. , nakai t. , hirata y. , matsubara d. and muroga k. (1998) .\ntubiash h. s. , chanley p. e. and leifson e. (1965). bacillary necrosis, a disease of larval and juvenile bivalve molluscs. j bacteriol 90: 1036–1043\nturnbull j. f. (1993). rickettsias and chlamydias. in: inglish v. , roberts r. j. , bromage n. r. , (eds) bacterial diseases of fish. blackwell science, oxford, uk, pp. 236–254\nvan de peer y. , de rijk p. , wuyts j. , winkelmans t. and de wachter r. (2000). the european subunit ribosomal rna database. nucleic acids res 28 (1): 175–176\nvaneechoutte m. , rossau r. , de vos p. , gillis m. , janssens d. , paepe n. , de rouck a. , fiers t. , claeys g. and kersters k. (1992). rapid identification of bacteria of the comamonadaceae with amplified ribosomal dna - restriction analysis (ardra). fems microbiol lett 93: 227–234\nyoshimizu m. , kimura t. and sakai m. (1980). microflora of the embryo and fry of salmonids. bull jpn soc sci fish 48: 967–975\n( of ostrea maxima linnaeus, 1758) linnaeus, c. (1758). systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. editio decima, reformata. laurentius salvius: holmiae. ii, 824 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca. in: costello, m. j. et al. (eds), european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. patrimoines naturels. 50: 180 - 213. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nhayward, p. j. ; ryland, j. s. (ed .). (1990). the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe: 1. introduction and protozoans to arthropods. clarendon press: oxford, uk. isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1. 627 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of ostrea maxima linnaeus, 1758) huber, m. (2010). compendium of bivalves. a full - color guide to 3, 300 of the world’s marine bivalves. a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research. hackenheim: conchbooks. 901 pp. , 1 cd - rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of plicatula similis g. b. sowerby ii, 1842) huber, m. (2010). compendium of bivalves. a full - color guide to 3, 300 of the world’s marine bivalves. a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research. hackenheim: conchbooks. 901 pp. , 1 cd - rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\ngrande vanne grande coquille st. jacques coquille st - jacques atlantique cocquille saint - jacques\nandersen s. and naas k. e. 1992. shell growth and survival of scallop (\nl .) in a fertilized, shallow seawater pond. aquaculture 110: 71 - 86 .\nandersen s. and ringvold h. 2000. seasonal differences in effect of broodstock diet on spawning success in the great scallop. aquaculture international 8: 259 - 265 .\nandersen s. , burnell g. and bergh ø. 2000. flow - through systems for culturing great scallop larvae. aquaculture international 8: 249 - 257 .\nlarval culture: effect of larval concentration. in: thirteenth international pectinid workshop, april 18 - 24. coquimbo, chile .\nanonymous 1990. council regulation (eec) no. 2377 / 90 (1990). the european union .\nanonymous 1994. commission regulation (ec) no. 2701 / 94 (1994). the european union .\narimoto m. , sato j. , maruyama k. , mimura g. and furusawa i. 1996. effect of chemical and physical treatments on the inactivation of striped jack nervous necrosis virus (sjnnv). aquaculture 143: 15 - 22 .\nbergh ø. , torkildsen l. , uglenes i. , mortensen s. , duinker a. and nylund a. 1999. a method for fixation of scallop\nlarvae. in: twelfth international pectinid workshop, 5 - 11 may 1999. bergen, norway (abstract) .\nhatcheries and possible strategies to control them. in: hendry c. i. , van stappen g. , wille m. and sorgeloos p. (eds), larvi 2001 fish and shellfish larviculture symposium, european aquaculture society, special publication no. 30. oostende, belgium, pp. 64 - 67 .\nbjørshol b. , nordmo r. , falk k. and mortensen s. 1999. cohabitation of atlantic salmon (\n. in: twelfth international pectinid workshop, may 5 - 11, 1999. bergen, norway .\nbrynjelsen e. and strand ø. 1996. prøvedyrking av stort kamskjell i mellomkultur - 1995 - 1996. [ growth trials with great scallops in intermediate culture - 1995 - 96 ] fisken og havet, nr 18, 28 p. (in norwegian) .\n: memory of upwelling events in norway. in: twelfth international pectinid workshop, 5 - 11 may 1999. bergen, norway .\nchristophersen g. and magnesen t. 1996. yngelproduksjon av stort kamskjell 1995. [ scallop spat production 1995 ] smr - rapport, 22 / 96. university of bergen, 21 p. (in norwegian) .\nchristophersen g. 2000. effects of air emersion on survival and growth of hatchery reared great scallop spat. aquaculture international 8: 159 - 168 .\nchristophersen g. and magnesen t. 2001. effects of deployment time and acclimation on survival and growth of hatchery reared scallop\nspat transferred to the sea. journal of shellfish research 20: 1043 - 1050 .\nduinker a. , saut c. and paulet y. m. 1999. effect of photoperiod on conditioning of the great scallop. aquaculture international 7: 449 - 457 .\ngrotmol s. and totland g. k. 2000. surface disinfection of atlantic halibut (\n) eggs with ozonated sea - water inactivates nodavirus and increases survival of the larvae. diseases of aquatic organisms 39: 89 - 96 .\nhaugum g. a. , strand ø. and minchin d. 1999. are cultivated scallops wimps? in: twelfth international pectinid workshop, 5 - 11 may 1999. bergen, norway .\nhovgaard p. , mortensen s. and strand ø. 2001. skjelldyrking. [ shellfish farming ] kystnæringen forlag isbn 82 - 795 - 022 - 8, 255 p. (in norwegian) .\nhøysæter t. 1986. an annotated check - list of marine molluscs of the norwegian coast and adjacent waters. sarsia 71: 73 - 145 .\n( linnaeus, 1758) from two areas in norway; hordaland and trøndelag. smr - rapport 18 / 95. university of bergen, senter for miljø og ressursstudier, 11 p .\nlambert c. , nicolas j. l. , cilia v. and corre s. 1998 .\nlambert c. , bergh ø. , torkildsen l. and magnesen t. 1999. alternative to antibiotic tretment in scallop larval culture: introduction and first results. in: twelfth international pectinid workshop, 5 - 11 may 1999. bergen, norway .\nin hanging culture ]. cand. scient. thesis, university of bergen .\nmagnesen t. , brynjelsen e. and knutsen i. 1999. yngelproduksjon av stort kamskjell 1998 [ scallop spat production 1998 ]. smr - rapport, 29 / 99. university of bergen, 33 pp. (in norwegian) .\nmagnesen t. 2000. yngelproduksjon av stort kamskjell. [ great scallop spat production ]. norsk fiskeoppdrett 2: 24 - 26 .\nminchin d. , haugum g. a. , skjæggestad h. and strand ø. 2000. effect of air exposure on scallop behaviour, and implications for subsequent survival in culture. aquaculture international 8: 169 - 182 .\nmortensen s. h. 1993a. passage of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) through invertebrates in an aquatic food chain. diseases of aquatic organisms 16: 41 - 45 .\nmortensen s. h. 1993b. a health survey of selected stocks of commercially exploited norwegian bivalve molluscs. diseases of aquatic organisms 16: 149 - 156 .\nmortensen s. h. , bachere e. , legall g. and mialhe e. 1992. persistence of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) in scallops (\nmortensen s. 2000. scallop introductions and transfers, from an animal health point of view. aquaculture international 8: 123 - 138 .\nmortensen s. , van der meeren t. , fosshagen a. , hernar i. , harkestad l. , torkildsen l. et al. 2000. mortality of scallop spat in cultivation, infested with tube dwelling bristle worms ,\nnicolas j. l. , corre s. , gauthier g. , robert r. and ansquer d. 1996. bacterial problems associated with scallop\nreitan k. i. 2000. resultater fra en gjødslet fjord. kan økt primærproduksjon i fjord gi økt vekst av skjell? [ results from a fertilized fjord. can increased primary production cause increased growth of bivalves? ]. norsk fiskeoppdrett 12: 30 - 31 .\nridgeway g. m. i. and dahle g. 2000. population genetics of\nriquelme c. , jorquera m. , rojas a. , avedano r. and reyes n. 2001. addition of inhibitor - producing bacteria to mass cultures of\nrobert r. , miner p. and nicolas j. l. 1996. mortality control of scallop larvae in the hatchery. aquaculture international 4: 305 - 313. 317 sætre r. , aure j. and ljøen r. 1988. wind effects on the lateral extension of the norwegian coastal water. continental shelf research 8: 239 - 253 .\nskjermo j. and vadstein o. 1999. techniques for microbial control in the intensive rearing of the marine larvae. aquaculture 177: 333 - 343 .\nskjermo j. , øie g. , bergh ø. , lambert c. and torkildsen l. 2000. growth of a scallop pathogenic\nin water added three different algae. final report from the project 122389 / 122. norwegian research council. sintef report no. 820003. 00. 01. trondheim, norway .\nstrand ø. and nylund a. 1991. the reproductive cycle of the scallop\n( l .) from two populations in western - norway, 60n and 64n. in: shumway s. e. (ed .), an international compendium of scallop biology and culture. special publication. world aquaculture society, pp. 95 - 105 .\nstrand ø. , solberg p. t. , andersen k. k. and magnesen t. 1993. salinity tolerance of juvenile scallops\nstrand ø. and mortensen s. 1995. stort kamskjell. biologi og dyrking [ great scallop. biology and culture ]. kystnæringen forlag, isbn 82 - 7595 - 013 - 9. 84 p. (in norwegian) .\nstrand ø. 1996. enhancement of bivalve production capacity in a landlocked heliothermic marine basin. aquaculture research 27: 355 - 373 .\nstrand ø. and vølstad j. h. 1997. the molluscan fisheries and culture of norway. noaa tech. rep. nmfs 129. us dep. commerce, p. 7 - 24 .\nstrand ø. , haugum g. a. and skjæggestad h. 1998. strategi for utsetting av stort kamskjell bunnkultur - eller må de kastes på sjøen? [ a strategic seeding of the great scallops to the seabed - or should they just be thrown over board ] .\nstrand ø, hugum g. a. , hansen e. and monkan a. 1999. fencing scallops on the seabed to prevent intrusion of the brown crab\n. in: twelfth international pectinid workshop, 5 - 11 may 1999. bergen, norway .\nstrand ø. and skjæggestad h. 2001. scallop sea ranching in norway. in: thirteenth international pectinid workshop, 18 - 24 april 2001. coquimbo, chile .\n( l .) suggesting that somatic and reproductive growth are separated in time. journal of shellfish research 19: 741 - 747 .\nlarvae. in: ninth international conference\ndiseases of fish and shellfish\n. 19 - 24 sept. 1999. rhodos, greece .\ntorkildsen l. , coyne r. , samuelsen o. b. and bergh ø. 2001. investigation of therapeutic treatments for diseases associated with the early life stages of scallop. in: kjørsvik e. and stead s. (eds), new species. new technologies. european aquaculture society, special publication no. 29, oostende, belgium, pp. 262 - 263 .\nm. j. de kluijver, s. s. ingalsuo & r. h. de bruyne\n, but more rounded on right. finer radiating ridges on both ribs and intervening grooves ,\nwith numerous fine ridges. external sculpture discernible over most of the shell on inner surfaces (\nwhen young, later free and capable of swimming by the opening and rapid closing of the valves. the muscle for closing the valves is very large and powerful. the\n, and at their base gleam a row of 30 - 35 large, greenish or dark blue, unequal ocelli (eye - spots) in two series .\nhayward, p. j. , wigham, g. d. & n. yonow, 1990. mollusca i: polyplacophora, scaphopoda, and gastropoda. in: the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe. (ed. p. j. hayward & j. s. ryland). clarendon press, oxford: 628 - 730 .\njeffreys, j. g. , 1869. british conchology. vol. v - 258 pp. van voorst, london .\npoppe, g. t. & y. goto, 1993. european seashells. vol. ii. 221 pp. wiesbaden / verlag christa hemmen .\nseaward, d. r. , 1990. distribution of the marine molluscs of north west europe. nature conservancy council .\nstep, e. , 1927. shell life. 421 pp. frederick warne & co. , ltd, london .\ntebble, n. , 1966. british bivalve seashells. 212 pp. trustees of the british museum (natural history). london .\nwagner, h. p. , 1991. review of the european pectinidae. vitra marina, 41 (1): 1 - 48 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nalso known as the king scallop, giant scallop, escallop and coquille st. jacques .\nseston including phytoplankton, especially single celled algae, particulate organic matter (pom), bacteria and other micro - organisms (fegley et al. , 1992; reitan et al. , 2002) .\nnormally lies recessed into slight hollows (recesses) in the seabed (mason, 1983). recessing is achieved through a series of powerful adductions (valve closures) where water is ejected from the mantle cavity and lifts the shell at an angle to the seabed so that subsequent water jets blow a hollow into the sediment (brand, 1991) .\nis capable of swimming by rapidly clapping the valves and expelling the water on either side of the dorsal hinge so that the scallop moves with the curved edge of the shell foremost (thomas & gruffydd, 1971). jumping is achieved through the gradual relaxation of the adductor muscle followed by the rapid opening and closing of valves, which jump the scallop hinge forward (thomas & gruffydd, 1971) .\nembedded among the bases of the sensory tentacles around the edge of the mantle are numerous tiny eyes (mason, 1983). the eyes are a blue green colour no more than ca 1. 5 mm in diameter. the eyes bear a superficial resemblance to the camera eyes of vertebrates and have a highly specialized retina (wilkens, 1991). light has both inhibitory and excitatory effects and scallops will swim, orient themselves or close their shell in response to shadows or movement (wilkens, 1991) .\nfish & fish, 1996, ansell et al. , 1991, mason, 1983, minchin, 2003, laing, 2002, campbell et al. , 2001, thomas & gruffydd, 1971, mason, 1957, bradshaw et al. , 2001, brand, 1991, ansell et al. , 1991, fegley et al. , 1992, reitan et al. , 2002, shumway, 1991, beaumont et al, 1985 ,\nrecorded around most coasts of britain and ireland, with only scattered records from the east coast of great britain .\nthe areas with highest abundance and the fastest growth rates of scallops are usually in areas with little mud (brand, 1991). gruffydd (1974) found that the maximum shell size of\nfrom the north irish sea was significantly negatively correlated with increasing mud content in the sediment .\naggregation and population subdivision adult scallops have a limited mobility and rely on the dispersal of larvae in terms of geographic distribution (brand, 1991). the extent of this distribution will in turn be affected by factors including local hydrographic regimes and the survival of larvae. consequently, all scallops have an aggregated distribution within their geographic range and the major fishing grounds are generally widely separated so much so that respective environmental conditions produce marked differences in population parameters (brand, 1991) .\n, 1998) have failed to identify any evidence of sub - population structure (beaumont, 2005). wilding\npopulations, implying that this population is genetically distinct from others. this genetic isolation is thought to arise as a result of the enclosed nature of mulroy bay which probably means that the population is sustained through self - recruitment (beaumont, 2005) .\nansell et al. , 1991, mason, 1983, gibson, 1956, tebble, 1976, brand, 1991, ansell et al. , 1991, beaumont & zouros, 1991, gruffydd, 1974, picton & costello, 1998, jncc, 1999, nbn, 2002, beaumont, 2005, wilding et al. , 1998, wilding et al. , 1999 ,\nfish & fish, 1996, beaumont & budd, 1982, ansell et al. , 1991, mason, 1983, gibson, 1956, ansell et al. , 1991, barber & blake, 1991, beaumont & budd, 1983, beaumont, 2005, wilding et al. , 1998, wilding et al. , 1999, beaumont & barnes, 1992 ,\nbiotic (biological traits information catalogue) by marlin (marine life information network) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2. 0 uk: england & wales license. permissions beyond the scope of this license are available at urltoken. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse. based on a work at urltoken .\nen - great atlantic scallop, fr - coquille st - jacques atlantique, sp - vieira (= concha de santiago) .\nshell solid, equilateral, ears equal; inequivalve, right (lower) valve convex, slightly overlapping the left (upper) valve which is flat; almost circular in outline; very large specimens measure 15, 24 cm in length. ears prominent occupying at least half the width of the shell; byssal notch in the right anterior ear slight, not serrated. sculpture of 12 to 17 broad radiating ribs and numerous concentric lines. growth stages clear. ears with a few thin ribs radiating from the beaks. margin crenulate where indented by the radiating ribs. left valve red - brown, right valve white, cream or shades of light brown with pink, red or pale yellow tints; both may carry zigzag patterns and may be adorned with bands and spots of red, pink or bright yellow." ]

{ "text": [ "pecten maximus , common names the great scallop , king scallop , st james shell or escallop , is a northeast atlantic species of scallop , an edible saltwater clam , a marine bivalve mollusc in the family pectinidae .", "this is the type species of the genus .", "this species may be conspecific with pecten jacobaeus , the pilgrim 's scallop , which has a much more restricted distribution . " ], "topic": [ 7, 26, 7 ] }

[ "pecten maximus, common names the great scallop, king scallop, st james shell or escallop, is a northeast atlantic species of scallop, an edible saltwater clam, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family pectinidae. this is the type species of the genus. this species may be conspecific with pecten jacobaeus, the pilgrim's scallop, which has a much more restricted distribution." ]

[ "notify me of updates to loligo forbesii, veined squid (pp. 73 - 108 )\nloligo forbesii. image width ca 60 cm. image: david nicholson / marine biological association of the uk\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nforbes kalmar\nto\nloligo forbesii steenstrup, 1857\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nnordischer kalmar\nto\nloligo forbesii steenstrup, 1857\n.\nnomenclature the name loligo forbesii is generally attributed to steenstrup, 1856, but this seems to be from a wrongly dated publication .\nhans - martin braun marked the english common name\ncalamar veteado\nfrom\nloligo forbesii steenstrup, 1857\nas untrusted .\nhans - martin braun marked the english common name\nencornet veiné\nfrom\nloligo forbesii steenstrup, 1857\nas untrusted .\nhans - martin braun marked the english common name\nforbe' s squid\nfrom\nloligo forbesii steenstrup, 1857\nas untrusted .\nnomenclature the name loligo forbesii is generally attributed to steenstrup, 1856, but this seems to be from a wrongly dated publication. [ details ]\nto cite this page: taylor, r. 2002 .\nloligo forbesii\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\ntype species. - - loligo vulgaris lamarck, 1798, by subsequent designation of hoyle (1910) .\nloligo includes species of the eastern atlantic ocean and forms a nearly continuous distribution from southern africa to 60°n .\n1. the degestive mechanism has been investigated in loligo forbesii, l. vulgaris, alloteuthis media, and a. subulata. histology and morphology were examined on living and fixed material and the feeding of l. vulgaris was observed in the living animal .\nbrierley, a. s. , and j. p. thorp. 1994. biochemical genetic evidence supporting the taxonomic separation of loligo gahi from the genus loligo. antarctic science, 6 (2): 143 - 148 .\n( of loligo fusus risso, 1826) integrated taxonomic information system (itis). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\naugustyn, c. j. and w. s > grant. 1988. biochemical and morphological systematics of loligo vulgaris vulgaris lamarck and loligo vulgaris reynaudii d' orbigny nov. comb. (cepahlopoda; myopsida) malacologia 29 (1): 215 - 233 .\nguerra, a. & rocha, f. , 1994. the life history of loligo vulgaris and loligo forbesi (cephalopoda: loliginidae) in galician waters (nw spain) special issue: fishery biology of northeast atlantic squid, fisheries research, 21, 43 - 69 .\nloligo species are the common inshore squids of the eastern atlantic ocean. several species are targets of substantial fisheries. although the biology of some species of loligo (e. g. , l. vulgaris, l. reynaudii) is among the best known of any cephalopod, considerable controversy remains about their taxonomy and systematic relationships .\n( of loligo forbesi steenstrup, 1857) steenstrup j. (1857) hectocotylus formation in argonauta and tremoctopus explained by observations on similar formations in the cephalopoda in general. annals and magazine of natural history ser. 2, 20: 81 - 114. page (s): 84 [ details ]\nwilson, e. 2008. loligo vulgaris common squid. in tyler - walters h. and hiscock k. (eds) marine life information network: biology and sensitivity key information reviews, [ on - line ]. plymouth: marine biological association of the united kingdom. [ cited 10 - 07 - 2018 ]. available from: urltoken\nalloteuthis is morphologically very similar to loligo. however, molecular analyses by anderson (2000) indicate that alloteuthis should be considered a separate genus. this supports earlier inferences by naef (1921 - 23) and alexeyev (1989) that the presence of a gladial conus in alloteuthis should be considered a generic character. the conus in alloteuthis would clearly separate the genera but it can be very difficult to find and in some alloteuthis specimens may be reduced until it is essentially absent. the posterior tip of the mantle in alloteuthis is elongate into a tail - like structure that tends to be more pointed than in loligo. this is particularly true for males but identification of this character state can be subjective in females .\nreproductive behavior and specific mating rituals are limited to the act of congregating on the bottom of the sea before fertilization. for reproduction, members of loligo have fused, unpaired gonads located at the posterior ends of their bodies. specialized glands of the female provide substances for egg coverings and open into the mantle cavity. this species collects in large numbers on the ocean bottom and produces huge masses of gelatinous spawn. the spawn are attached to solid objects on the ocean bottom .\n( of loligo fusus risso, 1826) jereb, p. , vecchione, m. & roper, c. f. e. (2010). family loliginidae. in p. jereb & c. f. e. roper, eds. cephalopods of the world. an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. volume 2. myopsid and oegopsid squids. fao species catalogue for fishery purposes. no. 4, vol. 2. rome, fao. pp. 38 - 117. , available online at urltoken page (s): 43 [ details ]\nexcept for geographic distribution, loligo species are unified in their lack of the characters distinctive of some other genera (photophores, spermatophore with long cement body, large eggs, hectocotylus with ventral crest, etc .). the most distinct of the three species is l. forbesi. the southern african species, l. reynaudii, is very similar to l. vulgaris and, based on electrophoresis, augustyn and grant (1988) concluded that l. reynaudii should be considered a subspecies of l. vulgaris. however, l. reynaudii and l. vulgaris are allopatric and distinct morphologically; we consider them to be distinct species .\n( of loligo fusus risso, 1826) risso, a. (1826 - 1827). histoire naturelle des principales productions de l' europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de nice et des alpes maritimes. paris, levrault: vol. 1: xii + 448 pp. , 1 map [ 1826 ]; vol. 2: vii + 482 pp. , 8 pls [ november 1827 ]; vol. 3: xvi + 480 pp. , 14 pls [ september 1827 ]; vol. 4: iv + 439 pp. , 12 pls [ november 1826 ]; vol. 5: viii + 400 pp. , 10 pls [ november 1827 ]. . 3 (xvi): 1 - 480, 14 pls. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsteenstrup j. (1857) hectocotylus formation in argonauta and tremoctopus explained by observations on similar formations in the cephalopoda in general. annals and magazine of natural history ser. 2, 20: 81 - 114. page (s): 84 [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission (ioc) of unesco. the ocean biogeographic information system (obis), available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmaris, t. ; beauchard, o. ; van damme, s. ; van den bergh, e. ; wijnhoven, s. ; meire, p. (2013). referentiematrices en ecotoopoppervlaktes annex bij de evaluatiemethodiek schelde - estuarium studie naar “ecotoopoppervlaktes en intactness index”. monitor taskforce publication series, 2013 - 01. nioz: yerseke. 35 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nthis commercially important squid lives in the eastern atlantic ocean and mediterranean sea in subtropical and temperate waters. they eat fish primarily with crustaceans, polychaetes and other cephalopods rounding out their diet .\nroper c. f. e. , sweeney m. j. and nauen c. e. 1984. fao species catalogue. vol 3. cephalopods of the world. fao fisheries synopsis 125 (3) .\n» what' s new? » cephalopod species, information, and photographs » articles on octopuses, squid, nautilus and cuttlefish » cephalopod lesson plans by wood, jackson and amity high school teachers » the cephalopod page f. a. q .\nthe cephalopod page (tcp), © copyright 1995 - 2018, was created and is maintained by dr. james b. wood, associate director of the waikiki aquarium which is part of the university of hawaii. please see the faqs page for cephalopod questions, marine invertebrates of bermuda for information on other invertebrates, and urltoken and the census of marine life for general information on marine biology .\nis found on all british and irish sea coasts, the mediterranean sea, the red sea, the east african coast, throughout the atlantic ocean around many islands, and essentially in all open coast areas. migration is seasonal among the species and corresponds to the breeding season .\nlong - finned squid are found in marine habitats, usually near sandy and muddy sea bottoms, but also quite often in clean, coarse sand on the ocean bottom .\nlive in waters with a normal oceanic salinity content, usually near - shore regions with warm and rarely cool water, never very cold water .\nthese cephalopods have eight\nnormal arms ,\nalong with a pair of retractile arms with clubbed suckers on the ends. their torpedo - shaped, stream - lined bodies with terminal fins often appear somewhat blunter and wider as their depth increases, and enclose a thin membraneous internal shell. the two fins comprise a length of approximately two - thirds of the organism' s body and produce a diamond - shape when seen from the dorsal view. these squid have well - developed heads with large eyes that are useful in predation. these squid possess colors and stripes; colors change during the escape mechanisms to a pink, red, or brown hue .\nthe yolky eggs undergo direct development without the presence of a true larval stage. the eggs are laid in large colorless capsules during the night. the swollen capsules shrink as the embryos develop and, after approximately thirty days of embryonic development, the young hatch, resembling miniature adults, about 5 to 7mm in length. the young maintain a vertical body structure for a period of time, floating and drifting submissively through the water. growth occurs rapidly for the young during the summer, and the species is sexually mature between the months of june and october. after 1 to 1. 5 years, the adults die, completing the life cycle .\nmale squid gather sperm into a spermatophore carried on a specialized tentacle, called a hectocotylus. this tentacle is used to transfer the spermatophore to the female' s mantle cavity, and is possibly broken off there. the anterior portion of the spermatophore has a gelatinous substance that discharges explosively upon contact with the female glandular stucture. the sperm are then released into the mantle cavity to pursue the rather large, yolky eggs .\nfemales lay up to 100, 000 eggs attached to sea floor substrates. sexual maturity is reached about one year after hatching. although it is possible for squid to reproduce more than once, they most often don' t because of their limited lifespan .\nfemales provide their eggs richly with yolk. there is no further parental investment .\nthe long - finned squid lives approximately 1 - 2 years in or out of captivity, three years at the most. natural causes are the common cause of death; adults usually die after a mere year and a half. it is very common for squid to be eaten by predators, explaining why numbers in schools of squid are dramatically reduced during and after migration, falling prey to their predators. cannibalism is also a very common cause of death of individuals. the large number of eggs produced more than compensates for the high mortality rate. (wilson 2001, grzimek 1972 )\nmoves through the water by adjusting buoyancy through gas exchange, as well as by using jet propulsion through mantle contractions .\nleads a rather solitary life, only interrupted during breeding season and when they form large schools to migrate. mass concentrations of long - finned squid near coasts are spawning migrations. these invertebrates, like others in the class\n, yet the most predominate communication and perception channel is visual, using their large, well - developed eyes to recognize sexes for mating, prey for eating, and so forth .\nusually feeds on organisms smaller than itself, including herring and other small fish, crustaceans, other cephalopods, and polychaetes, among others. cannibalism is also common among the species .\nlong - finned squids have a muscular bag behind the head which contains the organism' s gills that provide rapid jet - propulsion used to escape predators. when the squid retracts backwards by use of the jet - propulsion, the body quickly changes to a much lighter color, and a bag of pigment opens into the mantle cavity that emits a large black cloud, confusing the predator .\n( berg, et al. , 1999; nichols and cooke, 1971 )\nsquid are important as a food base for oceanic predators, as well as being important predators of smaller marine vertebrates and invertebrates .\naside from the obvious use of squid as food, research, and education, an unusual use of these squid is for jewelry: many primitive tribes use the hooked rings of the species' suction cups for rings .\nis also used as fish bait and fish - meal production in the mediterranean .\nthis species is very common during specific times of the year in nearshore waters and may prey on small fish and herring important to nearshore fisheries. however, squid are also economically important to humans .\nrae taylor (author), southwestern university, stephanie fabritius (editor), southwestern university .\nthe body of water between africa, europe, the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), and the western hemisphere. it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother' s body .\nthat region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north (between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south (between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle) .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23. 5 degrees north to 23. 5 degrees south .\n1998 - 2001 .\ncephbase\n( on - line). accessed september 14, 2001 at urltoken .\nwilson, e. 1999 .\nmarlin: the marine life information network for britain & ireland\n( on - line). accessed september 14, 2001 at urltoken .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\njereb, p. , vecchione, m. & roper, c. f. e. (2010). family loliginidae. in p. jereb & c. f. e. roper, eds. cephalopods of the world. an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. volume 2. myopsid and oegopsid squids. fao species catalogue for fishery purposes. no. 4, vol. 2. rome, fao. pp. 38 - 117. , available online at urltoken page (s): 43 [ details ]\nhayward, p. j. ; ryland, j. s. (ed .). (1990). the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe: 1. introduction and protozoans to arthropods. clarendon press: oxford, uk. isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1. 627 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca. in: costello, m. j. et al. (eds), european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. patrimoines naturels. 50: 180 - 213. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nroper, c. f. e. , m. j. sweeney & c. e. nauen (1984). fao species catalogue. vol 3. cephalopods of the world. an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries. fao fish. synop. (125), vol 3: 277 p. [ details ]\ndyntaxa. (2013). swedish taxonomic database. accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ]. , available online at http: / / urltoken [ details ]\nthis note summarizes information on the biology of squids in uk waters, their distribution, capture and economic importance. advice is given on the handling and processing of squid, its chilled and frozen storage life, and on the composition and yield of edible flesh. much of the information also applies to species of squid imported from other parts of the world .\nsquids are molluscs and belong to a class called cephalopods which also includes the octopus and cuttlefish. molluscs such as cockles and whelks have shells, but in the squid the shell is modified and consists of a strip of cartilage, known as the pen, buried in the flesh. two species ,\nwhen it occurs in the uk catch, is included in squid landings for statistical purposes, although it is not a true squid .\nthe preferred name in the uk is squid; other names occasionally met with include inkfish, ink, sea arrow and calamari .\nspecies have a blunt tail, and the fins or wings together form roughly a diamond shape. the length of the mantle can be up to 60 cm .\nspecies are generally smaller; they have a slender body and finely pointed tail, and the two fins together are roughly heart shaped. the length of the mantle is up to about 10 cm .\nis rounded in shape, and has an internal strip of calcified bonelike material instead of the strip of cartilage found in the squids .\nthe life history of squid in uk waters is not fully known. they are thought to live mainly in deep water on the atlantic edge of the continental shelf, and to move inshore seasonally, probably in association with the breeding cycle. squid grow fast ;\nreach sexual maturity 1 year after hatching. the females spawn in then - second year, when the mantle reaches a length of up to 18 cm, and then die. the males reach a length of about 30 cm at the end of the first year, and can be 50 cm long when 2 years old. the life span of squid is seldom more than 2 - 3 years .\nsquid feed on plankton after hatching, but the adults are active predators which feed on crustaceans, fish and other squid. although some species drift with the ocean currents, the commercially important species are active swimmers and move rapidly through the water by jet propulsion; they contract the thick muscular wall of the mantle and expel water forcibly through the syphon .\nthe potential sustainable world catch of all cephalopods from all continental shelves is estimated to be 8 - 12 million tonnes a year; if oceanic cephalopods are included, this figure is increased somewhere between 8 and 60 times. much of this resource is unlikely to be fished commercially, because it is thinly scattered throughout the oceans, but nevertheless the cephalopods are believed to be a major and largely untapped source of marine protein .\nsquid are found in waters all round the uk, and are landed in small amounts at most ports. the most prolific catching areas are south west scotland, the moray firth, rockall and faroe. the squid fishery fluctuates from year to year, since in such a short lived species it is so much dependent on the success or failure of a particular breeding season. the squid fishery tends to be seasonal, coincident with the movement from deep water to inshore grounds. the fishing seasons are as follows .\nsquid are caught in uk waters mainly as a bycatch when trawling or seining for white fish; since squid tend to swim off the bottom, the best catches are obtained with midwater trawls or high headline bottom trawls. nevertheless a high proportion of the smaller squids can readily escape through the meshes of a typical trawl .\njigging is a method used for capturing squid in quantity in other parts of the world; the japanese use a mechanical jigger with lights that attract the squid towards a number of lures moving ecccntrically through the water on a power driven belt. the squid attach themselves to the lures and are hauled from the water onto the deck of the fishing vessel. the method is unlikely to be readily adaptable to uk waters .\nsquid are not normally gutted at sea: they are simply washed and packed in ice. they are more susceptible to damage than gutted white fish if not handled carefully; crushing, scuffing or tearing of the skin, and burst ink sacs are indicative of rough handling. squid are left ungutted because many markets, particularly overseas, prefer them whole; the ink and the tentacles are often used along with the flesh of the mantle when preparing squid for eating. stowage in boxes is generally better than bulk stowage because there is less risk of crushing and bursting the ink sac. there should be at least 1 part of ice to 3 parts of squid by weight .\nungutted squid in ice keep in first class condition for up to 8 days; after that time the flesh begins to redden, musty odours develop, and the squid become inedible in 13 - 14 days. ungutted squid stowed in chilled sea water keep in first class condition for 6 days, and become inedible after 9 days. the following scoring system can be used to assess the flavour of cooked squid after chilled storage of the raw material .\nwhole squid can be distributed chilled in ice or frozen. squid for freezing should be of good quality, less than 7 days in ice and free from damage. they should be packed in cartons and frozen quickly. an air blast freezer is suitable; the cartons should be left open during freezing to keep freezing time short. whole squid keep in good condition in cold storage at - 30°c for 9 months or more. more detailed information on the freezing and cold storage of fish is given in advisory notes 27 and 28 .\nthe edible parts of squid are prepared in the following manner. the whole squid is washed, and the tentacles are cut off just in front of the eyes; these are retained, since they can be eaten once the suckers have been removed. the head is twisted and the mantle is squeezed whilst the head, pen and guts arc gently pulled out. the mantle can be left whole, with the gut cavity washed out, or it can be split and opened so that any remaining guts can be scraped or washed away .\nthe skin on the mantle can be peeled or scraped off; blanching in hot water at 25 - 30°c for about 15 seconds makes the skin easier to remove. machinery for heading, gutting, skinning and cutting squid is available .\nis 78 per cent water, 15 - 19 per cent protein and 1 - 1 - 1 - 5 per cent fat. the energy value of the flesh is about 2 j / g. the yield of edible flesh from squid, 60 - 80 per cent including mantle, fins and tentacles, is higher than that from white fish. the only hard parts are the beak, the cartilaginous pen and the rings of cartilage in the suckers .\nspecies landed in the uk is as whole squid for export; only a small amount is sold on the home market, together with some imported canned delicatessen products / thus there is little incentive towards development of new squid products in the uk but outlets possibly worth pursuing include frozen packs of strips or rings of squid enrobed in batter, and paella or other seafood dishes containing pieces of squid meat .\nat present discarded by uk fishermen when caught in the north east atlantic, is probably an important underutilized species that could provide raw material for squid products .\nembryos, the transition from light to dark acts as a synchroniser for hatching. the same phenomenon has also been described for hatching in\n). in addition, in eggs that were translucent (i. e. where the outer envelopes had not been stained black with ink), the time to hatching was reduced, but the hatching rhythm was maintained. this may be explained by the embryos heightened sensitivity to external light–dark rhythms as a result of the lack of pigmentation in the egg capsule (\nin addition to the light–dark cycle, the effect of light intensity on the duration of embryogenesis in cephalopods has also been investigated (e. g .\nsouthward, 1963; southward and boalch, 1992, 1994; sims et al. , 2001, 2004; hawkins et al. , 2003; genner et al. , 2004\n). a total of 92 species have been recorded within 784 otter trawls (mean duration, 52 min) during 24 individual years spanning the 90 - year period. trawls were undertaken at 30–50 - m depth at 130 fishing “marks” over an area covering 42 × 19 km. the abundance of individual species was assessed and lengths recorded. throughout the series, five vessels were used, ranging in overall length from 19 to 39 m. however, the trawl gears used were of comparable dimensions, and trawling was carried out at similar speeds during the time series. an important aspect of this continuity in method has been the usage of the same vessel\nand net, and most of the same crew, from 1976 to 2003. this standard haul time series was complemented by a high - temporal - resolution trawl series undertaken with\nbetween 1953 and 1972. over 1550 trawls, each of 2. 4 h mean duration, were made in four trawling areas off plymouth: the inshore stations, looe grounds (50°16′ n, 04°24′ w) and middle grounds, including l4 (50°15. 5′ n, 04°13′ w), and the deeper water grounds, eddystone (inner) channel grounds (50°08. 5′ n, 04°15′ w), and eddystone (outer) channel grounds (50°02′ n, 04°20′ w). the inshore areas were trawled during both the\n, using a fine - mesh cover to the end of the trawl net .\nthe long - term data sets indicate both short - and long - term trends in the responses of fish and squid to both fluctuations in climate and changes associated with commercial exploitation of stocks. interannual changes in the timing of migration of veined squid (\n). the timing of squid abundance advanced by 120–150 days in the warmest years compared with the coldest. the annual migration of squid through the english channel represents a clear example of temperature - dependent movement, which is in turn mediated by climatic changes associated with the nao (\n). flounder migrated to sea some 1–2 months earlier in years that were up to 2°c cooler. they arrived on the spawning grounds over a shorter time period (2–6 days) when colder than normal conditions prevailed in the estuary, compared to their arrival in warmer years (12–15 days), indicating a more synchronous, population - level early migration when it was cold. migration was earlier when the largest temperature differences occurred between plymouth sound and offshore (e1) environments, differences that were related significantly to cold, negative phases of the nao. therefore, flounder migration phenology appears to be driven by short - term, climate - induced changes in the thermal resources of their overwintering habitat (\nthese studies indicate that climate - forced fluctuations in sea temperatures affect the timing and location of a peak population abundance of fish and cephalopods, which, in turn, may have implications for fishery management .\n). analyses show that these long - term changes are driven in part by climate - linked trends in sea temperature as well as by intensity of commercial fishing. as noted earlier, the southwest region has been subjected to marked biological changes over the last century (\nrussell et al. , 1971; southward, 1980; southward et al. , 1995\n) that is related to climate warming in the 1930s–1950s and in the years since 1985, with relatively cooler periods occuring in the 1900s and 1970s. these changes resulted in increasing observations of rare warm - water fish in warmer periods, as shown in\n). the continued effect of rising sea temperatures from 1985 to the present day appears to have caused an increased abundance of a subset of dominant (common) species with a southern geographical distribution (e. g. dragonet ,\n). the dominant species in the subset, however, have no direct commercial importance in the region .\n). mean fish length has declined, as has mean maximum length and mean length of maturity for the assemblage. this indicates a species - level shift to taxa that grow to, or mature at, smaller sizes. these declines are most striking in commercially exploited species, notably skates and rays (\n), for instance, have declined by 88% between 1919–1922 and 1983–2002. taken with other criteria, evidence is consistent with patterns expected from the selective, unsustainable harvesting of large, commercially valuable species (\n). this cold - water species was scarce off plymouth in the 1950s, but after the cold winters of 1961–1962 and 1962–1963, which signalled the start of a period of declining temperature, numbers of young cod appeared in the catches of the research vessels. by 1977, mature cod were much commoner than in the earlier years of survey. in 1980, samples of fish eggs taken at l5 with the 2 - metre diameter mesozooplankton net in early april contained viable cod eggs (up to 15% of total fish eggs), showing that cod had reached a local density great enough to allow spawning (a. j. s. and p. r. d. , personal observation ,\n). this survival of cod off plymouth is counterintuitive, as the species would have been expected to disappear from the western english channel when the temperatures rise. another cold - water gadoid\n), and its eggs and larvae were detected in small numbers in 1980 and 1981; unlike cod, however, it appears to have vanished in recent years .\n. it is possible that removal of competitors by fishing, and improvement in nutrition following an increase in trash species caused by overexploitation of commercial species, has allowed species such as cod to survive the change in environment in the western english channel .\ndispersal is an essential ingredient of recruitment. given the lack of a clear - cut metamorphosis in cephalopods, it is a matter of agreement how the term recruitment is perceived. for fisheries, a useful criterion may be the minimal size of individuals turning up in the catches, which is generally related to the mesh size of the nets used. this provides an approximation of recruitment to the exploitable stock that may suffice for the top - down view of stock assessment. it is of only limited significance in the bottom - up view of work dealing with biological processes. here the main concern is in population biology, where recruitment designates “the appearance of the young in a given population per unit of time” (\n). this definition does not address the variable probabilities for “the young” to attain the stage of reproduction .\nyamaguchi and okutani, 1990; rodhouse et al. , 1992; piatkowski et al. , 1993; filippova and pakhomov, 1994; waluda et al. , 2001\ncephalopod populations are not homogeneous, nor are they likely to be (continually or seasonally) replenished by quantitatively predictable recruitment or undergo only negligible fluctuation if undisturbed by fishing pressure. to some extent, the combined effects of length and strength of reproductive activity, and of life span, on lifetime fecundity may balance population size and structure, but they cannot totally counter balance environmental effects (\n) do not yet reveal the underlying recruitment dynamics. in approaching these basic mechanisms, the genetic heterogeneity and the complex population structures observed (\njuvenile mortality rates appear as the most conspicuous unknown quantity of cephalopod recruitment. since large samples of juveniles are rarely taken (\n), it is difficult to assess how many individuals survive in the small size classes of a given cohort. mortality curves obtained under laboratory culture conditions are of no use unless the actual causes of juvenile mortality are known. starvation due to inadequate food and disease are likely to reflect artificial rather than natural mortality factors, and predation is rarely permitted in culture work .\n.). but there is no means to quantify such effects, as the presence of young individuals outside their normal range of distribution provides no evidence for their actual loss. indeed, massive or repeated displacement of individuals (provided they subsequently mate) may lead to the establishment of new local populations .\nwas passively distributed in all cells emerged from three key experimental observations made in squid axons, skeletal muscle cells and red blood cells between the 1940s and the 1960s. first, in the early 1940s an influential paper reported that in freshly dissected squid axons, still one of the best animal cell models to study ion transport, the average [ cl\nwas in electrochemical equilibrium across the axolemma of this seawater animal. however, in 1963, the british physiologist richard keynes (1919–2010) published a landmark paper entitled “chloride in squid giant axons” in which he reanalyzed the chloride content of extruded axoplasm from\nmv typically measured in squid axons. based on these findings and measurements of cl\nwas “…being transported inwards against the electrochemical gradient by some form of active transport mechanism…” the nature of the transport mechanism in squid axons was elucidated nearly 20 years later by the biophysicist john m. russell. the active cl\n) similar to that described in 1980 by p. geck, e. heinz and coworkers in ehrlich cells, a mammalian cell line (\nin most mammalian cells, probably reflecting some hitherto unknown differences in the protein structure .\nof skeletal muscle fibers is due to the expression of clc - 1 chloride channels. clc - 1 is a member of the clc family of chloride channels and transporter proteins (\nis that it stabilizes the membrane potential of skeletal muscle fibers. thus, for all practical purposes, cl\nin skeletal muscle cells or in any cell type. in fact, there is compelling evidence for an inward active transport of cl\nwong et al. , 2001; gosmanov et al. , 2003; jurkat - rott et al. , 2006; kristensen and juel, 2010\nwas also found to be close to that predicted for electrochemical equilibrium. several cl\ncrossed the membrane extremely rapidly. this latter finding, erroneously interpreted for a long time as being only the result of high passive\ncould remain at thermodynamic equilibrium. in fact, it was later found that the high\nexchanger originally identified as “band 3” because of its relative migration position in sds - page (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) gels. “band 3” is now known as “anion exchanger 1” (ae1) and it is one of 10 members of the slc4 gene and protein family of anion transporters (\nthe three sets of experimental observations that we have considered above were generalized so that virtually all cells were thought to have a very high p cl and a thermodynamically passive cl − transmembrane distribution, implying that cl − was not actively transported. moreover, to make things worse for the case of cl −, cations claimed center stage during this period with attention focused on the na + and ca 2 + action potentials, the k + channels and the na + / k + pump. thus, the belief that cl − played no major role in membrane physiology and the attention directed to the study of cations combined to cause research on cl − transport to be largely neglected for many years .\ndistribution dogma” in neurons can be traced back to the work of h. burr steinbach (1905–1981), who in 1941 reported that in freshly dissected squid axons the average [ cl\nwas in electrochemical equilibrium across the axolemma. in the late 1950s and early 1960s several physiologists from the british school rigorously demonstrated that the resting cl\n). around the same time, richard h. adrian (1927–1995) showed that the [ cl\ntransport in skeletal muscle or in any cell type. in fact, there is compelling\nmmol / kg axoplasm and remained steady at this high level for “long periods of time…”. this doubling of [ cl\nobserved by steinbach prompted keynes to reanalyze the issue. in his landmark paper of 1963 keynes (\nm - mole / kg. since steinbach’s figures were consistent with a simple passive distribution of chloride, the new ones could not be, for the corresponding value for\nmv. hence it had to be supposed either that the internal chloride was partly bound, or that chloride was being transported inwards against the electrochemical gradient by some form of active transport mechanism. as will be seen, measurements of the chloride activity in extruded axoplasm ruled out the first explanation, and tracer experiments provided support for the second hypothesis, without, however, settling finally the question of the exact nature of the transport process. ” the question of the “exact nature of the transport process” was elucidated nearly 20 years later by john russell who carried out a series of careful studies in which squid axons were internally dialyzed (\nback in 1982 clive ellory and richard keynes organized a meeting at the royal society in london. this effort culminated in the publication of a complete volume of the “philosophical transactions of the royal society”. one can still profit from reading the papers collected in that volume that had the propitious title: “the binding and transport of anions in living tissues. ” it was again keynes who, in the introductory remarks of the meeting, started by remembering a previous discussion meeting he had organized in 1970, concerned with the active transport of salts and water in living tissues (\n), quickly brought the sodium pump to the fore, and it has monopolized the centre of the stage ever since. ” “…why is it that every cell, at least in the animal kingdom, has a sodium pump, and only a few can afford the luxury of a chloride pump? ”\nparalarval rearing is at present one of the main bottlenecks for cephalopod culture. the term paralarva defines a cephalopod that is planktonic after hatching and has a habitat different from older conspecific individual (\n). both the rate and efficiency of yolk absorption are temperature - dependent and the time required to deplete yolk reserves decreases exponentially with increasing temperature. feeding rates increase as the inner yolk sac is being absorbed and more space becomes available to accommodate meals for digestion (\nthe whole planktonic phase has been covered for 21 cephalopod species, but only at the experimental level. eight sepiid cephalopods with a relatively brief planktonic phase have been reared :\n). these sepioid species are relatively large at hatching and their planktonic phases range from a few hours to 1 month .\nchen et al. , 1996; vidal et al. , 2002a; yang et al. , 1986\n). their planktonic phases differ, depending on the hatchling size of the species and temperature, but none lasts longer than 2 months .\nchoe, 1966a; lee et al. , 1994; nabhitabhata, 1996; segawa, 1990; sugimoto and ikeda, 2012\ncarrasco et al. , 2006; de wolf et al. , 2011; iglesias et al. , 2004; itami et al. , 1963; villanueva, 1995\n). their planktonic phase ranges from 3 weeks to 6 months, depending also on species and temperature .\nthere are still many questions to be answered in relation to paralarval rearing, particularly regarding their feeding, nutrition and husbandry requirements. most information has been obtained from just a few species, and the most intense research during recent years has been on o. vulgaris, which is the focus of the next section .\nno standard rearing technique for this species during the planktonic phase is yet available and present knowledge is based on experimental rearings. the transfer of paralarvae to their rearing tanks must be carried out with extreme care in order to avoid stress or physical damage, with monitoring carried out carefully, either by individual counting or by volumetric estimation. small tank volumes (8–50\ncarrasco et al. , 2006; itami et al. , 1963; villanueva, 1995\nl, obtaining better results in larger tanks. usually, black tanks have been used but white tanks (\nboth natural and continuous light photoperiods, too, have resulted in obtaining settled juveniles. light intensities used have ranged from 60 (\nnutrition seems to be the main problem to solve when rearing these paralarvae. poor paralarval survival has been attributed to the lack of suitable prey, in both quality and quantity, and to their particular feeding requirements (\nfuentes et al. , 2011; monroig et al. , 2012a, b; navarro and villanueva, 2000, 2003; viciano et al. , 2011\n) have not produced settled individuals and further research is necessary to design balanced diets for these paralarvae .\nmm) at first feeding. prey size requirement increases as paralarvae grow and notably when animals are near settlement, a delicate period associated with high peaks of mortality. at around 40–65 dah ,\nparalarvae have between 17 and 20 suckers per arm, a mean ml of 6. 5\n°c), and they change from their initial planktonic habit to a raptorial behaviour, fixing themselves to the walls and bottom of the tanks. presettlement individuals (\ne) tend to remain attached to the surfaces of the tank for most of the time and only swim to capture prey in the water column. this behaviour lasts for 2 weeks, before they acquire fully benthic behaviour. during the settlement period, several morphological changes took place, including positive allometric arm growth; the addition of new suckers, chromatophores, iridophores and leucophores; the development of skin sculptural components; and a horizontal pupillary response (\n). at the same time, the kölliker organs covering the body surface during planktonic life disappear, along with the lateral line system and the oral denticles of the beaks. this is a critical transitional period, which is poorly understood and requires focused research .\nview, comprising about two - thirds of total body length. fin length 75% of\n]. description not available. generally no great changes in body forms occur in development from hatchling to\n. hatchling length ranging 3. 5 - 4. 1 mm. the number of\nmaximum 35 cm; hatchling size 3. 5 - 4. 1 mm. [ synopsis of sizes of\ne atlantic from central norway (s from 65°n) to cape blanc (mauretania) and the canaries and azores; fairly rare to the south from the gulf of biscay; w mediterranean sea. widespread and abundant, around the whole of the british isles .\nanderson, f. e. , 2000. phylogenetic relationships among loliginid squids (cephalopoda: myopsida) based on analyses of multiple data sets. zool. j. linn. soc. , 130: 603–633 .\nde kluijver, m. , s. ingalsuo and r. de bruyne, 2000. macrobenthos of the north sea. vol. i - keys to mollusca and brachiopoda. world biodiversity database, cd - rom series. expert centre for taxonomic identifications (eti), university of amsterdam, amsterdam .\nhayward, p. j. , wigham, g. d. & n. yonow, 1990. mollusca i: polyplacophora, scaphopoda, and gastropoda. in: the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe. (ed. p. j. hayward & j. s. ryland). clarendon press, oxford: 628 - 730 .\nmuus, b. j. , 1959. skallus, søtaender, blaeksprutter. danmarks fauna, band 65. 239 pages, 117 figs. gads forlag, københavn .\nmuus, b. j. , 1963b. cephalopoda. sub - order: teuthoidea, family loliginidae. fiches d' identification du zooplancton, 96 (1963). conseil international pour l' exploration de la mer, kopenhagen .\nstep, e. , 1927. shell life. frederick warne & co. , ltd. , london. 421 pp .\nsweeney, m. j. , f. e. r. roper, k. m. mangold, m. r. clarke and s. v. boletzky (editors), 1992 .\nlarval\nand juvenile cephalopods: a manual for their identification. smith. contr. zool. , 513: 1 - 282 .\nvecchione, m. , t. f. brakoniecki, y. natsukari and r. t. hanlon, 1998. a provisional generic classification of the family loliginidae. in: n. a. voss, m. vecchione, r. b. toll and m. j. sweeney (eds .), systematics and biogeography of cephalopods, volume 1. smiths. contrib. zool, 586: 215 - 222 (1998) .\na long, slender squid with the fins forming an elongate diamond - shape in dorsal view, comprising two - thirds total body length. the tentacle club has median suckers only slightly larger than those on edges. the colour varies but pink, red and brown predominate. the shell has been reduced to a thin, internal horny pen .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsweeney, m. j. and c. f. e. roper / n. a. voss, m. vecchione, r. b. toll and m. j. sweeney, eds .\nsystematics and biogeography of cephalopods. smithsonian contributions to zoology, 586 (i - ii )\nvecchione, m. j. , t. f. brakoniecki, y. natsukari and r. t. hanlon / n. a. voss et al. , eds .\ntaxon validity: valid species with unresolved generic affinity [ fide vecchione et al. (1998) ]. repository: zmuc? syntype [ fide kristensen and knudsen (1983) ]. type locality: atlantic ocean\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more..." ]

{ "text": [ "loligo forbesii ( sometimes erroneously spelled forbesi ) , known commonly as the veined squid and long-finned squid , is a commercially important species of squid in the family loliginidae , the pencil squids . " ], "topic": [ 29 ] }

[ "loligo forbesii (sometimes erroneously spelled forbesi), known commonly as the veined squid and long-finned squid, is a commercially important species of squid in the family loliginidae, the pencil squids." ]

[ "matt clarke looks at the very rarely seen rio negro dwarf cichlid, nannacara adoketa .\nthere are a few nannacara species, but i think there is only one ivanacara .\ntaxonomic names change with time. presently there are 2 species of ivanacara and at least 9 species of nannacara that are know to occur. until recently the ivanacara species were considered part of the genus nannacara. they were separated from nannacara based on physical, breeding, and distribution differences .\nhi i don' t understand because in france the genre ivanacara is replaced by the genus nannacara. in book\namerica cichlid 1\nof staek and link 1999, he was appointed nannacara adoketa. what genus should i put it today? see here an article by morgan dange: urltoken currently, i sell it as genus nannacara\nkaryotypes arranged from giemsa stained chromosomes (left) of five species of cichlids: cleithracara maronii, ivanacara adoketa, nannacara anomala, nannacara aureocephalus, nannacara taenia. selected metaphases stained with giemsa staining (center) and sequentially by cdd banding (right). white arrows indicate chromosomes with positive chromomycin a 3 signals. bar = 10µm .\namong these fish are members of the nannacara genus. amazingly, only nannacara anomala, which has been represented in our tanks since 1930, has become established in the hobby. this fish is often called the golden dwarf cichlid .\nnannacara taenia originate from brazil near belém, they are much smaller than the other nannacara species, reaching a total length of about 4cm. although not the brightest coloured fish in their family they are an interesting and challenging dwarf cichlid .\ni know there was a bit of a discussion on the availability of nannacara anomala earlier on in the year but i was unaware that at the end of last year a new nannacara species was described. nannacara quadrispinae is a new dwarf cichlid from venezuela. its latin name means four spines and refers to the number of anal fin spines it possesses .\nnannacara quadrispinae sp. n. – a new dwarf cichlid fish (teleostei: perciformes: cichlidae) from the drainage of the orinoco delta in venezuela .\nin this study we present karyotypes and other chromosomal characteristics as revealed by cdd banding in five species of monophyletic clade of neotropical cichlasomatine cichlids, namely cleithracara maronii, ivanacara adoketa (kullander & prada - pedreros, 1993), nannacara anomala, nannacara aureocephalus allgayer, 1983 and nannacara taenia regan, 1912. we further mapped the results onto the phylogenetic hypothesis from molecular analyses based on four genes. we discuss possible scenario of the karyotype evolution of the clade of dwarf cichlids within the tribe cichlasomatini .\nfeasting my eyes upon wild - caught rivulus xiphidius and various characidium species was a pure delight, but something even more spectacular came into view—two pairs of young nannacara aurocephala .\nso how can other members of the nannacara genus be found within the hobby? this usually happens when the fish arrive as accidental imports into the holding tanks of aquatic wholesalers .\nnannacara taenia are a greedy species and readily accept flake foods as well as frozen. i condition mine on bloodworm and daphnia when available (the frozen alternatives are just as good) .\nnotes: this stunning dwarf cichlid was described in 1993 by sven kullander saul prada - pedreros. the name adoketa roughly translates to \\\nunexpecte \\\nand refers to the collection locality in the rio negro. most other nannacara occur in rivers nearer the coast. some experts think that this fish and bimaculatum might actually be members of a different genus, rather than true nannacara .\nkullander so, prada - pedreros s. (1993) nannacara adoketa, a new species of cichlid fish from the rio negro in brazil ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 4 (4): 357–366 .\nnannacara anomala are widely available in the trade, and are generally regarded as an excellent beginner’s fish. if a beginner is interested in keeping cichlids and learning about breeding, then these fish are absolutely ideal .\nphylogenetic relationships of cichlid fishes of genera nannacara, ivanacara and cleithracara. phylogenetic tree reconstructed based on the mitochondrial (cytochrome b, 16s rrna) and nuclear (s7, rag1) genes. karyotype characteristics, such as diploid chromosomal number (2n), karyotype formula and cma 3 phenotype were mapped on the tree and interpreted under the most parsimonious criterion. ancestral karyotype of the group evolved from the ancestral cichlid karyotype 48st - a (mank and avise 2006) by increasing number of sub - metacentric chromosomes. one fission (in cleithracara clade) and two fusion events (in the nannacara clade) were detected, followed by at least one pericentric inversion in the latter case causing the decrease of the number of sub - metacentric chromosomes. second pericentric inversion occurred in nannacara taenia, and another inversion leading to the multiplication of the cma 3 regions occurred in nannacara aureocephalus .\nvery peaceful dwarf cichlid. can be kept in a community with most other peaceful fish. female can be very aggressive indeed when protecting her fry, so if the nannacara anomala start breeding in a community tank you may have problems .\nkullander, s. o. and s. prada - pedreros, 1993. nannacara adoketa, a new species of ciclid fish from the rio negro in brazil. ichthyol. explor. freshwat. 4 (4): 357 - 366. (ref. 26678 )\nhodaňová l, kalous l, musilová z (2014) comparative cytogenetics of neotropical cichlid fishes (nannacara, ivanacara and cleithracara) indicates evolutionary reduction of diploid chromosome numbers. comparative cytogenetics 8 (3): 169–183. doi: 10. 3897 / compcytogen. v8i3. 7279\nvlado is always very generous, so i returned home with a pair of these. as space is the key to maintaining nannacara, the fish were given the freedom of a 60 - liter (15 - gallon) tank. they were fed well on a diet of live daphnia, cyclops, whiteworms, and the much - relished tubifex worms. this also brought them into spawning condition, so, when the female put on the typical spawning dress for nannacara, i put into the tank some halved flowerpots. water parameters were 300 microsiemens, with a ph of 6. 8 .\nthere is no reference to a 2009 revision of the genus on urltoken or the california academy of sciences. if the french article references a 2009 paper, it should have included the name of the author. tell us that and we shoudl be able to find the paper searching\nauthor name - pudlication date - nannacara\nthe 1999 book by linke and staeck is not a scientific paper, and at the time of its writing the correct genus for the species was nannacara. romer & hahn erected the genus ivanacara in 2006, after the publication of the book. the 2006 reference is the most recent classification of the species, so it should be the valid name .\nmy nannacara aurocephala arrived into my aquaria from a totally different source, however. two years ago, my friend ing. vlado fábry, a killifish specialist with a good knowledge of other ichthyofauna, returned home from french guiana with a varied collection of fish species. the opportunity to photograph these fish was not to be missed, so i grabbed a camera and hurried to vlado’s fishroom .\nto conclude, we aimed to provide a comparative study on a small scale of three genera combining molecular and cytogenetic approaches. assuming that cytogenetic data provide additional information, which is undetectable by molecular genetics (ráb et al. 2007), we expected a broad insight into the genome evolution of the studied group. in the dwarf cichlid genus nannacara and its relatives (ivanacara and cleithracara), we reconstructed the phylogeny and we found substantial amount of karyotype characteristics, which we were able to interpret in the evolutionary context .\nmd _, thank you for the reference. since i have not read the paper, i cannot know if the authors consider ivanacara a valid genus or not. is it possible that most of the work by the authors was made prior to the erection of ivanacara? if so, their data would lump nannacara and ivanacara together. whether or not ivanacara is considered a valid genus really depends on the taxonomist who works with the fish. only if the name becomes a problem, will the iczn decide - which is unlikely .\ntwo of the five species presented within this study have been previously studied in thompson (1979), marescalchi (2004) and reviewed in feldberg et al. (2003). the karyotype of nannacara anomala corresponds in both the chromosomal number (2n = 44) and the karyotype (18m - sm + 26st - a) to the results of thompson (1979). the karyotype of cleithracara maronii corresponds with various previous studies in chromosomal number (2n = 50; marescalchi 2004, see feldberg et al. 2003), but slightly differs in the karyotype description: while in our study we recognized seven pairs of sub - metacentric chromosomes (14m - sm + 36st - a), marescalchi (2004) found only six pairs of those. however, inspecting the study of marescalchi (2004), we found one additional pair of sub - metacentric chromosomes in their original karyotype data as well, so it is fully comparable with our results .\nok... when i have question about fish nomenclature i look in two places. the california academy of sciences (urltoken) and urltoken. the cas catalog of fishes considers the genus ivanacara (romer and hahn, 2007) to be a valid genus. urltoken does not... if you search for the genus' ivanacara' you will get the two species (adoketa and bimaculata), but the database states that nannacara is the valid genus. neither database is perfect, and there are other resources out there. i use these two because they are both easily accessible online and are regularly updated. but the formula the use for determining what is and is not valid is different. fishbase has some very noticeable inconsistencies (especially in lake malawi and lake victoria cichlids), but for the most part i stick with fishbase. in this case, i would go with ivanacara because that is what is being use most often in the hobby when referring to i. adoketa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani, 30. 11. 04, , php script by cmilitante, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by cmilitante, 14 / 03 / 2013\nis an out - of - the - ordinary cichlid that doesn' t require a tank the size of your living room .\nalthough i fully appreciate all the time and effort it takes to maintain large cichlids such as oscars and hornet tilapia in aquaria, i have to admit that i am not a fan of such fish. however, this does not mean that i cannot enjoy keeping and breeding a variety of cichlids in my aquaria, as a wealth of dwarf cichlids, from both the old and new worlds, is available within the aquarium hobby .\nif we turn our eyes toward the fish treasure house that is south america, the most commonly seen dwarf cichlids from this extraordinary part of the world are the wonderful apistogramma spp. within this genus is a wealth of species, with males that show an amazing difference in coloration, yet with females that are so alike that telling one species from another can be an extremely daunting task. if we dig a little deeper, however, a number of other beautifully patterned dwarf cichlids, many of which share the same habitat of apistogramma cichlids, can be found in the hobby .\nwhen the first spawning occurred the female seemingly did everything right. thankfully, she did not kill the male (as often happens with a pair of n. anomala when the tank size is too small) but kept him well away from her chosen flowerpot. the eggs were hidden inside this container. i was disappointed when i realized that the eggs had fungused .\nafter this failure, i changed the water in the tank for water that more closely replicated the natural habitat of the fish—80 microsiemens conductivity, ph 6. 8 (the parameters i normally use for spawning small characins) .\nfish never cease to surprise me, so with the second spawning the pair placed their eggs not within the safety of the flowerpot but on the top side. this time i decided to intervene in a bid to save the eggs. i removed the flowerpot, with eggs still attached, to an aquarium containing soft water and with a fine airflow. i kept a close watch over the eggs and, every three hours, eliminated non - developing eggs with the help of a needle until only fertile ones remained. as a result of this experiment i was able obtain 10 fry and had great joy in bringing these up to adult size .\nabout three weeks after their second spawning, the pair spawned again. to show me their versatility they spawned on a microsorum leaf. as the female placed her eggs, laid in a line, the male waited next to her and then, in his own time, fertilized the eggs in a very determined manner. after a while the fish changed tactics, and as the female laid her eggs the male immediately fertilized them .\nwith egg laying over, the female vigorously guarded her clutch. the male is of no use to her now and is a threat to the precious eggs, so he is dispatched to a corner of the tank. he is often killed if the tank space is not large enough. again, when signs of fungus began, i had to remove the eggs to a separate tank. several fertile eggs developed fry, which hatched without any hitch, and were grown to adult size .\nat this point i abandoned the breeding program, as the pair seemed to be poor parents, and placed the pair into a 300 - liter (80 - gallon) tank that was home to about a hundred different small characins and corydoras. water in the tank is normally 300 microsiemens with a ph of around 7. 0. after a week, i was surprised to find the female aurocephala guarding a number of eggs on the bottom glass in a corner of the tank. i left all alone and a few days later found the female in the opposite corner of the tank, no longer able to keep control over her group of growing fry .\nwithin the next two days the fry began to swim properly and were all over the place. the characins (predominantly cardinal tetras) planned their cichlid - fry hunting strategies only to be thwarted by a very agitated cichlid mother, adorned in black coloration, who made lightning - quick attacks in order to drive away the predatory characins! at this point i abandoned my hard nature toward these fry and, using a siphon tube, removed around 80 fry and placed these into a 10 - liter (2½ - gallon) tank .\nthree overlooked youngsters were left in the care of their mother. she did a good job for a few days but found her task impossible, so the fry were lost. two days after her final fry had gone, the female was spotted nervously swimming across the tank looking, in vain, for her lost youngsters\ni have thoroughly enjoyed sharing with you my experiences of breeding a very different dwarf cichlid. don’t forget to watch out for such oddities next time you are in your local retail outlet .\nlatin, nannus = small + greek, kara = face (ref. 45335 )\nfreshwater; benthopelagic; ph range: 6. 0 - 8. 0; dh range: 5 - 19. tropical; 22°c - 25°c (ref. 1672 )\nsouth america: aruka river in guyana east to the lower marowijne river in suriname .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 5. 6 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 36377 )\nfrequently occurs in flooded savannas of the coastal zone (ref. 27188). feeds on worms, crustaceans and insects (ref. 7020). quite popular among aquarists who breed it without difficulty. males are larger and more colorful, possessing more distinctly more elongated unpaired fins (ref. 35237). aquarium keeping: several females for one male; minimum aquarium size 80 cm (ref. 51539) .\nduring spawning the female changes its color to a chess - board pattern, which is apparently recognized by the young. only the female takes care of the (up to 300) eggs and young, the male may defend the larger territory (ref. 40602) .\nkullander, s. o. and h. nijssen, 1989. the cichlids of surinam: teleostei, labroidei. e. j. brill, leiden, the netherlands. 256 p. (ref. 26372 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5156 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01514 (0. 00703 - 0. 03260), b = 3. 04 (2. 86 - 3. 22), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 3 ±0. 40 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (tm < 1) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (10 of 100) .\nthe natural range of this species extends from the rio aruka in guyana to the lower rio marowijne in suriname. most of the ones in the trade are mass - produced on commercial farms in the far east or eastern europe .\nprovide a well planted setup with bits of bogwood, driftwood or mopani wood to provide cover and spawning sites for these fish .\nph: acidic, but can tolerate moderately alkaline – 6 to 7. 5\nhardness: prefer soft, but can tolerate moderately hard – from 3 to 8°dh .\nit’s naturally a micropredator, foraging for worms, insects and other invertebrates in the wild. anomala should take dry foods, in which case a meaty cichlid pellet should be fed as staple food. make sure diet is supplemented with both vegetative matter (vegetable / spirulina flakes or small pieces of cucumber) and frozen / live foods (of which the anomala will prefer bloodworm and brineshrimp) .\nmale is much bigger, generally exhibiting pale blues and reds whilst the smaller female tends to be yellow with a black lateral line on its flank. female will present a checkerboard - esque pattern when inbreeding mood .\nvery simple. in merely adequate water conditions, a single male and female will very likely breed. breeding is even easier in a larger tank with a number of females providing companionship to a single male. females require “sub - territories” of at least 40cm x 40cm on the bottom of a tank, so a 30″ tank would be required to house two females with a male .\nanomala are attractive, hardy and usually quite cheap to purchase. like some species of the apistogramma genus, the mother may use fascinating body language to communicate with her fry when she is caring for them .\nif there is more than one male in a tank smaller than 48″, the subdominant male may take on the guise of a female (colouration and size) to avoid the aggression of the dominant male. if the dominant male was taken away, the subdominant male would quickly (a matter of weeks) grow into a fully functioning male and become the dominant male in the tank .\nfreshwater; benthopelagic; ph range: 4. 5 - 6. 0; dh range: 5 - 10. tropical; 22°c - 28°c (ref. 13614 )\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 4. 9 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 36377 )\ncollected from a small stream in inundable forest. surface water temperature was 24°c, dissolved oxygen 1. 8 mg / l and maximum depth was 28 cm. maximum length 10 cm tl (ref. 40602) .\namber - colored 200 - 300 eggs are deposited on roots; both parents guard the eggs and larvae (ref. 40602) .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00525 (0. 00236 - 0. 01167), b = 3. 14 (2. 94 - 3. 34), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 1 ±0. 5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\na pair of nanocara' s in my holding tank, male and female are both present, along with a number of different species. these guys are really cool, males are very very colourful as you can see .\npelvicachromis taeniatus\nlobe\nwith fry by apisto _ lism (mike _ impos @ hotmail. com )\norigin: this species comes from the blackwaters of the middle rio negro in brazil .\nsize: not known, but males probably reach about 5cm / 2 \\\n; females smaller .\nwater: the rio negro is a blackwater river with a ph of 3. 5 - 5. 0 and extremely soft .\ndiet: not known, but probably detritus, insect larvae and the like. try flakes, granules and frozen foods .\naquarium: prada - pedreros says that the fish is found in shallow (less than 30cm / 12 \\\ndeep) streams in forest that floods when the main river rises (inundable forest). i \\' d go for a silver sand substrate along with plenty of bits of bogwood and perhaps some beech tree leaves. i saw no plants in the rio negro forest streams i visited. these streams are rich in apistogramma, lebiasinids and small characins, so these would make good tankmates. use soft, ro - based water if you want the fish to breed .\nadult colouration: this male wasn \\' t looking his best when the picture was taken in the photo tank. in breeding dress, before we moved him, the male had lots of blue - green spangling on the chest, belly and pelvics, and a number of dark uneven bars and blotches on the head and flanks. females are, however, relatively plain with a black boomerang - shaped bar through the eye .\nsimilar species: there are now five species in the genus: n. adoketa, n. anomala, n. aureocephalus, n. bimaculata and a new one, described in december 2004, called n. quadrispinae .\navailability: these are extremely hard to get hold of. tom halvorsen ltd (0797 709 8127; www. tomhalvorsen. co. uk) currently just has this single male fish left .\n© 1955 - 2016 bauer consumer media limited are authorised and regulated by the financial conduct authority (firm reference no. 710067) media house, peterborough business park, peterborough, pe2 6ea .\nhello guest! are you an apistogramma enthusiast? if so we invite you to join our community and see what it has to offer. our site is specifically designed for you and it' s a great place for apisto enthusiasts to meet online. once you join you' ll be able to post messages, upload pictures of your fish and tanks and have a great time with other apisto enthusiasts. sign up today !\nrã¶mer & hahn' s erection of ivanacara conforms to the code. the only problem is that it was published in 2 publications at 2 different times (first the german\n). this creates a minor problem, but not really insurmountable. my feeling is that its not used in fishbase more for personal / political reasons not worth getting into here .\n' n. anomala' (aquarium species) (includes n. sp. mabaruma )\nn. aureocephalus (includes n. sp. approuage, n. sp. sourourou & n. sp. mana )\nn. sp. essequibo (probably the true n. anomala since it occurs at the type locality, but the aquarium' n. anomala' does not )\nguyana, suriname, and french guiana. seriously, these fish are almost never collected commercially, although some people on the french apisto forum have collected some of them .\ni agree with ted. fishbase is a good start, but some of it is only the opinions of some highly respected cichlid taxonomists. their personal opinions carry considerable weight, but in some cases are just that - personal opinion. i don' t put myself in the same status as these professionals, and i am sure that they would strongly disagree with some of my statements. still, i wouldn' t be surprised if some of the disagreements are more emotional than strictly scientific. as i said earlier ,\nmy feeling is that its not used in fishbase more for personal / political reasons not worth getting into here .\ni agree with you and that' s why i chose this forum to help me find the most accurate information possible. unfortunately, in france there are many conflicting information and very unreliable .\nhello, i am the author of the french article quoted above, this article has no purpose biologist but only a presentation for beginners with this species for the bibliography i used a 2008 (and on not 2009 that i have wrote), the reference: musilovã¡, z. , o. rã­can, k. junko and j. nocã¡k 2008 [ ref. 29518 ] molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the neotropical cichlid fish tribe cichlasomatini (teleostei: cichlidae: cichlasomatinae). molecular phylogenetics and evolution v. 46: 659 - 672. here is the link for read an abstract: urltoken bye\nurltoken is a community of dwarf cichlid enthusiasts. we aim to provide a free resource to cichlid keepers around the world. on these pages you will find discussions on any and all topics relating to apistogramma cichlids (and other fish too)! thank you for visiting our site and joining our community .\nthe following article is based purely upon my observations, as i have been unable to find any significant information with regard to these fish .\na 24x12x12 tank is sufficient for two pairs, substrate is not essential for these fish as they don' t dig whilst breeding. i use a layer of sand and gravel mix about a cm deep. being cave spawners they will obviously require some form of cave, upturned flowerpots or coconut shells are ideal but don' t make the entrances too big otherwise they won' t use them. (the smaller the better, you' ll be surprised how small a gap they can squeeze into) plants are not essential but they do seem to prefer a partially planted tank to a bare one, i use the plastic variety purely for hygiene purposes but any living plants will do .\nyou may have difficulty finding this fish in the shops, in fact i have yet to see it for sale anywhere (i obtained mine from a fellow breeder) but if you do manage to find them i would recommend them to anyone who enjoys dwarf cichlids .\nthe largest specimen has a standard length of 33. 5 mm. males with metallic green ground color. head more yellowish, chest and belly greenish white, nape and dorsal region dark grey to brown. scales of the body sides mostly with a dark dot at their base. dorsal fin grey with a thin, red margin and a light blue submarginal stripe. distal part of dorsal fin bluish, spinous portion with many minute brown dots. anal fin blue with a black margin, sometimes with a dark brown horizontal band from distal margin of orbit to the middle of the caudal fin base. females with beige, greyish or light brown ground color. orange stripe below the dark horizontal band. all fins greyish to translucent. spinous portion of dorsal fin without tiny brown dots, but often with two dark spots in its basal portion .\nin the aquarium they have observed the males taking a territory and spawning with a number of females .\nwouldn' t it be great to have another dwarf cichlid available to select .\nlink with picture. very nice looking fish. looks kind of like a taenia with colour more like an anomala\nthanks for the link. it is a much better photography than the ones that i have seen .\ni' m all for new species however it doesn' t look terribly spectacular to me. perhaps i am missing some subtle charm ?\nsign up for a new account in our community. it' s easy !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (cc by 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\ncichlids are a species - rich group of ray - finned fishes (actinopterygii), distributed in tropical and subtropical freshwaters of africa and south and central america, texas, madagascar, the middle east, india and sri lanka (kullander 1998). as a third largest fish family (eschmeyer and fricke 2012) cichlids represent highly evolutionarily successful fish lineage and it is considered that no other family of vertebrates exceeds cichlids in a number of varieties, shapes, colors and especially in ecological and trophic specializations (kocher 2004) .\nin general, genomes of ray - finned fishes are known for high evolutionary dynamics among vertebrates, which is reflected in huge genome - architecture variability (mank and avise 2006). the diploid chromosome number (2n) studied in 615 actinopterygian species ranges from 22 to 250, but over a half of the species possess the conservative number of 2n = 48 – 50 chromosomes (29. 3% have 2n = 48 and 25. 4% have 2n = 50; mank and avise 2006). the most frequent fish karyotype, i. e. 2n = 48 (n = 24), is also recognized as an ancestral karyotype of the whole teleostei (ohno et al. 1969, nakatani et al. 2007) .\nin total, over 190 cichlid species have been cytogenetically analyzed and the karyotype formula was determined for 157 of them (arai 2011). available cytogenetic data in cichlids show that the diploid chromosome numbers range from 2n = 32 to 2n = 60, but more than 60% of the examined species show the ancestral karyotype with 2n = 48, which mostly dominates in the neotropical cichlid lineage (feldberg et al. 2003) .\n. most of the individuals originated from aquarium trade from different breeders. further, various collectors or ornamental - fish importers donated several samples for dna analysis. species were identified following\n, and part of the analyzed fish was deposited in iccu (ichthyological collection of charles university, prague). see\nsample list for the present study. details on individuals of cichlids investigated for the molecular genetics. outgroup data were used from the original study (musilová et al. 2008, 2009) .\n. sequences of the pcr products were obtained by commercial sequence - service company (macrogen, south korea, netherlands). sequences were aligned in bio edit (\n) software and genes were concatenated for the bayesian analysis in mrbayes 3. 2. (\n) was determined as an outgroup for the phylogenetic analysis. sequences were uploaded to genbank (\nshowed the diploid chromosome number 2n = 44 to 50 chromosomes. all three species of the genus\nhad 2n = 50 composed of 14sm + 36st - a chromosomes. karyotypes of all studied species are shown in\nkaryotype characteristics of the south american dwarf cichlids, including the diploid number of chromosomes (2n), chromosome categories, and cma 3 phenotype .\n- positive signals were found on one chromosome pair, although probably not homologous in different species. in\nsignals were found on the terminal parts of a chromosome pair from m - sm group, but not on the largest pair. contrarily, in the karyotype of\nsignals were located on three m - sm chromosome pairs including the largest chromosome pair in the centromeric region. see\n). the observed karyotype characteristics, i. e. the diploid chromosome number, the karyotype and the phenotype, were mapped on the phylogenetic tree and allowed reconstruction of the scenario of genome / karyotype evolution in the studied cichlids as well as to reconstruct as well as of the most likely hypothetical karyotype of an ancestor of the whole group. an ancestral karyotype of 2n = 48 was hypothesized as (16m - sm + 32 st - a) and was estimated as a basal stage for the clade by the most parsimonious reconstruction based on our material. the ancestor also had most likely only one pair of cma\ncichlid karyotypes show some general common features - for example many species from african and neotropical cichlids possess one pair of significantly larger chromosomes. although the homology of the largest chromosome within the african lineage has been proved (ferreira et al. 2010) as well as high synteny conservation of african cichlid genomes (mazzuchelli et al. 2012), it is, however, not yet clear to what extent is the homology present across the whole family cichlidae (valente et al. 2009) .\nthe proposed mechanisms of chromosomal rearrangements are described in cichlids as well as in other fish species. usually the sub - metacentric chromosome arises during the (centric) fusion, when two acrocentric - telocentric chromosomes fuse (thompson 1979). however, the number of sub - metacentric chromosomes in karyotype is not evolutionarily stable. the sub - metacentric chromosome changes back to the acrocentric - subtelocentric chromosome by inversion, which involves the centromere, i. e. the pericentric inversion (feldberg et al. 2003, poletto et al. 2010). further, those pericentric inversions are considered as the main mechanism generally contributing to changes in chromosome arms size in various percomorph lineages (galetti et al. 2000, affonso 2005). in general, the taxon sampling within such comparative studies is however still too low to be able to make a strong conclusion about the general trends in cichlid karyotype evolution (feldberg et al. 2003, poletto et al. 2010) .\nwe would like to thank jan nekola, wolfgang staeck, tomáš kučera, ingomar kranz, leonel calderón for providing of the samples or live specimens. we would like to thank martina pokorná and marie rábová for their constructive comments on the preliminary results. we thank carlos ziok, jaroslav hofmann and miloslav petrtýl for providing us their photos of the fish. the project was supported by s grant of mšmt čr and ciga 20132016 .\nchromosome spreading of associated transposable elements and ribosomal dna in the fish erythrinus erythrinus. implications for genome change and karyoevolution in fish .\neschmeyer wn, fricke r. (2012) catalog of fishes electronic version. available from urltoken\nferreira i, poletto b, kocher td, mota - velasco jc, penman dj, martins c. (2010 )\nchromosome evolution in african cichlid fish: contributions from the physical mapping of repeated dnas .\ngromicho m, ozouf - costaz c, collares - pereira mj. (2005 )\nlack of correspondence between cma3 -, ag - positive signals and 28s rdna loci in two iberian minnows (teleostei, cyprinidae) evidenced by sequential banding .\nbioedit: a user - friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95 / 98 / nt .\nusage of non - destructive method of chromosome preparation applied on silver prussian carp (carassius gibelio) .\nin: kubík s, barták m. (eds) proceedings of the workshop on animal biodiversity .\na phylogeny and classification of the south american cichlidae (teleostei: perciformes) .\nin: malabara lr, reis re, vari rp, lucena zm, lucena cas. (eds) phylogeny and classification of neotropical fishes, part 5 .\nkaryotype and mitochondrial 16s gene characterizations in seven south american cichlasomatini species (perciformes, cichlidae) .\nlocalisation of nors and counterstain - enhanced fluorescence studies in perca fluviatilis (pisces, percidae) .\nmazzuchelli j, kocher td, yang f, martins c. (2012 )\nmusilová z, říčan o, janko k, novák j. (2008 )\nmolecular phylogeny and biogeography of the neotropical cichlid fish tribe cichlasomatini (teleostei: cichlidae: cichlasomatinae) .\nphylogeny of the neotropical cichlid fish tribe cichlasomatini (teleostei: cichlidae) based on morphological and molecular data, with the description of a new genus .\nnakatani y, takeda h, kohara y, morishita s. (2007 )\nohno s, muramoto j, klein j, atkin nb. (1969 )\npoletto ab, ferreira ia, cabral de mello dc, nakajima rt, mazzuchelli j, ribeiro hb, venere pc, nirchio m, kocher td, martins c. (2010) chromosome differentiation patterns during cichlid fish evolution. bmc genetics 11: 50. doi :\nráb p, bohlen j, rábová m, flajšhans m, kalous l. (2007 )\ncytogenetics as a tool in fish conservation: the present situation in europe. in: pisano e, ozouf - costaz c, foresti f, kapoor bg (eds) fish cytogenetics. science publishers, enfield, usa .\nráb p, rábova m, reed km, phillips rb. (1999 )\nchromosomal characteristics of ribosomal dna in the primitive semionotiform fish, longnose gar lepisosteus osseus .\nivanacara gen. n. (teleostei: perciformes, cichlasomatini) – a new genus of cichlids from the neotropis .\nvolume 2, natural history of south american dwarf cichlids, part 2. mergus verlag gmbh, melle\nronquist f, teslenko m, van der mark p, ayres, dl, darling a, höhna s, larget b, liu l, suchard ma, huelsenbeck jp. (2012 )\nmrbayes 3. 2: efficient bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space .\nmetaphase chromosome structure: bands arise from a differential folding path of the highly at - rich scaffold .\nschneider ch, gross mc, terencio ml, do carmo ej, martins c, feldberg e. (2013) evolutionary dynamics of retrotransposable elements rex1, rex3 and rex6 in neotropical cichlid genomes. bmc evolutionary biology 13: 152. doi :\nsola l, rossi ar, laselli v, rasch, em, monaco pj. (1992 )\ncytogenetics of bisexual / unisexual species of poecilia. ii. analysis of heterochromatin and nucleolar organizer regions in poecilia mexicana mexicana by c - banding and dapi, quinacrine, chromomycin a3, and silver staining .\nsymonová r, majtánová z, sember a, staaks gbo, bohlen j, freyhof j, rábová m, ráb p. (2013) genome differentiation in a species pair of coregonine fishes: an extremely rapid speciation driven by stress - activated retrotransposons mediating extensive ribosomal dna multiplications. bmc evolutionary biology 3: 42. doi :\nvalente gt, schneider ch, gross mc, feldberg e, martins c. (2009 )\ncomparative cytogenetics of cichlid fishes through genomic in - situ hybridization (gish) with emphasis on oreochromis niloticus .\nvölker m, sonnenberg r, ráb p, kullmann h. (2006 )\nkaryotype differentiation in chromaphyosemion killifishes (cyprinodontiformes, nothobranchiidae). ii: cytogenetic and mitochondrial dna analyses demonstrate karyotype differentiation and its evolutionary directionin c. riggenbachi .\nkaryotype differentiation in chromaphyosemion killifishes (cyprinodontiformes, nothobranchiidae): patterns, mechanisms, and evolutionary implications." ]

{ "text": [ "nannacara is a genus of small freshwater cichlid fish endemic to south america .", "the genus is part of the cichlasomatini tribe of the cichlasomatinae subfamily .", "in the aquarium hobby , the fish is considered a dwarf cichlid along with apistogramma , mikrogeophagus , and dicrossus species .", "nannacara anomala is the most commonly encountered species in the aquarium trade . " ], "topic": [ 6, 11, 15, 15 ] }

[ "nannacara is a genus of small freshwater cichlid fish endemic to south america. the genus is part of the cichlasomatini tribe of the cichlasomatinae subfamily. in the aquarium hobby, the fish is considered a dwarf cichlid along with apistogramma, mikrogeophagus, and dicrossus species. nannacara anomala is the most commonly encountered species in the aquarium trade." ]

[ "galzin' s podge\npseudogramma galzini. credit: williams & viviani 2016\npseudogramma xantha is known from tonga to the pitcairn islands. this species occurs between 26 to 100 m depth (randall et al. 2002) .\nrandall et al. (2002) restricted the name pseudogramma australis to the individuals found at easter island, and provided a replacement name for the individuals previously identified as p. australis in the western pacific ocean (pseudogramma xantha). therefore, the specimens reported as p. australis in fishnet2 are regarded as p. xantha (accessed through the fishnet2 portal, urltoken, 14 / 06 / 2016) .\nrandall, j. e. , c. c. baldwin and j. t. williams, 2002. pseudogramma xanthum, a new replacement name for a serranid fish from the subtropical south pacific ocean with description of the species. zootaxa 40: 1 - 8. (ref. 49111 )\npseudogramma gregoryi is distributed in the western atlantic from cape canaveral, florida south along the u. s. , bermuda, the bahamas, in the gulf of mexico from the florida keys and cuba, throughout the caribbean sea, and trinidade island (r. claro pers. comm. 2014, simon et al. 2013). a single specimen has been reported from ascension island in the eastern atlantic. its depth range is one to 61 m. it is likely more widespread in the gulf of mexico, but is not often captured due to its cryptic behaviour (l. rocha pers. comm. 2014) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani, 30. 11. 04, , php script by cmilitante, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by cmilitante, 14 / 03 / 2013\ngreek, pseudes = false + greek, gramma = letter, signal (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; reef - associated; depth range 1 - 65 m (ref. 90102). tropical; 32°n - 32°s\nindo - pacific: mauritius and the cargados carajos shoals and sri lanka to french polynesia (moorea and scilly atoll); north to japan; south to australia .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 8. 6 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 1602 )\ndorsal spines (total): 7 - 8; dorsal soft rays (total): 19 - 22; anal spines: 3; anal soft rays: 15 - 18; vertebrae: 25 - 27. brownish with dusky reticulations (ref. 6635). no dermal flap or small tentacle dorsally on eye. two large pores in interorbital space, one on each side close to the edge of the orbit. tubular anterior nostril near the edge of the snout at the base of the upper lip, the tube is not long; when laid back reaching almost half way to posterior nostril. second lateral line not fully developed. longitudinal scale series 46 - 50 (ref. 27020) .\nsecretive (ref. 48635); lives among corals of shallow reef flats and lagoons (ref. 1602). also found under dead coral pieces but quickly sneaks away when looking underneath (ref. 48635). solitary (ref 90102) .\nrandall, j. e. and c. c. baldwin, 1997. revision of the serranid fishes of the subtribe pseudogrammina, with descriptions of five new species. indo - pac. fish. (26): 56 p. (ref. 27020 )\n): 24. 5 - 28. 9, mean 27. 5 (based on 746 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5001 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 7 ±0. 5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (15 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nmarine; reef - associated; depth range 1 - 61 m (ref. 27020). tropical; 32°n -\nwestern atlantic: bermuda, southern florida in usa and bahamas to northern south america. also antilles and yucatan (ref. 26938) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 7. 5 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 7251 )\ndorsal spines (total): 7; dorsal soft rays (total): 18 - 19; anal spines: 3; anal soft rays: 14 - 16; vertebrae: 26. live adults dark reddish brown with pale reddish blotches; opercular spot black. side of lips with a dark - edged whitish bar. dark red dots extending posteriorly from the eye absent. adults with a broad - based, slender, triangular, dermal flap dorsally on eye. a pair of large pores in interorbital space, one on each side close to the edge of the orbit; a small median pore posteriorly in interorbital space. tubular anterior nostril when laid back slightly more than half distance to posterior nostril; when projecting forward, about 1 / 4 distance from edge of snout to edge of orbit, just reaching groove at base of upper lip. second lateral line not fully developed. longitudinal scale series 42 - 46 .\ninhabits areas with live coral. common in rubble but secretive (ref. 9710). feeds on crustaceans and polychaetes (ref. 27020) .\n): 25. 5 - 28, mean 27. 2 (based on 232 cells) .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01122 (0. 00425 - 0. 02961), b = 3. 06 (2. 84 - 3. 28), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 3 ±0. 40 se; based on food items .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (12 of 100) .\nfrom the greek xanthos meaning yellow, in reference to the ground color of the body (ref. 49111 )\nmarine; reef - associated; depth range? - 41 m (ref. 46206). tropical\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 4. 1 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 49111 )\ndorsal spines (total): 7; dorsal soft rays (total): 19 - 21; anal spines: 3; anal soft rays: 16 - 18. slender triangular dermal flap dorsally on eye of adults; head and body yellow with rows of large white blotches, a pale - edged brown spot on opercle; dark red dots on head, many in rows, and scattered dark red spots on body (ref. 49111) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 4 ±0. 5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (10 of 100) .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe new species (p. brederi, p. galzini, p. paucilepis) were first noticed on account of their distinctive genetics, which was later corroborated with careful morphological study. all three of the new taxa had previously been confused with a single widespread indo - pacific species ,\n—a fish which does occasionally get collected for the aquarium trade. the diagnostic traits separating them are subtle and involve things like modal fin ray counts, relative scalation of the head and the relative length of the lateral line. in outward appearance, they all more or less look identical: pale, with a pattern of dark chainlinks along the body .\nno, these reclusive fishes won’t be winning any ichthyological beauty contests anytime soon, but they’re kind of interesting nonetheless. and there is at least one species with a little pizzazz to it ,\n. though it’s limited to the subtropical reefs of the south pacific, this species has actually been collected for the aquarium trade. quality marine has made it available under the evocative name of lava basslet .\n, check out the fine work of williams & viviani in the latest edition of zootaxa .\njoe is classically trained in the zoological arts and sciences, with a particular focus on the esoterica of invertebrate taxonomy and evolution. he’s written for several aquarium publications and for many years lorded over the marinelife at chicago’s venerable old town aquarium. he currently studies prairie insect ecology at the field museum of natural history and fish phylogenetics at the university of chicago .\nurltoken is the world' s leading destination for sustainable coral reef farming and the aquarium hobby. we offer a free open forum and reef related news and data to better educate aquarists and further our goals of sustainable reef management. reefs® community system | copyright © 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\n> stream hþŒy tsgöv\u0010rîk [ ±µâ9x [ «óööjuìhq: t + \u0015 / (¢ èeƒp „ @ h „‹ $ & hhh; \bäb艁 '4\u001a¡\n7a¼£´´´¶¶z«íô¦ ¿: ó\u0006þè÷Ÿ ãì7ë _ ëû '± 'e ½Ÿý콟½÷‰ # 'ãïïoú†\u000f\nã #? xmëöeáù‹\u0016ù ^ zä yff) êœ\b\u0018ßè $ ›\u0019 hëæý÷þýÿúë\u0019ü×éð•gá‚çt! / ¾7ƒ1åï\u000flçgq\u0016 - zïoÿ´ãð£¿\u0019sý\u0018ó¦0ž 'ìòc\u0010 æ \\ \u0006ãeæ ý\u0018oø3þöc¼\u0007\u0018ë§3²\u0019 \u0007ão ƒþzncb\u000400\u0006qýoµßf? ù”¥s\u000eø‡ø\u0017ð \\ à¥\u0000 / ó íçfq6˜\u0005œsys /? •òô×o— = ó괙ó $ ¼éïl×? \u001bûì7ïñg | óü¡\u0017v±pvêìúyq³®\u0007 ›m0‰þàùáý! ‹c®üá\u0000¹–ô–ð‡sþü€\u00198' ðòøl / æú¿üûö™5 # ~ y\u0005±\u00188\u0013äbv6ü\u0003œkà¤spóï0Œ¼\u000fß $ „ + ç @ ¾lçš 1a1a© ²ñtƒ¦• éè\u0005\u0002íõ¡\u0019\u0016„‘æ7, \u0011ö˜ƒ [ û: ·wn üùi\nø\u0007 ^ î a²y = øýøï6¬»³àkäìg, 0€fùp\bšc ôx´i. ziîeaô ï °÷ @ / þí‰oî\u000f \\ ¼ê¾s\u0010 > \u0005èŸ\u0006ø ,\n) ïç㩤ð64÷4o€óŸô—ô»¥' ¢ûçkî ] t‡õ\u0011 > j\u00198 | ´\u0017¸ { l } ƒdcµ¶rcv©ª”•Šj¹°\n·\u0014t––èäᜠ\\ µi\u0010zd”øœ„cg£ (’jnk8¢è”»\u0005n6p¦\u001a¶g\u0011kò # ã7‘ñ›wîóð1æ¹äò4¡õþ & ¸\u001a œ\u0003up\u0007ë! ·i, | 'é¯ïí & 2êrù | ²€Ÿ [ æ ææö7\u0017„ò - \u0012 [; ñ¦µyšéf‹mëpø,  / bá× [ à쓐ivaÿs׿\u0018: ×q¡ù¼òžìçø¯ç‚ { hv z‹x\u0004zr€ˆdäg &\nÿè•kâàŽ÷×æg\u0006£\u0019sçà›kc # àŒ4¸\bf\u0012ûq\u0018—ïbq - èõn: ®\u0005§ãf\u0015‡å®f×! w [ ë€é à€þzø6l% àkåðyî‘ùcü ~ ¶3ý£ü% û # hû“° »tˆ\u0000\u0010¡©r\u0004p\u0000m5\u0010î\u000f \u0018eá [ p\u0001óp\brao×äö h\u0015 _ / 2ka‰ùø¾ á\neschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caribrhegma breder, 1927) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pseudorhegma schultz, 1966) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of rhegma gilbert, 1900) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pseudogrammus) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer, w. n. (ed .). 2014. catalog of fishes. updated 4 december 2014. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 4 december 2014) .\njustification: this deep - living reef species is relatively widely distributed and reportedly common and relatively abundant. there are no known major threats. it is therefore listed as least concern .\nthis species is common and relatively abundant, although its cryptic habits and relatively deep - reef habitat make it difficult to collect (j. williams pers. comm. 2015) .\nthis is a reef species with a maximum recorded length for this species is 4. 1 cm standard length (sl) (randall et al. 2002, delrieu - trottin et al. 2012) .\nthere are no species specific conservation efforts in place for p. xantha. this species' cryptic habits and relatively deep - reef habitat are likely to serve as natural protective mechanisms for this species .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nsmith - vaniz, b, robertson, r. , dominici - arosemena, a. , molina, h. , salas, e. & guzman - mora, a. g .\njustification: this species is widespread in the eastern pacific. there are no major threats known, and no current indication of widespread population decline. it is listed as least concern .\nthis species is endemic to the eastern pacific, and is found from the central gulf of california to northern peru, including the cocos, malpelo, and galapagos islands .\nthere is no population information for this species. this species is cryptic, but is considered common in at least some parts of its range .\nthis reef - associated species is a secretive dweller of rocky crevices to depths of 40m. it feeds mainly on small fishes and mobile benthic crustaceans .\nthere are no known species specific conservation measures. however, this species' distribution includes a number of marine protected areas in the tropical eastern pacific region .\nsmith - vaniz, b, robertson, r. , dominici - arosemena, a. , molina, h. , salas, e. & guzman - mora, a. g. 2010 .\nanderson, w. , carpenter, k. e. , gilmore, g. , milagrosa bustamante, g. , polanco fernandez, a. & robertson, r .\nmceachran, j. d. , rocha, l. a. & smith - vaniz, w. f .\njustification: this widely distributed species is common and abundant where it occurs over coral and rocky reefs. there are no known major threats. therefore, it is listed as least concern .\nanguilla; antigua and barbuda; aruba; bahamas; barbados; belize; bermuda; bonaire, sint eustatius and saba (saba, sint eustatius); brazil (trindade); cayman islands; colombia; costa rica; cuba; curaçao; dominica; dominican republic; grenada; guadeloupe; guatemala; haiti; honduras; jamaica; martinique; mexico; montserrat; nicaragua; panama; puerto rico; saint helena, ascension and tristan da cunha (ascension); saint kitts and nevis; saint lucia; saint martin (french part); saint vincent and the grenadines; sint maarten (dutch part); trinidad and tobago; turks and caicos islands; united states; venezuela, bolivarian republic of; virgin islands, british; virgin islands, u. s .\nthis species is common and abundant. it is secretive and cryptic, but commonly encountered during ichthyocide collections (r. robertson pers. comm. 2012). it was abundant in studies conducted off colombia and barbados (bottner 1996, valle\nthis species occurs over coral reefs and rocky bottom shores at depths up to 61 m. it is common in rubble but difficult to observe (lubbock 1980). it is sedentary, cryptic, and probably nocturnal. it feeds on crustaceans and worms. its maximum size is to 7. 6 cm .\nthis species is not utilized, largely due to its small size, cryptic behavior and toxic mucus (smith - vaniz pers. comm. 2013, heemstra and anderson in prep .) .\nanderson, w. , carpenter, k. e. , gilmore, g. , milagrosa bustamante, g. , polanco fernandez, a. & robertson, r. 2015 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "pseudogramma is a genus of fishes in the family serranidae .", "they live on coral reefs and exhibit cryptic colors and patterns to conceal them . " ], "topic": [ 26, 18 ] }

[ "pseudogramma is a genus of fishes in the family serranidae. they live on coral reefs and exhibit cryptic colors and patterns to conceal them." ]

[ "enter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance. meanwhile, please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken\nlever troligen på gräs eller starr i våtmarker, t. ex. igenväxande strandängar. känd från närke, södermanland, uppland och västmanland. antalet lokalområden i landet skattas till 80 (40 - 100). förekomstarean (aoo) skattas till 320 (160 - 400) km². det föreligger indikation på eller misstanke om populationsminskning. minskningen avser kvalitén på artens habitat. de skattade värdena som bedömningen baserar sig på ligger alla inom intervallet för kategorin livskraftig (lc) .\nblå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch. kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade. kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor, t ex arter i ett visst län, i en viss biotop, substrat, som påverkas av en hotfaktor, eller som är knutna till en sk värdart, t ex trädet alm. dessa kan även kombineras .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, knutna till alm, är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .\ndefaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer. under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade. om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer. nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .\ndenna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera. du kan t. ex. navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn. du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder, kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista. ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera”, där du kan söka på olika egenskaper. ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .\nthe mit license copyright (c) 2014 - 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2015 twitter, inc permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright (c) 2008 - 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{ "text": [ "neocrepidodera nigritula is a species of flea beetle from chrysomelidae family that can be found everywhere in europe except for albania , andorra , benelux , denmark , liechtenstein , macedonia , moldova , monaco , portugal , san marino , spain , vatican city , yugoslavia , and various european islands . " ], "topic": [ 27 ] }

[ "neocrepidodera nigritula is a species of flea beetle from chrysomelidae family that can be found everywhere in europe except for albania, andorra, benelux, denmark, liechtenstein, macedonia, moldova, monaco, portugal, san marino, spain, vatican city, yugoslavia, and various european islands." ]

[ "chelaria stasimodes meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 70\nhypatima antsianakella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 209\nhypatima issikiana; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima manjakatompo viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 211\nhypatima perinetella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 210\nhypatima venefica; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima anguinea; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37\nhypatima antiastis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima apparitrix; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima aridella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima caryodora; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima cirrhospila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima corynetis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima ericta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima indica; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima instaurata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima isopogon; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima isoptila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima isotricha; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima lactifera; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima melanocharis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima nodifera; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima orthomochla; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima parichniota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima particulata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima phacelota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima pilosella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima rhicnota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima silvestris; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima syncrypta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima tephroptila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima tonsa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima verticosa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima xerophanta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima xylotechna; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima acicula park & ponomarenko, 1999; species diversity 4: 326; tl: s. thailand, khaoyai\nhypatima stenosa park & ponomarenko, 1999; species diversity 4: 331; tl: s. thailand, khaoyai\nhypatima mangiferae satter, 1989; bull. ent. res. 79 (3): 412; tl: kenya\nhypatima disetosella park, 1995; tropical lepid. 6 (1): 75; tl: nantou co. , taiwan\nhypatima issikiana park, 1995; tropical lepid. 6 (1): 77; tl: pingtung co. , taiwan\nhypatima nigro - grisea [ = nigrogrisea ] janse, 1949; moths s. afr. 5 (1): 47\nhypatima rhomboidella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40; [ fe ]\nhypatima spathota; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima excellentella ponomarenko, 1991; ent. obozr. 70 (3): 617; tl: barabash - levada, primorskii krai\nhypatima venefica ponomarenko, 1991; ent. obozr. 70 (3): 616; tl: barbash - levada, primorskii krai\nhypatima disetosella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 47; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima pentagonia park & ponomarenko, 1999; species diversity 4: 325; tl: nw. thailand, chiang mai, doi suthep - pui np, 1380m\nhypatima arignota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38; park & ponomarenko, 1999, species diversity 4: 330\nhypatima haligramma; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39; park & ponomarenko, 1999, species diversity 4: 332\nhypatima iophana; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29; park & ponomarenko, 1999, species diversity 4: 322\nhypatima teramotoi ueda, 2012; trans. lepid. soc. japan 62 (2): 81; tl: japan, honshu, osaka pref. , sakai city\nhypatima acris park, 1995; tropical lepid. 6 (1): 83; tl: taiwan, tainan co. , 2 - 3km s kwantzuling, ca. 350m\nhypatima excellentella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38; bae, lee & park, 2014, ent. res. 44: 19 (list )\nhypatima (chelariini); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ fe ]\nsattler k. & stride a. b. 1989. a new species of hypatima hübner (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) injurious to mango trees in east africa. - bulletin of entomological research 79: 411–420 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 182; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 166; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 189; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 192; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 249; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 167; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 198; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\nchelaria agriogramma meyrick, 1926; sarawak mus. j. 3: 153; tl: mt murud, 4500ft\nchelaria albo - grisea [ = albogrisea ] walsingham, 1881; trans. ent. soc. 1881 (2): 264, pl. 12, f. 34; tl: spring vale\nchelaria ammonura meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 430; tl: queensland, brisbane\nchelaria anguinea meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 161; tl: khasi hills, assam\nanthotypa (meyrick, 1939) (chelaria); trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 89 (4): 54\nchelaria antiastis meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 514; tl: andamans, port blair\nchelaria apparitrix meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 164; tl: java, preanger, 5000ft\nchelaria aridella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 639; tl: sarawak, borneo\nartochroma diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 20\nchelaria attenuata meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 300; tl: new south wales, sydney\nchelaria baliodes lower, 1920; trans. proc. r. soc. s. aust. 44: 66; tl: warra, s. queensland\nchelaria binummulata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 513; tl: natal, weenen\nchelaria brachyrrhiza meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 431; tl: fiji, lautoka\nchelaria caryodora meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 164; tl: khasi hills, assam\nchelaria cirrhospila meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 302; tl: khasi hills, assam\nchelaria corynetis meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 162; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\ncryptopluta diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 21\nnothris cyrtopleura turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 165; tl: n. australia, port darwin; n. queensland, kuranda\nchelaria demonstrata meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 303; tl: new guinea, kei is .\nchelaria dermatica meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 432; tl: queensland, brisbane\ntaiwan, thailand, philippines, ceylon, andaman is. , borneo, sulawesi, queensland. see [ maps ]\ntituacea [ sic ] deviella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 43\nchelaria discissa meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 581; tl: queensland, cairns\ndisposita (meyrick, 1931) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 71\nnothris dissidens meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 301; tl: waterval onder\nephippias (meyrick, 1937) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 5 (3): 95\nchelaria ericta meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 162; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nchelaria euchorda meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 31; tl: brazil, para, parintins\ncymatomorpha euplecta meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 412; tl: brisbane, queensland; sydney, new south wales; gisborne, victoria; quorn, south australia\nlarva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nchelaria formidolosa meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 581; tl: natal, pinetown\nchelaria haligramma meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (12): 382; tl: anakapalli, s. india\nlarva on anacardium occidentale ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nchelaria harpophora meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 431; tl: queensland, brisbane\npsoricoptera hora busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 14; tl: alhajuela, panama\nchelaria improba meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 297; tl: barberton\ngelechia indica swinhoe, 1885; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1885: 884; tl: bombay, india\nchelaria instaurata meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 165; tl: java, preangor, 5000ft\nchelaria iophana meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 162; tl: ceylon\nchelaria isopogon meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 513; tl: belke, kanara, india\nchelaria isoptila meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 163; tl: kandy, ceylon\nchelaria isotricha meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 164; tl: java, preangor, 5000ft\nchelaria lactifera meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 161; tl: khasi hills, assam\nchelaria lecticata meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 282; tl: transvaal, pilgrims rest\nchelaria loxosaris meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 21; tl: natal, umkomaas\nchelaria mancipata meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 297; tl: three sisters\nchelaria melanecta meyrick, 1914; ann. s. afr. mus. 10 (8): 246; tl: transvaal, johannesburg\nchelaria melanocharis meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (16 - 17): 511; tl: telawa, java\nchelaria meliptila meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 283; tl: new ireland, st. matthias i .\nchelaria metaphorica meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 430; tl: queensland, brisbane\nchelaria microgramma meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 301; tl: new south wales, sydney\nmycetinopa (meyrick, 1934) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 4 (15): 451\nchelaria nimbigera meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 283; tl: new ireland, new hanover i .\nchelaria nodifera meyrick, 1930; ann. soc. ent. fr. 99 (suppl): 724; tl: tonkin\nchelaria orthomochla meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 199; tl: java\nchelaria orthostathma meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 429; tl: queensland, brisbane\nchelaria parichniota meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 4; tl: likiang, china\nchelaria particulata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 167; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nchelaria phacelota meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 166; tl: peradeniya, ceylon\ngelechia pilosella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 640; tl: sarawak, borneo\nchelaria probolaea meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 298; tl: barberton\nallocota procax meyrick, 1911; trans. linn. soc. lond. (2) 14: 274\nchelaria rhicnota meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 580; tl: shevaroys, s. india\nlarva on mangifera indica ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\n=; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40; [ nhm card ]\n=; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40; [ nhm card ]\nlarva on betula spp. , alnus spp. , corylus avellana, carpinus betulus, populus spp. ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nchelaria scopulosa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 165; tl: karwar, kanara\ncymatomorpha scotia turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 160; tl: n. queensland, kuranda\nchelaria silvestris meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 164; tl: khasi hills, assam\nallocota simulacrella meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 420; tl: sydney, new south wales\nchelaria solutrix meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 69; tl: woodbush village\nsorograpta (meyrick, 1931) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 70\nchelaria spathota meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 165; tl: konkan, bombay\nlarva on mangifera indica, lannea grandis ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\ndeuteroptila sphenophora meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 419; tl: brisbane, queensland\nsubdentata diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 17\ngelechia sublectella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 640; tl: sarawak, borneo\nchelaria syncrypta meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 580; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nchelaria tenebrosa meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 301; tl: south australia, quorn\nchelaria tephroplintha meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 30; tl: fiji, labasa\nchelaria tephroptila meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 70; tl: mahableshwar, bombay\nlarva on quercus acutissima, quercus serrata, q. variabilis, q. glauca, q. phillyraeoides ueda, 2012, trans. lepid. soc. japan 62 (2): 85\nchelaria tessulata meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 431; tl: queensland, cairns\nsemodictis tetraptila meyrick, 1909; ann. transv. mus. 2 (1): 16, pl. 5, f. 7; tl: kranspoort, pretoria\nchelaria tonsa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 164; tl: khasi hills, assam\nepisacta toreuta turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 162; tl: n. queensland, kuranda, near cairns\nchelaria trachyspila meyrick, 1933; exotic microlep. 4 (12): 354\nchelaria triannulata meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 69; tl: woodbush village\ntricosma (meyrick, 1933) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 4 (12): 355\nlarva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nchelaria verticosa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 166; tl: n. coorg, 3500ft\nchelaria xerophanta meyrick, 1930; ann. soc. ent. fr. 99 (suppl): 724; tl: tonkin\nchelaria xylotechna meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 199; tl: java\nchelaria zesticopa meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 514; tl: texas, alpine, fort davis, 5000 - 8000ft; new mexico, bent, 7000ft\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea, results of the third archbold expedition (american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939). part iv\nthe natural history of british insects; explaining them in their several states... with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope\nlepidoptera britannica, sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter... adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum clases, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, symonymis, locis. tomis i. 10th edition\nin gardiner, no. xii. tortricina and tineina. results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905\nwalsingham, 1881 on the tortricidae, tineidae, and pterophoridae of south africa trans. ent. soc. 1881 (2): 219 - 288, pl. 10 - 13\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence, all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on image to enlarge .\nwalsingham thomas de grey 1881. on the tortricidae, tineidae and pterophoridae of south africa. - transactions of the entomological society of london 1881 (2): 219–288, pls 10–13 .\nviette p. 1957a. nouveaux gelechiidae de madagascar (lepidoptera). - le naturaliste malgache 8 (1956) (2): 209–224 .\nmeyrick e. 1918a. descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera. - annals of the transvaal museum 6 (2): 7–59 .\nmeyrick e. 1913b. descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera. iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 (4): 267–336 .\nmeyrick e. 1921b. descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera. - annals of the transvaal museum 8 (2): 49–148 .\nmeyrick e. 1914b. descriptions of south african microlepidoptera. - annals of the south african museum 10: 243–257 .\njanse a. j. t. 1949a. the moths of south africa. v. gelechiadae. - — 5 (1): 1–60, pls. 1–32 .\nmeyrick e. 1911d. tortricina and tineina. results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905. - transactions of the linnean society of london (2) 14 (3): 263–307 .\nmeyrick e. 1911c. descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera. . - annals of the transvaal museum 3 (1): 63–83 .\nmeyrick e. 1909b. descriptions of transvaal micro - lepidoptera. - annals of the transvaal museum 2 (1): 1–28, pls. 1–8." ]

{ "text": [ "hypatima stasimodes is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by meyrick in 1931 .", "it is found in mozambique .", "the wingspan is about 21 mm .", "the forewings are white irregularly sprinkled grey and brownish , with a small brownish spot near the base in the middle edged above with a fi ne black strigula .", "there is a large triangular fuscous blotch extending over the median third of the costa and reaching three-fourths across the wing , crossed in the middle of the disc by a blackish streak , and its apical angle cut off by an oblique white strigula preceded by dark fuscous suffusion .", "there is an oblong fuscous blotch on the costa towards the apex , emitting anteriorly a furcate lobe downwards , its posterior segment nearly reaching the tornus .", "a blackish dash crosses the lobe in the middle of the wing , and another is placed beyond it towards the costa , the costal edge of the blotch suffused dark fuscous , with two minute white strigulae .", "there is a fuscous streak along the upper part of the termen .", "the hindwings are dark grey , lighter and with hyaline streaks in the disc towards base . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "hypatima stasimodes is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1931. it is found in mozambique. the wingspan is about 21 mm. the forewings are white irregularly sprinkled grey and brownish, with a small brownish spot near the base in the middle edged above with a fi ne black strigula. there is a large triangular fuscous blotch extending over the median third of the costa and reaching three-fourths across the wing, crossed in the middle of the disc by a blackish streak, and its apical angle cut off by an oblique white strigula preceded by dark fuscous suffusion. there is an oblong fuscous blotch on the costa towards the apex, emitting anteriorly a furcate lobe downwards, its posterior segment nearly reaching the tornus. a blackish dash crosses the lobe in the middle of the wing, and another is placed beyond it towards the costa, the costal edge of the blotch suffused dark fuscous, with two minute white strigulae. there is a fuscous streak along the upper part of the termen. the hindwings are dark grey, lighter and with hyaline streaks in the disc towards base." ]

[ "14th kentucky derby: george covington aboard macbeth ii wins in 2: 38¼ .\nkentucky derby on may 2. today: the 14th winner, macbeth ii (1888) .\nwith the headline: forzando ii, $ 49. 20, takes metropolitan .\n23rd kentucky derby: buttons garner aboard typhoon ii wins in 2: 12. 5 .\n97th kentucky derby: gustavo avila on canonero ii wins in 2: 03. 2 .\n$ 13. 1 million paid for racehorse yearling son of najinsky ii and my charmer .\nkentucky derby countdown | macbeth ii, 1888 kentucky derby 2015: gambling owner wins churchill downs classic, then loses his fortune two years later. check out this story on urltoken urltoken\nlady macbeth. i heard the owl scream and the crickets cry. did not you speak ?\nmacbeth. still it cried' sleep no more!' to all the house:' glamis hath murder' d sleep, and therefore cawdor shall sleep no more; macbeth shall sleep no more.'\nlady macbeth. these deeds must not be thought after these ways; so, it will make us mad .\nforzando ii covered the mile in 1: 34 2 / 5. the victory was worth $ 207, 600, including a breeders' cup award of $ 27, 000, to forzando ii, who carried 118 pounds and returned $ 49. 20 .\nthe second installment in a three part documentary in which actor - director douglas campbell voices his thoughts about how he would stage\nmacbeth\n.\nmacbeth. i' ll go no more: i am afraid to think what i have done; look on' t again i dare not .\nmacbeth. to know my deed,' twere best not know myself. [ knocking within ] wake duncan with thy knocking! i would thou couldst !\nas macbeth makes his way toward the king' s bedchamber, he encounters banquo with his son fleance. banquo has been unable to sleep and explains to macbeth that he has been dreaming of the weird sisters. after arranging to meet again in order to discuss the matter, banquo asserts his allegiance to the king and bids good night to macbeth. no sooner is macbeth alone, than he has an extraordinary experience. either in the heat of the moment or through some supernatural visitation, he sees a ghostly dagger indicating the way to the duncan. convinced that\nthere' s no such thing ,\nhe climbs to the king' s chamber .\ndon macbeth, who rode the winner, enjoyed some measure of satisfaction. only last week, macbeth was advised that he would be replaced aboard chief' s crown in the belmont stakes. he had ridden chief' s crown in the kentucky derby and the preakness, but was criticized for his ride in the latter race .\nbreeder rufus lisle of lexington was famous for breeding his mares only to stallions for which he didn' t have to pay a stud fee — and getting good results. one was chicago stable' s macbeth ii, whom george covington rode from last to a length victory over favored gallifet in the field of seven. the livestock record opined that gallifet\nwith a good jockey he should have won ,\nsaying of macbeth ii ,\nhe swerved badly at the head of the stretch and seemed like he wanted to go out – but won quite handily at the finish .\nmacbeth, the third gelding to win the kentucky derby, was co - owned by trainer john campbell and gambler george hankins. hankins amassed a huge fortune and wound up buying out campbell' s interest in his racing stock, only to lose all his money two years after the derby by gambling too much on the stock and grain markets. macbeth ii raced into his 8 - year - old season, winning 25 of 106 starts before becoming a steeplechase horse .\nhe died the property of a society gentlemen and even at an old age was seen on lincoln park and other boulevards with his owner astride ,\nthe courier - journal reported .\nproduct features ★ macbeth ii classic is the second generation model of macbeth that inherits the position of\nmacbeth\nwhich appeared as\nthe strongest entry machine\n. ● miniaturization of the cabinet, redesign of sound tuning, everything including the molding technology and new cabinets that unique melody has cultivated at custom iem' s manufacturing site so far have been brushed up from the original aircraft unique melody' s\nnew entry machine\nis. ◆ miniaturize the housing size and improve fit ● smaller housing size than the conventional model\nmacbeth (left side case )\n. ● the long side is about 2. 4 cm to about 2 cm, the depth is downsized from about 1. 7 cm to about 1. 3 cm. ● a more stable wearing feeling can be obtained. ◆ made with handmade, not designed as two ● in the new macbeth ii classic, we adopted the custom iem manufacturing method that unique melody has cultivated so far (this is the meaning of classic). ● do not use a 3d printer, use the resin used for custom iem as a housing material. ● this marble - like pattern is created by three craftsmen one by one manually, and randomly mixed fibers create two designs. ◆ sound tuning ● driver composition was\ndifferent from the previous generation\n, the driver composition using only the balanced armature type driver (ba driver) was made, and everything was rebuilt from scratch. ● as aiming at sound design that corresponds to all genres as an entry machine, how to draw sound space is to adopt\nport tuning\nprovided in the casing and metallic sound tube (sound conduit) of platinum paint, other second generation the sound stage which is realized with the model\nmaverick ii, mavis ii, mason ii\nis wider than the conventional machine, realizing higher quality sound and quality than the original one. ※ ★ ★ detailed description by\nnewsbridge\n★ ★ ※\nforzando ii, a 23 - 1 shot making only his second career start on dirt, scored a stunning upset yesterday with a 5 1 / 4 - length victory in the metropolitan handicap at belmont park .\n'' he' s a nice little horse,'' macbeth said.'' when they all fanned out, i made my move. he had plenty left at the end.''\nin this opening scene of act ii, as in the later porter scene, the audience feels momentarily suspended from the action but in no way removed from the intensity of emotion as the innocent banquo and his son pass the time of night. the moment at which banquo so very nearly draws his sword on a potential intruder (actually macbeth) is a master - stroke of dramatic irony: banquo has no idea of what the audience knows .\nnevertheless, as in the earlier scene with his wife, macbeth eventually capitulates. the urge to become king is now strong in him. in his final lines, as he ascends to the king' s chamber, he imagines himself as the personification of murder itself, stealthily making its way towards its victim. the change of tone to one of high rhetoric and classical allusion (hecate, tarquin) may seem out of place, but not if we imagine macbeth putting on a\nmask\nof language in preparation for the murder. the distinction between word and deed in the last line is an idea that occurs frequently in shakespeare. what we say and what we do are frequently very different matters. but in the final couplet, macbeth seems to transfer his own doubts concerning the afterlife to duncan: whether the king will go to heaven or hell is now an academic matter; ironically, for macbeth himself, the outcome is likely to be more certain .\nmacbeth (usa) br. g, 1885 { a24 } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 (0) di = inf cd = inf - 106 starts, 25 wins, 21 places, 14 shows career earnings: $ 22, 170\nus district judge john heyburn ii rules that the 130 - year - old kentucky horseracing authority' s rule against jockeys wearing advertising on their uniforms violates the first amendment right of free speech. jockeys may now wear advertising. (xdg, p 2b, 4 / 30 / 2004 )\nyou’re not asleep yet, sir? the king’s in bed. he’s been in an unusually good mood and has granted many gifts to your household and servants. this diamond is a present from him to your wife for her boundless hospitality. (he hands macbeth a diamond )\nthe king, artois, mountague, warwick, and others are greeted by the countess and edward is immediately lovestruck, or luststruck, as he reveals in asides. he is sufficiently uncomfortable not to want to stay at the castle but to pursue the scots (i. ii. 117 - 118). but the countess, whose husband is away in other wars, is eloquent :\nas wise as fair! what fond fit can be heard, / when wisdom keeps the gate as beauty' s guard ?\n( i. ii. 162 - 163). edward is persuaded to stay at the castle for the night .\nthe countess of salibury, upon the walls, is disgusted with the scots and her captivity :\neither to be woo' d with broad untuned oaths, / or forc' d by rough insulting barbarism. /... / and in their vild, uncivil, skipping jigs / bray forth their conquest and our overthrow\n( i. ii. 8 - 13) .\nthe battle for command was hotly contested by the favorites through the first six furlongs, with all but forzando and mo exception involved. nearing the stretch, it appeared that macbeth and forzando were in a trap along the rail, but the rider skillfully eased his mount outside of imp society and carr de naskra entering the stretch and his patient tactics to that point paid off with a strong late run .\nthe dagger speech (32 - 65) is, deservedly, one of the most celebrated in shakespeare. like\nif it were done\n( act i, scene 7), this soliloquy is a fascinating piece of stage psychology. the structure of the lines precisely echoes the swings from lucidity to mental disturbance that characterize macbeth throughout the play. there are three false alarms :\ni see thee still... i see thee yet... i see thee still !\nbetween each of these alarms comes a moment of respite in which macbeth appeals to the world of the physical senses :\nart thou not... sensible to feeling ?\nmine eyes are made the fools of the other senses ,\nand\nit is the bloody business which informs thus to mine eyes .\nforzando ii, an english - bred 4 - year - old son of formidable - princely maid, had won his only previous race on dirt, a one - mile allowance test at santa anita in early march. considered a turf specialist, he has won 9 of 22 starts on the grass, 18 of them overseas. yesterday he demonstrated his versatility as well as his quality with his resounding defeat of some of the best older horses in training .\nhm george i' s 19 - great grandfather. hre ferdinand i' s 15 - great grandfather. u. s. president [ washington ]' s 22 - great grandfather. pm churchill' s 25 - great grandfather. hm margrethe ii' s 26 - great grandfather. gen. pierpont hamilton' s 24 - great grandfather. poss. agnes harris' s 19 - great grandfather. 'osawatomie' brown' s 26 - great grandfather .\nwon: kentucky derby, kimball s. , kansas city derby, gayoso hotel s. , peabody hotel s. , green s. , fall highweight hcp, clifton nj new year' s hcp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nwhich gives the stern' st good - night. he is about it :\nprogram code and database © 2003 - 2018 george mason university. all texts are public domain. about the texts used in oss • privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhere, take my sword. the heavens are being stingy with their light. take this, too. i’m tired and feeling heavy, but i can’t sleep. merciful powers, keep away the nightmares that plague me when i rest !\nwhat, sir, not yet at rest? the king’s a - bed .\nbecause we were unprepared for the king’s visit, we weren’t able to entertain him as well as we would have wanted to .\nsparknotes is brought to you by b & n. visit b & n to buy and rent textbooks, and check out our award - winning tablets and ereaders, including nook tablet 7\nand nook glowlight 3 .\nsome parts of this page won' t work property. please reload or try later .\nlakeith stanfield and his sorry to bother you crew reveal their most soul - crushing jobs in our freewheeling interview .\nexplore popular and recently added tv series available to stream now with prime video .\n● earphone terminal: custom 2 pin terminal / ● input terminal: 3. 5 mm mini terminal\nwestone um pro 30 triple - driver universal - fit in - ear musicians’ monitors with remov ...\nwestone am pro 30 triple - driver universal - fit in - ear musicians’ monitors with sled ...\nwestone w40 four - driver true - fit earphones with 3 button mfi cable with microphone ...\naudeze isine10 | in ear | semi open headphone | standard cable / 3. 5\nrha ma390 universal: aluminium noise isolating earbuds with remote & mic, 3 year wa ...\nmee audio m6 pro 2nd generation universal - fit noise - isolating musicians’ in - ear mon ...\nsponsored products are advertisements for products sold by merchants on amazon. com. when you click on a sponsored product ad, you will be taken to an amazon detail page where you can learn more about the product and purchase it .\nthis shopping feature will continue to load items. in order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading .\nthere was a problem completing your request. please try your search again later .\nprime members enjoy free two - day shipping and exclusive access to music, movies, tv shows, original audio series, and kindle books .\nafter viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in .\nthe opening dialogue sets the scene: it is past midnight, the moon has set, and the\ncandles\nof heaven — the stars — cannot be seen. symbolically, the airy lightness that greeted duncan' s arrival at the castle in act i has completely vanished, to be replaced by brooding darkness .\nremoving # book # from your reading list will also remove any bookmarked pages associated with this title .\ncliffsnotes study guides are written by real teachers and professors, so no matter what you' re studying, cliffsnotes can ease your homework headaches and help you score high on exams .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nis stopp' d; the very source of it is stopp' d .\n( kwpn, 2003, chestnut gelding by h. b. c. lake bid )\n{ { h. full _ name | uppercase } } ({ { h. ueln } }) by { { h. sire. full _ name | uppercase } }\nmailing list are working normally and the archives have been slowly coming back online .\nall mailing list administrators are required to have a registered and verified email. those that do not have been removed as list administrators .\nto get started managing your subscriptions, go to setting up my new mailman login and if you are an administrator you will find more info at setting up my new mailman admin login .\nas of today, any email that is sent will go directly into a new archive. we are in the process of importing the old archives into the new archives and due to the massive amount of content, that process will take time. we will continue to update you on the progress when we can .\nthe ancestry wiki is now the rootsweb wiki. all the same content that you love right there at your fingertips .\nobituary daily times is back. it has a new secure code base and will be updated on a regular basis .\nwe have identified about 600 usgenweb sites to bring back first. owners of these sites should have received an email with instructions on how to reset their password and get to their content. these sites are now available from the appropriate usgenweb page. if you believe you should have been contacted, please contact us: questions about usgenweb. please include the name of your site and any other information you have .\nother sites will be reinstated upon request. we will update this page in the coming weeks with a link to make this request .\nfor those that would just like to download their websites contents from rootsweb, we will publish instructions on how to do it the week of july 10th .\nfamily trees / worldconnect: family trees or worldconnect allows you to upload a gedcom file and publish it for others to see. it is currently in a read - only, searchable state. our software engineers and security team are working on a plan to update worldconnect with the ability to upload new gedcom files in the coming months .\nwe appreciate your patience as we bring the different pieces of rootsweb back online in a secure manner. you, our contributors and viewers, are what makes rootsweb the vibrant, free genealogy community it is .\nwhy is this taking so long? rootsweb has many terabytes of data uploaded by users across its various features. the site also has hundreds of thousands of lines of code. we have been scanning the data using a variety of tools, and that takes time. we’ve also been examining the code and the underlying systems. some code is being refurbished, and some will need to be more fully rewritten to add the layers of security needed in this day and age. we know it may be frustrating, but we are committed to returning data to you in a safe manner .\nhave you found any other security problems? we haven’t found any other problems, but we want to thoroughly update systems to ensure the safety of your information .\nis ancestry going to start charging for rootsweb? ancestry is not going to start charging for rootsweb. when functionality returns to the site, you will still be able to view content for free .\ni’ve heard not everything is coming back online, is that true? we will be returning worldconnect and mailing lists back to their full functionality. other features are still being evaluated. in cases where we are unable to bring back previous functionality or content, we will explore ways for people who uploaded data to retrieve it if we don’t feel we can put it back online safely .\nrootsweb is funded and supported by urltoken and our loyal rootsweb community. learn more. about us | contact us | acceptable use policy | copyright © 1997 - 2018 ancestry | corporate information | privacy | terms and conditions\n. political touchiness may explain why this play virtually disappeared and was not included in the first folio: it includes nasty perspective on scots nobility, so king james would not be amused. there is ongoing critical disagreement about if it' s shakespeare at all or a collaboration, and about the nature of the verse and drama - - sometimes parallelling other shakespeare plays, often lacking important features. edward capell proposed an attribution to shakespeare in 1760, but eric sams (1926 - 2004) finally got the play accepted by many orthodox scholars as shakespeare' s work .\noften remains among the apocrypha, but the new cambridge edition and the new oxford shakespeare now include it in the canon .\nand but before other innovations in his histories start appearing full - blown. lots of proto -\nmaterial can be detected (just use of the term\npuissance ,\nfor example), but without the later sophistication in perspective or effective integration of various plot components. shakespeare has not yet started including comic characters and their subplots in his histories. but hints of the horticultural metaphors that are part of\nplays do show up, as does a pervasive shakespearean philosophy which recommends mastery over passions. the play also looks forward to\noxfordians have long thought the work de vere' s (e. g. , ogburn and ogburn 216). see richard desper' s article ,\nvirtue rewarded: the premise of\n37. 2 (summer 2001): 1, 12 - 14. included is an oxfordian explanation as to why the order of the garter is never mentioned in the play .\nengland' s 14th - century king edward iii acknowledges robert of artois' defection from king john of france by making him earl of richmond. artois spells out edward' s\npedigree\n( i. i. 5), an argument for his right to the french throne. philip le beau' s three sons died without heirs; his daughter isabel was edward' s mother :\nand from the fragrant garden of her womb / your gracious self, the flower of europe' s hope\n( i. i. 14 - 15). but isabel was ignored in terms of the succession :\nthe french obscur' d your mother' s privilege, / and, though she were the next of blood, proclaimed / john of the house of valois, now their king\n( i. i. 19 - 21). proto - issues such as\nsalic law\nhere will be played out in more sophisticated ways in\n; but this perspective also makes the point of the illegitimacy of the valois royal line. artois considers his own reputation :\nedward considers artois counsel\nlike to fructful showers\n( i. i. 42), and he poetically vows war with france .\nthe duke of lorraine arrives with a message from john of france, that for\nlowly homage\n( i. i. 60) edward may retain his dukedom of guyenne. otherwise it' s repossessed, bud. edward has a different take on the situation :\ni mean to visit him as he requests, / but how? not servilely dispos' d to bend, / but like a conqueror to make him bow\n( i. i. 73 - 75). in an exchange of defiances, edward promises war, and lorraine has an outburst against artois, whom he considers a\nregenerate traitor, viper to the place / where thou wast fost' red in thine infancy\n( i. i. 105 - 106). lorraine draws his sword against artois, but edward draws his :\nsir william mountague brings news that the scots have broken the peace treaty and king david has seized the castle of roxborough, home of the countess of salisbury (the daughter of warwick, who is also present) and her husband. edward supplies a short apostrophe :\nignoble david, hast thou none to grieve / but silly ladies with thy threat' ning arms? / but i will make you shrink your snaily horns\n( i. i. 136 - 138; cp .\n1033 - 1034). edward plans war with both the scots and the french and so will need a large army raised :\nlet them be soldiers of a lusty spirit, / such as dread nothing but dishonor' s blot\n( i. i. 143 - 144). he also enlists his son edward, eventually to be known as the black prince (d. 1376) :\nand, ned, thou must begin / now to forget thy study and thy books / and ure thy shoulders to an armor' s weight\n( i. i. 157 - 159). the prince is enthusiastic .\nshe hides as king david schmoozes with france through lorraine and then with the earl of douglas haggles over who will get the countess and / or her jewels. a messenger brings word that king edward and an army approach, so the countess emerges and mocks the scots .\nhtml code for this pedigree (e. g. you can copy html a code of pedigree and insert it to your web site )\nse uch, hd a / b, ed 0 / 0, sh - c .\nwelcome to world pedigree database berner sennenhund database pedigrees intended for fans and professionals - owners of berner sennenhund around the world, everyone can make a contribution and leave the information on their own and other dogs, as well as to use the materials at the same time without any restrictions. to use all the functions in full, please register or login .\nsorry, we just need to make sure you' re not a robot. for best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nurltoken no longer supports internet explorer 9 or earlier. please upgrade your browser .\nmo exception, the longest price in the field of eight at 41 - 1, came along to be the runner - up after trailing through the first half - mile. the favorite, track barron, managed only to finish third, another 1 1 / 4 lengths back .\ndr. carter, carr de naskra, imp society, taylor' s special and bayou herbert completed the order of finish .\nironically, richard migliore, who rode mo exception, had been taken off eternal prince, his mount who ran poorly in the kentucky derby .\nfrom the new york times. you may opt - out at any time .\nyou agree to receive occasional updates and special offers for the new york times' s products and services .\none jockey who didn' t fare so well was angel cordero, who kept his commitment to ride track barron and thereby passed up a mount on spend a buck in the jersey derby. spend a buck earned a $ 2. 6 million payday that would have brought cordero at least $ 260, 000 .\nthe metropolitan handicap is the first of the new york racing association' s handicap triple crown series, which will be completed by the suburban handicap on july 4 and the brooklyn on july 20. last year, fit to fight became only the fourth horse in history and the first since kelso in 1961 to sweep all three races in the series .\nthe winner' s trainer, john sullivan, said he was not surprised that forzando had won but that he'' was surprised that he won so easy.''\nwe are continually improving the quality of our text archives. please send feedback, error reports, and suggestions to archive _ feedback @ nytimes. com .\naccessibility concerns? email us at accessibility @ urltoken. we would love to hear from you .\nkentucky derby 2015: gambling owner wins churchill downs classic, then loses his fortune two years later .\nthese sites are part of the usa today network. their content is produced independently from our newsrooms .\nhorse racing became a nag to the good people of massachusetts, because the sport was prohibited in the state .\namerican eclipse won two out of three heats to beat henry at union course in new york. the race was called the most famous horse race of the 19th century .\nspirit of the times\nbegins publishing (weekly horse racing sheet) .\nsurvivor won the preakness stakes at pimlico race track in baltimore, md. it was the first ‘run for the black - eyed susans’. the race continues as the second jewel in horse racing’s triple crown. it comes two weeks after the kentucky derby and prior to the belmont stakes in new york .\noliver lewis rode aristides winning a purse of $ 2, 850 in the first running of the kentucky derby at churchill downs in louisville, ky. aristides won the one and a half mile run for the roses in a time of 2 minutes, 37 - 3 / 4 seconds .\n4th preakness: g barbee aboard shirley wins in 2: 44. 75 .\n3rd kentucky derby: billy walker aboard baden - baden wins in 2: 38 .\n4th kentucky derby: jimmy carter aboard day star wins in 2: 37¼ .\n6th preakness: c holloway aboard duke of magenta wins in 2: 41. 75 .\n5th kentucky derby: charlie shauer aboard lord murphy wins in 2: 37 .\n12th preakness: s fisher aboard knight of ellerslie wins in 2: 39½ .\n11th kentucky derby: babe henderson aboard joe cotton wins in 2: 37¼ .\n12th kentucky derby: paul duffy aboard ben ali wins in 2: 36½ .\n18th preakness: w martin aboard montague wins in 2: 36. 75 .\na one - mile dirt track opened for harness races at the site of the present - day tennessee state fairgrounds in nashville. the first automobile races was held in 1904, the track was paved and lighted in 1956, and in 1958, nascar came to nashville with the introduction of the nascar winston cup to be run on a brand - new half - mile oval. the legendary driver joe weatherly wins the first winston cup .\n22nd kentucky derby: willie simms aboard ben brush wins in 2: 07. 75 .\n31st belmont stakes: j scherrer aboard scottish cheiftain wins in 2: 23¼ .\n32nd belmont stakes: f littlefield aboard bowling brook wins in 2: 32 .\n33rd belmont stakes: r clawson aboard jean beraud wins in 2: 23 .\n26th kentucky derby: jimmy boland aboard lieut gibson wins in 2: 06¼ .\n25th preakness: h spencer aboard hindus wins in 1: 48. 4 .\n‘sunny’ jim fitzsimmons had his first horse race victory as agnes d won at brighton beach race track in ny. by the end of his illustrious 50 - year career, fitzsimmons logged more than 2, 000 winners .\n27th kentucky derby jimmy winkfield on his eminence wins in 2: 07. 75 .\n26th preakness: fred landry aboard the parader wins in 1: 47. 2 .\n28th kentucky derby: jimmy winkfield on alan - a - dale wins in 2: 08. 75 .\n36th belmont stakes: john bullman aboard mastermam wins in 2: 22. 6 .\n27th preakness: l jackson aboard old england wins in 1: 45. 8 .\n( long island) long island' s jamaica (horse) race track opens .\n29th kentucky derby: hal booker aboard judge himes wins in 2: 09 .\n37th belmont stakes: john bullman aboard africander wins in 2: 21. 75 .\n28th preakness: w gannon aboard flocarline wins in 1: 44. 8 .\nlou dillon became the first american race horse to break the two - minute mile barrier. he trotted to a win at readville, ma in a time of 1: 58. 5 .\nfirst trotter to run a mile under 2 minutes (lou dillon 1: 58. 1) .\n38th belmont stakes: george odom aboard delhi wins in 2: 06. 6 .\n29th preakness: eugene hildebrand aboard bryn mawr wins in 1: 44. 2 .\n( long island) belmont park (horse) race track opened on long island, ny. race king and sysonby finished in a dead heat in the day’s feature race .\nthree horses made up the field of the kentucky derby at churchill downs in louisville, ky. agile was the winner in 2: 100. 75. with only three horses - - win, place and show - - does that mean that everyone in attendance won something ?\n30th preakness: w davis aboard cairngore wins in 1: 45. 8 .\n32nd kentucky derby: roscoe troxler aboard sir huon wins in 2: 08. 8 .\n33rd kentucky derby: andy minder aboard pink star wins in 2: 12. 6 .\n32nd preakness: g mountain aboard don enrique wins in 1: 45. 4 .\n34th kentucky derby: arthur pickens on stone street wins in 2: 15. 2 .\n35th kentucky derby: vincent powers on wintergreen wins in 2: 08. 2 .\n34th preakness: willie doyle aboard effendi wins in 1: 39. 8 .\n35th preakness: r estep aboard layminster wins in 1: 40. 6 .\n36th kentucky derby: fred herbert aboard donau wins in 2: 06. 4\n38th kentucky derby: carol h shilling aboard worth wins in 2: 09. 4 .\n37th preakness: clarnence turner on colonel holloway wins in 1: 56. 6 .\ntalk about long shots: wishing ring won at latonia race track in kentucky. most people didn’t even notice because the horse had been a non - performer until then. a $ 2 wager to win paid an incredible $ 1, 885. 50 for a few, very lucky ticket holders .\ndonerail won the kentucky derby on this day, making a very, very few in attendance very, very happy. donerail was a 91 - to - 1 long shot !\n38th preakness: james butwell aboard buskin wins in 1: 53. 4 .\n40th kentucky derby: john mccabe aboard old rosebud wins in 2: 03. 4 .\n39th preakness: andy schuttinger aboard holiday wins in 1: 53. 8 .\n41st kentucky derby: joe notter aboard regret wins in 2: 05. 4. the horse was the only filly to win the run for the roses in louisville ,\n42nd kentucky derby: johnny loftus aboard george smith wins in 2: 04 .\n41st preakness: linus mcatee aboard damrosch wins in 1: 54. 8 .\none of america’s great race horses died. dan patch was the celebrated horse that had never lost a race. he first became known for promoting his owner’s feed company in savage, minnesota. interestingly, mr. savage died several days after his beloved trotter died .\nman o' war racehorse (winner of 20 out of 21 races & $ 249, 465), is born .\n42nd preakness: e haynes aboard kalitan wins in 1: 54. 4 .\nthe first imported horse to win the kentucky derby was the english - bred colt, omar khayyam. he won $ 49, 070 - - the top prize .\n44th kentucky derby: william knapp on exterminator wins in 2: 10. 8 .\n43rd preakness (1st division): johnny loftus aboard war cloud wins in 1: 53. 6 .\n44th preakness (2nd dividion): charles peak aboard jack hare jr wins in 1: 53. 4 .\n45th kentucky derby: johnny loftus aboard sir barton wins in 2: 09. 8\nsir barton won the belmont stakes, becoming horse racing' s first triple crown winner .\nthe previously undefeated racehorse, man o’ war, was upset - - by upset - - at saratoga, ny. this turn of events so upset man o’ war that the horse never lost a race again. man o’ war proved to be quite the stud, as well. after wining 1, 300 races, he sired 379 foals. the stud fee for man o’ war was $ 5, 000 .\n14 horses begin 300 - mile race from vt to mass for $ 1000 prize money .\nthe first dog race track to use an imitation rabbit opened - - in emeryville, ca .\n46th preakness: clarence kummer aboard man o' war wins in 1: 51. 6 .\none of the greatest horse races in america was run as man o’ war defeated john p. grier in the dwyer stakes. man o’ war set a world - record time of 1 minute, 49 - 1 / 5 seconds in the 1 - 1 / 8 mile event .\nthe leading race horse money winner of the day ran for the last time. man o’ war beat sir barton in canada’s kenilworth park. man o’ war’s career earnings totaled nearly $ 250, 000 .\n47th kentucky derby: charles thompson on behave yourself wins 2: 04. 2 .\n47th preakness: f coltiletti aboard broomspun wins in 1: 54. 2 .\n48th preakness: l morris aboard pillory wins in 1: 51. 6 .\n48th kentucky derby: albert johnson aboard morvich wins in 2: 04. 6 .\n49th kentucky derby: earl sande aboard zev wins in 2: 05. 4 .\n49th preakness: benny marinelli aboard vigil wins in 1: 53. 6 .\n50th preakness: john merimee aboard nellie morse wins in 1: 57. 2 .\n50th kentucky derby: john mooney aboard black gold wins in 2: 05. 2 .\n51st kentucky derby: earl sande aboard flying ebony wins in 2: 07. 6. it is also the first network radiocast (whas) of kentucky derby .\n52nd kentucky derby: albert johnson on bubbling over wins in 2: 03. 8 .\nthe first running of the hambletonian happened in syracuse, ny. guy mckinney was the first horse to win first place in the famous race .\n53rd preakness: whitey abel aboard bostonian wins in 2: 01. 6 .\nbrooklyn supreme belgium, stallion, heaviest known horse (1450 kg), is born .\n56th preakness: raymond sonny workman aboard victorian wins in 2: 00. 2 .\n54th kentucky derby: chick lang aboard reigh count wins in 2: 10. 4 .\n55th preakness: louis schaefer aboard dr freeland wins in 2: 01. 6\n55th kentucky derby: linus mcatee on clyde van dusen wins in 2: 10. 8 .\nfor the first time, a starting gate was used to start a triple crown race. the gate was rolled into place at the preakness at the pimlico race course in baltimore, md. gallant fox, the winner, had no problem with the new contraption. prior to that time, this horse race began from a standing start at the start / finish line with the drop of a flag. earl sande wins aboard gallant fox wins in 2: 00. 6 .\n56th kentucky derby: earl sande aboard gallant fox wins in 2: 07. 6 .\ngallant fox won the lawrence realization at belmont park in ny and became the leading moneymaker in thoroughbred racing .\ngallant fox won the lawrence realization at belmont park in new york and became the leading moneymaker in thoroughbred racing .\n57th kentucky derby: charley kurtsinger on twenty grand wins in 2: 01. 8 .\nrace jockey eddie arcaro rode his first race - - at bainbridge, oh. he finished sixth. later, arcaro would become a racing legend, finishing first in over 4, 100 races, including four kentucky derby wins .\nhorse racing fans will be happy to learn that the daily double was inaugurated in the us on this day. the reno race track began the new system of wagering on horses that had been popular in canada for some time .\n58th kentucky derby: eugene james aboard burgoo king wins in 2: 05. 2 .\n58th preakness: eugene james aboard burgoo king wins in 1: 59. 8 .\n59th kentucky derby: don meade aboard brokers tip wins in 2: 06. 8 .\n60th preakness: robert jones aboard high quest wins in 1: 58. 2 .\nthe first race track in ca opened under a new parimutuel betting law. bay meadows, in san mateo, is still a favorite of pony players in the bay area .\nparimutuel betting became a reality as horse race bets were legalized in the state of nebraska. there are still u. s. states where horse racing, betting or other forms of legalized gambling still ‘nag’ legislatures, despite the fact that other states have been participating in these activities for decades .\n61st preakness: willie saunders aboard omaha wins in 1: 58. 4 .\n62nd kentucky derby: ira hanford aboard bold venture wins in 2: 03. 6 .\n63rd kentucky derby: charley kurtsinger on war admiral wins 2: 03. 2\n63rd preakness: charley kurtsinger aboard war admiral wins in 1: 58. 4 .\n64th kentucky derby: eddie arcaro aboard lawrin wins in 2: 04. 8 .\n64th preakness: maurice peters aboard dauber wins in 1: 59. 8 .\nhollywood park race track opened for thoroughbreds and, later, harness racing. the track is still in operation in inglewood, ca .\n65th kentucky derby: james stout aboard johnstown wins in 2: 03. 4 .\nclay puett invented a device that is still a common sight at thoroughbred race tracks around the world. the electric starting gate was used for the first time to start races at hollywood park in inglewood, ca. the push of a button from a judges’ stand at trackside automatically opened the gates. it was set on wheels so that it could be pulled off the race course quickly. a bell sounds... and “they’re off! ”\n65th preakness: george seabo aboard challedon wins in 1: 59. 8 .\n66th preakness: fred a smith aboard bimelech wins in 1: 58. 6 .\none of the greatest race horses of his time, epinard, was stolen during the german occupation of france .\njockey eddie arcaro rode whirl - a - way to the winner’s circle in the kentucky derby. he was on his way to winning racing’s triple crown (the kentucky derby in louisville, ky, the preakness in baltimore, md and the belmont stakes at belmont park in ny) .\n68th kentucky derby: wayne d wright aboard shut out wins in 2: 04. 4 .\nfirst legal nj horse race in 50 years; garden state park track opens .\n69th kentucky derby: johnny longden aboard count fleet wins in 2: 04 .\n69th preakness: johnny longden aboard count fleet wins in 1: 57. 4\nbenjamin f. white became the first four - time winner of the hambletonian. white rode solo song to the win in a field of 11 racehorses .\nthe office of defense transportation, for the second year, restricted attendance at the kentucky derby to residents of the louisville area to prevent a railroad traffic burden during wartime .\n70th kentucky derby: conn mccreary aboard pensive wins in 2: 04. 2 .\n70th preakness: conn mccreary aboard pensive wins in 1: 59. 2 .\nbig racket becomes fastest race horse at 69. 6 kph (440 yards / 20. 8 seconds) .\n72nd kentucky derby: warren mehrtens aboard assault wins in 2: 06. 6 .\n72nd preakness: warren mehrtens aboard assault wins in 2: 01. 4 .\n73rd kentucky derby: eric guerin aboard jet pilot wins in 2: 06. 8 .\n79th belmont stakes: ruperto donoso aboard phalanx wins in 2: 29. 6 .\nthe famous racehorse, man o’ war, died. his funeral was attended by over 2, 500 people. man o’ war was so famous that, while a stud in retirement, his guest book listed over 2, 000, 000 names !\njohnny longden became the first race jockey to ride 3, 000 career winners as he set the mark at bay meadows in san mateo, ca .\n74th kentucky derby: eddie arcaro aboard citation wins in 2: 05. 4; this is arcaro' s 4th win .\n74th preakness: eddie arcaro aboard citation wins in 2: 02. 4 .\nhuaso sets official world equestrian high - jump record, 2. 47 m, chicago .\nwillie shoemaker won his first race as a jockey aboard shafter v at golden gate fields in albany, ca, not far from san francisco .\n75th kentucky derby: steve brooks aboard ponder wins in 2: 04. 2 .\n76th kentucky derby: william boland on middleground wins in 2: 01. 6 .\n76th preakness: eddie arcaro aboard hill prince wins in 1: 59. 2 .\nwillie shoemaker and joe culmone, both 19 years of age, became the first jockeys to ride 388 winners in a single year .\nlargest purse to date in horse racing, $ 144, 323, won by great circle .\n77th kentucky derby: conn mccreary aboard count turf wins in 2: 02. 6 .\n77th preakness: eddie arcaro aboard bold wins in 1: 56. 4 .\ncitation became the winningest thoroughbred in horse racing as he won the hollywood gold cup at hollywood park. citation earned a total of $ 1, 085, 760 in his career .\nthe first black horse - racing jockey was licensed in florida. he was hosea richardson and was sixteen years old at the time .\n78th kentucky derby: eddie arcaro aboard hill gail wins in 2: 01. 6 .\n78th preakness: conn mccreary aboard blue man wins in 1: 57. 4 .\neddie arcaro set a thoroughbred racing record for american jockeys by winning his 3, 000th horse race .\n79th kentucky derby: hank moreno aboard dark star wins in 2: 02. dark star defeated the heavily favored native dancer to win the 79th kentucky derby. a $ 2 wager to win on this dark horse would have put some change in your pocket. dark star was a 25 - 1 long shot .\n79th preakness: eric guerin aboard native dancer wins in 1: 57. 8 .\nwillie shoemaker broke his own record as he won his 485th race of the year. willie got his horse’s nose out in front at santa anita racetrack in southern ca .\n80th preakness: johnny adams aboard hasty road wins in 1: 57. 4 .\nnative dancer, with career earnings of $ 785, 240, was retired from horse racing. a foot ailment put the famous horse - - fourth on the all - time thoroughbred winner’s list - - out to pasture .\njockey willie shoemaker rode the legendary swaps to a win in the kentucky derby in louisville. the run for the roses was worth $ 108, 400. (swap’s colt, chateaugay, would win the. derby with the exact same time as his daddy’s: 2 minutes, 1 - 4 / 5 seconds .) this was shoemaker’s first derby win. he would win again in 1959 aboard tommy lee and in 1965 on lucky debonair .\n81st kentucky derby: bill shoemaker aboard swaps wins in 2: 01. 8 .\n81st preakness: eddie arcaro aboard nashua wins in 1: 54. 6 .\nnashua defeated swaps in a match - up of the thoroughbred horses at arlington park in chicago, il .\ne arcaro, e sande & g woolf first inductees in jockey hall of fame .\n82nd kentucky derby: david erb aboard needles wins in 2: 03. 4 .\n82nd preakness: bill hartack aboard fabius wins in 1: 58. 4 .\nthe thoroughbred swaps ran the 1 - 1 / 16 mile track at hollywood park, inglewood, ca, in a blistering 1 minute, 39 seconds, setting a world record for thoroughbred race horses .\njohnny longden rode winner number 5, 000 in his career at santa anita race track .\n83rd kentucky derby: bill hartack aboard iron liege wins in 2: 02. 2 .\n83rd preakness: eddie arcaro aboard bold ruler wins in 1: 56. 2 .\nracing jockey eddie arcaro got win number 4, 000, as he rode the winner at santa anita race track in southern california .\nsilky sullivan comes from 40 lengths back to win by 3 at santa anita .\n84th kentucky derby: ismael valenzuela aboard tim tam wins in 2: 05 .\n84th preakness: ismael valenzuela aboard tim tam wins in 1: 57. 2 .\n85th kentucky derby: bill shoemaker aboard tomy lee wins in 2: 02. 2 .\n86th kentucky derby: bill hartack on venetian way wins in 2: 02. 4 .\nbally ache, the winner of the preakness stakes in baltimore, md, was sold for $ 1, 250, 000 .\n86th preakness: bobby ussery aboard bally ache wins in 1: 57. 6 .\n87th kentucky derby: john sellers aboard carry back wins in 2: 04 .\n87th preakness: johnny sellers aboard carry back wins in 1: 57. 6 .\nrace jockey eddie arcaro retired with a career record of 15, 327 victories for total winnings of $ 12, 265, 455. arcaro was the first jockey to win 3, 000 races and the first to ride five kentucky derby winners. in the derby, arcaro rode these mounts to the winner’s circle: lawrin, whirl - a - way, hoop jr. , citation and hill gail .\n88th kentucky derby: bill hartack aboard decidedly wins in 2: 00. 4 .\n88th preakness: john rotz aboard greek money wins in 1: 56. 2 .\nrace jockey bill hartack won race number 3, 000. he was riding big steve at arlington park in chicago ,\nsteve brooks became only the fifth race jockey to ride 4, 000 career winners .\n89th kentucky derby: braulio baeza aboard chateaugay wins in 2: 01. 8 .\n89th preakness: bill shoemaker aboard candy spots wins in 1: 56. 2 .\nwillie shoemaker topped eddie arcaro’s career earnings record by riding four winners at santa anita race track in california. shoemaker’s total earnings reached $ 30, 040, 005 .\n90th kentucky derby: bill hartack aboard northern dancer wins in 2: 00 .\n90th preakness: bill hartack aboard northern dancer wins in 1: 56. 8 .\n91st kentucky derby: bill shoemaker on lucky debonair wins in 2: 01. 2 .\n91st preakness: ron turcotte aboard tom rolfe wins in 1: 56. 2 .\n92nd kentucky derby: donald brumfield aboard kauai king wins in 2: 02 .\n92nd preakness: don brumfield aboard kauai king wins in 1: 55. 4 .\n93rd kentucky derby: bobby ussery on proud clarion wins in 2: 00. 6 .\n93rd preakness: bill shoemaker aboard damascus wins in 1: 55. 2 .\nthe richest horse race in american history was run. the all - american futurity, a race for quarter horses, was held in new mexico. laico bird wins $ 225, 000 of the $ 486, 593 purse." ]

{ "text": [ "macbeth ii ( foaled 1885 in kentucky ) was a horse who was the winner of the 1888 kentucky derby he was the third gelding and one of only nine geldings to win the kentucky derby , with the others being vagrant ( 1876 ) , apollo ( 1882 ) , old rosebud ( 1914 ) , exterminator ( 1918 ) , paul jones ( 1920 ) , clyde van dusen ( 1929 ) , funny cide ( 2003 ) , and mine that bird ( 2009 ) . " ], "topic": [ 17 ] }

[ "macbeth ii (foaled 1885 in kentucky) was a horse who was the winner of the 1888 kentucky derby he was the third gelding and one of only nine geldings to win the kentucky derby, with the others being vagrant (1876), apollo (1882), old rosebud (1914), exterminator (1918), paul jones (1920), clyde van dusen (1929), funny cide (2003), and mine that bird (2009)." ]

[ "molecular identification of cryptic diversity in species of cis - andean mylossoma (characiformes: serrasalmidae) .\nmolecular identification of cryptic diversity in species of cis - andean mylossoma (characiformes: serrasalmidae). - pubmed - ncbi\nmaximum growth of mylossoma aureum is 20. 0 cm tl based on an unsexed specimen. the climate for this fish is tropical 22 - 28°c and is found amazonas basin, orinoco basin. of minor commercial value .\nthe genus mylossoma have a deep, compressed body, almost as disciform as the metynnis species, chiefly when young. during growth, the depth of the body becomes comparatively less than its length, as was mentioned by l. p. schultz concerning venezuelan species. this growth phenomenon is called negative allometry. mylossoma is easily distinguished from colossoma by its shape, as mentioned, as well as by its long anal fin, almost entirely covered with minute scales .\nmylossoma are found mainly in the floodplains of the whitewater tributaries and they only move into the channel during dry season or spawning movements. they do not occur in the rio negro (with the exception of the manaus area), and they occur all the way up the solimões into peru (iquitos). the distribution is similar to the endemic species colossoma and piaractus in the pantanal .\nmylossoma is a serrasalmidae genus with only two current valid species in the cis - andean region but with several available names, today considered as junior synonymous. morphological information combined with single - locus dna sequences of cytochrome c oxidase i gene analysed by barcode index number and general mixed yule coalescent model were used in the present study to help the recognition of operational taxonomic units (otus) in cis - andean mylossoma and discuss species boundaries within the genus. five otus were recognized based on both morphological and molecular approaches. the analysis using the barcode index number resulted in five otus, with m. duriventre being split in one unity in the amazon, one in the orinoco, one in paraná - paraguay and one in tocantins - araguaia which is coherent with our morphological results .\nmylossoma paraguayensis (norman, 1929), was synonymized as m. duriventre by antonio machado - allison. it in fact looks more like duriventris than aureum, it has the same ocellum on the side of the body and transversal dark bar along the body similar to juvenile m. duriventre. the distribution of m. duriventre is; amazon, orinoco and paraguay - paraná river basins: argentina, bolovia, brazil, colombia, ecuador, paraguay, peru and venezuelan .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nphoto by galvis, g. / mojica, j. i. / camargo, m. south america\nphoto by galvis, g. / mojica, j. i. / camargo, m .\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani, 30. 11. 04, , php script by cmilitante, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by cmilitante, 14 / 03 / 2013\ngreek, mylo = mill + greek, soma = body (ref. 45335 )\nfreshwater; benthopelagic; potamodromous (ref. 51243). tropical; 22°c - 28°c (ref. 12468 )\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 20. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 39031 )\nortega, h. and r. p. vari, 1986. annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of peru. smithson. contrib. zool. (437): 1 - 25. (ref. 6329 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 6250 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01995 (0. 01115 - 0. 03571), b = 3. 14 (2. 99 - 3. 29), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & (sub) family - body (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 5 ±0. 23 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (12 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information, no. 1, vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nmetynis sp. (pez dolar de plata) en venta acuario trópico de mar del plata. -\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of salmo trigintaradiatus larrañaga, 1923) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of metynnis unimaculatus steindachner, 1908) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of myletes albiscopus cope, 1872) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of myletes orbignyanus valenciennes, 1850) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of myletes duriventris cuvier, 1818) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfrom lake maracaibo in venezuela, is best identified by its short anal fin, sides are silvery, its eye and anal fin red. current thought today implies that m. acanthogaster is valid (machado - allison). the species is considered rare. fish grows to 28. 5 sl based on a captured unsexed specimen .\ngrows to 25. 0 cm sl and maximum weight: 1, 000 g. important commercial and aquarium trade value. m. duriventre, originates over mud and silt in streams and lakes. feeds on fish, insects, and plants .\nortega, h. and r. p. vari, 1986. annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of peru. . smithson. contrib. zool. (437): 1 - 25 .\ngalvis, g. , j. i. mojica and m. camargo, 1997. peces del catatumbo. . asociación cravo norte, santafé de bogotá, d. c. , p. 188\nfroese, r. and d. pauly. editors. 2002. fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. www. fishbase. org, 13 november 2002\nthe opefe web site and its contents; is disclaimed for purposes of zoological nomenclature in accordance with the international code of zoological nomenclature, fourth edition, article 8. 3 and 8. 4. no new names or nomenclature changes are available from statements at this web site .\ncopyright© 1994 - 2012 oregon piranha exotic fish exhibit (the opefe fish exhibit is permanently closed as of 2000) sutherlin, oregon. information posted on this web site is archival data on fish scientific classifications and other information. disclaimer: the copyrighted material may not be used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship or research. cited information requires credit and this link www. opefe. com. all rights reserved. all images shown (unless otherwise noted) is property of opefe .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\npicture by galvis, g. / mojica, j. i. / camargo, m .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 28. 5 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 39031 )\njégu, m. , 2003. serrasalminae (pacus and piranhas). p. 182 - 196. in r. e. reis, s. o. kullander and c. j. ferraris, jr. (eds .) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america. porto alegre: edipucrs, brasil. (ref. 39031 )\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01738 (0. 00811 - 0. 03726), b = 3. 12 (2. 94 - 3. 30), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 6 ±0. 3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (24 of 100) .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nmitochondrial dna a dna mapp seq anal. 2017 sep; 28 (5): 778 - 780. doi: 10. 1080 / 24701394. 2016. 1180515. epub 2016 may 9 .\nmateussi ntb 1, 2, 3, pavanelli cs 1, 3, oliveira c 2 .\na coleção ictiológica, núcleo de pesquisas em limnologia, ictiologia e aquicultura, universidade estadual de maringá, maringá, brazil .\nb laboratório de biologia e genética de peixes, departamento de morfologia, universidade estadual paulista, distrito de rubião junior, botucatu, brazil .\nc programa de pós - graduação em ecologia de ambientes aquáticos continentais, universidade estadual de maringá, maringá, brazil .\neschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "mylossoma is a genus of serrasalmids from tropical and subtropical south america , including the basins of the amazon , orinoco , lake maracaibo and paraguay-paraná .", "these common fish are found both in main river sections and floodplains .", "they support important fisheries and based on a review by ibama , they are the seventh most caught fish by weight in the brazilian amazon .", "they primarily feed on plant material such as seeds and fruits ( to a lesser extent invertebrates ) , and in their ecology they generally resemble the larger tambaqui ( colossoma macropomum ) .", "mylossoma reach up to 28.5 cm ( 11.2 in ) in length and 1 kg ( 2.2 lb ) in weight . " ], "topic": [ 26, 6, 15, 8, 0 ] }

[ "mylossoma is a genus of serrasalmids from tropical and subtropical south america, including the basins of the amazon, orinoco, lake maracaibo and paraguay-paraná. these common fish are found both in main river sections and floodplains. they support important fisheries and based on a review by ibama, they are the seventh most caught fish by weight in the brazilian amazon. they primarily feed on plant material such as seeds and fruits (to a lesser extent invertebrates), and in their ecology they generally resemble the larger tambaqui (colossoma macropomum). mylossoma reach up to 28.5 cm (11.2 in) in length and 1 kg (2.2 lb) in weight." ]

[ "amphibia, andohahela national park, madagascar, spinomantis beckei sp. nov. , spinomantis bertini, taxonomy\niucn ssc amphibian specialist group 2016. spinomantis tavaratra. the iucn red list of threatened species 2016: e. t49582559a49582769. urltoken\nthis species is here considered to belong to the genus spinomantis, rather than boophis, following glaw and vences (2006) .\nmantidactylus (spinomantis) aglavei — dubois, 1992, bull. mens. soc. linn. lyon, 61: 313 .\nm 34 - 44 mm. the only arboreal spinomantis without distinct fringes or spines. usually light brown to greenish on the dorsum with distinct rounded brown patches .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - guibe' s bright - eyed frog (spinomantis microtis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - guibe' s bright - eyed frog (spinomantis microtis )\ntitle =\narkive species - guibe' s bright - eyed frog (spinomantis microtis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ndescriptions of two new spinomantis frogs from madagascar (amphibia, mantellidae), and new morphological data for s. brunae and s. massorum; american museum novitates, no. 3618\nthis recently described species is similar to spinomantis peraccae and s. elegans. there is confustion regarding the taxonomy of this group (additional species might be involved), and a revision is needed .\nspecies description: cramer af, rabibisoa nh and raxworthy cj. 2008. descriptions of two new spinomantis frogs from madagascar (amphibia, mantellidae), and new morphological data for s. brunae and s. massorum. american museum novitates 3618: 1 - 22 .\ncramer, a. f. , rabibisoa, n. h. c. & raxworthy, c. j. (2008) descriptions of two new spinomantis frogs from madagascar (amphibia: mantellidae), and new morphological data for s. brunae and s. massorum. american museum novitates, 3618, 1–22. urltoken\nspinomantis aglavei — vences and glaw, 2006, in vences et al. (eds .), calls frogs madagascar: 25. glaw and vences, 2006, organisms divers. evol. , 6: 248; glaw and vences, 2006, organisms divers. evol. , electron. suppl. , 11 (1): 2 .\npough, f. h. , r. m. andrews, m. l. crump, a. h. savitzky, k. d. wells, and m. c. brandley. 2015. herpetology. fourth edition. massachusetts: sinauer .\nvitt, l. j. , and j. p. caldwell. 2013. herpetology. an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles. fourth edition. amsterdam: elsevier .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nfrost, d. r. 2015. amphibian species of the world: an online reference. version 6. 0. new york, usa. available at: urltoken .\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its relatively wide distribution and presumed large population .\nthis species is known only from east central and northeastern madagascar, from marojejy south to andasibe, at 500 - 1, 200 m asl .\nit is a locally abundant species, but its apparent abundance varies seasonally. due to ongoing declines in the extent and quality of habitat, the population is suspected to be decreasing .\nthis species lives along brooks in primary forest and it is not found in altered habitats. it presumably breeds in streams similar to other species in the genus .\nits forest habitat is receding due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, and invasive spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing and expanding human settlements .\nit occurs in analamazaotra special reserve and in the masoala and marojejy national parks .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\na highly specialized, medium - sized treefrog, 40 - 50 mm. greenish brown colouration resembles the bark of trees. often a' w' - shaped marking between the eyes. hind legs with transverse bands. ventral surface whitish .\n- like dermal fringes, especially along the lateral body parts. nostrils prominent, nearer to tip of snout than to eye. tympanum distinct, about 1 / 3 of eye diameter. tibiotarsal articulation reaches between eye and nostril. lateral metatarsalia separated. webbing 1 (1), 2i / e (1), 3i (1 - 2), 3e (1), 4i / e (2), 5 (1). fingers with well developed terminal disks. males with a largely distensible, subgular vocal sac and oblong femoral glands, absent in females .\nampamakiesiny pass, an’ala, analamazoatra, andasibe, ankeniheny, fierenana, ilampy, mananara, manangotry, manantantely, masoala, midongy, nosy boraha, ranomafana (ranomena, ambatolahy forest, ambatovory, maharira forest, vohiparara), vohidrazana. it occurs from sea level to 1, 500m asl in slow - flowing streams and swamps and occasionally fast - flowing streams of rainforest. it is not found in secondary habitats (nussbaum and vallan 2008) .\nhabits: common in mid - and low - altitude rainforests but difficult to find. the calls, emitted from high in the canopy, typically 1. 5 - 3 m above the ground, along streams, are very typical and can be recognized even from a loud chorus of other frogs. clutches of 30 - 38 eggs are deposited on leaves (often\nleaves) above the streams, the hatching tadpoles complete their metamorphosis in the streams. during the day, the species rests on tree trunks where its silhouette fades due to the cryptic colour and dermal fringes .\ncalls: a very loud and intense series of up to nine short\nmetallic\nnotes, reminding a hammering blacksmith. a second note type is a short and pulsed croak .\nmiguel vences and frank glaw (m. vences at tu - bs. de), assistant professor and curator of vertebrates at the institute for biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics in the zoological museum at the university of amsterdam .\n> university of california, berkeley, ca, usa. accessed jul 10, 2018 .\n> university of california, berkeley, ca, usa. accessed 10 jul 2018 .\nthis species is only known from humid forests in northeast madagascar, between 650–1, 300m asl. most specimens have been collected from the marojejy massif (including the betaolana corridor), but the species is known to occur as far north as the sorata massif (cramer\nthe species is known from areas by the edges of rivers and small fast - flowing streams. individuals were found on leaves, branches, and tree trunks, at heights of 0. 8 - 4 m above the forest floor. it\nthere is little information available on the population size and trends of this species, but it is relatively abundant in suitable habitat along streams in rainforest. due to ongoing declines in the extent and quality of habitat, the population is suspected to be decreasing .\nits forest habitat is receding due to subsistence agriculture (including livestock grazing), timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, the spread of invasive eucalyptus, and expanding human settlements. pressure from these threats are high on the sorata massif (f. glaw pers. comm. november 2015) .\nconservation needed habitat destruction in sorata should be halted and it should be included in the network of madagascar protected areas. improved protection and management of forests throughout the region is required, including within the boundaries of current protected areas .\nresearch needed further research is required to clarify the species' distribution, population size and trends .\n, it is known from fewer than 10 threat - defined locations and there is ongoing decline in the extent and quality of habitat in the forests of northern madagascar, including within marojejy national park .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser. some features of this site may not work without it .\nfull - text is provided in portable document format (pdf). to view articles you must have the free adobe acrobat reader. click here to download the latest version. the. epub version displays best on an ipad, but may work on other devices that accept. epub format. download directly to your device’s book reader (e. g. , ibooks) or drag into your e - books collection on your computer .\namerican museum novitates novitates (latin for\nnew acquaintances\n), published continuously and numbered consecutively since 1921, are short papers that contain descriptions of new forms and reports in zoology, paleontology, and geology. new numbers are published at irregular intervals .\ndepartment of library services american museum of natural history central park west at 79th st. , new york, ny 10024 © american museum of natural history, 2011\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nsimilar species: mainly s. fimbriatus, and possibly also s. phantasticus and s. massorum, which all are smaller .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmiguel vences division of evolutionary biology, zoological institute, technical university of braunschweig, mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 braunschweig, germany .\nfrank glaw zoologische staatssammlung münchen (zsm - snsb), münchhausenstr. 21, 81247 münchen, germany .\namphibiaweb (2017) information on amphibian biology and conservation. amphibiaweb, berkeley, california. available from: urltoken (accessed 16 march 2017 )\nandreone, f. & randriamahazo, h. (1997) ecological and taxonomic observations on the amphibians and reptiles of the andohahela low altitude rainforest, s. madagascar. revue francaise de aquariologie et herpetologie, 24, 95–128 .\nblommers - schlösser, r. m. a. (1979) biosystematics of the malagasy frogs. ii. the genus boophis (rhacophoridae). bijdragen tot de dierkunde, 49, 261–312 .\nblommers - schlösser, r. m. a. & blanc, c. p. (1991) amphibiens (première partie). faune de madagascar, 75 (1), 1–379 .\ndubois, a. (1992) notes sur la classification des ranidae (amphibiens anoures). bulletin mensuel de la sociét linnéenne de lyon, 61, 305–352. urltoken\nglaw, f. , hoegg, s. & vences, m. (2006) discovery of a new basal relict lineage of madagascan frogs and its implications for mantellid evolution. zootaxa, 1334, 27–43 .\nglaw, f. , köhler, j. , de la riva, i. , vieites, d. r. & vences, m. (2010) integrative taxonomy of malagasy treefrogs: combination of molecular genetics, bioacoustics and comparative morphology reveals twelve additional species of boophis. zootaxa, 2383, 1–82 .\nglaw, f. & vences, m. (2006) phylogeny and genus - level classification of mantellid frogs. organisms diversity & evolution, 6, 236–253. urltoken\nglaw, f. & vences, m. (2007) a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar. 3 rd edition. vences & glaw verlag, cologne, 496 pp .\nglaw, f. , vences, m. & gossmann, v. (2000) a new species of mantidactylus from madagascar, with a comparative survey of internal femoral gland structure in the genus (amphibia: ranidae: mantellinae). journal of natural history, 34, 1135–1154. urltoken\nguibé, j. (1947) trois gephyromantis nouveaux de madagascar (batraciens). bulletin du museum national d' histoire naturelle, paris, serie 2, 19, 151–155 .\nhutter, c. r. , lambert, s. m. , cobb, k. a. , andriampenomanana z. f. & vences, m. (2015) a new species of bright - eyed treefrog (mantellidae) from madagascar, with comments on call evolution and patterns of syntopy in the boophis ankaratra complex. zootaxa, 4034, 531–555. urltoken\nköhler, j. , jansen, m. , rodríguez, a. , kok, p. j. r. , toledo, l. f. , emmrich, m. , glaw, f. , haddad, c. f. b. , rödel, m. - o. & vences, m. (2017) the use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice. zootaxa, 4251, 1–124. urltoken\nkumar, s. , stecher, g. & tamura, k. (2016) mega7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7. 0 for bigger datasets. molecular biology and evolution, 33, 1870–1874. urltoken\nlehtinen, r. m. , glaw, f. , andreone, f. , pabijan, m. & vences, m. (2012) a new species of putatively pond breeding frog of the genus guibemantis from madagascar. copeia, 2012, 648–662. urltoken\nperl, r. g. b. , nagy, z. t. , sonet, g. , glaw, f. , wollenberg, k. c. & vences, m. (2014) dna barcoding madagascar’s amphibian fauna. amphibia - reptilia, 35, 197–206. urltoken\nvences, m. , gehara, m. , köhler, j. & glaw, f. (2012) description of a new malagasy treefrog (boophis) occurring syntopically with its sister species, and a plea for studies on non - allopatric speciation in tropical amphibians. amphibia - reptilia, 33, 503–520. urltoken\nvences, m. , glaw, f. & márquez, r. (2006) the calls of the frogs of madagascar. alosa - fonozoo, barcelona, 44 pp. [ 3 audio cds & booklet ]\nvieites, d. r. , wollenberg, k. c. , andreone, f. , köhler, j. , glaw, f. & vences, m. (2009) vast underestimation of madagascar' s biodiversity evidenced by an integrative amphibian inventory. proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the usa, 106, 8267–8272. urltoken\nwollenberg, k. c. , vieites, d. r. , glaw, f. & vences, m. (2011) speciation in little: the role of range and body size in the diversification of malagasy mantellid frogs. bmc evolutionary biology, 11 (article 217). [ published online ] urltoken\nlisted as endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 2, 252 km 2, all individuals are in fewer than five locations, and there is likely to be continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat in southeastern madagascar .\nthis species appears to be restricted the region of andohahela national park and chaines anosyennes in southeastern madagascar, where it ranges from 800 - 1, 400m asl. its extent of occurrence (eoo) is 2, 252 km 2 .\nit is a relatively common species in suitable habitat. however due to ongoing declines in the extent and quality of habitat, the species is suspected to be decreasing .\nit inhabits rainforest, living in rocky areas around streams and is not found in secondary habitats. its breeding strategy is unknown .\nthe major threat is habitat loss due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, the invasive spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing, and expanding human settlements .\nconservation needed improved protection and management of forests throughout the region is required, including within the boundaries of protected areas .\nfurther research is required to clarify the species' distribution, population size and trends .\nthe specific name was emended to massorum by vences et al. (2003). however, according to amphibian species of the world version 5. 2, this is an unjustified emendation (frost 2008: urltoken) .\nlisted as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence (eoo) is 8, 586 km 2, its in fewer than ten locations, and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in northwestern madagascar .\nthis species is known from benavony (near ambanja), manongarivo, tsaratanana, and bemanevika in northwestern madagascar, at 200 - 1, 750 m asl (rabearivony et al. 2010). its extent of occurrence (eoo) is 8, 586 km 2 .\nit is locally abundant however, due to ongoing declines in the extent and quality of habitat, the population is suspected to be decreasing .\nit is an arboreal species that occurs in primary forest near streams and is not found in secondary habitats. it breeds in streams and probably lays its eggs on plants above the water .\nits forest habitat is receding due to subsistence agriculture (including livestock grazing), timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, the spread of invasive eucalyptus, and expanding human settlements .\nthe taxonomic status of this species is in doubt. some populations assigned to it might belong to other species (andreone et al. 1998) .\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population .\nthis species ranges widely in northern, eastern and central madagascar from tsaratanana south to andohahela, at 500 - 2, 000 m asl. recent records have confirmed it occurring in bemanevika (rabearivony et al. 2010) .\nit is a locally abundant species. due to ongoing declines in the extent and quality of habitat, the population is suspected to be decreasing .\nit is an arboreal species living along streams in pristine rainforest and it is not found in altered habitats. the eggs are placed on leaves above water, and the larvae develop in slow - flowing streams .\nlisted as endangered because its extent of occurrence (eoo) is 1, 883 km 2, all individuals are in fewer than five locations, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in southeastern madagascar .\nthis species is known from andohahela national park and manantantely in extreme southeastern madagascar. it has been recorded from 300 - 600 m asl and its extent of occurrence (eoo) is 1, 883 km 2 .\nit is thought to be locally moderately common. however, due to ongoing declines in the extent and quality of habitat, the population is suspected to be decreasing .\nit lives in crevices among boulders and rocky areas in pristine forest, usually close to flowing waters, and does not survive in secondary or degraded areas. its breeding biology is unknown, though it possibly takes place in water flowing among rocks .\nthe major threat to this species is habitat loss due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, the invasive spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing, and expanding human settlements .\nconservation actions it occurs in andohahela national park. conservation needed improved protection and management of its habitat is required, including inside the boundaries of protected areas. research needed further work is required to better understand its population size, distribution, and trends, and its life history and ecology .\njustification: listed as vulnerable because its extent of occurence (eoo) is 7, 236 km 2, it is known from fewer than 10 threat - defined locations and there is ongoing decline in the extent and quality of habitat in the forests of northern madagascar, including within marojejy national park .\nthis species is only known from humid forests in northeast madagascar, between 650–1, 300m asl. most specimens have been collected from the marojejy massif (including the betaolana corridor), but the species is known to occur as far north as the sorata massif (cramer et al. , 2008). its extent of occurrence (eoo) is 7, 236 km 2 .\nthe species is known from areas by the edges of rivers and small fast - flowing streams. individuals were found on leaves, branches, and tree trunks, at heights of 0. 8 - 4 m above the forest floor. it lays its eggs on leaves overhanging water, and tadpoles are free swimming and develop in streams (cramer et al. , 2008) .\nlisted as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence (eoo) is 7, 361 km 2, it occurs in less than 10 threat - defined locations, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .\nthis species occurs from the kalambatritra reserve south to andohahela in southeastern madagascar. it has been recorded from 1, 200 m asl, perhaps up to 1, 800 m asl. it occurs in fewer than 10 threat - defined locations, and its extent of occurrence (eoo) is 7, 361 km 2 .\nit is a rare species and, due to ongoing declines in the extent and quality of habitat, the population is suspected to be decreasing .\nit lives among rock outcrops with dripping water in montane rainforest and is not found in degraded areas. males call during the day from the ground along streams (glaw and vences 2007) and it is presumed to breed by larval development in water .\nthe major threat is habitat loss due to subsistence agriculture, timber extraction, charcoal manufacture, invasive spread of eucalyptus, livestock grazing, and expanding human settlements .\nthis species ranges widely in northern, eastern and central madagascar from ...\ninformation on guibe' s bright - eyed frog is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nclassified as endangered (en) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nmiguel vences and frank glaw institute for biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics (ibed) zoological museum university of amsterdam mauritskade 61 1092 ad amsterdam netherlands m. vences @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nlisted as near threatened because its extent of occurrence is 22, 708 km 2 and there is ongoing declines in the extent and quality of habitat, which makes this species close to qualifying for vulnerable under criteria b .\nthis species occurs from ranomafana (maharira) south to andohahela, between 1, 350 - 2, 500 m asl, in eastern madagascar. its extent of occurrence (eoo) is 22, 708 km 2 .\nit is associated with rocky outcrops, both in forested zones and above the tree line. it breeds in streams and its very large tadpoles spend at least a year there before metamorphosis .\nthe population occurring in forests is likely to be impacted by fires, livestock grazing (affecting water quality), and water pollution. whereas the part of the population occuring in remote rocky areas should be under less pressure .\nit occurs in ranomafana, andringitra, and andohahela national parks, and probably midongy - du - sud national park .\nvariation: specimens from tsaratanana, have a more brownish colour and indistinct patterning and very melodious, “metallic” - sounding calls, and may represent a different species .\nis larger, with a less granular skin and has only an inner metatarsal tubercle .\nambohitantely, andranomay forest, anjanaharibe, ankazobe, ankeniheny, chaines anosyennes, farihimazava, ranomafana (maharira forest, ranomena, vohiparara). it occurs between 500m - 2, 000m asl in pristine rainforest (andreone et al. 2008) .\nleaf axil. one calling male was captured in february, about 5 m above a brook in rain forest. several other specimens were heard along forest brooks .\ncall (from ankeniheny): a single' explosive' short note that can be described as' pom'. note duration is about 75 ms. frequency is between 1. 2 and 4. 2 khz, with intensity maxima at 1. 3 and 2. 6 khz. call is repeated after intervals of at least about 30 seconds. similar calls were heard at andasibe .\nbreeding takes place in slow - moving streams (andreone et al. 2008) .\nandreone, f. , vallan, d. , and nussbaum, r. (2008) .\n. in: iucn 2008. 2008 iucn red list of threatened species. www. iucnredlist. org. downloaded on 29 april 2009 .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda; use basic search (above) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl ...\nanywhere in a record: e. g. , hylarana, hyla, hylidae, hylinae, hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n... hyla\nanywhere in a record: e. g. , hyla, hylidae, plectrohyla, ptychadena hylaea, adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla: e. g. , hyla, hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e. g. , lithobates omiltemanus, hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record: e. g. , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nrhacophorus aglavei methuen and hewitt, 1913, ann. transvaal mus. , 4: 54. holotype: tmp 10073 (formerly 1100) according to blommers - schlösser and blanc, 1991, faune de madagascar, 75: 192. type locality :\nforests adjacent to analamazotra\n, madagascar .\nrhacophorus sikorae boettger, 1913, in voeltzkow (ed .), reise ost - afr. , 3 (4): 276. syntypes: smf (5 specimens), mcz 17712 (on exchange from smf, according to barbour and loveridge, 1946, bull. mus. comp. zool. , 96: 185); smf 6815 designated lectotype by mertens, 1967, senckenb. biol. , 48 (a): 49. type locality :\nmoramanga, o. madagascar\n. synonymy by barbour and loveridge, 1946, bull. mus. comp. zool. , 96: 185; guibé, 1947, bull. mus. natl. hist. nat. paris, ser. 2, 19: 438 - 439; guibé, 1978, bonn. zool. monogr. , 11: 62 .\nrhacophorus (rhacophorus) sikorae — ahl, 1931, das tierreich, 55: 190 .\nrhacophorus (rhacophorus) aglavei — ahl, 1931, das tierreich, 55: 197 .\nboophis aglavei — guibé, 1947, bull. mus. natl. hist. nat. paris, ser. 2, 19: 439 .\nboophis sikorae — guibé, 1947, bull. mus. natl. hist. nat. paris, ser. 2, 19: 439 .\nmantidactylus aglavei — blommers - schlösser, 1979, beaufortia, 29: 25 .\nanamalozoatra madagascar frog (frank and ramus, 1995, compl. guide scient. common names amph. rept. world: 101) .\nglaw and vences, 2007, field guide amph. rept. madagascar, ed. 3: 206 - 207, provided an account .\nplease note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history. we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to vertnet .\ncopyright © 1998 - 2018, darrel frost and the american museum of natural history. all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\namphibian species of the world: an online reference v5. 3, database (version 5. 3 )\nfrost, darrel r. 2009. amphibian species of the world: an online reference. version 5. 3 (12 february, 2009). electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history, new york, usa\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service." ]

{ "text": [ "spinomantis is a frog genus in the mantellid subfamily mantellinae .", "this genus is restricted to madagascar .", "at present it contains 12 species .", "they are arboreal or terrestrial frogs and occur in or along small streams .", "most species are nocturnal . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 26, 13, 26 ] }

[ "spinomantis is a frog genus in the mantellid subfamily mantellinae. this genus is restricted to madagascar. at present it contains 12 species. they are arboreal or terrestrial frogs and occur in or along small streams. most species are nocturnal." ]

[ "voice: like the european herring gull, but noticeably higher pitched and more nasal .\nwing pattern of european herring gull ringed as orange 2r. the netherlands, 6 may 2012 .\nwing pattern of european herring gull ringed as orange 3r. the netherlands, 6 may 2012 .\nwing pattern of european herring gull ringed as orange mg. the netherlands, 6 may 2012 .\nwing pattern of european herring gull ringed as orange og. the netherlands, 6 may 2012 .\nwing pattern of european herring gull ringed as orange pg. the netherlands, 6 may 2012 .\nwing pattern of european herring gull ringed as orange ug. the netherlands, 6 may 2012 .\nwing pattern of european herring gull ringed as orange xg. the netherlands, 6 may 2012 .\nherring gulls breeding in the netherlands are of the european herring gull variety larus argentatus argenteus, with features that overlap with the northern subspecies scandinavian herring gull larus argentatus argentatus .\nfemaile european herring gull choking next to male partner. gull colony on the isle of texel, the netherlands, may 2011 .\nthe w - pattern on p5 is interesting for a european herring gull: although not uncommon, european herring gulls usually have a single black mark on the outer web of p5 .\nleft and right wing pattern of european herring gull ringed as orange 1r. the netherlands, 6 may 2012 .\na pair of european herring gulls choking in the gull colony. europoort, rotterdam, the netherlands, march 2012 .\nthe latest sighting details and map for european herring gull are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .\nslightly smaller or the same size compared with the european herring gull. body slender, wings long and pointed compared with the great black - backed gull, with a finer bill .\nthis constituted the first confirmed record of european herring gull for turkey, and only the third record for middle east after those in cyprus and israel .\namong ornithologists considerable controversy surrounds the extended herring gull family. once believed to be closely related to the european herring gull, recent dna studies indicate this is not the case, and there is considerable debate over the relationship of the american herring gull to several other subspecies. the herring gull is known to hybridize with other species of gulls including the lesser black - back and the glaucous - winged gull, making the situation even more complex .\nherring gull 1cy (argenteus), july 30 2014, ijmuiden, the netherlands .\nherring gull (argenteus) 1cy, july 31 2015, noordwijk, the netherlands .\n2 madden, b. and newton, s. f. 2004. herring gull\nslightly larger than the black - headed gull. similar species to the european herring gull, but noticeably smaller. small slim bill, and rounded head. flight relatively buoyant, direct, with deep energetic wingbeats .\na pair of lesser black - backed gulls choking with other lesser black - backed gulls and european herring gull nearby. europoort, rotterdam, the netherlands, april 2011 .\nscottish seabird centre. 2007. herring gull. accessed april 13, 2008 at urltoken .\nestimated adult survival rate of herring gull on skomer (dyfed), 1986 - 2014 .\ntinbergen, n. 1953. the herring gull' s world. london: collins .\nherring gull populations seem to be stable and are not recognized as at risk by conservation agencies .\ni’ve only once before observed a thayeri pattern: on scandinavian herring gull ringed as white kh89 .\ncompare this pattern to those in the images below showing a more characteristic pattern for a european herring gull, where the black runs to the outside of the feather about half - way down .\nthe herring gull has extended its breeding range southward along the atlantic coast, and may be displacing the more southern laughing gull from some areas. at the northern end of its range, however, the herring gull is itself being displaced by increasing numbers of the great black - backed gull .\ngoryaeva, a. 2007. reproduction success of the herring gull larus argentatus in murmansk in 2006 .\namerican herring gull (smithsonianus) 1cy, october 02 2007, hubbards, nova scotia, canada .\neuropean herring gull (argentatus) 1st cycle (1cy), november 19 2013, katwijk beach, the netherlands. picture: mars muusse. dark on upperparts and lack of obvious notching on tertials .\nentering a colony of european heering gulls and lesser black - backed gulls for bird counting census. .\nan interesting individual because of the thayeri pattern on p9: notice how the light grey runs almost along the full length of the outer web. only a small minority of european herring gulls show this pattern, which is more a characteristic of a scandinavian herring gull (larus argentatus argentatus) and even more of an american herring gull (larus smithsonianus) .\nthe herring gull is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\nherring gull 1cy (argenteus), july 18 2013, katwijk, the netherlands. p6 / p9 .\nyoung, h. g. 1987. herring gull preying on rabbits. british birds 80, 630 .\nthe european herring gull is a large seagull – one of approximately 55 species of seagulls – that lives along the north atlantic coast of europe and westernmost asia. adults have mostly white heads and bodies and grey wings. it is a common species throughout its range and can be distinguished from superficially similar species by body size and location. the european herring gull reaches more than two feet (60 cm) and is one of the larger gulls in europe .\n) which live nearby. herring gull consumption of dead animals on land and at sea is a form of biodegradation .\na familiar sight in seaside towns, the herring gull is versatile and opportunistic, exploiting almost any available food source .\nalthough adept at catching its own prey, the herring gull will also regularly scavenge or pirate food from other seabirds .\nherring gull (argenteus) 1st cycle (1cy), october 06 2010, iceland. picture: ómar runólfsson .\nfigure 1: abundance of herring gull on the calf of man (isle of man), 1986 - 2015 .\nidentification of adult american herring gull, peter adriaens & bruce mactavish, dutch birding 26: 151 - 179, 2004 .\nave also likely played a role in decreasing herring gull populations. ground predators have also had an effect at some colonies .\nmeissner w, kośmicki a, niemczyk a, fischer i. development of sexual dimorphism and sexing of baltic herring gull (\nsimilar to the european herring gull. adults have the head whiter on the whole in autumn and winter, with streaking absent or insignificant, and yellow legs. distinguished from the european herring gull by slightly longer wings in flight, upperparts and wings fairly dark grey, and less bluish; more black on the outer primaries with more white mirrors (which are also smaller) at the tip. the red spot on the bill is slightly larger. the orbital ring is red or orange .\ngonys. first - winter herring gulls are much browner, but second and third - winter birds can be confusing since soft part colors are variable and third - year herring gull often show a ring around the bill. such birds are most easily distinguished by the larger size and larger bill of herring gull .\n); wingspan 125–155 cm. four - year gull. a large gull, rther square - headed and with ...\nherring gull 1cy (argentatus), july 11 2003, tampere, finland (61. 31n, 23. 43e) .\nherring gull 1cy (argentatus), july 15 2003, tampere, finland (61. 31n, 23. 43e) .\nring - billed gulls may be confused with herring gulls. herring gulls are larger and have thicker bills without the black ring .\nvariety of the european herring gull. the physical difference' s being a slightly larger body size and pale yellow legs as opposed to the pink legs of the local population of l. a. argenteus found here. (see background on second image where a local herring gull is standing behind this spotting .) otherwise very similar with light grey mantle, pale eye and yellow orbital ring .\njuvenile / 1st winter: difficult to distinguish from the great black - backed gull, and especially from the yellow - legged gull, caspian gull, and european herring gull. bill and eye dark. legs flesh - coloured. at rest, quite dark overall. outer greater coverts dark and uniform. no broad notches on the tertials. in flight, primaries uniformly dark, conspicuous white rump contrasting with the dark tail to form a well - defined band .\nwhen forced to drink saltwater, the herring gull is able to expel excess salt from its body through specialised glands above the eyes .\namerican herring gull (smithsonianus) 1st cycle (2cy), january 13 2012, portland, maine. picture: bill bunn .\namerican herring gull (smithsonianus) 1st cycle (1cy), october 17 2015, stephenville, newfoundland. picture: alvan buckley .\non january 30 2014, 2 adult european herring gulls of the nominate l. a. argentatus race has been observed and photographed at samsun, black sea coastlands. the birds remained until february 4 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - herring gull - overview\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - herring gull - overview\ntitle =\narkive video - herring gull - overview\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\namerican herring gull (smithsonianus) 1st cycle (1cy), october 12 2015, lake county, illinois. picture: amar ayyash .\nthe european herring gull is a common species throughout its range and is a species of least conservation concern. in some places, however, populations are decreasing, a likely result of disease, pollution, and habitat loss. this negative trend is not currently a threat to the species existence. in degraded systems, european herring gulls may actually increase in numbers. they are successful in the human ecosystem and thrive in areas with high human disturbance (like construction sites and landfill operations) .\namerican herring gull (smithsonianus) 1cy, october 08 2006, st. john' s, newfoundland, canada. picture: bruce mactavish .\npale - headed appearance many smithsonianus acquire a pale head in late winter as a result of wear (howell 2001) and due to their dark body this feature may draw attention to a smithsonianus among a flock of european herring gulls. the importance of this feature has been overstated a little as only a small proportion really is pale - headed and darker - bodied european birds are likely to also occasionally look pale - headed for precisely the same reasons. european herring gulls from the eastern baltic area are often strikingly pale - headed in winter (klaus malling olsen pers comm) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - herring gull (larus argentatus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - herring gull (larus argentatus )\ntitle =\narkive species - herring gull (larus argentatus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nlike all seabirds, european herring gulls nest on land. males arrive to nesting areas first and defend territories, which the females will only approach if they are interested in mating. they reproduce via internal fertilization, and the females lay fertilized eggs directly on the ground, along both rocky shores and sandy beaches. both males and females incubate the eggs and care for the chicks. in some cases, european herring gulls mate for life .\namerican herring gull (smithsonianus) 1st cycle (2cy), january 29 2012, daytona beach - florida, us. picture: mike watson .\namerican herring gull (smithsonianus) 1st cycle (1cy), october 22 2014, st john' s, newfoundland. picture: alvan buckley .\namerican herring gull (smithsonianus) 1st cycle (1cy), october 12 2014, st john' s, newfoundland. picture: alvan buckley .\namerican herring gull (smithsonianus) 1st cycle (1cy), october 23 2014, st john' s, newfoundland. picture: alvan buckley .\namerican herring gull (smithsonianus) 1st cycle (1cy), october 05 2015, st john' s, newfoundland. picture: alvan buckley .\nespecially big herring gull encountered at paignton zoo. this bird has a strongly hooked, gnarly bill. i wonder if it was an old individual .\nwhite - headed gull in a lisbon park staring at its feet. i' m not sure what sort of gull this is. it had pinkish legs and white primary spots, so isn' t a lesser black - backed gull, isn' t not dark enough or heavy - billed enough to be a great black - backed gull, and it' s too dark - mantled to be a herring or yellow - legged gull. thoughts ?\nherring gull taxonomy of current species, sub. species and races is perhaps one of the most challenging in systemic ornithology today. there is now considered to be only two sub species of european herring gull. larus argentatus the nominate found in northern europe and larus argentatus argenteus found in western europe which tend to be smaller birds. several other varieties also occur including omissus that have small physical differences and localized ranges. ref: bird life international .\nherring gulls prefer to drink fresh water, but in the absence of fresh water will drink sea water. these birds have glands located over their eyes which excrete salt; this excretion can be seen dripping off herring gull bills .\ncornell lab of ornithology. 2003 .\nall about birds\n( on - line). herring gull. accessed april 05, 2008 at urltoken .\namerican herring gull (smithsonianus) 1st cycle (1cy), october 31 2015, port - aux - basques, newfoundland. picture: alvan buckley .\namerican herring gull (smithsonianus) 1cy (1st cycle), october 28 2011, cane ridge - gibson county, in. picture: steve gifford .\namerican herring gull (smithsonianus) 1st cycle (1cy), october 07 2016, michigan city, in. picture: amar ayyash. replaced coverts .\nlike many seagulls, the european herring gull eats a variety of prey and will both hunt and scavenge for suitable food. they forage for a variety of living, coastal invertebrates and for human garbage. in today’s human ecosystem, garbage accounts for a large percentage of this gull’s diet. when other seabirds form nesting colonies, european herring gulls will attack nests and eat both eggs and juvenile birds. during nesting season, their diet becomes more heavily weighted toward small, pelagic fishes. individuals in the northernmost part of the range migrate to warmer latitudes during the winter and back to their nesting areas in the spring .\na walk - in cage, placed over a herring gull nest built in a man - made hole; an unusual location for a gull to build its nest. one of the parents was later caught and ringed as orange wg .\nthe trend in abundance of herring gull for the whole of ireland using the smp sample (figure 1) closely matches that shown for northern ireland, where the majority of data were collected. national census data showed that herring gull numbers declined severely between operation seafarer and seabird 2000, although numbers in northern ireland were actually stable between the first two censuses. twenty - two herring gull colonies were counted in 2015 7, indicating a 33% decline in the national population since seabird 2000. however, more colonies need to be counted to understand what is really happening to the herring gull population in the republic of ireland .\nvoice: similar to sooty gull, but a little lower and less harsh .\nlast sunday (may 6, 2012) i helped out with ringing european herring gulls (larus argentatus) and lesser black - backed gulls (larus fuscus) in one of the colonies in the rotterdam europoort area (dintelhaven) .\nring distribution around the northern hemisphere. differences between adjacent forms in this ring are fairly small, but by the time the circuit is completed, the end members, herring gull and lesser black - backed gull, are clearly different species .\namerican herring gull (smithsonianus) 1st cycle (1cy), october 22 2011, assateague island, worcester co. , md. picture: frode jacobsen .\namerican herring gull (smithsonianus) 1cy (1st cycle), october 14 2012, mustang island beach, port aransas, texas. picture: tripp davenport .\ntrend in abundance index (solid line) of natural - nesting herring gull in scotland, 1986 - 2015 with 95% confidence limits (dotted lines) .\nbreeding season herring gulls breed from april to june, including nesting and copulation .\nthe gulls that tend to inhabit towns are britain' s two most common types: the herring gull (larus argentatus) and lesser black - backed gull (larus fuscus). they pair for life and dedicate themselves to raising a family .\nsimilar to the yellow - legged gull and caspian gull, but a little smaller, bill proportionally shorter and thicker, legs slightly longer. head also more rounded .\ntrend in abundance index (solid line) of natural - nesting herring gull in northern ireland, 1986 - 2015 with 95% confidence limits (dotted lines) .\nlarger than the common gull. the legs are flesh - coloured at all ages .\ngötemark f, andersson m. colonial breeding reduces nest predation in the common gull (\nsimilar size to european herring gull, but body slimmer and wings longer. forehead noticeably sloping, reinforcing the long, heavy appearance of the bill. in flight, the wings are a little narrower than in the other large gulls, and the deep chest combined with the long head and big bill create a front - heavy impression .\nwith more than 90% of the records of smithsonianus in europe being made up of birds in first - winter plumage, this is certainly the best - represented plumage type on the european side of the atlantic, at least in ireland, where the vast majority of european herring gulls are of the paler argenteus type, first - winter smithsonianus can be rather conspicuous amongst a mid - winter gull flock, smithsonianus appears to exhibit even more individual variation than argenteus of the same age but even so, we had difficulty finding birds in the eastern usa that would not attract some attention in a routine search of a gull flock on the european side of the atlantic. many of the characters which help differentiate juvenile smithsonianus and european herring gulls, most notably those relating to the upper - and undertail - coverts, wings and tail, remain essentially unchanged in first - winters and therefore do not need to be repeated here. additional characters on which to concentrate when confronted with a possible first - winter smithsonianus include :\n) are much smaller than herring gulls and have yellow legs and unmarked yellow bills .\nportraits of british herring gulls. the bird on the right is in winter plumage .\nvoice: “rerrr”, similar to the black - headed gull, but harsher and drier .\n. male herring gulls range in size from 60 to 66 centimeters in length and 1050 and 1250 grams in weight, while female herring gulls range from 56 to 62 centimeters in length and 800 to 980 grams in weight. the wing span of herring gulls ranges from 137 to 146 centimeters. while male herring gulls are larger than female herring gulls, the sexes have similar plumage. their heads and underparts are white, and they have light gray backs. herring gulls have yellow bills with a red spot on the lower mandible and pink or flesh - colored legs. herring gull outermost wing feathers are black and have a white spot. during winters, adult gulls have streaks of brown coloring on their heads. adult herring gulls have golden eyes surrounded by a yellow - orange ring of skin .\nherring gulls are not a solitary species, preferring to nest in colonies. however, they do carefully protect their chosen territory within a colony. social hierarchies among herring gulls vary; adults are usually dominant over juvenile gulls and, while females prevail regarding choice of nest site, males may dominate females regarding feeding and boundary conflicts. herring gull pairs return to their same nesting site for so long as the male is alive and has not deserted the female. herring gull chicks and juveniles “play” by carrying around objects and engaging in tug - of - war games. herring gulls often develop individual preferences for food and feeding techniques .\ncanadian wildlife service & canadian wildlife federation. 2008 .\nhinterland who' s who\n( on - line). herring gull. accessed april 05, 2008 at urltoken .\non january 10 2015 a single e. herring gull photographed by many birders in i̇ğneada - kırklareli turkey. this is the far west side of the country very close to bulgaria .\nadults are easily identified by their size, pale grey back and the red spot on the beak. legs are pink at all ages. the bird depicted is the western european race\n8. spaans, al (1971 )\non the feeding ecology of the herring gull larus argentatus in the northern part of the netherlands\n. ardea 59: 73 - 188 .\nfound on the west coast of guernsey in the channel islands. in the company of a large flock of the local sub species of herring gull. generally this race breeds in northern europe from the n. baltic through fenno - scandia. although ranges of the various races of herring gull do overlap it is unusual to record omissus in the channel islands in mid summer .\na herring gull on the shore at lyme regis, dorset, doing what white - headed gulls do best: standing there, wasting time. it' s called' loafing' .\nsimilar to the yellow - legged gull. it is nearly as large. compared with the european herring gull, a little slimmer, head slightly smaller, with a flat forehead and more angular rear crown, long bill and neck giving it a characteristic silhouette, legs and wings longer. the bill usually has no obvious gonydial angle. the upright posture, with the rounded chest, long legs, wings held low, and tail raised give it a distinctive shape .\nbildhauer, b. (2013). medieval european conceptions of blood: truth and human integrity. journal of the royal anthropological institute, 19 (s1), 57 - 76 .\nslightly larger than the black - headed gull. tail slightly notched. legs dark and short .\n( above) the laughing gull sounds like its laughing when it calls. (below) herring gulls. photos by joe blanda, above, david siebel, below right, and bob gress\nherring gulls can contribute to beach sanitation by eating dead fish and trash left behind by humans. the gulls, in the pursuit of food, also sometimes lead fishermen to schools of herring. a study in murmansk, russia, found that because the diet of urban herring gulls consisted of about 45% rat and town animal remains, herring gulls may contribute to urban sanitation .\nthe herring gull inhabits north america, north - eastern asia and north - western europe, from south - western france and the british isles to north - western russia. most of these birds breed in coastal habitats, but in some regions the species also breeds far inland. only the northern populations move to the south - west in winter. the population of the european union is estimated at 450000 breeding pairs and the total european population at 800000 pairs. the species has strongly increased since the beginning of the century, so much that in many regions control programmes have been designed\nin this post: herring gulls (the lesser black - backed gulls are discussed here. )\nadult: bill yellow with a small red spot on the lower mandible. it becomes pale green - yellow in winter. the legs are yellow becoming pale buff - pink in winter (paler than in the european herring gull). the eye is usually dark in 75% of individuals. compared with the yellow - legged gull and armenian gull, the upperparts are paler grey, the wingtip has less black, with more white mirrors and tongues extending further into the black. head appears white, but with very indistinct streaks around the eye and on the crown visible at close range .\ntrend in abundance index (solid line) of natural - nesting herring gull in all - ireland, 1986 - 2015 with 95% confidence limits (dotted lines). based on smp data ;\ngull sitting on the edge of the water and reacts to a passing fox (vulpes vulpes) .\nlesser black - backed gull complex is very complicated, different authorities recognising between two and eight species .\ni think gulls are great, and i’m especially fond of the so - called white - headed gulls: the group of species that includes the familiar herring gull larus argentatus, the black - backed gulls, and a list of similar species that occur worldwide. these are the only gull species unambiguously associated with the name larus. taxonomic revisions, based on new models of gull phylogeny, have meant that many of the other gull lineages are no longer associated with this name (pons et al. 2005) .\nat least one adult and juvenile calling in flight, in a group of ca. 10 herring gulls\nhenry, p. - y. & aznar, j. - c. 2006. tool - use in charadrii: active bait - fishing by a herring gull. waterbirds 29, 233 - 234 .\nvoice: flight call a low, nasal “aah”, fairly similar to the lesser black - backed gull .\nimmatures: very similar to the yellow - legged gull. size and shape are essential for distinguishing them .\nvoice: like the yellow - legged gull, nasal and deep, but very slightly higher - pitched .\nthe oldest recorded herring gull was at least 29 years, 3 months old when it was seen in the wild in michigan in 2015 and identified by its band. it had been banded in wisconsin in 1986 .\npierotti, r. , t. good. 1994 .\nherring gull (larus argentatus )\n( on - line). the birds of north america online. accessed april 09, 2008 at urltoken .\nweseloh, d. , c. pekarik, s. de solla. 2006. spatial patterns and rankings of contaminant concentrations in herring gull eggs from 15 sites in the great lakes and connecting channels, 1998–2002 .\nthe separation in pc1 between herring gulls captured in winter and the breeding season could be observed (fig .\njuvenile / 1st winter: compared with european herring gull, at rest, the wings are very long. the shafts of the tertials are completely black. the head and underparts are usually paler, and the bill is black. the iris is dark. in flight, the inner primaries are quite dark, and the bases of the feathers are paler. in the 1st winter, grey feather on the mantle from october onwards .\nthe herring gull has a circumpolar distribution at northern latitudes, with the main areas of population being north - west europe, eastern arctic russia and north america. it breeds across most of canada and alaska, as well as north - east usa, and much of the northern european coastline, as well as inland areas of russia, iceland, the uk, ireland and scandinavia (8). it may also breed at some inland lakes in asia (3). before the onset of winter, some herring gull populations migrate southwards to the southern usa, central america, south - east china and japan (3) (8) .\nso, from the air, busy communities such as monkseaton must look like a smorgasbord to a hungry gull .\nadult lesser black - backed gull yellow h. 501 choking. leiden, the netherlands, 21 august 2012 .\ncompared with the european herring gull and the yellow - legged gull, a little smaller and more elegant. bill shorter and stouter. forehead more sloping. neck longer. wings longer and narrower. the rear of the body is slimmer. flight more relaxed, with more gliding. adult: compared with the yellow - legged gull, distinguished by the dark red bill looking black from a distance, the very dark iris, greenish or dark grey legs, paler grey on the mantle and upperwings, with no conspicuous pale trailing edge to the wing, a very small mirror on the outermost primary, and a “string of pearls” at the tips of the outer primaries .\ncensus provides the most comprehensive recent assessment of the distribution and abundance of breeding seabirds. numbers of herring gull found in different regions, and a map showing the locations and size of colonies, is provided in the seabird 2000\nherring gulls are significant enough in population size to permit their use as experimental subjects both within the wild and the laboratory, with potentially positive results for humans gleaned from the research. in addition, the wide geographic range of herring gulls makes the species useful for making observations concerning pollutants for a great number of areas. for example, herring gulls in the wild have been used to study the behavioral effects of lead, and herring gull eggs from large parts of north america have been used to analyze levels and spread of a number of chemical contaminants .\nsimilar to the sooty gull. appears dark overall. underwings dark. slender shape with a long bill. differs from the sooty gull by its slightly smaller size, slimmer shape, and finer bill appearing dark from a distance .\nno systematic data on the productivity of herring gulls on the isle of man have been submitted to the smp .\nan adult herring gull was spotted bait - fishing. it floated bits of bread on the surface of a paris pond and attacked goldfish feeding on the bread. it ate none of the bread itself, indicating deliberate tool use .\nliebers, d. , de knijff, p. & helbig, a. j. 2004. the herring gull complex is not a ring species. proceedings of the royal society of london b 271, 893 - 901 .\nthe herring gull is the quintessential gull in north america: a loud, raucous bird that is a frequent visitor to landfills and garbage dumps where it feeds on almost everything. in the wild it is an aggressive gull that steals food from other birds, feasts on dead fish and carrion along the shoreline, and surface - dives for fish, mollusks, and squid. in its northern nesting ranges it is also known to feed on tern eggs and chicks .\nwhile there are other gull species nesting on rooftops (great black - backed gull, common gull and kittiwake etc) numbers are tiny in comparison to the herring gull and lesser black - backed gull. these two closely - related species are large, weigh around a kilo and have a wingspan of some four and a half feet. 2 they are also very long - lived birds, with the record being almost 35 years3, and are very good at surviving from year to year (adult mortality is less than 5 per cent). generally speaking, they breed for the first time at age four. however, in town, third year birds breed commonly - a sign that the colony is expanding .\nherring gulls tend to live and breed in coastal areas and generally only live inland in small numbers and near bodies of water. the most important habitat requirements are the nearby presence of a food source, distance from major predators, and shelter from prevailing winds. herring gulls prefer to breed on flat ground on offshore islands, on the mainland these gulls prefer cliffs, where there is less risk of exposure to predatory mammals. although herring gulls prefer to nest on rock or sand, highest breeding success has often been observed in birds that nest in vegetated areas. herring gull foraging habitat is not typically the same as their nesting habitat; in coastal areas herring gulls search for food in the intertidal zone and at sea. herring gulls are also found in coastal urban areas, nesting on roofs and eating urban refuse .\nthe issue of dutch birding 26: 1 - 35, 2004 contained a very comprehensive paper on the identification of smithsonianus, titled: identification of american herring gull in a western european context. it was written by pat lonergan & killian mullarney. the outstanding text is copied on this webpage, with links now added to various canadian birds photographed throughout the months. when appropriate, more details from recent field research has been added as well. full pdf download: here .\nmost herring gull mortality arises from its close interactions with humans. in dump sites it is often killed by bulldozers pushing over piles of garbage, while at sea it becomes tangled in fishing line and nets, and considerable numbers of herring gulls die from toxicity from manmade chemicals and plastics. the nests and chicks are often raided by jaegers and black - backed gulls .\n), are much larger than herring gulls and have a lighter bill and darker mantle. lesser black - backed gulls (\nrodway, m. , h. regehr. 1999. habitat selection and reproductive performance of food - stressed herring gulls .\nas the herring gull is a widespread and abundant species that is increasing in number, it is not the target of any known conservation measures. in places where it is considered a pest species, control measures, such as the smashing of eggs and the poisoning of eggs with oil, are frequently used to create more nesting opportunities for other seabirds. however, until such measures are applied consistently, it is likely that the herring gull will continue to increase in number and range (3) .\nsize of a common gull, but with long dark wings. bill long, similar to white - eyed gull. distinguished from that species in all plumages by its heavier bill, which is bicoloured with a distinct black tip, and its heavier build .\nin this study we were interested also in investigating the preen wax composition of the herring gull, as the chemical composition of preen waxes in gulls has barely been discussed in the literature. zeman and jacob (1972) presented details on the composition of fatty acids and alcohols in preen waxes in three gull species, including the herring gull, but with no information about the bird’s age, sex or the season. recently, leclaire et al. (2012) studied intact waxes collected in the pre - laying period of black - legged kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla), i. e. , a species related to herring gulls that also belongs to the laridae family, but their study was aimed at the possible function of body odour for mate recognition .\ntrend in uk productivity (no. of chicks fledged per pair) of natural - nesting herring gull 1986 - 2015. this productivity trend excludes urban nesting gulls from the sample and therefore, may not be representative of trends in the entire uk population .\n27 herring gulls mobbing a grey heron. the heron took flight, flying closer to the recording, pursued by agitated gulls .\ni think gulls are great, and i’m especially fond of the so - called white - headed gulls: the group of species that includes the familiar herring gull larus argentatus, the black - backed gulls, and a list of similar species that occur worldwide .\nwhite - headed gulls engaging in various foraging and feeding activities: breaking open bivalves, swallowing sea stars, foraging in grassland for terrestrial invertebrates. the adults shown here are herring gulls; the juvenile is a lesser black - backed gull in its first year .\nfigure 1: trend in abundance index (solid line) of natural - nesting herring gull in england, 1986 - 2015 with 95% confidence limits (dotted lines). based on smp data; view the methods of analysis (pdf 158 kb) .\nfigure 1: trend in abundance index (solid line) of natural - nesting herring gull in wales, 1986 - 2015 with 95% confidence limits (dotted lines). based on smp data; view the methods of analysis (pdf 158 kb) .\npierotti, r. j. and good, t. p. (1994) herring gull (larus argentatus). in: poole, a. (ed .) the birds of north america online. cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca: available at: urltoken\nin scotland, natural nesters have declined ever since monitoring started in 1986. since 2008, the abundance index has fluctuated, although has remained well below the 1986 baseline. in 2015, the index was 37% , the lowest value recorded since herring gull monitoring began .\ni had a look on youtube and this was the best video that i could immediately find when searching for ‘gull begging’ or ‘seagull begging’ .\nburger, j. , gochfeld, m. , kirwan, g. m. , christie, d. a. & garcia, e. f. j. (2018). european herring gull (larus argentatus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nuniformity of underparts by mid - winter, many first - year smithsonianus are a little faded and less evenly dark than they would have been as juveniles but are still more uniform below than the great majority of european herring gulls. the latter generally have paler, more mottled or streaked underparts but can occasionally be more uniform (and consequently darker looking), thus resembling smithsonianus (plate 21 and 34) .\nthere are, however, uncertainties as to how representative the smp derived trend is of the true urban nesting herring gull population, as only a relatively low number of the urban population (6% average per - annum over smp 1999 to 2014 sampling range) contribute to the sample. this coupled with the likelihood that methods used during the 1998 - 2002 census under - estimated the roof - nesting population means the smp uk annual trend for herring gull should be viewed with caution. we, consequently, have low confidence in the ability of smp sample data to predict trends in uk herring gull population and, therefore, now advise that census data should solely be used for this purpose. these indicate a 1969 - 70 to 1998 - 2002 population decrease of 55% . this also indicates a need for more urban sampling .\nridiculous ,\nsays mr rock, who has himself been knocked off his feet by a gull attack, had his head raked by a diving gull and spattered with regurgitated fish during years of research. he also acts now as a consultant to local authorities with seagull problems .\nno, the herring gull is not a ring species. for years, textbooks and articles about evolution paraphrased ernst mayr’s hypothesis that the white - headed gull populations of northern eurasia and north america formed a reproductively continuous ‘ring species’. while adjacent populations could interbreed, the populations at the extreme ends of the ring could not. ergo, the ‘end’ points had reached reproductive isolation: speciation had occurred (mayr 1942) .\ngulls of many (perhaps most) populations are in decline. while white - headed gulls of several species (herring gulls in particular) are frequently said to be increasing exponentially in population size, this in fact only applies to urban populations: the overall populations of these birds are plummeting. the uk population of the herring gull is currently at its lowest level since recording began in 1969 / 70 (joint nature conservation committee 2014). believe it or don’t, it’s now a red list species. another familiar species in europe – the lesser black - backed gull – was increasing in census after census between the mid - 1980s and late 1990s, but then crashed during the 21st century, its 2013 total population being lower than that of 1986 (joint nature conservation committee 2014). in north america, the herring gull / smithsonian gull population has declined by about 78% since the 1960s, meaning that it’s in steep decline overall (pierotti & good 1994) .\nlarus cachinnans is a widespread breeder in coastal areas of southern and eastern europe, which constitutes > 50% of its global breeding range. its european breeding population is large (> 310, 000 pairs), and increased between 1970 - 1990. although there were declines in croatia and georgia during 1990 - 2000, populations across the rest of its european range increased or were stable, and the species showed a marked increase overall. four races of the yellow - legged gull inhabit the mediterranean and black sea regions, the atlantic coasts of the iberian peninsula and south - western france, the azores and madeira. inside the continent it is breeding in switzerland and austria. most of the populations are sedentary, but many birds from the mediterranean move outside the breeding season northwards to central europe and the coasts of the channel and southern north sea. the population of those races in the european union is estimated at 140000 breeding pairs. they have strongly increased in recent decades\nherring gulls are part of a complex of gulls in the northern hemisphere, with species and subspecies classifications changing over time. thayer’s gulls (\nmobile phones, medals, a doll' s legs, an entire army... is there anything a gull won' t swallow ?\nthe largest gull. thick neck and very heavy bill. wings broad. flight majestic with slow wingbeats. legs dark pink at all ages .\ndecades ago, famed ethologist niko tinbergen (1953) documented what he called “super - normal stimuli” in studying herring gull chicks and their interactions with their parents. his research started by asking why adult herring gulls have small red patches on their beaks. through careful experimental methods, tinbergen came to find that the red patch served as a stimulus for helpless hatchlings. one simple rule that hatchlings seem to have down is this: if you see red, put out your beak. well this rule has an adaptive effect for herring gull hatchlings—their parents’ beaks (that include the red stimuli) are where the food is. so striking toward red stimuli was “selected” as an adaptive behavioral trait —it led to effective eating .\ndutch lesser black - backed gulls are considered to be of subspecies larus fuscus graellsii, often referred to as the ‘dutch intergrade’ version because their upperpart grey tone color is intermediate between the british lesser black - backed gull larus fuscus graellssii and the baltic lesser black - backed gull larus fuscus fuscus .\ndata submitted to the smp on the productivity of herring gulls in northern ireland are sparse; thus, no meaningful average productivity value is given .\ndata submitted to the smp on the productivity of herring gulls from colonies throughout ireland are sparse; thus, no meaningful productivity value is given .\nyellow - legged gull: usually found near ocean or shorelines, feeding on almost anything it can eat. may parasites on food from other seabirds .\nwho would win in a fight between a white - headed gull and a penguin? a scene photographed at the welsh mountain zoo in may 2015 .\nlesser black - backed gull l. fuscus at highcliff, hampshire. note yellow legs, dark mantle and only tiny white spots on its primaries .\npowlesland, r. g. 1996. extended parental care of the southern black - backed gull (larus dominicanus). notornis 43, 196 .\nover a wide range of latitudes, many bird populations have become more sedentary over recent decades. prior to 1940, the lesser black - backed gull\nryder, j. 1993. ring - billed gull. pp. 1 - 28 in a poole, p stettenheim, f gill, eds .\nin europe and the eu27 the population size is estimated to be fluctuating. in spain, which holds nearly 90% of the european population, the population size was estimated to be increasing during 1981 - 2007 and fluctuating during 2000 - 2010. for details of national estimates, see attached pdf .\ndata submitted to the smp on the productivity of herring gulls in the channel islands are sparse; thus, no meaningful average productivity value is given .\na very great deal is already known about the ecology of the herring and lesser black - backed gull, but it has all been derived from traditional, wild colonies. there is almost nothing in the literature about urban gull ecology. this is because, apart from the work carried out by the author, there have been no studies into urban breeding by the large gulls in britain. some of the science has already been done and more is planned .\nthough i’m not claiming my memory to be perfect here. it’s been a while – and it’s possible that i’m confusing them with another species of gull… 🙂\ngreyness of breast - sides and flanks as part of the post - juvenile moult of body - feathers, many first - winter smithsonianus acquire plain, contrastingly slategrey - coloured feathers on the breast - sides and flanks, gradually extending to the rest of the underparts. possibly because of their usually more mottled underparts, european herring gulls undergoing the same moult show much more subtle contrast between the old (brownish) and new (more greyish) feathers .\nsome closely related species, which overlap in breeding range and diet, separate geographically in winter, with one staying and the other migrating. one possible explanation is that food supplies, which are sufficient for both species in summer, can support only one in winter, so to avoid competition the other leaves. an example is provided by the herring gull larus argentatus and lesser black - backed gull larus fuscus, which in europe share much of the same breeding range, but the latter winters, on average, much further to the south. the fact that the herring gull stays behind may be linked with its feeding more on land - based food supplies than the lesser black - backed gull, which feeds more on fish at sea. another example is provided by the common stonechat saxicola torquata (resident over much of europe) and the whinchat s. rubetra (long - distance migrant between europe and africa) .\nsibling rivalry is a problem in the bird world, too. the third chick in a herring gull clutch can have it especially tough. while the first two chicks hatch the same day, the third is born a day or two later, weighs less, gets less food, and grows more slowly .\nthe herring gull breeds mainly in north and west europe. it is widely distributed around the coasts of the british isles, and prefers to nest on rocky coastline, with cliffs, islets and offshore islands, though a range of other habitats are used including sand dunes, shingle banks and, increasingly, rooftops of buildings in urban areas. a small proportion of the population nests inland, mainly on lake islands and moorland. the herring gull is an opportunist feeder, being both predator and scavenger. while primarily a coastal feeder, it readily takes advantage of the often abundant food supplies available indirectly from man, especially waste from the fishing industry and landfill sites. outside of the breeding season, herring gulls are common along coastlines and inshore waters but also occur inland .\nin terms of european and north american species i have added identification text and for these species i have used typical individuals which should hopefully aid in the identification to majority of birds encountered. i have also included some less than typical birds to illustrate the high variability of gulls, most notably the larger species." ]

{ "text": [ "the european herring gull ( larus argentatus ) is a large gull ( up to 26 in ( 66 cm ) long ) .", "one of the best known of all gulls along the shores of western europe , it was once abundant .", "it breeds across northern europe , western europe , central europe , eastern europe , scandinavia and the baltic states .", "some european herring gulls , especially those resident in colder areas , migrate further south in winter , but many are permanent residents , e.g. in ireland , britain , iceland , or on the north sea shores .", "european herring gulls have a varied diet , including fish , crustaceans and dead animals as well as some plants .", "while herring gull numbers appear to have been harmed in recent years , possibly by fish population declines and competition , they have proved able to survive in human-adapted areas and can often be seen in towns acting as scavengers . " ], "topic": [ 9, 18, 22, 18, 8, 17 ] }

[ "the european herring gull (larus argentatus) is a large gull (up to 26 in (66 cm) long). one of the best known of all gulls along the shores of western europe, it was once abundant. it breeds across northern europe, western europe, central europe, eastern europe, scandinavia and the baltic states. some european herring gulls, especially those resident in colder areas, migrate further south in winter, but many are permanent residents, e.g. in ireland, britain, iceland, or on the north sea shores. european herring gulls have a varied diet, including fish, crustaceans and dead animals as well as some plants. while herring gull numbers appear to have been harmed in recent years, possibly by fish population declines and competition, they have proved able to survive in human-adapted areas and can often be seen in towns acting as scavengers." ]

[ "thitarodes variabilis (bremer, 1861) = variabilis (bremer, 1861) = hepialus varius staudinger, 1887 = hepialus varius staudinger, 1887 .\nthitarodes varius; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nthitarodes albipictus (yang, 1993). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes anomopterus (yang, 1994). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes callinivalis (liang, 1995). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes jianchuanensis (yang, 1994). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes jinshanensis (yang, 1993). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes litangensis (liang, 1995). china (sichuan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes yeriensis (liang, 1995). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes yulongensis (liang, 1988). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes zhongzhiensis (liang, 1995). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes jialangensis (yang, 1994). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes nebulosus (alpheraky, 1889). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes varians (staudinger, 1896). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes zaliensis (yang, 1994). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes kangdingensis (chu and wang, 1985). china (sichuan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes menyuanicus (chu and wang, 1985). china (qinghai) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes oblifurcus (chu and wang, 1985). china (qinghai) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes sichuanus (chu and wang, 1985). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes yunglongensis (chu and wang, 1985). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes lijiangensis (chu and wang, 1985). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes baqingensis (yang and jiang, 1995). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes pratensis yang, li and shen, 1992). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes renzhiensis (yang et al. , 1991). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes xizangensis (chu and wang, 1985). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes zhayuensis (chu and wang, 1985). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes ferrugineus (li, yang and shen, 1993). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes yunnanensis (yang, li and shen, 1992). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes baimaensis (liang in liang et al. , 1988). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes damxungensis (yang in yang and jiang, 1995). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes markamensis (li, yang and shen, 1992). china (tibet ar) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes meiliensis (liang in liang et al. , 1998). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes cingulatus (yang and zhang in yang et al. , 1995). china (gansu) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes gonggaensis (fu and huang in fu et al. , 1991). china (sichuan) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes luquensis (yang and yang in yang et al. , 1995). china (gansu) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes xunhuaensis (yang and yang in yang et al. , 1995). china (qinghai) - tibetan plateau\nthitarodes arizanus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes richthofeni; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes malaisei; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes sinarabesca; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes nebulosus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nthitarodes varians; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nthitarodes nipponensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nthitarodes luteus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nthitarodes maculatum ueda, 2000; tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 72; tl: nepal, chungbu khola (14500ft )\nthitarodes harutai ueda, 2000; tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 85; tl: nepal, mechi, laam pokhari, 2850m\nthitarodes kishidai ueda, 2000; tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 81; tl: nepal, lete nr nilgiri (2400m )\nthitarodes limbui ueda, 2000; tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 85; tl: nepal, mechi, khambachen (3950m )\nthitarodes bibelteus; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes hainanensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes namensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes xigazeensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes yongshengensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes dinggyeensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes nanmlinensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes pui; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes yadongensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes yulongensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes sichuanus; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes xizangensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes variabilis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list )\nthitarodes nipponensis ueda, 1996; bull. kitakyushu mus. nat. hist. 15: 35; tl: japan, shirakawadani, izumimura, kumanoto pref .\nthitarodes kingdonwardi ueda, 2000; tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 84; tl: se. tibet, tsangpo valley, nyima la (14000ft )\nthitarodes quadrata jiang, li, li, li & han, 2016; shilap revta. lepid. 44 (175): 374; tl: china, sichuan, xiaojin\nthitarodes deqingensis [ sic, recte deqinensis? ]; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nzou, liu & zhang, 2011 two new species of thitarodes (lepidoptera: hepialidae) from tibet in china pan - pacific ent. 87 (2): 106 - 113\nthitarodes sejilaensis zou, liu & zhang, 2011; pan - pacific ent. 87 (2): 107; tl: mt sejila, linzhi county, tibet, 4500m, 29°36' n, 94°35' e\nthitarodes dierli; [ nhm card ]; ueda, 2000, tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 74; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes eberti; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); ueda, 2000, tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 74\nthitarodes danieli; [ nhm card ]; ueda, 2000, tinea 16 (suppl. 1): 71; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nthitarodes jiachaensis zou, liu & zhang, 2011; pan - pacific ent. 87 (2): 110; tl: jiancha county, tibet, 535m, 29°26. 714' n, 94°42. 888' e\nthitarodes namnai maczey, dhendup, cannon, hywl - jones & rai, 2010; zootaxa 2412: 43; tl: bhutan, namna, n 27°44' 02. 3\ne 89°23' 32. 2\n, 4750m\nthitarodes caligophilus maczey, dhendup, cannon, hywl - jones & rai, 2010; zootaxa 2412: 47; tl: bhutan, namna, n 27°44' 02. 3\ne 89°23' 32. 2\n, 4750m\nthitarodes damxungensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes albipictus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 117\nthitarodes jinshaensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 117\nthitarodes litangensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes callinivalis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes jialangensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes baqingensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes ferrugineus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes markamensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes zaliensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes zhongzhiensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes yeriensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes pratensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes cingulatus; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes xunhuaensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes armoricanus; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 117\nthitarodes baimaensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes meiliensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes kangdingensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes oblifurcus; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes gonggaensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes zhangmoensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes kangdingroides; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes renzhiensis; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (list); zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nthitarodes (hepialidae); [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); jiang, li, li, li & han, 2016, shilap revta. lepid. 44 (175): 374\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnielsen, e. s. , g. s. robinson, d. l. wagner. 2000. ghost - moths of the world: a global inventory and bibliography of the exoporia (mnesarchaeoidea and hepialoidea) (lepidoptera). journal of natural history 34 (6): 823 - 878 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\n=; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list); jiang, li, li, li & han, 2016, shilap revta. lepid. 44 (175): 374\n=; jiang, li, li, li & han, 2016, shilap revta. lepid. 44 (175): 374\nahamus zou & zhang, 2010; j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116; ts: hepialus jianchuanensis yang\narizanus (matsumura, 1931) (hepialus); 6000 illust. insects japan. - empire: 1022; tl: japan\n=; [ nhm card ]; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nhepialus albipictus yang, 1993; acta zootax. sinica 18: 184; tl: yunnan, deqin co. , renzhi snow mtn (28°52' n, 99°14' e, 4600 - 4780m )\nhepialus jinshaensis yang, 1993; acta zootax. sinica 18: 185; tl: yunnan, deqin co. , baima, (28°34' n, 99°18' e, 4600m )\nhepialus deqinensis liang, 1988; zool. res. 9 (4): 419, 424; tl: yunnan, deqin county, jiawu snow mtn\nhepialus litangensis liang, 1995; zool. res. 16: 210, 212; tl: litang, sichuan\nhepialus baimaensis liang, 1988; zool. res. 9 (4): 419, 424; tl: yunnan, deqin county, baimae\nhepialus meiliensis liang, 1988; zool. res. 9 (4): 420, 425; tl: yunnan, deqin county, meili snow mtn\nhepialus callinivalis liang, 1995; zool. res. 16: 209, 212; tl: meili snow mtn, deqin county, yunnan\nhepialus jialangensis yang, 1994; zool. res. 15 (3): 6, 10; tl: xizang, zogang county, meili snow mtn (4000 - 4600m )\nhepialus xiaojinensis tu, ma & zhang, 2009; entomotaxonomia 31: 123, 126; tl: xiaojin co. (30°54' n, 102°18' e, 4300 - 4800m, sichuan\ndierli viette, 1968; ergeb. forsch. nepal himalaya 3: 132; tl: nepal\neberti viette, 1968; ergeb. forsch. nepal himalaya 3: 130; tl: thodung, nepal\ndanieli viette, 1968; ergeb. forsch. nepal himalaya 3: 128; tl: nepal\nahamus yushuensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nahamus altaicola; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nahamus zhayuensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nahamus lijiangensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nhepialus jianchuanensis yang, 1994; zool. res. 15 (3): 5, 10; tl: yunnan, jianchan county, laojun mtn, 2900 - 3100m\nahamus jianchuanensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nhepialus anomopterus yang, 1994; zool. res. 15 (3): 7, 10; tl: yunnan, jianchan county, laojun mtn, (2800 - 3100m )\nahamus anomopterus; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 117\nhepialus yunnanensis yang, li & shen, 1992; zool. res. 13: 245, 249; tl: yunnan, laojun mtn, 26°45' n, 99°51' e\nahamus yunnanensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nahamus yunlongensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nhepialus yulongensis liang, 1988; zool. res. 9 (4): 421, 425; tl: yunnan, lijiang, yulong snow mtn\n? ahamus menyuanensis [ sic, recte menyuanicus ]; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nhepialus ferrugineus li, yang & shen, 1993; acta ent. sinica 36 (4): 495, 496; tl: yunnan, baima snow mountain, 4200 - 4500m\nhepialus gonggaensis fu & huang, 1991; acta ent. sinica 34 (3): 362; tl: sichuan\nhepialus markamensis yang, li & shen, 1992; zool. res. 13: 246, 249; tl: xizang, markam county, nimasha snow mtn, 28°59' n 98°46' e\nhepialus zaliensis yang, 1994; zool. res. 15 (3): 7, 10; tl: xizang, markam county, zhali snow mtn, 28°58' n 98°48' e, 4600 - 4900m\n=; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 847 (list )\nsinarabesca (bryk, 1942) (hepialus); ent. tidskr. 63: 153; tl: kansu\nhepialus nebulosus alphéraky, 1889; in romanoff, mém. lép. 5: 85; tl: ne. tibet\nhepialus variabilis bremer, 1861; bull. acad. imp. sci. st. petersb. 3: 478\nhepialus renzhiensis yang, shen, yang, liang, dong, chun, lu & sinaduji, 1991; acta ent. sinica 34 (2): 218, 224; tl: yunnan\nhepialus zhongzhiensis liang, 1995; zool. res. 16: 207, 211; tl: renzhi snow mtn, deqin county, yunnan\nhepialus yeriensis liang, 1995; zool. res. 16: 207, 211; tl: yeri snow mtn, deqin county, yunnan\nhepialus pratensis yang, li & shen, 1992; zool. res. 13: 247, 250; tl: yunnan, deqin county, baima snow mtn, 28°23' n 99°01' e\nhepialus cingulatus yang & zhang, 1995; acta ent. sinica 38 (3): 360, 362; tl: gansu, wenxian county, 3200m\nhepialus luquensis yang, yang & zhang, 1995; acta ent. sinica 38 (3): 360, 362; tl: gansu, luqu county, 34°13' n, 102°24' e, 4276m\nahamus luquensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 117\nhepialus xunhuaensis yang & yang, 1995; acta ent. sinica 38 (3): 359, 362; tl: qinghai, xunhua county, (35°38' n, 102°42' e), 3800m\nhepialus bibelteus shen & zhou, 1997; acta ent. sinica 40 (2): 198, 200; tl: meidu (28°22' n, 90°01' e), baima snow mountain, deqing county, 4500m, yunnan\nhepialus biruensis fu, 2002; acta ent. sinica 45 (suppl .): 56; tl: xizang, biru county, 4400 - 4700m\nhepialus biruens [ sic, recte biruensis ]; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 118\nahamus zadoiensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nahamus gangcaensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\nahamus maquensis; zou, liu & zhang, 2010, j. hun. univ. sci. tech. 25 (1): 116\ndongyuensis (yang et al. , 1996) (hepialus); (nom. nud. )\ndongyuensis; nielsen, robinson & wagner, 2000, j. nat. hist. 34: 848 (nom. nud. )\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nlépidoptères rapportés du thibet par le général n. m. przewalsky de son voyage de 1884 - 1885 in romanoff ,\nneue schmetterlinge aus den reichsmuseum in stockholm. nachtrag zur lepidopteren - ausbeute der sven hedinschen expedition (1927 - 1930 )\nentomological results from the swedish expedition 1934 to burma and british india. lepidoptera: fam. notodontidae stephens, cossidae newman und hepialidae stephens gesammelt von rené malaise\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\neastern asia between nepal in the west, and taiwan, and japan in the east, and an isolated record in northwestern china (grehan, 2011) .\nthe males of many species have metatibial androconia that are sometimes prominent and almost extend the length of the abdomen .\nmost species occur in alpine or high latitude meadows and grasslands, but lowland forest habitats are also inhabited (maczey et al. , 2011) .\nthe high concentration of species in the tibetan plateau may be the result of this region’s high geomorphic and ecological diversity (zou et al. , 2012) .\n( maczey et al. , 2011; wang & yao, 2011; zou et al. , 2012 )\nmating pair. from zou et al. (2011). image © zhiwen zou .\nde son voyage de 1884 - 1885. in romanoff, n. m. (ed .) mémoires sur les\ncannon, p. f. , hywel - jones, n. l. , maczey, n. , norbu, l. , tshitila, samdup, t. ,\nmaczey, n. , dhendup, k. , cannon, p. , hywel - jones, n. &\nbiology and life cycle (ed. by) k. pourali and v. n. raad) ,\nmale. canadian national collection. identification courtesy of kyoichiro ueda. image: jane hyland (cmnh )\nm ale. photo courtesy of nan jiang. ©institute of zoology, chinese academy of sciences\nhitarodes lijiangensis (chu and wang, 1985). china (yunnan) - tibetan plateau\neastern asia between the himalayas, altai, taiwan, japan, and the russian far east. majority of species recorded from eastern tibetan plateau and surrounding areas .\none of the most speciose genera of hepialidae, but doubtfully monophyletic. species with a mottled wing pattern\nregions of the russian federation: the lower amur, seaside, mid - amur, south kuril .\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "thitarodes varius is a species of moth of the family hepialidae .", "it was described by staudinger in 1887 , and is known from the russian far east . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5 ] }

[ "thitarodes varius is a species of moth of the family hepialidae. it was described by staudinger in 1887, and is known from the russian far east." ]

[ "there are two subspecies of the southern flying squirrel in the southern appalachians, the carolina northern flying squirrel, g. s. coloratus, and the virginia northern flying squirrel g. s. fuscus - both are endangered .\nthe relationship between 3 - d kinematics and gliding performance in the southern flying squirrel, glaucomys volans .\nsize of southern flying squirrel: these species vary from 7. 75 to 10 inches in length .\na view of a southern flying squirrel (glaucomys volans) gliding overhead. (photo: wikimedia commons )\n) are among the most common predators of the southern flying squirrel. in suburban areas, domestic cats have shown to take a large toll on the population numbers of southern flying squirrels .\nthe southern flying squirrel is found from texas, kansas and minnesota east through most of the eastern united states. it is also found in southeastern canada and in mexico and central america. the southern flying squirrel is found in new hampshire .\nsouthern flying squirrels avoid many predators by foraging at night, gliding between trees, and scurrying across the ground. predators of the southern flying squirrel include owls, hawks, snakes, bobcats (\nthe relationship between 3 - d kinematics and gliding performance in the southern flying squirrel, glaucomys volans. - pubmed - ncbi\nsome populations of southern flying squirrel in central america are rare and may be endangered. throughout most of their range, though, flying squirrels are common .\na southern flying squirrel (glaucomys volans) gliding tree to tree at fort barton, tiverton, ri. with slow motion .\nlinzey, d. , a. linzey. 1979. growth and development of the southern flying squirrel (glaucomys volans volans) .\na southern flying squirrel (glaucomys volans) surveys its surroundings from a tree in illinois. (photo: tony campbell / shutterstock )\nboth american species are widespread, although some subspecies are relatively rare, like the endangered carolina northern flying squirrel (g. sabrinus coloratus) or the san bernardino flying squirrel (g. sabrinus californicus) of southern california .\nbendel, p. , e. gates. 1987. home range and microhabitat partitioning of the southern flying squirrel (glaucomys volans) .\nflying squirrels are the only nocturnal tree squirrel, and are the smallest of all squirrels .\nloss and degradation of habitat are the main factors limiting southern flying squirrel populations. the hardwood forests have been drastically fragmented and reduced in area, and these squirrels will not live in isolated woodlots. competition for food with grey squirrels also limits the size of the southern flying squirrel population .\n. other than lice and humans, southern flying squirrels are the only animals known to be carriers of this harmful bacteria. between 1976 and 2001, there were 39 reported cases of typhus fever in humans that had no previous contact with lice. a majority of these cases occurred within the geographic range of southern flying squirrels. approximately one - third of these 39 individuals who were diagnosed with typhus had previously came in contact with either a southern flying squirrel or southern flying squirrel nests .\nthe southern flying squirrel occurs in mexico and from the gulf of mexico through the eastern united states to the great lakes. in canada, southern flying squirrels are found in southern ontario, southwestern québec and southern nova scotia. new brunswick sightings have not been confirmed. there are no estimates on the size of the canadian population of southern flying squirrels. although the population sizes of these squirrels vary widely, they are considered stable in canada .\nstapp, p. , w. mautz. 1991. breeding habits and postnatal growth of the southern flying squirrel (glaucomys volans) in new hampshire .\nthomas, r. , p. weigl. 1998. dynamic foraging behavior in the southern flying squirrel (glaucomys volans): test of a model .\ndepending on the wind and takeoff height, the flying squirrel can glide for 50 metres or more .\nsouthern flying squirrels are often the most common squirrel in hardwood woodlands and suburban areas. because they are nocturnal and seldom seen, most people don' t recognize that they live with flying squirrels .\nday, j. , a. benton. 1980. population dynamics and coevolution of adult siphonapteran parasites of the southern flying squirrel (glaucomys volans volans) .\ncolor of southern flying squirrel: the upper portion of the body is covered in fur which is either brown or grey. the body underneath appears grey colored .\nnesting patterns of southern flying squirrels among silvicultural treatments in late summer were influenced by resource availability. in the multicohort treatment, switching of nest trees by southern flying squirrels was less frequent than in the small - gap treatment. within treatments, sugar maple and birch were key tree species that served as shared nest sites for southern flying squirrels. spatial arrangement of trees had more influence on nest switching than either southern flying squirrel condition or nest tree characteristics providing further evidence of the importance of forest structure for southern flying squirrels. managed old - growth silvicultural study treatments favorably changed the canopy structure and allowed southern flying squirrels to continue usual nesting patterns .\nsouthern flying squirrels are sometime kept as pets, which assists the transmission of disease causing bacteria from squirrels to humans. however, most cases of human - related diseases are caused by wild southern flying squirrels and their nests. southern flying squirrels have been associated with several cases of typhus fever from the bacterium ,\nmurrant, m. , j. bowman, p. wilson. 2014. a test of non - kin social foraging in the southern flying squirrel (glaucomys volans) .\nface of southern flying squirrel: these species have a small round head with big, round and black eyes. they also possess small ears on both sides of the head .\nsollberger, d. 1943. notes on the breeding habits of the eastern flying squirrel (glaucomys volans volans) .\nthese species do not have any kind of sub species. they only one nearly similar is the northern flying squirrel .\nbreeding season the two main breeding intervals for southern flying squirrels are february through march and may through july .\nsouthern flying squirrels inhabit hardwood forests in eastern north america. dead hollow trees are used as den sites .\nthe southern flying squirrel is typically found in the southeastern forests of north america where hickory, maple, poplar, oakand beech trees are plentiful and provide a desirable habitat. southern flying squirrels may exist in deeply wooded suburban areas, but they do not occur in great amounts in these regions .\n, better known as the southern flying squirrel, is predominately found throughout the eastern half of the united states, as far west as the great plains. the southern flying squirrel is also found as far north as quebec, nova scotia, and new brunswick and as far south as honduras. however, it is relatively uncommon to find this species inhabiting the canadian provinces .\nmodeling determinants of nest tree switching. —multilevel logistic regression was used to model important determinants of nest tree switching. potential regressors included individual southern flying squirrel as a random effect and fixed effects grouped into 3 categories: silvicultural treatment, squirrel characteristics, and nest tree suitability (table 2). the null model was switching as a function of the random effect from individual southern flying squirrels. the global model included all potential regressors. another 6 models were different arrangements of parameter groupings (i. e. , treatment, squirrel, and nest tree); each included individual southern flying squirrel as a random variable (table 3) .\n, on the basis of underbelly color. the fur on the underbellies of southern flying squirrels is a white to cream color, while that of northern flying squirrels is grey. southern flying squirrels are also distinguished from northern flying squirrels on the basis of size. the total length of northern flying squirrels ranges between 250 - 300 mm and mass is 70 - 140 grams .\ncopyright © 2016 georgia squirrel removal. all rights reserved. | sitemap | rss\nif you do not recognize the signs of flying squirrels and how squirrels move in your attic than you may decide to leave squirrel trapping to the professional atlanta squirrel control technician like an urban wildlife control trapper .\nsouthern flying squirrels are common in much of eastern north america. (photo: ryan m. bolton / shutterstock )\nthe southern flying squirrel lives in deciduous and mixed forests with lots of old trees with cavities for nesting. they especially like areas with seed bearing hardwood trees like hickory, maple, beech and poplar .\nthere are quite a few gimmicks online and at stores sold as an atlanta squirrel control repellant. there is no real, effective squirrel repellant. these repellents are a waste of time and money that could be spent on a more permanent control method. they are not effective for squirrel control. trapping and exclusion is the most successful way of dealing with an irritating flying squirrel problem .\nthese species have wings thus known as the flying squirrel but since they glide more in reality, they have been classified as mammals .\nlinzey, d. w. and a. v. linzey. 1979. growth and development of the southern flying squirrel (glaucomys volans volans). journal of mammology, 60: 615 - 620 .\nthe southern flying squirrel is smaller than the northern flying squirrel. it is about 7 - 10 inches in length. it has thick, silky grayish - brown fur above and white fur below. it has very large eyes and a long, flat tail. it has a loose fold of skin between its front and rear feet. when it stretches out its legs, this skin forms a kind of parachute that lets the squirrel glide from branch to branch. as the southern flying squirrel approaches its landing site, it pulls up, slowing its descent! when it is gliding, it uses its tail as a rudder to change direction .\nthe southern flying squirrel lives in deciduous and mixed forests with lots of old trees with cavities for nesting. they especially like areas with seed - bearing hardwood trees like hickory, maple, beech, and poplar .\nbendel, p. r. and j. e gates. 1987. home range and microhabitat partitioning of the southern flying squirrel (glaucomys volan s). journal of mammalogy, 68: 243 - 245 .\nthe flying squirrel is normally brown on its back, and white on both its belly and the bottom side of its furry membrane. the northern flying squirrel equals in size to a red squirrel, and the southern species is comparable to a chipmunk. nocturnal mammals, they have large, dark, bulging eyes that are well adapted for night vision. they also has something called\nfeelers ,\nwhich are sensitive whiskers used to make nocturnal travel easier. to mark forest routes, the squirrel uses scent glands in its cheeks .\na giant red flying squirrel (petaurista petaurista) perches on a branch in sabah, malaysia. (photo: vil. sandi / flickr )\nseem to prefer a hole small enough so a gray squirrel and predators cannot enter .\ncastellanos, i. , e. gate, d. campuzano - chávez - peón. 2014. characteristics of nest - sites of the southern flying squirrel (glaucomys volans) in a pine - oak forest of central mexico .\ncontrary to what its name suggests, the flying squirrel cannot fly. instead, it glides with two furry membranes, called patagia, loosely stretched between its wrists and ankles. the membranes act as a parachute to support the squirrel while jumping from tree to tree. the flying squirrel normally glides diagonally downward from one branch, scurries to the top of the tree and jumps on a downward slant to the next one. the flying squirrel also has a flat, furry tail that it uses as a rudder while gliding. the squirrel uses both its tail and membrane to steer left and right, and even to make 180 - degree turns .\nsouthern flying squirrels play several key roles that positively affect the environment (s) that they inhabit, which include the dispersal of seeds, nuts, and fungi. because members of this species often bury seeds and nuts, they contribute to the continuation of forests. southern flying squirrels consume the fruiting bodies of various types of fungi, and as a result, spores are spread via the feces these animals. the dispersal of these spores leads to the emergence of new fungi. southern flying squirrels also feed on tree buds and wood - burrowing insects, which can stimulate tree growth. in areas where both southern and northern flying squirrels are present, the smaller southern flying squirrels often outcompete and displace the larger, endangered, northern flying squirrels .\nbody of southern flying squirrel: these species have furry membranes on both the sides of the body that appear joined from the fore limbs to the hind limbs. these membranes look like the wings while their tails appear furry and sweet .\na red - and - white giant flying squirrel is treated at a rescue center in guangzhou, china. (photo: china photos / getty images )\nsouthern flying squirrels are social creatures and occasionally fly together in groups. these pesky critters can multiply rapidly inside your home creating a need for atlanta squirrel control. flying squirrels save significantly more energy by gathering in dens when seasonal temperatures drop. they sometimes allow unrelated individuals for the addition of their heat energy .\nreynolds, m. , j. krebs, t. rushton, c. lopez, and others. 2003. flying squirrel - associated typhus, united states .\nsouthern flying squirrels in the wild can live to 5 or 6 years old. in captivity they have been known to live up to 10 years. most flying squirrels probably die in their first year of life .\nsouthern flying squirrels are arboreal animals that tend to nest in large numbers within tree cavities, which increases the chance of parasites spreading from one individual to another. parasites that affect southern flying squirrels include mites, lice, fleas, protozoans, acanthocephalans, cestodes, and nematodes. species of mites include :\nthe southern flying squirrel is found throughout eastern parts of north america and the southeastern parts of canada. it is found mostly in the carolinian deciduous forests of southern ontario, but can also be seen north to muskoka and the ottawa valley, as well as in parts of quebec and nova scotia. its range partly overlaps that of the northern flying squirrel, which can generally be found from the u. s. - canada border north to the tree line. the two species, however, do not interbreed .\nsouthern flying squirrels are found in southeastern canada, the eastern united states, and south as far as mexico and honduras. they have a nearctic distribution .\nthe size of the home range of southern flying squirrels differs significantly; it is larger in males than females perhaps to increase the probability of encountering mates .\ncurrently, 15 genera and 44 species of flying squirrels are recognized, with the majority (14 of the 15 genera and 42 of the 44 species) occurring in eurasia, especially southeast asia (thorington and hoffmann 2005). the only genus to occur outside of eurasia is glaucomys; this genus is restricted to north america and mesoamerica (mexico plus central america) and comprises 2 species, the northern flying squirrel (g. sabrinus) and the southern flying squirrel (g. volans) .\nflying squirrels are mainly nocturnal, but they do sometimes come out during daylight, like this red - and - white giant flying squirrel (petaurista alborufus) at foping national nature reserve in china. (photo: burrard - lucas photography )\nflying squirrels can be difficult to spot in the dark, but they' re sometimes betrayed by their eyeshine, like the reddish reflection from this northern flying squirrel (glaucomys sabrinus) in ontario. (photo: pjturgeon / wikimedia commons )\nfemale southern flying squirrels are territorial, and will defend both the tree containing their nest and the surrounding 4050 square meters of home range. home ranges of female southern flying squirrels do not overlap with one another. if a female southern flying squirrel enters another' s home range, the female squirrel occupying that home range will respond aggressively by staring, stamping her feet, lunging, jumping on, or even smacking the other female in the face. females become even more territorial during both the mating seasons and when young are present. although females are territorial, males do not defend any set territory, and occupy a home range of approximately 6000 square meters that overlaps that of other males .\nfemale southern flying squirrels give birth to hairless, helpless young that are extremely uncoordinated and incapable of rolling over. during the first few days of their lives, the young continuously squirm while emitting faint squeaks. the newly born squirrels are nursed and cared for by their mother, on average, for the first six weeks of their lives, after which they are slowly weaned to independence. by eight weeks of age, juvenile southern flying squirrels are no longer nursed, resemble adult southern flying squirrels, and are capable of living independently. however, young southern flying squirrels tend to stay with their mother until she produces her next litter .\nalthough squirrels are often thought to be confined to trees, southern flying squirrels travel along the ground and on top of logs while they forage. southern flying squirrels are strictly nocturnal, and are extremely active at all times of the night during the summer months. however, during colder months their activity is limited to shortly after dusk and shortly prior to dawn. during periods of extreme cold, southern flying squirrels will stay in their nests for a few days at a time .\nsouthern flying squirrels are nocturnal animals that rely heavily on their visual and auditory senses when foraging and communicating at night. because they are nocturnal, southern flying squirrels have rather large eyes in relation to their body size, which allow them to see better at night. little research has been conducted on the communication patterns of\nthe population of the northern species is unknown as there is very little monitoring data available. the southern species, however, is listed as vulnerable in canada. the southern flying squirrel was once common in point pelee national park in ontario, but it slowly disappeared as its forest habitat was changed to farms, cottages, and heavily used campgrounds. in the past few decades, however, most of these invasions have been stemmed, making it possible for the squirrel to return .\nthe southern flying squirrel eats berries, seeds, fruits, lichen, tree bark, buds and nuts. it also eats insects, carrion, nesting birds and eggs. it stores nuts and seeds in the ground and in crevices and holes in trees for use in winter .\nsollberger, d. e. 1943. notes on the breeding habits of the eastern flying squirrel (glaucomys volans volans). journal of mammology, 24: 163 - 173 .\nnest tree sharing by southern flying squirrels is higher in the winter than in summer at temperate latitudes (gilmore and gates 1985; muul 1968; stapp 1991). monitoring nest tree use and associated factors throughout the year for southern flying squirrels would increase understanding of how nest switching and its determinants fluctuate over time. this knowledge will enable wildlife managers to better evaluate effects of forest practices on flying squirrels .\nflying squirrel behavior in atlanta, ga will lead these gliding critters into your home or building roof and attic during the cooler months. the attic and walls of a georgia home create a great atmosphere for them to live in and raise young flying squirrels .\nthe southern flying squirrel eats berries, seeds, fruits, lichen, tree bark, buds, and nuts. it also eats insects, carrion, nesting birds, and eggs. it stores nuts and seeds in the ground and in crevices and holes in trees for use in winter .\nnumber of litters: northern one litter. southern may produce two litters per year. in the pacific northwest, northern flying squirrels breed once a year in may or june .\nsouthern flying squirrels are extremely sociable animals that congregate in one nest during winter months and communicate with one another throughout the night. although these animals emerge from their nests at sunset, communication between squirrels is not made until astronomical twilight. communication is made through both ultrasonic frequencies and a variety of squeaky notes that sound similar to that of a bird. during winter months, southern flying squirrels nest together in high numbers, sometimes as many as 20 will nest together for warmth. during warmer months, this number decreases to an average of five squirrels per nest. these nests are always very clean, and each southern flying squirrel keeps itself carefully groomed .\nsouthern flying squirrel likes to have berries, acorns, seeds, nuts, lichens, bird’s egg, and dead animals in their diet. in order to refine their teeth these species also have bones and antlers of all kinds of moribund animals. this also doubles up as a calcium supplement for these species .\nsouthern flying squirrels are omnivores, but display feeding habits that make them among the most carnivorous members of the sciuridae family. the primary diet of southern flying squirrels includes insects, nuts, bird eggs, berries, carrion, and seeds. however, they have been known to opportunistically consume nestlings, blossoms, buds, fungi, lichen, and bark. insects consumed by southern flying squirrels include various species of wood - boring beetles. when foraging, individuals tend to stay within 160 meters of their nest, and consume what is readily available .\nthe furry, parachute - like membrane between a flying squirrel' s front and back limbs is known as a\npatagium\n( plural: patagia). these flaps catch air as the squirrel falls, letting it propel itself forward instead of plummeting. but to make sure the patagia catch enough air, flying squirrels also have another trick up their sleeves: cartilage spurs at each wrist that can be extended almost like an extra finger, stretching out the patagia farther than the squirrel' s tiny arms could on their own .\nsouthern flying squirrels are polygynandrous, but mating between a specific male and female may occur on multiple occasions throughout their lives. after mating occurs, male southern flying squirrels depart, and contribute no further parental care. females are capable of reproducing during both the spring and summer breeding season. however, the percent of females that successfully deliver two litters each year is unknown .\nsouthern flying squirrels are listed as a species of\nleast concern\nby the iucn red list, and have no special status on any of the government lists in the united states or internationally (cites). this species is not considered to be threatened because it can be abundant in areas across its wide geographic range. although there are no major threats to southern flying squirrels, minor threats include the losses of habitat, cavity bearing trees, and mast producing trees. in areas that experience deforestation, resource depletion has shown to displace southern flying squirrels .\nflying squirrels reproduce year round but there are two peaks of breeding in the spring and fall. these younger squirrels, if not trapped and removed from the attic, will return and have more babies, continuing the cycle. flying squirrel colonies can number very high inside a home .\nmothers also maintain several secondary nests, notes the university of georgia' s savannah river ecology lab (srel), where they can flee with their offspring if the main nest site becomes too dangerous. one southern flying squirrel was reportedly seen doing this during a forest fire, even as flames were singeing her fur .\ndispersal: fully independent at 4 - 6 mos. (northern - 88 days, southern - 84 days )\nsouthern flying squirrels have an average lifespan of three to five years in the wild. their average lifespan increases when they are in captivity to 10 years, with a maximum of 19 years .\nthe flying range of these species is 0. 5 acres – 4 acres .\nnorthern flying squirrels make a low, soft chirp, and cluck when distressed .\nsouthern flying squirrels nest in hollows, woodpecker holes, or build nests from leaves and sticks. leaf nests are used as both protection and a resting location predominantly in summer, while holes are used chiefly used for breeding and for the winter. openings used by southern flying squirrels are found in small crevices merely centimeters in diameter or in similarly sized openings in trees several meters above the ground .\npredators and other factors influencing nest switching of southern flying squirrels (e. g. , parasites and seasonality) warrant further investigation. predator pressure may function in combination with resource availability in determining nesting behavior and survival (mcnamara and houston 1987) of southern flying squirrels. how predators directly affect nest switching rates is unknown. risk of being detected by predators in a nest tree may motivate a southern flying squirrel to switch, but risk of encountering predators may cause nest philopatry. predation risk may depend on the amount of habitat cover (carey et al. 1997; kotler and blaustein 1995; mysterud and ims 1998). type of predators and their hunting strategies vary regionally, which calls for evaluation of several study sites .\nsouthern flying squirrels forage nearly year round during the nighttime, excluding occasions of severe cold, during which they will enter a period of torpor. beginning in november, they collect and cache food for the winter within cracks and cavities of their nests, and sometimes even in partially completed woodpecker holes. food stored by southern flying squirrels include various types of nuts, such as hickory nuts and acorns .\nsouthern flying squirrels are savvy survivors, but they only get to that point with a lot of motherly love .\nfemale southern flying squirrels give birth to hairless, helpless young that are extremely uncoordinated and incapable of rolling over ,\nexplains the university of michigan museum of zoology (ummz) .\nduring the first few days of their lives, the young continuously squirm while emitting faint squeaks .\nthe siberian flying squirrel ranges across northern europe and russia, but a population on the japanese island of hokkaido is now considered an endemic subspecies, known as pteromys volans orii. (photo: harum. koh / flickr )\n). taxonomy and ecological morphology of the flying lemurs (dermoptera, cynocephalidae) .\ncontradictory of their name, southern flying squirrels do not actually fly, but rather glide between trees using their patagium. prior to gliding, southern flying squirrels move their head from side to side in order to determine the distance to the targeted landing site. once the distance has been appraised, they launch themselves into the air and simultaneously spread their arms and legs apart in order to draw the gliding membrane taut. the spread gliding membrane creates air resistance, which allows the squirrels to successfully glide distances up to 28 meters, although most glides are between 6 and 9 meters in length. slack can be created in either the left or right membrane in order for the squirrel to control angle, speed, and course of the glide. southern flying squirrels use their tails to steer through the various branches that are present between trees. by flipping their tail upward, southern flying squirrels are able to raise the front part of their body and easily control the landing process .\nsouthern flying squirrels have greyish brown fur, which allows them to be very well camouflaged when against a tree. these animals are highly social and communicate information, such as the presence of a predator, to one another through a variety of high pitched signals. some communication between members of the species occurs at ultrasonic frequencies, which may be above the hearing range of many predators. gliding between trees allows these squirrels to escape many terrestrial predators. however, some terrestrial predators will occasionally capture and consume a southern flying squirrel as it scurries across the ground .\nonce a female southern flying squirrel becomes fertile, males gather around the female in order to compete for her attention. males compete for the female' s attention through both kicks and rapid back and forth movements of their hind quarters. on most occurrences, the female will mate with the dominant male. however, the female will often allow a subordinate male to compete with the dominant male prior to making her final decision. the dominant male is usually successful, but nonetheless this process is important because it often leads to greater genetic diversity among populations of southern flying squirrels .\nmoderate nest tree switching (holloway and malcolm 2007) is expected under favorable conditions (i. e. , suitable nest trees, sufficient habitat resources, and relatively healthy southern flying squirrels). deviating rates of switching may indicate suboptimal conditions. predictors of nest tree switching are not mutually exclusive in that effects of individual southern flying squirrels and habitat conditions on switching may be additive or antagonistic. this study was designed to determine how nesting patterns are influenced by habitat conditions of uneven - aged silvicultural treatments in northern hardwoods. the goal was to identify and quantify factors that dictate rates of nest tree switching by southern flying squirrels in late summer .\nsouthern tend to be more grayish, but color is variable, and they are smaller, at about 8 - 10 inches .\nasia has played another key role in flying - squirrel history, according to a 2013 study, with dense forests offering both a refuge and a diversification center. these habitats may have saved flying squirrels during glacial periods, but they also slowly split up and reconnected over time, a process that can spur new species to evolve .\nthe distribution of american flying squirrels by species. (photo: darekk2 / wikimedia commons )\nsome other giants are much rarer. the woolly flying squirrel (eupetaurus cinereus) is known only from about a dozen specimens in the far northern himalayas, and is deemed endangered by the iucn due to the clearing of its native pine forests .\ngeorgia squirrel removal catches thousands of squirrels from hundreds of homes every year. once we remove them from your home we can give you a proper quote to correctly exclude them from your home permanently and make the suitable maintenance suggestions for the home and property. this process is an excellent atlanta squirrel control option .\nsouthern flying squirrels are found in woodlands. they prefer seed - producing hardwood trees, such as maple, beech, hickory, oak, and poplar. they are also found in forests with mixed hardwood tree and conifer trees .\nonly sugar maple and birch tree species were used as nest trees by multiple radiocollared southern flying squirrels in our study area. sugar maple might have been used by southern flying squirrels as a shared nest tree because of its abundance. southern flying squirrels also seemed to use birch trees as shared nest sites over other tree species. soft bark of live birch trees and rapid decay of birch tree snags may facilitate cavity formation, making this tree species more likely to have nest sites (goodburn and lorimer 1998; holloway 2006). tree species can affect the suitability of an individual tree as a shared nest tree depending on the combination of diameter and wood tensile strength (nyland 2002) .\nradiotelemetry. —we anesthetized southern flying squirrels in a sealed container using 7 ml of isoflurane injected into a cotton ball soaked in mineral oil and placed in a porous canister. we fitted southern flying squirrels with radiocollars (model m1530; advanced telemetry systems, isanti, minnesota) weighing ≤7% total body mass. once a week for 5 weeks (28 july–24 august 2009), we tracked southern flying squirrels to diurnal nest trees. nest trees were categorized and measured according to habitat survey protocol. we also classified crown condition of nest trees as intact (with no apparent broken branches) or declining (with a structural defect) and measured tree height (m, using a clinometer) .\nflying squirrels play important ecosystem roles in hardwood forests. they are also sometimes kept as pets .\nthe northern species lives in mixed or coniferous forests, while its southern counterpart occupies hardwood forests of oak, maple, beech and hickory .\nsouthern: in the eastern half of north america, from southeastern canada to florida, and south as far as mexico and the honduras .\nthe emerging synthesis of flying squirrel phylogeny therefore indicates that flying squirrels are monophyletic and most closely related to the new world tree squirrels. flying squirrels appear to have originated in the early to middle miocene. the new world flying squirrels (glaucomys) appear to have diverged from asian flying squirrels relatively early in the history of the group, most likely in the late miocene. together, the sister relationship of the pteromyini with the new world tree squirrels (sciurinae), the current geographic distribution of the pteromyini (which includes both asia and north america), and the phylogenetic position of glaucomys (fig. 1) relative to asian forms, suggest that trans - beringian dispersal has played an important role in shaping the evolutionary history of flying squirrels .\nsecond - order akaike information criterion (aic c) selection of multilevel logistic regression models explaining nest tree switching by southern flying squirrels (glaucomys volans, n = 33) in the northern highland american legion state forest, wisconsin, in 2009 .\n. it is about seven to ten inches in length. it has thick, silky grayish - brown fur above and white fur below. it has very large eyes and a long, flat tail. it has a loose fold of skin between its front and rear feet. when it stretches out its legs, this skin forms a kind of parachute that lets the squirrel glide from branch to branch. as the southern flying squirrel approach its landing site, it pulls up, slowing its descent! when it is gliding, it uses its tail as a rudder to change direction !\naside from flying squirrels, there are also at least 20 other species of gliding mammals outside the squirrel family, sciuridae. they inhabit similar forested environments, use their patagia in similar ways and are generally nocturnal; they just evolved their abilities separately, a process called convergent evolution .\n). the cost of living large: comparative gliding performance in flying lizards (agamidae: draco) .\nthe distribution of the flying squirrels glaucomys volans and g. sabrinus: an evaluation of the competitive exclusion idea\nfemale southern flying squirrels continue to reproduce during each breeding season until they reach approximately three years of age, after which they are no longer fertile. the oldest recorded female to give birth was three years and eight months old. little research has been conducted on the reproductive details of male southern flying squirrels. however, it has been noted that males begin mating approximately 11 months after birth, and reach reproductive conditions prior to females. therefore, it is suggested that the breeding seasons are dictated by female reproductive conditions .\nbelly hair differs but can also vary (northern has dark gray belly hair at the base tipped with a lighter color, southern is more white. )\nthe distribution of the flying squirrels, glaucomys volans and g. sabrinus: an evaluation of the competitive exclusion idea\nforests made flying squirrels who they are, creating environments where gliding skills gave their ancestors an edge. and flying squirrels have helped shape their habitats in return, spreading tree seeds and providing food for native predators like owls .\nbut in some parts of the world, including much of north america, flying squirrels are far more common than their daytime visibility suggests. they' re widespread not only in remote, wooded wilderness, but also many suburban areas with enough old - growth trees to accommodate a flying squirrel' s lifestyle. we just rarely see them because they' re active when we tend to be asleep, or at least indoors. even when we are outside at night, the cover of darkness can hide flying squirrels from us .\nthe southern flying squirrel mates in early spring and again in late summer. after a gestation period of 41 days, the female gives birth to 2 - 7 young. the female feeds and raises the young. she will move them to another nest if she feels threatened. the young are weaned when they are about 65 days old and begin gliding when they are about five to six weeks old. they are independent when they are about four months old .\nthe southern flying squirrel mates in early spring and again in late summer. after a gestation period of 41 days, the female gives birth to two to seven young. the female feeds and raises the young. she will move them to another nest if she feels threatened. the young are weaned when they are about 65 days old and begin gliding when they are about five to six weeks old. they are independent when they are about four months old .\nthe southern tree squirrel is nocturnal. it usually builds its nest in a tree cavity or abandoned woodpecker hole, but it sometimes use leaves, bark, and twigs to make a nest in a tree crotch. it doesn' t hibernate, but in the winter it may stay in its den huddled with a group of other squirrels to keep warm .\nthe southern tree squirrel is nocturnal. it usually builds its nest in a tree cavity or abandoned woodpecker hole, but it will sometimes use leaves, bark and twigs to make a nest in a tree crotch. it doesn' t hibernate, but in the winter it may stay in its den huddled with a group of other squirrels to keep warm .\ntrapping occurred from late may through july 2009 until > 6 southern flying squirrels were fitted with radiocollars in each stand. all trapping and handling procedures conformed to an animal use protocol that followed guidelines of the american society of mammalogists (sikes et al. 2011) and were approved by the research animal resource center at the university of wisconsin - madison (protocol a070769 a1343). we recorded characteristics of captured southern flying squirrels (i. e. , sex, age, reproductive status, and mass wells - gosling 1985) and ear - tagged each individual .\ncomponent of the acceleration by the squirrel' s body mass. because of the horizontal acceleration, the resultant aerodynamic force is inclined forward as opposed to being vertically oriented as in the steady situation (\nwe checked normality assumptions of continuous parameters using quantile plots, equal variance assumptions using residual - fitted plots, and made transformations as appropriate. nest switches, nest tree characteristics, and flying squirrel condition were dependent variables. we used analysis of variance (anova) tests to compare dependent variables by treatment, sex, and treatment - sex interaction. to compare numbers of flying squirrels by treatment and by sex, we used wilcoxon tests .\nand such abilities aren' t limited to smaller species: asia' s red giant flying squirrel (petaurista petaurista) can grow 32 inches (81 cm) long and weigh almost 4 pounds (1. 8 kg), yet has been seen making nimble glides as far as 246 feet (75 meters) .\nsouthern flying squirrels breed twice a year, once in early spring (february to march) and again during the summer (may to july). the testes of male southern flying squirrels are abdominal from august to november, but become scrotal in mid - january, prior to the spring breeding season. although males are capable of mating at this time, females are not fertile until the membrane that covers the opening of their vagina disappears shortly after males' testes become scrotal. these processes are triggered by the increasing photoperiod length, and may vary slightly in areas of differing climates .\nstephanie g. steinhoff, timothy r. van deelen, karl j. martin, david m. macfarland, kathryn r. witkowski; nesting patterns of southern flying squirrels in managed northern hardwoods, journal of mammalogy, volume 93, issue 2, 30 april 2012, pages 532–539, urltoken\nflying squirrels range in size from a few inches to a few feet, including some of the smallest and largest tree squirrels known to science. both american species are relatively tiny, for example, while some asian flying squirrels can be enormous .\nflying squirrels often thrive in primary forests, like this one in coastal oregon. (photo: alaina mcdavid / flickr )\nthey may not really fly, but flying squirrels still cover impressive distances in the air. the average glide of a northern flying squirrel (glaucomys sabrinusis) is about 65 feet (20 meters), according to the university of michigan museum of zoology, or slightly longer than a bowling lane. but it can also go much farther if needed, with glides recorded up to 295 feet (90 meters). that means an 11 - inch (28 cm) northern flying squirrel could glide almost the full length of a soccer field, or about as far as the statue of liberty is tall. it' s also remarkably agile, using its limbs, fluffy tail and patagia muscles to make sharp turns, even pulling off full semi - circles in a single glide .\nsouthern flying squirrels are most commonly found in temperate to subtemperate deciduous and mixed forests. due to the wide geographic range of this species, elevation has not been reported for the species as a whole. however, the subspecies found south of the united states tend to inhabit higher altitudes, such as mountain ranges. although they are not restricted to any particular type of forest, southern flying squirrels are more commonly found in beech - maple, oak - hickory, and poplar forests. they tend to either nest inside tree cavities or in nests made of leaves. nesting choice is influenced by both local availability of cavities and climate. common nesting sites include abandoned woodpecker holes, bird and squirrel nests, and nest boxes. they also tend to nest more commonly in shelters within 100 meters of a body of water .\nfood and feeding behavior: beechnuts, acorns, hickory nuts, and other large seeds which southern flying squirrels begin storing in late summer in their nests, the ground, and in and around trees form an important part of the winter diet. the seeds of conifers are another source of winter nutrition. where southern flying squirrels live near bird feeding stations, they also eat sunflower seeds and suet. the inner bark, buds, blossoms, and sap of trees such as the sugar maple are foods taken in the spring. fruits, fungi, and some species of lichens are other foods. this species is omnivorous and eats substantial quantities of animal foods (more than other tree squirrels and most rodents). these include the flesh of dead animals (carrion), birds eggs, as well as live animals which southern flying squirrels capture, e. g. , mice, shrews, invertebrates and nestling birds .\nthe mating of these species depends on their latitudinal location. in the northern portion these species mate during spring and fall while in the southern parts they mate during summer and winters .\nnorthern adults are larger, measuring about 10 - 12 inches (but juveniles could be confused with adult southern) with cinnamon / grayish / reddish - brown or blackish brown fur .\nthere' s also the critically endangered namdapha flying squirrel (biswamoyopterus biswasi), known only from a single specimen found at india' s namdapha national park in 1981. it was thought to be the lone member of its genus until 2012, when a related species (b. laoensis) was discovered at a bushmeat market in laos .\nthe southern flying squirrel does not actually fly, but has a membrane of skin extending from wrist to ankle which permits gliding. it is a small squirrel with the large, luminous black eyes characteristic of many nocturnal species. it also has a long tail, long and pointed ears, and tiny claws on its digits. the fur is mostly grey - brown, though the flanks are darker; the membrane is very dark on top and pinkish - buff below; the cheeks and sides of the neck are buff; the under parts are white; and the tail is smoky - grey. there is one annual moult, in september or october. adults measure 211 to 257 mm and weigh between 52 and 69. 5 g .\necological implications for flying squirrels (glaucomys spp .) of effects of temperature on the in - vitro development and behavior of strongyloides robustus\nthere are no major threats to the species overall. localised threats include loss of habitat and loss of cavity - bearing and mast - producing trees. in arkansas, a seed - tree harvest regime, particularly without retained overstorey hardwoods, produced a level of disturbance and resource depletion that was too severe for flying squirrel persistence (taulman et al. 1998) .\nif you want to see or hear one, however, there are ways to improve your odds. a flashlight can reveal a flying squirrel' s eyeshine at night, for example, as in the photo above. many species also make high - pitched\ncheep\nsounds to communicate with each other, often heard within the first several hours after sunset .\nnot much is known about communication in southern flying squirrels. they have excellent senses of smell, vision, hearing, and touch. they have large eyes which help them to see at night and whiskers on their chin, cheeks, and ankles that they use to help them in detecting their way along tree trunks at night .\nwild flying squirrels can be found on three continents, but they aren' t evenly distributed. forty of 43 known species are endemic to asia, meaning they naturally exist nowhere else on earth. and relatives of flying squirrels have inhabited parts of asia for roughly 160 million years, according to new research on flying - mammal fossils that hail from the age of dinosaurs. as the new york times reports :\nsouthern flying squirrels consume fruit and nuts from red and white oak, hickory and beech trees and they store mainly acorns for the winter. they also eat insects, mushrooms, bird eggs and plants. from tree tops, flying squirrels can begin glides from both running or from still positions and coast skillfully in the air creating 90 degree turns avoiding anything in their path. however, they are not graceful on land and typically hide rather than attempt an escape from predators." ]

{ "text": [ "the southern flying squirrel or the assapan ( glaucomys volans ) is one of three species of the genus glaucomys , the only flying squirrels found in north america .", "it is found in deciduous and mixed woods in the eastern half of north america , from southeastern canada , to florida .", "disjunct distribution for populations of this species have been recorded in the highlands of mexico , guatemala , and honduras . " ], "topic": [ 28, 20, 13 ] }

[ "the southern flying squirrel or the assapan (glaucomys volans) is one of three species of the genus glaucomys, the only flying squirrels found in north america. it is found in deciduous and mixed woods in the eastern half of north america, from southeastern canada, to florida. disjunct distribution for populations of this species have been recorded in the highlands of mexico, guatemala, and honduras." ]

[ "acrantophis dumerili jan 1860 boa dumerili — boulenger 1893: 120 constrictor dumerili — barbour 1918: 486 acrantophis madagascariensis dumerili — stull 1935: 405 acrantophis dumerili — stimson 1969 acrantophis dumerili — kluge 1991: 8 boa dumerili — kluge 1991: 48 acrantophis dumerili — glaw & vences 1994: 327 boa dumerili — mcdiarmid, campbell & touré 1999: 185 acrantophis dumerili — vences et al. 2001 acrantophis dumerili — wallach et al. 2014: 6\nthe dumeril’s boa (acrantophis dumerili). by warwick von hagen | ultimate exotics\ndistribution: reports from reunion are probably erroneous (wallach & glaw 2009). acrantophis dumerili may be a complex of two species (orozco - terwengel et al 2008). type species: acrantophis dumerili jan 1860 is the type species of the genus acrantophis jan 1860 .\nthe iucn (hilton - taylor 2000): dumeril' s boa (acrantophis dumerili), madagascar boa (acrantophis madagascariensis), and the madagascar tree boa (sanzinia madagascariensis). more\npicture of acrantophis dumerili has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike. original source: wikimedia commons permission: some rights reserved\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - dumeril’s boa (acrantophis dumerili )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - dumeril’s boa (acrantophis dumerili )\ntitle =\narkive species - dumeril’s boa (acrantophis dumerili )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ndumeril' s boa acrantophis dumerili their future in the wild is uncertain at best. export of any wild caught animals has been prohibited for many years. more\nborer, m. 2009. acrantophis dumerili – haltung und nachzucht der südlichen madagaskarboa. reptilia (münster) 14 (80): 65 - 68 - get paper here\nwengler, w. 1996. erfahrungen mit der haltung und vermehrung von acrantophis dumerili. reptilia (münster) 1 (1): 46 - 48 - get paper here\nwhen in shed acrantophis dumerili benefit from a slight increase in humidity and may even make use of a humid hide created by placing moist sphagnum moss inside of a hide .\nhuff, t. a. 1984. the husbandry and propagation of the madagascar ground boa, acrantophis dumerili in captivity. acta zool. pathol. antverpiensia 78: 255 - 270\ninteressengemeinschaft riesenschlangen 2000. erste erkenntnisse über die kennzeichnung von riesenschlangen mittels fotodokumentation am beispiel der südlichen madagaskarboa, acrantophis dumerili (jan 1860). elaphe 8 (4): 65 - 70\ndumeril' s boa - acrantophis dumerili dumeril' s boa these attractive boas have beautiful patterns and pleasing proportions. the are tame, easy to breed and do well in captivity. more\nthe dumeril' s boa species specific name, dumerili, was given in honor of french herpetologist andré duméril .\nsomma, louis a. , krysko, kenneth l. and connor, laurence l. 2017. geographic distribution: acrantophis dumerili (duméril' s madagascan ground boa) herpetological review 48 (1): 127 - get paper here\ndumeril' s boa (acrantophis dumerili) dumeril’s boas are docile medium sized snakes that are found throughout southern madagascar. adult dumeril’s boas are usually 4 - 6 feet in length but occasionally reach 7 - 8 feet in length. more\ndumeril' s boa (acrantophis dumerili) adults usually grow to 6. 5 feet (2 m) in length with the maximum reported to be 8 foot, 6 inches (259 cm). more details $ 85. more\ndumeril boa dumeril' s boas, acrantophis dumerili, are medium sized snakes from madagascar. they are not a very demanding species to keep. they used to be very difficult to obtain - they are listed as protected species and basically impossible to import. more\ngardner, charlie j. ; naidi mcdonnell, carlotte ellis, louise d. jasper 2017. observations of aquatic behaviour in malagasy ground boas acrantophis madagascariensis (duméril & bibron, 1844) and a. dumerili jan, 1860. herpetology notes 10: 271 - 273 - get paper here\nborer, markus 2013. madagaskarboas acrantophis und sanzinia - lebensweise, pflege und fortpflanzung. kus - verlag, 136 pp. - get paper here\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - madagascar ground boa (acrantophis madagascariensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - madagascar ground boa (acrantophis madagascariensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - madagascar ground boa (acrantophis madagascariensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\na 1. 4 meters long by 0. 6 meters wide (4 x 2 feet) enclosure is more than adequate for the average size adult acrantophis dumerili. neonates can be kept in 0. 8 x 0. 3 x 0. 3 meters (30 x 13 x 13 inches) glass tanks. i find that like most snakes acrantophis dumerili don’t appreciate the finer points of cage decorating. decorative plants and vines invariably end up getting trampled over and trashed but you can use heavy but steady logs in order to create a naturalistic approach in the enclosure. this species is known to be * potentially * cannibalistic, therefore do not house it with other snakes except for breeding purposes .\nglaw, f. & glaw, k. 2004. geheimnisvolle madagaskarboas: sanzinia und acrantophis. draco 5 (19): 37 - 43 - get paper here\nacrantophis dumerili do well on a variety of substrates. a good option of substrate would be cypress mulch. dumeril’s are able to drink large amounts of water at a time therefore they also tend to urinate more than other species so an frequent cleaning is required. the substrate should be thick enough in order for the snake to be able to burrow in it .\nand acrantophis dumerilli or dumeril' s boa is one. the others are a. madagascariensis or the madagascar ground boa and sanzinia madagascariensis or the madagascar tree boa. more\nvences, m. and glaw, f. (2003) phylogeography, systematics and conservation status of boid snakes from madagascar (sanzinia and acrantophis). salamandra, 39: 181 - 206 .\nvences, m. and glaw, f. (2003) phylogeography, systematics and conservation status of boid snakes from madagascar (sanzinia and acrantophis). salamandra, 39: 181 - 206 .\ndumeril’s boa (acrantophis dumerili) is a relatively large, heavy - bodied, ground - dwelling snake. it is intricately patterned in brown, tan and black, and has glossy black markings around the mouth, with its mottled colouration providing excellent camouflage when lying in the leaf litter of its dry forest habitat (2) (4). some individuals of dumeril’s boa exhibit large amounts of pink or copper colouration (2) .\nvences, m. and glaw, f. (2003) phylogeography, systematics and conservation status of boid snakes from madagascar (sanzinia and acrantophis). salamandra, 39: 181 - 206. available at: urltoken\nvences, m. and glaw, f. (2003) phylogeography, systematics and conservation status of boid snakes from madagascar (sanzinia and acrantophis). salamandra, 39: 181 - 206. available at: urltoken\nthe genus\nacrantophis\nderives from the greek words “akrantos” meaning useless or lazy combined with\nophis\nwhich translates to snake. this name was probably a result of the species being found in a state of no activity or very low activity .\nthe madagascar ground boa (acrantophis madagascariensis) is a relatively large, heavy - bodied, ground - dwelling snake. its colouration comprises a pattern of brown, tan and black, helping to camouflage it against the leaf litter in its habitat (4) .\nvences, m. , f. glaw, j. kosuch, w. böhme & m. veith 2001. phylogeny of south american and malagasy boine snakes: molecular evidence for the validity of sanzinia and acrantophis and biogeographic implications. copeia 2001 (4): 1151 - 1154 - get paper here\nit is recommended to keep a full spectrum light pattern that mimics normal daytime (12h cycle). acrantophis dumerili prefer lower temps than the average red - tailed boa. their enclosures should have a hot side with temps around 29 - 31 c (85 - 88 f) and a cool side of 24 - 27 c (75 - 80 f). in my experience dumeril’s will spend the majority of their time on the cool end of their enclosures and periodically bask on the warm end especially at night as they are a nocturnal species. heat can be provided using heat lamps, pads, tape, or radiant heat panels (my personal preference) .\nall snakes are carnivores. acrantophis dumerili should be fed a diet consisting of appropriately sized rodents. i highly recommend feeding frozen / thawed rodents or pre - killed prey items. while neonates can be fed fuzzy mice i recommend switching them to rats as soon as possible to avoid problems converting them to rats further down the road. these animals are ambush predators and may be shy eaters. stubborn feeders may need to be fed in a small dark enclosure and sometimes a frozen / thawed rodent may have to be left in their enclosure with them over night. young snakes should be fed every 7 - 10 days and larger juveniles and adults should be fed about every 14 - 20 days as they seem to be fairly lazy animals with a slower metabolism and a tendency to become overweight .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1. 0 / / en\nurltoken\ncites is an international agreement between governments, aimed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival .\ncites holds first workshop on the legal acquisition of wildlife in 43 years. see more\ncites - led training workshop for central asia leads to concrete outcomes. see more\ncites congratulates convention on biological diversity for 25 years of action for biodiversity. see more .\nfirst training workshop in a series kicked off in indonesia as cites strives to better regulate trade in captive - raised animals. see more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\n( glaw and vences 2007). the northernmost records might be a hybrid zone with\njustification: listed as least concern, as it is widespread, adaptable and is subject to no significant threats .\nthis species is endemic to madagascar where it is widespread in the south and southwest of the island, occurring from near bemaraha in the north, to morondava and toliara on the west coast and sainte luce on the east coast (glaw and vences 2007). the snake' s extent of occurrence is estimated to be 242, 716 km², and it has been reported from between sea level and 1, 300 m .\nthis species is relatively common in southern and central madagascar (glaw and vences 2007) .\nthis species inhabits intact and disturbed dry forest and thorn bush at low and mid - elevations (glaw and vences 2007). it is also found in savanna settings on the central highlands. it can be encountered in disturbed habitats such as eucalyptus forests and villages. it is usually terrestrial and larger specimens are cathemeral whilst juveniles are mostly nocturnal. it is viviparous and litters consist of 6 - 13 small juveniles. it feeds on wild terrestrial vertebrates as well as domestic poultry .\nduméril' s boa is used in small numbers for the leather trade. it is also used for food by chinese communities. it is collected for the international pet trade, but in much reduced number than in the past. although it is listed under cites appendix i if any international trade is to be allowed in the future there still need to be export controls for this species .\nthis species appears to withstand forest degradation and no major threats have been identified. it is killed by local people as it is considered bad luck and likely predates domestic chickens .\nthis species is on appendix i of cites and all international trade in live animals, or body parts, is prohibited. it has been recorded in most of the protected areas within its range. more information on its ecology in the wild is needed, in addition to a taxonomic assessment of populations in the southeast and north .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhome » resources » categories and criteria » 1994 iucn red list categories and criteria version 2. 3\nthe threatened species categories now used in red data books and red lists have been in place, with some modification, for almost 30 years. since their introduction these categories have become widely recognised internationally, and they are now used in a whole range of publications and listings, produced by iucn as well as by numerous governmental and non - governmental organizations. the red data book categories provide an easily and widely understood method for highlighting those species under higher extinction risk, so as to focus attention on conservation measures designed to protect them .\nthe need to revise the categories has been recognised for some time. in 1984, the ssc held a symposium,' the road to extinction' (fitter and fitter 1987), which examined the issues in some detail, and at which a number of options were considered for the revised system. however, no single proposal resulted. the current phase of development began in 1989 with a request from the ssc steering committee to develop a new approach that would provide the conservation community with useful information for action planning .\nin this document, proposals for new definitions for red list categories are presented. the general aim of the new system is to provide an explicit, objective framework for the classification of species according to their extinction risk .\nto give people using threatened species lists a better understanding of how individual species were classified .\nthe proposals presented in this document result from a continuing process of drafting, consultation and validation. it was clear that the production of a large number of draft proposals led to some confusion, especially as each draft has been used for classifying some set of species for conservation purposes. to clarify matters, and to open the way for modifications as and when they became necessary, a system for version numbering was applied as follows :\nversion 1. 0: mace and lande (1991) - the first paper discussing a new basis for the categories, and presenting numerical criteria especially relevant for large vertebrates .\nversion 2. 0: mace et al. (1992) - a major revision of version 1. 0, including numerical criteria appropriate to all organisms and introducing the non - threatened categories .\nversion 2. 1: iucn (1993) - following an extensive consultation process within ssc, a number of changes were made to the details of the criteria, and fuller explanation of basic principles was included. a more explicit structure clarified the significance of the non - threatened categories .\nversion 2. 2: mace and stuart (1994) - following further comments received and additional validation exercises, some minor changes to the criteria were made. in addition, the susceptible category present in versions 2. 0 and 2. 1 was subsumed into the vulnerable category. a precautionary application of the system was emphasised .\nfinal version - this final document, which incorporates changes as a result of comments from iucn members, was adopted by the iucn council in december 1994 .\nall future taxon lists including categorisations should be based on this version, and not the previous ones .\nin the rest of this document the proposed system is outlined in several sections. the preamble presents some basic information about the context and structure of the proposal, and the procedures that are to be followed in applying the definitions to species. this is followed by a section giving definitions of terms used. finally the definitions are presented, followed by the quantitative criteria used for classification within the threatened categories. it is important for the effective functioning of the new system that all sections are read and understood, and the guidelines followed .\nfitter, r. and fitter, m. (eds) 1987. the road to extinction. iucn, gland, switzerland .\niucn. 1993. draft iucn red list categories. iucn, gland, switzerland .\nmace, g. m. et al. 1992. the development of new criteria for listing species on the iucn red list. species 19: 16 - 22 .\nmace, g. m. and lande, r. 1991. assessing extinction threats: toward a re - evaluation of iucn threatened species categories. conservation biology 5 (2): 148 - 157 .\nmace, g. m. and stuart. s. n. 1994. draft iucn red list categories, version 2. 2. species 21 - 22: 13 - 24 .\nthe following points present important information on the use and interpretation of the categories (= critically endangered, endangered, etc .), criteria (= a to e), and sub - criteria (= a, b etc. , i, ii etc .) :\nall taxa listed as critically endangered qualify for vulnerable and endangered, and all listed as endangered qualify for vulnerable. together these categories are described as' threatened'. the threatened species categories form a part of the overall scheme. it will be possible to place all taxa into one of the categories (see figure 1) .\nfor listing as critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable there is a range of quantitative criteria; meeting any one of these criteria qualifies a taxon for listing at that level of threat. each species should be evaluated against all the criteria. the different criteria (a - e) are derived from a wide review aimed at detecting risk factors across the broad range of organisms and the diverse life histories they exhibit. even though some criteria will be inappropriate for certain taxa (some taxa will never qualify under these however close to extinction they come), there should be criteria appropriate for assessing threat levels for any taxon (other than micro - organisms). the relevant factor is whether any one criterion is met, not whether all are appropriate or all are met. because it will never be clear which criteria are appropriate for a particular species in advance, each species should be evaluated against all the criteria, and any criterion met should be listed .\nthe quantitative values presented in the various criteria associated with threatened categories were developed through wide consultation and they are set at what are generally judged to be appropriate levels, even if no formal justification for these values exists. the levels for different criteria within categories were set independently but against a common standard. some broad consistency between them was sought. however, a given taxon should not be expected to meet all criteria (a - e) in a category; meeting any one criterion is sufficient for listing .\nlisting in the categories of not evaluated and data deficient indicates that no assessment of extinction risk has been made, though for different reasons. until such time as an assessment is made, species listed in these categories should not be treated as if they were non - threatened, and it may be appropriate (especially for data deficient forms) to give them the same degree of protection as threatened taxa, at least until their status can be evaluated .\nextinction is assumed here to be a chance process. thus, a listing in a higher extinction risk category implies a higher expectation of extinction, and over the time - frames specified more taxa listed in a higher category are expected to go extinct than in a lower one (without effective conservation action). however, the persistence of some taxa in high risk categories does not necessarily mean their initial assessment was inaccurate .\nthe criteria are clearly quantitative in nature. however, the absence of high quality data should not deter attempts at applying the criteria, as methods involving estimation, inference and projection are emphasised to be acceptable throughout. inference and projection may be based on extrapolation of current or potential threats into the future (including their rate of change), or of factors related to population abundance or distribution (including dependence on other taxa), so long as these can reasonably be supported. suspected or inferred patterns in either the recent past, present or near future can be based on any of a series of related factors, and these factors should be specified .\ntaxa at risk from threats posed by future events of low probability but with severe consequences (catastrophes) should be identified by the criteria (e. g. small distributions, few locations). some threats need to be identified particularly early, and appropriate actions taken, because their effects are irreversible, or nearly so (pathogens, invasive organisms, hybridization) .\nthe criteria should be applied on the basis of the available evidence on taxon numbers, trend and distribution, making due allowance for statistical and other uncertainties. given that data are rarely available for the whole range or population of a taxon, it may often be appropriate to use the information that is available to make intelligent inferences about the overall status of the taxon in question. in cases where a wide variation in estimates is found, it is legitimate to apply the precautionary principle and use the estimate (providing it is credible) that leads to listing in the category of highest risk .\nwhere data are insufficient to assign a category (including lower risk), the category of' data deficient' may be assigned. however, it is important to recognise that this category indicates that data are inadequate to determine the degree of threat faced by a taxon, not necessarily that the taxon is poorly known. in cases where there are evident threats to a taxon through, for example, deterioration of its only known habitat, it is important to attempt threatened listing, even though there may be little direct information on the biological status of the taxon itself. the category' data deficient' is not a threatened category, although it indicates a need to obtain more information on a taxon to determine the appropriate listing .\nthe criteria for the threatened categories are to be applied to a taxon whatever the level of conservation action affecting it. in cases where it is only conservation action that prevents the taxon from meeting the threatened criteria, the designation of' conservation dependent' is appropriate. it is important to emphasise here that a taxon require conservation action even if it is not listed as threatened .\nall taxon lists including categorisation resulting from these criteria should state the criteria and sub - criteria that were met. no listing can be accepted as valid unless at least one criterion is given. if more than one criterion or sub - criterion was met, then each should be listed. however, failure to mention a criterion should not necessarily imply that it was not met. therefore, if a re - evaluation indicates that the documented criterion is no longer met, this should not result in automatic down - listing. instead, the taxon should be re - evaluated with respect to all criteria to indicate its status. the factors responsible for triggering the criteria, especially where inference and projection are used, should at least be logged by the evaluator, even if they cannot be included in published lists .\nthe category of threat is not necessarily sufficient to determine priorities for conservation action. the category of threat simply provides an assessment of the likelihood of extinction under current circumstances, whereas a system for assessing priorities for action will include numerous other factors concerning conservation action such as costs, logistics, chances of success, and even perhaps the taxonomic distinctiveness of the subject .\nthe criteria are most appropriately applied to whole taxa at a global scale, rather than to those units defined by regional or national boundaries. regionally or nationally based threat categories, which are aimed at including taxa that are threatened at regional or national levels (but not necessarily throughout their global ranges), are best used with two key pieces of information: the global status category for the taxon, and the proportion of the global population or range that occurs within the region or nation. however, if applied at regional or national level it must be recognised that a global category of threat may not be the same as a regional or national category for a particular taxon. for example, taxa classified as vulnerable on the basis of their global declines in numbers or range might be lower risk within a particular region where their populations are stable. conversely, taxa classified as lower risk globally might be critically endangered within a particular region where numbers are very small or declining, perhaps only because they are at the margins of their global range. iucn is still in the process of developing guidelines for the use of national red list categories .\nevaluation of taxa against the criteria should be carried out at appropriate intervals. this is especially important for taxa listed under near threatened, or conservation dependent, and for threatened species whose status is known or suspected to be deteriorating .\nthere are rules to govern the movement of taxa between categories. these are as follows: (a) a taxon may be moved from a category of higher threat to a category of lower threat if none of the criteria of the higher category has been met for five years or more. (b) if the original classification is found to have been erroneous, the taxon may be transferred to the appropriate category or removed from the threatened categories altogether, without delay (but see section 9). (c) transfer from categories of lower to higher risk should be made without delay .\nclassification based on the sizes of geographic ranges or the patterns of habitat occupancy is complicated by problems of spatial scale. the finer the scale at which the distributions or habitats of taxa are mapped, the smaller the area will be that they are found to occupy. mapping at finer scales reveals more areas in which the taxon is unrecorded. it is impossible to provide any strict but general rules for mapping taxa or habitats; the most appropriate scale will depend on the taxa in question, and the origin and comprehensiveness of the distributional data. however, the thresholds for some criteria (e. g. critically endangered) necessitate mapping at a fine scale .\npopulation is defined as the total number of individuals of the taxon. for functional reasons, primarily owing to differences between life - forms, population numbers are expressed as numbers of mature individuals only. in the case of taxa obligately dependent on other taxa for all or part of their life cycles, biologically appropriate values for the host taxon should be used .\nsubpopulations are defined as geographically or otherwise distinct groups in the population between which there is little exchange (typically one successful migrant individual or gamete per year or less) .\nthe number of mature individuals is defined as the number of individuals known, estimated or inferred to be capable of reproduction. when estimating this quantity the following points should be borne in mind :\nwhere the population is characterised by natural fluctuations the minimum number should be used .\nthis measure is intended to count individuals capable of reproduction and should therefore exclude individuals that are environmentally, behaviourally or otherwise reproductively suppressed in the wild .\nin the case of populations with biased adult or breeding sex ratios it is appropriate to use lower estimates for the number of mature individuals which take this into account (e. g. the estimated effective population size) .\nreproducing units within a clone should be counted as individuals, except where such units are unable to survive alone (e. g. corals) .\nin the case of taxa that naturally lose all or a subset of mature individuals at some point in their life cycle, the estimate should be made at the appropriate time, when mature individuals are available for breeding .\ngeneration may be measured as the average age of parents in the population. this is greater than the age at first breeding, except in taxa where individuals breed only once .\na continuing decline is a recent, current or projected future decline whose causes are not known or not adequately controlled and so is liable to continue unless remedial measures are taken. natural fluctuations will not normally count as a continuing decline, but an observed decline should not be considered to be part of a natural fluctuation unless there is evidence for this .\na reduction (criterion a) is a decline in the number of mature individuals of at least the amount (%) stated over the time period (years) specified, although the decline need not still be continuing. a reduction should not be interpreted as part of a natural fluctuation unless there is good evidence for this. downward trends that are part of natural fluctuations will not normally count as a reduction .\nextreme fluctuations occur in a number of taxa where population size or distribution area varies widely, rapidly and frequently, typically with a variation greater than one order of magnitude (i. e. , a tenfold increase or decrease) .\nseverely fragmented refers to the situation where increased extinction risks to the taxon result from the fact that most individuals within a taxon are found in small and relatively isolated subpopulations. these small subpopulations may go extinct, with a reduced probability of recolonisation .\nextent of occurrence is defined as the area contained within the shortest continuous imaginary boundary which can be drawn to encompass all the known, inferred or projected sites of present occurrence of a taxon, excluding cases of vagrancy. this measure may exclude discontinuities or disjunctions within the overall distributions of taxa (e. g. , large areas of obviously unsuitable habitat) (but see' area of occupancy'). extent of occurrence can often be measured by a minimum convex polygon (the smallest polygon in which no internal angle exceeds 180 degrees and which contains all the sites of occurrence) .\narea of occupancy is defined as the area within its' extent of occurrence' (see definition) which is occupied by a taxon, excluding cases of vagrancy. the measure reflects the fact that a taxon will not usually occur throughout the area of its extent of occurrence, which may, for example, contain unsuitable habitats. the area of occupancy is the smallest area essential at any stage to the survival of existing populations of a taxon (e. g. colonial nesting sites, feeding sites for migratory taxa). the size of the area of occupancy will be a function of the scale at which it is measured, and should be at a scale appropriate to relevant biological aspects of the taxon. the criteria include values in km 2, and thus to avoid errors in classification, the area of occupancy should be measured on grid squares (or equivalents) which are sufficiently small (see figure 2) .\nlocation defines a geographically or ecologically distinct area in which a single event (e. g. pollution) will soon affect all individuals of the taxon present. a location usually, but not always, contains all or part of a subpopulation of the taxon, and is typically a small proportion of the taxon' s total distribution .\na quantitative analysis is defined here as the technique of population viability analysis (pva), or any other quantitative form of analysis, which estimates the extinction probability of a taxon or population based on the known life history and specified management or non - management options. in presenting the results of quantitative analyses the structural equations and the data should be explicit .\nfigure 2: two examples of the distinction between extent of occurrence and area of occupancy. (a) is the spatial distribution of known, inferred or projected sites of occurrence. (b) shows one possible boundary to the extent of occurrence, which is the measured area within this boundary. (c) shows one measure of area of occupancy which can be measured by the sum of the occupied grid squares .\nextinct (ex) - a taxon is extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died .\nextinct in the wild (ew) - a taxon is extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalised population (or populations) well outside the past range. a taxon is presumed extinct in the wild when exhaustive surveys in known and / or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon' s life cycle and life form .\ncritically endangered (cr) - a taxon is critically endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future, as defined by any of the criteria (a to e) as described below .\nendangered (en) - a taxon is endangered when it is not critically endangered but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future, as defined by any of the criteria (a to e) as described below .\nvulnerable (vu) - a taxon is vulnerable when it is not critically endangered or endangered but is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium - term future, as defined by any of the criteria (a to e) as described below .\nlower risk (lr) - a taxon is lower risk when it has been evaluated, does not satisfy the criteria for any of the categories critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable. taxa included in the lower risk category can be separated into three subcategories :\nconservation dependent (cd). taxa which are the focus of a continuing taxon - specific or habitat - specific conservation programme targeted towards the taxon in question, the cessation of which would result in the taxon qualifying for one of the threatened categories above within a period of five years .\nnear threatened (nt). taxa which do not qualify for conservation dependent, but which are close to qualifying for vulnerable .\nleast concern (lc). taxa which do not qualify for conservation dependent or near threatened .\ndata deficient (dd) a taxon is data deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and / or population status. a taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and / or distribution is lacking. data deficient is therefore not a category of threat or lower risk. listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that threatened classification is appropriate. it is important to make positive use of whatever data are available. in many cases great care should be exercised in choosing between dd and threatened status. if the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, if a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon, threatened status may well be justified .\nnot evaluated (ne) a taxon is not evaluated when it is has not yet been assessed against the criteria .\ne) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridisation, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites .\n2) a reduction of at least 80% , projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, based on (and specifying) any of (b), (c), (d) or (e) above .\na) severely fragmented (i. e. no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 50 mature individuals )\ne) quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 50% within 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer .\n2) a reduction of at least 50% , projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, based on (and specifying) any of (b), (c), (d), or (e) above .\n1) severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations .\na) severely fragmented (i. e. no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 250 mature individuals )\ne) quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 20% within 20 years or five generations, whichever is the longer .\n2) a reduction of at least 20% , projected or suspected to be met within the next ten years or three generations, whichever is the longer, based on (and specifying) any of (b), (c), (d) or (e) above .\n1) severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than ten locations .\na) severely fragmented (i. e. no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 1000 mature individuals )\n2) population is characterised by an acute restriction in its area of occupancy (typically less than 100 km 2) or in the number of locations (typically less than five). such a taxon would thus be prone to the effects of human activities (or stochastic events whose impact is increased by human activities) within a very short period of time in an unforeseeable future, and is thus capable of becoming critically endangered or even extinct in a very short period .\ne) quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 10% within 100 years .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nuetz, p. & jirí hosek (eds .), the reptile database, (http: / / www. reptile - database. org )\nmcdiarmid, roy w. , jonathan a. campbell, and t' shaka a. touré\nsnake species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, vol. 1\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nnote: tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well. we are working on it .\nnamed after greek “akrantos” = useless or lazy, and greek” ophis = snake. may have been chosen because the species was found in a state of no or low activity. the species is named after french herpetologist a. m. c. duméril .\nandersson, lars gabriel 1910. reptiles and batrachians from the north - west of madagascar collected by v. kaudern, 1906 - 1907. arkiv för zoologi 7 (7): 1 - 15 .\nbarbour, thomas 1918. vertebrata from madagascar. 2. amphibia and reptilia. bull. mus. comp. zool. harvard 61 (14): 479 - 489. - get paper here\nbeolens, bo; michael watkins, and michael grayson 2011. the eponym dictionary of reptiles. johns hopkins university press, baltimore, usa - get paper here\nboulenger, g. a. 1893. catalogue of the snakes in the british museum (nat. hist .) i. london (taylor & francis), 448 pp. - get paper here\nd' cruze, neil; annette olsonn, david henson, sunil kumar, and david emmett. 2009. the amphibians and reptiles of the lower onilahy river valley, a temporary protected area in southwest madagascar. herp. cons. biol. 4: 62 - 79 - get paper here\nglaw, f. & vences, m. 1994. a fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar. vences & glaw verlag, köln (isbn 3 - 929449 - 01 - 3 )\ngower, d. ; garrett, k. & stafford, p. 2012. snakes. firefly books, buffalo, ny, < br / > 144 p. .\njan, g. 1860. iconographie générale des ophidiens. 1. livraison. j. b. bailière et fils, paris - get paper here\nkluge, a. g. 1991. boine snake phylogeny and research cycles. publs mus zool univ michigan 178: 1 - 58\nmcdiarmid, r. w. ; campbell, j. a. & touré, t. a. 1999. snake species of the world. vol. 1. herpetologists’ league, 511 pp .\norozco - terwengel, p. , nagy, z. t. , vieites, d. r. , vences, m. , louis jr. , e. 2008. phylogeography and phylogenetic relationships of malagasy tree and ground boas. biol. j. linn. soc. 95, 640–652. - get paper here\nphilippen, h. d. 2012. riesenschlangenhaltung im lauf der zeit. terraria - elaphe 2012 (4): 16 - 21 - get paper here\nstull, o. g. 1935. a checklist of the family boidae. proc. boston soc. nat. hist. , 40: 387—408 .\nvan beest, piet 2004. herpetologische waarnemingen op madagascar - deel 2: fianarantsoa en verder naar het zuiden. lacerta 62 (3): 92 - 103 - get paper here\nwallach, v. & glaw, f. 2009. a new mid - altitude rainforest species of typhlops (serpentes: typhlopidae) from madagascar with notes on the taxonomic status of t. boettgeri boulenger, t. microcephalus werner, and t. capensis rendahl. zootaxa 2294: 23–38 - get paper here\nwallach, van; kenneth l. williams, jeff boundy 2014. snakes of the world: a catalogue of living and extinct species. taylor and francis, crc press, 1237 pp .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz (database content) and jakob hallermann, zoological museum hamburg (new species and updates) .\nthe adult dumeril’s boa is cathemeral, whereas juveniles are mostly nocturnal. this species is an ambush predator (4), with a diet consisting mainly of terrestrial vertebrates such as mammals and birds, as well as domestic poultry (1) (4), which are all killed by constriction (4). dumeril’s boa lacks the heat - sensitive facial pits present in many other boas, which are used to detect warm - blooded prey (4) .\ndumeril’s boa is viviparous, giving birth to litters of 6 to 13 live, relatively large young (1) (4) (6). the gestation period of this species is approximately seven months (2) .\ndumeril’s boa is endemic to madagascar, where it is widespread in the south and southwest of the island, up to elevations of 1, 300 metres (1) (2) .\ndumeril’s boa is found in dry forest and thorn bushes at low and mid - elevations. it is also found in savannas on the central highlands (1), but is not restricted to pristine habitats (5). it has been found living in degraded habitats, often close to villages, where it presumably feeds on rats (5) .\ndumeril’s boa is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1), and is listed on appendix i of cites (3) .\nin some areas, this snake is collected for food and its skin is used for leather (5). it is also killed due to the belief that it is bad luck and is likely to predate domestic chickens (1). dumeril’s boa is also highly desirable in the pet trade (5). this adaptable snake appears to be able to withstand the degradation of forest habitat, and is not currently considered to be highly threatened (1) .\ndumeril’s boa is listed in appendix i of the convention on international trade in endangered species (cites), meaning that international trade in wild specimens is banned (3). furthermore, it occurs in a number of nature reserves and so receives a level of protection in these areas. local consumption of dumeril’s boa for food is unlikely to severely threaten this species while international trade is banned. the habitat of dumeril’s boa is also under threat due to habitat destruction for agriculture and livestock grazing (5) .\nmore information on the ecology and distribution of dumeril’s boa is needed to aid in its conservation (1) .\nauthenticated (10 / 02 / 2006) by dr. tony phelps, squamate ecologist and founder of the cape reptile institute. urltoken\ncathemeral active intermittently throughout the day and night, rather than exclusively during the day or night. endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area. gestation the state of being pregnant; the period from conception to birth. nocturnal active at night. vertebrate an animal with a backbone, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish. viviparous giving birth to live offspring that develop inside the mother’s body .\nwagner, d. (1996) boas. barron’s educational series, new york .\nhalliday, t. and adler, k. (2002) the new encyclopedia of reptiles and amphibians. oxford university press, oxford .\nnhpa / photoshot holdings ltd 29 - 31 saffron hill london ec1n 8sw united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 20 7421 6003 fax: + 44 (0) 20 7421 6006 sales @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\ndumeril' s boa kills small mammals by constricting the prey in coils of its body (2). they tend to hunt at night (2) and posses heat sensitive pits around the mouth that help them to detect their prey (4). boas give birth to live young (4) .\nclassification from integrated taxonomic information system (itis) selected by renato agazzi - see more .\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar spiny thickets habitat\nand\nthamnornis chloropetoides\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar spiny thickets habitat\nand\ncharadrius thoracicus\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar spiny thickets habitat\nand\nuratelornis chimaera\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar spiny thickets habitat\nand\nmonias benschi\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar spiny thickets habitat\nand\nmonticola imerinus\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthe dumeril’s boa has gained popularity amongst reptile keepers due to their calm temperament as well as their relatively small size, which averages around the 1. 2 – 1. 8 meter mark with the largest reported being 2. 5 meters." ]

{ "text": [ "acrantophis dumerili , commonly known as dumeril 's boa and the madagascar ground boa , is a non-venomous boa species found on madagascar and reunion island .", "no subspecies are currently recognized . " ], "topic": [ 22, 5 ] }

[ "acrantophis dumerili, commonly known as dumeril's boa and the madagascar ground boa, is a non-venomous boa species found on madagascar and reunion island. no subspecies are currently recognized." ]

[ "harrison' s tube - nosed bat (murina harrisoni) is a species of vesper bats (vespertiwionidae). widin de genus murina, it bewongs to de so - cawwed' cycwotis - group'. [ 2 ]\ncompilation rbrausse. made with natural earth. free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata. com. . locations. gabor csorba & paul j. j. bates: description of a new species of murina from cambodia (chiroptera: vespertilionidae: murininae). acta chiropterologica vol 7 no 1, 2005. urltoken yi wu, masaharu motokawa, yu - chun li, masashi harada, zhong chen & wen - hua yu: karyotype of harrison’s tube - nosed bat murina harrisoni (chiroptera: vespertilionidae: murininae) based on the second specimen recorded from hainan island, china. mammalian study vol 35, 2010. urltoken\nkaryotypes and chromosomal data are presented for eight bat species representing two families (rhinolophidae and vespertilionidae) from hainan island, china. the species investigated were rhinolophus lepidus (2n = 62, fn = 60), r. pusillus (2n = 62, fn = 60), r. affinis (2n = 62, fn = 60), r. sinicus (2n = 36, fn = 60), myotis horsfieldi (2n = 44, fn = 52), pipistrellus abramus (2n = 26, fn =... [ show full abstract ]\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nupdating the occurrence of harpiocephalus harpia (chiroptera: vespertilionidae) and its karyology in ...\nthe karyotypes of 10 taiwanese vespertilionid bats were examined for the 1st time. three myotis species (m. formosus watasei, m. latriostris, and m. taiwanensis) have the standard myotis karyotype of 2n = 44 with fn = 50. the karyotypes of plecotus taivanus (2n = 32, fn = 50), eptesicus serotinus horikawai (2n = 50, fn = 48), arielulus torquatus (2n = 50, fn = 48), and murina puta (2n = 44, fn... [ show full abstract ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n<? xml version =\n1. 0\nencoding =\nutf - 8\n? > < event > < eventlog > < portalid > sunmedia < / portalid > < sessionid > 12pii3ng7gsva. x - sunmedia - live - 01 < / sessionid > < useragent > python / 3. 5 aiohttp / 3. 3. 2 < / useragent > < identityid > guest < / identityid > < identity _ list > guest < / identity _ list > < ipaddress > 35. 238. 125. 158 < / ipaddress > < eventtype > personalisation < / eventtype > < createdon > 1531221012856 < / createdon > < / eventlog > < eventlogproperty > < item _ id > urltoken < / item _ id > < type > recommendtolibrary < / type > < / eventlogproperty > < / event >\n* to whom correspondence should be addressed. e - mail: motokawa @ urltoken ;\nthis species is only known from kirirom national park in southern cambodia (csorba and bates 2005) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthis species was onwy recentwy discovered and described. it is characterised by de attachment point of de pwagiopatagium, its warge skuww size, de distinctive shape of de rostrum, and de rewative sizes of de upper incisors. [ 2 ] it is known from kirirom nationaw park, cambodia where it was cowwected in disturbed semi - evergreen gawwery forests. [ 1 ] it is awso recorded from thaiwand. [ 3 ]\ntext is avaiwabwe under de creative commons attribution - shareawike license; additionaw terms may appwy. by using dis site, you agree to de terms of use and privacy powicy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of de wikimedia foundation, inc. , a non - profit organization, uh - hah - hah - hah." ]

{ "text": [ "harrison 's tube-nosed bat ( murina harrisoni ) is a species of vesper bats ( vespertilionidae ) .", "within the genus murina , it belongs to the so-called ' cyclotis-group ' .", "this species was only recently discovered and described .", "it is characterised by the attachment point of the plagiopatagium , its large skull size , the distinctive shape of the rostrum , and the relative sizes of the upper incisors .", "it is known from kirirom national park , cambodia where it was collected in disturbed semi-evergreen gallery forests .", "it is also recorded from thailand . " ], "topic": [ 25, 26, 5, 23, 24, 8 ] }

[ "harrison's tube-nosed bat (murina harrisoni) is a species of vesper bats (vespertilionidae). within the genus murina, it belongs to the so-called' cyclotis-group'. this species was only recently discovered and described. it is characterised by the attachment point of the plagiopatagium, its large skull size, the distinctive shape of the rostrum, and the relative sizes of the upper incisors. it is known from kirirom national park, cambodia where it was collected in disturbed semi-evergreen gallery forests. it is also recorded from thailand." ]

[ "the above specimen data are provided by antweb. please see myrmica scabrinodis for further details\nmyrmica scabrinodis is a common red ant found in many habitats. it could be confused with a number of other myrmica ants. examination of the base of the scapes is required to separate it from other myrmica .\nreticulata. myrmica rolandi var reticulata stärcke, 1942c: xxv (w. q. m .) spain. [ first available use of myrmica scabrinodis st. rolandi var. reticulata santschi, 1931b: 344; unavailable name. ] junior synonym of scabrinodis: seifert, 1988b: 27 .\nscabrinodosabuleti. myrmica (myrmica) scabrinodis var. scabrinodosabuleti sadil, 1952: 253, figs. iv, 13 - 15; vii, 17 - 19 (w. m .) czechoslovakia. junior synonym of sabuleti: radchenko, 1994e: 80; of scabrinodis: radchenko & elmes, 2010: 259 .\na member of the scabrinodis complex of the scabrinodis species group. m. scabrinodis is so widespread and common that specimens are only given a superficial examination and even when workers are examined more carefully it is easy to confuse m. scabrinodis with several other scabrinodis - group species. rarer scabrinodis - group species are often identified as m. scabrinodis (sometimes vice - versa) but most commonly workers (and sometimes queens) are confused with those of myrmica vandeli and myrmica specioides, and occasionally with sympatric myrmica sabuleti populations. however, m. scabrinodis males have a much shorter scape than those of m. sabuleti and m. vandeli, and much longer erect hairs on the scape and tibiae than m. specioides, thus if males are taken with the female castes all scabrinodis - group species currently recognised, should be identifiable correctly. thus m. scabrinodis has always been a “dust - bin” species that includes all forms that cannot be clearly discriminated by a combination of features of all three castes. even now, we suppose that “ m. scabrinodis ” includes at least two (perhaps more) cryptic species that are morphologically indistinguishable but have different ecological preferences and are adapted to quite different habitats .\nwasmann, e. 1891a [ 1890 ]. einige neue hermaphroditen von myrmica scabrinodis und laevinodis. stett. entomol. ztg. 51: 298 - 299 (page 298, gynandromorph described )\nsenior synonym of myrmica pilosiscapus: kutter, 1977c: 69; collingwood, 1979 pdf: 55; seifert, 1988b: 27; casevitz - weulersse, 1990a: 137; of myrmica rugulosoides: bernard, 1967a pdf: 116; banert & pisarski, 1972 pdf: 350; collingwood, 1979 pdf: 55; seifert, 1984b pdf: 1; of myrmica rolandi reticulata: seifert, 1988b: 27; of myrmica scabrinodis scabrinodosabuleti: radchenko & elmes, 2010 pdf: 259; of myrmica symbiotica: csosz, 2012 pdf: 28 .\nmaterial of the nomen nudum myrmica rugosa referred here by mayr, 1855 pdf: 411 .\nseifert, b. , yazdi, a. b. & schultz, r. 2014. myrmica martini sp. n. – a cryptic species of the myrmica scabrinodis species complex (hymenoptera: formicidae) revealed by geometric morphometrics and nest - centroid clustering. myrmecological news 19, 171 - 183 .\nrugulosoides. myrmica scabrinodis var. rugulosoides forel, 1915d: 29 (w .) switzerland. kutter, 1924: 8 (q. m .). subspecies of scabrinodis: kutter, 1924: 8; santschi, 1931b: 342; stitz, 1939: 93; novak & sadil, 1941: 79. status as species: bondroit, 1918: 102; müller, 1923: 42; finzi, 1926: 94; baroni urbani, 1971c: 30; kutter, 1977c: 68. junior synonym of scabrinodis: bernard, 1967: 116; banert & pisarski, 1972: 350; collingwood, 1979: 55; seifert, 1984b: 1; seifert, 1988b: 27 .\nsymbiotica. sommimyrma symbiotica menozzi, 1925d: 25, fig. 1 (w .) italy. combination in myrmica: bolton, 1988a: 4. junior synonym of scabrinodis: csősz, 2012: 28. see also: kutter, 1973c: 256; radchenko & elmes, 2003a: 224; radchenko & elmes, 2010: 299 .\nradchenko, a. g. & elmes, g. w. 2010. myrmica ants of the old world. fauna mundi 3: 1 - 789 .\nradchenko and elmes (2010) - myrmica scabrinodis uses a wide variety of habitats throughout is extensive range, it is most commonly associated with grasslands but is also present in open forests and woodlands, especially in the southern part of its range. in forests it nests in the soil, often under bark and pieces of wood and sometimes in and under moss. in bogs and marshes m. scabrinodis builds nests in grass and moss tussocks and usually colonies build a quite large solarium from soil, chewed moss and other detritus, where they rear their larvae. in drier grassland and on high moorlands, nests are built under flat stones or directly into the soil, in the latter case small solaria are built in spring but these are not maintained as the season progresses. in very hot conditions nests are built in the soil with no obvious aboveground structures. in many hotter habitats that support a population of lasius flavus mounds, nests of m. scabrinodis can be found built into the side of the mound and there is some evidence that they prey upon the l. flavus larvae, a view supported by the results of pontin (1969) who showed that l. flavus produced more sexuals when the nests of m. scabrinodis were removed. m. scabrinodis colonies, like myrmica rubra, have been shown to amalgamate under some conditions (morely 1938). a cast of a m. scabrinodis nest on heathland was made by brian and downing (1958) and excavation behaviour was studied by sudd (1971) .\nsantschi, f. 1931c. notes sur le genre myrmica (latreille). rev. suisse zool. 38: 335 - 355 (page 341, status as species )\nlyu, d. - p. 2006. review of the genus myrmica in korea (hymenoptera: formicidae). journal of asia - pacific entomology 9: 189 - 202 .\nhauschteck, e. 1965. halbe haploide chromosomenzahl im hoden von myrmica sulcinodis nyl. (formicidae). experientia (basel) 21: 323 - 325 (page 325, karyotype described )\nfinally, like all the other european myrmica species nuptial flights take place from late july until the end of september (e. g. donisthorpe 1934; boomsma and leusink 1981; woyciechowski 1990a; our observations). very often males and gynes join large mixed mating swarms but we have also observed small very local swarms composed entirely of m. scabrinodis. these local swarms often use a small bush or shrub as a swarm focus .\npilosiscapus. myrmica pilosiscapus bondroit, 1920a: 147, fig. 1 (w. q. m .) belgium. [ also described as new by bondroit, 1920b: 301. ] subspecies of scabrinodis: finzi, 1926: 102; santschi, 1931b: 343; stitz, 1939: 94. status as species: sadil, 1952: 256; arnol' di, 1970b: 1842; baroni urbani, 1971c: 26. junior synonym of sabuleti: bernard, 1967: 117; boven, 1977: 120; of scabrinodis: kutter, 1977c: 69; collingwood, 1979: 55; seifert, 1988b: 27; casevitz - weulersse, 1990a: 137 .\nfinzi, b. 1926. le forme europee del genere myrmica latr. primo contributo. boll. soc. adriat. sci. nat. trieste 29: 71 - 119 (page 98, status as species )\nsubspecies of myrmica rubra: forel, 1874 pdf: 76; emery & forel, 1879: 460; emery, 1895d pdf: 313; forel, 1904c pdf: 374; wheeler, 1908k pdf: 406 .\nbagherian yazdi, a. , munch, w. & seifert, b. 2012. a first demonstration of interspecific hybridization in myrmica ants by geometric morphometrics (hymenoptera: formicidae). myrmecological news 17, 121 - 131 .\nthe mandibular secretions of m. scabrinodis and other ants have been shown to inhibit pollen germination (sanderson and wright 1989) and m. scabrinodis have been shown to rob insect prey from drosera species (thurn 1989), which may be important for the ants when insect prey is in short supply. the general role of m. scabrinodis in moorland ant communities was studied intensively in scotland (e. g. brian and brian 1951; brian 1952a, b, 1955b, 1956b), in north sea sand - dunes (boomsma and de vries 1980; boomsma and van loon 1982; boomsma and isaaks 1982), in a mountain meadow (woyciechowski and miszta 1976), in steppe (reznikova and samoshilova 1981) and in relation to formica ants (vepsalanen and savolainen 1990; dauber and wolters 2000), but this species has never been subjected to the same intensive study as say, m. rubra and m. ruginodis .\nseifert, b. 1988b. a taxonomic revision of the myrmica species of europe, asia minor, and caucasia (hymenoptera, formicidae). abh. ber. naturkundemus. görlitz 62 (3): 1 - 75 (page 27, status as species, senior synonym of pilosiscapus, the unavailable name retidulata )\nradchenko, a. g. 1994h. survey of the species of the rubra, rugosa, arnoldii, luteola and schencki groups of the genus myrmica (hymenoptera, formicidae) from central and eastern palearctic. zool. zh. 73 (1 11: 72 - 80 (page 79, senior synonym of ahngeri and georgia )\nradchenko and elmes (2010) - we studied the type series of m. scabrinodis, preserved in the nylander' s collection (helsinki) and designated the worker as the lectotype (see material examined). originally, the lectotype worker was pinned through its gaster by a thin and blunt pin; during our investigation the specimen fell from this pin so we glued the lectotype to a cardboard triangle on a proper entomological pin .\nas has been pointed out in the notes above, it is hard to believe that bog - living m. scabrinodis can be the same species as sympatric populations living in very hot, dry grassland. for example, in one study (elmes et al. 1994) we showed that on sites in both spain and the netherlands there appeared to be two distinct\ntypes\nof m. scabrinodis that were easily discriminated in the field. “type i” appeared smaller and paler, lived in wetter conditions, made extensive nests in the vegetation with few if any deep chambers, were more timid being reluctant to run up ones hand if placed in the nest and attacking baits from underneath (like m. lobicornis); “type 2” appeared slightly larger and darker, lived in somewhat drier conditions, made nests with deep chambers in the soil and were more inclined to run up ones hand when placed into the nest, and sat on top of baits (more like m. ruginodis). we also noted similar ecological differences in populations from france and elsewhere in europe (unpublished) .\non an acid grassland site m. scabrinodis colonies average about 200 workers with 1. 4 queens, 30% of nests produced sexuals and these were larger colonies with fewer queens (elmes and wardlaw 1982c). like the sympatric m. sabuleti populations colony size and productivity was related to the above ground vegetation (elmes and wardlaw 1982a). in england, colonies on limestone grassland were the largest averaging > 4 queens and about 850 workers per nest, on acid grassland numbers were about 2 queens and 600 workers while high, cold moorland had the smallest colonies, < 0. 5 queens and about 300 workers per nest; nest densities were about 1. 0, 0. 25 and 0. 004 nests per m2 respectively (elmes and wardlaw 1982b). genetical relatedness and colony structure was investigated by seppa (1996) .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\ncollingwood (1979) - yellow red to blackish brown according to habitat. the antennal scape is sharply angled and sinuate near the base, often with a slight lateral extension in the larger more deeply sculptured forms. the petiole has a distinctly concave anterior face which meets the truncate dorsal surface at a sharp angle. head index: 85. 6; frons index: 36. 8; frontal laminae index: 66. 5. length: 4. 0 - 5. 0 mm .\nthroughout europe. it has been introduced into north america where it is established on a number of the boston harbor islands and possibly the nearby mainland (but occurrence there needs confirmation). it is not known from other locations in north america .\ncollingwood (1979) - the species has variable habits, being found in a very wide range of habitats. in southern areas it is often associated with the meadow ant lasius flavus (fabr .) living in part of the mound nest and preying on the l. flavus workers but may be equally common in woodland, coastal sand, gravel river banks, peat bogs and moorland. individual nests are small, situated under stones, in tree stumps or in the ground with a few hundred workers and one or a few queens. the alatas fly in august, pairing occurring in the air .\nthis ant has been associated with the butterfly glaucopsyche alexis (obregon et al. 2015) .\nthis species is a host for the ectoparastic fungus rickia wasmannii (espadaler & santamaria, 2012) .\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton' s new general catalogue, a catalogue of the world' s ants .\n: forel, 1874: 76; emery & forel, 1879: 460; emery, 1895c: 313; forel, 1904b: 374; wheeler, w. m. 1908g: 406. status as species: saunders, e. 1880: 215; nasonov, 1889: 36; emery, 1898c: 126; emery, 1908a: 174; bondroit, 1912: 351; stitz, 1914: 71; donisthorpe, 1915d: 125; forel, 1915d: 29; karavaiev, 1916: 504; emery, 1916b: 120; wheeler, w. m. 1917a: 504; bondroit, 1918: 101; santschi, 1921a: 110; menozzi, 1922b: 325; müller, 1923: 43; finzi, 1926: 98; karavaiev, 1926b: 95; santschi, 1931b: 341; bernard, 1967: 116; tarbinsky, 1976: 41; kutter, 1977c: 69; arnol' di & dlussky, 1978: 534; collingwood, 1979: 55; seifert, 1988b: 27; atanassov & dlussky, 1992: 95. senior synonym of\nreferred here by mayr, 1855: 411. see also: radchenko, 2007: 29; radchenko & elmes, 2010: 259 .\nunless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .\nradchenko and elmes (2010) - from a combination of the latin words scabres = roughness or\nscabby\nand nodus = knot or lump, to describe the rough, scabby appearance of the surfaces of the petiole .\narnol' di, k. v. ; dlussky, g. m. 1978. superfam. formicoidea. 1. fam. formicidae - ants. pp. 519 - 556 in: medvedev, g. s. (ed .) keys to the insects of the european part of the ussr. vol. 3. hymenoptera. part 1. opredeliteli faune sssr 119: 3 - 584. (page 534, status as species )\natanassov, n. ; dlussky, g. m. 1992. fauna of bulgaria. hymenoptera, formicidae. fauna bûlg. 22: 1 - 310 (page 95, status as species )\nbernard, f. 1967a [ 1968 ]. faune de l' europe et du bassin méditerranéen. 3. les fourmis (hymenoptera formicidae) d' europe occidentale et septentrionale. paris: masson, 411 pp. (page 116, status as species; senior synonym of rugulosoides )\nbondroit, j. 1912. fourmis de hautes - fagnes. ann. soc. entomol. belg. 56: 351 - 352 (page 351, status as species )\nbondroit, j. 1918. les fourmis de france et de belgique. ann. soc. entomol. fr. 87: 1 - 174 (page 101, status as species )\ncasevitz - weulersse, j. 1990b. étude systématique de la myrmécofaune corse (hymenoptera, formicidae) (première partie). bull. mus. natl. hist. nat. sect. a zool. biol. écol. anim. (4) 12: 135 - 163 (page 137, senior synonym of pilosiscapus )\ncollingwood, c. a. 1979. the formicidae (hymenoptera) of fennoscandia and denmark. fauna entomol. scand. 8: 1 - 174 (page 55, status as species; senior synonym of pilosiscapus, rugulosoides )\ncsősz, s. 2012. nematode infection as significant source of unjustified taxonomic descriptions in ants (hymenoptera: formicidae). myrmecological news, 17, 27 - 31 .\ndonisthorpe, h. 1915f. british ants, their life - history and classification. plymouth: brendon & son ltd. , xv + 379 pp. (page 125, status as species )\nemery, c. 1895d. beiträge zur kenntniss der nordamerikanischen ameisenfauna. (schluss). zool. jahrb. abt. syst. geogr. biol. tiere 8: 257 - 360 (page 313, race / subspecies of rubra )\nemery, c. 1898c. beiträge zur kenntniss der palaearktischen ameisen. öfvers. fin. vetensk. - soc. förh. 20: 124 - 151 (page 126, status as species )\nemery, c. 1908a. beiträge zur monographie der formiciden des paläarktischen faunengebietes. dtsch. entomol. z. 1908: 165 - 205 (page 174, status as species )\nemery, c. 1916a [ 1915 ]. fauna entomologica italiana. i. hymenoptera. - formicidae. bull. soc. entomol. ital. 47: 79 - 275 (page 120, status as species )\nemery, c. ; forel, a. 1879. catalogue des formicides d' europe. mitt. schweiz. entomol. ges. 5: 441 - 481 (page 460, race / subspecies of rubra )\nespadaler, x. , santamaria, s. 2012. ecto - and endoparasitic fungi on ants from the holarctic region. psyche article id 168478, 10 pages (doi: 10. 1155 / 2012 / 168478) .\nforel, a. 1874. les fourmis de la suisse. systématique, notices anatomiques et physiologiques, architecture, distribution géographique, nouvelles expériences et observations de moeurs. neue denkschr. allg. schweiz. ges. gesammten naturwiss. 26: 1 - 452 (page 76, race / subspecies of rubra )\nforel, a. 1904c [ 1903 ]. note sur les fourmis du musée zoologique de l' académie impériale des sciences à st. pétersbourg. ezheg. zool. muz. 8: 368 - 388 (page 374, race / subspecies of rubra )\nforel, a. 1915d. fauna insectorum helvetiae. hymenoptera. formicidae. die ameisen der schweiz. mitt. schweiz. entomol. ges. 12 (b beilage: 1 - 77 (page 29, status as species )\nkaravaiev, v. 1916a [ 1915 ]. ants from gadjatsh district of the government of poltava and from the province of ferghana. rus. entomol. obozr. 15: 496 - 507 (page 504, status as species )\nkaravaiev, v. 1926b. beiträge zur ameisenfauna des kaukasus, nebst einigen bemerkungen über andere palaearktische formen. konowia 5: 93 - 109 (page 95, status as species )\nmayr, g. 1855. formicina austriaca. beschreibung der bisher im österreichischen kaiserstaate aufgefundenen ameisen, nebst hinzufügung jener in deutschland, in der schweiz und in italien vorkommenden arten. verh. zool. - bot. ver. wien 5: 273 - 478 (page 411, material of the nomen nudum rugosa referred here )\nmenozzi, c. 1922c. contribution à la faune myrmécologique de l' espagne. bol. r. soc. esp. hist. nat. 22: 324 - 332 (page 325, status as species )\nmüller, g. 1923b. le formiche della venezia guilia e della dalmazia. boll. soc. adriat. sci. nat. trieste 28: 11 - 180 (page 43, status as species )\nnasonov, n. v. 1889. contribution to the natural history of the ants primarily of russia. 1. contribution to the ant fauna of russia. izv. imp. obshch. lyubit. estestvozn. antropol. etnogr. imp. mosk. univ. 58: 1 - 78 (page 36, status as species )\nnylander, w. 1846a. adnotationes in monographiam formicarum borealium europae. acta societatis scientiarum fennicae. 2: 875 - 944. pdf (page 930, worker, queen, male described )\nobregon, r. , m. r. shaw, j. fernandez - haeger, and d. jordano. 2015. parasitoid and ant interactions of some iberian butterflies (insecta: lepidoptera). shilap - revista de lepidopterologia. 43: 439 - 454 .\nsantschi, f. 1921a. notes sur les fourmis paléarctiques. ii. fourmis d' asie mineure récoltées par m. h. gadeau de kerville. bol. r. soc. esp. hist. nat. 21: 110 - 116 (page 110, status as species )\nsaunders, e. 1880. synopsis of the british heterogyna and fossorial hymenoptera. trans. entomol. soc. lond. 1880: 201 - 304 (page 215, status as species )\nseifert, b. 1984c. nachweis einer im freiland aufgetretenen bastardierung von leptothorax nigriceps mayr und leptothorax unifasciatus (latr .) mittels einer multiplen diskriminanzanalyse. abh. ber. naturkundemus. görlitz 58 (7): 1 - 8 (page 1, senior synonym of rugulosoides )\nstitz, h. 1914. die ameisen (formicidae) mitteleuropas, insbesondere deutschlands. pp. 1 - 111 in: schröder, c. (ed .) die insekten mitteleuropas insbesondere deutschlands. band ii, hymenopteren, 2. teil. stuttgart: franckh' sche verlagshandlung, 256 pp. (page 71, status as species )\ntarbinsky, y. s. 1976. the ants of kirghizia. frunze: ilim, 217 pp. (page 41, status as species )\nwheeler, g. c. ; wheeler, j. 1953a [ 1952 ]. the ant larvae of the myrmicine tribe myrmicini. psyche (camb .) 59: 105 - 125 (page 119, larva described )\nwheeler, w. m. 1908k. comparative ethology of the european and north american ants. j. psychol. neurol. 13: 404 - 435 (page 406, race / subspecies of rubra )\nwheeler, w. m. 1917a. the mountain ants of western north america. proc. am. acad. arts sci. 52: 457 - 569 (page 504, status as species )\nthis page was last modified on 16 december 2017, at 07: 32 .\nfound throughout the british isles. the apparent sparsity of records for ireland is most likely due to under recording .\nfound in many habitats but rarely in woods, very dry grasslands or around human habitations. high nest densities can be found in boggy areas .\nfeeds on small arthropods. also thought to steal and eat brood from other ants in particular lasius flavus (fabricius) .\nnests are in soil, under stones, or in grass tussocks and sometimes in the sides of lasius flavus mounds .\nyou must log in to access this functionality. you may create an account, or log in anonymously, here .\nwheeler & wheeler, 1953a pdf: 119 (l .); hauschteck, 1965 pdf: 325 (k .); wasmann, 1891a pdf: 298 (gynandromorph) .\nstatus as species: saunders, 1880 pdf: 215; nasonov, 1889: 36; emery, 1898c pdf: 126; emery, 1908a pdf: 174; bondroit, 1912 pdf: 351; stitz, 1914 pdf: 71; donisthorpe, 1915f: 125; forel, 1915d: 29; karavaiev, 1916a pdf: 504; emery, 1916a pdf: 120; wheeler, 1917a pdf: 504; bondroit, 1918 pdf: 101; santschi, 1921a pdf: 110; menozzi, 1922c pdf: 325; müller, 1923b pdf: 43; finzi, 1926 pdf: 98; karavaiev, 1926b pdf: 95; santschi, 1931c pdf: 341; bernard, 1967a pdf: 116; tarbinsky, 1976 pdf: 41; kutter, 1977c: 69; arnol' di & dlussky, 1978: 534; collingwood, 1979 pdf: 55; seifert, 1988b: 27; atanassov & dlussky, 1992: 95 .\nsee also: radchenko, 2007 pdf: 29; radchenko & elmes, 2010 pdf: 259 .\nforel, a. , 1890, fourmis de tunisie et de l' algérie orientale. , annales de la societe entomologique de belgique, comptes - rendus des seances 34, pp. 61 - 76: 75, (download )\nnylander, w. , 1846, adnotationes in monographiam formicarum borealium europae. , acta societatis scientiarum fennicae 2, pp. 875 - 944: 930 - 932, (download )\ncollingwood, c. a. , 1979, the formicidae (hymenoptera) of fennoscandia and denmark. , fauna entomologica scandinavica 8, pp. 1 - 174: 55, (download )\nsmith, f. , 1858, catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the british museum. part vi. formicidae. , london: british museum: 115, (download )\n0 times found in unknown, 0 times found in heathlands, 0 times found in dry grassland, 0 times found in wet grassland, 0 times found in anthropogenic, 0 times found in forest, 0 times found in rocks (rocky - calcareous grasslands), 0 times found in dunes & inland dunes, 0 times found in shrubs, 0 times found in bogs & fenns, ...\n2 times under stones, 2 times ground nest, 2 times on the ground, 1 times nest under stone, 1 times nest in moss, 1 times moss near path, 1 times in moss, 1 times in & under rotten log, 1 times ground foraging, 1 times ground forager (s), 1 times foraging on ground, ...\n0 times pitfall trap, 0 times manual catch, 0 times color trap, 0 times white pitfall, 0 times malaise trap, 19 times search, 0 times white color trap, 0 times pyramid trap, 0 times insect net, 0 times window trap, 0 times beating, ...\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license. we encourage use of antweb images. in print, each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption. for websites, images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken, with a backward link to the respective source page. see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation, deb - 0344731, ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395. c: 1\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nvimeo is an amazing video service for original creative work, but it’s also a company with real human employees. you could be one !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools." ]

{ "text": [ "myrmica scabrinodis scabrinodis is a subspecies of ant that can be found everywhere in europe except for andorra , bosnia and herzegovina , canary islands , croatia , iceland , malta , monaco , madeira , monaco , san marino , slovenia , and vatican city .", "it is unique in that it reproduces by ejecting pheromones from its postpetiole directly into the mandibles of its mate .", "female ants of this species can also reproduce through thelytokous parthenogenesis , but , unlike most ant species during this process , the individual will rupture the membrane of the gaster , causing a burst of secretions containing their offspring in addition to acetophenones and other chemicals .", "oleic acid has been identified as the compound released from dead ants that triggers necrophoric behaviour in genus myrmica , however m. scabrinodis scabrinodis occasionally respond by engaging in anthropophagy .", "males in this species react to the absence of characteristic chemicals ( dolichodial and iridomyrmecin ) present on the cuticle of their living nestmates to trigger a similar response .", "about 12 % , 16 % , and 4 % of their faecal volume in spring , summer , and autumn , respectively , is composed of material from this behaviour . " ], "topic": [ 25, 19, 4, 25, 9, 14 ] }

[ "myrmica scabrinodis scabrinodis is a subspecies of ant that can be found everywhere in europe except for andorra, bosnia and herzegovina, canary islands, croatia, iceland, malta, monaco, madeira, monaco, san marino, slovenia, and vatican city. it is unique in that it reproduces by ejecting pheromones from its postpetiole directly into the mandibles of its mate. female ants of this species can also reproduce through thelytokous parthenogenesis, but, unlike most ant species during this process, the individual will rupture the membrane of the gaster, causing a burst of secretions containing their offspring in addition to acetophenones and other chemicals. oleic acid has been identified as the compound released from dead ants that triggers necrophoric behaviour in genus myrmica, however m. scabrinodis scabrinodis occasionally respond by engaging in anthropophagy. males in this species react to the absence of characteristic chemicals (dolichodial and iridomyrmecin) present on the cuticle of their living nestmates to trigger a similar response. about 12% , 16% , and 4% of their faecal volume in spring, summer, and autumn, respectively, is composed of material from this behaviour." ]

[ "anacampsis cirrhocoma meyrick, 1914; ann. transv. mus. 4 (4): 193; tl: [ s. africa, ] new hanover\nstomopteryx mongolica piskunov, 1975; (? preocc. stomopteryx mongolica povolný, 1975 )\nstomopteryx difficilis janse, 1951; moths s. afr. 5 (3): 247\nstomopteryx flavipalpella jäckh, 1959; boll. soc. ent. ital. 89: 85\nstomopteryx ochrosema meyrick, 1932; trans. ent. soc. lond. 80: 131\nstomopteryx officiosa janse, 1951; moths s. afr. 5 (3): 250\nstomopteryx pallidipes janse, 1951; moths s. afr. 5 (3): 252\nstomopteryx trachyphylla janse, 1960; moths s. afr. 6 (2): 223\nstomopteryx (stomopteryx) mongolica povolný, 1975; ann. hist. - nat. mus. nat. hung. 67: 177; tl: chövsgöl aimak, 4km nw mörön, 1500m\nstomopteryx nugatricella rebel, 1893; stettin ent. ztg 54 (1 - 3): 50\nhave a fact about stomopteryx zanoni? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for stomopteryx zanoni? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about stomopteryx metadesma? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for stomopteryx metadesma? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nstomopteryx hungaricella gozmány, 1957; acta zool. hung. 3 (1 - 2): 111\nstomopteryx maledicta meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 162; tl: java, pekalongan\nstomopteryx prolapsa meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 137; tl: ceylon, puttalam\nstomopteryx rastrifera meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 137; tl: ceylon, puttalam\nstomopteryx neftensis; karsholt & rutten, 2005, tijdschr. ent. 148 (1): 80 (note )\nstomopteryx subnigricella; karsholt & rutten, 2005, tijdschr. ent. 148 (1): 80 (note )\nstomopteryx bathrarcha meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 76; tl: rhodesia, sawmills\nstomopteryx kermella chrétien, 1915; ann. soc. ent. fr. 84: 328; tl: aïn - kerma (constantine )\nstomopteryx quadripunctella chrétien, 1915; ann. soc. ent. fr. 84: 327; tl: aïn - sefra (oran )\nstomopteryx basalis; [ nhm card ]; sumpich & skyva, 2012, nota lepid. 35 (2): 173; [ fe ]\nstomopteryx flavoclavella zerny, 1935; mém. soc. sci. nat. maroc. 42: 139, pl. 2, f. 21\nstomopteryx nigricella; [ nhm card ]; karsholt & rutten, 2005, tijdschr. ent. 148 (1): 80 (note )\nstomopteryx orthogonella; [ nhm card ]; bidzilya & karsholt, 2013, nota lepid. 36 (1): 78; [ fe ]\nstomopteryx frivola meyrick, 1926; ann. s. afr. mus. 23: 330; tl: cape province, sneeuw kop, wellington, 5000ft\nstomopteryx phaeopa meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 136; tl: peru, oroya (12200ft), huancayao (10650ft )\nstomopteryx praecipitata meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 137; tl: kanara, kumbarvada; bombay, belgaum; bengal, pusa\nstomopteryx biangulata meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 77; tl: british s. e. africa, bela vista\nstomopteryx radicalis falkovitsh & bidzilya, 2003; proc. zool. mus. kiev nat. taras shevchenko univ. 1 (1): (113 - 147 )\nparapsectris anxia meyrick, 1917; ann. s. afr. mus. 17 (1): 4; tl: cape colony, prince albert\nargodoris (meyrick, 1936) (gelechia); exotic microlep. 5 (2): 43\nanacampsis bivittella chrétien, 1915; ann. soc. ent. fr. 84: 324; tl: gafsa; tunisia\naristotelia bolschewickiella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 109\nanacampsis circaea meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 67; tl: haenertsburg\nleuronoma credula meyrick, 1927; exot. microlep. 3 (11): 343; tl: s. rhodesia, shangani\nacraeologa delotypa janse, 1963; moths s. afr. 6 (3): 255; tl: transvaal\nacraeologa descarpentriesella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 223\nlarva on deverra scoparia walsingham, 1905, ent. mon. mag. 41: 124\ndiscolorella turati, 1924; atti soc. ital. sci. nat. 63: 164, pl. 6, f. 7\ngelechia elachistella stainton, 1859; ann. mag. nat. hist (3) 3: 213; tl :\nnorthern dezerta\nanacampsis elaeocoma meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 19; tl: transvaal, pretoria\nleuronoma eremopis meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 67; tl: transvaal, pretoria\nfalkovitshi piskunov, 1987; zool. zh. 65 (1): 149\ninotica gaesata meyrick, 1913; exot. microlep. 1 (3): 66; tl: asia minor, taurus mts\nanacampsis geryella chrétien, 1915; ann. soc. ent. fr. 84: 323; tl: géryville, oran\nacraeologa grandidierella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 222\nunipunctella turati, 1924; atti soc. ital. sci. nat. 63: 166, pl. 6, f. 10\nlita lineolella eversmann, 1844; fauna lep. volgo - uralensis... : 584\ngelechia luticoma meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 489; tl: bombay, kaira\nmaculatella (lucas, 1956) (deuterotinea); bull. soc. sci. nat. maroc 35: 258\nanacampsis maraschella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 107; tl: marasch\nsymmoca multilineatella lucas, 1932; bull. soc. ent. fr. 37: 168; tl: aïn - leuch\nbryotropha nigricella chrétien, 1915; ann. soc. ent. fr. 84: 316; tl: biskra\nanacampsis oncodes meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 285; tl: three sisters\ngelechia orthogonella staudinger, 1871; berl. ent. z. 14 (3 / 4): 307\nplurivittella (turati, 1930) (kahelia); atti soc. ital. sci. nat. 69: 81\nyunusemrei koçak, 1986; priamus 4 (1 - 2): 58 (repl. gelechia submissella frey, 1880 )\ntelphusa schizogynae walsingham, [ 1908 ]; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1907: 936, pl. 51, f. 12; tl: tenerife, puerto orotava\nlarva on (in stem galls) schizogyne sericea walsingham, [ 1908 ], proc. zool. soc. lond. 1907: 936\nsphenodoxa meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 63\nanacampsis splendens staudinger, 1881; horae soc. ent. ross. 16: 90\nbryotropha subnigricella dufrane, 1955; mem. soc. ent. belg. 27: 191\nsymplegadopa meyrick, 1936; dt. ent. z. iris 50: 158 [? ]\ntenuisignella turati, 1924; atti soc. ital. sci. nat. 63: 164, pl. 6, f. 8\ntesserapunctella (amsel, 1935) (gelechia); mitt. zool. mus. berl. 20 (2): 300\nanacampsis thoracica meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 67; tl: haenertsburg\nacraeologa xanthobasalis janse, 1963; moths s. afr. 6 (3): 255; tl: transvaal\nacraeologa xerochroa meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 66; tl: transvaal, pretoria\nzanoni turati, 1922; atti soc. ital. sci. nat. 61: 175\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz. 2. abteilung, kleinschmetterlinge. 2. die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa, zugleich als text, revision und supplement zu j. hübner' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge, die schaben und federmotten, (1847 -) 1853 - 1855 )\nnotes on lepidoptera collected in madeira by t. v. wollaston, esq. ; with descriptions of some new species\nzerny, 1935; zerny, 1936 die lepidopterenfauna des grossen atlas in marokko und seiner randgebiete mém. soc. sci. nat. maroc. 42: 1 - 163, pl. 1 - 2\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nvári, l. , kroon, d. m. , & krüger, m. 2002. classification and checklist of the species of lepidoptera recorded in southern africa. simple solutions, chatswood australia .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmeyrick e. 1917b. descriptions of south african microlepidoptera. - annals of the south african museum 17: 1–21 .\nmeyrick e. 1921b. descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera. - annals of the transvaal museum 8 (2): 49–148 .\nmeyrick e. 1911c. descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera. . - annals of the transvaal museum 3 (1): 63–83 .\nmeyrick e. 1914c. descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera. v. - annals of the transvaal museum 4 (4): 187–205 .\nviette p. 1957a. nouveaux gelechiidae de madagascar (lepidoptera). - le naturaliste malgache 8 (1956) (2): 209–224 .\njanse a. j. t. 1951. the moths of south africa. v. gelechiadae. - — 5 (3): 173–300, pls. 89–136 .\nmeyrick e. 1918a. descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera. - annals of the transvaal museum 6 (2): 7–59 .\nmeyrick e. 1926a. new south african microlepidoptera. - annals of the south african museum 23 (2): 325–351 .\nmeyrick e. 1932b. entomological expedition to abyssinia, 1926–7. microlepidoptera. - transactions of the entomological society of london 80 (1): 107–120 .\nmeyrick e. 1913b. descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera. iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 (4): 267–336 .\njanse a. j. t. 1960. the moths of south africa. vi. gelechiadae. - — 6 (2): 145–240, pls. 33–129 .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "stomopteryx cirrhocoma is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by meyrick in 1914 .", "it is found in south africa .", "the wingspan is about 16 mm .", "the forewings are dark purplish-fuscous .", "the stigmata are obscure , elongate and blackish , the discal nearly approximated , the plical very obliquely before first discal .", "the hindwings are grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "stomopteryx cirrhocoma is a moth of the gelechiidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1914. it is found in south africa. the wingspan is about 16 mm. the forewings are dark purplish-fuscous. the stigmata are obscure, elongate and blackish, the discal nearly approximated, the plical very obliquely before first discal. the hindwings are grey." ]

[ "cambodian striped squirrel or tamiops rodolphei is listed on the iucn red list (1996) as lower risk / least concern .\na young / baby of a cambodian striped squirrel is called a' pup, kit or kitten'. the females are called' doe' and males' buck'. a cambodian striped squirrel group is called a' dray or scurry' .\nthe cambodian striped squirrel is listed as least concern (lr / lc), lowest risk. does not qualify for a more at risk category. widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category, on the iucn red list of threatened species\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article uses material from the wikipedia released under the creative commons attribution - share - alike licence 3. 0. please see license details for photos in photo by - lines .\nplease note that this non - official list is not complete nor necessarily accurate. this list is a summary of checklists from other websites, blogs, publications, photo / videos published on various websites or our own findings. we appreciate your contributions with photo proof .\nimportant note; our range maps are generated automatically based on very limited data we have about the protected sites, the data is not necessarily accurate. please help us to improve our range maps by sharing your findings / knowledge .\n© thai national parks, 2018 | t. a. t. license: 12 / 02497, license issued for gibbonwoot (managing company )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. more information! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey' s business dictionary (german - english). thanks on that account! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome! questions and answers" ]

{ "text": [ "the cambodian striped squirrel ( tamiops rodolphii or khmer : កង ហិច ) is a species of rodent in the family sciuridae .", "it is found in eastern thailand , cambodia , southern laos , and southern vietnam . " ], "topic": [ 3, 20 ] }

[ "the cambodian striped squirrel (tamiops rodolphii or khmer: កង ហិច) is a species of rodent in the family sciuridae. it is found in eastern thailand, cambodia, southern laos, and southern vietnam." ]

[ "alcithoe arabica (martyn). plate 23, figs. 9a, 9b .\nhorne, c. jul / 2005: observations on alcithoe arabica at bucklands beach, poirieria, 31 (p. 21 )\ngrant - mackie, j. a. dec / 2011: a fossil egg case of alcithoe arabica from the whanganui pleistocene, poirieria, 36 (p. 10 )\npowell, a. w. b. 1924 description of a new subspecies of alcithoe arabica martyn, from new zealand. proceedings of the malacological society of london 16: 108 - 109. [ details ]\nalcithoe aillaudorum (bouchet, ph. & g. t. poppe, 1988 )\nnmnz mollusca collection (holotype) (from synonym alcithoe calva powell, 1928) to encyclopedia of life to genbank (1 nucleotides; 6 proteins) to museum of new zealand te papa (m. 001682; alcithoe calva powell, 1928; holotype) (from synonym alcithoe calva powell, 1928 )\n( of alcithoe (alcithoe) swainsoni marwick, 1926) marwick, j. 1926 tertiary and recent volutidae of new zealand. transactions of the new zealand institute 56: 259 - 303. [ details ]\nhow to cite this page:' arabic volute, alcithoe arabica', from an encyclopaedia of new zealand, edited by a. h. mclintock, originally published in 1966. te ara - the encyclopedia of new zealand url: urltoken (accessed 11 jul 2018 )\nthe recent volutes of new zealand with a revision of the genus alcithoe h. & a. adams, 1853\n4. alcithoe arabica forms relatively enormous but correspondingly few capsules, attached singly (rarely in twos) to the bottom debris, with the reduction in the number of contained eggs to two, rarely three per capsule; the larvae are active and relatively large benthic animals when liberated .\n( of alcithoe (alcithoe) swainsoni marwick, 1926) bail, p. & limpus, a. 2005. a conchological iconography: the recent volutes of new zealand. in: conchbooks: 1 - 73 [ details ]\nalcithoe is a genus of large sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family volutidae, the volutes. [ 1 ]\nspecimens of alcithoe wilsonae and a. knoxi used to determine population variability in mitochondrial dna (first 35), and shell morphometrics .\nwe sampled ten of the 17 extant species of alcithoe recognized in bail & limpus (2005) from new zealand waters (table 1). with the exception of alcithoe larochei tigrina bail & limpus, 2005, all putative subspecies have been excluded. alcithoe species not sampled here all have restricted ranges, largely in the far north and far south of new zealand, and have eluded sampling efforts. the only member of the genus not found in new zealand, alcithoe aillaudorum bouchet & poppe, 1988, has been sourced from new caledonia. eight putative out - group species for alcithoe were obtained from new zealand, australia, and south america (table 1) .\nalcithoe are large, benthic neogastropod marine snails. [ 2 ] species are predators, and all taxa undergo direct development. [ 3 ]\nmorphological ambiguity results in a range of phylogenetic hypotheses for the placement of a. knoxi, ranging from (a) a. knoxi representing a distinct lineage (genus teremelon) sister to the alcithoe lineage, to (b) a. knoxi is a form of a. wilsonae nested within the modern diversity of alcithoe. the node that would be calibrated at approximately 10my based on the a. knoxi fossils is shown (arrows). calibration (a) would set a maximum limit of the origin of the modern alcithoe at no earlier then 10mya, whereas (b) would allow the diversification of the extant alcithoe to have occurred earlier .\nwe sequenced more than 7 kb of mitochondrial dna from eleven alcithoe species, covering nine genes. although we aim to infer a robust phylogeny for the alcithoe, our main goal here is to demonstrate a technique for the assessment of the suitability of the mitochondrial genes comprising this data set for intrageneric phylogenetic studies. to do this we will :\nalcithoe species are found in seas surrounding new zealand. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] there is a rich fossil record for the genus. [ 5 ] [ 4 ]\nbail p, limpus a, editors (2005) the recent volutes of new zealand with a revision of the genus alcithoe h. & a. adams, 1853. hackenheim: conchbooks .\nin the selection of out - group taxa for this analysis it was clear that a. aillaudorum from new caledonia is not closely related to the new zealand alcithoe. if the history of the mitochondria of these volutes is representative of the species history, then the genus alcithoe is not monophyletic and we suggest the current placement of the new caledonian species a. aillaudorum should be re - examined .\n( of alcithoe calva powell, 1928) bail, p. & limpus, a. 2005. a conchological iconography: the recent volutes of new zealand. in: conchbooks: 1 - 73 [ details ]\n( of alcithoe calva powell, 1928) powell, a. w. b. 1928. three new recent volutes from new zealand. transactions of the new zealand institute 59: 361 - 364. [ details ]\nthe distribution for the marginal prior on the a. fusus node recovers a bimodal distribution that appears to result from leakage into the a. arabica node calibration. however, the posterior distribution on the a. fusus node shows that the anomalous secondary peak in the marginal distribution has little effect on the analysis in the presence of sequence data .\n( of fulgoraria (alcithoe) depressa suter, 1908) suter, h. (1908a) descriptions of new species of new zealand marine shells. proceedings of the malacological society of london, 8, 178–191, pl. 7. [ details ]\nbail, p. , limpus, a. 2005: a conchological iconography 11, the recent volutes of new zealand, with a revision of the genus alcithoe h. & a. adams, 1853, conchbooks, hackenheim, germany (p. 19 )\n( of alcithoe motutarensis powell, 1928) bail p. & poppe g. t. 2001. a conchological iconography: a taxonomic introduction of the recent volutidae. conchbooks, hackenheim. 30 pp, 5 pl. (updated october 2008 for worms) [ details ]\n( of alcithoe johnstoni powell, 1928) bail p. & poppe g. t. 2001. a conchological iconography: a taxonomic introduction of the recent volutidae. conchbooks, hackenheim. 30 pp, 5 pl. (updated october 2008 for worms) [ details ]\n( of fulgoraria (alcithoe) depressa suter, 1908) bail p. & poppe g. t. 2001. a conchological iconography: a taxonomic introduction of the recent volutidae. conchbooks, hackenheim. 30 pp, 5 pl. (updated october 2008 for worms) [ details ]\nsensitivity analysis undertaken as part of a larger study (to be reported elsewhere) has quantified intra - and inter - operator errors associated with orientation of specimens for photography, placement of the comb, and digitization of landmarks. the sensitivity analysis was based on photography and digitization of a single specimen of a. arabica by five different operators, and re - photography and re - digitization of the same specimen five times by a single operator. intra - operator error, quantified as multivariate variance (see [ 32 ]), is just 1. 5% of the intraspecific variation. inter - operator error is 2. 6% of intraspecific variation. from these results we infer that intra - and inter - operator error is negligible compared to intraspecific shape variation in alcithoe and is unlikely to bias results presented here .\nbp of mtdna sequence indicates that a. wilsonae / knoxi diverged from the a. arabica lineage approximately 8 million years ago. all nodes are recovered with a posterior support of at least 0. 93 and had > 90% bootstrap support under maximum likelihood, with the exception of the a lutea / a. fissurata node (0. 58). node age estimates are given in millions of years before present. 95% confidence intervals are depicted by boxes centred on nodes. nodes calibrated using soft priors based on fossil data are indicated with filled boxes .\n( of alcithoe calva powell, 1928) spencer, h. g. , marshall, b. a. & willan, r. c. (2009). checklist of new zealand living mollusca. pp 196 - 219. in: gordon, d. p. (ed .) new zealand inventory of biodiversity. volume one. kingdom animalia: radiata, lophotrochozoa, deuterostomia. canterbury university press, christchurch. [ details ]\nspilts network of alcithoe species based on the maximum sequence data set (7822 bp). splits were generated using the neighbor - net algorithm in splitstree 4. alternative phylogenetic relationships are apparent in the large box structure at the base of the a. wilsonae and a. benthicola / a. flemingi branches. the phylogenetic noise and short branch lengths separating six closely related and recently derived species is clear. this network visualizes an alternative signal, but only quantifies it in a general way and does not indicate the source of the conflicting signals in the data .\nbail p. & poppe g. t. 2001. a conchological iconography: a taxonomic introduction of the recent volutidae. conchbooks, hackenheim. 30 pp, 5 pl. (updated october 2008 for worms) [ details ]\nspencer, h. g. , marshall, b. a. & willan, r. c. (2009). checklist of new zealand living mollusca. pp 196 - 219. in: gordon, d. p. (ed .) new zealand inventory of biodiversity. volume one. kingdom animalia: radiata, lophotrochozoa, deuterostomia. canterbury university press, christchurch. [ details ]\nmaxwell, p. a. (2009). cenozoic mollusca. pp 232 - 254 in gordon, d. p. (ed .) new zealand inventory of biodiversity. volume one. kingdom animalia: radiata, lophotrochozoa, deuterostomia. canterbury university press, christchurch. [ details ]\nhills s. f. k. , trewick s. a. & morgan - richards m. (2011). phylogenetic information of genes, illustrated with mitochondrial data from a genus of gastropod molluscs. biological journal of the linnean society. 104: 770 - 785. [ details ]\n( of voluta pacifica perry, 1810) bail p. & poppe g. t. 2001. a conchological iconography: a taxonomic introduction of the recent volutidae. conchbooks, hackenheim. 30 pp, 5 pl. (updated october 2008 for worms) [ details ]\n( of voluta elongata swainson, 1821) bail p. & poppe g. t. 2001. a conchological iconography: a taxonomic introduction of the recent volutidae. conchbooks, hackenheim. 30 pp, 5 pl. (updated october 2008 for worms) [ details ]\n( of notovoluta rossiteri brazier, 1898) bail, p. & limpus, a. 2005. a conchological iconography: the recent volutes of new zealand. in: conchbooks: 1 - 73 [ details ]\n( of notovoluta rossiteri brazier, 1898) willan, r. c. 1995 corrections to type locality and geographic range for three species of australasian volutes (volutidae: amoriinae and zidoninae). the veliger 38: 152 - 157. [ details ]\nhas a large foot and can move very rapidly. the shell is variable, but generally is tall with a long aperture. there is no operculum, and the foot is grey to brown, flecked with purple and orange .\nit preys on bivalves which it kills by smothering them with it’s large foot .\nit lays round, thin shelled eggs on empty shells and stones. very sought after shell by collectors .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nrecent volutes of new zealand, p 19 - 20; pl. 2 / 2 - 4, 4 / 1 - 3, 5 - 6; pl. 7 / 1, 3 - 5, pl. 8, pl. 9 / 3 - 4, 6 - 7, pl. 10 / 3, pl. 11 / 4, pl. 12 / 1\nthis information was published in 1966 in an encyclopaedia of new zealand, edited by a. h. mclintock. it has not been corrected and will not be updated .\n© all text licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial 3. 0 new zealand licence unless otherwise stated. commercial re - use may be allowed on request. all non - text content is subject to specific conditions. © crown copyright 2005 - 2018 | disclaimer | isbn 978 - 0 - 478 - 18451 - 8 ministry for culture and heritage / te manatū taonga\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nhas direct development; a small crawling animal with a shell consisting of the protoconch plus an initial quarter - whorl of the teleoconch hatches from the large (about one cm in diameter), solitary, white, opaque, almost spherical, calcareous egg case. consequently, there are marked differences between populations around the country at present, and there are some reasonably consistent differences according to ecological station — e. g. , the long - spined form regarded by many earlier authors as\ntypical\nis limited to estuarine environments. large collections from many localities (e. g. , in nmnz) show that the many named forms are part of one species varying greatly in nodule prominence and spire height, as well as in colour pattern; less variable characters such as protoconch size, the presence of a wide columellar collar in most shallow - water specimens of\nand the depth and width of the anterior siphonal notch are the only ones useful for separating species. so, although there actually are several species of large\nswainson. strictly speaking, the holotype is the specimen swainson used to base his species upon, and marwick' s specimen has no status in nomenclature .\nby dell (1978) ). the widespread and abundant large volute of new zealand shallow - water faunules (estuarine mud - flats to middle shelf) and of many different ecological situations in the fossil record, throughout wanganui, hawke' s bay, wairarapa and north canterbury .\ncite this publication as :\na. g. beu and j. i. raine (2009). revised descriptions of new zealand cenozoic mollusca from beu and maxwell (1990). gns science miscellaneous series no. 27 .\n© gns science, 2009 isbn 978 - 0 - 478 - 19705 - 1 issn 1177 - 2441 (included with a pdf facsimile file copy of new zealand geological survey paleontological bulletin 58 in cd version from: publications officer, gns science, p. o. box 30368 lower hutt, new zealand )\nthe symbols k. a. c. f. m. an. are used to indicate the geographical range of the species. they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .\nbeu, a. g. , maxwell, p. a. 1990: cenozoic mollusca of new zealand, new zealand geological survey, 58 (p. 366 )\npowell, a. w. b. 1979: new zealand mollusca: marine, land and freshwater shells, collins, auckland (p. 211 )\nnote: localities are approximate, and represent only some of the known localities for the species .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nsimon f. k. hills, 1, * james s. crampton, 2 steven a. trewick, 1 and mary morgan - richards 1\n* e - mail: zn. ca. yessam @ sllih. f. s\ncompeting interests: the authors declare that one of the authors, jsc, is an employee of a commercial company, gns science. this does not alter the authors' adherence to all the plos one policies on sharing data and materials .\nconceived and designed the experiments: sfkh jsc sat mmr. performed the experiments: sfkh jsc. analyzed the data: sfkh jsc. wrote the paper: sfkh jsc sat mmr .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited .\ntaxonomy is problematic because species lack uniquely derived diagnostic morphological characters, are prone to trait convergence and, in some cases, display marked intraspecific morphological variation. as a result, the number of recognised species within\nand their delimitation has altered a number of times, from 15 species and 3 sub - species across 3 genera to 17 species and 8 sub - species in a single genus (e. g .\n, which in turn influences calibration of molecular - clock analysis. fortunately, three extant\n), so taxonomic assignments of fossils of these species are likely to be robust and thus these fossils can be used with some confidence in clock calibration. in contrast, fossil\n) are known from only two collections of tongaporutuan age (10. 92–6. 5 ma), resulting in a 6. 5 myr gap in the fossil record of this species. furthermore, as the number of extant\nmolecular - clocks because they potentially represent a deep node in the phylogeny, but only if the fossils and the modern specimens represent the same lineage. there are two primary hypotheses for the phylogenetic position of\n). calibration regimes based on these hypotheses will result in very different estimates of divergence times and rates of molecular evolution .\nwe examined the phylogenetic position of extant a. knoxi, and used mtdna sequence and independently dated molecular analysis to determine whether the modern and fossil specimens could belong to a single lineage. to do this we needed to establish the species boundaries of extant a. knoxi by characterising shell shape of a. knoxi and a. wilsonae using two - dimensional morphometric methods, and to document genetic variability within and among extant a. knoxi and a. wilsonae .\nis largely restricted to water depths of ∼450 to 750 + m. as individuals of both species appear sparsely distributed within their ranges, and are from relatively deep water, neither has been extensively sampled .\nthe theoretical extent of the range of these species is indicated by the dotted line. a. wilsonae generally occupies depths from 50 m to 450 m and a. knoxi is found between approximately 400 and 750 meters. approximate locations of sample sites of the dna sequenced specimens are indicated with circles, boxes indicate the locations of samples only used for morphometric analysis. inset – a sample of the morphological variation of a. wilsonae (a) m190111, (b) m190079, (c) m177177, and the a. knoxi form (d) 30037. the sampling locations of these specimens are indicated with the corresponding lower case letter .\navailable for morphometric and molecular analysis. collection locations of the specimens of these two species used in this study are summarised in\n. all specimens were identified by bruce marshall, collection manager of molluscs at the museum of new zealand te papa tongarewa, using shell characters (e. g .\n). specimens were loaned from te papa tongarewa and the national institute of water and atmospheric research (niwa) .\na voucher numbers with an m prefix denote specimens from the museum of new zealand te papa tongarewa collection, voucher numbers with no letter prefix are from the collection of the national institute of water and atmospheric research (niwa). underlined voucher numbers indicate specimens that were not included in morphometric analyses .\ngeometric morphometric analysis has been applied in a wide range of biological studies (e. g. [ 23 ], [ 24 ] and references therein). the method uses the spatial distribution of biologically meaningful, morphological landmarks to describe the shapes of organisms, compare distributions of populations of such shapes, and visualize deformations that relate different shapes to each other. importantly, during analysis, confounding effects of location, scale (size), and rotation are removed during partial procruses superimposition, so that pure ‘shape’ can be studied in isolation. the approach has strong and well - understood statistical and shape - theoretical underpinnings [ 25 ] .\n). inclusion of semilandmarks is a relatively new refinement to the geometric morphometric method, and the concept refers to points that are placed arbitrarily along a curve of interest: the curve is biologically homologous, but the placement of semilandmarks on that curve is not (e. g .\n). the incorporation of semilandmarks into a study permits analysis of components of shape that lack explicitly defined landmarks. during processing, semilandmarks are allowed to ‘slide’ along the curve in order to minimize variation in shape that is due simply to arbitrary placement of the points. for sliding of semilandmarks we used procrustes distance, which perez et al .\nfound was preferred when morphological variation is relatively small. it is important to note that the inclusion of semilandmarks in a geometric morphometric analysis reduces the degrees of freedom in ways that are difficult to quantify. for this reason, statistical analyses based on such data should employ nonparametric bootstrap resampling approaches\n- coordinates were captured from digital photographs using an a3 - size digitizing tablet and stylus, and the software tpsdig v. 2. 16\n. a ‘comb’ used to locate semilandmarks 6–9 was first pasted into the photographs, translated and resized manually using adobe photoshop cs2 v. 9. 0. 2 (see\n. placement of semilandmarks was adjusted to minimize procrustes distance using the imp program semiland6. data were saved as partial procrustes coordinates .\napproximately 0. 5 mg of tissue was incubated in 300 ml of high - salt buffer with 1 ml of 10 ng / ml protk, shaking at 60°c for at least 16 hours. 300 ml of phenol was added and the solution incubated with shaking at room temperature. following centrifugation, the aqueous phase was removed and mixed with 400 ml of chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (24∶1). the chloroform wash was repeated, and dna precipitated with 95% ethanol at −20°c for 8 to 16 hours, before centrifugation, washing, drying and resuspension in 0. 1 m te. dna concentrations were determined using a nanodrop nd - 1000 spectrophotometer (nanodrop technologies inc .). dna extractions were diluted to approximately 1 ng / ml for amplification .\nfragments of mitochondrial nadh 2 (nad 2) gene were produced using a primer in the adjacent serine trna (ng _ mtser2f: 5′ - aga aaa aac ttg gag taa arc agg gc) paired with a primer in the 5′ end of nad 2 (ng _ mtnd2r781∶5′ – caa aac caa gta aag gng gya arc c). pcr used red - hot taq (abgene), following the manufacturer’s instructions with a mgcl 2 concentration of 2. 0 mm. standard thermal cycling conditions were followed, with 50°c annealing temperatures and 30–35 cycles, in a biometra tm t1 thermocycler. pcr products were sequenced with both forward and reverse primers using bigdye terminator v3. 1 and sequenced with an abi 3730 .\ndna sequences of up to 823 base pairs were amplified from the mitochondrial nadh 2 (nad 2) gene. sequences were edited and aligned using sequencher (v4. 6, gene codes corporation, ann arbor, michigan). alignments were trimmed to the start codon of nad 2 on one end and trimmed flush on the other. the resulting alignment was translated in se - al v2. 0a11 [ 33 ] to confirm that nucleotide sequences did not contain erroneous stop codons that would be indicative of nuclear coded mitochondrial pseudogenes. as three samples did not sequence to the nad 2 start codon, the alignment was further trimmed to remove sites containing missing data from these samples for analysis. the final alignment was 573 bp in length .\ntrees were inferred from the nucleotide alignment using neighbor - joining and maximum likelihood approaches, as implemented in geneious v4. 7. 5 [ 34 ]. best - fit nucleotide substitution models were found using modeltest [ 35 ] as implemented in hyphy v1 [ 36 ]. a haplotype network for the a. wilsonae and a. knoxi samples was constructed using parsimony. analysis of molecular variance (amova) used genealex 6 [ 37 ]. the total sample of 35 snails was partitioned into subgroups according to three criteria: 1. current taxonomy: a. knoxi (n = 8), a. wilsonae (n = 27). 2. geographic location: western chatham rise (n = 20), central chatham rise (n = 9), north east of the chatham islands (n = 4), east of the auckland islands (n = 2). 3. bathymetry: less than 450 m (n = 21), 450 to 500 m (n = 7), deeper than 500 m (n = 7) .\nanalysis (nad2, cox1, atp6 and 16s), a total alignment of 4696 bp .\n. calibration of the root node of the tree was based on three observations of the paleontological record of the new zealand volutes. first, the earliest fossil volute known from new zealand from the teurian stage, 65–55 ma\n, so there is some uncertainty as to the age of the new zealand volute lineage. third, that the isolation of the new zealand volutes from the australian fauna was established by approximately the same time as the bortonian fossils in the mid - tertiary\n. based on this paleontological data root node was calibrated using a lognormal prior distribution with a lognormal mean of 2, standard deviation of 0. 4 and the distribution was offset along the x axis by 43 million years. this distribution placed 95% of the prior probability of the root node between 46. 4 ma and 59. 2 ma, which reflects the conservative interpretation that the new zealand volute lineage leading to\nwas established by the beginning of the bortonian stage and is unlikely to have predated the teurian fossils. two internal nodes were calibrated with fossil data: the node representing divergence of\n), and therefore earliest occurrences are considered reasonable estimates for their times of origination. the earliest recognised fossil of\nis from the nukumaruan stage (2. 4–1. 63 ma) of the new zealand geological timescale, and the earliest fossil of\n. these nodes were each calibrated with lognormal distributions where the 2. 5% quantiles were set as close to the younger bound of the relevant time interval as possible, and the majority of the 95% highest probability density interval (hpd) was distributed between this and the older bound (\n) and principal components analyses (results not shown). means of the two groups are, however, significantly different based on a bootstrapped\n. to test this we examined the linear relationship between the first principal component (pc1) from the geometric morphometric analysis, which explains 66% of the total shape variation, and water depth. other principle components were not considered as they each explained less than 10% of the shape variation, reveal little difference between the nominal taxa, and show no apparent relationship with depth. results from general linear modelling indicate that a model with differing regressions for the two nominal groups is preferred (\n= 0. 1550). regressions in which discriminant function scores were used instead of pc1 scores yield similar conclusions (results not shown). we note that, for the\n( in fact, an apparent relationship between shape and geographic region is explained entirely by regional variations in water depth). in the case of\n, there may be some geographic variation in pc1 scores (results not shown), although this has no apparent influence on the relationship between shape and water depth and, further, sample sizes are too small to demonstrate geographic variation unequivocally .\nscores of specimens on the morphometric first principal component axis plotted against water depth indicates a correlation between depth and morphology. the first principal component explains 66% of the total shape variation in the dataset. open circles represent a. wilsonae specimens, filled circles represent a. knoxi specimens .\nresults of general linear modelling of the regression between shell shape and water depth .\nthree models were tested: simple, regression independent of nominal taxonomic grouping; parallel, regression slope is independent of taxonomic grouping, but the intercept is not; non - parallel, slope and intercept depend on taxonomic grouping. the p - values on f - statistics indicate the probability that the simpler model in each comparison is adequate; significant p - values indicate that the more complex model is preferred (see text). in each comparison the more complex model is supported and, overall, the non - parallel model is preferred, indicating a correlation between depth and morphology .\nspecimens from 24 trawling locations. these dna sequences resolved 25 haplotypes, based on 27 variable nucleotide positions. pair - wise comparisons of sequence dis - similarity within the sample reached a maximum of 0. 87% (average of 0. 33 %), with a high proportion of the observed variability unique to individual haplotypes. in all cases, where more than one individual was sequenced from the same trawl, multiple haplotypes were detected (\n). most haplotypes (18) were found in just one individual; fewer (7) were shared among locations; and only one was sampled more than once from a single dredging site. the greatest geographic distance between samples with identical haplotypes was ∼435 km (between m190067 and 30297 ;\nsub - species (data not shown). a haplotype network, constructed using the 25 unique haplotypes of\n), reveals no structure concordant with morpho - species. there were no clear patterns indicative of spatial population subdivision. a central haplotype from which other haplotypes radiate (found in both\neach haplotype differs by a single nucleotide, unsampled haplotypes are represented by black dots. (see\nsnails were assigned to groups based on three criteria; current taxonomy, geographic sampling location, and bathymetry. we found little or no correlation between groupings by any of these criteria and mtdna haplotype analysis using amova (\n). current taxonomic groupings explained only 1% of the genetic variation, whereas broad geographic population assignments explained 9% . bathymetry explained only 5% of the genetic variation .\n). we infer from the sequence data that these two taxa represent a single biological species with a current or recently large population and find no evidence of barriers to gene flow among morphs or geographic areas. resampling simulations suggest that the full genetic diversity of\nhas yet to be sampled and therefore it would be premature to estimate population size from these data .\nresults from amova of a. wilsonae nad2 dna sequneces, low phi pt values indicate high levels of genetic exchange between populations .\n). high bayesian posterior support for most nodes indicates that there is little topological uncertainty in the inferred phylogeny. maximum likelihood analysis confirmed this topological stability, with bootstrap support values of greater than 90 for all branches except for the divergence of\nnode were almost identical. however, an anomalous bimodal distribution was evident in the marginal prior for the\nnode is unaffected by the anomalous second peak and appears to be consistent with the prior calibration. the inferred divergence time of the\nnodes illustrates an interaction between the two node calibrations, but this interaction has little effect with the addition of sequence data .\n) for the purposes of molecular - clock calibration. this is consistent with one of our morphologically based hypotheses (\n), and ensures that the calibration will be appropriately applied to the phylogeny. for example, if the palaeontological data were applied differently (e. g .\nwould be underestimated. such an underestimation in divergence times would then lead to an overestimation of rates of molecular evolution in these branches .\nlandmarks used in this analysis, classified as types 1–3 according to bookstein [ 26 ] or as semilandmarks (e. g. sheets [ 58 ]) .\nwe thank bruce marshall, alan beu, hamish spencer, barbara holland, austin hendy, devin buick and all the collectors of specimens, particularly margaret richards, the museum of new zealand te papa tongarewa and niwa .\nthis work was funded as part of the marsden fund contract 04 gns 021, administered by the royal society of new zealand. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\ndarwin c (1859) on the origin of species by means of natural selection. london: john murray .\nbunce m, worthy th, ford t, hoppitt w, willerslev e, et al. (2003 )\npowell awb (1979) new zealand mollusca. marine, land and freshwater shells. auckland: collins .\nbeu ag, maxwell pa (1990) cenozoic mollusca of new zealand; survey nzg, editor. lower hutt: dsir .\nzelditch ml, swiderski dl, sheets hd, fink wl (2004) geometric morphometrics for biologists; a primer. amsterdam: elsevier academic press. 443 p .\nwebster m, sheets hd (2010) a practical introduction to landmark - based geometric morphometrics. in: alroy j, hunt g, editors. quantitative methods in paleobiology: the paleontological society .\nbookstein fl (1991) morphometric tools for landmark data; geometry and biology. cambridge: cambridge university press .\nrohlf fj (2010) tpsdig v. 2. 16. stony brook: ecology and evolution, suny .\nsheets hd (2004) imp - integrated morphometrics package. buffalo: dept. of physics, canisius college .\nnolte aw, sheets hd (2005) shape based assignment tests suggest transgressive phenotypes in natural sculpin hybrids (teleostei, scorpaeniformes, cottidae). frontiers in zoology 2 .\nr _ development _ core _ team (2010) r: a language and environment for statistical computing. vienna, austria: r foundation for statistical computing .\nfoote m, miller ai (2007) principles of paleontology; third edition. new york: w. h. freeman .\nrambaut a (2002) se - al: sequence alignment editor. avilable: urltoken .\ndrummond aj, ashton b, cheung m, heled j, kearse m, et al. . (2007) geneious v3. 8. v3. 8 ed: available: urltoken .\ngenalex 6: genetic analysis in excel. population genetic software for teaching and research\ndrummond aj, rambaut a (2007) beast: bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. bmc evolutionary biology 7 .\nholford m, puillandre n, terryn y, cruaud c, olivera b, et al. (2009 )\ncrampton js, foote m, beu ag, maxwell pa, cooper ra, et al. (2006 )\nfoote m, crampton js, beu ag, marshall ba, cooper ra, et al. (2007 )\ncrampton js, beu ag, cooper ra, jones cm, marshall b, et al. (2003 )\nhills, simon f. k. ; trewick, steven a. ; morgan - richards, mary (2011) .\nphylogenetic information of genes, illustrated with mitochondrial data from a genus of gastropod molluscs\n. biological journal of the linnean society. 104: 770–785. doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1095 - 8312. 2011. 01756. x .\nhills, simon f. k. ; crampton, james s. ; trewick, steven a. ; morgan - richards, mary (2012) .\ndna and morphology unite two species and 10 million year old fossils\n. plos one. 7 (12): e52083. doi: 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0052083 .\nbeu, a. g. and maxwell, p. a. 1990. cenozoic mollusca of new zealand. new zealand geological survey bulletin, 58 .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nvolute egg attached to a dead morning star bivalve shell. the egg is a fragile whitish - cream coloured calcareous dome .\nsmall sized volute shell with sharp protrusions on the shoulder, steep spire, and wide mouth. the surface is mostly creamy pink coloured, with bands of dark brown zigzag patterns .\nvolute egg attached to a dead turret shell. the egg is a fragile whitish - cream coloured calcareous dome .\nfor compatibility reasons, 3d is not available (see requirements). you are seeing a 360° image instead .\nauckland institute and museum (publisher) powell, a. w. b. (arthur william baden) (creator) auckland, n. z .\ncontribute more detail to this record by adding your own names, classifications or categories via a tag. tags also make this record more findable on search .\nthe development of the auckland war memorial museum online collection is an ongoing process; updates, new images and records are added weekly. in some cases, records have yet to be confirmed by museum staff, and there could be mistakes or omissions in the information provided .\nthis listing was ended by the seller because the item is no longer available .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. for additional information, see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. if you reside in an eu member state besides uk, import vat on this purchase is not recoverable. for additional information, see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nseller has stated it will dispatch the item within 1 working day upon receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab. estimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller' s dispatch time, and will depend on postal service selected. delivery times may vary, especially during peak periods .\nthis item will be sent through the global shipping programme and includes international tracking. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nitems delivered internationally may be subject to customs processing depending on the item' s declared value .\nsellers set the item' s declared value and must comply with customs declaration laws .\nan item that has been previously used. see the seller’s listing for full details and description of any imperfections. see all condition definitions - opens in a new window or tab\nmost purchases from business sellers are protected by the consumer contract regulations 2013 which give you the right to cancel the purchase within 14 days after the day you receive the item. find out more about your rights as a buyer - opens in a new window or tab and exceptions - opens in a new window or tab .\nthis is a private listing and your identity will not be disclosed to anyone except the seller .\ncopyright © 1995 - 2018 ebay inc. all rights reserved. user agreement, privacy, cookies and adchoice\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ read before royal society of new zealand, canterbury branch, october, 2, 1940; received by the editor, october 30, 1940; issued separately, september, 1941. ]\nan aquarium specimen spawned at portobello (october 29, 1931); eggs in bunches of about 12, or in a single row in a floating ribbon; total at least 900, probably many more. eggs 0·35 mm. , adhesive, at first soft and pliable and variously shaped, but becoming spherical and relatively firm within an hour; colour, bright orange; outer plasma with minute reticulations, nucleus spherical and central in a film of clear fluid .\nspawning occurs strictly at the surface, the mollusc following any rise or fall in the water level and suspending the spawning operation till exactly at the surface. the water level is also preferred at other seasons, and a retreat to the floor of the tank after three months' captivity was found to be a prelude to death .\nribbons of eggs (plate 20, fig. 1) attached to rocks between tide marks, quarry point, otago harbour, december to january. ribbons 37 to 103 mm. long; capsules 0·32 × 0·26 mm. , ovoid, irregularly spaced but averaging 300 per mm. ; eggs one per capsule, diameter 0·007 mm. captive specimens did not spawn in the aquarium tanks .\nspawning season november–december (manukau harbour), december to february (otago harbour). spawn in intertidal pools, crevices, empty cockle shells, or sertularians (sertularia ramulosa); clumps of spawn small, though sometimes the product of more than one parent. capsules exuded in captivity (february 2, 1930) at the rate of 20 per minute, 0·89 × 0·72 mm. to 0·63 × 0·52 mm. ; eggs 0·25 mm. , single, rarely two per capsule, transparent, yellow under microscope, in greenish gelatinous matrix .\nspawning season october–november (manukau harbour; common week' s island), december–january (otago harbour; common pulling point). capsules in leathery baskets firmly attached to rocks below extreme low - water mark, frequently covered by the parent even after apparent completion. the tough imbricating membranes of the basket (plate 20, fig. 2) form a leathery cup with inturned margins, its inner surface densely packed with digitiform capsules, of which the oldest ones are in the base of the cup and pointing towards the aperture, the later ones deposited in a close spiral and approximately radial direction, the outermost row pointing across the aperture. the following measurements indicate the range of sizes: —\nthe number of eggs per capsule is equally variable, 600–2, 600, diameter 0·45 mm. , yellow granulated, embedded in gelatinous matrix. aquarium specimens died in six weeks without spawning .\ncapsules are laid in irregular rounded clusters; on rocks at low tide mark, goat island (september 15, 1931), and quarantine island (august 3, 1931), otago harbour. another trawled in 19 fathoms off otago heads was attached to weed, sponge and worm tubes. the capsules at the base are more densely packed and more firmly attached than at the surface, where the brims are free (plate 21, fig. 4). as shown by the following measurements, the trawled specimen, which measured 185 × 75 mm. and contained 385 capsules, contained larger\n[ the section below cannot be correctly rendered as it contains complex formatting. see the image of the page for a more accurate rendering. ]\nduring copulation in the aquarium, the male was carried for five hours on the back of the female, but spawning did not occur .\nin the manukau harbour from october to december the usual muddy habitat is forsaken and the egg capsules are deposited on the surface or undersurfaces of rocks at about half - tide level, or on shells and even crabs (paramithrax minor) in the same situations. the capsules are in clusters of 40 or 50, often compound, sometimes loosely pendulous. the capsules are horny, tapering at each end, base with an expanded attachment disc, apex truncate or bluntly pointed; height 7 mm. , major width 5 mm. , maximum width of minor axis 2 mm. , eggs creamy to yellow, in gelatinous matrix, average number 300, diameter 0·18 mm. found boring into and eating saxostrea glomerata (gould) and chione stutchburyi (gray), manukau harbour .\ncapsules taken (november 26, 1926) in manukau harbour on rocks and serpulid colonies (serpula zeylandica), in clusters to which one or more parents may contribute. capsules yellow to light brown, height 3 mm. , base 2–5 mm. , brim 1 mm .\nspecimens dredged february 23, 1931, off otago heads were in the act of spawning on empty shells of struthiolaria papulosa, up to 35 capsules per shell, and continued to deposit capsules after transfer to the aquarium, both on shells of the species mentioned, on the side of glass jar, and on aquarium walls. five capsules deposited in captivity in four hours; height of capsule 2 mm. , diameter 10 mm. , with a brim exit 1 mm. in diameter; of soft material; base hard and chitinoid .\nin manukau harbour spawning commences in october, numerous specimens congregating on rocks in muddy localities to spawn; captive specimens in otago spawned november 23, 1931, one producing 92 capsules in four days and another 186 in three days. capsules in clusters, those at the outer surface with overlapping edges but looser than those at the base. average height of capsules 9 mm. , brim oval or diamond - shaped, 6·5 × 4·5 mm. , exit at least 1 mm .\nfrom december capsules are deposited singly or usually in groups on a common basal membrane attached to rocks left high and dry at low tide and frequently in muddy localities. capsules circular unless crowded, at first cream - coloured but change to purple. base 6 mm. , exit on brim 1 mm .\nlepsiella scobina (quoy and gaimard). plate 22, fig. 6 .\nspawning in manukau november 26, 1926, capsules scattered on rocks or in dense clusters, latter with a common basal membrane; capsules horny, thin, globate, creamy - white changing to purple as development proceeds; height 3 mm. , base 3 mm. , brim 1·5 mm. , exit 1 mm. or less. this mollusc was observed drilling circular holes about a sixteenth of an inch in diameter on rock oysters in the manukau harbour. time taken to drill a single hole, about four hours .\nnormal breeding season october to december. after a two - hour copulation (october 7, 1930) aquarium specimen deposited capsules four days later, at nights only, total about 125 capsules each in six nights. capsules attached to one another and to a common basal membrane on rocks; colour light to dark brown; upper surface nearly flat with well - defined rim, circular or polygonal of crowded capsules; height 2·4 mm. , distal width 4·4 to 5 mm. exit on brim average 1 mm .\nouter shell much broken, inner membrane complete; embryos hatched as usual. captive parents fed freely on opened shellfish meat. one adult was seen to open and devour a live tawera spissa .\ncommon in otago and manukau harbours; spawning from december to march. after a 3½ hours copulation one of the two captive specimens deposited the spawn shown in fig. 14 four days later, finishing in 5½ hours; length of ribbon 420 mm. , width 7 mm. , 16 rows per cm. , 150 capsules per row, 3 to 15 eggs per capsule, total roughly\n1, 000, 000 eggs. the other specimen two days later deposited a ribbon 350 mm. long and 17 mm. wide; twice this length was deposited by a third animal in captivity .\nspawning season november to january (manukau harbour). the sample figured was deposited on the weed cystophora in an aquarium, february 2, 1930; length 700 mm. , width of ribbon 25 mm. , capsules irregularly scattered, diameter 0·29 mm. , eggs 3, 000, 000, diameter 0·06 mm. , eggs 6 to 16 per capsule .\nspawning season october to december (otago harbour), ribbons deposited chiefly on ulva lactuca. that shown, from a captive specimen 37 mm. in length, was deposited on sponge in 7 hours; length 180 mm. (unusually small), width 10 mm. , colour orange, eggs salmon - pink; thickness of ribbon at base 2 mm. , and mid - width 4 mm. , distal margin acute. capsules 0·07 mm. , eggs 0·008 mm. , total eggs 24, 000 .\na captive specimen from 9 p. m. till midnight february 1, 1930, liberated an almost continuous stream of capsules which, after a period of suspension, settled down and almost covered the parent; in open water dispersal would presumably occur during this interval. diameter of capsule 0·24 mm. , each with several eggs, diameter 0·07 mm .\nspawns freely in captivity. december 15, 1931, a specimen which had commenced to spawn at midnight covered itself as well as the adjacent tank floor with greyish powdery eggs, diameter 0·12 mm. , approximate total (bayer' s method) 4, 000, 000. captive specimens remain under ledges during daylight, grazing on plant growth on the floor of the tank; marked specimens returned to self same spot after nocturnal rambles .\n1. eggs of haliotis iris, cryptoconchus porosus and amaurochiton glaucus are liberated in great numbers and are slowly dermersal; in open waters settling would presumably be delayed and dispersal would occur .\n2. eggs of benhamina obliquata, pleurobranchaea novaezelandiae, archidoris wellingtonensis, ctenodoris flabellifera, aphelodoris luctuosa, dendrodoris citrina and siphonaria zelandica are deposited in gelatinous ribbons attached to rocks or sessile organisms. these species include the nudibranchs and limpet - like pulmonate in the series studied. eggs of zeacumantus subcarinatus are embedded in clumps of gelatinous matrix, not drawn out into a ribbon." ]

{ "text": [ "alcithoe arabica , common name arabic volute , is a species of very large sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family volutidae , the volutes . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "alcithoe arabica, common name arabic volute, is a species of very large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family volutidae, the volutes." ]

[ "nassarius plicatellus adams: synonym of nassarius niveus (a. adams, 1852 )\nnassarius weyersi craven: synonym of nassarius pumilio (e. a. smith, 1872 )\nnassarius (nassodonta) h. adams, 1867: alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805\nnassarius (tritia) a. adams, 1853: synonym of nassarius (hinia) gray, 1847 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius monile (kiener, 1834): synonym of nassarius distortus (a. adams, 1852 )\nnassarius fenestratus (marratt, 1877): synonym of nassarius albescens gemmuliferus (a. adams, 1852 )\nnassarius gemmuliferus a. adams, 1852: synonym of nassarius albescens gemmuliferus (a. adams, 1852 )\nnassarius (cryptonassarius) watson, r. b. , 1882: alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805\nnassarius (hima) gray, 1852 ex leach, ms. : alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805\nnassarius (naytia) h. adams & a. adams 1853: alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805\nnassarius (reticunassa) iredale, 1936: synonym of nassarius (hima) gray, 1852 ex leach, ms. alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (mirua) marwick, 1931: synonym of nassarius (hima) gray, 1852 ex leach, ms. (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (caesia) h. adams & a. adams, 1853: alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805\nnassarius (niotha) h. adams & a. adams, 1853: alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805\nnassarius (phrontis) h. adams & a. adams, 1853: alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805\nnassarius (telasco) h. adams & a. adams, 1853: alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805\nnassarius (uzita) h. adams & a. adams, 1853: alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805\nnassarius (zeuxis) h. adams & a. adams, 1853: alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805\nnassarius (austronassaria) c. laseron & j. laseron, 1956: synonym of nassarius (plicarcularia) thiele, 1929 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (bathynassa) ladd, 1976: synonym of nassarius (zeuxis) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (demondia) addicott, 1956: synonym of nassarius (caesia) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (glabrinassa) shuto, 1969: synonym of nassarius (zeuxis) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (schizopyga) conrad, 1856: synonym of nassarius (caesia) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (tarazeuxis) iredale, 1936: synonym of nassarius (telasco) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (tavanothia) iredale, 1936: synonym of nassarius (niotha) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (usita) noszky, 1936: synonym of nassarius (uzita) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (venassa) martens, 1881: synonym of nassarius (zeuxis) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius unicolor kiener, l. c. , 1834: synonym of nassarius micans (a. adams, 1852 )\nnassarius (tritonella) a. adams, 1852: synonym of nassarius (hima) gray, 1852 ex leach, ms. (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nnassarius (amycla) h. adams & a. adams, 1853: synonym of nassarius (gussonea) monterosato, 1912\nnassarius (zaphon) h. adams & a. adams, 1853: synonym of nassarius (caesia) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (alternate representation of nassarius duméril, 1805 )\nparent taxon: nassarius according to a. j. w. hendy et al. 2008\nnassa tegula reeve, 1853: synonym of nassarius striatus (c. b. adams, 1852 )\nnassa miser (dall, 1908): synonym of nassarius coppingeri (e. a. smith, 1881 )\nnassarius (polinices, nassarius) is prey of: pagurus cancer myoxocephalus tautogolabrus pseudopleuronectes asterias based on studies in: usa: massachusetts, cape ann (littoral, mudflat) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\nnassarius (polinices, nassarius) preys on: solemya ensis macoma mya gemma onoba littorina littorea based on studies in: usa: massachusetts, cape ann (littoral, mudflat) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\nthe shells of various species of nassarius are popular with shell collectors, and are sometimes used in jewelry and other forms of decoration .\nnassarius vibex is a species which is often selected for marine aquaria. it is often confused with nassarius obsoletus, a cooler water snail less suited to tropical marine aquarium temperatures. in aquaria, the nassarius is considered nearly indispensable for keeping sand beds clean and healthy, as these snails tend to burrow and plow through the upper layer in a conch - like fashion, keeping algae and detritus from building up visibly on the surface .\nnassa lamarck, 1799: established for the species buccinum mutabile linnaeus, 1758, which is now classified as a synonym of nassarius duméril, 1805 in the family nassariidae .\naccording to van regteren altena et al. (1965) and van aartsen et al. (1984) hinia gray, 1847 is considered as a subgenus of nassarius duméril, 1806 .\nthe name is derived from the latin word\nnassa\n, meaning a wickerbasket with a narrow neck, for catching fish. nassarius would then mean\nsomeone who uses such a wickerbasket for catching fish\n.\nmost nassarius species are very active scavengers, feeding on crabs and carrion as dead fish, etc. they often burrow into marine substrates and then wait with only their siphon protruding, until they smell nearby food .\nbouchet, p. ; gofas, s. (2010). nassarius duméril, 1806. in: bouchet, p. ; gofas, s. ; rosenberg, g. (2010) world marine mollusca database. accessed through: world register of marine species at urltoken on 2010 - 11 - 30\nhaitao li (李海涛), duan lin (林端), hongda fang (方宏达), aijia zhu (朱艾嘉) and yang gao (高阳), species identification and phylogenetic analysis of genus nassarius (nassariidae) based on mitochondrial genes, chinese journal of oceanology and limnology, volume 28, number 3 / may, 2010, pp. 565 - 572, doi 10. 1007 / s00343 - 010 - 9031 - 4\nlandau b. m. , da silva c. m. & gili c. (2009) the early pliocene gastropoda (mollusca) of estepona, southern spain. part 8, nassariidae. palaeontos 17: 1 - 101. [ details ]\n( of buccinum prysmaticum brocchi, 1814 †) cernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356. [ details ]\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nlandau b. m. , da silva c. m. & gili c. (2009) the early pliocene gastropoda (mollusca) of estepona, southern spain. part 8, nassariidae. < i > palaeontos < / i > 17: 1 - 101 .\nlandau, b. m. ; dailva, s. c. m. ; gili, c. (2009) the early pliocene gastropoda (mollusca: of estepona, southern spain. part 8, nassariidae. < i > palaeontos < / i. 17: 1 - 101\ndepth range based on 3605 specimens in 218 taxa. water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1024 samples. environmental ranges depth range (m): 0 - 80000 temperature range (°c): 4. 888 - 28. 540 nitrate (umol / l): 0. 033 - 33. 876 salinity (pps): 18. 065 - 38. 201 oxygen (ml / l): 0. 907 - 6. 964 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 063 - 2. 633 silicate (umol / l): 0. 380 - 83. 712 graphical representation depth range (m): 0 - 80000 temperature range (°c): 4. 888 - 28. 540 nitrate (umol / l): 0. 033 - 33. 876 salinity (pps): 18. 065 - 38. 201 oxygen (ml / l): 0. 907 - 6. 964 phosphate (umol / l): 0. 063 - 2. 633 silicate (umol / l): 0. 380 - 83. 712 note: this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome .\nr. w. dexter, the marine communities of a tidal inlet at cape ann, massachusetts: a study in bio - ecology, ecol. monogr. 17: 263 - 294, from p. 284 (1947) .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. no available public dna sequences. download fasta file\nspecies within this genus are found worldwide. these snails usually live on mud flats or sand flats, intertidally or subtidally .\nthe shells of species in this genus have a relatively high cyrtoconoid (approaching a conical shape but with convex sides) spire and a siphonal notch .\nis believed to be 90, 000 years old. a further group of pierced shells, some with red\n). these beads had previously been thought to be the oldest examples of jewelry .\n. however, this division is difficult to define, resulting in much confusion. even\nshows that the division into these subgenera appears to be uncertain and unreliable. there seem to be two groups within the genus\n. in the end, the molecular phylogeny did not match the previous morphological phylogeny .\n, most of which have become synonyms. the following species are accepted names according to the\nbouzouggar, a. , barton, n. , vanhaeren, m. , d' errico, f. , collcutt, s. , higham, t. , hodge, e. , parfitt, s. , rhodes, e. , schwenninger, j. - l. , stringer, c. , turner, e. , ward, s. , moutmir, a. and stambouli, a. 2007 .\n82, 000 - year - old shell beads from north africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior\nproceedings of the national academy of sciences, june 4, 2007; urltoken\ncernohorsky w. o. (1984). systematics of the family nassariidae (mollusca: gastropoda). bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14: 1 - 356\nbernard, p. a. (ed .) (1984). coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ]. pierre a. bernard: libreville, gabon. 140, 75 plates pp\nkay c. vaught (1989). classification of the living mollusca. isbn 978 - 0 - 915826 - 22 - 3 .\nwolff, w. j. ; duiven, p. ; esselink, p. ; gueve, a. (1993). biomass of macrobenthic tidal flat fauna of the banc d' arguin, mauritania. hydrobiologia 258 (1 - 3): 151 - 163\nnassa röding, 1798 for mainly muricid species with the type species: nassa picta röding, 1798 (= nassa serta (bruguière, 1798) .\nin the 19th and much of the 20th century, all species that were added to the genus nassa were nassa mud snails belonging to the family nassariidae. after the rediscovery of röding' s catalogue of his collection museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturæ quæ olim collegerat joa. fried bolten, m. d. p. d. per xl. annos proto physicus hamburgensis. pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia, bivalvia & multivalvia, the muricid genus nassa röding, 1798 was given priority over the genus nassa named by lamarck .\nnassa röding, 1798. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 24 february 2011 .\nnassa francolina (bruguière, 1789). retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa serta (bruguière, 1789). retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa situla (reeve, 1846). retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa tuamotuensis houart, 1996. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa kraussiana dunker. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa lathraia. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa munda. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa obockensis. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa optima sowerby, 1903. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa pulla (linnaeus, 1758). retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa steindachneri. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa stiphra. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nnassa xesta. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 25 april 2010 .\nhouart r. (1996) the genus nassa röding 1798 in the indo - west pacific (gastropoda: prosobranchia: muricidae: rapaninae). archiv für molluskenkunde 126 (1 - 2): 51 - 63\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "nassarius prysmaticus is an extinct species of fossil sea snail , a marine gastropod molluscs in the family nassariidae .", "these sea snails have been found as fossils in the pliocene deposits of italy , spain and the united kingdom , as well as in the miocene of belgium , denmark and germany ( from 11.608 to 2.588 ma ) . " ], "topic": [ 2, 2 ] }

[ "nassarius prysmaticus is an extinct species of fossil sea snail, a marine gastropod molluscs in the family nassariidae. these sea snails have been found as fossils in the pliocene deposits of italy, spain and the united kingdom, as well as in the miocene of belgium, denmark and germany (from 11.608 to 2.588 ma)." ]

[ "coleophora gazella is a moth of the coleophoridae family. it is found in turkestan, afghanistan and turkey .\ngazella died in an automobile accident in odessa, texas on september 11, 1978 .\nthe yankees played in the world series every year gazella was on the team, winning three. however, gazella played in only the 1926 series, in which the yankees lost to the st. louis cardinals .\nafter retiring, gazella managed the ponca city angels of the western association and the moline plowboys of the three - i league, as well as scouted for the yankees .\ngazella erlangeri, the neumann’s gazelle or erlanger’s gazelle, is a small dark gazelle with a stout body and short legs. it is described from saudi arabia and yemen .\nmichael gazella (october 13, 1895 – september 11, 1978) was an american major league baseball player who played for the new york yankees on several championship teams in the 1920s .\ngazella borbonica, commonly known as the bourbon gazelle or european gazelle, is an extinct gazelle which existed in europe during the pleistocene epoch. it was described by charles depéret in 1884 .\ngazella psolea is an unusual prehistoric species of gazelle that lived in africa and arabia; it is only known from fossils. it makes up the subgenus deprezia due to its unique skull morphology: it had a long premolar row, and its nasal area is peculiar, with short nasal bones and a very large nasal opening. it therefore seems to have been able to breathe cold and dry air (a similar adaptation as found in the saiga), but why this feature evolved is still rather mysterious. perhaps it made seasonal migrations to the high atlas mountains, where such an adaptation would have been useful .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrussia, south ural, pokrovka vill. , 20 km s shibendy val. , 3. – 4. 7. 2013, leg. & coll. srnka, det. tabell, gp 21946 igr\nrussia, south ural, verbljushka hills, donskoe, 24. – 28. 6. 2009, leg. & coll. šumpich, det. richter ig. , gp 23785 igr\narmenia, siunik reg. , meghri, shwanidzor vill. , 800 m, 3. 8. 2014, lkeg. & coll. zlatkov & chobanov, det. richter ig. , gp 22764 igr\nrussia, south ural, pokrovka vill. , 20 km s shibendy val. , 3. – 4. 7. 2014, leg. & coll. srnka, det. tabell, wingspan 14 mm\narmenia, siunik, reg. meghri, schwandzor vill. , 800m, 3. 8. 2014, leg. & coll. zlatkov, det. richter ig. , wingspan 15 mm\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nthe species became established in auckland, new zealand in 1987, and is now found even in otago (near the country' s southern extremity) .\nthe species lived during the late pliocene (some 2. 5 mya); its remains have been found at ahl al oughlam near casablanca, morocco .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nalbania, austria, great britain, hungary, germany, greece, spain, italy, corsica, crete, latvia, malta, the netherlands, portugal, romania, sardinia, sicily, slovakia, france, czech republic, switzerland, sweden, estonia, yugoslavia .\n[ 85 ] urltoken (insecta. pro previous version / cтарая версия insecta. pro )\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "coleophora gazella is a moth of the coleophoridae family .", "it is found in turkestan , afghanistan and turkey .", "the larvae feed on the leaves of artemisia turanica , including f. diffusa in stony desert .", "they create a silky , sheathlike case , with the end curved downward , oblique sinuous wrinkles and longitudinal grooves .", "the length of the case is 12 – 14 mm and the color of the fresh case is dull white .", "larvae can be found from the end of may to the beginning of june and ( after diapause ) again from april to may . larvae hibernate . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 8, 1, 9, 20 ] }

[ "coleophora gazella is a moth of the coleophoridae family. it is found in turkestan, afghanistan and turkey. the larvae feed on the leaves of artemisia turanica, including f. diffusa in stony desert. they create a silky, sheathlike case, with the end curved downward, oblique sinuous wrinkles and longitudinal grooves. the length of the case is 12 – 14 mm and the color of the fresh case is dull white. larvae can be found from the end of may to the beginning of june and (after diapause) again from april to may. larvae hibernate." ]

[ "a very active coffin ray (aka numb ray) swimming at shark point, sydney new south wales, october 2015 .\na coffin ray at the wreck of the\nscottish prince\non the gold coast, queensland .\ndjango prepare a coffin (dvd / blu - ray combo): urltoken terence hill, ., ferdinando baldi: dvd\nalthough the coffin ray usually uses its electric organs to stun its prey, it can deliver a powerful shock to unsuspecting swimmers and divers .\nthe mouth of the australian coffin ray (hypnos monopterygium) is enormous, allowing it to gulp prey half the size of its body .\nthe coffin ray is well known to divers. the fish often hides under the sand from where it can deliver a powerful electric shock to anyone who touches it. people sometimes see dead coffin rays washed up on the beach .\nthe diet of the coffin ray, hypnos monopterygius (shaw, 1795), and predation mode inferred from jaw, dentition and electric organ morphology .\nnote: blu - ray discs are in a high definition format and need to be played on a blu - ray player .\nthe coffin ray is capable of producing an intense electric shock in the range of 200 volts that is used for stunning prey and as an anti - predation tactic .\ncarnivore - feeds mostly on fishes, crustaceans and polychaete worms. the coffin ray has an electric organ on each side of its body and delivers a powerful electric shock to stun its prey. coffin rays are able to swallow large food items - including the occasional little penguin .\ndid you know? – australia’s coffin ray can pack a 200 volt kick to fight off predators. it' s able to emit up to 50 shocks in 10 minutes !\nvogt vm. retroviral virions and genomes. in: coffin jm, hughes sh and varmus he, editor .\nthis limited edition coffin contains eight of the most iconic cinematic masterpieces of the horror genre. digitally restored in perfect high - definition picture and sound, the coffin includes a never - before - seen featurette about the restoration of\ndevelopment and characterization of ten microsatellite loci for the reef manta ray manta alfredi .\nits coffin, which was just 44cm long, was excavated at giza in 1907 by the british school of archaeology .\nregion: all regions (read more about dvd / blu - ray formats. )\nthe giza coffin was a miniature version of those used during the ancient egyptian late period, dating from between 664bc and 525bc .\na couple of cuttle fish and a coffin ray, aka numbfish (hypnos monopterygius) i saw on an otherwise uneventful snorkel at fairlight, sydney. the numbfish is so named because it can deliver an electric shock .\ngoldman, a. m. 2007. aspects of the biology of the coffin ray, hypnos monopterygius (shaw & nodder, 1795), (chondrichthyes; hypnidae). honours thesis. the university of queensland .\nnarcine vermiculatus - vermiculate electric ray (benthic on soft bottoms in protected coastal areas) .\nthis reference does not damage or criticize the theory of evolution as ray wishes it does .\nfunctional implications of ontogenetically and sexually dimorphic dentition in the eastern shovelnose ray, aptychotrema rostrata .\n, version 3. 1 manual: a system for x - ray crystallography and nmr .\nhe’ll make you jump: the numbfish or coffin ray – an example of which (above) john quarry photographed after it washed up on airforce beach, evans head – is renowned for packing a pretty solid electric shock .\na coffin ray, hypnos monopterygius, with parasitic marine leeches, at bare island, botany bay, new south wales, 5 december 2014. source: john turnbull / flickr. license: cc by attribution - noncommercial - sharealike\nchris ray gun on twitter :\ncan' t imagine why peter coffin (the man who invented a fake girlfriend) would be having a bad day. his channel seems to be doing... well. … urltoken\nnarcine baliensis, a new species of electric ray from southeast asia (chondrichthyes: torpediniformes) .\nthe frequency and effect of shark - inflicted bite injuries to the reef manta ray manta alfredi .\ndiet and reproduction in the australian butterfly ray gymnura australis from northern and north - eastern australia .\natlantic torpedo ray may be up to 1. 82 m (6 ft .) in length\nray claims that throughout his book, many people will claim that some of the quotes will be quote - mined (and indeed they will be and we can prove it). ray explains that quote - mining is using a quote in a way that was not intended by the author. this is correct and ray cannot claim ignorance of this fallacy. ray responds with the following :\ncomfort' s footnote says “the' coffin' would be empty. there is no empirical evidence in the fossil record for human evolution. ”\nclaims that matter cannot be created or destroyed. this was brought up to ray comfort at the live\npetropoulos c. retroviral taxonomy, protein structures, seqiences, and genetic maps. in: coffin jm, hughes sh and varmus he, editor .\nthe coffin is currently on display as part of an exhibition at the museum, called death on the nile: uncovering the afterlife of ancient egypt .\nthe ray shocks crabs, worms and quite large fish prior to swallowing them whole through its cavernous gob .\nbenthobatis yangi, a new species of blind electric ray from taiwan (chondrichthyes: torpediniformes: narcinidae) .\nvasodilator mechanisms in the dorsal aorta of the giant shovelnose ray, rhinobatus typus (rajiformes; rhinobatidae) .\nprey density threshold and tidal influence on reef manta ray foraging at an aggregation site on the great barrier reef .\na late cretaceous thornback ray from southern italy, with a phylogenetic reappraisal of the platyrhinidae (chondrichthyes: batoidea) .\nturns out spurgeon is no smarter than ray comfort. spurgeon is factually wrong about many things. going in order :\nmanta birostris, predator of the deep? insight into the diet of the giant manta ray through stable isotope analysis .\nthere are no wonderwalls here. instead we have coffin, a uniquely morbid love song that comes in the form of a seriously ear - wormy pop ditty. “lying with you, without a move, the coffin so smooth…” grzegorz cheerily croons, before the tune tumbles into a catchy major - chord chorus about burning trees, people and birds .\nin a statement, the museum said: “the diminutive wrapped package inside was carefully bound in bandages, over which molten black resin had been poured before the coffin was closed .\nmorphology and phylogenetic relationships of the giant electric ray from the eocene of monte bolca, italy (chondrichthyes: torpediniformes) .\nuse of epidermal mucus in elasmobranch stable isotope studies: a pilot study using the giant manta ray (manta birostris) .\ndiet and reproduction in the white - spotted eagle ray aetobatus narinari from queensland, australia and the penghu islands, taiwan .\nfrost, a. - m. , jacobsen, i. & bennett, m. b. (2016). the diet of the coffin ray, hypnos monopterygius (shaw, 1795) and predation mode inferred from jaw, dentition and electric organ morphology. mar. freshw. res. urltoken\ncoffin rays live on sandy or muddy bottoms in bays and estuaries, in depths from 4 - 220 metres. individuals usually lie buried in the sediment, waiting for unsuspecting prey .\nray includes a quote from the indiana university website [ 2 ] that claims that transitional fossil evidence is\nfew\nand\nvery spotty .\nray however disagrees and claims that none exist at all. not one. they only exist in the imaginations of pseudoscientific evolutionists. when the website mentions the word\nhypothesis ,\nray says that just means\nimagination .\nnarcine oculifera: a new species of electric ray from the gulfs of oman and aden (chondrichthyes: torpediniformes: narcinidae) .\na new species of electric ray, narcine leoparda, from the tropical eastern pacific ocean (chondrichthyes: torpediniformes: narcinidae) .\nthis would also mean ray comfort deliberately lied about there not being any “empirical evidence in the fossil record for human evolution. ”\nnovel signature fatty acid profile of the giant manta ray suggests reliance on an uncharacterised mesopelagic food source low in polyunsaturated fatty acids .\nwhen giants turn up: sighting trends, environmental influences and habitat use of the manta ray manta alfredi at a coral reef .\nreproductive biology of the eastern shovelnose ray, aptychotrema rostrata (shaw & nodder, 1794), from moreton bay, queensland .\nlove it, best blu - ray set i' ve ever bought. classic movies that will never go out of style .\ncan' t imagine why peter coffin (the man who invented a fake girlfriend) would be having a bad day. his channel seems to be doing... well. urltoken\nit' s a numbfish or coffin ray (hypnos monopterygium), renowned for packing a pretty solid electric shock. i waded within about five metres of a hooked one many years ago in wallaga lake, on the south coast, and we all felt through the water something like periodic jolts from an electric fence .\ntetronarce cowleyi, sp. nov. , a new species of electric ray from southern africa (chondrichthyes: torpediniformes: torpedinidae) .\ntheories and facts, just like evolution. but ray and his ilk are not arguing against any of the others: they single out evolution because they think it conflicts with their religious views. because of this, ray will not accept any evidence provided for evolution .\na historical and contemporary consideration of the diet of the reef manta ray (manta alfredi) from the great barrier reef, australia .\ndiet of the eastern shovelnose ray, aptychotrema rostrata (shaw & nodder, 1794), from moreton bay, queensland, australia .\na large number of x - ray diffraction data sets were collected to resolution limits varying between 4 and 2. 2 å (table\nregarding the fossil mononykus as thought to be a bird was a\nfossorial tetropad ,\nwhich paper recorded this? ray answers time .\nthe phylogenetic position of the giant devil ray mobula mobular (bonnaterre, 1788) (myliobatiformes, myliobatidae) inferred from the mitochondrial genome .\nhabitat segregation and mosaic sympatry of the two species of manta ray in the indian and pacific oceans: manta alfredi and m. birostris .\nbrown po (1997) integration. in coffin jm, hughes sh, varmus he, (eds) retroviruses. cold spring harbor: cold spring harbor laboratory press. pp: 161 - 203 [\ni' ve seen coffin rays in the evans river, a haven for all sorts of rays. i saw this one on the beach and it was a whopper, around the maximum size of 60cm .\ntoday i had the pleasure of visiting coffin & trout fine jewelry in chandler. . my sales representative danie was amazing! !! she was extremely knowledgeable, helpful and really listened to exactly ...\nthe identity of the giant flat fish that ambushed, attacked and presumably devoured the hapless octopus was hotly debated by reddit users. but dr neil c. aschliman, assistant professor in the biology department at st. ambrose university, and an expert on sharks and rays, is confident that the unknown assailant is a coffin ray (hypnos monopterygius) .\ndistribution, site affinity and regional movements of the manta ray, manta alfredi (krefft, 1868), along the east coast of australia .\nthe capricorn eddy: a driver of the movements and occurrence of the manta ray manta alfredi in the southern great barrier reef, australia. abstract\nray just admitted that he was only searching for\nquotes\nand not the actual evidence and discoveries. he is basing his judgement on quotes, not on the models, proofs or data. as for stating he interviews\nevolutionists\n, this isn' t really right. as already seen on his show way of the master, he only interviews random people on the street. also, we have millions of transitional fossils, which makes it impossible to fit them all into a coffin (unless the coffin was bigger than the state of montana) .\nthere are currently no conservation measures in place for this species; although it would derive some benefit from fisheries management initiatives like spatial closures and the use of turtle exclusion devices. however, it is unclear how much protection these measures would provide the coffin ray in areas with high levels of trawl effort (in particular parts of eastern and southeastern australia) .\nmost electric rays bury themselves under sand during the day and come out at night to feed. if prey is encountered, the ray will stun the creature with electricity. then, the ray will guide the food with its pectoral fins to its mouth, which is located under its body .\ncoffin, a. 2009, road network development and landscape dynamics in the santa fe river watershed, north - central florida, 1975 to 2005: gainesville, university of florida, ph. d. dissertation .\neven though the two animals are pretty evenly matched in size, there is nothing unusual about a coffin ray ambushing and eating such large prey (just look at what this guy had for breakfast !). according to dr aschliman, the rays are\nknown for tackling surprisingly large prey\nand\nthe octopus in the video certainly would be fair game .\nsince the cephalopods are\nfamously compressible\n( they really, really are), swallowing one shouldn’t be a problem for the hungry ray .\na new species of electric ray of the genus narcine henle, 1834 from the south - western indian ocean (chondrichthyes: torpediniformes: narcinidae) .\nenvironmental influences on manta ray (manta alfredi and m. birostris) and whale shark (rhincodon typus) abundance off tofo beach, mozambique. abstract\nhabitat segregation and mosaic sympatry of the two species of manta ray in the indian and pacific oceans: manta alfredi and m. birostris. - corrigendum\nhave been to c & t many times in the past. they have a nice selection of rolex models as well as fine jewelry. sent my rolex submariner date to rsc dallas through coffin & trout and christine ...\nevolution does not require faith, since we actually have evidence (which ray is careful not to share) including the fact that we observe evolution happening now .\nreaction to divers: easily approached. moves away only when closely disturbed. may shock if handled. divers have reported severe shocks after accidentally resting on this ray .\ndespite ray comfort' s attempts to distance himself from revealing his thoughts on how old the earth and universe is, this book provides a demonstration of his views .\n) allowed identification of the missing loops in the resultant electron density map. the current model shows reasonable agreement with both x - ray data and ideal geometry (table\nhowever, the experts decided to try to find out for sure. an x - ray proved inconclusive so it was then decided to use a micro ct scan .\ndiving logistics: two coffin rays were spotted on a single night dive at exmouth navy jetty in w. a. this is a great dive with many sharks and rays always in residence. bookings can be made solely with exmouth dive centre .\nthe pacific electric ray is the only species of ray that is native to the pacific coast. it is one of the more aggressive species of electric rays and reports of divers receiving shocks from them are not uncommon. this is an extremely large ray that can deliver a formidable shock and for this reason has few predators. females are larger than males and have been charted at nearly 140 cm and over 40 kg. they feed mainly on bony fishes such as mackerel or herring, but also consume cephalopods and invertebrates .\nthe coffin ray is caught as bycatch in a number of fisheries, primarily trawl fisheries of eastern and southeastern australia. the capture of this species by trawlers is, in part, exacerbated by the limited mobility of the species and its behavioral ecology. for example, the coffin ray relies heavily on camouflage and the electroplaque organ (electric organ) for defense and for prey capture. as a consequence, individuals in the path of a trawl track are unlikely to move until the net is within the immediate vicinity, therefore increasing the likelihood of them being captured. it is important to note though that the coffin ray is a relatively hardy species with the majority of caught individuals being released alive. given this, post - release survival rates for individuals that have experienced a trawl event are expected to be high. catch data for this species is relatively limited and confined to eastern and southeastern australia. catch estimates for the southern and eastern scalefish and shark fishery (walker and gason 2007) indicate that around nine tonnes are caught and subsequently discarded annually. the species has also been reported in limited numbers from the eastern king prawn sector of the queensland east coast otter trawl fishery and more regularly from the new south wales ocean trawl fishery (courtney et al. 2007, goldman 2007, kyne 2008) .\ncomfort claims to have searched and studied quotes from paleontologists, and concluded they were all\nquacks .\nhe says he has interviewed evolutionists, and they are forced to admit they have a\nfew\ntransitional fossils that they may fit into a coffin .\n“from the micro ct scan it is noticeable that the foetus has its arms crossed over its chest. this, coupled with the intricacy of the tiny coffin and its decoration, are clear indications of the importance and time given to this burial in egyptian society. ”\nafter following this ray for some time and repeatedly photographing it at close range it was still reluctant to use its electric stunning ability. instead it slowly made its way to covered ground .\nnext, ray says two gallup polls in 1982 and 2007 show that over 80 percent of the american population believes god created man, claiming the people have not been\nfooled .\n) that created everything out of thin air (nothing). it does not explain how god created anything, nor does ray provide anything that is only the result of supernatural creation .\nthe validity of evolution doesn' t rest on the personal views of a single nobel prize winner. rather it rests on the the evidence, evidence that ray is failing to address .\na taxonomic review of the australian butterfly ray gymnura australis (ramsay & ogilby, 1886) and other members of the family gymnuridae (order rajiformes) from the indo - west pacific .\na systematic revision of the electric ray genus narcine henle, 1834 (chondrichthyes: torpediniformes: narcinidae), and the higher - level phylogenetic relationships of the orders of elasmobranch fishes (chondrichthyes) .\nscience is not dogmatic, nor do scientists assert things things they can' t prove. science, as ray comfort and kirk cameron often love to cry about, has been wrong before as new evidence is discovered and new models are developed. in science, everything must be falsifiable, because future data could reveal current models to be false. this is why scientists avoid using absolute terms and ray knows this. he often loves to point out the lack of absolute terms as what he calls the\nlanguage of speculation .\nso even ray knows that scientists aren' t dogmatic .\nthe coffin ray is found in tropical and warm temperate australian waters from st vincents gulf (south australia) to timor reef (northern territory), and, from eden (new south wales) to at least heron island, great barrier reef (queensland; approximately 23°27′s, 151°55′e) (kyne et al. 2005, last and stevens 2009, g. johnson, pers. comm. , 2015). while the northern extent of the northwestern distribution has previously been reported to broome, western australia (last and stevens 2009), at least two specimens have been reported from timor reef (northern territory) indicating the northwestern distribution of the coffin ray extends into the timor sea (g. johnson, pers. comm. , 2015). a disjunct exists in this species' range from st vincents gulf (south australia) to eden (new south wales) and the species has not been recorded from the waters of victoria or tasmania (last and stevens 2009) .\nray states that throughout this book, he will demonstrate that the theory of evolution is not a fact, but a theory. he stresses that again by saying\nit is just a theory .\nray still doesn' t understand that science never claims to be absolutely correct. scientific theories must remain falsifiable, as new collected data could alter, improve or disprove any given scientific law or theory .\npham tn, coffin cs, michalak ti. occult hepatitis c virus infection: what does it mean? liver international: official journal of the international association for the study of the liver. 2010; 30 (4): 502–11. epub 2010 / 01 / 15. : pmid: 20070513 .\nalso note the part where ray says\ni don’t see any value in the soil of his surrounding words. i merely extract what i believe is of value ...\nthis basically means that he went out of his way to look through entire publications and crop the bits to make the authors appear they do not support the proposition they are saying they support. this also means that ray deliberately overlooked all the physical evidence provided by these scientists that are meant to support the theory of evolution. so not only is ray a hypocritical liar, it seems he is also willingly ignorant and wishes his readers to remain ignorant too .\nwell, coming straight from ray comfort himself, a lie is a lie, telling a half - truth is a lie, and by that same logic\nquote mining\nis also a lie. but it seems\nnext, ray goes on to explain what a transitional fossil is. he defines a transitional fossil as\na fossil showing one life form evolving (or changing) to create another, new form of life .\nthere' s evidence from lots of different sources showing that man evolved from ape - like creatures, but ray is only asking for fossil evidence. we have found many fossils even though our lineage is not considered complete\nthe maximum voltage during the initial attack is 45 volts. (other, lesser known species of ray have been known to produce a more significant charge). a ray will issue over 400 rapid pulses of direct current (about 5ms long each) during a violent attack, some delivering as many as 300 pulses in a single second. the size of the ray does not seem to affect the speed of the attack, but the temperature of the water will alter the speed of the pulses issued by the ray. the warmer the water, the faster the attack. the power of some rays has been measured as a full kilowatt. outside of hunting, rays are thought to use a special organ called an ampullae of lorenzini to pick up electrical cues from possible prey fish when visibility is low. this explains their occasional habit of attacking artificially generated electrical shields .\ntorpedo adenensis: a new species of electric ray from the gulf of aden: with comments on nominal species of torpedo from the western indian ocean, arabian sea, and adjacent areas (chondrichthyes, torpediniformes, torpedinidae) .\nfill in the blank question. richard dawkins said\nfeathers are modified reptilian _ _ _ _ _ _\nray answers\nscales\n( put provides no source) and argues this is false. ray comfort uses arguments from jonathan sarfati, and creationist author with a phd in chemistry. sarfati formerly worked for answers in genesis (aig), presently works for creation ministries international (cmi) as co - editor of their magazine, creation .\nray says evolutionists speak in what he calls the\nlanguage of speculation\n; that is, their responses do not include absolute terms. they use words like probably, possibly, perhaps, maybe, could be, etc .\nwho said it question ;\nscience without religion is lame, religion without science is blind .\nray answers “albert einstein. ” (source: science, philosophy, and religion: a symposium, new york 1941) .\nevolution: a fairy tale for grownups is a book authored by ray comfort, published in 2008. in this book, ray asks a series of questions that he hopes will undermine people' s acceptance of the theory of evolution. however, there are many many problems with comfort' s rather dishonest approach. this article will provide a side - by - side commentary and critical analysis of this book, along with highlights of certain fallacies throughout the book .\nray comfort likes to praise himself as the champion of truth, because he spreads the word of god. however if you have to lie in order to support your position, then you clearly know that your position is not true .\nthe only evidence ray claims evolutionists have is drawings of monkeys slowly straightening upright into modern humans. next, he defines evolution in\nsimplistic terms\n( that is, his own twisted version which is unlike what evolution actually is )\nproject title: road networks, land cover and ecological services: thirty years of change in colorado and florida mendenhall fellow: alisa coffin, (970) 226 - 9480, coffina @ urltoken duty station: fort collins, co start date: february 2, 2009 education: ph. d. , geography, university of florida, 2009\na small electric ray with a flattened pear - shaped disc, two dorsal fins and an extremely short tail, with only the caudal fin extending beyond the hind margin of the pelvic fins. an electric organ is located in each pectoral fin .\nray claims to not be an expert on the subject of evolution, therefore throughout this book he will quote (mine) from\nevolutionary experts\nwhat they believe about the theory of evolution and that it requires blind faith to accept it .\nray comfort is using this quote as an argument from design. however, nowhere in this reference, book, or any creationist material provides a compelling argument for “design. ” in fact, there is no debate: there is no design .\ngutteridge, a. n. & bennett, m. b. (2014). functional implications of ontogenetically and sexually dimorphic dentition in the eastern shovelnose ray, aptychotrema rostrata. j. exp. biol. 217, 192 - 200 .\nthis reference is another failure of ray comfort' s plan to provide a reference to discredit the theory of evolution as a whole. discrediting one fossil doesn' t discredit all the other fossils, which sufficiently and thoroughly support the theory of evolution .\nhad to say was silence. when the moderator pressured them to provide a response, all kirk cameron had to give was a low mumble ,\ni think the people can figure it out .\nno response, kirk and ray were stumped .\narc - linkage funded project (2015 - 2018; $ 315, 000) - a collaboaration of scientists and industry partners to examine the connectivity of manta ray populations around the australian coastline and possible interchange with indonesian populations using a suite of approaches .\nprobably the most common animal with electric capabilities is the stingray. there are fourteen known species of stingray that range in habitat from the pacific coasts of california to british columbia all the way to various atlantic locations. other fish belonging to the order include the coffin rays, sleeper rays, and numbfishes, all with electric capabilities. the order totals over sixty creatures .\nof course ray' s interpretation of the scientific consensus is nothing like what scientists actually say. dr. sten odenwald (raytheon stx) for nasa, education and public outreach program, 2001 spelled out what scientists mean when they say\nnothing\n:\nthe ability of the zinc fingers to recognize three base pairs has led to an intense exploration on the design and selection of domains that control the expression of specific genes. structural information based on x - ray crystallography and nmr has guided these studies. site\nwho said it ?\nthe remarkable fact that the values of these numbers seem to have been finely adjusted to make possible development of life... nevertheless, it seems clear that there are relatively few ranges of values for the numbers that would allow the development of any form of intelligent life .\nray answers stephen hawking, (a brief history of time p. 129 - 130). ray argues that hawking agrees that the universe seems finely adjusted that could only be the work of an intelligent creator .\nthe quote used by ray comfort cannot be found anywhere in this article, and nowhere in this source do the authors imply that the evolution of dinosaurs to birds is impossible or wrong. and for that, this is being categorized under\nquote mining .\nwhat the video doesn' t show is exactly how this ambush predator was able to overpower – and likely dispatch – the octopus so quickly. “ [ coffin rays ] can generate and discharge powerful electric current using modified gill muscles, ” explains dr aschliman. “it can use this to subdue prey (for example, an otherwise feisty and dexterous cephalopod) and deter predators. ”\ngape width is highly variable, but exhibits a notable dichotomy in the electric rays, in which the narrowest torpedinid ray gape (torpedo: 2. 022 ihd) is approximately twice that of the narrowest gape of a narcinoid ray (discopyge: 1. 042 ihd). this split is the result of the labial cartilages of narcinoid electric rays, which serve to laterally occlude the mouth and reduce the effective gape. as a result, in these species the lateral span of the gape is reduced by as much as ∼40% (narke and benthobatis). all other batoid groups lack these elements and therefore their effective and anatomical gapes are equal. in general, skates and guitarfishes have wider gapes (> 1. 650 ihd) than do stingrays (> 1. 285 ihd), and demerso - pelagic species in all groups (torpedo, hypnos, pristis, raja, dipturus, pteroplatytrygon, gymnura, aetoplatea, mobula) tend to have wider mouths (> 1. 65 ihd). the gapes of the coffin ray, hypnos (2. 370 ihd), and the sawfish, pristis (2. 380 ihd) are the widest of the species we examined .\ncomfort ends this chapter with a note to the reader to visit his ministries webshite and click on the booklet\nsave yourself some pain .\nit is a booklet written by ray comfort providing 10 principles for those who are becoming christians. the principles are as follows ;\nrays are among the largest fishes in the sea and have colonized all oceans. the first cousins of sharks, rays evolved from early mesozoic or late paleozoic shark - like ancestors. they also share with sharks many life history traits – all are carnivores or scavengers – and a multitude of morphological and anatomical characters, such as their skeletons built of cartilage. there are 6 families and 633 valid named species of rays, but additional undescribed species exist for many groups. our knowledge of many of the ray species is based on only a small number of individuals, and few of them have been researched well enough to gain even a basic understanding of their biology and life history. the insights gained from molecular analyses of more than three - quarters of living ray species, combined with reinvigorated morphological investigations, have led to many changes in both ray classification and the underpinning species diversity. the recognition of whole new families and genera of rays, and many newly described species, have resulted from this research. in the last century, growth in the trade of rays for food, fins, leather, and curios has fueled increasing prices and demand for them in many countries. this has driven significant increases in ray take by commercial fisheries globally, particularly in the tropical indo - pacific. the largely unconstrained growth in ray catch, low productivity of most ray species, and general lack of management of their fisheries has lead to growing concern over the sustainability of stocks throughout the world. rays of the world is the first complete pictorial atlas of the world' s ray fauna and features paintings of more than six hundred species by the fish artist lindsay marshall. this comprehensive overview documents the world' s ray fauna and promotes wider public interest in the group. it also provides general identifying features and distributional information about this iconic, but surprisingly poorly known, group of fishes. a valuable collection of paintings of all living rays (as well as sharks) has been compiled as part of a multinational research initiative (chondrichthyan tree of life project) to gain a better understanding of the diversity and evolution of this group. images sourced from around the planet have been used by the artist to illustrate all of the rays found in oceans and some tropical freshwaters of the world .\n) brought everything into being. ray says we have never seen matter create itself. you know what we have never seen? we’ve never seen anything “created”. no one has ever seen a complex life form magically pop out of thin air. but that’s what creationists are arguing for !\nin the uk, species with long snouts are often known as skates. while those with shorter snouts are called rays. but this isn’t scientifically accurate and can be confusing. for example the thornback ray is called a ray but it' s actually a skate! to avoid confusion, we refer to skates and rays by their common british names. there are around 18 species of skates and rays that are regularly found in uk waters. only 8 are common. we' ve also had a few reports of vagrant giant devil rays, common eagle rays and pelagic stingrays .\nthe coffin ray is a small, highly distinctive electric ray. this slow - moving species is found in inshore environments, buried on sandy and muddy bottoms. it is more commonly observed in water depths to 80 m, although specimens have been reported to depths of 220 m (last and stevens 2009). this species is viviparous (lecithotrophic) and has litter sizes of 4 - 8 pups. size at birth for this species is ~ 8 - 11 cm total length (tl) with both sexes maturing at around 40 - 48 cm tl. size at first sexual maturity for males and females reported as 42 cm tl and 39. 5 cm tl, respectively. females reach at least 62. 5 cm tl; males are marginally smaller reaching at least 55 cm tl (goldman 2007, last and stevens 2009). a very hardy animal, it can survive out of water for hours. further information is required on this species' reproductive cycle and its age and growth parameters .\nthe quote provided is correct, but ray' s conclusion is not. his position, creationism, states that god created everything. in the book of genesis, god said\nlet there be ...\nand it was. this is basically an incantation (i. e .\nchance mr, sagi i, wirt md, frisbie sm, scheuring e, chen e, bess jwj, henderson le, arthur lo, south tl, et al. extended x - ray absorption fine structure studies of a retrovirus: equine infectious anemia virus cysteine arrays are coordinated to zinc .\nhunting with electricity: the attack of the pacific electric ray is one that a witness will remember. the electric animal hangs suspended in water, waiting for a prey fish to come within range. when an unsuspecting fish comes into range, the ray lunges forward in a quick motion and wraps the prey in the folds of its pectoral fins. it will kick with its tail and roll repeatedly in order to tighten its grip, all the while delivering electric shocks to its victim. another common tactic involves burying itself in the sand during the daylight hours and rearing out to snatch passing fish .\nwhich scientist was happy believing in evolution without evidence? ray answers richard dawkins. he sources dawkins in a speech at washington university in st. louis, saying\nwe do not need evidence. we know it is to be true .\n( washington magazine, 22 march 1997, p. 10 )\nquestion about the bible. which book reveals the seasons are caused by changing positions of the sun? ray answers genesis 1: 14\nand god said, let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to let the day and night be divided and let there be days, seasons, and years .\nisn’t is strange, ray, how your precious psalm makes no mention of bacteria or viruses? no mention of the pathological mechanisms of either? not even a hint of why washing might be a wise course of action? a few words about that would have saved the life of president garfield, among many others .\none sometimes reads that all hominid fossils could fit in a coffin, or on a table, or a billiard table. that is a misleading image, as there are now thousands of hominid fossils. lubenow found that there were fossils from almost 4, 000 hominid individuals catalogued as of 1976. [ 35 ] as of 1999, there were fossils of about 150 homo erectus individuals, 90 australopithecus robustus, 150 australopithecus afarensis, 500 neanderthals, and more .\nskates and rays are very closely related to sharks. they' re flatter in shape, which makes them well suited for life on the sea - floor. their mouth, nostrils and gills are located on the underside of their body. while their eyes are on top. skates and rays spend a lot of time buried in the sand. either hiding from predators or lying in wait for unsuspecting prey. with their gills and nostrils buried in sand you may be wondering how they breathe? all sharks have two small breathing holes found near the eyes. these are known as spiracles. when buried, skates and rays rely on these to provide them with oxygen. there are over 600 species of skate and ray worldwide. from the graceful manta ray, the largest ray in the world reaching up to 9m. electric rays that can deliver a powerful shock. and the rostrum wielding sawfish, which uses its saw - like snout to stun its prey .\n“ william harvey, in about 1620, that biological ‘life’ really is maintained by the blood\n... so creationist ray comfort is using a creationist “discovery” in 1620 and thinks this discovery is that biological life is maintained by blood? if that is so, then how are “living” things like jellyfish and sponges biologically alive without blood ?\nmany of the questions attack the fossil record, since ray comfort still insists that the greatest evidence for evolution is fossils, and thus showing weakness in this field shows the inferiority of all science. this is not the case, because even if we did not have a single fossil at all, we still have mountains of evidence to prove evolution :\nhe' s not an expert on the subject? you don' t say! someone who is not trained in the field of science, has no scientific degree of any kind, should not be writing a book attempting to debunk something they don' t understand. ray is attempting to refute the strongest theory in science with quotes (actually ,\nappearance: the classic electric ray is probably the animal that most comes to mind when people think of electric fish. one of the most distinguishing features of the electric ray is the pair of elongated fins that run the length of the fish’s body, forming the well known rounded wing look. the fins round near the fish’s rear, which is made up of a long, whip - like appendage, which houses the poisonous barb or stinger. the fishes are generally flat with protruding eyes that attach directly to the skin around the eyes. the stingray cannot blink for this reason. they are streamlined and their family name inspired the torpedo underwater military device. they come in a variety of colors .\njustification: the coffin ray (hypnos monopterygius) occurs widely in warm temperate and tropical australian waters, but with a gap in its distribution in southeastern australia. new records over the last decade or so have extended the known range of the species into the timor sea (northern territory) and the great barrier reef (queensland). it occurs on sandy and muddy habitats from close inshore mostly to 80 m depth, although it has been recorded to 220 m. this species is occasionally taken as bycatch by commercial trawlers; post - release mortality is likely to be low as it can survive out of water for hours and is usually discarded alive. further information is required on its life history, and its full distribution off northwestern australia. it is assessed as least concern given that it is common and widely distributed and is of no interest to fisheries .\nthis question is in regards to the formation of stars, not the theory of evolution or biodiversity of life. at best, this reference shares our scientific curiosity and desire to learn more about the natural world and how the universe works. ray comfort and his worldview offers nothing, just\ngod did it\n—an answer that answers everything while explaining nothing .\nall living creatures produce electricity - even humans - but electric rays have two special kidney - shaped organs that generate and store electricity like a battery. large atlantic torpedo rays can generate enough power to produce a shock of about 220 volts, while smaller rays, like the lesser electric ray (narcine brasiliensis) can only muster a shock of about 37 volts .\n. he only calls it “speculation” and “ridiculous” – all coming from a man with no degree in any scientific field, and has shown throughout his published material to know next to nothing about the theory of evolution or science in general. if ray wishes to make a valid case against punctuated equilibrium, simply saying “nuh - uh” isn' t going to cut it .\nclassification: stingrays are primarily divided into two categories, based on numerous qualities including their size and type of prey. the superfamily, torpedinoidea, specialize in hunting and killing very large prey by stunning the animals and swallowing them whole. coffin rays and electric rays belong to this superfamily. the second superfamily, narcinoidea, consists mainly rays that feed on small prey or bottom feed. animals in this superfamily include numbfishes and sleeper rays. the only universal commonality between the superfamilies is the use of electricity as a means of defense .\nburgess, k. , couturier, l. , marshall, a. , richardson, a. , weeks, s. & bennett, m. b. (2016). manta birostris, predator of the deep? insights into the diet of the giant manta ray using stable isotope analysis. roy. soc. open sci. doi: 10. 1098 / rsos. 16717\nhe is quote mining on purpose and is deliberately being misleading and actually lying to the reader. he knows what he is doing and now we all know him for a lying hypocrite. he is known to straight - up call strangers, laypeople, or anybody in general liars and tell them lying is wrong since it violates god' s law. ray made it very clear in his book\ntrue or false question .\nnobel prize winner sir ernest chain once said of the theory of evolution,' i would rather believe in fairy tales than in such wild speculation.'\nray answers “true. ” (source: ronald w. clark, the life of ernest chain [ new york: st. martin' s press, 1985 ] pg. 147 - 148. )\n. this quote of wald is from the 1950' s. he has a very good excuse for not knowing about all the scientific breakthroughs we' ve had since then; ray comfort on the other hand (who has access to this information at his fingertips) has no such excuse. rather, comfort pretends that all the evidence for abiogenesis is nonexistent and refuses to learn about it .\npublish this quote? “the remarkable fact is that all the physical evidence we have for human evolution can still be placed, with room to spare, inside a single coffin *... modern apes, for instance, seem to have sprung out of nowhere. they have no yesterday, no fossil record. and the true origin of modern humans—of upright, naked, tool - making, big - brained beings—is, if we ere to be honest with ourselves, an equally mysterious matter. ” comfort answers “1982” (source: dr. lyall watson, “the water people, ”\nthis question address archaeology and the bible. somehow, ray comfort thinks this refutes evolution. the question is which publication reported the following :\nin an extraordinary way, modern archaeology is affirming the historical core of the old and new testaments, supporting key portions of crucial biblical stories .\ncomfort answers readers digest (jeffery l. sheler ,\nis the bible true ?\njune 2000) .\nkashiwagi, t. , broderick, d. , lance, s. l. , bennett, m. b. & ovenden, j. r. (2012). development and characterization of ten microsatellite loci for the reef manta ray manta alfredi. cons. gen. res. 4 (4), 1055 - 1058. doi: 10. 1007 / s12686 - 012 - 9705 - 7\nthe archvists at arrow video have delved into the euro western coffers and released a great title from italy' s golden age. director ferdinando baldi' s' django prepare a coffin' aka' preparati la bara' aka' get the coffin ready' aka' viva django' - 1968 (whew! !) would have been a direct sequel to director sergio corbucci\ns dynamite original from 1966. without franco nero who had other commitments, the producers went with terence hill who resembled nero in some respect. with great villainy in german actor horst frank and actor / writer george eastman aka luigi montifiori. this film emerges as an excellently fast paced tale of revenge. it' s great to see hill in serious mode before his rise to stardom with director enzo barboni' s' they call me trinity' aka' lo chiamavano trinita' - 1970. barboni is behind the camera this time and it shows. arrow' s blu - ray transfer is quite nice with a 1. 85 1080p transfer, sometimes overly bright in some scenes (but why nitpick? } and has optional english and italian audio tracks with both highlighting the catchy music score by gianpiero reverberi. the extras are kind of skimpy with a 12 minute featurette django explained narrated by author kevin grant who' s excellent tome' any gun can play' is the definitive study of the euro western and an original trailer. too bad they couldn' t get an interview with actor terence hill. this release is a must have for euro western fans and lets hope arrow releases more titles in the future." ]

{ "text": [ "hypnos monopterygius , also known as the coffin ray or australian numbfish , is a species of electric ray endemic to australia , where it is common in inshore waters shallower than 80 m ( 260 ft ) .", "it is the sole member of its family hypnidae .", "this small species typically reaches 40 cm ( 16 in ) in length .", "greatly enlarged pectoral fins and an extremely short tail , coupled with diminutive dorsal and caudal fins all concentrated towards the rear , give the coffin ray a distinctive pear-like shape .", "it is a varying shade of brown in color above , and has tiny eyes and a large , highly distensible mouth .", "the sluggish and nocturnal coffin ray frequents sandy or muddy habitats , where it can bury itself during daytime .", "it can produce a powerful electric shock reaching 200 volts for attack and defense .", "this species is a voracious predator that feeds mainly on benthic bony fishes , often tackling fish approaching or exceeding itself in size .", "on occasion , it may also consume invertebrates and even small penguins and rats .", "reproduction is aplacental viviparous , in which the developing embryos are nourished by yolk and maternally produced histotroph ( \" uterine milk \" ) .", "the female gives birth to 4 – 8 pups during summer .", "the coffin ray can deliver a severe , albeit non-fatal , shock to a human .", "not valued commercially , it is very hardy and can usually survive being captured and discarded .", "the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has listed this species under least concern , as its population does not seem threatened by human activity . " ], "topic": [ 18, 26, 0, 23, 23, 18, 10, 0, 8, 22, 14, 4, 15, 17 ] }

[ "hypnos monopterygius, also known as the coffin ray or australian numbfish, is a species of electric ray endemic to australia, where it is common in inshore waters shallower than 80 m (260 ft). it is the sole member of its family hypnidae. this small species typically reaches 40 cm (16 in) in length. greatly enlarged pectoral fins and an extremely short tail, coupled with diminutive dorsal and caudal fins all concentrated towards the rear, give the coffin ray a distinctive pear-like shape. it is a varying shade of brown in color above, and has tiny eyes and a large, highly distensible mouth. the sluggish and nocturnal coffin ray frequents sandy or muddy habitats, where it can bury itself during daytime. it can produce a powerful electric shock reaching 200 volts for attack and defense. this species is a voracious predator that feeds mainly on benthic bony fishes, often tackling fish approaching or exceeding itself in size. on occasion, it may also consume invertebrates and even small penguins and rats. reproduction is aplacental viviparous, in which the developing embryos are nourished by yolk and maternally produced histotroph (\" uterine milk \"). the female gives birth to 4 – 8 pups during summer. the coffin ray can deliver a severe, albeit non-fatal, shock to a human. not valued commercially, it is very hardy and can usually survive being captured and discarded. the international union for conservation of nature (iucn) has listed this species under least concern, as its population does not seem threatened by human activity." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for fusinus caloosaensis yet. learn how to contribute .\n( of fusus biangulatus deshayes, 1834) deshayes g. p. (1834 [\n1830\n]). [ coquilles de la mer rouge ] in l. de laborde, voyage de l' arabie pétrée par léon de laborde et linant. giard, paris. 87 pp, 69 pl. , 2 maps. , available online at urltoken page (s): p. 66, pl. 65 fig. 13 - 14 [ details ]\nvine, p. (1986). red sea invertebrates. immel publishing, london. 224 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of fusus biangulatus deshayes, 1834) issel, a. (1869). malacologia del mar rosso. ricerche zoologiche e paleontologiche. biblioteca malacologica, pisa. xi + 387 pp. , pls 1 - 5. , available online at urltoken page (s): 138 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nfusus biangulatus deshayes, g. p. in laborde, l. e. j. & m. linant, 1834: red sea\n- note: several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes. they are not for sale. - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock, except when only one specimen is offered. we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted (gamma correction) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view « shell encyclopedia, conchology, inc. » conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information: family, species, author, date, and full locality .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (2. 573 seconds. )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nnatural history museum (2014). dataset: collection specimens. resource: specimens. natural history museum data portal (data. nhm. ac. uk). urltoken\nan open source project by the natural history museum' s biodiversity informatics group." ]

{ "text": [ "fusinus polygonoides is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "fusinus polygonoides is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies." ]

[ "selective bactericidal activity of nanopatterned superhydrophobic cicada psaltoda claripennis wing surfaces. - pubmed - ncbi\nmoulds, m. s. (1984). psaltoda magnifica sp. n. and notes on the distribution of psaltoda species (homoptera: cicadidae). general applied entomology 16, 27 - 32 .\npsaltoda antennetta n. sp. and p. maccallumi n. sp. are cicadas restricted to rainforest habitats in northeastern queensland. psaltoda mossi n. sp. is far more widespread, ranging through eastern queensland to northern new south wales. psaltoda antennetta is remarkable for its foliate antennal flagella, an attribute almost unique among the cicadoidea. relationships of these three species are discussed and a revised key to all psaltoda species provided .\njeremy rice added a link to\nwing structure kills bacteria\non\npsaltoda claripennis ashton 1921\n.\nhere is an redeye cicada (psaltoda moerens) photo taken by david emery. the redeye is also know as the cherryeye .\nthis video taken by samantha madell in nsw australia is a time lapse video of of a redeye cicada (psaltoda moerens) molting .\nchisholm, e. c. 1932 ,\nthe identity of psaltoda harrisi and that of a near alley\n, australian naturalist, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 131 - 134\nmoulds, m. s. (2002). three new species of psaltoda stal from eastern australia (hemiptera: cicadoidea: cicadidae). records of the australian museum 54 (3), 325 - 334 .\npsaltoda pictibasis, commonly known as the black friday, is a species of cicada native to queensland and northeastern new south wales in eastern australia. urltoken please support this channel and help me upload more videos. become one of my patreons at urltoken\nmoss, j. t. st. l. and moulds, m. s. (2000). a new species of psaltoda stal, with notes on comparative morphology and song structure (hemiptera: cicadidae). australian entomologist 27 (2), 47 - 60 .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nhasan j 1, webb hk, truong vk, pogodin s, baulin va, watson gs, watson ja, crawford rj, ivanova ep .\nfaculty life and social sciences, swinburne university of technology, po box 218, hawthorn, victoria, 3122, australia .\nthis page contains pictures and information about clanger cicadas that we found in the brisbane area, queensland, australia. they are also known as\nthis cicada is common in brisbane, including bushlands, backyards and gardens. they tend to rest on branches of medium - sized trees where is not too high. they are usually in group and are easily be seen .\nthis is a medium size cicada. it has the colour patterns of green on brown and dark brown to black. its eyes is pale red to reddish - brown in colour. its wings are clear with green vein. male and female look similar except the female is a bit smaller in size. we sometimes find them in wishart bushlands .\nin karawatha forest mid summer dec 2008, we found this couple sitting about 2 meters from ground, one was singing. they stop singing when we taking photos. both flied away when we came too close, about 0. 5 meter. they were strong flier .\nin mid summer 2005, we found this cicada hiding under leaves during the day in karawatha forest .\nthe clanger can be found resting on stems or leaves. they are seldom found resting on main tree trunk. their song is the loud rapid rattling and clanging sound .\nthis bad luck clanger was found on spider web, dec 2007 karawatha forest .\n- l. w. popple, the cicadas of central eastern australia, 2006 .\n- moulds ms (1990). new south wales university press, nsw. australia .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\ngermar, e. f. 1834 ,\nobservations sur plusieurs espèces du genre cicada, latr\n, revue entomologique (silbermann), vol. 2, pp. 49 - 82, pls 19 - 26\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 67080ac9 - f9e1 - 4148 - aaf7 - 81ca8d0f49ef\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 7e2a73a8 - 2057 - 4678 - b85a - f7522ef482d4\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 8ba7906f - e7ba - 4680 - aa61 - a74191a35b75\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: bd0eef4d - 6f50 - 40d4 - ac08 - 24407abfdf7f\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: d39e5a29 - efe6 - 40fd - 83c7 - fad80b21625c\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 317403\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nclanger cicada wings were found to kill bacteria, via surface structure ...\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthe redeye cicada can be found in eastern nsw, victoria and tasmania, and are most abundant in late november and december. (moulds, m. s. . australian cicadas kennsignton: new south wales press, 1990, p. 75 )\ncan you identify this cicada from brisbane australia? these images were sent to us by darren fairbrother. help us id this cicada .\n© 1996 - 2018 cicada mania - 22 years of providing cicada information and fun on the web! all content on urltoken is owned and copyrighted by the content' s creator. site map | terms & conditions, privacy policy, and help\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 14ed45d5 - 5c7d - 42ef - 84e0 - 466acfc14e6a\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 4bc8687c - 5fde - 47f5 - 9a07 - 1fa1af0a1346\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: bb98974d - 73a0 - 4e39 - a241 - e4744c51c0f5\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: c6d8a73c - fb1e - 483f - 9699 - 5c7768e4e652\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 11721718 - c72f - 4a36 - a943 - 2c7b76f5f5a1\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 386554\nmusgrave, a. 1959 ,\nnotes on australian cicadidae\n, proceedings of the royal society of new south wales, vol. 1957–58, pp. 40 - 42\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 4071eb55 - c929 - 475c - 92ba - f9e1ef0deaaf\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 80bc9fca - 906f - 4b70 - 8bf8 - 03975e6c7a62\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 9043eddc - 73d3 - 45ec - ae47 - 111dd15a4cb7\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: f8effac6 - a8c3 - 4c9c - b9a4 - 331ee9ac16f7\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 65719096 - f390 - 48b5 - acb1 - 540ec0087989\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 332705\nbennett - clark, h. c. andyoung, d. (1992). a model of the mechanism of sound producation in cicadas. journal of experimental biology 173, 15 - 41 .\nboer, a. j. de, (1993a). guineapsaltria, a new genus of the australian - new guinean region, with notes on the taxonomy and biogeography (homoptera, tibicinidae). bijdragen tot de dierkunde 63, 15 - 41 .\nboer, a. j. de. (1995). the taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the cicada genus gymnotympana stal, 1861 (homoptera: tibicinidae). invertebrate taxonomy 9, 1 - 81 .\nburns, a. n. (1957). check list of australian cicadidae. entomologishchen arbeiten 8 (2), 609 - 678 .\ncoombs m. (1993). new distribution records for three cicadas (hemiptera: cicadidae) in south - western new south wales. australian entomologist 20, 133 - 134 .\ncoombs m. (1995). a new species of urabunana distant and new locality records for u. marshalli (hemiptera: cicadidae) from northern new south wales. journal of the australian entomological society 34, 13 - 15 .\ncoombs m. (1996). seasonality of cicadas (hemiptera) on the northern tablelands of new south wales. australian entomologist 23, 55 - 60 .\ndugdale, j. s. (1971). genera of new zealand cicadidae (homoptera). new zealand journal of science 14 (4), 856 - 882 .\nemery d. l. and emery s. j. (2002). new records for the paperbark cicada (cicadetta celis) and cicadetta spinosa (hemiptera: cicadidae) in the sydney metropolitan area. australian entomologist 29, 137 - 139 .\nemery d. l. , emery s. j. , emery n. j. and popple l. w. (2005). a phenological study of the cicadas (hemiptera: cicadidae) in western sydney, new south wales, with notes on plant associations. australian entomologist 32 (3), 97 - 110 .\newart, a. (1986). cicadas of kroombit tops. queensland naturalist 27 (1 - 4), 50 - 57 .\newart, a. (1988). cicadas (homoptera). in: g. scott (ed .) lake broadwater. the natural history of an inland lake and its environs. lake broadwater natural history association and darling downs institute press, 180 - 201 .\newart, a. (1989). revisionary notes on the genus pauropsalta goding and froggatt (homoptera: cicadidae) with special reference to queensland. memoirs of the queensland museum 72 (2), 289 - 375 .\newart, a. (1995). cicadas. in: wildlife of greater brisbane. queensland museum, brisbane, 79 - 88 .\newart, a. (1998). cicadas, and their songs, of the miles - chinchilla region. queensland naturalist 36 (4 - 6), 54 - 72 .\newart, a. (2001). dusk chorusing behaviour in cicadas (homoptera: cicadidae) and a mole cricket, brisbane, queensland. memoirs of the queensland museum 46 (2), 499 - 510 .\newart, a. (2001). emergence patterns and densities of cicadas (hemiptera cicadidae) near caloundra, south - east queensland. australian entomologist 28 (3), 69 - 84 .\newart, a. (2005). cicadas of the pennefather river - weipa areas, october / november 2002, with comparative notes on the cicadas from heathlands, cape york peninsula. geography monographs 10, 169 - 179 .\newart, a. (2005). new genera and species of small ticking and' chirping' cicadas (hemiptera: cicadoidea: cicadidae) from queensland, with descriptions of their songs. memoirs of the queensland museum 51 (2), 439 - 500 .\newart, a. and popple, l. w. (2001). cicadas, and their songs, from southwestern queensland. queensland naturalist 39 (4 - 6), 52 - 71 .\nhayashi, m. and moulds, m. s. (1998). observations on the eclosion of the hairy cicada tettigarcta crinita distant (homoptera: cicadoidea: tettigarctidae .). australian entomologist 25 (4), 97 - 101 .\njosephson, r. k. and young, d. (1981). synchronous and asynchronous muscles in cicadas. journal of experimental biology. 91 219 - 237 .\nmoss, j. t. st. l. (1988). cicada fauna of carlisle island, queensland, with some notes on habits and songs. queensland naturalist 29 (1 - 2), 29 - 30 .\nmoss, j. t. st. l. (1989). notes on the tasmanian cicada fauna with comments on its uniqueness. queensland naturalist 29 (3 - 6), 102 - 106 .\nmoss, j. t. st. l. (1990). a survey of the cicadas of moreton island, queensland. queensland naturalist 30 (3 - 4), 68 - 70 .\nmoss, j. t. st. l. and popple, l. w. (2000). cicada, butterfly and moth records from the gibraltar range, new south wales (hemiptera: cicadidae; lepidoptera). queensland naturalist 38 (4 - 6), 53 - 60 .\nmoulds, m. s. (1975). the song of lembeja brunneosa (homoptera: cicadidae) with notes on the behaviour and distribution of the species. journal of the australian entomological society 14, 251 - 254 .\nmoulds, m. s. (1978). a new species of henicopsaltria stål (homoptera: cicadidae) from north queensland. journal of the australian entomological society 17, 225 - 228 .\nmoulds, m. s. (1983). summertime is cicada time. australian natural history 20 (12), 429 - 435 .\nmoulds, m. s. (1985). illyria, a new genus for australian cicadas currently placed in cicada l. (= tettigia amyot) (homoptera: cicadidae). general applied entomology 17, 25 - 35 .\nmoulds, m. s. (1986). a new genus for the cicada tibicen rubricintus goding and froggatt (homoptera: tibicinae). general applied entomology 18, 39 - 42 .\nmoulds, m. s. (1987). the specific status of pauropsalta nigristriga goding and froggatt (homoptera: cicadidae) with the description of an allied new species. australian entomological magazine 14 (1, 2), 17 - 22 .\nmoulds, m. s. (1988). the status of cicadetta and melampsalta (homoptera: cicadidae) in australia with the description of two new species. general applied entomology 20, 39 - 48 .\nmoulds, m. s. (1990). australian cicadas. new south wales university press, kensington .\nmoulds, m. s. (1992). two new species of macrotristria stal (hemiptera: cicadidae) from queensland. australian entomological magazine 19 (4), 133 - 138 .\nmoulds, m. s. (1993). henicopsaltria danielsi sp. n. and a new locality for h. eydouxii (hemiptera: auchenorrhyncha: cicadidae). general applied entomology 25, 23 - 26 .\nmoulds, m. s. (1994). the identity of burbunga gilmorei (distant) and b. inornata distant (hemiptera: cicadidae) with descriptions of two allied new species. journal of the australian entomological society 33, 97 - 103 .\nmoulds, m. s. (1996). review of the australian genus gudanga distant (hemiptera: cicadidae) including new species from western australia and queensland. australian journal of entomology 35, 19 - 31 .\nmoulds, m. s. (2001). a review of the tribe thophini distant (hemiptera: cicadoidea: cicadidae) with the description of a new species of thopha amyot and serville. insect systematics and evolution 32 (2), 195 - 203 .\nmoulds, m. s. (2003). an appraisal of the cicadas of the genus abricta stål and allied genera (hemiptera: auchenorrhyncha: cicadidae). records of the australian museum 55 (3), 245 - 304 .\nmoulds, m. s. (2005). an appraisal of the higher classification of cicadas (hemiptera: cicadoidea) with special reference to the australian fauna. records of the australian museum 57 (3), 375 - 446 .\nmoulds, m. s. and hangay, g. (1998). first record of the bladder cicada cystosoma saundersii (westwood) from lord howe island (hemiptera: cicadidae). australian entomologist 25 (3), 75 - 76 .\nmoulds, m. s. and kopestonsky, k. a. (2001). a review of the genus kobonga distant with the description if a new species (hemiptera: cicadidae). proceedings of the linnaean society of new south wales 123, 141 - 157 .\npopple, l. and ewart, a. (2002). cicadas (hemiptera: auchennorhyncha: cicadidae). in: horton, h. (ed .). a brisbane bushland: the history and natural history of enoggera reservoir and its environs, 113 - 118. queensland naturalists club .\npopple, l. w. and strange, a. d. (2002). cicadas, and their songs, from the tara and warroo shires, southern central queensland .\npopple, l. w. (2003). a new species of cicadetta amyot (hemiptera: cicadidae) from queensland, with notes on its calling song. australian entomologist 30 (3): 107 - 114 .\nyoung, d. (1975). chordotonal organs associated with the sound producing apparatus of cicadas (insecta, homoptera). zoological morphology tiere 81, 111 - 135 .\nyoung, d. (1990). do cicadas radiate sound through their ear drums? journal of experimental biology 151: 41 - 56 .\nyoung, d. and bennet - clark, h. c. (1995). the role of the tymbal in cicada sound production. journal of experimental biology 198, 1001 - 1019 .\nyoung, d. and hill, k. g. (1977). structure and function of the auditory system of the cicada, cystosoma saundersii. journal of comparative physiology 152, 183 - 195 .\nplease tell us how you intend to reuse this image. this will help us to understand what’s popular and why so that we can continue to improve access to the collections .\nwhat’s your intended use for this image? please select an option scholarly or professional research for school, university, etc. personal or community research make a print for home to use in a blog or website publishing in a book make something else interesting could you please tell us more? submit\nmuseums victoria supports and encourages public access to our collection by offering image downloads for reuse. images marked as public domain have, to the best of museums victoria’s knowledge, no copyright or intellectual property rights that would restrict their free download and reuse. images marked with a creative commons (cc) license may be downloaded and reused in accordance with the conditions of the relevant cc license. please acknowledge museums victoria and cite the url for the image so that others can also find it .\nbody black with red eyes. wings clear with dark veins. body up to 6 cm long .\nredeye cicadas feed on native and introduced trees. they are most active in november and december, singing a two part song - slow at the start followed by a continuous mild rattle .\nhave you ever seen a willie wag - tail bird prancing in your backyard? or what about a wedge - tailed eagle soaring majestically in the sky? or even sighted a christmas beetle at your local park? it’s great to see these snippets of ...\nthe source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license." ]

{ "text": [ "psaltoda is a genus of cicada found in eastern australia .", "originally described by carl stål , the type species is psaltoda moerens known as the redeye , and p. plaga is a well-known species from eastern australia , known as the black prince .", "fifteen species are recognised .", "relationships of the species with each other remains unclear . " ], "topic": [ 26, 5, 5, 17 ] }

[ "psaltoda is a genus of cicada found in eastern australia. originally described by carl stål, the type species is psaltoda moerens known as the redeye, and p. plaga is a well-known species from eastern australia, known as the black prince. fifteen species are recognised. relationships of the species with each other remains unclear." ]

[ "hewitson, 1850 in eastern ecuador (lepidoptera, nymphalidae, satyrinae, pronophilina) .\nhow can i put and write and define pronophilina in a sentence and how is the word pronophilina used in a sentence and examples? 用pronophilina造句, 用pronophilina造句, 用pronophilina造句, pronophilina meaning, definition, pronunciation, synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha. net .\nmembers of the speciose subtribe pronophilina (nymphalidae: satyrinae) are neotropical butterflie ...\nthe pronophilina: synopsis of their biology and systematics (lepidoptera: nymphalidae: satyrinae) .\nlamas g, viloria al, pyrcz tw. subtribe pronophilina. in: lamas e, editor .\nthese characters separate the pronophilina\nsensu stricto\nfrom other neotropical montane satyrids previously included in the group .\nthe affinities of the pronophilina to other species - groups within the specious satyrinae suggest different interpretations about its origin .\n( hewitson, 1862) in eastern ecuador (lepidoptera, satyrinae, pronophilina). j insect sci 9: 38\nthe pronophilina: synopsis of their biology and systematics (lepidoptera: nymphalidae: satyrinae). | viloria | tropical lepidoptera research\ntraditionally argyrophorus has been considered a representative of the subtribe pronophilina, but viloria found it to be closer related to the hypocystina .\nhewitson, 1850 in eastern ecuador (lepidoptera: nymphalidae: satyrinae: pronophilina). trop lepidoptera res 20 (1): 8–13\nthis arrangement has been adopted by lamas, but phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data suggests a larger, more inclusive delimitation of pronophilina is needed .\nthe generic limits of the subtribe pronophilina (nymphalidae, satyrinae) are still unclear and recent authors (e. g. viloria 1998, 2003 ;\nthe high diversity within the pronophilina, and the distinctive speciation patterns in mountain and caribbean taxa, has also motivated discussion about parapatric and sympatric speciation .\n... the speciose pronophilina sensu miller (1968) appears in two clades within a polytomy, with maniolina (cercyonis and hyponephele) with weak support. one clade includes viloria' s (1998 viloria' s (, 2003see lamas, 2004) neotropical\nhypocystina\nand\nerebiina\n, in addition to steremnia, steroma and lymanopoda, while the other clade includes the remaining pronophilina. this analysis shows that the genera that viloria (1998viloria (, 2003 transferred from pronophilina into erebiina and hypocystina are actually more closely related to the genera currently retained in pronophilina (lamas, 2004), and are, distantly related to the australian hypocystina and palaeartic erebiina... .\ngreeney, hf, tw pyrcz, pj devries & la dyer .\nthe early stages of pedaliodes poesia in eastern ecuador (lepidoptera, nymphalidae, satyrinae, pronophilina) ,\n... in this classiiication, the genera that miller (1968) grouped in pronophilina are divided into three subtribes, hypocystina (now coenonymphina), erebiina and pronophilina. this proposal arose from the phylogenetic study by viloria (1998 viloria (, 2003 viloria (, 2007), which was based on morphological characteristics of adults, and reported a close relationship of the neotropical genera of pronophilina with australian coenonymphina and palearctic erebiina. the phylogeny proposed by viloria (1998 viloria (, 2003 viloria (, 2007) recovered pronophilina sensu miller (1968) largely as a non - monophyletic group, with most of the genera organized in two clades largely agreeing with the classiiication proposed by lamas et al (2004b)... .\n... in this classiiication, the genera that miller (1968) grouped in pronophilina are divided into three subtribes, hypocystina (now coenonymphina), erebiina and pronophilina. this proposal arose from the phylogenetic study by viloria (1998 viloria (, 2003 viloria (, 2007), which was based on morphological characteristics of adults, and reported a close relationship of the neotropical genera of pronophilina with australian coenonymphina and palearctic erebiina. the phylogeny proposed by viloria (1998 viloria (, 2003 viloria (, 2007) recovered pronophilina sensu miller (1968) largely as a non - monophyletic group, with most of the genera organized in two clades largely agreeing with the classiiication proposed by lamas et al (2004b)... .\npyrcz tw, wojtusiak j, garlacz r (2009b) diversity and altitudinal distribution pattern of pronophilina butterflies in north - western ecuador (nymphalidae: satyrinae). neotrop entomol 38 (6): 716–726\nsystematics of the neotropical genus pampasatyrus hayward, 1953 (lepidoptera: satyrinae: pronophilina), with description of three new taxa, insect systematics & evolution | 10. 1163 / 1876312x - 48022154 | deepdyve\nlamas g, viloria al, pyrcz tw (2004) subtribe pronophilina. in: lamas e (ed) atlas of neotropical lepidoptera, checklist: part 4a, hesperoidea–papilionoidea. association for tropical lepidoptera, gainesville\nviloria al, pyrcz tw, orellana a (2010) a survey of the neotropical montane butterflies of the subtribe pronophilina (lepidoptera, nymphalidae) in the venezuelan cordillera de la costa. zootaxa 2622: 1–41 .\n71. matz, j, and avz brower. 2016. the south temperate pronophilina (lepidoptera: nymphalidae: satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. zootaxa 4125: 1 - 108 .\npyrcz tw, wojtusiak j, garlacz r (2009) diversity and distribution patterns of pronophilina butterflies (lepidoptera: nymphalidae: satyrinae) along an altitudinal transect in north - western ecuador. neotrop entomol 38: 716–726\nin depth analysis of local butterfly assemblages structure, particularly in montane areas is often hampered by the lack of statistically workable data sets only moderately biased by sampling methods. from this perspective, the subtribe pronophilina (nymphalidae, satyrinae) sensu lamas\n). butterflies were collected with standard entomological nets and in rydon - van someren traps placed every 50 m in elevation. each trap was baited with dog dung, which is a very effective attractant for adult pronophilina butterflies (pyrcz & wojtusiak\nthe informal name of the\nerebiine\nclade is derived from the hypothesis of viloria (2003; 2007) and lamas & viloria (2004) that a group of taxa formerly included in pronophilina (e. g. miller 1968) is more closely - related to the holarctic erebiina. the cladogram of peña et al. (2006) and unpublished data (brower, wahlberg) do not support that hypothesis, but do support these taxa as a monophyletic group within pronophilina .\n... this proposal arose from the phylogenetic study by viloria (1998 viloria (, 2003 viloria (, 2007), which was based on morphological characteristics of adults, and reported a close relationship of the neotropical genera of pronophilina with australian coenonymphina and palearctic erebiina. the phylogeny proposed by viloria (1998 viloria (, 2003 viloria (, 2007) recovered pronophilina sensu miller (1968) largely as a non - monophyletic group, with most of the genera organized in two clades largely agreeing with the classiiication proposed by lamas et al (2004b). the irst clade is composed mostly by what he called the\nneotropical coenonymphina and erebiina\n, and the second clade corresponds to the pronophilina sensu stricto... .\n... this proposal arose from the phylogenetic study by viloria (1998 viloria (, 2003 viloria (, 2007), which was based on morphological characteristics of adults, and reported a close relationship of the neotropical genera of pronophilina with australian coenonymphina and palearctic erebiina. the phylogeny proposed by viloria (1998 viloria (, 2003 viloria (, 2007) recovered pronophilina sensu miller (1968) largely as a non - monophyletic group, with most of the genera organized in two clades largely agreeing with the classiiication proposed by lamas et al (2004b). the irst clade is composed mostly by what he called the\nneotropical coenonymphina and erebiina\n, and the second clade corresponds to the pronophilina sensu stricto... .\nhas never occurred in el baho because of its present - day distribution south and north of the santo domingo valley and because it is the only species of nearly 40 species of pronophilina in the cm with such a disjunct distribution. the hypothesis that\ndoubleday (lepidoptera: nymphalidae: satyrinae: pronophilina) differs from all other congeners in the large, pale blue dorsal hindwing median patch, a pattern that is rather unusual among within the subtribe pronophilini. the only somewhat similarly patterned sympatric species is\nspecies composition in monte zerpa and el baho is almost identical, which agrees with predictions based on geographical proximity of the two sites and the knowledge of distribution patterns of pronophilina in the cm. the only difference between the faunas is the absence of p. ornata in el baho. pedaliodes ornata is an important absentee in el baho considering that it is one of five co - dominant species in the closely situated monte zerpa. consequently, the assemblages of pronophilina in el baho and monte zerpa are considerably different structurally and also in the altitudinal distribution patterns of individuals species .\nlamas g, viloria a l, pyrcz t w (2004) subtribe pronophilina, p. 206 - 215. in lamas e (ed) atlas of neotropical lepidoptera, checklist: part 4a, hesperoidea - papilionoidea. association for tropical lepidoptera, gainesville, 439p. [ links ]\nabundance, richness and diversity. a total of 56 species of pronophilina were found in the golondrinas reserve. added to the 48 species trapped on the transect, eight species were collected by hand with entomological nets at lower (one below 1600 m) and higher (seven above 2600 m) elevations .\n... in butterflies, this high diversity is due, in part, to the high ratio of species turnover in assemblages above 2000 m asl; for instance, in dominant groups of butterflies such as the satyrinae, which switch from the predominantly lowland subtribe euptychiina to the montane subtribe pronophilina (marín et al. 2011). furthermore, butterflies with low vagility heavily depend on certain microhabitats (viloria 2007), potentially producing a unique diversity pattern for each mountain system. for example, pronophilina is the dominant group of butterflies in andean cloud forests in terms of species richness and abundance... .\ngreeney, h. f. , t. w. pyrcz, p. j. devries, & l. a. dyer. 2009. the early stages of pedaliodes poesia in eastern ecuador (lepidoptera, nymphalidae, satyrinae, pronophilina). 9 pp. journal of insect science 9: 34 .\nsynchronic occurrence of several phenotypically similar species of pronophilina in the same habitat using the same resources suggests the possibility of competition. when the ecological niches of two, usually closely related species overlap, competitive exclusion is likely to occur leading to either the exclusive dominance of one of the two species or to coexistence (rodríguez\nthe subtribe pronophilina can be separated from other american satyrines by the following three external morphological synapomorphies: eyes always densely hairy; hw cross vein m1 - m2 always curved or angled basally into the discal cell; maximum length of hw discal cell equal to or longer than half the total maximum length of hw (excluding tails) .\n... amathusiini is sister to the zetherina + neorina + ethope clade, though fig. 4. relationships within euptychiina appear in fig. 6. the genera transferred by viloria (1998 viloria (, 2003see lamas, 2004) from pronophilina into erebiina and hypocystina are underlined and in bold fonts, respectively... .\nlike many pronophilina with known host - associations (e. g. schultze 1929; devries 1987; pyrcz and wojtusiak 1999; pyrcz 2000; heredia and viloria 2004; greeney et al. 2009) m. irmina feeds on chusquea bamboo, a widespread and dominant genus of bamboo in the andes (judziewicz et al. 1999) .\ngreeney, h. f. , l. a. dyer, & t. w. pyrcz. 2010. first description of the early stage biology for the genus mygona: the natural history of mygona irmina doubleday, 1849 in eastern ecuador (lepidoptera: nymphalidae: satyrinae: pronophilina). journal of insect science 11: 1 .\ngreeney, h. f. , t. w. pyrcz, l. a. dyer, m. sanchez z. , & t. r. walla. 2010. the early stages and natural history of corades medeba hewitson, 1850 in eastern ecuador (lepidoptera, nymphalidae, satyrinae, pronophilina). tropical lepidoptera 19: 10 - 15 .\na summary of the current knowledge on the satyrine butterflies of the neotropical subtribe pronophilina is presented, with an emphasis on their larval host - plant relationships, the possible mimetic resemblances between these and other montane butterflies, and their conservation. the systematics of thegroup is re - assessed and the tribe re - defined on the basis of a minimum combination of morphological characters .\nse presenta una compilación del conocimiento disponible sobre las mariposas satirinas de la subtribu pronophilina, con énfasis en, la relación de sus larvas con las plantas hospederas, las posibles semejanzas miméticas entre las mariposas pronofilinas y otras mariposas neotropicales de montaña, y suconservación. se reevalúa la sistemática del grupo, quedando redefinida la tribu en base a una mínima combinación de caracteres morfológicos .\nthe lifecycle appears to be unrecorded. the following generalisations are applicable to the subtribe pronophilina and are probably applicable to corades: the eggs are round, white or pale greenish white, and laid singly on the foodplants or on surrounding vegetation. the larvae are typically pale brown, marked along the back and sides with narrow dark stripes, and tapering towards each end. the head is large in proportion to the body and has two short forward - pointing horns. the tip of the abdomen is equipped with a pair of caudal prongs which are used to flick the frass away from the feeding area. the larvae of all known pronophilina feed on chusquea - a genus of bamboo which grows in thickets, mainly along the courses of streams .\n... the resolution of these major lineages was the next logical step. the important study by viloria (1998 viloria (, 2003) was among the wrst evorts to address this subject. viloria' s (2003) cladistic and biogeographic study of satyrine butterxies from south america and new zealand proposed that many of the genera considered to be in pronophilina are instead more closely related to erebiina and hypocystina... .\n... indeed, there is a high number of andean lepidoptera species associated with chusquea bamboos which have undergone substantial radiations (e. g. arctiinae and pronophilina: viloria, 2007; pyrcz et al. , 2009; marín et al. , 2011; rab green et al. , 2011). remarkably, overall species richness of caterpillars associated with chusquea bamboos was not significantly lower at the higher elevation... .\n... the immature stages and natural history of mygona irmina doubleday (lepidoptera: nymphalidae: satyrinae: pronophilina) from northeastern ecuadorian cloud forests are described based on 17 rearings. the dwarf bamboo, chusquea c. f. scandens kunth (poaceae, bambusoidea) is the larval food plant. eggs are laid singly on the bottom side of mature host plant leaves. larvae take 102 - 109 days to mature fr ...\nall the individuals were identified to subspecies in the zoological museum of the jagiellonian university (kraków, poland), which holds the largest world collection of pronophilina, including a large - type data base containing photographs and genital dissections of types. standard taxonomical methods were used. in particular, male and female genitalia dissections were made by soaking abdomens in warm 10% koh solution. genital parts were preserved in glycerol vials. male androconia were studied through luminescent light .\nse realizó en ecuador un muestreo de mariposas de la subtribu pronophilina con el fin de evaluar los efectos de altitud sobre los patrones de distribución, diversidad y estructura de la comunidad en un transecto altitudinal. se demostró una correlación significativa de todos los índices de diversidad y altitud. el máximo de diversidad expresado por la riqueza de especies, fue reportado a 2600 m. se identificaron dos grupos de especies en la parte inferior y superior del transecto. la comparación de los coeficientes de similitud indicó valores menores en la franja de altitud intermedia. se demostró que varios pares de especies relacionadas morfo y ecológicamente tienen distribuciones altitudinales mutuamente exclusivas. la comparación con estudios semejantes revelaron una congruencia muy notable en cuanto a los patrones de diversidad altitudinal de los pronophilina en varias áreas de la cordillera andina. en particular, el índice de shannon llega a valores máximos entre 2600 m y 2850 m, aproximadamente 400 - 500 por debajo del limite superior del bosque nublado. el aumento de la diversidad de los pronophilina con la altitud puede ser relacionado tan solo de manera marginal con la mayor disponibilidad de los recursos limitados. la menor presión por parte de los depredadores, parasitoides y ectoparásitos en mayores altitudes puede contribuir a la mayor abundancia pero no directamente a la diversidad. esta última, está relacionada con las características intrínsicas del grupo, tales como el solapamiento de grupos faunísticos elevacionales y la tasa de especiación más rápida en el límite superior del bosque .\nthree species of pampasatyrus hayward, 1953 (satyrinae, pronophilina) are transferred to stegosatyrus n. gen. (euptychiina) based on morphological evidence: s. imbrialis (weeks, 1901) n. comb. from bolivia (cochabamba) and northern argentina; s. ocelloides (schaus, 1902) n. comb. from paraguay (hernandarias and caaguazú) and brazil (midwest, southeast and south regions); and s. periphas... [ show full abstract ]\n). a similar project, in scope and methods, was conducted exactly 10 years later in el baho, a site situated in the same mountain range. the only notable difference at the species level between the two samples appeared to be the absence of one of the co - dominant species in el baho. this finding raised two issues: how does the absence of this species affect pronophilina assemblage structure in el baho compared with monte zerpa, and what are the possible factors responsible for its absence in el baho .\nthere are 1100 known species of satyrinae in the neotropical region. about 570 of these are placed in the subtribe pronophilina - a diverse group of high altitude cloudforest butterflies, all of which are confined to the neotropical region. the vast majority are found only in the andes, but 4 species are known from the atlantic cloudforests of brazil, and there are a further 6 species that are endemic to guatemala, costa rica or mexico. more oddly there is one genus calisto that is found exclusively on the caribbean islands of cuba and hispaniola .\nlike most pronophilina, p. poesia larvae feed on chusquea, a widespread bamboo integral to the andean landscape. nevertheless, our knowledge of pronophiline natural history is in its infancy. as the morphology and behavior of immature stages are known to provide important phylogenetic information in butterflies (e. g. , devries et al. 1985; brown and freitas 1994; penz 1999; freitas et al. 2002), we encourage the description of immatures for other pronophiline species, in an effort to make their larval characters available for phylogenetic analyses .\nin el baho, 543 individuals were collected in baited traps over six sampling days (ca. 90 per day) compared with 943 individuals in monte zerpa over 20 days (ca. 47 per day). sampling took place in the dry season in monte zerpa and in the wet season in el baho. although pronophilina phenology has not been rigorously studied so far, our experience in the field indicates that abundance is higher during dry season, but there are few differences in seasonal species composition and species relative abundance. most seasonal species belong to the genus\nalmost nothing is known of the early stages of any genus of pronophilina with only a few scattered records of food plant associations (e. g. adams and bernard 1981; adams 1986; miller 1986; devries 1987; pyrcz and wojtusiak 1999) and larval descriptions (schultze 1929), mostly within the genus pedaliodes (butler, 1867) (pelz 1997; heredia and viloria 2004; greeney et al. 2009). there is no published information on the life cycle of any species of mygona, and here a description of the early stages of mygona irmina is presented based on rearings in northeastern ecuador .\nthe immature stages and natural history of mygona irmina doubleday (lepidoptera: nymphalidae: satyrinae: pronophilina) from northeastern ecuadorian cloud forests are described based on 17 rearings. the dwarf bamboo, chusquea c. f. scandens kunth (poaceae, bambusoidea) is the larval food plant. eggs are laid singly on the bottom side of mature host plant leaves. larvae take 102–109 days to mature from egg to adult. adults are encountered most frequently on sunny days, flying rapidly over areas dominated by their food plant or feeding on the ground at mammal feces. males are often encountered inside large forest gaps near patches of bamboo guarding perches in the mid - canopy .\nthe list of included genera is inferred from relationships implied by the molecular phylogenetic hypothesis of peña et al. (2006). however, the circumscription of pronophilina has been viewed more narrowly by viloria (2007) and lamas et al. (in lamas 2004), to include only the primarily andean genera plus the antillean calisto, based on the presence of hairy eyes and two wing venation characters. these authors place the\nlymanopoda group\nin erebiina and the south temperate clade in hypocystina (coenonymphina in this classification). however, the molecular data do not support these hypotheses. more extensive sampling is needed to increase support for one or the other of these alternatives .\nmatz, j, brower, avz .\nthe south temperate pronophilina (lepidoptera: nymphalidae: satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes ,\nzootaxa, v. 4125, 2016. brower, avz garzón - orduña. ij .\nmissing data, clade support and\nreticulation\n: the molecular systematics of heliconius and related genera (lepidoptera: nymphalidae) reexamined ,\ncladistics, 2017. doiid sahoo, rk, ad warren, n wahlberg, avz brower, v lukhtanov and u kodandaramaiah .\nten genes and two topologies: an exploration of higher relationships in skipper butterflies (hesperiidae). ,\npeerj, v. 4, 2016, p. e2653. doiid\nthe species recorded on the transect are grouped by genera and by related (according to actual state of knowledge based on morphological and molecular data) groups of genera (fig 2). the genus pedaliodes sensu lato (including panyapedaliodes forster) and the\npronophila group\nconstitute more than 90% of the pronophilina community at each elevation, except at 2600 m. a strong positive correlation was observed between the proportion of the\npedaliodes group\nand altitude (r = 0. 71; p < 0. 001). on the other hand, a negative correlation is observed between the proportion of the\npronophila group\nand altitude (r = - 0. 79; p < 0. 000). for the remaining groups the correlation was not statistically significant .\ndiversity in the pronophilina was positively correlated with altitude and increased from lower to higher elevations. this is congruent with the results of other three studies in widely dispersed andean transects in colombia (tambito), venezuela (monte zerpa) and peru (molinopampa) (pyrcz & wojtusiak 1999, 2002, pyrcz 2004), despite important differences in sample size, faunal composition and altitudes covered of these four transects, only the molinopampa and monte zerpa were extended to the timberline. they showed maximum diversity values at 2600 - 2800 m (monte zerpa, molinopampa), and revealed a sharp decrease of diversity at the cloud forest - páramo grassland ecotone at 3050 - 3250 m. transects in golondrinas and tambito culminate in mid - to high elevation cloud forest, and indicate maximum diversity values at the highest sampled elevation .\n. its absence is not an artifact of the sampling method used, as the elevation belt where it occurs (2, 400–2, 900 m asl) was extensively sampled in el baho with both baited traps and hand nets before and after this study during different seasons of the year. sørensen similarity index between el baho and monte zerpa is 0. 74 at the species level for trapped species and 0. 96 when species collected with hand nets were included. at the subspecies level, the sørensen similarity index is 0. 55. the latter lower value reflects a wide scale differentiation of the pronophilina of the cm at high elevations (above 2, 800 m asl), which has led to the evolution of several sub - centers of endemism throughout the range. six species, including four paramo and subparamo specialists, were represented in el baho and monte zerpa by different subspecies :\nmembers of the speciose subtribe pronophilina (nymphalidae: satyrinae) are neotropical butterflies predominantly found in cloud forests. a few species live exclusively in open habitats above the tree line: paramo and puna biomes. this habit requires special adaptation to particular physical and climatic conditions of the oreal zone in the tropics. at least ten species of the endemic genus redonda adams and bernard inhabit the paramos of the venezuelan andes. we herein describe seven of them: r. castellana viloria and camacho, n. sp. , r. centenaria viloria and camacho, n. sp. , r. chiquinquirana ferrer - paris, n. sp. , r. frailejona ferrer - paris and costa, n. sp. , r. lathraia viloria and camacho, n. sp. , r. leukasmena viloria and camacho, n. sp. , and r. lossadana ferrer - paris, n. sp. , and rank redonda empetrus bolivari adams and bernard to full specific status .\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation: ferrer - paris jr, sánchez - mercado a, viloria ál, donaldson j (2013) congruence and diversity of butterfly - host plant associations at higher taxonomic levels. plos one 8 (5): e63570. urltoken\ncopyright: © 2013 ferrer - paris et al. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding: this work was supported by instituto venezolano de investigaciones científicas (ivic), and by a postdoctoral fellowship “threatened species program” from south african national biodiversity institute (sanbi) and university of cape town (uct) to asm and jrfp. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nplant feeding insects make up a large part of the earths total biodiversity so that explaining mechanisms behind the diversification of these groups could promote the understanding of global biodiversity [ 1 ]. a seminal paper about coevolution between butterflies and host plants by ehrlich and raven [ 2 ] triggered intensive discussions about the role of biotic interactions in the evolutionary processes that led to radiation in species numbers .\nthere are two key predictions in ehrlich and raven’s coevolution scenario. the first is that related butterflies tend to feed on related host plants as a consequence of a stepwise coevolutionary process in which plants evolve defenses against herbivores and these herbivores, in turn, evolve new capacities to cope with the defenses. insects that manage to colonize plants with novel defenses would enter a new adaptive zone and could in turn diversify onto the relatives of this plant, because they will be chemically similar. the second prediction is that there should be a general correlation between host diversity and herbivore species richness as a consequence of the adaptive radiation and enhanced diversification experienced by insect lineages due to the adaptation to diverse, chemically distinct plant clades [ 3 ] .\nlater on it was recognized that other evolutionary scenarios could also explain the patterns observed. herbivores and plants can radiate in separate bursts following the evolution of novel defenses and counter - defenses (escape - radiate scenario), or follow a sequence of independent host diversification followed by colonization and radiation of herbivores (sequential evolution). both scenarios might result in some degree of congruence between the cladograms of insects and their host plants, but strict congruence appears to be rare among insect herbivores [ 3 ], [ 4 ]. this is probably because plant diversification preceded herbivore radiation and insect plant recognition mechanisms might focus on phytochemical cues that are not necessarily related to host plant taxonomy [ 5 ], [ 6 ] .\nmore recently, a broad - scale phylogenetic analysis of butterflies [ 7 ] found that host shifts were more common between closely related plants and that there is a higher tendency to recolonize ancestral hosts. these results led them to propose the oscillation hypothesis as an alternative mechanism to explain the patterns in host plant associations [ 8 ]. they argue that dynamic oscillations in host range, instead of a steady process of specialization and cospeciation, is the principal driver of the high diversity of plant feeding insects. however, the assumptions and predictions of the oscillation hypothesis have been tested in only one butterfly family [ 7 ], [ 9 ] .\nbesides the mechanism for diversification, the direction of evolution of host plant associations is profoundly dependent on the ancestral character [ 5 ]. ehrlich and raven [ 2 ] proposed a unique ancestral host plant for true butterflies (papilionoidea, but excluding hesperiidae and hedylidae) and it was most likely a primitive angiosperm in the lineage of the aristolochiaceae. later revision of host plant associations from different regions suggested a common ancestral plant clade near the malvaceae that would explain the range of host plants used by butterflies in the families hedylidae, hesperiidae and nymphalidae, but not the associations of pieridae and papilionidae [ 10 ]. more recently, janz and nylin [ 7 ] proposed that the ancestral host plant of papilionoidea appeared to be within a highly derived clade in the plant subclass rosidae, including the family fabaceae .\nin this paper we provide an updated quantitative summary of host plant associations for all butterfly families, based on updated and validated data from different sources. we focus on higher taxonomic levels (butterfly subfamilies and angiosperm orders) in order to evaluate whether macro - evolutionary patterns of host plant associations can be detected in a large - scale analysis encompassing the phylogenetic relationships of all butterfly families [ 24 ]. specifically, we want to evaluate: (1) is there a general correlation between host diversity and butterfly species richness? (2) whether evolution of host plant use has followed consistent patterns across butterfly lineages, and (3) what is the common ancestral host plant for each butterfly lineage ?\ntraditionally the clade “rhopalocera” was considered as a monophyletic group within the lepidoptera, comprising three distinct superfamilies: papilionoidea (five families of “true butterflies”), hesperioidea (“skippers”, one family) and hedyloidea (“butterfly moths”, one family) [ 25 ]. recent combined morphological and molecular analysis suggests that the “true butterflies” are paraphyletic and the superfamily papilionoidea has been redefined to include all seven families [ 26 ], [ 27 ]. for simplicity we will refer to all seven families collectively as “butterflies” .\nwe used four types of sources to compile a list of butterfly - host plant associations. the first source was the lepidoptera host plant database (urltoken) that made a systematic compilation of information from literature references worldwide. the second source was funet, which also provides several summarized, well - documented, literature - based records at worldwide scale. the third source was a series of study - site databases that have been compiled from field rearing records of caterpillars and their host plants. these include the caterpillar data base (urltoken) and the project inventory of the macrocaterpillar fauna and its food plants and parasitoids of area de conservación guanacaste (urltoken) that together comprise information from costa rica, ecuador, brazil, and the united states. finally, we digitalized host plant records from published sources for selected species and regions that were underrepresented in other sources [ 10 ], [ 31 ], [ 33 ] – [ 37 ] .\nthe initial compilation comprised all records listed in the referenced sources, including angiosperm and non - angiosperm plants, detritus and animal food sources. we validated and updated plant names at species, genus or family level by using the taxonomic and nomenclatural information tools provided on the phylomatic home page (urltoken), the plant list (urltoken), and additional information on the angiosperm phylogeny website (urltoken). taxonomic validation for butterfly names was based on the previously compiled checklist of butterfly species. this compilation includes records with different levels of taxonomic resolution for both the host plant (order, family, genus, species), and the butterfly (genera, species), but in this analysis we focus on higher - level relationships and thus summarize the information at the level of plant orders and butterfly subfamilies .\nwe used the updated phylogeny of angiosperm plant orders (apgiii) provided by the angiosperm phylogeny group [ 38 ]. in this apgiii, the aristolochiaceae of ehrlich and raven [ 2 ] is located in the order piperales within the magnoliid clade, the malvales of ackery [ 10 ] and the rosid clade of janz and nylin [ 7 ] correspond loosely to the malvid and fabid clades within the rosids .\nfor butterflies, we combined information from higher level classification of families [ 25 ], [ 26 ] and lower level classification of subfamilies (from leptree and tol) to build three tentative cladograms that reflect the current views derived from traditional classifications (mostly based on adult and early stage morphology) [ 12 ], [ 25 ], and recent phylogenetic analyses based on a combination of morphological and molecular data [ 26 ], [ 39 ] – [ 42 ] .\nthe recent proposal to combine all seven families in a single superfamily [ 27 ] is based on the work of heikkilä et al. [ 26 ], which proposes papilionidae as a basal group to a clade formed by hesperiidae (skippers) and hedylidae (butterfly moths), and the four remaining families. riodinidae and lycaenidae have been confirmed as close but distinct sister groups, but the position of pieridae is ambiguous, suggesting two alternative hypotheses: that pieridae is the sister group to lycaenidae + riodinidae (“alternative 1” cladogram in fig. 1a); or that pieridae is the sister group to nymphalidae + lycaenidae + riodinidae (“alternative 2” cladogram in fig. 1b). for the sake of comparison, the traditional view of three separate superfamilies, with papilionidae and pieridae families as basal clades within the papilionoidea [ 25 ], is represented as a “traditional” cladogram (fig. 1c) .\nbased on heikkilä et al. [ 27 ] and kristensen et al. [ 26 ]. a) alternative 1 cladogram, b) alternative 2 cladogram, c) traditional cladogram .\nin the lower level classification we followed current views in most groups, except in some tribes with distinct host plant associations. thus we retained the traditional morphinae (morphini and brassolini tribes) as a sister clade of satyrinae, and the subfamily status for danainae, ithominae and tellervinae; we also retained the pyrrhopyginae (oxynetrini, passovini, pyrrhopygini and zoniini tribes) as a sister group to pyrginae, and megathyminae as a distinct subfamily .\nfor all cladograms we computed branch lengths using the method of grafen [ 43 ]. we provide a dataset (dataset s1) with the summaries of host plant associations per butterfly genus and subfamily and the final phylogenies of the plant orders and butterfly subfamilies used in the current analysis .\nwe evaluated representativeness and biases of the compiled information by measuring three aspects: (1) proportion of butterfly species with host plant information across regions and butterfly families; (2) number of erroneous or discarded records including typing errors, non - resolved taxonomy, or records with general terms such as “grasses” or “palms”, or ambiguous references to orders (or other higher level classification terms) that might have changed in circumscription; and (3) number of plant families recorded, and the plant families, genera and species more frequently used .\nfor the analysis we built association matrices between plant orders (rows) and butterfly subfamilies (columns) and a single measure of association strength in each cell [ 44 ]. we use upper case bold letters to denote the association matrix and lower case italic letters to refer to the index of association strength .\nfor most analyses we consider two association matrices, either matrix a based on a binary association index a ij, which simply measures absence (0) or presence (1) of association, or matrix c based on a quantitative measure of association strength c ij representing the number of butterfly species from subfamily j feeding on host plant order i .\nto compare the relative importance of host plant orders for each butterfly subfamily, we calculated a matrix of proportions z, based on the index z ij = c ij / s j, where s j is the number of butterfly species in subfamily j that have at least one host plant record in the compilation. it is important to note that since many species were polyphagous, and can use host plants from more than one order, the sum of z ij values for a particular subfamily does not necessarily add up to one. we consider that an order i was important for a subfamily j if z ij > 0. 1, and the term “most important resource” was used for the order with the highest value of z ij for a particular subfamily j. cases where an order was used by most species in a butterfly subfamily (z ij > 0. 9) were further recognized and are referred to as a “primary resource” even if many species in that subfamily might use additional orders as well .\nfor some analyses we used matrix x, based on a binary index x ij that represents only the “important” associations between host plant orders and butterfly subfamilies, and is equal to 1 if z ij > 0. 1 and 0 otherwise .\nwe estimated host plant diversity by three different methods. first we estimated the total number of host plant species (h = sum of columns in association matrix a) used by all the members of each butterfly subfamily. second, we fitted a fisher’s log - series to the columns of the association matrix c and estimated the value of the parameter α [ 14 ]. these measures do not take the phylogenies of plant orders into account. third, we calculated a faith’s index of phylogenetic diversity (pd) based on the binary association matrix a and the branch lengths of the phylogeny for plant orders [ 45 ]. we compared the calculated value of pd with the expected pd value of a sample of plant orders of equivalent size drawn at random from the plant phylogeny [ 46 ] .\nwe calculated pearson’s product moment correlation between each measure of host plant diversity with the logarithm of species richness for each butterfly subfamily (r j as defined above), using phylogenetically independent contrasts calculated from the butterfly cladograms and scaled with their expected variance [ 47 ] .\nwe used the parafit test to measure the congruency between host plant and butterfly phylogenies [ 48 ]. congruence refers to the degree to which the herbivores and their hosts occupy corresponding positions in the phylogenetic trees. the test is based on a binary association matrix and contrasts the observed pattern against the null hypothesis of independent evolution (parafitglobal) .\nwe used a jackknife method to test the significance of individual links against the null hypothesis of random association (parafitlink2). we applied the test to the unweighted and weighted binary interaction matrices (a and x) .\nwe grouped butterfly subfamilies according to the main patterns in host plant use and we estimated the ancestral character state using a maximum likelihood method [ 49 ]. we assigned each butterfly subfamily to the resource used by most species: non - angiosperms, magnoliids, monocots, basal eudicots, and core - eudicots (fabids, malvids, and asterids), and animal (entomophagous). we consider that non - angiosperm hosts and animal resources are derived states [ 2; but see 50 ], with transition rates in one direction from angiosperm to the derived states, but the transition rates among angiosperms might be variable [ 7 ]. we considered three models to tests this hypothesis: the null model with constant transition rates among angiosperm groups (one single rate); a full model with different transition rates within basal groups (magnoliids, monocots and basal eudicots), from basal groups to core - eudicots, and from core - eudicots to basal groups (three rates); and a simplified model where the transition rates from core - eudicots to the basal groups and within basal groups are constant, but the transition rates from basal groups to core - eudicots are different (two rates). we used akaike information criterion (aic) to compare models [ 51 ] .\nall the statistical analyses were performed with the free statistical software r [ urltoken, version 2. 5. 14 ], and phylocom [ 52 ], and r - packages picante, ape and vegan [ 52 ] – [ 54 ] .\nthe global checklist compiled for this work includes 17, 854 species from 1, 804 genera (table 1). except for the hedylidae, all butterfly families were represented worldwide, but with regional differences in species richness (fig. 2). the nymphalidae was the largest of all butterfly families with 5, 921 species worldwide (5, 339 with distribution information), but better represented in nt (40. 3% of the species) and at (23. 4 %). most subfamilies were present in nt, but satyrinae, ithominae and biblidinae were the most important. in contrast, only eight subfamilies were represented in at, with limenitidinae, satyrinae, heliconiinae and charaxinae being the most important. the subfamilies with the most restricted distribution within nymphalidae were tellervinae, with one species in or, and calinaginae with eight species between or and pa .\nblock height is proportional to the square root of the number of butterfly species among regions and subfamilies. solid blocks represent the number of species with host plant records. open blocks represent the number of species without host plant records. grey: papilionidae. dark red: heylidae. red: hesperiidae. green: pieridae. orange: nymphalidae. blue: lycaenidae. black: riodinidae .\nlycaenidae was the second largest butterfly family, with 5, 076 species (4, 109 with distribution information), most of them present in at (33. 7 %), and or (26. 1 %) regions. all subfamilies were present in at except curetinae, and most species were in the poritinae, theclinae and polyommatinae subfamilies, while in or and nt theclinae were clearly dominant .\nhesperiidae was a medium - sized family (3, 968 species, 3, 562 with distribution information) with a large proportion in nt (61. 7 %). within nt, hesperiidae and pyrginae were richer in species, but pyrrhophyginae, heteropteriinae and eudaminae were also well represented. in all other regions the hesperiinae was the most important subfamily, while the trapezitinae, euchemoninae and coeliadinae were mainly distributed in, or restricted to, the or region .\nriodiniidae (1, 391 species, 1, 381 with distribution information) was mostly restricted to a single region, with up to 92. 2% of the species in nt, and only 107 species in the other regions, including 51 in or region .\nthe majority of pieridae (1, 000 species, 984 with distribution information) were distributed in or (30. 2 %) and nt (28. 8 %), with most species in the subfamily pierinae. papilionidae (462 species, 444 with distribution information) were also mainly distributed in or (25. 2 %) and nt (21. 8 %), but they also had an important number of widespread species (17 %), with papilioninae being the most important subfamiliy. hedylidae was barely represented by 36 species restricted to the nt region (fig. 2) .\nthe neotropical region had a high number of species with host plant records (1, 500), but they represent only 40. 9% of the fauna of the region. on the other hand, nc had the highest proportion of species with host plant records (92 %). among butterfly families, papilionidae was the best represented with 59% of the species with information, while there were records for only 14% of riodinidae (fig. 2) .\nthe present compilation included 51, 425 records, of which 44, 593 have valid information on butterfly - host plant associations (valid butterfly names at species level and valid host plant names at family, genus or species level), and a further 226 records refer to non - plant resources (detritivore or insectivore). the remaining records (6, 606) are incomplete, dubious or generic records. among the valid records, 58% had complete taxonomic information of plants (at species level), while an additional 35% had information at genus level .\nthe valid records included 5, 146 butterfly species from 1, 193 genera, that corresponds to 29% of the butterfly species and 66% of the genera estimated to occur worldwide, according to this compilation (table 1). in general, all subfamilies were well represented (above 60% of the genera reported worldwide), except satyrinae, heteropterinae and pyrginae (54–55 %) and the riodinidae (40–46% , table 1). plant records include 6, 008 host plant species, 2, 289 genera and 212 plant families .\nbutterfly species have been reported feeding on 204 angiosperm plant families that represent the most species rich plant families in the world (comprising about 94% of the species and 92% of the genera reported worldwide; [ 38 ]). however only 20% of these plant genera were actually recorded. in general, fabaceae (by 1, 007 butterfly species), and poaceae (by 811 species) were the plant families most frequently used. at generic level, acacia (by 155 spp .), poa (by 125 spp .), citrus (by 102 spp .), and quercus (by 100 spp .) were the most frequently used host plant genera. at species level, the most frequently reported host plants were mostly widespread or cultivated plants such as oryza sativa (by 56 spp .), saccharum officinarum (by 52 spp .), poa annua (by 44 spp .), cocos nucifera (by 44 spp .), and medicago sativa (by 42 spp .). only 276 species have recorded associations with non - angiosperm plants, or non - plant resources .\nthere was a notable disparity in host plant associations among butterfly subfamilies, even those that belong to the same family. six butterfly families used magnoliids to some extent, but these plants only seem to be an important resource for three subfamilies: papilioninae (on piperales, magnoliales and laurales), parnasiinae (piperales), and charaxinae (laurales). the only species of euschemoninae, as well as one of the five species of lybiteinae, feed on laurales (fig. 3) .\nthe squares represent the proportion of butterfly species in each subfamily that feed on a plant order (z ij). only important resources are shown, colors denote values between 0. 1 < zij ≤0. 5 (red), 0. 5 < zij ≤0. 9 (blue), and zij > 0. 9 (black). the stars (*) denoted subfamilies with 15 or less species .\nsix families used monocots, especially poales, which is used by 891 butterfly species and is the second most used plant order overall. poales was the primary resource for satyrinae and heteropterinae, the most important resource for hesperiinae and trapezitinae, and of some importance for morphinae and few species in lybiteinae and nemeobiinae. the order asparagales was the primary resource for megathyminae, and was an important resource for trapezitinae. arecales was the most important host plant order for morphinae, but was also of some importance for hesperiinae. zingiberales was important for morphinae and hesperiinae whereas dioscoreales was important for pyrrhopyginae. records on basal eudicots were sparingly distributed, but sabiaceae was important for coeliadiinae and pseudergoliinae, and ranunculales was the most important order for parnasiinae." ]

{ "text": [ "pronophilina is a neotropical subtribe of butterflies of the subfamily satyrinae .", "they are a species-rich group with highest diversity in the tropical and subtropical mountains , especially the andes .", "before 1970 , they were poorly studied , but recent interest has resulted in high rates of species description from previously unexplored mountain ranges .", "however , there is still a lack of knowledge on their biology and ecology .", "their relationship to other groups of satyrine butterflies and their complex patterns of speciation within and among mountain ranges have led to several biogeographic discussions . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26, 13, 15, 13 ] }

[ "pronophilina is a neotropical subtribe of butterflies of the subfamily satyrinae. they are a species-rich group with highest diversity in the tropical and subtropical mountains, especially the andes. before 1970, they were poorly studied, but recent interest has resulted in high rates of species description from previously unexplored mountain ranges. however, there is still a lack of knowledge on their biology and ecology. their relationship to other groups of satyrine butterflies and their complex patterns of speciation within and among mountain ranges have led to several biogeographic discussions." ]

[ "a new species of african mole - rat (fukomys, bathyergidae, rodentia) from the zaire - zambezi watershed .\ncaroline' s mole rat (fukomys vandewoestijneae) may prove to be useful in cancer research like other species of mole rats have. because of their ability to live for decades and seeming inability to develop cancers, mole rats have become a focus of cancer studies .\na new species of african mole - rat (fukomys, bathyergidae, rodentia) from the zaire - zambezi watershed. - pubmed - ncbi\nfukomys vandewoestijneae or caroline‚äôs mole rat was first noticed in 2002 by a research team from the university of ghent. this new species, distinguished by a distinctive skull shape, was recently described by paul van daele and his team in zootaxa while dna and chromosome tests confirmed its novelty. the new species was named after van daele `... .\na new species of bathyergid mole - rat, fukomys vandewoestijneae, is described from an area on the zaïre - zambezi watershed, centred on the ikelenge pedicle in the north - western province of zambia. it is diagnosed by a unique combination of morphological (size, lack of clear headmarks), chromosomal (2n = 44) and dna sequence characteristics. this medium - sized species belongs to the giant mole - rat\nf. mechowii\nclade, which was hitherto considered monotypic. its known distribution is limited to the ikelenge pedicle of zambia and adjacent areas in the democratic republic of congo (drc) and presumably angola. colonies of this social mole - rat were observed in the chanas (dambos), degraded miombo woodland and in villages. although presumably sympatric in historical times with f. inechowii, no overlap in the species current distribution could be established. this local endemic species adds further evidence to the conservation importance of the two - pedicle region (ikelenge pedicle (zambia - katanga pedicle (drc) ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nresearch group for evolutionary morphology of vertebrates - ugent - kl ledeganckstr 35 - 9000 ghent - belgium. paagmys @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. more information! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey' s business dictionary (german - english). thanks on that account! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome! questions and answers\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\ndeep in a relatively unstudied region of africa called the inkelenge pedicle, researchers have discovered a new species of mole rat, adding to a growing list of endemic species found in the area .\nthe region occupies parts of zambia, the democratic republic of congo and angola and is full of species endemic to the only to the area. to date researchers have found 28 endemic species in the inkelenge pedicle including one amphibian, five mammals, three butterflies and 19 types of dragonfly, according to urltoken\nthe region is fulled with gallery forests that run along rivers and wetlands the the land is dominated by the wispy miombo tree .\nnew species are discovered regularly by scientists, but the vast majority of those discovered are insects. the discovery of a new mammal is rare. of the 19, 232 new species described in 2009, only 41 were mammals, mongabay reported .\nit took several years to conclude that a distinct looking mole rat was a new species, but after dna and chromosome tests, coupled with a distinct skull shape, it was determined as a new species of mole rat .\npaul van daele, lead author of the description of the new species in zootaxa, named the creature after his late wife, caroline van de woestijne, who helped discover it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nthat was born in february this year, is in excellent health and, along with its doting mother, joined the main hippo pool in april .\nsince its birth, the little one has been in a separate enclosure adjacent to the main hippo pools with its mother, gertrude, aged 34. the reason for this initial separation is to allow for the calf to adequately bond with its mother and to be kept safe. the gender of the youngster is yet to be determined .\nabout the size of your face has been found in northern sri lanka. scientists found the spiders - with a leg span up to 8 inches (20, 3 cm) across - living in trees and the old doctor' s quarters of a hospital in mankulam .\n. these are the tiger spiders, an arboreal group indigenous to india and sri lanka that are known for being colorful, fast, and venomous. as a group, the spiders are related to a class of south american tarantula that includes the goliath bird - eater, the world' s largest .\nafter a local police inspector who helped the team navigate post - civil war northern sri lanka, differs from similar species primarily in the markings on its legs and underside, which bears a pink abdominal band .\nthe spider' s unique leg markings include geometric patterns with daffodil - yellow and grey inlays on the first and fourth legs .\nare the biggest creatures known to have lived on earth since its creation 4. 54 billion years ago - and they are possibly also the loudest. now, a team of australian researchers has used the vocal ability of this iconic, but highly endangered, whale species to track its movements deep in the southern ocean and up to antarctica' s icy edge using acoustic technology to follow their songs. their fascinating results have proved conclusively that it is not necessary to kill whales to learn about them .\nhistorically, there were hundreds of thousands of blue whales. these magnificent leviathans can reach 33m in length and weigh up to 190 tons, consuming as much as four tons of shrimp - like krill in a single day. in contrast, the largest - known dinosaur, argentinosaurus of the mesozoic era, was estimated to have reached\nonly\n90 tons .\nblue whales were largely spared the ravages of early whaling because the whalers in their open rowing boats, and using hand - held harpoons, were simply unable to deal with the blues' massive size and incredible swimming speed. cruising the ocean at more than 8km / h, they can reportedly reach 32km / h when threatened .\nbut the writing was on the wall when norwegian svend foyn perfected the exploding harpoon gun in 1868, and steam - driven whalers operating in tandem with factory ships started hunting in all the oceans of the world .\namazing migration, travelling thousands of miles each year from its wintering grounds in mexico to as far north as the great lakes of canada and back, is achieved with just an in - built\ncompass\n- based on the position of the sun - which tells the insect which direction it should fly at the appropriate time of the year .\nresearchers have long speculated on how the insect, which weighs about half a gram, is able to make the return journey to the mountain forests of mexico for winter, especially as those born in late summer would not have made the journey before .\nexperts thought they used an internal, genetically encoded\nmap\nto locate their position, as well as a built - in compass to tell them where to fly. but now a study has shown that the butterflies manage with just a compass alone .\nto be a true navigator, you need both a compass and a map. we' ve known for some time that monarchs use external cues, such as the sun and magnetic field, as a built - in compass that can indicate their latitude. but having an internal map requires knowledge of both latitude and longitude ,\nsaid butterfly expert professor ryan norris of the university of guelph in ontario .\nit is likely the butterflies also use landmarks, such as mountain ranges, to help them find their way, and possibly scent when they are near to their final goal, the oyamel trees of the mexican highlands where they clump together in their thousands to spend the winter season .\n), distinguished by a distinct skull shape and confirmed by dna and chromosome tests .\nthe new mole rat was found in the ikelenge pedicle, a geographic area that covers portions of zambia, the democratic republic of congo (drc) and angola. although little research has been conducted in the ikelenge pedicle, scientists believe it is a hotspot for endemic species. already scientists have discovered 28 endemic species: one amphibian, five mammals, three butterflies and 19 dragonflies. this unique region is made up of gallery forests along rivers and wetlands and woodlands dominated by miombo trees, where the new mole rat was discovered. but, like most forests in the world, these are imperiled .\ncaroline' s mole rat likely faces additional threats from pest control and hunting as mole rats are commonly targeted by hunters, providing an important protein source to local populations .\nvan daele named the new species after his late wife, caroline van de woestijne, who helped discover it .\n. scientists have identified a shocking new truth: cats are far deadlier than anyone realised .\nresearchers from the smithsonian conservation biology institute estimated that domestic cats in the united states - both the household pets that only spend part of the day outdoors and feral cats that never leave it - kill about 2. 4 billion birds and 12. 3 billion small mammals a year, most of them native animals like shrews, chipmunks and voles rather than introduced pests like the norwegian rat .\nthe estimated kill rates are twice to four times higher than mortality figures previously bandied about, and position the domestic cat as one of the single greatest human - linked threats to wildlife in the usa. more birds and animals die in the mouths of cats, the report said, than from automobile strikes, pesticides and poisons, collisions with skyscrapers and windmills and other so - called anthropogenic causes. source: environment, people and conservation in africa\nhow to find us 232 boom street, pretoria gps: s25°44. 349' e028°11. 329'" ]

{ "text": [ "fukomys vandewoestijneae or caroline ’s mole rat was first noticed in 2002 by a research team from the university of ghent .", "this new species , distinguished by a distinctive skull shape , was recently described by paul van daele and his team in zootaxa while dna and chromosome tests confirmed its novelty .", "the new species was named after van daele 's late wife , caroline van de woestijne , who was a member of the research team and died of malaria while in africa .", "the species was found in the ikelenge pedicle between the sakeji and zambezi rivers , a region shared by zambia , the democratic republic of congo ( drc ) and angola .", "although the area has not been well-researched it is considered to harbour a great number of endemic species .", "to date 28 endemic species have come to light : one amphibian , five mammals , three butterflies , and 19 dragonflies .", "the region comprises gallery forests adjacent to rivers and wetlands , and woodlands where miombo trees are dominant , the habitat of the new mole rat .", "these forests , as with others all over the world , are under threat .", "of 19,232 new species described in 2009 , a mere 41 were mammals .", "most new mammals that are discovered are small and are either rodents or bats . " ], "topic": [ 6, 6, 6, 13, 17, 26, 24, 17, 5, 25 ] }

[ "fukomys vandewoestijneae or caroline ’s mole rat was first noticed in 2002 by a research team from the university of ghent. this new species, distinguished by a distinctive skull shape, was recently described by paul van daele and his team in zootaxa while dna and chromosome tests confirmed its novelty. the new species was named after van daele's late wife, caroline van de woestijne, who was a member of the research team and died of malaria while in africa. the species was found in the ikelenge pedicle between the sakeji and zambezi rivers, a region shared by zambia, the democratic republic of congo (drc) and angola. although the area has not been well-researched it is considered to harbour a great number of endemic species. to date 28 endemic species have come to light: one amphibian, five mammals, three butterflies, and 19 dragonflies. the region comprises gallery forests adjacent to rivers and wetlands, and woodlands where miombo trees are dominant, the habitat of the new mole rat. these forests, as with others all over the world, are under threat. of 19,232 new species described in 2009, a mere 41 were mammals. most new mammals that are discovered are small and are either rodents or bats." ]

[ "distribution and habitats of the bulinus africanus species group, snail intermediate hosts of schistosoma haematobium and s. mattheei in south africa\na comparison of bulinus africanus group species (planorbidae; gastropoda) by use of the internal transcribed spacer 1 region combined by morphological and anatomical characters .\ndistribution and habitats of the bulinus africanus species group, snail intermediate hosts of schistosoma haematobium and s. mattheei in south africa | de kock | water sa\na comparison of bulinus africanus group species (planorbidae; gastropoda) by use of the internal transcribed spacer 1 region combined by morphologi... - pubmed - ncbi\nnone recorded from literature. like other bulinus snails, appears to adapt well to natural and manmade wetlands .\nthe genus bulinus is generally divided into four groups (brown 1994), one of which is the b. africanus group. in the lake victoria region five species of this group occur, namely b. africanus, b. globosus, b. ugandae, b. productus and b. nasutus. confusion between these species, particularly in trematode studies, often occurs .\nthe freshwater pulmonate snail genus bulinus is divided into four species groups: b. africanus group, b. forskalii group, b. reticulatus group and the b. truncatus / tropicus complex (brown 1994). despite limited morphological divergence within species groups, there is considerable molecular divergence (jones et al. 2001, stothard et al. 2001). within the b. africanus group 10 species are recognised and distributed throughout afro - tropical regions and madagascar. several b. africanus group species are known, or suspected, to act as intermediate snail hosts for schistosoma haematobium, a trematode parasite that causes urinary schistosomiasis .\nin the present study 241 shells from snails belonging to the bulinus africanus - group in west africa, were examined in a morphometric analysis including ten characters. principal component analysis and stepwise discriminant function analysis were used for analysis of the data. it was shown that bulinus umbilicatus, b. jousseaumei and b. globosus are clearly distinct on morphometric shell characters. besides a general differentiation between the three species, the characters necessary for differentiation between them two by two are found. the knowledge of the geographic distribution of b. umbilicatus and b. jousseaumei is significantly improved .\nthis paper reports on the development and implementation of a multiplexed snapshot tm assay to type simultaneously four snps within the coi (fig. 2) of bulinus species. the assay is then used for identification of b. africanus group snails collected from 7 localities within coastal kenya. the kenyan shell material is compared to a selection of b. globosus and b. nasutus shells from zanzibar to ascertain if there is any morphological divergence .\nno information is available regarding the population size, but this species is widespread, common and may be quite abundant. it is probably the most abundant bulinus species in the tributaries of lake victoria (dida et al. 2014) .\nconfusion with related species such as b. globosus seems often to be the case. the taxonomic identification of the northeastern populations was carried out by david brown (bmnh), the specialist on african bulinus spp. , and should therefore be correct .\nconclusion - correct identification of populations of b. africanus group snails requires the use of biochemical or molecular dna methods. the multiplex snapshot tm assay is a promising new tool for species identification. new data are required concerning the distribution and transmission status of potential intermediate hosts in east africa in order to gain a fuller understanding of the distribution of urinary schistosomiasis .\nsnail material - a total of 147 b. africanus group snails from 7 collecting localities from coastal kenya: kinango (n = 28), mbovu (n = 24), msambweni (n = 23), mazeras (n = 6), nguzo (n = 3), ramisi (n = 25) and timboni (n = 38), were examined. the snails were kindly provided in 70% ethanol by dr m otieno, national museums of kenya, nairobi, kenya. genomic dna was extracted from each snail for pcr analysis (see below) following standard methodology (stothard et al. 1997) and the shell was retained for morphometric analysis. a collection of 79 dry shells as reported by stothard et al. (1997) of b. africanus group snails from zanzibar [ b. globosus unguja (n = 18), pemba (n = 22) and b. nasutus unguja (n = 18), pemba (n = 21) ] was used as reference material for morphometric comparison with kenyan material .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: this is a widespread species which is rather tolerant to pollution. it is not under threat at present and is assessed as least concern .\nit is common in different fluvial or semi - fluvial habitats varying from streams to small impoundments .\nno information is available on threats but this species appears to be quite resistant to aquatic pollution .\nno specific conservation measures are in place for this species, which is considered a pest, being a major intermediate host for schistosoma .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species has a scattered distribution in ethiopia. it is a pest, being a vector of different\nnortheastern africa region: the species is known from jimma, lake tana and northeast of gondhar (ethiopia). this is the most northern location of this species' range. global distribution: the species is known from eastern and southern africa .\nlives in streams and small dams where water is more permanent, adapts well to irrigation schemes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nmem. inst. oswaldo cruz vol. 97 suppl. 1 rio de janeiro oct. 2002\npcr and snapshot tm typing of coi - a subregion (~ 450 bp) of the coi was amplified from each snail following conditions described by stothard and rollinson (1997). the amplification product was then purified using a qiagen pcr clean - up spin column and adjusted to an approximate concentration of 0. 2 pmol / µl .\nfour snapshot tm primers were designed to type snps at positions 49, 109, 166 and 255 (fig. 1) in the alignment of coi sequences described by stothard and rollinson (1997). the primer sequences were as follows :\n1µl of purified amplification product was added to a snapshot tm reaction mixture containing 0. 15 pmols of each primer. the reaction mixture (10 µl) was incubated for 25 cycles of 96 o c for 10 sec, 50 o c for 5 sec and 60 o c for 30 sec in a standard thermal cycler. the snapshot tm reaction mixture was purified by removal of excess fluorescent dye terminators by incubation with 1unit of calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase according to manufacturer' s instructions .\ndna sequencing - in addition to snapshot tm analysis, the dna sequence of the coi was determined for a total of 21 snails taken across the 7 sampling localities [ kinango (n = 7), mbovu (n = 3), msambweni (n = 3), mazeras (n = 3), nguzo (n = 1), ramisi (n = 2) and timboni (n = 2) ] using direct dna cycle sequencing of purified amplification product and separated on an abi377 semi - automated dna sequencer .\nmorphometric analysis - a total of 226 snail shells were examined. identification of kenyan b. globosus and b. nasutus was based upon the results of the snapshot tm coi profile. digital images of the shells (aperture facing) at either x8 or x12 magnification were collected using a leica mz6 dissecting microscope with an attached digital camera and dic - e image capture software (world precision instruments, uk). a 10 mm scale bar was included within each shell image for size calibration. shell microsulpture was also noted according to descriptions given by kristensen et al. (1987). image analysis was conducted with sigmascanpro 4. 0 software package (jandel scientific, uk) .\nnine measurements were taken for each shell: 5 linear, 3 area and 1 angular. these were, linear (mm) l: total length of shell, w: width of shell (perpendicular from aperture apex to opposite edge), wsp: basal width of shell spire, lap: length of aperture, wap: width of aperture; area (mm 2), ta: total shell area, asp: area of spire and aap: area of aperture; and angular (degrees): angle subtended from longitudinal axis of shell rotation to maximum width point on the outer body whorl edge .\nbefore analysis, area measurements were transformed by taking the square root. all measurements were then standardised using the geometric mean of log 10 adjusted ratios following clarke et al. (1999). euclidean distances between each individual were calculated using the program syn - tax 5. 0 (j podani, scientia publishing, budapest) and a dendrogram was generated using unweighted pair - group arithmetic average (upgma) analysis to evaluate phenetic groups .\nmorphometric variation - the table details the mean value with 1 standard deviation for shell measurements. a significant difference (p < 0. 05) was detected between b. globosus and b. nasutus with an unpaired student t test for asp and aap. generally, b. globosus had larger aperture and smaller spire areas than b. nasutus. plotting a combination of shell variables in bivariate plots against shell length did not reveal the existence of two discrete distributions of points (fig. 4) .\nsnail populations - accurate identification of b. globosus and b. nasutus populations is important. recent work on zanzibar has shown that b. nasutus plays no role in transmission of local s. haematobium and the distribution of urinary schistosomiasis in schoolchildren is clearly linked with the distribution of b. globosus (stothard et al. in press). a similar transmission picture might also exist in kenyan and tanzanian coastal regions nearby .\nboth b. globosus and b. nasutus have been encountered within the kenyan material. while 6 of the 7 samples contained a single species, the sample from kinango contained a mixed population of both species. this situation contrasts somewhat with zanzibar where mixed populations have yet to be encountered (stothard et al. 1997). in zanzibar, b. globosus appears to be associated with harder water while b. nasutus is associated with softer water but the range of water hardnesses between species does overlap (stothard et al. in press); potentially, mixed populations could occur in nature. as water conductivity values were not recorded at the time of collection of this kenyan material, it might be expected that water conductivity at kinango could be within this overlapping range .\nthe dna divergence within the coi between kenyan and zanzibarian species is confined to several further point mutations. it is worthy of note that the pcr - rflp methodology designed by stothard and rollinson (1997) to differentiate b. globosus and b. nasutus in zanzibar on the presence and absence of a ssp i cutting site respectively (recognition sequence aatatt) does not work consistently on kenyan b. globosus. coastal kenyan b. globosus has two predominant sequence types present within this selected 6 bp region: aatatt (ssp i site) and gatatt (non - ssp i site), while all b. nasutus have aatata. whilst this assay can positively identify certain b. globosus by the presence of an ssp i site, in this case the snails from kinango, the absence of a ssp i restriction site cannot now be interpreted as exclusive to b. nasutus. confident typing of the 3' t in b. globosus and 3' a in b. nasutus which differentiates the species, is best performed by snapshot tm or taxon specific pcr primers assays .\nbargues md, mangold aj, muñoz - antoli c, pointier jp, mas - coma s 1997. ssu rdna characterisation of lymnaeid snails transmitting human fascioliasis in south and central america .\n, 2nd ed. , taylor & francis ltd. , england, 609 pp .\nclarke rk, grahame j, mill pj 1999. variation and constraint in the shells of two sibling species of intertidal rough periwinkles (gastropoda :\njones cs, rollinson d, mimpfoundi r, ouma j, kariuki hc 2001. molecular evolution of freshwater intermediate snail hosts within the\n- group snails in east and south east africa, differentiated by use of biometric multivariate analysis on multivariate characters (pulmonata: planorbidae) .\nmakridakis nm, reichardt jkv 2002. multiplex automated primer extension analysis: simultaneous genotyping of several polymorphisms .\nmorgan jat, dejong rj, synder s, mkoji gm, loker es 2001 .\ngroup species (planorbidae: gastropoda) by the use of the internal transcribed spacer 1 region combined by morphological and anatomical characters .\nrollinson d, stothard jr, southgate vr 2001. interactions between intermediate snail hosts of the genus\nstothard jr, rollinson d 1997. partial dna sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit i (coi) gene can differentiate the intermediate snail hosts\nstothard jr, brémond p, andriamaro l, sellin b, sellin e, rollinson d 2001 .\nstothard jr, mgeni af, alawi ks, savioli l, rollinson d 1997. observations on shell morphology, enzymes and random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) in\nstothard jr, mgeni af, khamis s, seto e, ramsan m, hubbard sj, kristensen tk, rollinson d. new insights into the transmission biology of urinary schistosomiasis in zanzibar. trans r soc trop med hyg, in press. [ links ]\nfunded by the wellcome trust. + corresponding author. fax + 44 - 0207 - 942 - 5518. e - mail: d. rollinson @ urltoken received 18 june 2002 accepted 15 august 2002\nav. brasil, 4365 - pavilhão mourisco, manguinhos 21040 - 900 rio de janeiro rj brazil tel. : (55 21) 2562 - 1222 fax: (55 21) 2562 1220 memorias @ urltoken\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in. please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address. if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access, please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription." ]

{ "text": [ "bulinus africanus is a species of a tropical freshwater snail with a sinistral shell , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family planorbidae , the ramshorn snails and their allies . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "bulinus africanus is a species of a tropical freshwater snail with a sinistral shell, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family planorbidae, the ramshorn snails and their allies." ]

[ "nobody uploaded sound recordings for cinnamon ground - dove (gallicolumba rufigula) yet .\ncinnamon ground - dove, golden - heart pigeon (gallicolumba rufigula) - wiki cinnamon ground - dove, golden - heart pigeon (gallicolumba rufigula) - wiki; image only email: e - card | poster | web master delete edit info admin description cinnamon ground - dove, golden - heart pigeon (gallicolumba rufigula) - wiki cinnamon ground - dove from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia golden heart dove or cinnamon ground - dove (gallicolumba rufigula) by ltshears urltoken license: public domain. more\ncinnamon ground - dove aka golden - heart dove (gallicolumba rufigula) by ltshears. | bird families: c | pinterest | golden heart\nthe socorro dove is a medium - sized dove which mainly lives and moves on the ground. the dove is a cinnamon colour, with a blue - grey back and pinkish neck .\nthe cinnamon ground dove, as its name suggests, lives on the ground, making its nest in the leaf litter. they’re solitary birds and are closely related to the much more morose bleeding - heart dove .\nvisit the bent life history for extensive additional information on the common ground - dove .\nthe cinnamon ground - dove is classified as least concern. does not qualify for a more at risk category. widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nhe’d just recorded and photographed the elusive blue - eyed ground dove, columbina cyanopsis, a cinnamon - stained, sapphire - eyed “ghost species” that hadn’t been conclusively documented since 1941 .\nbehaviour: mourning dove feeds on ground in open country, and near habitations. outside of breeding season, mourning dove lives and roosts in flocks .\nthe blue - eyed ground dove hadn’t been documented in the wild for 75 years. (credit: rafael bessa )\nthe most common doves kept as pets are the ringneck and diamond doves. the ringneck dove has been bred in over 40 color mutations: white, peach, fawn, and apricot, to name a few. it is also known as the laughing dove, collared dove, barbary dove or turtledove. the white mutation is sometimes called the java dove, peace dove, or sacred dove .\nthe purple - winged ground - dove is classified as critically endangered (cr) on the iucn red list (1) .\nornithologist rafael bessa said spotting the blue - eyed ground dove was the highlight of his career. (credit: rafael bessa )\ncarrot mango: 2 cups cubed mango, 1 cup shredded carrots, 1 teaspoon cinnamon, 2 cups coconut water .\nlike most of the ground - dove species in papua, the cinnamon ground - dove is a difficult to observe species. it is a shy bird, which forages on the ground and in the dense undergrowth. as i spent several days in a hide at the dance ground of a magnificent bird of paradise, i was lucky to be able to take pictures at close range from this inconspicuous species. this bird seemed apperently to feed on spoiled fruitrests and seeds from the maginificent bird of paradise. it is a papua endemic, which is nowhere common .\ncommon ground - doves eat primarily seeds, waste grain, and occasionally fruits .\nadd ground coffee to french press, and pour hot water over the top .\n6' / 2 - 63 / 4 in. (16 - 17 cm). this rare but regular visitor (and very rare breeder) to border states from mex. is similar to common ground - dove but is slightly larger, longer tailed, and longer billed; has dark, grayish base to bill; lacks all scaliness. has blackish spots and streaks on wing coverts and scapulars. male: washed rufous. female and immature: plain brown and gray. caution: a bright male common ground - dove may be misidentified as a ruddy. voice: cooing similar to common ground dove' s, but faster and more repetitive: pity - you pity - you pity you. similar species: inca dove, common ground - dove, habitat: farms, livestock pens, fields, brushy areas. often found with inca dove and common ground - dove .\n7. stir in almond flour, water, coconut palm sugar, cinnamon, nutmeg and vanilla. bring to a simmer .\nwetar ground dove this enigmatic pigeon has only been seen by a handful of people other than on our cruise. we saw double - figures of them in 2011 !\nthe dove is predominantly a ground dweller and searches for food amongst the vegetation. it will mainly eat seeds, but also eat some fruits, berries and insects .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - purple - winged ground - dove (claravis geoffroyi )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - purple - winged ground - dove (claravis geoffroyi )\ntitle =\narkive species - purple - winged ground - dove (claravis geoffroyi )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ndescription: mourning dove is medium sized, brownish, with a pointed, white tipped tail. males are larger than females and are slightly brighter coloured. mourning dove is a warm - coloured, cinnamon - brownish dove, with a long, graduated tail. on the ground, we can see large blackish spots on inner greater coverts and tertials, and small black mark on neck - side. tail is dark brown with pointed tip. legs are reddish .\nvery rare in the u. s. , ruddy ground - doves lack the scaled appearance .\nonce relatively common, the purple - winged ground - dove (claravis geoffroyi) is an attractive dove species which is now perilously close to extinction (2). the male purple - winged ground - dove has blue - grey upperparts, becoming paler on the neck, head and underparts, and a whitish face. in contrast, the female’s upperparts are a mixture of tan and cinnamon browns, fading to dull white on the belly (3). both sexes possess two or three broad, purple bands across the wing, a white tail, and a blackish bill (2) .\nthe nest is a flimsy twig platform, placed on the ground or in a tree or shrub .\nthe common ground - dove is a very small, chunky dove with grayish upperparts, brownish to blackish spots on the wings, a scaled head and breast, and a black - tipped red bill. in flight, shows reddish underwings and primaries, and black tail corners .\n1. to make batter, combine egg whites, protein powder, oats, quinoa, flaxseed, walnuts, cinnamon, and 4 strawberries in a medium bowl until blended .\n2. add the ground beef and coconut aminos to the minced bacon and use your hands to mix them together .\nbessa and other ornithologists working on the conservation plan will continue to study the blue - eyed ground dove in the field to learn as much as they can about the species, whose natural history is almost entirely unknown .\neven if no others are found, hennessey said, habitat protection and careful management could allow the blue - eyed ground dove to mount a comeback, despite the conventional wisdom on genetic bottlenecks and minimum viable population size .\n8' / 4 - 8' / 2 in. (21 - 22 cm). a very small, slim dove with scaly look. rufous in primaries (as in ground - doves), but has longer tail with white sides. voice: monotonous coo - hoo or no - hope, similar species: common ground - dove has short tail without obvious white, lacks scaling on back. habitat: towns, parks, farms .\nbelow is a list of all the native and exotic pigeon and dove species we currently keep and breed .\nonce relatively common, this attractive dove species is now perilously close to extinction (2). the male purple - winged ground - dove has blue - grey upperparts, becoming paler on the neck, head and underparts, and a whitish face. in contrast, the female' s upperparts are a mixture of tan and cinnamon browns, fading to dull white on the belly (3). both sexes possess two or three broad, purple bands across the wing, a white tail, and a blackish bill (2) .\ncolor mutations of diamond doves include cinnamon, brown, brilliant, yellow, snow white, white tailed, and silver. the diamond dove, sometimes called the little dove or little turtledove, belongs to the genus geopelia that includes five small, long - tailed doves that eat grains and live in the relatively open savanna and semi - arid regions in australia. one of the five species, the zebra dove, has a range that extends into southeast asia and have been imported into and become feral in hawaii and parts of the continental usa. four of the species have barred plumage while the diamond dove has spotted plumage .\n11' / 2 in. (29 cm). large stocky dove with broad, dark wings. short tail has white corners. body pale, underwings cinnamon. spends a good deal of time on ground. flies fast through woods. voice: long, drawn - out, hollow who—whooooooooo. similar species: white - winged and mourning doves. habitat: often seen walking in shadows of brushy tangles or dense woods .\n“that moment with this dove was the pinnacle of my life as an ornithologist so far, ” says bessa .\nwith the population so close to extinction, captive breeding may prove vital to preserving the purple - winged ground - dove. unfortunately, as the small captive population maintained by a few brazilian aviculturists has apparently died out, this may prove difficult (2) .\nhabitat: mourning dove frequents farms, small towns, open woodlands, scrubs, roadsides and grasslands, parks and large gardens .\n, and all suitable habitat on the island has been surveyed subsequently without recording the dove (j. e. martínez - gómez\nthe purple - winged ground dove (claravis geoffroyi) is a critically endangered species of dove, native to atlantic forest, mainly near bamboo, in south - eastern brazil, far eastern paraguay, and northern - eastern argentina (misiones only). it is threatened by habitat loss and possibly the wild bird trade. there are few recent sightings and the total population is estimated to number 50 to 249 individuals .\nthe difference between doves and pigeons is mostly size. doves are generally sleeker and smaller with pointed tails, while pigeons are larger and stockier with rounded tails. the common urban pigeon is also known as a\nrock dove .\nthe popular white dove releases at various celebrations are billed as\ndove\nreleases, but ethical companies always use white homing pigeons, as they return home .\n2. place the ground meat in a bowl and add cooked veggies, salt and pepper, combining with your hands. mold into medium - sized patties .\ndiet: mourning dove eats a wide variety of seeds, grains, fruits and insects. it prefers seeds that rest on the ground, waste grains. when the ground foods have become scarce, they eat in trees or bushes. most of their diet includes seeds or plant parts. they eat also agricultural crops, with cereal grains, such as corn, millet, rye, barley and oats. occasionally, they prey on grasshoppers, beetles and snails .\nbaptista, l. f. , trail, p. w. , horblit, h. m. , christie, d. a. & kirwan, g. m. (2018). cinnamon ground - dove (gallicolumba rufigula). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\n6i / 4 - 6' / 2 in. (15 - 16 cm). a very small dove. note stubby black tail, scaly breast, pinkish or orangey base of bill, and rounded wings that flash rufous in flight, bronzy spots and streaks on wing coverts. feet yellow or pink. adult male' s body washed pinkish, voice: soft, monotonously repeated woo - oo, woo - oo, etc. may sound monosyllabic—wooo, with rising inflection, similar species: inca dove, ruddy ground dove, habitat: farms, orchards, brushy areas, roadsides .\nthe purple - winged ground - dove appears to breed during the austral summer, with courtship calls recorded from november to february (2). while little else is known of its reproductive biology, closely related species usually lay a clutch of two eggs, with an incubation period of around 14 days (3 )\nwallace' s fruit dove tanimbar has up to 15 endemics, plus a number shared only with the kai islands, including this outrageously beautiful species .\nalthough the purple - winged ground - dove has been recorded in several protected areas in brazil, and in iguazú national park in argentina, only small numbers have been observed, and the enforcement of habitat protection in these areas is often inadequate. the current priority for this species is therefore to conduct surveys to locate additional populations and to learn more about its biology so that effective conservation strategies can be employed (2). with the population so close to extinction, captive breeding may prove vital to preserving the purple - winged ground - dove. unfortunately, as the small captive population maintained by a few brazilian aviculturists has apparently died out, this may prove difficult (2) .\nat the start of the 20th century, the purple - winged ground - dove is believed to have ranged relatively extensively from the state of bahia in eastern brazil, south to northern argentina and eastern paraguay. today, however, this species occurs in very small numbers, at just a few scattered sites within its former range (2) .\nat the start of the 20th century, the purple - winged ground - dove is believed to have ranged relatively extensively from the state of bahia in eastern brazil, south to northern argentina and eastern paraguay. today, however, this species occurs in very small numbers, at just a few scattered sites within its former range (2) .\nwhen alive in the wild, the socorro dove lived in forests. it was an endemic species to the island of socorro, off the coast of mexico .\n26. 5 - 30. 5 cm. medium - sized, principally terrestrial dove. male has deep cinnamon head and underparts, with black streak on lower ear - coverts, blue - grey nape and iridescent pink neck patch. dark brownish upperparts, boldly spotted with black on scapulars, tertials and inner wing - coverts. dark grey flight feathers. dark brown central tail, outer feathers grey with black subterminal band and grey tips. female duller, with smaller blue - grey nape and pink neck - side patches. juvenile similar to female, except coarse breast streaking and cinnamon - buff tips to upperparts feathering. in all plumages has pale blue orbital ring, pinkish legs and dark grey bill with reddish - pink base .\nwith a population estimated at just 50 to 249 mature individuals in 2003, the situation for this species is critical (2). the most significant threat to the purple - winged ground - dove is habitat loss (2) (3). its range falls within the most important agricultural land in brazil (3), and its habitat has therefore been subject to large - scale clearance for agricultural plantations, leaving the remainder highly fragmented (2). this has led to concern that the increased distances between local bamboo flowering events, and the likelihood of long periods without bamboo seed production anywhere within its range, will rapidly drive the purple - winged ground - dove to extinction (2) .\nwith a population estimated at just 50 to 249 mature individuals in 2003, the situation for this species is critical (2). the most significant threat to the purple - winged ground - dove is habitat loss (2) (3). its range falls within the most important agricultural land in brazil (3), and its habitat has therefore been subject to large - scale clearance for agricultural plantations, leaving the remainder highly fragmented (2). this has led to concern that the increased distances between local bamboo flowering events, and the likelihood of long periods without bamboo seed production anywhere within its range, will rapidly drive the purple - winged ground - dove to extinction (2) .\ncommon ground - doves are found in southernmost parts of the u. s. , and south to parts of south america. its u. s. population appears stable to slightly declining .\nso far, the highest number of individuals that bessa has found on his subsequent trips back to the site is 12. given the extremely small population and range of blue - eyed ground doves, develey said another pressing need is hiring someone to protect the dove from threats like fires, poachers — rare doves are highly sought after by collectors and breeders, hennessey notes — and hordes of overeager birdwatchers and shutterbugs .\nalthough the purple - winged ground - dove has been recorded in several protected areas in brazil, and in iguazú national park in argentina, only small numbers have been observed, and the enforcement of habitat protection in these areas is often inadequate. the current priority for this species is therefore to conduct surveys to locate additional populations and to learn more about its biology so that effective conservation strategies can be employed (2) .\nflight: mourning dove shows its long tail and white tips on outer tail feathers in flight. when disturbed, it bursts into strong, rapid flight on whistling wings. it has a strong, powerful flight .\nprotection / threats / status: mourning dove is the most hunted game bird in north america. approximately, 70 millions birds are killed annually (15% of the fall population). populations are important. fragmentation of forests to agricultural lands is a good advantage for them. mourning dove has some predators, such as raptors (birds of prey), and raccoons, cats, dogs, snakes, squirrels and humans .\n12 in. (30 - 31 cm). the common widespread wild dove. brown; smaller and slimmer than rock pigeon. note pointed tail with large white spots. voice: hollow, mournful coah, cooo, coo, cooo. at a distance, only the three coos are audible. similar species: white - winged dove. habitat: farms, towns, open woods, fields, scrub, roadsides, grasslands, feeders .\nwild dove and pigeon hunting is still a popular sport. over 300 species of the family columbidae, the classification name for doves and pigeons, exist in the world. the united states has nine native and four introduced species of doves or pigeons .\nbaptista, l. f. , trail, p. w. , horblit, h. m. , christie, d. a. & kirwan, g. m. (2018). white - breasted ground - dove (alopecoenas jobiensis). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\n. as a consequence of the occurrence of avian influenza in europe in 2006, the socorro dove project sent a total of 12 birds to albuquerque biological park to form a second, independent reserve population nearer to the species' s native country (s. g. stadler\ndon' t be deceived by their meek and gentle appearance… many species of dove can be antisocial and aggressive to one another. socorro doves are often solitary and rarely seen in groups larger than a breeding pair. males will chase away strangers and defend their home range from other males .\nhaving evolved on a remote island, the socorro dove is naive to predatory mammals. so when cats were introduced to the island of socorro, the doves lacked the behaviour to escape. sadly, this species is now extinct in the wild, making it one of the rarest species held at bristol zoo gardens .\nthe last recorded sighting of a socorro dove in the wild was in 1972. now there are around just 100 held in human care in zoos around the world – including 25 birds in six uk zoos. coordinated conservation breeding of the birds by organisations such as bristol zoo has prevented the total extinction of the species .\nnow that researchers know at least one reclusive population blue - eyed ground doves is quietly hanging on in the far reaches of minas gerais, the search is on for other surviving groups. though searches in other similar patches of habitat nearby and in several neighboring states have come up empty so far, develey and bessa think that there may be more – especially given the bird’s relatively large historic range .\nthey make calls that sound much more urgent than those of a morning dove, which most of us are familiar with i’m sure. take a look / listen below! there’s something about this bird that makes me want to give it a big hug. i think it has something to do with its plump little body and sweet face. very inviting .\nreproduction: after finding a mate, mourning dove male initiates the nest selection site. nest construction takes over 10 hours on 3 or 4 days. the nest is a poor built platform in shrubs, trees, vines, on about 15 feet above the ground. the male delivers nesting materials to the female, which builds the nest. he stands on her back and offers her sticks and twigs, which she incorporates into a bowl around herself. the female lays 2 small, white eggs in the open nest. incubation lasts 14 to 15 days. both male and female share incubation and feed the young. both parents regurgitate crop milk (pigeon milk) to the young birds. after five days, seeds are added to their diet. the young fledge at about 15 days, but parental feeding continues for up 12 days after fledging .\nthey are monogamous, and they have an elaborated courtship display. male walks towards female, or pursues it, fluffing its feathers, and singing. male performs flights displays too, flapping wings noisily, or gliding. mourning dove has a widespread migration patterns. migration begins in the breeding grounds, and continues to the southern areas to go to escape the harsh winter months. the birds can fly over 1000 of miles through hostile environment, to reach their winter resting spot .\nthough he saw nothing of particular note, he heard a song he didn’t recognize. perplexed, bessa returned to the same scenic stretch of road the next morning, better equipped. when he heard the song again, he recorded it; as he played back the recording, the bird came into view. it looked like a dove of some sort. bessa took a few pictures, and then, zooming in on the camera display, began to grasp the magnitude of what was happening .\nbessa rushed back to the nearest internet connection and contacted a trusted ornithologist friend and verified the identification. since then, he and a small team from two brazilian bird conservation organizations – save - brasil and observatório de aves do instituto butantan – have returned to the site12 times to study the rediscovered dove and begin working on a conservation plan. after keeping everything hush - hush for 11 months, bessa and his colleagues announced the finding earlier this month at a national bird conference in são paulo, where it was billed as the ornithological event of the decade .\ndoves and pigeons, domesticated for thousands of years, have been used in the past as sacrifices to gods, raised for food and also kept as pets. pigeons have carried messages across battlefields and from town - to - town, been couriers of news from distant relatives or reporters, and transported vital medications to dying people. nowadays tame pigeons are still used to carry messages, but more commonly raised for racing, meat, scientific experimentation and\nwhite dove\nreleases at weddings. a few species of doves are raised as pets and the white ringneck doves are often used in magic shows .\nthey eat small whole seeds such as millet, canary grass, milo and wheat (a vitamin - fortified finch mix would work well) and are primarily ground feeders so should be provided separate seed, water and grit containers on or close to the floor. also provide a cuttlebone, at least two natural - type perches of varying height, size and spacing, a small canary - type nest and dried grasses for nest building. millet seed sprays, fresh greens, an occasional piece of whole wheat bread, hard boiled egg yolk and small meal worms are welcome treats. grit should include crushed eggshells or oyster shells for calcium, sand for food grinding purposes, and tiny bits of charcoal as a digestion aid .\nif you let your doves out, be prepared for them to fly up to the highest curtain rod and down to the floor to walk around the room looking for tidbits or nesting materials. they will return to their cage in time. their droppings are well formed and harden quickly, so are easy to pick up with a vacuum cleaner. don' t be alarmed if your doves spend a few moments each day lounging on the bottom of their cage or on the floor, as long as they get up and go back to their perches within about an hour or so. doves all exhibit this' couch - potato' lounging posture, particularly in the afternoon, which is' dove rest - period.'\njust before we reach our final, endemic packed island, tanimbar, we stop at a nearby small island in search of tanimbar’s most difficult endemic, tanimbar scrubfowl. tanimbar, the easternmost island of the lesser sundas chain will boost our endemic list considerably with wallace’s fruit dove, tanimbar cockatoo, blue - streaked lory, charming fantail, tanimbar oriole, tanimbar friarbird, tanimbar flyrobin, tanimbar starling, pied bronze cuckoo, tanimbar monarch, tanimbar triller and all widespread. more elusive denizens of the forest are shy tanimbar scrubfowl and tanimbar bush warbler, which was only recently described to science. we will listen for the fluty song of slaty - backed thrush emanating from the forest canopy while fawn - breasted thrush, the other endemic thrush\nringnecks can be kept alone and tame quite easily, even as adults, with lots of patience. let the bird see you often, always use gentle, slow movements, talk softly, and offer treats from your open palm, and within a few weeks the bird should trust you enough to step up onto your finger. if a bird raises its wing vertically over its shoulder and backs away, withdraw and try again later. frightened doves can bash against the cage bars with enough force to injure themselves. when cornered, a terrified dove will\nslap\nyou with its wing, although most doves won' t bite or peck. males tend to be quarrelsome with other males so it is best to keep them singly or in mated pairs .\ncaging needs to be large enough to allow the bird wing - flapping room and to avoid striking tail or wing feathers on the sides. just like with doves, these birds are ground feeders, so provide their seed, water and grit on or near the floor of the cage. install at least two natural - wood perches or a shelf and a perch. the shelf should be at least 6 inches deep and be the highest of the perches. pigeons enjoy fresh seed gasses and other greens, whole wheat bread snacks and whole seeds such as safflower, popcorn, peas and other grains. commercial pigeon seeds or pellets are available at most feed stores. they need larger grit than doves and also should have some eggshell or oyster shell available for calcium. fresh daily water in a 2\ndeep dish is essential. pigeons love to bathe, to provide a large, flat 1 - 2\ndeep dish of water at least twice a week .\nthe diamond dove is one of the smallest of the australian doves, weighing less than an ounce (23 to 27 grams) and about 7 - 1 / 2 to 8 - 1 / 3 inches long. adults have a gray body, creamy - white abdomen, blue gray and chestnut wing feathers with white diamond specks on the wings, a long tail with white tipped outer tail feathers and dark gray bill. the legs and feet are pink. the adult birds' eyes have orange irises with a pronounced orange - red orbital ring and can often be sexed by the thickness of the eye ring and the color of the wing feathers. at maturity (about one year), the males have a silver gray color and a wide eye ring (about 2 - 3 mm). the females tend toward a brown gray color and have a thinner eye ring (about 1 mm thick) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is reported to be uncommon to fairly common (del hoyo et al. 1997). trend justification: the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nclosely related to the bleeding - heart group (g. luzonica and allies) and sometimes isolated with them in the subgenus gallicolumba. five subspecies recognized .\n( rosenberg, 1866) – s new guinea from waitakwa r e to fly r; aru is .\nrand, 1941 – s new guinea e to karimui (chimbu province) .\nrand, 1941 – se new guinea, w to mambare r and angabunga r .\n22–24 cm; 121–137 g. forehead rufous buff; face pale pinkish buff with band of bluish grey above and behind eye; rest of upperparts and sides of breast vinaceous ...\nprimary rain forest and monsoon forest, from sea - level up to 1000 m, occasionally to 1700 m .\ndiet consists of seeds, fallen fruits and insects. considered to be more insectivorous than\nseason apparently prolonged, from latter part of dry season through rainy season; nesting records from n new guinea in aug, trans - fly ...\nlittle known, but species may be partially nomadic, based on population fluctuations in response to ...\nnot globally threatened. precise data not available, but species appears to be uncommon to fairly common, though often overlooked because of retiring behaviour, e. g. only ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nformerly considered to include alopecoenas, but molecular data reveal that arrangement to be polyphyletic # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthis species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: gallicolumba rufigula. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\ngallicolumba rufigula helviventris: aru is. and s new guinea (waitakwa river to fly river )\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 336, 604 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\ncarly brooke is the animal - obsessed founder and author of the award - winning animal website, the featured creature. com, where little - known species become known .\ni have a confession: i love animals. join me and the rest of the featured creature community as we learn about the weirdest, coolest, and craziest animals out there. including your dog, mr. scrufflebutt (if you submit him !) .\njoel is a popular keynote speaker with conservation, corporate, and civic groups .\njoel is the founder of the photo ark, a groundbreaking effort to document every species in captivity before it’s too late .\nevery purchase goes directly to support our mission: getting the public to care and helping to save species from extinction .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\npicture of gallicolumba rufigula above has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike. original source: ltshears author: ltshears permission: some rights reserved\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1. 0 / / en\nurltoken\nother insects (bees, flies, wasps, mosquitos, cicadas, true bugs, ants, ... )\ncopyright © bernard van elegem biodiversity photography. by using this website you agree to the terms of use .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\natlantic forest a highly biodiverse region found along the east coast of south america, comprising a mix of vegetation types, including high - altitude grassland, and lowland and montane forest. austral referring to the southern hemisphere. aviculturists practitioners of aviculture: the raising, keeping and care of birds in captivity .\nmarshall cavendish corporation. (2001) endangered wildlife and plants of the world. marshall cavendish corporation, new york .\nareta, j. i. , bodrati, a. and cockle, k. (2009) specialization on guadua bamboo seeds by three bird species in the atlantic forest of argentina. biotropica, 41: 66 - 73 .\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 117 911 4675 fax: + 44 (0) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthe scaling on females is fainter, and the wing spots tend toward brown rather than black .\nwestern birds are paler, while eastern birds have a pinkish tint to the underparts and folded wings .\ninca doves inca doves are scaled above as well as below and have longer tails .\nnumber: usually lay 2 eggs. color: white. incubation and fledging: the young hatch at about 12 - 14 days, and leave the nest in another 11 - 13 days, though continuing to associate with the adults for some time .\n), version 1. 0. in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlength: 5. 5 inches; approximate weight is between 2 to 4 ounces .\npreferred habitat their range is throughout coastal plain – most common in outer coastal plain. rarely in piedmont. feeds on grass seed and waste grain .\ndoves of south carolina - identification and status. (adobe pdf) wildlife and freshwater fisheries division. columbia, south carolina\nsome of the files above are provided in the adobe® acrobat® (pdf) format. adobe® reader® is required to open these files and is available as a free download from the adobe® web site .\nphone numbers | accessibility | foia | privacy policy south carolina department of natural resources - rembert c. dennis building 1000 assembly street, columbia, sc 29201 © 2015 all rights reserved. webmaster @ urltoken\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\njosep del hoyo, phillip edwards, jonathan, andrew emmerson, tomasz doroń, dubi shapiro, k. chmel .\ndiscover exactly how you can exploit the popularity of twitter to instantly fill up your mailing list with fresh prospects that are eager to purchase your products or affiliate products that you promote! . twitter is one of the easiest ways to create an online presence and secure your market share quickly. plus learn much more .\nit has a purple and green iridescence on neck. the bill is black, very thin and delicate. the eyes show a bluish eye - ring of bare skin .\nsexes are similar, but male is slightly larger than female, and more colourful, with bluish crown and pink chest. juvenile is greyer and heavily speckled on wings and breast, but lacks neck patch .\nvoice: sounds by xeno - canto advertising call is a mournful “oowoo - woo - woo - woo”. wings produce a fluttering whistle as the bird takes flight .\nrange: mourning doves may be found from alaska and southern canada to panama. they basically cover all of north america and most of south africa .\nin addition, if time allows we visit nearby kalao to look for virginalis elegant pitta, a race endemic to the flores sea islands, and kalaoensis tanahjampea jungle flycatcher - a distinctive looking race, endemic to kalao .\nfollowing 1 ½ days sailing through the flores sea, with our eyes peeled on the open ocean in search of rarer seabirds among the throng of red - footed boobies, which on our 2011 cruise included heinroth' s shearwater and red - billed tropicbird. eventually we arrive on pantar. the dry, open terrain is home to broad - billed monarch, flame - breasted sunbird, black - fronted flowerpecker and our first barred doves though the real reason for anchoring here is for alor boobook, a vocally - distinct split from the southern boobook complex, with a chance of alor cuckooshrike, a field guide split from wallacean .\nthe next island east, alor is the only time we head to the hills, seeking out the undescribed' alor myzomela', along with the recently - rediscovered timor grasshopper warbler (which is often lumped with javan as sunda grasshopper warbler). several new species to the trip could also be seen ;\nalor cuckooshrike\n, timor stubtail, sunda bush warbler, olive - headed lorikeet, along with an outside chance of flores green pigeon and two critically endangered species ;\nmoving to the small, arid island of leti, concentrating on kisar friarbird, endemic to just three of these tiny islands, along with banda sea fantail, we might also find our first wallacean whistler, supertramp fantail. an endemic subspecies of southern boobook awaits our night - time forays .\nat night we should find tanimbar boobook, and with a good deal of luck, australasian masked owl .\nwith such prolonged periods onboard, a range of possible seabirds and cetaceans could provide added excitement. the seas here have never been studied in detail so the sea - birding could be exciting at times. on our previous cruises we found huge numbers of red - footed booby and regular encounters with bridled and sooty terns, brown noody, brown booby, all 3 jaegers and even two firsts for indonesia; heinroth' s shearwater and red - billed tropicbird, along with a second, tropical shearwater – so who knows what else could lurk over the waters! ceataceans recorded included sperm, bryde’s and blue whales, risso’s, bottle - nosed and spinner dolphins .\ndiamond doves were imported to europe in the late 1800s. they were raised in the london zoological garden as early as 1868. they have become one of the most popular of aviary birds and are an excellent choice for beginners. they rarely get sick and can be kept with other small, peaceful, birds such as finches. they also do well inside and are best kept in pairs. they can live up to fifteen years in captivity, with an average life expectancy of ten years .\ndiamond doves have a variety of cooing calls. birds in captivity will sometimes imitate human coos, too. they are very affectionate - - when one bird of a pair returns to a nest they often greet each other with very low, raspy coos. at night, if they are not nesting, they cuddle with each other and give their mate a series of very rapid light pecks around the neck and head while slightly shaking their wings. when mated birds become separated they will make a two - note call until they become reunited .\nas with all birds, diamond doves need enough cage room to move around, roost and exercise comfortably. a pair can be kept in as small as an 18 inch square cage but should be allowed free indoor flight every day. minimum flight cage size should be 3' x 4' x 6'. they should never be allowed outdoor free flight as they lack the\nhoming\ninstinct of pigeons .\nclean, fresh water is essential. water bowls should be open and fairly deep as doves suck water into their bills. offer a bathing dish once or twice a week with about 1 / 2 to 3 / 4 inch of luke - warm water, or mist the birds with a clean spray bottle. cages should be located in a draft free area away from heating and cooling outlets, open windows, fireplaces and kitchen cooking fumes. if the cage is in a dark room or if the area becomes very cool, add a light attached to a timer. vitalites, although expensive, provide a healthy light spectrum .\nthese birds are happiest kept in mated pairs, but unless you want a lot of birds, you should remove the eggs once laid. males can become territorial and may fight, especially if there is a female present. females usually get along well together .\ndiamonds are devoted and very affectionate birds. when one bird of a pair returns to a nest they often greet each other with very low, raspy coos. at night, if they are not nesting, they often cuddle with each other and exchange very rapid light pecks around the neck and head while slightly shaking their wings. when separated, the birds give a two - note call until they become reunited .\ndiamond doves are charming birds and make a wonderful addition to any aviary. they are particularly suited to apartment living, as they are fairly quiet, clean and non - destructive. they can be tamed with gentle and persistent handling, but will be friendliest if purchased young from a small breeder who has handled the babies from the time they are hatched. although they will never talk and most likely won' t learn\ntricks\n, they are beautiful and will provide hours of quiet entertainment and pleasure .\npigeons are not often viewed as pets. most pigeons are bred to race, to show or to be used for food. urban feral pigeon populations are considered nuisances or health hazards and are often exterminated in large quantities. but the pigeon has a noble history, is one of the most loyal and devoted of birds, and, when raised with love and attention, can be a faithful and treasured companion .\npigeons are a parrot' s close avian relative. pigeons bond easily with humans, especially those that feed them, and a tamed pigeon, kept alone, will become a faithful and loyal companion to its human. maintaining a mated pair is not necessary, and unless you are racing or showing them, you probably don' t want any extra birds .\nthe only way to determine the sex of most pigeons is by behavior. at maturity, males tend to bow and coo and strut with fanned tails around their object of affection. they are quite vocal. females are more demure .\n© 1996 - 2018 pet assure corp. all rights reserved. the pet insurance alternative." ]

{ "text": [ "the cinnamon ground dove , ( gallicolumba rufigula ) also known as golden-heart dove , red-throated ground dove or golden-heart pigeon is a species of ground-dwelling dove in the genus gallicolumba .", "it is native to new guinea . " ], "topic": [ 26, 0 ] }

[ "the cinnamon ground dove, (gallicolumba rufigula) also known as golden-heart dove, red-throated ground dove or golden-heart pigeon is a species of ground-dwelling dove in the genus gallicolumba. it is native to new guinea." ]

[ "orb - weaver spider (cyclosa argenteoalba) with parasitoid wasp (reclinervellus nielseni) larva on its back .\nyou do not want to mess with the reclinervellus nielseni wasp. especially if you' re a spider .\na new study has revealed the reclinervellus nielseni wasp - which lives in australia and japan - uses poison to overcome the nervous system of spiders and take control of their bodies .\nhowever, it wasn’t clear which of the spider’s behavioral patterns and web - types the parasitic wasp reclinervellus nielseni was adapting to its own ends until dr takasuka and co - authors investigated how the wasp larva manipulated its host .\nthe study looked at the reclinervellus nielseni wasp and the way it used and abused the cyclosa argenteoalba spider - taking control of its mind and body to essentially make it build the nursery and become the pantry for the infant wasp .\nfrom brain - munching fly larvae to snail - controlling parasitic worms, nature is full of fascinating examples of real - life zombification. wasps are particularly good at using host species to do their bidding and reclinervellus nielseni is no exception .\nthe japanese scientists behind the study thought the host - parasite relationship between the wasp reclinervellus nielseni (most wasps have only a scientific name) and its orb - weaver spider host cyclosa argenteoalba could help us understand how parasitic organisms alter their host’s behaviour .\nno, this isn' t science fiction; it' s the somewhat terrifying (but very real) tale of the orb - weaving spider cyclosa argenteoalba and the parasitic wasp reclinervellus nielseni, two species that carry out a strange relationship in hyogo prefecture, japan .\nthe larvae of the parasitic wasp reclinervellus nielseni turn their host spiders cyclosa argenteoalba into drugged navvys, to modify the web structure into a more persistent ‘cocoon’ web so that the larvae can pupate safely on this web after the spider’s death, according to a team of scientists led by dr keizo takasuka of kobe university in japan .\nover the past several years, takasuka has headed to the shinto shrines of hyogo prefecture to collect spiders enslaved by the parasitic larvae of r. nielseni .\nthe wasp, * reclinervellus nielseni *, injects its young into the body of the spider, which now not only hosts the larvae but also sets to work. in an experiment published in the journal of experimental biology, keizo takasuka from kobe university, japan and colleagues watched some parasitized, zombified spiders build special “cocoon webs. ” they determined these are related to the spiders’ own resting webs .\none striking finding in the present study is that r. nielseni larvae force the host spiders into repeatedly weaving the threads, which perhaps occur less in resting web construction, retaining other building steps (retrieving sticky spiral webs and ftd construction) as normal. a behavioural sequence of resting web construction can thus be subdivided into several independent subsets. reclinervellus nielseni is able to control the recurrence of a particular subset independently, as in another polysphinctine, hymenoepimecis argyraphaga, which forces a tetragnathid orb - weaver into repeating the early steps of one subset of normal orb construction, repressing other behavioural patterns (eberhard, 2000, 2001) .\nto find out how it might be happening, researchers surveyed more than 1600 spiders (cyclosa argenteoalba) near the cities of tamba and sasayama in south - central japan. they found parasitic wasp larvae (reclinervellus nielseni) on 23 of the silver - white spiders. the scientists brought them back to the lab and recorded videos of them spinning their special cocoon webs. they then compared the zombie spiders’ behavior with that of normal arachnids .\ntypes of web constructed by the orb - weaving spider cyclosa argenteoalba. (a) normal orb web. (b) resting web with a moulting spider (inset) somewhat away from the hub. (c) normal orb web constructed by a spider parasitized by the ectoparasitoid reclinervellus nielseni on the eve of being manipulated by the wasp larva. (d) cocoon web constructed by the same spider as in c. inset shows close - up of the parasitized spider .\ntypes of web constructed by cyclosa argenteoalba, from left, clockwise: normal orb web; resting web with a molting spider (inset) somewhat away from the hub; normal orb web constructed by a spider parasitized by reclinervellus nielseni on the eve of being manipulated by the wasp larva; cocoon web constructed by the same spider as in the previous image, where the inset shows close - up of the parasitized spider. scale bars – 5 cm. image credit: keizo takasuka et al .\nthat' s why r. nielseni doesn' t just direct its host to build a resting web; it instructs the spider to build a superstrong resting web, one chock - full of reinforced threads that hold the web — and the wasp - filled cocoon at its center — in place for long stretches of time, the researchers found .\njust how a parasite turns its host into a zombielike slave varies from species to species, and sometimes, researchers aren' t sure what the mechanism is that makes a host do its parasite' s bidding. that' s the case for the orb - weaving spider and parasitic wasp of japan. researchers in that country want to find out how r. nielseni controls c. argenteoalba. does it use a neurotoxin, or perhaps some kind of hormone ?\ntakasuka suspects that, in the case of r. nielseni and c. argenteoalba, the mechanism controlling the spider' s web - strengthening preferences is somehow related to the hormone that is naturally released in the spider just before molting. this hormone is what motivates the spider to start building a resting nest. in the near future, takasuka hopes to study the chemicals present in the larvae to determine how those chemicals might be related to the resting - web hormone and others .\nthis study demonstrates that r. nielseni larvae evoke the resting web - building behaviour already programmed in c. argenteoalba to build cocoon webs. the radii of cocoon webs were covered with mats of ftds, as previously seen exclusively in resting webs, with the structure (fig. 2 a, b) and building behaviour (urltoken) of cocoon webs very similar to that of resting webs. furthermore, the numbers of radii in resting and cocoon webs were reduced to the same levels. this remarkable similarity between resting and cocoon webs supports our hypothesis .\nthe resting web, a safe haven during times of transformation, is the perfect place for a wasp larva to transition into the pupal phase (the stage of transformation in which the insect envelopes itself in a cocoon). an orb weaver' s resting web can keep its occupant safe for about two days, which is how long it typically takes the spider to molt. but a web that lasts only two days isn' t going to cut it for r. nielseni, which needs to remain ensconced in the spider' s web for at least 10 days once it has wrapped itself up in a cocoon .\nthe manipulative relationship between the wasp and the spider begins when a female wasp attacks the orb weaver in its web. she deposits her egg onto the back of the spider' s abdomen but doesn' t kill it. firmly attached to the spider, the egg develops into a larva, which eventually does kill its host, but not before the spider serves it as a slave throughout the early stages of development, said keizo takasuka, a postdoctoral fellow at kobe university' s graduate school of agricultural science in japan and lead author of a new study exploring the relationship between r. nielseni and the orb weaver. [ watch the zombie slave spider do the wasp' s bidding (video) ]\nin this study, we hypothesized that r. nielseni evokes resting web construction behaviour intrinsic to c. argenteoalba and that resting and cocoon webs are more stable than normal orb webs because both the moulting spider and wasp pupa require web durability. to test these hypotheses, we observed spider web - building behaviour and both resting and cocoon web structure in order to clarify the origin of cocoon webs. we also conducted spectral examinations of ftds to investigate their function and determine why spiders invest time and energy in making them. additionally, we used tensile tests to examine the mechanical property of silks that were used to build normal orb, resting and cocoon webs. if the wasp larva further manipulates resting web construction, mechanical data on silk tensile strength may reveal whether the high durability of cocoon webs is due to the modification of silk - laying behaviour, a change in silk mechanical properties (spinning stronger threads), or both. as web performance is determined by both the arrangement pattern and the mechanical properties of silk (blackledge et al. , 2011), a reinforced cocoon web must also be constructed in an advantageous way .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe journal of experimental biology (journal, magazine, 1930) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nthe journal of experimental biology / company of biologists. ; society for experimental biology (great britain); ; london: cambridge university press, 1930 -\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhost manipulation, in which a parasitic agent chemically induces its host organism to express alternative behaviour (extended phenotype), occurs across a wide range of taxa and affects an array of ecological phenomena, such as population dynamics of both host and parasite, food chains and energy / material flow in ecosystems (lefèvre et al. , 2009). for instance, horsehair worms (nematomorpha) manipulate their orthopteran intermediate hosts’ behaviour, making them more accessible as food for trout (sato et al. , 2011) and nematoda manipulate bumblebee queens, causing a reduction in nectar yield for non - host workers (kadoya and ishii, 2014). the studies of host manipulation from the point of view of parasites are also fundamental and invaluable to envisage such ecological dynamics. lafferty and shaw (2013) proposed that a change in host behaviour associated with parasitism, a positive link between altered host behaviour and parasite fitness, and mechanisms by which parasites alter host behaviour, are the three necessary factors in understanding how parasites manipulate their hosts .\namongst the polysphincta genus - group (informally, polysphinctines; hymenoptera, ichneumonidae), which are exclusively koinobiont spider ectoparasitoids, some members are well known to manipulate their host spiders to modify web construction (eberhard, 2000, 2001, 2010a, b, 2013; gonzaga and sobczak, 2011; gonzaga et al. , 2010; korenko et al. , 2014; korenko and pekár, 2011; matsumoto, 2009; matsumoto and konishi, 2007; sobczak et al. , 2009). prior to killing the host spider, the parasitoid larva (penultimate instar) manipulates the host to build a specific and durable ‘cocoon web’ (sensu eberhard, 2000), seemingly enhancing survival of parasitoid pupae, which depends on the host web' s persistence against the elements or enemies .\nthis interaction between the polysphinctine and its host spider provides us with an opportunity to meet lafferty and shaw' s (2013) demands: (1) behavioural change in the host spider is clearly exhibited in web - building steps and its product (i. e. cocoon web); (2) this system is ideal for comparing the functions between the unmanipulated (normal) web and the manipulated end product (cocoon web), thereby enabling us to quantitatively evaluate the fitness of the extended phenotype; (3) if the origin and resulting advantage of manipulated behaviour is quantitatively revealed, host manipulation mechanisms will come closer to being understood. in fact, the polysphinctine zatypota percontatoria (müller), which parasitizes several theridiid spider species, evokes the seemingly protective silk structure originally expressed only when the spider is overwintering (korenko and pekár, 2011), giving a clue as to host web - manipulation mechanisms within the wider polysphinctines but lacking their mechanical property analysis .\nspecialized resting or ‘moulting’ webs that do not contain sticky silk and do not act as prey - capture devices are built for protection during the spiders’ vulnerable moulting stages (blackledge et al. , 2011). if a close relationship exists between a resting web and cocoon web, manipulated host behavioural processes will offer a clue to the web manipulation mechanism. although there are several examples suggesting that parasitoid larvae trigger resting web construction (eberhard, 2010b, 2013; gonzaga et al. , 2010), it is unclear whether the parasitoid larvae actually utilize the resting web - building behaviour, or if its resemblance is just a false impression from a shared simplicity of web structure. solid evidence remains to be discovered .\nimage analysis revealed no significant difference (t = 1. 5284, p = 0. 1384) between the number of radii on resting (mean±s. e. , 10. 95±0. 70, n = 20) and cocoon webs (9. 13±0. 69, n = 8). all 20 resting webs and eight complete and three incomplete (see next section) cocoon webs had ftds on radii. only one complete cocoon web did not have ftds. meanwhile, neither resting nor cocoon webs had stabilimenta. although superficially ftds and stabilimenta appear similar, the fluffy structure of ftds can be discriminated with the naked eye from the stabilimentum, which is characterized by a mass of tangled silk (supplementary material fig. s1d) that does not wave in the wind. one of the spiders on a resting web in the field moulted, shedding its skin on a radius somewhat away from the hub (fig. 1 b inset). sem images show that ftds on radii of resting (fig. 2 a) and cocoon (fig. 2 b) webs are very similar in structure, but radii as a central axis of ftds are laid down in greater numbers in the cocoon web than in the resting web .\nproperties of fibrous thread decorations in resting and cocoon webs. images of (a) resting and (b) cocoon webs taken with a jsm - 6010lv sem with arrows indicating various numbers of radii as a central axis. (c) spectral properties of ftds in resting and cocoon webs and of a cocoon wall with a piled thread sample on a hole in a polyfoam plate (see inset) .\nalthough the whole sequence of web - building behaviour of a complete resting web as in fig. 1 b was not recorded, several specific examples of radii - decorating behaviour were seen in three individuals of unparasitized c. argenteoalba. all three spiders repeatedly flapped their fourth legs to spray the fibrous threads onto radii (see supplementary material movie 1). this spraying behaviour occurred at various times depending on individuals (04: 08 h, 14: 00 h and 23: 06 h). all spraying behaviour decorated the radii on the way back to the hub from the radial trip. one of three individuals moulted after thread decoration but shed its skin not on the hub but on one of the radii .\nspiders took over 10 h on average (mean ±s. e. , 10 h 18 min±2 h 24 min, n = 7 including two incomplete cocoon webs) spinning these cocoon webs, with this phase of behavioural manipulation recognized as spanning the time taken from the withdrawal of the spiral web to the final resting of the spider on the hub of the web prior to being killed. these cocoon webs were usually constructed in darkness, between sunset and sunrise (n = 7); however, two spiders started in the early morning or evening. the entire sequence of cocoon web construction is shown in supplementary material movie 3. adult wasp emergence was 10. 70±0. 26 days (mean±s. e. , n = 10) following the spider host' s death, under natural dark: light conditions (13. 5 h: 10. 5 h to 14. 5 h: 9. 5 h) and room temperature (23–27°c) .\nftds in both resting and cocoon webs exclusively reflected ultraviolet light (< 400 nm) prominently with uniform reflectance between 400 nm and 700 nm (visible light), whereas the cocoon wall reflected ultraviolet light less than visible light (fig. 2 c). an ultraviolet photograph of normal orb and cocoon webs shows clear white - shining ftds in the cocoon web, demonstrating ultraviolet reflectance (supplementary material fig. s2b). the cocoon wall was also visible, perhaps owing to its broad surface (as is the wire hoop) because uv reflectance was relatively low (fig. 2 c). the prey - capture region (sticky spiral and radii) of the normal orb web was invisible under uv light, although it was visible in a picture taken by a normal digital camera (supplementary material fig. s2a) .\nthe breaking force (mn) of both radial and frame threads was significantly greater in the cocoon web than in the other two web types, whereas there was no significant difference between normal orb and resting webs in either radial or frame threads (fig. 3 a). a close correlation was observed between thread strength and diameter (fig. 3 a, b) and no significant difference was observed in breaking stress (mpa) of each thread type (fig. 3 c), suggesting that all threads consist of materials with essentially the same mechanical properties .\nmechanical properties of radial and frame threads in normal orb, resting and cocoon webs, and typical examples of force–strain curves. several datasets were log transformed (lt) before statistical analysis. (a) breaking force [ radius (lt): f 2, 34 = 110. 728, p < 0. 0001; frame (lt): f 2, 33 = 12. 031, p = 0. 0001 ]. (b) thread diameter [ radius (lt): f 2, 28 = 55. 777, p < 0. 0001; frame (lt): f 2, 45 = 8. 822, p = 0. 0006 ]. (c) breaking stress (radius: f 2, 34 = 0. 703, p = 0. 5023; frame: f 2, 33 = 0. 672, p = 0. 5174). (d) breaking strain (radius: f 2, 34 = 21. 868, p < 0. 0001; frame: f 2, 33 = 6. 605, p = 0. 0039). (e) young' s modulus (radius: f 2, 34 = 1. 559, p = 0. 2250; frame: f 2, 33 = 3. 742, p = 0. 0343). (f) typical examples of force–strain curves of radii in three kinds of web. all bars represent the s. e. of means and figures above each bar represent number of replicates (n). different letters (small letter in radius and capital letter in frame) denote significant differences at the 5% level of significance analyzed by the tukey–kramer test .\nthe breaking strain of radial and frame threads was significantly greater in the cocoon web than in the other two web types, whereas no significant difference was observed between normal orb and resting webs (fig. 3 d) in either radial or frame threads. this suggests that some of the threads inside an accumulated thread (cocoon web) were not tensioned at the beginning of the testing, meaning that as more threads accumulate, more loose threads increase inside the accumulation. a significant difference was observed in young' s modulus of frame threads between orb and cocoon webs (fig. 3 e). in the cocoon web, some loose threads were not fixed down and tensioned as described above so did not contribute towards the breaking force measurement until these were tensioned. this resulted in an underestimate of young' s modulus, which is derived by the initial slope of the stress–strain curve, with the stress calculated by normalizing the force with the total cross section area of the thread, because accumulated silk containing loose threads produces low stress as a result of underestimated breaking force at the early stage of measurement. indeed, there also appeared to be a distinct difference in young' s modulus of radial threads between orb / resting webs and cocoon webs, though this was not statistically significant (fig. 3 e) .\ntypical examples of force–strain curves of radii in the three web types are shown in fig. 3 f. the thread strength of the cocoon web is much higher than that of the two other webs. in addition, the curve of the cocoon web shows several types of slopes, indicating that some threads inside the accumulated threads were tensioned or broken at different moments during the tensile strength test .\nthe tensile strength and diameter of both radial and frame threads also show no significant differences between normal orb and resting webs (fig. 3 a, b). this suggests that the resting web is designed to be conspicuous but is not reinforced. spiders in their moulting phase (presumably a couple of days) may require less persistence of the resting web, whereas the wasp larva demands a more persistent cocoon web to persist through its pupal period of over 10 days. the pupa can be exposed to flying creatures inadvertently crashing into the web and falling debris much more frequently, driving this ad hoc manipulation procedure (evocation of resting webs and repetition of thread weavings) .\nseveral recent studies have suggested that polysphinctine larvae manipulate host spiders to make a tougher structure for more persistent cocoon webs, to enhance parasitoid pupae survival (eberhard, 2000, 2001, 2010b, 2013; gonzaga and sobczak, 2011; gonzaga et al. , 2010; korenko et al. , 2014; matsumoto and konishi, 2007; sobczak et al. , 2009). however, to our knowledge, the present study is the first to show the durability of cocoon webs compared with normal webs with regards to their mechanical properties .\nlinear stabilimenta in webs constructed by c. argenteoalba increase both in number (not significantly) and length (significantly) after webs are exposed to simulated predatory insect flutter, by means of a tuning fork, but this increase is not related to prey availability, suggesting that the stabilimenta have a predator defence function (nakata, 2009). however, it is unclear whether this acts as camouflage or advertisement, or what the target predator is. although the functions of the linear stabilimenta and ftds generated by c. argenteoalba are similar in terms of deterring predators, ultimate mechanisms would be disparate because their forms, circumstance of their appearance, locations in the web and building costs are distinct; it is possible, for example, that the stabilimenta camouflage the spider from specific predators (not yet verified), whereas ftds make the web conspicuous to any flying animals .\nelucidating the proximate mechanism of host manipulation is very complicated (thomas et al. , 2005) and remains unsolved for polysphinctines. eberhard (2010b) suggests that larval effects may depend on a cumulative or dose - dependent process rather than multiple products each responsible for influencing independent behaviours, on the basis that removing parasitoid larvae caused the spiders to recover their normal web - building behaviour in the reverse order from when they had been building cocoon webs. where polysphinctine larvae evoke a clearly innate web construction, which appears exclusively in a specific life - history stage, it is suggested that the wasp larvae produce a signal molecule responsible for the onset of such behaviour (korenko and pekár, 2011). the ad hoc manipulation in our study system provides additional evidence .\nto remove spiders and their webs from the field, we used a rounded wire hoop held on a wooden stand for sustaining the webs by fastening the anchor lines of the web to the hoop with cellophane adhesive tape as shown in fig. 1 a. if the spider captured in the hoop retrieved its web and left, we placed the spider in a transparent acrylic frame (45×45×6 cm) covered with two transparent acrylic boards (50×50×0. 5 cm) to encourage it to rebuild the web. the wire hoops and the acrylic frames with spiders were maintained in the laboratory under natural dark: light conditions and room temperature (23–27°c). spiders were fed with flies (mainly chironomids) every 2–3 days until the wasp larva completed its growth. voucher specimens will be deposited in osaka museum of natural history, osaka, japan .\nwe used a digital single - lens camera, dmc - gh1 (panasonic corporation) with a macro lens (leica dg macro - elmarit 45 mm / f2. 8 asph .) to record high - definition videos of unparasitized spider web - building behaviour during resting web construction and manipulated spider web - building behaviour during cocoon web construction. we could anticipate the initiation of cocoon web construction by the size of the wasp larva. when manipulation (cocoon web construction) occurred through the night, we illuminated the web with red led light so as not to influence the photoperiod of either the spider or the wasp larva. however, it is impossible to anticipate when a spider will begin to build a resting web, so we blindly recorded videos of the spider sitting on the hub of the normal orb web. videos were recorded in monochrome with maximum exposure to capture the fine threads .\nthe fibrous decorated radii in resting and cocoon webs were accumulatively piled in the flat over a 5 - mm - diameter hole perforated in a polyfoam plate and surrounded by an adhesion bond (ultra tayouto su, konishi co. ltd) (fig. 2 c inset). the relative reflectance of piled thread samples and a wasp cocoon were measured for wavelengths between 300 and 800 nm. we used a usb 2000 spectrometer (ocean optics co .) connected to a dt - mini - 2 - gs light source (ocean optics) and a ws - 1 diffuse reflectance standard. the reflectance data were obtained with a pc running ooibase32 software .\nfive datasets (breaking force, thread diameter, breaking stress, breaking strain and young' s modulus) divided into two categories (radial and frame threads) were each analyzed by one - way analysis of variance (anova) with respect to web types (normal orb, resting and cocoon web) and then analyzed with the tukey–kramer test for multiple comparisons as a post hoc test using the package r (r developmental core team, 2013). before analysis, breaking force values and thread diameter were transformed into natural logarithms, bringing variance within allowable differences amongst groups. statistical significance was set at p < 0. 05 for all experiments .\nwe would like to express our cordial thanks to gavin broad (natural history museum, london) for his critical reading of the manuscript, to hideto matsuyama (center for membrane and film technology, kobe university) for making a tensile machine available for this study, to yuki g. baba (national institute for agro - environmental science) for providing valuable information on the literature and to hiroyoshi ikeda (jumping spider study center of japan) for providing useful information on spider biology .\nk. t. designed the experiments, collected field samples and wrote the manuscript; t. y. , t. i. and k. t. performed the tensile test and analyzed obtained data; k. n. and k. t. performed wavelength measurements; k. i. and k. t. took the electron micrographs; k. m. and k. t. participated in statistical analysis; r. m. , k. n. and k. m. helped draft the manuscript .\nk. t. was financially supported for this study by research fellowship of japan society for the promotion of science for young scientists .\nthe polysphinctine wasps acrotaphus tibialis, eruga ca. gutfreundi, and hymenoepimecis tedfordi (hymenoptera, ichneumonidae, pimplinae) induce their host spiders to build modified webs\nmodification of nephila clavipes (araneae nephilidae) webs induced by the parasitoids hymenoepimecis bicolor and h. robertsae (hymenoptera ichneumonidae )\ncontributions to the life history of the pimpline spider parasites (polysphincta, zaglyptus, tromatobia) (hym. ichneum. )\nthank you for your interest in spreading the word on journal of experimental biology .\nnote: we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body (your name) thought you would like to see the journal of experimental biology web site .\nphoto credit: t. - c. francis pan some oyster larvae grow faster than others, but now donal t. manahan and colleagues reveal that the fastest growers are marked out by their high protein synthesis rates .\n“one of the underappreciated benefits of fellowships is the act of applying for them, because you have to write and articulate your ideas. ”\nin our latest early - career interview, we chat to simon sponberg, assistant professor at the georgia institute of technology, usa. he shares the story of his career, beginning with how he combined a love of physics and biology by studying how geckos stick to walls .\na new review from craig p. mcgowan and clint e. collins looks at the ecology, biomechanics and evolution of bipedal hopping in mammals, with a focus on why bipedal hopping has arisen in multiple clades of mammals .\nphoto credit: ari friedlaender not all orca species prey on aquatic mammals, so how do delphinids know when they are at risk? a new study shows that pilot whales and risso’s dolphins flee from a subset of orca calls that share acoustic characteristics with other mammal alarm calls, including human screams. this article was featured in science magazine .\nat the heart of prelights is the community of early - career researchers who select and highlight interesting preprints in various fields. we are now ready to grow our team of prelighters who are passionate about preprints and enjoy writing and communicating science. find out more here and apply by the extended deadline, 20 july 2018 .\nrepublish our articles for free, online or in print, under creative commons license .\nthis spider doesn’t know it yet, but he’s about to build a new home for that wasp larva on his back .\npeople associate wasps with memories of picnic invasions, bbqs under siege, and painful stings. there is a lot more to these much - maligned insects though, and with more than 100, 000 different species, their life histories range from the quietly unobtrusive to the bizarre and gruesome. a new study in the journal of experimental biology documents one such disturbing example of wasp larvae that takes control of their unfortunate spider hosts .\nthe adult wasps lay an egg on the outside of the spider’s body. the wasp larva hatches out and attaches itself to the spider’s abdomen, where it feeds on the fluids within, while the spider goes about its normal life. at a certain point though, the larva causes the spider’s behaviour to change. it’s as though the larva takes control of the spider and forces it to create the perfect environment for the wasp larva to transform (or “pupate”) into an adult .\nunder normal circumstances, this species of spider spins two different types of web: a “normal orb web” that looks like a typical spider’s web with a spiral of sticky thread that is used for catching prey, and a “resting web” which lacks the sticky spiral that is spun just before the spider moults its old exoskeleton .\norb weaving spider’s webs. a) is a normal web, b) is a resting web, with the moulting spider (inset) away from the hub .\nbut the parasitised orb - weavers spin a web just before the wasp larvae transform into adults and kill the spider. this “cocoon web” looks very similar to the resting web. in fact, the wasp larvae had induced the spiders to build a modified resting web as it would create a safer environment for the larvae to pupate – just as a resting web creates the perfect conditions for the spider to moult .\nc) normal web made by a parasitised spider, before being manipulated by the wasp larva d) same spider constructs a cocoon web .\nto test their theory the researchers observed spiders building webs with and without wasps for company, they examined the structures of the webs and tested the strength of the silk fibres within them. the wasp cocoon webs had similar strength and structure as the regular resting web. they even had similar “decorations” of tiny fibrous threads which reflect uv light which may help to prevent other insects and larger animals disturbing the web, thus increasing the larva’s chances of pupating successfully. they also found that the cocoon webs have extra reinforcement to make them stronger, further increasing the likelihood of the wasp’s survival .\nthe spiders are forced to abandon their normal behaviour to create the cocoon web, either by altering their normal orb web or by creating one from scratch. the spiders then sit in the middle of the web motionless, until the larvae kill it .\nthe scientists suggest that this control over the spider could be caused by the wasp larvae injecting hormones into the spider which mimic hormones that control the spider’s moulting behaviour. in effect, the spiders have been drugged by the wasps into doing their bidding .\nthese “zombie spiders” are particularly spectacular victims of behaviour that is actually fairly common among wasps. the classic picnic - ruiners represent just a small group: the social wasps, those that live in a colony with a queen and workers. but, as with bees, most wasp species are rather different from the ones we normally encounter .\nmost wasps are solitary, they are almost all predatory, and many tens of thousands of species are parasites or parasitoids. the difference here is that a true parasite doesn’t usually kill its host or render it sterile (like a flea or tick), whereas a parasitoid always does, and often consumes it too. almost all adult wasps feed on nectar, but larvae need protein to grow and develop, and so the adults prey on invertebrates like other insects and spiders to feed their young .\nsome solitary wasps are kleptoparasites – parasites through stealing – like the cuckoo or jewel wasps. these beautiful wasps lay their eggs in the nests of other wasps or bees. the eggs of the parasite hatch before those of the host, so the parasite larvae can eat the provisions that the host parent left for their offspring, before they get the chance – sometimes they also eat the host egg or larvae .\nparasitoid wasps lay their eggs on or inside the adults, larvae or eggs of host species. some of these wasps also inject venom into the host organism to immobilise it, some also inject chemicals that protect their eggs from the host’s immune system. most parasitoid wasps prey on other insects, but many are also specialised to parasitise spiders. some parasitoids are even used commercially for agricultural pest control – the tiny trichogrammatidae family attack the eggs of nuisance moths, for instance .\nmating pair of meconema bushcrickets, female to the left, with male’s genital tongs highlighted in purple .\nwe estimate china only makes $ 8. 46 from an iphone – and that’s why trump’s trade war is futile\nwrite an article and join a growing community of more than 69, 700 academics and researchers from 2, 408 institutions .\nstay informed and subscribe to our free daily newsletter and get the latest analysis and commentary directly in your inbox .\na wasp larva kills its spider host once the host has completed its web - building tasks .\nlike a mindless zombie controlled by a menacing overlord, the spider scampers back and forth, reinforcing its silky web. not long from now, the subservient arachnid will be dead, its web transformed into a shelter for the spawn of the creature that once controlled it, according to a new study .\ntogether, the wasp and the spider provide a perfect example of host manipulation — an ecological process in which one species (the parasite) and its young (the parasitoids) manipulate the behaviors of another species (the host) to their advantage. [ zombie animals: 5 real - life cases of body - snatching ]\na cocoon web, finally completed by the host spider and occupied by the parasitoid wasp .\ni looked for already - parasitized spiders in shrines … because the spiders prefer to construct webs particularly in artificial structures and stone materials ,\ntakasuka told live science in an email. he' s not sure why the spiders prefer the shrines, but he said these arachnids can also be found in other habitats .\nin the lab, takasuka and his colleagues observed the behaviors of the parasitized spiders — mainly the precise way in which the arachnids built their webs — and then compared this behavior with that of orb - weaving spiders that weren' t controlled by parasitoids .\nthe zombie slave spiders tended to build a particular kind of web, one that was quite different from the webs created by parasitoid - free spiders, the researchers found. first, the parasite - ridden spiders took apart their old webs (some even abandoned them altogether), and then they started building new ones that resembled the web an orb weaver would build if it were about to molt, or shed its exoskeleton (something spiders do in order to grow) .\nknown as a\nresting\nweb, the pre - molting web is distinct from the spiral - shaped web the spider usually weaves to catch prey. when molting, the spider is soft - bodied, vulnerable and unable to eat. so it stays huddled in the center of the resting web, which has no\ncapture\nareas to snag prey but is instead outfitted with fibrous thread decorations (ftds), which are strands of silk meant to make the web stand out. [ goliath birdeater: images of a colossal spider ]\nyou might think that spiders would want to keep their webs inconspicuous, but a molting spider' s web is under constant threat from flying birds and other, larger animals. if the web is visible to these animals, they will be less likely to crash into it, and the spider will be more likely to survive the molting process. with that in mind, the spider adorns its home with extra strands of ultraviolet (uv) light - reflecting silk, which passersby are not likely to miss .\n[ the ] cocoon web has to endure falling debris, the elements and animal strikes for a long time — at least four to five times longer than [ a ] resting web ,\ntakasuka said .\nusing a tensile machine, takasuka and his colleagues tested the breaking forces (how much force a material can handle before breaking) of the radius and frame silks used to construct a so - called\ncocoon\nweb and found that they were at least 2. 7 times greater than the breaking forces of the silks that made up both the orb and the resting webs of c. argenteoalba .\nwhen a zombie spider is finished doing its parasitoid' s bidding, it returns to the center of the web, but its ordeal is far from over. with its uv light - reflecting, reinforced shelter in place, the wasp larva no longer needs the spider, so it slaughters it. after chucking the spider' s corpse off the web, the larva spins itself a comfy cocoon and hunkers down for nearly two weeks to complete its metamorphosis .\nthe parasitic wasp' s ability to manipulate its host in such a specific and subtle way is not unique. in costa rica, another parasitic wasp, hymenoepimecis argyraphaga, ups the horror by depositing its eggs inside of its host arachnid (plesiometa argyra), which builds a cocoon - worthy web before being consumed from the inside out by larvae .\na nd, in brazil (as well as other countries), there are fungi that infect many species of ants, turning these insects into a host of zombies. the ants climb to the highest point they can find and then die as fungal stalks shoot through their skulls, dispersing the fungus' spores into the wind .\nin the case of the fungi - entranced ants, scientists know that the fungi actually release a cocktail of chemicals into the ants' brains, inducing them to do the fungi' s bidding. but entomologists are still actively studying the ways that wasps and other insect parasites might control their hosts .\nthe researchers' study was published today (aug. 5) in the journal of experimental biology .\nfollow elizabeth palermo @ techepalermo. follow live science @ livescience, facebook & google +. original article on live science .\nelizabeth is an associate editor at live science who writes about science and technology. she graduated with a b. a. from the george washington university. elizabeth has traveled throughout the americas, studying political systems and indigenous cultures and teaching english to students of all ages .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\norbweaving spiders cyclosa argenteoalba produce several different styles of web over the course of their lives – ‘orb’ webs when hunting and ‘resting’ webs for protection when molting – each produced by a specific set of behaviors .\nin their study, the scientists found that the wasp larva forces its host spider to build a modified and reinforced resting web before steering them back to the center of the web to construct a cocoon .\nfirst, dr takasuka’s team collected spiders complete with their webs and parasitic larvae. they then analyzed the cocoon webs of cyclosa argenteoalba and were struck by their similarity to the resting webs, complete with fluffy decorative structures .\nand when the team analyzed the spiders’ behavior as they constructed the cocoon webs over a 10 hour period, they saw that the manipulated spiders always constructed the new web on the site of the old orb web, painstakingly removing the sticky spiral first, then reinforcing the radial and frame threads and then adding the fibrous web decorations .\nand, when the web was complete and the wasp larva done with its spider slave, the larva directed the spider to return to the hub of the web before murdering it .\n“so, the cocoon webs looked like resting webs, but were they true adaptations of the more conventional web? we photographed the webs in uv light and were impressed to see the fibrous decorations shining brightly, to deter other insects from inadvertently blundering into the pupa’s nursery, ” the scientists said .\nwhen the researchers investigated the strength of the different types of silk that contribute to the web’s structure, they were amazed to see that the cocoon web was significantly tougher than the orb and resting webs: the breaking force of the cocoon radius and frame silks was 2. 7 to 40 times greater than for the orb and resting webs .\nhowever, the breaking stress of the silks was not increased significantly, leading the scientists to suspect that instead of forcing the spiders to alter silk production, the wasps were directing the spiders to lay down more fibers to strengthen the cocoon web, which is essentially a reinforced resting web .\n“resting web construction is triggered by the same hormones that control molting and i suspect that the wasp larva may inject a substance similar to a molting hormone into the spider during the later stages of its stay, ready to trigger cocoon web building when the larva is ready to pupate, ” said dr takasuka, lead author of a paper published in the journal of experimental biology .\nkeizo takasuka et al. 2015. host manipulation by an ichneumonid spider ectoparasitoid that takes advantage of preprogrammed web - building behaviour for its cocoon protection. j exp biol 218, 2326 - 2332; doi: 10. 1242 / jeb. 122739\njuvenile australopithecus climbed trees, 3. 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows\n© 2011 - 2018. sci - news. com. all rights reserved. | back to top\nfor some unlucky spiders, the zombie apocalypse is now. some parasitic wasp larvae can take over their minds, forcing them to weave special webs the wasps use to support and protect their cocoons. a new study shows that the webs these particular zombie spiders weave are reinforced versions of the ones they normally use while molting, suggesting the wasps may be hijacking this pathway in the spiders’ brains .\nthe horror begins when a parasitic wasp dive - bombs a spider and stings it, causing temporary paralysis. the wasp then injects the spider with an egg or glues it to the spider’s abdomen and flies off. after a few weeks, the egg hatches into a larva and starts to grow by making small holes in the spider’s abdomen and sucking its blood. when it reaches the last stage of its development, the larva somehow induces the spider to spin a web on which it builds its cocoon—but not until it has killed the spider and sucked it dry." ]

{ "text": [ "reclinervellus nielseni is one of the spider-ectoparasitoids belonging to the polysphincta genus-group ( hymenoptera , ichneumonidae , pimplinae ) and utilizes exclusively cyclosa spiders ( araneae , araneidae ) as hosts .", "the species is distributed through palearctic region ( from britain to japan ) but is rather sparse .", "host spider species is different in accordance with the region , that is cyclosa conica in europe whereas cyclosa argenteoalba in japan . " ], "topic": [ 26, 6, 29 ] }

[ "reclinervellus nielseni is one of the spider-ectoparasitoids belonging to the polysphincta genus-group (hymenoptera, ichneumonidae, pimplinae) and utilizes exclusively cyclosa spiders (araneae, araneidae) as hosts. the species is distributed through palearctic region (from britain to japan) but is rather sparse. host spider species is different in accordance with the region, that is cyclosa conica in europe whereas cyclosa argenteoalba in japan." ]

[ "zygaena (mesembrynus) brizae (esper, 1800) = sphinx brizae esper, 1800 = zygaena (mesembrynus) brizae .\nno one has contributed data records for zygaena brizae vesubiana yet. learn how to contribute .\n1 ] male of zygaena brizae alt. 1015m - hautes alpes (france) - 24 / 06 / 2013\nzygaena alpherakyi, z. brizae, z. cambysea, z. erythrus, z. minos, z. purpuralis, z. rubicundus\nhabitat: zygaena brizae inhabits mainly sunny, rather mesophilic mountain slopes, which are extensively grazed. in the french alpes - maritimes, i found zygaena brizae on mesophilic to moderately dry pastures in 1400 to 1600m above sea level, where cirsium eriophorum grew. there are also populations known in dry hillsides and edges .\nshowing page 1. found 0 sentences matching phrase\nzygaena brizae\n. found in 0 ms. translation memories are created by human, but computer aligned, which might cause mistakes. they come from many sources and are not checked. be warned .\nversuch der darstellung von entwicklungsreihen bei der gattung zygaena f. (lep. )\nlinamarin and lotaustralin as the source of cyanide in zygaena filipendulae l. (lepidoptera )\nüber den stammesgeschichtlichen aufbau der gattung zygaena f. und ihrer vorstufen (insecta, lepidoptera )\nmimetismo mülleriano in popolazioni italiane di zygaena ephialtes (l .) (lepidoptera, zygaenidae )\nzygaena armena, z. christa *, z. ecki, z. ignifera, z. loti\nzygaena chirazica, z. haberhaueri, z. naumanni *, z. olivieri, z. sedi\nzygaena algira, z. alluaudi, z. excelsa, z. fausta, z. tremewani *\neine neue zygaene aus dem iran − zygaena naumanni n. sp. (lep. , zygaenidae )\nbemerkungen zur biologie und zur systematischen stellung von zygaena graslini lederer, 1855 (lep. , zygaenidae )\nüber die bestimmung systematischer einheiten durch morphologische und physiologische merkmale, dargestellt an der gattung zygaena (lep. )\nrevision der fausta - gruppe mit beschreibung einer neuen unterart der zygaena excelsa aus marokko (lep. zygaenidae )\nzygaena mana, z. nevadensis, z. osterodensis, z. romeo. incertae sedis: z. persephone *\ncontribution to the knowledge of the genus zygaena fabricius, 1775 in iran (lepidoptera, zygaenidae). part vi: zygaena nocturna, z. aisha, z. rubricollis and z. fredi (addenda based on results of fieldwork in 2001 and 2002 )\nremarks: zygaena brizae has an expansive ponto - mediterranean distribution and occurs mainly around the black sea, from eastern austria and southern poland to central greece (in greece only locally in the mountains), romania, bulgaria and across turkey to the caspian sea. isolated from them another population group (ssp. vesubiana) occurs in the southwestern alps (especially southern french alps, only very local and rare in the adjacent italian alps) in altitudes from 900m to 1700m above sea level .\nby answering the above specific questions, the currently perplexing evolutionary and biogeographical history of the burnet moth genus zygaena will hopefully become more comprehensible .\nuntersuchungen zur wirksamkeit des wehrsekrets und des aposematischen zeichnungsmusters von zygaena trifolii (esper, 1783) auf unerfahrene stare (sturnus vulgaris l. )\nendangerment factors: in the french alps, zygaena brizae is endangered due to the preference of habitats at medium altitudes by the following factors: intensification of grazing on the one hand with too much livestock, but also abandonment of grazing and subsequent reforestation on the other hand as well as housing development, especially construction of chalets (weekend and holiday houses) and roads / trails. at lower elevations (eastern europe) many populations are extinct or threatened by intensification in agriculture and forestry, also by housing developments of all kinds .\nof the three subgenera into which the genus zygaena is currently subdivided, only the subgenus mesembrynus was shown as a monophyletic taxon (pp = 1. 00) (fig. 1). the subgenera zygaena and agrumenia were recovered in none of the 10 000 trees sampled in the bayesian analyses. considering the high support found for the unexpected close phylogenetic affinity of z. carniolica and z. occitanica (both belonging to the subgenus agrumenia) with zygaena exulans, z. viciae, and z. niphona (currently assigned to the subgenus zygaena), we tested for a monophyly of the subgenera after excluding these species from the dataset. yet, no tree was recovered that suggested zygaena and agrumenia are natural groups. we also addressed the hypothesis that agrumenia and zygaena species combined constitute a monophyletic species cluster. support for this hypothesis was very weak (pp = 0. 06) .\nremarks: zygaena transalpina is closely related to zygaena angelicae. in central europe, it is distributed in two tribes that had evolved in separate glacial refuges. thus the atlanto - mediterranean zygaena transalpina hippocrepidis came from the southwest (iberian peninsula) and occurs in central europa especially in the jura region. the adriato - mediterranean zygaena transalpina transalpina settled the alps and the rhine valley, coming from the south (glacial refuge in the adriatic region). in parts of the northern alps there are also intermediate populations (e. g. allgaeu alps and western austria). the ponto - mediterranean zygaena angelicae came from a southeastern refuge and has differentiated in a greater extent so that it now can be regarded as separate species. compare, for example, hofmann (in ebert 1994) .\nwithin the monophyletic subgenus mesembrynus, species group relationships were reasonably well resolved. z. brizae, currently placed in a monotypic species group, was confirmed to be sister of the rubicundus–cambysea–purpuralis species assemblage (pp = 1. 00). zygaena lydia appeared in a species cluster consisting of the haematina and the manlia–cuvieri group. all five clades together were shown as a natural unit (pp = 1. 00). zygaena graslini and z. cynarae were linked to this clade (pp = 0. 99), but exact affinities remained open. sister taxon to this large cluster was a species assemblage consisting of z. huguenini and the species of the centaureae subgroup. relationships between the remaining taxa of mesembrynus remained vague .\nzygaena afghana, z. bakhtiyari, z. escalerai, z. formosa, z. fraxini, z. peschmerga *, z. rosinae, z. separata\nzygaena aurata, z. contaminei, z. favonia, z. punctum *, z. sarpedon. incertae sedis: z. halima *, z. loyselis\nbiosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides in butterflies and moths. effective incorporation of 2 - methylpropanenitrile and 2 - methylbutanenitril into linamarin and lotaustralin by zygaena and heliconius species (lepidoptera )\nzygaena cocandica, z. ferganae *, z. kavrigini, z. magiana *, z. pamira, z. sogdiana, z. storaiae, z. transpamirina, z. truchmena\ncontribution to the knowledge of the genus zygaena fabricius, 1775, in iran (lepidoptera: zygaenidae). part vii: records from the zarde kuh region with the description of a new species\nhabitat: zygaena transalpina inhabits mostly dry, sunny locations such as calcareous grasslands and alpine meadows on limestone, often with rocks. but very locally zygaena transalpina also occurs on forest clearings, even in damp forests. near memmingen / allgäu (southern germany) a population lives in clearings in spruce forests on lotus uliginosus together with callimorpha dominula, plebejus argus, and aporia crataegi nycteola degenerana in about 650m above sea level .\nzygaena aisha, z. cacuminum, z. cuvieri, z. fredi *, z. haematina, z. hindukuschi, z. lydia, z. manlia, z. nocturna, z. rubricollis †, z. seitzi, z. speciosa *, z. tamara, z. wyatti *\noliver niehuis, axel hofmann, clas m. naumann, bernhard misof; evolutionary history of the burnet moth genus zygaena fabricius, 1775 (lepidoptera: zygaenidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data: phylogeny, host–plant association, wing pattern evolution and historical biogeography, biological journal of the linnean society, volume 92, issue 3, 1 november 2007, pages 501–520, urltoken\nlife cycle: in the mountainous limestone grasslands the flight time is usually rather late from july to early september. the caterpillars are mature in june and july. on moist clearings around memmingen zygaena transalpina, however, already flies from june to mid - august. the caterpillars overwinter in the latter case larger, develop faster and become active again sooner in average after hibernation, which results in an earlier flight period despite of the cooler microclimates .\nendangerment factors: in the alps zygaena transalpina is unthreatened. in the lower mountains on the other hand it is clearly potentially endangered by habitat destruction (eutrophication, reforestation, succession or too heavy grazing on the other hand). clearcutting populations are severely threatened by continuous reforestation of all the areas, single - tree selection management, timber storage in the habitats and hunting facilities. at memmingen many habitats have been created by the hurricanes of the early 90s, but these are largely no more suitable due to dense reforestation .\nin all species, an approximately 3100 - bp long continuous section of the mitochondrial genome and 2. 3 kb of nuclear dna were studied. the mitochondrial data included the complete sequences of the genes nd1, trna - leu cun, 16s rrna, and trna - val as well as a major fragment of the 12s rrna gene. the nuclear dataset consisted of the (almost) complete 18s rrna gene and a portion (i. e. domain i) of the 28s rrna gene near its 5′ end. 12s and 18s rdna sequences of all taxa included in the present study were collected by niehuis et al. (2006a, b). sequences of the genes nd1, trna - leu cun, 16s rrna, and trna - val were provided for the outgroup and for nine ingroup species by niehuis et al. (2006c). we consequently added 98 sequences covering this 2. 6 - kb long mitochondrial gene array to account for the remaining taxa of the genus zygaena. since variation in the nuclear rrna genes proved to be very limited among species of the manlia - cuvieri species group, we further added sequences of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) for members of this species cluster and the closely related haematina group. new sequences were submitted to the embl data library. accession numbers of all sequences studied are given in table 1 .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance. meanwhile, please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhost plants: the caterpillar lives on thistle species (asteraceae). the main host plant is cirsium eriophorum. in addition, some populations live on other thistle species such as cirsium arvense or cirsium tuberosum .\nlife cycle: i found the hibernated and already active again caterpillars in the maritime alps (vésubie valley) in late april 2012 at altitudes between 1400 and 1600m above sea level. the caterpillars are quite conspicuous at this time by their feeding pattern - whitish mines. the caterpillars are mature between may and june, depending on the altitude. the moths fly rather early from late may to late july. the main flight period is expected to be in the southwestern alps in the second half of june and in early july. the animals appear in rather low abundance and lay eggs singly or in small groups on the lower leaf surface (observation axel hofmann) .\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\nthank you for your contribution to the improvement of the inpn. the information submitted has been sent to an expert for verification and correction .\ncorresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years (20 years for little - known invertebrates) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population. for migratory species, the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .\nthe last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date, no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates, invertebrates and plants well studied (rhopalocera, grasshoppers, dragonflies ...) ] ;\nthe last reliable observation being older than 20 years, no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa: fungus, many invertebrates... ] .\nthis point covers the absence, more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence. this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :\nthis status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .\nparticular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago (older disappearances are treated as\nno probable or definite\n) .\nin the state of knowledge, we cannot comment on the presence or absence in the current department. this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .\nwarning: the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories. it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\nsometimes taxonomists create new names for groups that already have a name. they may do this because they are unaware of the original name, or they may think the organism before them belongs to a different group when in fact it does not. if two or more names are found to apply to the same group, they are considered synonyms. in most cases, the first name takes priority and is considered to be the valid or accepted name. however, there can be exceptions, and it' s not always easy to determine which of a series of synonyms should be considered valid or accepted. here we list the synonyms provided to eol by our classification partners. we also include other versions of the name that most likely refer to the same group, for example, misspellings in the literature or different variations of the authorship associated with the name .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ncookies help us deliver our services. by using our services, you agree to our use of cookies .\nhost plants: in the first place the caterpillars feed on hippocrepis comosa, but also coronilla varia. especially the nominate subspecies ssp. transalpina also lives on lotus corniculatus or even lotus uliginosus .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nalbania, austria, hungary, greece, italy, crete, poland, slovakia and the soviet union - the european part of turkey - european part of france, czech republic, yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation: the volga - don, east caucasus, western caucasus, the volga - fair .\nalbania, bulgaria, bosnia and herzegovina, hungary, greece (mainland), italy (mainland), macedonia, moldova, poland, romania, russia? , slovakia, turkey (european part), ukraine, france (mainland) croatia, czech republic, yugoslavia .\n[ 10 ] de jong, y. s. d. m. (ed .) (2011) fauna europaea version 2. 4 (faunaeur. org )\n[ 28 ] moths and butterflies of europe and north africa (leps. it), 2012\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ncorresponding author. current address: arizona state university, school of life sciences, po box 874501, tempe, az, 85287 - 4501, usa. e - mail :\nhomogeneity of base frequencies among taxa was investigated with the chi - square test implemented in the program paup * 4. 0b10 (swofford, 2003). we applied the test on five mutually exclusive partitions of the sequence alignment: a protein coding section, mt t / rrna - loop regions plus noncoding mtdna, mt t / rrna stem regions, nc rrna - loop regions plus its2, and nc rrna - stem regions. because the proportion of constant sites in a data set can influence the chi - square test result (niehuis et al. , 2006c), we analysed various sets of characters: all sites, just variable sites, and parsimony informative sites only .\nto examine whether or not the mitochondrial and nuclear data supported incompatible species clusters, we analysed both genomes first separately and determined whether incompatible clades with posterior probability values (pp) higher than 95% exist. the number of potential apomorphies supporting incompatible clades was subsequently determined with the program physid (wägele & rödding, 1998) by examining the spectrum of supporting positions. we did not test for incongruence among genes within the mitochondrial and nuclear data because we assumed a more or less tight linkage of the analysed markers .\nphylogenetic inference was conducted within a bayesian framework. we used the software phase 2. 0 - alpha (jow et al. , 2002; hudelot et al. , 2003) to estimate the posterior probability distribution for both genomes separately and for all sequence data combined and applied uninformative priors for model parameters and tree topologies. an exponential prior of 10 was chosen for branch lengths. in the combined analyses, we allowed substitution models and their parameters to be specific for each of the five sequence partitions (for their definition, see above). we considered standard dna substitution models for rna loop regions and the protein coding partition and rna substitution models (savill, hoyle & higgs, 2001) for rna stem regions. the latter specifically account for correlations in paired sites. due to the interdependence of sites in rna sequence data, we did not perform phylogenetic reconstructions under the parsimony optimality criterion; there are no currently available applications that take correlations in paired sites into consideration (niehuis et al. , 2006c) .\nwhen choosing a suitable composite model, we used a heuristic approach. we first selected the best fitting substitution models for each partition separately by means of bayes model comparison based on bayes factors (nylander et al. , 2004). then we tested the most reasonable combinations of these with the sequence data combined. we chose the model with the least number of free parameters and which, at the same time, did not differ considerably in its model likelihood from the composite model with the best likelihood score. in this context, we defined ‘considerably’ as indicated by a bayes factor larger than 20. we did not consider apparently over - parameterized models showing no convergence in substitution parameters. for each model, we ran two independent markov chains with random start parameters for 2 × 10 6 generations and sampled trees during the last 200 000 iterations every 100th cycle. as an estimator of the model likelihood, the harmonic mean of the likelihood values sampled during the stationary phases of the markov chain monte carlo (mcmc) runs was calculated (newton & raftery, 1994) .\nafter selecting a model for the combined data, the posterior probability distribution of trees was estimated by means of six independent mcmc runs with 6 × 10 6 generations. trees were again sampled during the last 200 000 iterations every 100 cycles. in all analyses, model parameters of independent runs were compared in microsoft excel to ensure their convergence in the stationary phase. the sampled trees were finally used to calculate an 80% majority - rule consensus topology with paup * .\nto measure the amount by which our opinion on hypotheses changed when the molecular data were considered, we calculated bayes factors. the bayes factor is the ratio of the posterior odds to the prior odds (huelsenbeck & imennov, 2002). it measures ‘the change in the odds in favour of the hypothesis when going from the prior to the posterior’ (lavine & schervish, 1999: 120) .\nfor all 112 investigated taxa, nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data were obtained. the proportion of missing or ambiguous information was 1. 37% in the unedited mitochondrial sequence compilation and virtually zero in the nuclear data set (its2 not considered because of the restricted sample). of the 3402 prealigned sites of mitochondrial sequence data, 620 had to be removed because positional homology was ambiguous. the nuclear data set initially contained 2991 positions, of which we excluded 224 as unaligned .\nno significant departure from a supposed homogeneity of base frequencies among taxa was found for partitions covering the t / rrna genes independent of whether or not constant and uninformative sites had been considered (table 2). base composition in the protein coding partition (nd1) first appeared homogeneous, too. however, the consideration of only parsimony informative sites indicated a significant heterogeneity (p = 0. 01). homogeneity was restored when third codon positions were pruned out. we consequently examined the base frequencies in the third codon positions separately and found a highly significant heterogeneity in their nucleotide composition (p = 0. 00). test results are summarized in table 2 .\nsince all substitution models that we considered for phylogenetic inference assumed homogeneous base frequencies among taxa, we excluded the third codon positions from our data. accordingly, the final alignment of mitochondrial sequence data was 2471 nucleotide positions long and had 512 parsimony informative sites. the nuclear data set, in comparison, contained 2767 sites, of which 142 proved to be informative. both sequence alignments with reference to those sections, which were excluded from the analyses, are available upon request .\na bayes factor analysis for both separate and combined data partitions called for identical partition specific substitution models: rev + γ + inv (mtnd1), hky85 + γ (mtrna loops), rna6b + γ + i (mtrna stems), rev + γ + i (ncrna loops + its2), rna6b (ncrna stems). the ncrna stems partition allowed only the application of the most simple doublet substitution model (i. e. rna6b) because of the restricted sequence variation. applying more complex models led to over - parameterization with rate parameters reaching the predefined upper bound (i. e. 2000). the same problem affected the mtrna stems partition, although to a less serious extent; when analysed together with the remaining mitochondrial markers, difficulties in estimating model parameters were restricted to the most parameter rich doublet models (i. e. rna6a, rna7a, rna16a) .\nseparate analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial genome data applying the substitution models given above provided us with two largely compatible consensus topologies when nodes with posterior probability values higher than 95% were regarded as indicative. however, we also detected incompatible species clusters. the spectrum of supporting positions revealed that the phylogenetic information conserved in the nuclear sequence data was almost equally supportive for the contradicting clades. hence, we did not reject our a priori expectation that both genomes share the same phylogenetic history and combined the sequence data to take advantage of their capability to resolve relationships at different phylogenetic levels .\nsix independent mcmc runs with different random start parameters converged on statistically equivalent log - likelihood scores and consensus topologies of sampled trees proved to be virtually identical, namely posterior probability values and branch lengths differed only marginally. in all runs except one, subsequent analyses of individual model parameters indicated their apparent stationary and confirmed convergence on equivalent scores when chains had been started with different start parameters. in one bayesian analysis, however, the rate parameter for single transitions in the model rna6b applied on the mtrna stems partition drifted away. although this did not recognizably affect posterior probability estimates of individual clades and approximated branch lengths, we discarded these samples. consequently, only those trees (i. e. 10 000) obtained from the remaining five bayesian analyses were used to calculate the consensus topology shown in figure 1 .\n. nachrichten der akademie der wissenschaften in göttingen (mathematisch - physikalische klasse), vol .\ndie bombyces und sphinges der westpalaearktis (insecta, lepidoptera). band iii: zygaenidae\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken, dr erik j. karsholt, dr ole & by & tarmann, gerhard efetov, prof. konstantin\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi" ]

{ "text": [ "zygaena brizae is a species of moth in the zygaenidae family .", "it is found in france , italy , austria , the czech republic , poland , slovakia , hungary , the balkan peninsula , moldova , ukraine , russia and georgia . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20 ] }

[ "zygaena brizae is a species of moth in the zygaenidae family. it is found in france, italy, austria, the czech republic, poland, slovakia, hungary, the balkan peninsula, moldova, ukraine, russia and georgia." ]

[ "cicindela (cicindela) soluta f. kraatzi (green) (ukraine) 3\ncicindela (cicindela) songorica (kirgizstan) 5, a - 2. 5\ncicindela (cicindela) transbaicalica transbaicalica (russia: se siberia) a - 2. 5\ncicindela (cicindela) clypeata (uzbekistan, tajikistan) 3, a - 1. 5\ncicindela (cicindela) sylvicola (w ukraine) 4. 5, a - 2. 5\ncicindela (cicindela) sachalinensis raddei (russia: far east) 5, a - 2. 5\ncicindela (cicindela) songorica (kazakhstan) 2 ex. (1 ex. a1 -) for 7. 5\ncicindela (cicindela) sahlbergi sahlbergi (russia) 5, a1 - 4, a - 2. 5, b 1\ncicindela (cicindela) sachalinensis sachalinensis (russia: far east: sakhalin) 7, a1 - 5, a - 3. 5, a2 - 2. 5\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort. therefore, we are forced to introduce a partially paid access. we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you, and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys, and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears. view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide. contributions at any level help sustain our work. thank you for your support .\n© carabidae of the world, 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors, in in: anichtchenko a. et al. , (editors) 2007 - 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3. 2 / / en\nfisch. , ranging in the forest zone from e europe to the pacific .\nan old quarry, surrounded with a dahurian larch (larix gmelinii (rupr .) rupr. taiga on the gazimurskii mt. range on a left tributary of the budyumkan river about 30 km upstream of the village budyumkan, gazimurskozavodskoi district, e chita province, e transbaikalia, siberia, russia. 4th august 1997 .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\ncalomera sturmi (s tajikistan) 7, a - 3. 5, a2 - 2. 5\ncalomera plumigera scoliographa (vietnam) 7, a1 - 6, a - 3. 5\ncosmodela aurulenta (laos, thailand) 7, a - 3. 5, b 1. 5\nlophyridia diania, very rare! (se iran: baluchestan) 50, a1 - 40, a - 25... ...... . .\ncephalota (taenidia) elegans brunnea (ukraine) 6, a1 - 4. 5, a - 3\ncephalota (taenidia) deserticola (russia) 4, a1 - 3, a - 2, a2 - 1. 5\ncephalota (taenidia) deserticola (s tajikistan) 5, a - 2. 5\ncylindera (cylindera) obliquefasciata ssp. (afghanistan: kabul env .) 14, a1 - 10, a - 7\ncylindera (cylindera) gracilis (russia: se siberia) a - 3. 5\ncylindera (eugrapha) sublacerata (s tajikistan) 4, a1 - 3, a - 2, a2 - 1. 5\ncylindera (eugrapha) contorta (azerbaijan) 7, a - 3. 5\nhypaetha ornatipennis, very rare! (se iran: baluchestan) 56, b 7... ......." ]

{ "text": [ "cicindela restricta is a species of ground beetle of the subfamily cicindelinae .", "it is found in mongolia , southeastern russia , and heilongjiang province of china .", "it is green in colour and have yellow spots on its thorax . " ], "topic": [ 27, 20, 1 ] }

[ "cicindela restricta is a species of ground beetle of the subfamily cicindelinae. it is found in mongolia, southeastern russia, and heilongjiang province of china. it is green in colour and have yellow spots on its thorax." ]

[ "harpagidia magnetella (staudinger, 1871) = gelechia melitophanes meyrick, 1931 = harpagidia pallidibasella ragonot 1895 .\nthis is the place for harpagidia definition. you find here harpagidia meaning, synonyms of harpagidia and images for harpagidia copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhave a fact about harpagidia magnetella? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for harpagidia magnetella? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word harpagidia. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word harpagidia and, of course, harpagidia synonyms and on the right images related to the word harpagidia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken, dr erik j. karsholt, dr ole & by dr ole karsholt\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\n[ 10 ] de jong, y. s. d. m. (ed .) (2011) fauna europaea version 2. 4 (faunaeur. org )\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence." ]

{ "text": [ "harpagidia magnetella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by staudinger in 1871 .", "it is found in asia minor , palestine , lebanon , armenia , greece and russia .", "the wingspan is about 19 mm . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9 ] }

[ "harpagidia magnetella is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by staudinger in 1871. it is found in asia minor, palestine, lebanon, armenia, greece and russia. the wingspan is about 19 mm." ]

[ "anisus (anisus) leucostomus (millet, 1813) (leucostoma is to be treated as a noun in apposition under art. 31. 2. 2 )\nanderson, r. , (2016). anisus (anisus) leucostoma (millet 1813). [ in ] molluscireland. urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 10 .\noriginally listed as anisus septemgyratus (m. seddon pers. comm 2009) .\n( of anisus (anisus) leucostoma (millet, 1813) ) welter - schultes, f. w. (2012). european non - marine molluscs, a guide for species identification. planet poster editions, göttingen. page (s): 58 [ details ]\n( of anisus (anisus) leucostomus (millet, 1813) ) welter - schultes, f. w. (2012). european non - marine molluscs, a guide for species identification. planet poster editions, göttingen. page (s): 59 [ details ]\nspecies description this is a medium size species (7 - 10 mm). the very flat, tightly coiled shell of 6 - 7 whorls is nearly unique among irish molluscs. the only species with which it could be confused is the button ramshorn anisus leucostoma. the latterís shell has a rounded aperture and lacks a keel on the periphery unlike vortex where the aperture is angled by a slightly offset keel. anisus leucostoma often has a whitish thickening behind the lip which is absent in vortex. there are additional related species in britain and europe but these are unlikely to occur in ireland .\nthe other small and tightly coiled species found in leicestershire and rutland is anisus vortex. this has a strong angled keel around the edge whereas a. leocostoma is smoothly round .\nanisus leucostoma (millet, 1813): gargominy et al. (2011) [ statut pour la france métropolitaine ] gargominy, o. , prié, v. , bichain, j. - m. , cucherat, x. & fontaine, b. 2011. liste de référence annotée des mollusques continentaux de france. malaco, 7: 307 - 382. [ urltoken ]\n( of planorbis leucostoma millet, 1813) welter - schultes, f. w. (2012). european non - marine molluscs, a guide for species identification. planet poster editions, göttingen. page (s): 58 [ details ]\nthere are two commonly recognized forms of this species in europe. the narrow - whorled form a. leucostoma is general throughout ireland whereas the broad - whorled form a. spirorbis seems to be very local and rare and has not been recorded recently .\nwhat you can do this is not a particularly difficult species to identify, but care should be taken to eliminate anisus leucostoma. it should be looked for in clear, weedy water in places like upper lough erne. if you encounter something which suggests this species please note the locality from an os map and report the details, with a specimen or specimens to cedar (record centre manager, cedar, national museums northern ireland, cultra, holywood, co. down, bt18 0eu; cedar. info @ nmni. com) .\na tightly coiled flat shell of 6 - 6½ whorls. whorls are convex and the aperture nearly circular, sometimes with a whitish rib inside (leucostoma). although flattened on the lower side it does not have a keel. maximum width of last whorl about 18 - 20% of shell width. widespread .\n( of planorbis leucostoma millet, 1813) mason, c f. (1977). the performance of a diversity index in describingthe zoobenthos of two lakes. journal of animal ecology, 14 (2), 363 - 367, available online at urltoken page (s): 367 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nin various habitats, like anisus spirorbis, but also in mountain regions. typical habitats are periodical and very small water bodies, moist habitats at periodically flooded river and lake margins, in britain often in waters drying out in the summer, mainly in lowlands. longer periods of drought are tolerated. prefers ph 6. 2 - 7. 8 in norway. in switzerland in up to 1800 m altitude, in germany 600 m. reproduction between april and september .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nhas been assessed as least concern (lc) as it has a widespread and abundant distribution throughout most of europe and the absence of current widespread threats implies that populations will remain stable .\nin europe it is recorded to 63°n in sweden (kerney 1999) where it is abundant in suitable habitats as defined by glöer & meier - brook (2008). in europe the range includes norway, sweden, denmark (mainland), finland, estonia, latvia, lithuania, kalingrad region (russia), poland, republic of ireland (eire), northern ireland (uk), great britain (uk), channel islands (uk), netherlands, belgium luxembourg france (mainland), germany, switzerland, liechtenstein, austria, czech republic, slovakia, hungary, italy (mainland), spain (mainland), bulgaria, romania, ukraine, greece (mainland) and greece (kriti; crete) .\nthis species is widespread and locally abundant, for example, in lake gölbaşı, turkey, where densities of up to 1, 500 individuals per m 2 have been recorded (sereflisan et al. 2009). in some areas it is less common, for example, in poland it was recorded as\nrare and vulnerable\nin the silesian upland and polish jura regions, occurring only sporadically (michalik - kucharz 2008) .\nthis species inhabits shallow temporary waterbodies (kantor et al. 2009), including lakes where it is found on shallow soft ground (sereflisan et al. 2009). this snail is host to a number of trematode species, including australapatemon burti, a. minor, gigantobilharzia suebica and echinoparyphium pseudorecurvatum (faltynkova et al. 2008) .\nthere are no major threats affecting this species throughout its range, although some populations have shown local declines due to human activities e. g. drainage of suitable habitat (michalik - kucharz 2008). in estonia, this species was listed as rare due to habitat alteration (channelization, dredging, water level regulation) and degradation (eutrophication) (lilleleht 1998) .\nthis species is near threatened on the czech republic red list (although a synonym, a. septemgyratus, is critically endangered (farkac et al. 2005) ) and data deficient on sweden' s red list (gärdenfors 2005). in estonia, it was assessed as rare using non - iucn criteria (lilleleht 1998) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nmillet, p. a. 1813. mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles, observés dans le département de maine et loire. - pp. j. xj [ = 1 - 11 ], 1 - 82, 1 tableau. angers. (pavie) .\nshell usually brown, very shiny, usually upper side almost flat and lower side depressed, or the contrary, 6 - 6. 5 slightly convex whorls, bluntly keeled, whorls almost with a second edge, last whorl not much wider than penultimate whorl, but broader than in a. septemgyratus. whorls more narrowly coiled and last whorl narrower than in a. spirorbis. prostata gland with 20 - 25 segments or transverse folds (diverticles) .\nmany habitats have been destroyed by drainage and fertilization. in england still frequent in 1999. critically endangered in tirol, vulnerable in the other parts of austria, in switzerland and bavaria .\nrust, j. (1997). evolution, systematik, paläoökologie und stratigraphischer nutzen neogener süß - und brackwasser - gastropoden im nord - ägäis - raum. palaeontographica abt. a. 243, 37 - 180. page (s): 147 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nglöer p. & pešić v. (2012) the freshwater snails (gastropoda) of iran, with descriptions of two new genera and eight new species. zookeys 219: 11–61. [ 4 september 2012 ] [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmap hosted by the national biodiversity data centre, waterford to view the species profile on biodiversity maps and access the live map, please click on the map .\nwidespread in europe. distribution type: eurosiberian wide - temperate (64) .\nwidespread throughout ireland, even in coastal habitats in the extreme west and north, but local in most areas because of its predilection for minimally - disturbed temporary habitats .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated. thank you .\nheight 1. 5 mm. width: 5 to 7 mm. a small air - breathing freshwater snail. the shell is slightly glossy and rather thick, with close transverse striae, and is of a light horn colour. it has 6 to 6. 5 rounded whorls which are evenly arranged in one plane, although the spire may be depressed and the lower surface rather concave. the periphery is generally only slightly shouldered above. there is sometimes a white rib around the inside of the mouth aperture, which is rounded, not oval .\nit is commonly found in streams, ponds and ditches which dry out in summer, and in marshes .\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthe galleries below lead you to information pages for every species recorded on naturespot .\nif needed, after selecting from the menu below, click on the small arrow beside the group entry to see a submenu of families .\nbagworth & thornton barlestone barwell blaby bottesford braunstone broughton astley burbage burton on the wolds cadeby carlton clawson, hose and harby cotes desford earl shilton glen parva glenfield great glen groby hathern higham on the hill hugglescote and donington l... kibworth knighton ward market bosworth markfield nailstone newbold verdon osbaston osgathorpe peckleton prestwold quorndon ratby sapcote shackerstone sheepy stanton - under - bardon stoke golding sutton cheney thurlaston twycross welham witherley woodhouse wymeswold go\nstuder, s. 1820. kurzes verzeichniss der bis jetzt in unserm vaterlande entdeckten conchylien. - naturwissenschaftlicher anzeiger der allgemeinen schweizerischen gesellschaft für die gesammten naturwissenschaften 3 (11): 83 - 90, 91 - 94. bern .\nclick here to view an interactive map of the northern ireland dataset as currently collated by cedar. the map is generated through the nbn gateway using their interactive mapping tool .\nthis is a northern ireland priority species and has been red - listed as vulnerable in ireland (byrne et al. , 2009 )\nlife cycle adults are present at all times of year. breeding may take place during the spring and summer months\nhow to see this species areas with good populations of this species include the river lagan from belfast to lisburn and upper and lower loughs erne. it has not been recorded from lough neagh and is a recent introduction to the river lagan. there are a couple of records from small ponds in co. down where, again, it is thought to have been accidentally introduced. on upper and lower lough erne it occupies quiet, weedy backwaters and may be swept from pondweeds with a water net .\nit is a priority species in northern ireland because of its listing as vulnerable in a recent red list for ireland (byrne et al. , 2009 )\nthreats / causes of decline the causes of decline are unknown as the species seems fairly tolerant of diffuse pollution as seen in the river lagan near belfast .\nproposed objectives / actions none recommended, apart from a watching brief kept on the status of this species in n. ireland .\nliterature anderson, r. 1997. an annotated list of the land and freshwater mollusca of northern ireland. environment and heritage service research & development series .\nto receive our reports (print and / or electronic) and quarterly e - newsletter .\ncookies are not enabled. you must enable cookies before you can log in .\nthe main focus of the eunis species component is to provide relevant information about the european species protected by directives, conventions and agreements. the species assessed in the european red lists prepared by the iucn for the european commission are also included .\nthe distribution map is currently disabled. a new map solution will soon become available. in the meantime, please consult other species distribution map providers listed in the other resources panel below .\nthe eu conservation status is assessed for species mentioned in the eu habitats directive annexes. the eu habitats directive does not cover this species .\ntemplate updated on 09 may 2018 14: 41 from version 18. 4. 26\nthe european environment agency (eea) is an agency of the european union. legal notice\nwe use cookies to record some preference settings and to analyse how visitors use our web site. cookies do not contain any personal information about you. if you wish, see how to delete / disable cookies in your web browser. see also our privacy policy." ]

{ "text": [ "anisus leucostoma is a european species of small air-breathing freshwater snail , an aquatic pulmonate gastropod in the family planorbidae , the ram 's horn snails and their allies . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "anisus leucostoma is a european species of small air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod in the family planorbidae, the ram's horn snails and their allies." ]

[ "4. fenneropenaeus indicus (newt 29960, itis 95626) was called penaeus indicus and has the english names indian prawn, indian white prawn, tugela prawn or white prawn .\nfenneropenaeus indicus (h. milne edwards, 1837) – camarón blanco de la india, crevette royale blanche (des indes), indian prawn, indian white prawn, tugela prawn, white prawn\nshrimp caught with thrownet sungat prawns aquaculture indian prawn cultivation 1. 5 ton yield\nprawn shrimp biryani prawn biryani is a traditional indian dish prepared by layering spices, shrimp / prawn, aromatic rice and cooked until done .\nshrimp caught with thrownet | sungat prawns aquaculture | indian prawn cultivation 1. 5 ton yield\nsure to become a family favourite, this indian prawn curry is fast, fresh and simple .\nshrimp caught with thrownet sungat prawns aquaculture indian prawn cultivation 1. 5 ton yield on grow aquaponically\nour prawn recipes section contains a variety of delectable prawn recipes. prawn is very popular seafood and is extensively eaten in india. prawn is a major dish in bengal and other coastal areas of india. indian prawn recipes are very popular. try our range of easy prawn recipes .\nshrimp caught with thrownet | sungat prawns aquaculture | indian prawn cultivation 1. 5 ton yield - youtube\non the taxonomic status of the indian kiddi prawn parapenaeopsis stylifera (h. milne edwards, 1837 )\nprawn gravy is a very popular recipe. learn how to make / prepare south indian prawn gravy by following this simple & easy recipe .\nindian prawn stocks are, in general, not overfished, and the fishing effort can be safely increased .\nen - indian white prawn, fr - crevette blanche des indes, sp - langostino blanco de la india .\nnopr: on the taxonomic status of the indian kiddi prawn parapenaeopsis stylifera (h. milne edwards, 1837 )\nred sea, indian coastal waters, malaysia, korea, japan, etc .\nprawn makhani prawn makhani is an absolutely luscious dish where prawns are cooked in makhani gravy .\nking prawn korma curry king prawns cooked in mild, light and creamy rich gravy with indian spicy and nuts; this recipe for prawn korma is a bit different from the usual korma .\npt gold coin specialities imports prawn feed and its variants namely 904 starter ii (prawn feed in pellets), 962 post larva ii (prawn feed in pellets), 905 grower (prawn feed in pellets), 924starterii (prawn feed in pelletc) and 964 starter ii (prawn feed in pellets) .\nindo - west pacific; from persian gulf, through pakistan and indian coasts to northern australia .\nthese companies are dealing in a number of prawn feed variants like 904 starter ii (prawn feed in pellets), 962 post larva ii (prawn feed in pellets), 905 grower (prawn feed in pellets), 924starterii (prawn feed in pelletc) and 964 starter ii (prawn feed in pellets) etc .\nchilly prawn is a tangy chinese recipe. learn how to make prepare chilly prawn by following this easy recipe .\nprawn masala is simple yet delicious and, like many indian dishes, it is packed with flavor. the recipe is quite easy and most of the ingredients are those great spices we expect in indian cuisine, so don' t let the list scare you off .\nprawn biryani is a delicious malabar recipe. learn how to make / prepare prawn biryani by following this easy recipe .\nprawn fajitas is a delicious mexican recipe. learn how to make / prepare prawn fajita by following this easy recipe .\nprawn kebab is a delicious malabar recipe. learn how to make / prepare prawn kabab by following this easy recipe .\ncheese prawn is a very popular recipe. learn how to make / prepare cheese prawn by following this easy recipe .\nkalki foods trading pvt ltd imports prawn feed and its variants namely prawn feed grower no: 5 (pellet form), prawn feed post larva no: 2 (pellet form), prawn feed grower no: 5 (pellet form), prawn feed starter no 3 (pellet form) and prawn feed starter no. 4 (pellet form) .\n1 the sudden increase in value registered in 1966 is due partly to the devaluation of the indian rupee .\nspicy prawn masala is a spicy recipe. learn how to make / prepare spicy prawn masala by following this easy recipe .\ndirector' s message... present day indian shrimp farming almost entirely depends on aquaculture of exotic white shrimp, penaeus vannamei. sole dependence on a single species cast doubt about the sustainability of indian shrimp farming. more\nin india, prawns and shrimp are mostly referred to as' prawns' and celebrated as the hero ingredient across many regional cuisines, especially in the south of india. chettinad eral kuzhambu or chettinad prawn curry, kerala prawn fry, prawn vindaloo which is infused with vinegar, bengali prawn malai curry, prawn balchao and the all - time - favourtie, prawn tikka masala .\nprawn malai curry goes very well with rice. learn how to make / prepare prawn malai curry by following this easy recipe .\ntropical biomarine systems imports prawn feed and its variants namely prawn feed larvistar 200 - 300 75bkts x 5kg, prawn feed golden pearls 100 - 200, 15 case x 12 cans 400 gr, prawn feed golden pearls 100 - 200 10 case x 12 cans 400 gr, prawn feed golden pearls 300 - 500, 15 casesx12cans 400gr and golden pearls 5 - 50 (prawn feed) .\nprawn sandwich is a very popular recipe. learn how to make / prepare australian prawn sandwich by following this simple & easy recipe .\nmohamed, k. h. 1970. synopsis of biological data on the indian prawn penaeus indicus h. milne edwards, 1837. fao fisheries synopsis no. 94. 20 pp .\nalluri indra kumar is hoping to become a billion dollar player by the end of year 2020. the company has more than 40 per cent share in the indian fish and prawn feeds market\nto prove just how versatile an ingredient this is, we' ve put together a collection of prawn recipes from some top indian and international chefs. from coconut - y fried prawns to the long time favourtie prawn balchao - here' s everything you need .\n3. penaeus monodon (newt 6703, itis 95638) has the english names tiger prawn, giant tiger prawn or black tiger shrimp .\nbenthophagic omnivorous scavenging crustaceans: 1. 56 million tonnes or 3. 9% of total aquaculture production; major cultivated species including giant tiger prawn, whiteleg shrimp, fleshy prawn, banana prawn, giant river prawn, chinese river crab, marine crabs, and crayfish; and\ngarnish with chopped coriander and serve with chapatis (indian flatbread) or plain or jeera (cumin) rice and kachumber salad .\nwe provide most authentic import shipment data (based on bill of entry) of indian companies that import prawn feed from indonesia and malaysia and many other countries, please call us on + 91 - 11 - 40703045 for list of active importers of prawn feed in india .\nthailand is a major vannamei prawn supplier to australia. the impacts of vannamei prawn farming range from moderate to severe and include major labour issues .\nanonymous. 1978. larval development of indian penaeid prawns. coastal aquaculture, marine prawn culture, part 1. cmfri bulletin 28, central marine fisheries research institute, kochi, india. 90 pp .\nk r m marine exports limited imports prawn feed and its variants namely semi - intensive prawn feed post larva no. 0 (pellet form), semi intensive prawn feed postlarva no. 0 (pellet form), semi - intensive prawn feed starter no: 4 (pellet form), semi - intensive prawn feed finisher no: 6 (pellet form) and semi - intensive prawn feed grower no. 5 (pellet form) .\nk r m marine exports limited imports prawn feed and its variants namely semi - intensive prawn feed starter no: 3 (pellet form), semi - intensive prawn feed grower no. 5 (pellet form), semi - intensive prawn feed post larva no: 1 (pellet form), semi - intensive prawn feed grower no: 5 (pellet form) and semi - intensive prawn feed starter no: 4 (pellet form) .\ni am hosting a dinner party for our indian friends this weekend. i have never really prepared indian food and have been consumed by all the recipes and websites, although i have found yours pleasant and encouraging. can i get your opinion on a menu please? i have been looking at 2 mains, possibly your prawn biryani and a lamb dish, the sides that i have looked at are garbanzo masala, a cumin - mint raita salad, and a spiced indian cabbage, also a rice. our friends are south african indian and malaysian indian. thank you for your assistance. carolina also, when i read the biryani recipe i did not know what dum meant, the steps at the end of recipe, guess i could google .\nbanana prawn germany: hauptmannsgarnele india: jinga; naran; chapda chingri; vella chemeen japan: indo - ebi pakistan: jaira; jiaro iran: banana shrimp u. s. a. : indian white shrimp\nprawn cutlets is a classic recipe, prepared by dipping prawns into the egg mixture. learn how to make / prepare prawn cutlet by following this easy recipe .\nprawn caldine curry prawn caldine curry is a non - spicy yellow goan curry made with prawns. this dish is a popular goan dish usually made with fish .\nnotes on different species contributing to the prawn fisheries of india are given below .\nprawn seed (50, 000pl / ha; rs. 500 / 1000 )\nprawn seed (15, 000pl / ha; rs. 500 / 1000pl )\nexport - oriented prawn farming is particularly vulnerable to climate change in coastal bangladesh .\nserve prawn curry with any fragrant rice, biryani or roti, naan or chapathi .\nyour prawn curry is awesome, i tried and thats come out just the best .\nclassic example why australians call f. indicus the' red legged banana prawn' .\nby: general manager of australian prawn farms, matt west aquaculture prawn farming began in the 1980' s with most farms being located on flat land adjacent ...\nimport of prawn feed shipments has taken place under hs code 23099031 and the import consignment was cleared at indian ports of madras sea. this data is reported by customs department of the ports mentioned above from the bills of entry filed at these ports .\nimport of prawn feed shipments has taken place under hs code 23099010 and the import consignment was cleared at indian ports of madras sea. this data is reported by customs department of the ports mentioned above from the bills of entry filed at these ports .\nthe coconut prawn gravy is a spicy prawn curry made with chili, coconut and an assortment of other spices. it goes well with steamed rice and is also easy to prepare .\nivanov, b. g. and starobogatov, ya. i. , subtropical freshwater prawn\nthe following content details about “shrimp cultivation (prawn) ” or “how to grow shrimp” .\nthe indian white prawn inhabits the coasts of east africa, south africa, madagascar, the gulf, pakistan, the southwest and east coast of india, bangladesh, thailand, malaysia, philippines, indonesia, southern china and the northern coast of australia .\ni’m sharing a collection of prawn recipes (+ 40) which includes appetizer, curries, biryani & pulao varieties. prawn / shrimp is rich in protein and can be easily replaced with chicken in many of the recipes. you will find recipes like prawn pickle, prawn pakoda, kerala style prawn masala, prawn biryani, pulao, chettinadu style prawn preparation, etc. . also do not forget to check my latest video on how to clean prawns. i do hope you all find this list useful. do share your views and feedback if you try any of these recipes, it will encourage us to share more and more number of varieties .\nthe practice of prawn (macrobrachium rosenbergii) farming is widespread in coastal bangladesh due to favorable biophysical resources. however, export - oriented prawn farming is particularly vulnerable to climate change in coastal bangladesh. this study identified different climatic variables, including salinity, coastal flooding, cyclone, sea - level rise, water temperature, drought, and rainfall have profound effects on prawn farming in the bagerhat area of southwest bangladesh. considering extreme vulnerability to the effects of climate change on prawn production, one of the adaptation strategies is to translocate prawn culture from coastal to inland (i. e. , bagerhat–gopalganj) that appear less vulnerable to climate change. although the prospects for prawn–carp polyculture and integrated prawn–fish–rice farming are positive in gopalganj, a number of challenges were identified for the expansion of prawn culture. we suggest that institutional support would help to adopt prawn production .\neconomics of semi - intensive poly - culture of freshwater prawn (1. 0 ha pond )\ncreate and develop successful businesses through farm ideas. : how to do small scale prawn farming business\nwhats the investment required to start up prawn farming. please provide the contact number for consultation .\nthe creamy prawn curry uses a wide assortment of spices and coconut milk. the prawn soaks in all the delicious flavors as it slow cooks and the coconut milk lends the curry an unbeatable richness .\ni am preparing pond of size 40 * 15 * 2 meter. how many prawn seeds are needed to be used at start and how many prawn / kg we get after 4 - 6months ?\nimport of prawn feed shipments has taken place under hs code 23099031, 05119911 and the import consignment was cleared at indian ports of madras air and madras sea. this data is reported by customs department of the ports mentioned above from the bills of entry filed at these ports .\nnagabhushanam, r. and kulkarni, m. y. , embryonic and larval development of the prawn\nthe growth of the prawn fishing industry in india in recent years is reviewed and the increasing value of prawn exports is tabulated. the most important fishery is for various penaeid species on the west coast .\neconomics of semi - intensive grow - out culture of freshwater prawn (1. 0 ha pond )\nin spite of several challenges, institutional support would help to translocate prawn production to a new area .\nsaag usually refers to spinach on the indian restaurant menu although, strictly speaking, it means soft green leaves like fresh fenugreek leaves, mustard greens or, of course, spinach .\nprawn curry recipe or prawn masala recipe – for all the seafood lovers, here is an easy and quick prawn curry recipe that best pairs with any fragrant rice and phulka, naan or chapathi. earlier i had shared an easy royyala iguru, a simple prawn curry without tomato or coconut, that goes well with plain rice. today’s recipe is a gravy dish that tastes very close to the restaurant style gravy .\nthese are just some of the best prawn recipes, and we are pretty sure these are enough to host a seafood dinner party at home and impress your family and friends with these homemade delicious prawn dishes .\nthis website belongs to central institute of freshwater aquaculture, indian council of agricultural research, an autonomous organization under the department of agricultural research and education, ministry of agriculture & farmers welfare, government of india. © 2018 indian council of agricultural research. all rights reserved. the website is developed, hosted by national informatics centre. this website is maintained by icar - cifa .\nprawn in tamarind sauce an excellent dish made with prawns delicately cooked in a tangy and spicy tamarind sauce .\navanti has four prawn and a fish feed manufacturing units, certified iso 9001: 2008, in kovvur, vemuluru and bandapuram in west godavari district, andhra pradesh and pardi in valsad district, gujarat, in india with a capacity of 4, 00, 000 mt per annum. avanti produces nutritionally well balanced and high quality feed, consistently, catering to the indian prawn and fish farmers, at their door step .\nprawn with tender tamarind leaves chinta chiguru this dish is made with prawns cooked with tender tamarind leaves and spices .\nbased of the management practice employed there are four different management systems being adopted for freshwater prawn farming in india .\nthis recipe is delicious. my mom made it with grated coconut powder. thank you for this amazing prawn recipe .\ntangy fried prawns to satiate those taste buds without any weight worries. 6. prawn pulao recipe by chef aditya bal\nbrinjal prawn curry, is a typical malabar dish, that just the thought of it has the power to bring water into anyones mouth. made with lots of brinjal and prawn this is a must have if you ever visit kerala .\nthe company imports prawn feed mainly from taiwan. the consignments are generally shipped by exporting companies from not available ports .\none of the adaptation strategies is to translocate prawn culture from coastal to inland that appear less vulnerable to climate change .\n1. hatchery production prawn seeds sameer g. chebbi industrial fish and fisheries dept. of zoology karnatak science college, dharwad\nanother line of work which might help to augment the resources is by extension of prawn cultural practices in suitable areas. india has between 5, 000 and 8, 000 km 2 of estuarine and other brackish water areas, and at least a third of this could be converted with advantage for fish and prawn culture. compatible fish and prawn species could be cultivated together .\nexport quality prawn cultured and reared by mr anup kumar maity and his family in purbamidnapur - - - - - india. very careful supervision leads to this good quality of prawns. supplied in indian market and also for export purpose. contact: anup kumar maity, bhagwanpur, purbamidnapur, west bengal, india tel - 8972658336 email: akmaity1970 @ urltoken\nunnithan, k. a. 1985. a guide to prawn farming in kerala. cmfri special publication 21. 92 pp .\nas i love prawn, as it is one of my favourite. recipe is great and easy to cook. thank you .\nprawns have also being a hot favorite ingredients and i love making a variety of prawn dishes giving different flavours and new dimensions .\nsale price of prawn has been taken as rs. 170 per kg. the financial analysis has been shown in annexure i .\nthe company imports prawn feed mainly from indonesia and malaysia. the consignments are generally shipped by exporting companies from not available ports .\navailability of quality seed of freshwater prawn has been a limiting factor for intensification of prawn farming and also for coverage of additional area under aquaculture. to meet the requirements of farmers in seed - deficit and new areas of aquaculture, it is proposed to support in setting up of large as well as small hatcheries for production of prawn seed, west bengal govt. is providing subsidy under nfdb .\ni tried yr prawn curry masala. and my kids who r otherwise very fussy about prawns just loved it. so did my husband\nhey swasthi, this was amazingly great tasting. finger licking gravy like the restaurant curry. thanks. share more easy prawn recipes pls\nfrom the land of seafood, goan masaaledaar curry. 9. prawn pollichathu recipe by chef laiju jameson (taj kumarakom, kerala )\nchong, s. s. c. and khoo, h. w. , the abbreviated larval development of the freshwater prawn ,\nin the business of quality prawn feed and shrimp exports for more than two decades. - in complete aqua culture from farm to fork\nfreshwater prawn farming is always a challenge for new farmers who have little experience in fish farming. but for an experienced farmer, it is always a good profit generating small scale business idea. in india, a farmer can easily arrange a space for prawn farming as there are lots of freshwater bodies available. but there are lots of things which need to be considered before starting a prawn farming .\n: found in muddy bottoms down to 90 m depth. caught along the indian coasts from the offshore, coastal and backwaters. it constitutes to over 10% of the total marine prawns caught in india. maximum attainable size: 18 cm .\nchennai: nearly a decade after a deadly virus white spot syndrome delivered a killer blow to shrimp farming in india making native species like indian white shrimp (penaeus indicus) and iconic tiger prawn (penaeus monodon) ‘non - preferable’, scientists at central institute of brackishwater aquaculture (ciba) are now exploring ways to fix the problem and put back the native species back in reckoning .\ndear all, all these questions and answers are excellent for those who wish to start new farm for business. i am from papua new guinea, a country in the pacific and researching to start prawn farm. any expert or experienced prawn farmers kindly share your knowledge and skills .\nto make prawn curry or prawn masala, we just need the basic ingredients that would be available in most asian kitchens. to make the gravy flavorful, we need a mild garam masala powder, curry leaves and coconut. i have used tiger prawns, you can use any variety .\nchina is the world' s biggest farmed prawn producer. while there is development of less environmentally damaging indoor farming methods destructive practices still occur .\nhi aftab, you can check the same with any nearby prawn farmer. chck with two three farmers and enquire in your local market also .\ndear suyog, there is no such minimum area criteria for starting a prawn farm. but. 5 to 1. 5 hector would be convenient for sustained farming. a pond with 40 - 50 m width and length based on the availability of your land will be suitable for prawn farming .\nchats are traditionally cold snacks or salads but chat literally means\nlick\n. indian restaurants often offer a potato chat and a chicken chat and will serve them warm. chats are spiced with chat masala which you might recognise as the flavouring in bombay mix .\n1. peel the prawns, leaving the tails intact. gently pull out the dark vein from each prawn back, starting at the head end .\nmohamed, k. h. , 1967 prawn fisheries. in 20th anniversary souvenir, mandapam camp, central marine fisheries research institute, pp. 75–81\nfarming macrobrachium species in combination with single or multiple species of fish, including tilapias, common carp, chinese carps, indian carps, ornamental fish etc are common. the inclusion of freshwater prawns in a polyculture system almost always has synergistic beneficial effects, which include :\nbehind the switch is a mysterious disease that first showed up in china and has since decimated shrimp farms in thailand and vietnam. in the process, it has also minted millionaires as far away as ecuador while leaving a trail of broken homes in rustic indian villages .\nfresh water prawn (macrobrachium malcolmsonii), the second largest fast - growing prawn occurs commonly in indian rivers, draining into bay of bengal. they are cultivated under monoculture as well as polyculture systems. under monoculture systems production levels of 750 - 1, 500 kg prawns / ha / 8 months are achieved. further, it is a compatible species for polyculture along with indian major carps and chinese carps, which may yield 400 kg prawns and 3000 kg carps / ha / yr. since the seed requirement for the commercial farming of this species is not met from the natural resources, large - scale seed production under controlled conditions for year - round supply is extremely important. the technologies of large - scale seed production and grow - out culture have led to increased awareness of the farmers and entrepreneurs for diversification of their culture practice .\ngarlic prawns is a classic recipe, garlic gives a new flavor to it. learn how to make / prepare garlic prawn by following this easy recipe .\nshokita, s. , takeda, m. , sittilert, s. , and polpakdee, t. , abbreviated larval development of a freshwater prawn ,\nculture of the giant freshwater prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii and its transplantation to suitable areas where it is not known to occur at present, could also be attempted .\nthe data sheets above are as of what date plz. i am venturing into prawn culture and it will be of great help if you can clarify .\nthailand is the second largets supplier of tiger prawns to australia. the impacts of tiger prawn farming range from low to severe and include major labour issues .\nthe company imports prawn feed mainly from belgium, singapore and united states of america. the consignments are generally shipped by exporting companies from not available ports .\nthe prawn similarly moults and grows through several protozoea then mysis stages before developing into a postlarva. the mysis stage is the first stage that somewhat resembles the appearance of the adult prawn. the development time from spawning to postlarva for prawn species with ‘estuarine’ or ‘mixed’ life cycles is between two and three weeks. hatching success and larval survival are affected by water temperature and salinity and are greatest in waters of the same temperature and salinity as that where spawning took place .\nvietnam is a major producer of non - native vannamei prawns. the risks of environmental damage from intensive vannamei prawn farming in vietnam range from moderate to sever .\nsubareas 28 - 6, 28 - 7, 28 - 9, 28 - 11 and that portion of subarea 28 - 12 southerly of a straight line from a point on the eastern shore of indian arm at 49 degrees 19. 072 minutes north and 122 degrees 55. 918 minutes west, on turtle head, to the most northerly point of hamber island, thence to the most northerly point of grey rocks island thence to a point on the western shore of indian arm at 49 degrees 19. 024 minutes north and 122 degrees 56. 650 minutes west .\nthough seed may be available in natural sources to a limited extent, for large scale culture there is a need to ensure regular supply of seed. for ensuring availability of quality seed in predictable quantity freshwater prawn hatcheries should be encouraged, technology for which is already developed. freshwater prawn hatcheries are coming up in many states .\none of the most sought after starters, that is served at wedding and festivities, this spicy, crunchy, deep fried prawn dish is delectable on every standard .\n37. • hatchery production of seed in prawns • life cycle • the eggs are demersal and tend to sink while larvae are planktonic. • • prawn larva thrives mainly offshore and undergoes three main stages: nauplius, protozoea, and mysis. • • at the postlarval and juvenile stages, the prawn migrates toward the estuary .\ndifferent climatic variables, including salinity, coastal flooding, cyclone, sea - level rise, water temperature, drought, and rainfall have profound effects on prawn farming .\nprawn - fish polyculture systems are therefore normally batch - harvested. the addition of prawns to a fish polyculture system does not normally reduce the quantity of fish produced. on the other hand, the addition of fish to a prawn monoculture system markedly increases total pond yield but may reduce the amount of prawns below that achievable through monoculture .\nthis species ranks first, contributing 35% of the total marine prawn catch in the country. adults occurs in the inshore waters upto 40 m on both the coasts of india and juveniles are seen in brackish and estuarine waters. maximum attainable size: 13 cm. this species contributes a major portion of the inshore prawn fishery of kerala .\nabout 80 percent of the marine prawn catches come from the west coast of india, while the east coast accounts for about 20 percent. along the west coast, the catches are higher in the northern sector, but the southern sector supports the fishery for the larger species, resulting in a concentration of prawn processing industry in this area .\nmetapenaeus kutchensis george et al. this prawn attains a maximum length of 14 to 15 cm and contributes a good percentage of the fishery in the gulf of kutch area .\nnabard provides refinance assistance for freshwater prawn farming to commercial banks, cooperative banks and regional rural banks. the rate of refinance is fixed by nabard from time to time .\navanti feeds is the leading manufacturer of prawn and fish feeds and shrimp processor and exporter from india. avanti feeds limited has established joint venture with thai union frozen products pcl. , the world' s largest seafood processors and leading manufacturer of prawn and fish feeds in thailand with integrated facilities from hatchery to shrimp & fish processing and exports .\nthe commercially important species on all indian coasts are listed, the geographical areas in which they are fished are defined, and notes are given on the maximum size attained by the species, the depths in which they are fished and the nets and boats used. more extensive culturing of prawns is recommended .\na fast growing prawn; grows upto 32 cm. extensively cultured in india and other asian countries. caught more abundantly along the andhra pradesh, tamil nadu and kerala coasts .\nprawn balchao this fiery dish from goa (in coastal western india) is almost like a pickle! do as the goans do and serve it with hot plain boiled rice .\ndeshimaru o. & yone, y. 1978. requirement of prawn for dietary minerals. bulletin of the japanese society of scientific fisheries, 44 (8): 907–910 .\nthe most suitable species for culture in india are the indian white prawn penaeus indicus and tiger prawn p. monodon. the stocking density varies with the type of system adopted and the species selected for the culture. as per the directives of supreme court only traditional and improved traditional shrimp farming can be undertaken within the crz with a production range of 1 to 1. 5 tonnes / ha / crop with stocking density of 40, 000 to 60, 000 / ha / crop. outside crz extensive shrimp farming with a production range of 2. 5 to 3 tonnes / ha / crop with stocking density of 1, 00, 000 / ha / crop may be allowed .\n. some farmers prepare their own feeds but these are qualitatively poor. the cost of imported feeds is generally higher. in saudi arabia, the national prawn company prepares feeds specifically for\nabove is a diagram of a generalised prawn life cycle and should whet your appetite to look up the document as each stage is well descibed in laymans terms and is quoted below .\nthe techno - economic parameters required for establishment of prawn farm and its successful operation are briefly described in this booklet. the parameters are averaged out and the costs are only illustrative .\npleaseadvise which particular type of prawn is suitable here to cultivate to get good return. also please advise where i can get the seed. i need the seed on 15th jun 2018\n“we had a glorious year, especially the second half, ” balasubramaniam, general secretary of the prawn farmers federation of india, says while driving to his farms on the nation’s southeastern coast. “for now the mood in the indian shrimp industry is to make hay while the sun shines. ” one pound of so - called 40 - count pacific white shrimp destined for export, fetched about 190 rupees, or about $ 3, in july, compared with 102 rupees in december 2012, he says .\nthis species occurs all along the indian caosts in stray numbers over a wide area, but supports fishery of some magnitude on the maharashtra - goa - karnataka coast and the northeast coast along with other species. juveniles enter estuaries. maximum attainable size: 24 cm. lives in shallower water at 10 - 45 m depths .\nborn half anglo - indian and half manglorean catholic in multi - cultural mumbai - india, denise has been surrounded by a wonderful assortment of all things delicious from a very early age. her penchant for food has led her on many amazing journeys across india where she charms strangers into sharing unique recipes and discovers a little more about her country with each bite. she is fueled by an intense love for food and a determination to keep the food traditions of her ancestors alive. a motley bunch of anglo - indians whose cuisine is a unique combination of indian spices and western flavours; and mangloreans who are famed for their delicious coastal fare. she shares her favourite recipes and love for all things deliciously indian in her column beyond curry. simple recipes that capture the real taste of india. the food served every day in homes across india. and some unique family favorites you won’t find in a restaurant. most of the recipes have stories around them—like all good food does .\nin the less saline areas and the connected freshwater systems of the cochin backwaters there is a significant commercial fishery for the giant freshwater prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii. about 400 tons are caught annually .\nwatch live stomatopods being prepared and eaten in thailand, one female with eggs and one male. called\nsea locusts\nby ancient assyrians ,\nprawn killers\nin ...\nwe’ve collected data from the ports where these consignments are received by the importer companies. madras sea are some of the major ports where these importers of prawn feed are receiving their consignment .\ni have a swimming pool in my unit which we dont use... .. it is 10 x 3x1. 2 metres... can we convert to prawn farming ?\nthe most suitable species for culture in india are the indian white prawn penaeus indicus and tiger prawn p. monodon. the stocking density varies with the type of system adopted and the species selected for the culture. as per the directives of supreme court only traditional and improved traditional shrimp farming can be undertaken within the coastal regulation zone (crz) with a production range of 1 to 1. 5 t / ha / crop with stocking density of 40, 000 to 60, 000 / ha / crop. outside crz extensive shrimp farming with a production range of 2. 5 to 3 t / ha / crop with stocking density of 1, 00, 000 / ha / crop may be allowed .\ninformation on the prawn fisheries of india and on the biology of the economically important species is available in a number of contributions from this institute, of which the most important ones of a general nature are those by panikkar and menon (1956), jones (1967) and mohamed (1967). further, synopses on all the important marine prawns are being presented at this meeting by members of this institute, and other contributions relate to the biology and fishery of indian prawns. only a brief account is therefore attempted here .\neaten as cooked shrimp or prawn, sometimes in batter as scampi, and also cooked in mixed seafood dishes such as paella and often in more general dishes such as chinese special fried rice .\nmacrobrachium idae (heller). this prawn attains a maximum length of 10 to 11 cm and is represented in the catches during september to december in the kerala backwater areas and other regions .\npanikkar, n. k. and m. k. menon, 1956 prawn fisheries of india. proc. indo - pacif. fish. coun. , 6 (3): 328–36\npenaeus monodon fabricius. this is probably the largest indian marine prawn, attaining a maximum length of about 30 cm, but it does not form a dominant fishery anywhere. it is more common along the east coast, especially the northern section (bengal and orissa) where it is fished mostly in the months following the monsoon. on the west coast, it is caught in very small numbers, mostly in the northern section. as in the previous species, breeding takes place in the sea and the juveniles enter estuaries and lakes .\nprawn pepper garlic kuzhambu prawns kuzhambu with onion tomato and coconut is an excellent dish cooked in onion, tomato, coconut and tamarind sauce. this is just like a kuzhambu made in southern india .\ndeshimaru, o. & kuroki, k. 1979. requirement of prawn for dietary thiamine, pyridoxine, and choline chloride. bulletin of the japanese society of scientific fisheries, 45: 363–367 .\na puri is a deep fried unleavened bread. for some reason best known to themselves many restaurants insist on writing puri as\npuree\non the menu. this often confuses newcomers to indian restaurants who think they are ordering a purée of prawns (shrimps). but no, the prawns arrive at the table whole served in a thick bhuna - like sauce .\na prawn pulav is a common dish in the coastal areas in the country. fresh prawns, long - grained rice and light spices are used in the preparation of this light yet nutritious and yummy dish .\nif your a fan of both, seafood and spice, then the prawn balchao which consists of a fiery, pickle - like tomato and chilli sauce will set your mouth on fire in all the right ways .\nall these questions and answers are excellent for new farmers. i also plan to start a prawn farm and need some expert advise. the location is where fresh water and saltwater meet (mouth of a river) .\ndahi jihinga curry prawn in mustard curd curry prawns cooked in mustard oil and further simmered in curd is a bengali influenced dish and goes very well with rice and is an exotic dish that is often made on special occasions .\ndeshimaru, o. 1982. protein and amino acid nutrition of the prawn, penaeus japonicus. in aquaculture nutrition: biochemical and physiological approaches to shellfish nutrition, rehoboth beach, de, 17–19 october 1981, pp. 106–122 .\nhow much investment is required in small scale prawn farming. is their any body whom can we consult before starting this business. i am very interested in this business please tell me where i can get guidance to start it .\ndivide the rice between plates. season the prawn curry to taste with salt, black pepper and a squeeze of lime juice, then ladle the curry onto the rice. serve with the remaining lime, cut into wedges for squeezing over .\n5. fenneropenaeus chinensis (itis 551578) was called cancer chinensis, penaeus chinensis or penaeus orientalis and has the english name fleshy prawn. newt gives two species, fenneropenaeus chinensis (newt 139456) or fenneropenaeus orientalis (newt 70917) .\na mixture of penaeus monodon, penaeus semisulcatus (itis 95644, newt 64467, green tiger prawn) and metapenaeus affinis (itis 95784, newt 228858, jinga shrimp) is used in extracts from torii yakuhin (kobe, japan) .\n3. introduction • hatchery, as an initial phase in prawn culture, has become an indispensable step to meet the growing fry requirement of the industry. • the first larval rearing techniques were adopted from the japanese method utilizing large tanks (shigueno 1975). • the use of small tanks was later introduced following the galveston method (mock & murphy 1971). • through the years, considerable progress in the development of a prawn hatchery technology has been achieved. • a much improved and simplified technology which could be easily adopted by prawn growers was in recent year by developed at seafdec (aquaculture department southeast asian fisheries development center). • the techniques may be modified depending on the problems encountered in a specific site .\n), and spread throughout most prawn culture areas of the indo - pacific region. it first appeared in thailand in 1994. infected juvenile and adult prawns become lethargic, cease feeding, and have a loose cuticle embedded with white calcium deposits (\n: an important species in the marine prawn fishery of india. an outstanding feature is that the estuarine phase is absent as this species completes its life cycle in the marine environment only. rarely caught from the estuaries in case of high saline condition .\ndeshimaru o. , kuroki, k. , sakamoto, s. & yone, y. 1978. absorption of labelled calcium 45 ca by prawn from seawater. bulletin of the japanese society of scientific fisheries, 44 (9): 975–977 .\npenaeus indicus h. milne edwards. the species attains a maximum length of 20 to 23 cm. because it is widely available in the coastal waters, estuaries and backwaters of india, and because it is a relatively large prawn, this is the most important species. the young ones come to the backwaters and estuaries where they grow to about 12 to 13 cm. breeding takes place in the sea. the species is important in the backwater fisheries and the paddy field prawn fishery of kerala .\nspp. the concentration of diatoms in the larval rearing tanks is always maintained above 20 000 cells / ml. from second or third mysis stage onwards, larvae are also fed on an egg - prawn - custard mixture with a 100 - 150 µ particle size ,\nthere is good demand for fresh water prawn in both local and international markets, as such there may not be any problem in marketing the same. fresh water prawns can be sold directly by the farmers either in the market or to exporters for processing before export .\n“selective breeding is an expensive and time consuming process. we are partnering with private shrimp producers as well. last year, india made a turnover of rs 30, 000 crore from seafood exports, out of which shrimp exports accounted for 70 per cent. if we can invest at least 0. 5 per cent of total turnover on r & d; , we can achieve and do a lot. there are several unexplored shrimp varieties, which can be pushed into domestic markets. i have held discussions with the ministry of agriculture and they are positive, ” he said and added that as of now the focus was on selective breeding of indian white shrimp and the next target would be the tiger prawn, which requires lot more attention .\nindian aquaculture has been evolving from the level of susbsistence activity to that of an industry. this transformation has been made possible with the development and standardization of many new production and associated techniques of input and output subsystems. in recent years aquaculture has created great enthusiasm and interest among entrepreneurs especially for shrimp farming in coastal areas. shrimp farming is capital intensive activity and uncontrolled mushrooming growth of it has led to outbreak of diseases and attributed environmental issues calling for closure of shrimp farms .\ndetails of the physical and financial outlays involved for setting up of 5 ha. brackish water prawn farm are furnished in annexure no. ii. it can be seen therefrom that the total cost including working capital expenses for raising the first crop for a 5 ha. prawn farm works out to rs. 37. 60 lakhs. while submitting the project to the banks for sanction of loan entrepreneurs are expected to submit detailed plan and estimates for all the civil works to be undertaken as also invoices of various items to be purchased from the suppliers .\na bowl of plain white rice could not taste better than how they tastes with prawn curry. take 5 - 6 garlic cloves, onions, coconut, coriander seeds and grind them to get a fine paste. add water and dump the prawns till they cook through and through .\nconsidering the high export potential, the giant fresh water prawn, macrobrachium rosenbergii, the scampi, enjoys immense potential for culture in india. about 4 million ha. of impounded freshwater bodies in the various states of india, offer great potential for fresh water prawn culture. scampi can be cultivated for export through monoculture in existing as well as new ponds or with compatible freshwater fishes in existing ponds. it is exported to eec countries and usa. since the world market for scampi is expanding with attractive prices, there is great scope for scampi production and export .\nvannamei prawns are native to the pacific coast of latin america, from peru to mexico however they have become the major farmed species across asia due to their resilience to high density stocking and high productivity. they are farmed under intensive systems which often require the use of chemicals and antibiotics and may release large quantities of polluted water back into the ecosystem. vannamei prawn farming is associated with destruction of mangrove forests and land degradation, introduction of non - native species, and spread of disease to the wild. intensive prawn farming also requires more feed input than extensive systems .\nmost abundant from veraval to trivandnjm on the west coast. occasionally caught on the east coast. this species makes a significant contribution to the prawn fishery of kerala in may - june and september - october. usual size in catches 6 - 12 cm; maximum attainable size: 14 cm .\nwe export fresh frozen white prawn (penaeus indicus) all over world. season is start from generally end of july and it' s continued up to december. it will be hoso, hlso, pnd, pud and cooked / boiled depend as per our valued buyer' s requirement ……\nthough, ironically the blue green algae blooms that we get periodically, calls a halt to commercial prawn netting (at least inside the lakes) probably assists more\nadolescents\nmaking it out of the lake systems, going on to disperse in the ocean, and to mature as breeding adults .\n35. transportation of prawn seed• packing of seeds: • polythene bags of 15 - 20 liters capacity are used for packing of prawn see. • the corners of the plastic bags are rounded off with the help of rubber bands so as to prevent the prawn seed from getting trapped during packing. • for filling the plastic bags, the water from the post larval tank is used. • the use of new water is avoided for packing. if new water is used, most of the post larvae will moult during transportation with consequent losses through canniblism. • in order to provide shelter to post - larvae, a few 10 mm plastic thread should be placed in the bags. • the avoid cannibalism of post larvae during long distance transportations post larvae are fed with like feed such as artemia properly, the post larvae in appropriate densities (75 pl / 125 l) depending on the distance of transportations .\nkolambi chi kavaln maharashtrian prawn curry traditional maharashtra tangy shrimp curry. there are many ways prawns are cooked in different regions it’s difficult to choose favorite but this recipe will become one of your favorite after u try this because we add roasted and ground spices and sourness of tamarind will make this dish absolutely delicious .\ni want to start cultivation prawn in bankura / west bengal in a pond area approx 3ha. area is located about 250km distance from sea. so there is no chance of getting sea water. i’m preparing the pond to maintain ph value within 8. 5 and at present temperature here is around 40°c." ]

{ "text": [ "the indian prawn ( fenneropenaeus indicus , formerly penaeus indicus ) , is one of the major commercial prawn species of the world .", "it is found in the indo-west pacific from eastern and south-eastern africa , through india , malaysia and indonesia to southern china and northern australia .", "adult shrimp grow to a length of about 22 cm ( 9 in ) and live on the seabed to depths of about 90 m ( 300 ft ) .", "the early developmental stages take place in the sea before the larvae move into estuaries .", "they return to the sea as sub-adults .", "the indian prawn is used for human consumption and is the subject of a sea fishery , particularly in china , india , indonesia , vietnam and thailand .", "it is also the subject of an aquaculture industry , the main countries involved in this being saudi arabia , vietnam , iran and india .", "for this , wild seed is collected or young shrimps are reared in hatcheries and kept in ponds as they grow .", "the ponds may be either extensive with reliance on natural foods , with rice paddy fields being used in india after the monsoon period , or semi-intensive or intensive , with controlled feeding .", "harvesting is by drainage of the pond . " ], "topic": [ 10, 20, 0, 11, 8, 15, 15, 8, 4, 13 ] }

[ "the indian prawn (fenneropenaeus indicus, formerly penaeus indicus), is one of the major commercial prawn species of the world. it is found in the indo-west pacific from eastern and south-eastern africa, through india, malaysia and indonesia to southern china and northern australia. adult shrimp grow to a length of about 22 cm (9 in) and live on the seabed to depths of about 90 m (300 ft). the early developmental stages take place in the sea before the larvae move into estuaries. they return to the sea as sub-adults. the indian prawn is used for human consumption and is the subject of a sea fishery, particularly in china, india, indonesia, vietnam and thailand. it is also the subject of an aquaculture industry, the main countries involved in this being saudi arabia, vietnam, iran and india. for this, wild seed is collected or young shrimps are reared in hatcheries and kept in ponds as they grow. the ponds may be either extensive with reliance on natural foods, with rice paddy fields being used in india after the monsoon period, or semi-intensive or intensive, with controlled feeding. harvesting is by drainage of the pond." ]

[ "gymnasura (lithosianae) hampson, 1900; cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: xvii, 86, 425; ts: calligenia saginaea turner\ngymnasura saginaea; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 425, f. 339; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 742; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\ngymnasura taprobana hampson, 1901; ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 8 (45): 184; tl: ceylon, matelé\ngymnasura semilutea; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 742, f. 248; [ nhm card ]\ngymnasura taprobana; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 742, f. 249; [ nhm card ]\nthe adult moths of this species are pale yellow, with a network of squiggly dark lines across each forewing. the wingspan is about 2 cms .\npallene prionosticha turner, 1940; proc. r. soc. qd 51 (6): 102\nasura dentiferoides rothschild, 1915; in rothschild & durrant, lep. b. o. u. exp. new guinea: 49; tl: base camp\nasura pallida; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 748, pl. 39, f. 7; [ nhm card ]\nasura rhodina; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 748, pl. 39, f. 8; [ nhm card ]\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\non some new lepidoptera discovered by a. s. meek in british new guinea\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nthe source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 9d00998b - b16e - 44db - b4a4 - 57eee6c76a56\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: f04f9789 - 54bb - 49c5 - 9db3 - 1cba09c291f4\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: add11b86 - ea9d - 460c - 9862 - f07a871a8443\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 474083\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nclick here to go to the home page and find out more. | click here to join .\nbirdforum is the net' s largest birding community, dedicated to wild birds and birding, and is absolutely free! you are most welcome to register for an account, which allows you to take part in lively discussions in the forum, post your pictures in the gallery and more .\npart 2 eugoa basipuncta - lithosiinae labdia chryselectra - cosmopteriginae, one of the most attractive micros i have seen. labdia spanic1 - cosmopteriginae, another of the known unknowns that i see lambula pristina - lithosiinae macrobathra nr arrectella - cosmopteriginae, there are several similar spp but this looks a good match for arrectella\npart 3... cirrhochrsta annulifera - pyraustinae, there are several similar species but i think this is annulifera pollanisus spp - procridinae, this is the first forester type i have recorded. i am waiting for my local library to get the monograph on them and then i will see if it is idable! unknown - a very attractive moth that as yet have not been able to narrow down to any group! prooedema inscisalis - pyraustinae prophantis spp probably adusta - pyraustinae\nand final one for today bringing me up to date... . cyclodes spectans - catocalinae phazaca spanic1 - epipleminae, another known unknown! pygmaeomorpha modesta - limacodidae tropidtamba lepraota - catocalinae northern dwarf tree frog - only about an inch long !\nstill no real rain, although there were a couple of mm last night and it is overcast and humid today, so the season progressing slowly. the odd surprise still arrives and last night was no exception when the day flying cephonodes kingii turned up a good two hours after dark. cephonodes kingii - male, with and without anal tufts hyles livornicoides - one of the commonest sphingids in my garden - has turned up in large numbers 40 + a night theretra latreilli - another commmon garden sphingid but only ever singly or groups smaller than 5\nthe wet has finally arrived with over 3inches of rain last night, with forecasts of up to 3 - 4 inches per day until the weekend. unfortunately the pay off has been that with the arrival of the rain my phone and internet has vanished... . i will update when i can as had a few goodies the last few days\npart 2... . borbacha euchrysa (ennominae) - a new species for the garden, seems to be restricted to north queensland. casbia albinotata (ennominae) - most of the casbia i struggle with but this is one of the few obvious ones! chiasmia tessellata (ennominae) - another new species for the garden although the taxonomy of this seems to be rather fluid as there are multiple names for it ericeia inangulata (catocalinae) - the ericeia are a variable group, the paler individual on the right shows the normal silery markings at the appex of the wings but the darker individual on the left is lacking this but i think it is still this species - although i am not 100% confident of this mecodina praecipua (catocalinae) - a lovely species when fresh but patterns fade / abrade rapidly\npart 3... chaliniasts astrapaea (gelechiidae) - this distinctive marked gelechid was new to the garden this month and has started to appear daily in small numbers limnaecia nr polycydista (cosmopteriginae) - there are several similar limnaecia spp illustrated and i suspect several that are not illustrated but polycydista seems to be the best match at this stage cirrhochrista punctulata (pyraustinae) - i see cirrhochrista species regularly, sometimes 3 - 4 a night. on the whole they are c. annulifera types a very attractive moth that i have posted pictures of earlier. i fully expected this to be a worn annulifera but on closer inspection realised that it was punctulata a new species for me conogethes haemactalis (pyraustinae) - a beautiful moth that is always great to see hypsopygia flavamaculata (pyralinae) - the aussie equivalent of gold triangle (hypsopygia costalis) from my uk trapping days\npart 5... calliteara farenoides (lymantriidae) - a male but not as well marked as some that i catch micrapatetis spanic1 (acontiinae) - i had caught this a few times before someone pointed me in the right direction. it does not match any of the described species but is a good match for specimens labelled anic1 on bold ophiusa hituense (catocalinae) - an irregular visitor to the garden paracrama latimargo (chloephorinae) - this very attractive nolid was new to me, there seem to be several similar species to my north in new guinea but this is the only australian member of the genus pygmaeomorpha modesta (limacodidae) - male, an occasional visitor to the garden\npart 6... . the final update for today! amatissa sp (psychidae) - i have had a very good season for pyschidae with four adults found, three of which have been amatissa species. without retention they are virtually impossible to put down to species although seeing the case that they emerge from can be a useful guide. unfortunately in the case i found the moth wothout the case. i currently have several cases walking around the outside to the house which i keep checking up on to see if they will emerge on camera! parapoynx diminutalis (acentropinae) - probably the commonest accentopinae that i see in the garden plumbago blue - i get a few butterflies at the trap but this one was new to me the rain has bought out the native frogs in large numbers. so far i have found six species in the garden - white - lipped tree frog, green tree frog, northern dwarf tree frog, ornate burrowing frog, dainty tree frog and roths tree frog dainty tree frog roths tree frog\npart 2 balantiucha mutans (epipleminae) - i see b. stolida weekly at the moment but i rarely catch this beauty comibaena connata (geometrinae) - a new species for the garden protuliocnemis partita (geometrinae) - without doubt my favourite geometrinae here in australia ruttellerona spa (ennominae) - a completely new genus for me. the id is based on one of the specimens on bold. tropidtamba leproata (catocalinae) - a lovely moth that i have caught a few times .\npart 3 a few more non moth visitors to the trap... in a scene vaguely reminiscent of christmas island we had a mini invasion of these crabs into the garden over christmas eastern dwarf tree frog - similar to the northern dwarf i posted earlier but the dark line does not go beyond the shoulder green tree frog - i know the colour is wring but this one reminds me of kermit! we have had seven species of native frog in the garden this month which is not bad for a bland garden without a pond! norther cherry nosed cicada there have been a couple of reasonable emergencies of these since the rains started with a peak of 50 + on one night. tamasa a much smaller cicada species\nthought i would squeeze one more post in as new years eve turned out to be very productive: hippotion velox - one of my favourite sphingids and one that i only catch a few times each year. oxymacaria odontias (ennominae) - found across northern australia, can be quite a varied moth dysgonia solomonensis papuana (catocalinae) - a new species for the garden that was unfortunately found by my mothing companion before i saw it... . odin - my mothing companion !\npowered by vbulletin®, copyright ©2000 - 2018 vbulletin solutions, inc. © birdforum ltd 2002 - 2018\nurltoken 250 thumbnails, size 75, user' nosha', sorted by date photographed .\nurltoken photos by user' listentoreason', with default photo number, size, and sorting options (can change) .\nour privacy policy has been updated. take a look. follow @ flickrhivemind welcome to flickr hive mind. if you log into flickr you will see your private photos and larger thumbnails." ]

{ "text": [ "gymnasura saginaea is a moth of the arctiidae family .", "it was described by turner in 1899 .", "it is found in australia ( queensland ) .", "adults are pale yellow , with a network of dark lines across the forewings . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 1 ] }

[ "gymnasura saginaea is a moth of the arctiidae family. it was described by turner in 1899. it is found in australia (queensland). adults are pale yellow, with a network of dark lines across the forewings." ]

[ "phiala - species dictionary - southern africa: ispot nature - your place to share nature. ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature. once you' ve registered, you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nfurther notes on the food - plants of nigerian insects. v. | bulletin of entomological research | cambridge core\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications. this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nakanbi, m. o. 1973. comparing two saturniid defoliators ofholarrhena floribundaandekebergia sengalensis, respectively, with notes on their natural enemies. journal of natural history, vol. 7, issue. 3, p. 307 .\nlodos, n. 1967. studies on bathycoelia thalassina (h. - s .) (hemiptera; pentatomidae), the cause of premature ripening of cocoa pods in ghana. bulletin of entomological research, vol. 57, issue. 02, p. 289 .\ntaylor, t. ajibola 1964. notes on the biology of bunaea alcinoe cram. (lepidoptera: saturniidae). annals and magazine of natural history, vol. 7, issue. 73, p. 17 .\n, pt. 1). the present paper contains additional data obtained between april 1936 and october 1939 .\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads, pdfs sent to google drive, dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 10th july 2018. this data will be updated every 24 hours." ]

{ "text": [ "phiala hologramma is a moth in the eupterotidae family .", "it was described by aurivillius in 1904 .", "it is found in the democratic republic of congo ( katanga ) and zimbabwe .", "the wingspan is 55 mm .", "adults are greyish-white , the wings dusted with black scales and adorned with eight distinct waved transverse nearly erect lines , four before the middle , two nearly in the middle and two in the marginal area , the latter more irregular and deeply incurved at vein five .", "the hindwings are nearly without black scales from the base to the middle , between the middle and the external margin with five transverse waved lines and sparingly dusted with black scales . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1 ] }

[ "phiala hologramma is a moth in the eupterotidae family. it was described by aurivillius in 1904. it is found in the democratic republic of congo (katanga) and zimbabwe. the wingspan is 55 mm. adults are greyish-white, the wings dusted with black scales and adorned with eight distinct waved transverse nearly erect lines, four before the middle, two nearly in the middle and two in the marginal area, the latter more irregular and deeply incurved at vein five. the hindwings are nearly without black scales from the base to the middle, between the middle and the external margin with five transverse waved lines and sparingly dusted with black scales." ]

[ "as separate species (“atlantic black - breasted woodpecker”, “amazonian black - breasted woodpecker”) based on plumage differences .\nother synonyms catalan: picot negre del chaco czech: datel schultzův, datel schulzuv, datel schulzův danish: chacosortspætte german: schwarzbauchspecht english: black bodied woodpecker, black. bodied woodpecker, black - bodied woodpecker, white - shouldered woodpecker spanish: black - bodied woodpecker, carpintero negro, carpintero negro de garganta blanca, picamaderos chaqueño, pito negro chico spanish (argentine): carpintero negro, carpintero negro de garganta blanca spanish (spain): picamaderos chaqueño spanish (paraguay): carpintero negro estonian: chaco musträhn finnish: nokipalokärki french: pic lucifer guarani: ypekû hû italian: picchio di schulz, picchio nerastro japanese: himekumagera japanese: ヒメクマゲラ latin: dryocopus schulzi, dryocopus schulzii, dryocopus shiptoni, hylatomus schulzii, phloeotomus schulzi lithuanian: juodapilvė meleta dutch: zwartbuikhelmspecht, zwartbuik - helmspecht norwegian: chacosvartspett polish: dzieciol zalobny, dzięcioł żałobny portuguese: pica - pau - de - faixa - branca russian: чернобрюхая желна slovak: tesár bielohrdlý swedish: argentinsk spillkråka, chacospillkråka chinese: 南美黑啄木鸟 chinese (traditional): 黑體啄木\n28. called\nred - fronted woodpecker\nby short (1982) .\nas a separate species (“ochre - backed woodpecker”) based on these results .\nwas formerly known as “black - hooded parakeet” (meyer de schauensee 1966, 1970) .\n68. called\nscaly - breasted woodpecker\nby winkler & christie (2002) .\nas a separate species (“splendid woodpecker”) based on plumage differences and unpublished vocal differences .\nthe black - bodied woodpecker is currently considered to be near threatened due to large - scale agricultural expansion across much of the species’ range. it is restricted to the xeric woodland of the central and southern chaco and subtropical forest in the andean foothills to 1500 m of southern bolivia, western paraguay, and northern argentina. the species appears to have always been rare, but has declined over much of its former range in argentina. the bird’s plumage is typical of the genus dryocopus; the large crest is red, as is the malar region, while the rest of the plumage is black, apart from the broad white neck stripe, and some individuals have a white line over the scapulars. the black - bodied woodpecker is usually observed singly, or in pairs .\n31b. called\nblack - eared parrot\nin meyer de schauensee (1966, 1970) and elsewhere .\n85a. called\nred - headed woodpecker\nin fjeldså & krabbe (1990), presumably a lapsus .\n. however the ranges of the two overlap widely in the chaco and the habitat requirements of this species are far more specific. it is a large woodpecker and it will come as no surprise that his wholly black body is the best means of recognising him !\n) was formerly (e. g. , cory 1919, traylor 1951c, meyer de schauensee 1970; but not laubmann 1934, peters 1948) considered a separate species (\ngolden - breasted woodpecker\n) from\nwas treated as a species (\nlita woodpecker\n) by sibley & monroe (1990), ridgely & greenfield (2001), and winkler & christie (2002), but published evidence to support this is weak .\n) and (2) those with gray - backed females (the rest). within the latter group, two additional groups are strongly supported: (3) those with blue - headed males and strongly contrasting black - and - white tail patterns (\n6. the taxon nigropunctatus was formerly (e. g. , phelps & phelps 1958a, meyer de schauensee 1970) considered a separate species (\nblack - spotted piculet\n) from picumnus exilis, but short (1982) stated that it was a synonym of p. exilis, and this treatment was followed by sibley & monroe (1990). it continues to be ranked as a species by rodner et al. (2000) and winkler & christie (2002), based in part on unpublished data of m. lentino, which is summarized in winkler & christie (2002). r\n1. the monophyly of the trogoniformes has never been questioned; its relationships to other birds, however, are uncertain. traditional classifications have considered the trogonidae to be more closely related to the coraciiformes than to other orders, or to a group that includes coraciiformes + piciformes; see reviews in sibley & ahlquist (1990), espinosa de los monteros (2000), and mayr (2003); some genetic data (sibley & ahlquist 1990) are consistent with this view .\na recent analysis of morphological data (mayr 2003b, mayr & clarke 2003) suggested that the steatornithidae and the trogoniformes and might be sister taxa .\nsome genetic (espinosa de los monteros 2000) data suggest a sister relationship with the coliiformes (mousebirds), whereas other genetic data (fain & houde 2004) support a sister relationship with the old world bucerotidae .\nhowever, the most recent, comprehensive genetic data sets (hackett et al. 2008, jarvis et al. 2014, prum et al. 2015) reveal strong support for their traditional position: they are members of a group of orders that consists of the coraciiformes, piciformes, bucerotiformes, and upupiformes .\n, genetic data (moyle 2005, dacosta and klicka 2008, ornelas et al. 2009) provide strong support for two major groups: (1) those with brown - backed females (\n3. collar (2001) also included middle american trogon melanocephalus and t. citreolus in a superspecies with t. viridis (including chionurus) and t. bairdii, and genetic data (dacosta & klicka 2008) indicate that these two form a sister group to t. viridis + t. bairdii .\npeters (1945). genetic data (moyle et al. 2005, dacosta & klicka 2008, ornelas et al. 2009) indicate that\n. peters (1945) treated them as conspecific, and this treatment has been followed in subsequent classifications .\n7b .\ntrogon variegatus ,\nknown from throughout much of range of t. curucui and treated as a valid species by cory (1919); it was considered by peters (1945) <\n, but peters (1945) considered them all conspecific. ridgely & greenfield (2001) considered\ndel hoyo & collar (2014) questioned the vocal and plumage evidence in support of this split .\npeters (1945). genetic data (moyle 2005, dacosta & klicka 2008, ornelas et al. 2009) provide no support for recognition of this monotypic genus .\nof middle american was formerly (e. g. , cory 1919) considered a separate species from\n; they were considered conspecific by peters (1945), and this treatment has been followed in subsequent classifications. genetic data (dacosta & klicka 2008) indicate that\n10. ridgely & greenfield (2001) suggested that the higher - elevation subspecies temperatus deserves recognition as a separate species from lower elevation trogon personatus, as originally designated by chapman (1923) and so treated by meyer de schauensee (1964); their voices also differ; their apparent elevational parapatry in ecuador would be sufficient evidence for recognition as separate species, and so the details of this situation need to be examined and published. zimmer (1948) agreed that the abrupt elevational replacement in colombia suggested species rank, but considered t. p. assimilis of northern ecuador and southern colombia to show characters intermediate between the two suggestive of intergradation .\n10a. the subspecies assimilis of the w. andes was formerly (e. g. , cory 1919) considered a separate species from trogon personatus; peters (1945) treated them as conspecific, and this treatment has been followed in subsequent classifications .\n( collar 2001), but geographic overlap prevents considering them as a superspecies (meyer de schauensee 1966); see also zimmer (1948) for discussion of overlap and confusing character distribution of these three in western colombia; they were formerly (e. g. , cory 1919 ,\nby peters (1945). genetic data (moyle 2005, dacosta & klicka 2008, ornelas et al. 2009) provide strong support for recognition of this group as monophyletic, but to treat it as a separate genus would require recognition of at least one additional genus with broadly defined\n12. <? hellmayr 1929 > considered the south american subspecies australis as a separate species from middle american trogon massena; zimmer (1948) suspected that australis might actually be a subspecies of t. melanurus. the subspecies macroura of northwestern colombia and panama was formerly (e. g. , ref <? hellmayr 1929 >) considered a species separate from trogon melanurus, and it may deserve recognition as a separate species (zimmer 1948) .\n14. called\nwhite - eyed trogon\nin sibley & monroe (1990) and\nchocó trogon\nin ridgely & greenfield (2001) .\nto form a superspecies; they were formerly (e. g. , peters 1945, zimmer 1948) considered conspecific ,\nof the venezuelan andes has been occasionally treated as a subspecies of (e. g. , howard & moore 1991), or synonym of (e. g. , peters 1945) ,\nof western ecuador has been considered (e. g. , peters 1945) a subspecies of\nmay form a superspecies (ref); (refs) considered them conspecific .\n1. the monophyly of the momotidae has never been seriously questioned. several data sets (e. g. , olson 1976, mayr 1998, espinosa de los monteros 2000, johansson et al. 2001, overton & rhoads 2004) indicated that the momotidae and the west indian todidae are sister families, but ericson et al. (2004), hackett et al. (2008) and prum et al. (2015) supported a sister relationship between the alcedinidae and momotidae .\nalthough generic limits in the family have remained fairly constant (see snow 2001), the relationships of genera within the momotidae have not been subjected to any modern analyses. <\n2. because they lack racket tips on their tails, meyer de schauensee (1966) suggested that the pyrrholaemum subspecies group east of the andes might deserve treatments as a separate species from electron platyrhynchum .\n( e. g. , peters 1945, meyer de schauensee 1970), is now generally considered a separate species, following sick (1993); however, no formal analysis has ever been published, although at one time (e. g. ,\nwere treated as a single species in most recent classifications since peters (1945), but see stiles (2009) for rationale for recognizing five species, four of which occur in south america .\n( e. g. , ridgway 1914, cory 1919) considered separate species from m .\nof western ecuador and northwestern peru. peters (1945) considered them all conspecific, and this was followed by meyer de schauensee (1970) and aou (1983, 1998). fjeldså & krabbe (1990) proposed that the andean form\n, and this was followed by ridgely & greenfield (2001), dickinson (2003), and schulenberg et al. (2007), thus returning to the classification of cory (1919) and chapman (1923, 1926). however, no formal analysis had ever been published, and the published evidence in support of treating\n1. the monophyly of the coraciiformes is controversial (see reviews in sibley & ahlquist 1990, johansson et al. 2001) .\nthe most comprehensive genetic survey (hackett et al. 2008) found strong support for the monophyly of the traditional coraciiformes only if limited to the families meropidae, coraciidae, brachypteraciidae, todidae, momotidae, and alcedinidae (and thus excluding hornbills, hoopoes, and\nsibley - ahlquist (1990) divided the alcedinidae into three families, which consist of the three traditional subfamilies elevated to family rank (alcedinidae, dacelonidae, and cerylidae) because of dna - dna hybridization data indicated deep divergences among these three; new world kingfishers were placed in the cerylidae .\n2. megaceryle torquata and m. alcyon have been placed in the genus ceryle in many classifications (e. g. , meyer de schauensee 1970, aou 1983, 1998), but most classifications have followed fry (1980) in restricting ceryle to old world c. rudis (e. g. , sibley & monroe 1990, fry & fry 1992, woodall 2001). recent genetic data (moyle 2006) indicate that old world ceryle rudis is the sister to chloroceryle, and so megaceryle must be recognized if chloroceryle is maintained as a genus .\n3. megaceryle torquata and m. alcyon were considered sister species by fry (1980) in a superspecies complex that included old world m. maxima and m. lugubris. moyle' s (2006) data are consistent with their status as sister species .\n( e. g. , ridgway 1914, cory 1919) used in place of megaceryle, but see miller (1920) .\n5. ceryle is masculine, so the correct spelling of the species name is torquatus (david & gosselin 2002b) when that genus is used; megaceryle, however, is feminine, so the species name remains torquata when that genus is used (david & gosselin 2002b) .\n7. chloroceryle aenea was formerly known as\npygmy kingfisher\n, but most sources (e. g. , aou 1983, 1998, stiles & skutch 1989, sibley & monroe 1990, fry et al. 1992, ridgely & greenfield 2001, woodall 2001, hilty 2003) now call this\namerican pygmy kingfisher\nto avoid confusion with african taxa ceyx pictus (\nafrican pygmy kingfisher\n) and c. madagascariensis (\nmadagascar pygmy kingfisher\n) .\n1. evidence from genetics (sibley & ahlquist 1990, johansson et al. 2001, johansson & ericson 2003, cracraft et al. 2004, ericson et al. 2006, hackett et al. 2008) and morphology (e. g. , sibley 1956, simpson and cracraft 1981, swierczewski and raikow 1981, mayr et al. 2003, manegold 2005) strongly indicate that the galbulidae and the bucconidae are sister taxa, a relationship identified over 250 years ago. the monophyly of each has never been seriously questioned (see reviews in sibley & ahlquist 1990, rasmussen & collar 2002, tobias 2002) .\nthey are usually considered to be a suborder, galbulae, of the piciformes, but some evidence (sibley and ahlquist 1972, 1985, 1986, olson 1983, 1985, burton 1984, mayr 1998, höfling & alvarenga 2001) suggested that they might be more closely related to the coraciiformes .\nthe original genetic evidence for this relationship (sibley & ahlquist 1990) is actually ambiguous (harshman 1994) .\nalmost all recent genetic evidence (johansson & ericson 2003, mayr et al. 2003, cracraft et al. 2004, ericson et al. 2006, hackett et al. 2008; cf. fain & houde 2004) supports the traditional placement of the galbuliformes as sister to the piciformes, so maintaining them as a separate order is arbitrary .\nhowever, these two lineages are estimated to have diverged roughly 50 mya (jarvis et al. 2014, prum et al. 2015), and so they are as old as most lineages treated as separate orders .\n1a. within - family relationships in the galbulidae have not been subjected to any modern analyses; see tobias et al. (2002) for a summary of literature that supports the traditional linear sequence of genera used here .\n) treated as separate species, but peters (1948) and meyer de schauensee (1970) considered them conspecific (\nchestnut jacamar\n) .\nhaffer (1974) noted that they are parapatric in the río ucayali area with no sign of interbreeding and that they differ in plumage to the same degree as other jacamars currently ranked as species; they constitute a superspecies (haffer 1974, sibley & monroe 1990, tobias et al. 2002) .\n3. the four brachygalba species form a superspecies (haffer 1967, 1974, sibley & monroe 1990, tobias et al. 2002) .\nwere formerly (e. g. , cory 1919) each considered separate species from\nwas also formerly (e. g. , todd 1943, peters 1948) considered a separate species from\n, but was treated as conspecific by meyer de schauensee (1966) and subsequent classifications .\nwere formerly considered conspecific (e. g. , peters 1948, meyer de schauensee 1970), but haffer (1974) noted that they are parapatric in eastern peru area with no sign of interbreeding; they constitute a superspecies (haffer 1974, tobias et al. 2002); they had formerly (e. g. , cory 1919 ,\nwas formerly (e. g. , cory 1919) placed in a separate, monotypic genus ,\n( tobias et al. 2002); it shows no signs of intergradation with nominate\nas a separate species (“cerise - crowned jacamar”) based on plumage and bare parts, and on lack of evidence of intergradation .\n8. called\nblue - necked jacamar\nby sibley & monroe (1990) and tobias et al. (2002) .\n9. galbula ruficauda, g. galbula, g. tombacea, g. cyanescens, and g. pastazae are considered to form a superspecies (haffer 1974, sibley & monroe 1990, tobias et al. 2002); evidence for ranking them at species level rather weak (except perhaps for pastazae), but there is no sign of hybridization among them where their ranges are in contact .\nwas also formerly (e. g. , ridgway 1914, cory 1919, haffer 1967) considered a separate species, but apparent intergradation with nominate\n( wetmore 1968) has led to them being considered conspecific (e. g. , peters 1948, meyer de schauensee 1970, tobias et al. 2002) .\npinto 1937), but peters (1948) treated them as separate species, and this has been followed by virtually all subsequent authors. <\n11. galbula chalcothorax and g. leucogastra were formerly considered conspecific (e. g. , cory 1919, peters 1948, meyer de schauensee 1970, haffer 1974), but there is no indication of hybridization between the two, and they differ as much or more in plumage than most parapatric jacamars ranked at the species level (parker & remsen 1987); they constitute a superspecies (sibley & monroe 1990, tobias et al. 2002) .\n12. jacamerops is masculine, so the correct spelling of the species name is aureus (david & gosselin 2002b) .\n1. the monophyly of the bucconidae has never been seriously questioned. within - family relationships in the bucconidae have not been subjected to any modern analyses; see rasmussen & collar (2002) for a summary of literature that supports the traditional linear sequence of genera used here .\n1a. notharchus was merged into bucco by cottrell (1968), and this was followed by the aou (1983), but not by other classifications; see monroe et al. (1993) .\nof the atlantic forest region was formerly (e. g. , cory 1919 ,\n, but peters (1948) treated them as conspecific; this was followed by most subsequent classifications. rasmussen & collar (2002) elevated\nto species rank, and alvarenga et al. (2002) provided rationale in support of that treatment .\n, not hyperrynchus, as in several publications (e. g. peters 1948, dickinson 2003); see eisenmann (1958) .\n2. some authors (e. g. , refs, rasmussen & collar 2002) consider notharchus pectoralis and n. ordii to form a superspecies .\nas a separate species (“lesser pied puffbird”) based on plumage and unpublished vocal differences, but see donegan et al. (2015) .\n5a. bucco tamatia and b. noanamae form a superspecies (refs, rasmussen & collar 2002) .\n6. nystalus radiatus and n. striolatus may form superspecies (rasmussen & collar (2002) .\n( e. g. , ridgway 1914, cory 1919) treated in a separate genus, ecchaunornis, but peters (1948) merged this into nystalus .\n6b. whitney et al. (2013) described the population of western amazonia as a new species ,\n7a. called\nspot - bellied puffbird\nin rasmussen & collar (2002) .\n> on the basis that the subspecies described by phelps & phelps (1958) was intermediate between the two, and because another population was also considered intermediate. rasmussen & collar (2002) considered\nthey reported that hybridization in area of contact was infrequent and certainly not indicative of free interbreeding, as is often stated or implied (e. g. , sibley & monroe 1990). del hoyo & collar (2014) also treated\ndonegan et al. (2015) also treated it as a separate species based in part on vocal differences .\n9. hypnelus was merged into bucco by cottrell (1968), but this has not been followed by most subsequent authors .\nform a superspecies (haffer 1987, rasmussen & collar 2002); they were once considered conspecific (e. g. , peters 1948), but see traylor (1951, 1956 <? >) .\nwas formerly (e. g. , cory 1919) known as m. torquata, but see peters (1948) .\nferreira et al. (2016) supported this treatment based on genetic distance .\n11. sibley & monroe (1990) considered malacoptila panamensis and m. mystacalis to form a superspecies; rasmussen & collar (2002) also included m. fulvogularis .\n13. nonnula sclateri and n. brunnea form a superspecies (refs); they have been considered conspecific by some authors (e. g. , refs). also, n. rubecula is sometimes (e. g. , (refs, rasmussen & collar 2002) included in this superspecies, but it may be sympatric with n. brunnea w. amazonia .\n14. many authors (e. g. , meyer de schauensee 1970) have treated nonnula frontalis as subspecies of n. ruficapilla, following meyer de schauensee (1946b); published evidence for considering them separate species is weak; sibley & monroe (1990) and rasmussen & collar (2002) considered them to form a superspecies .\n15. nonnula amaurocephala was considered to form a superspecies with n. frontalis and n. ruficapilla by refs, rasmussen & collar (2002) .\n15a. called\nwhite - faced puffbird\nin fjeldså & krabbe (1990) .\n16. rasmussen & collar (2002) considered monasa morphoeus and m. nigrifrons to form a superspecies with m. atra, but the first two are broadly sympatric and cannot be considered allospecies .\n17. called\nswallow - wing\nby meyer de schauensee (1970), snyder (1966), haverschmidt (1968), meyer de schauensee & phelps (1978), sibley & monroe (1990), haverschmidt & mees (1994), and elsewhere; hilty & brown (1986) evidently were the first to use\nswallow - winged puffbird ,\nand this has been followed by ridgely & greenfield (2001), rasmussen & collar (2002), hilty (2003) .\n1. genetic data (sibley and ahlquist 1985, 1986, 1990, johansson et al. 2001, prychitko & moore 2003, fain & houde 2004, hackett et al. 2008) support traditional morphological data (e. g. , simpson and cracraft 1981, swierczewski and raikow 1981) that the piciformes, as constituted here, are a monophyletic group. most classifications also include jacamars and puffbirds in this order (e. g. , ridgway 1914, wetmore 1960), but see notes under galbuliformes .\n2. the families capitonidae, semnornithidae, and ramphastidae are each other' s closest relatives with respect to old world barbets (burton 1984, prum 1988, sibley and ahlquist 1990, lanyon & hall 1994, barker & lanyon 2000, johansson et al. 2001, johannson & ericson 2003, moyle 2004) .\n[ old word barbets are here tangentially but implicitly treated as separate families, asian megalaimidae and african lybiidae; recent genetic data (moyle 2004) support the monophyly of the barbet radiations within each region. ]\nto emphasize the close relationships among new world taxa, these three families were treated as subfamilies of a single family, ramphastidae, by aou (1998) and cracraft (2013) .\nswierczewski and raikow' s (1981) analysis of characters of the hindlimb musculature supported the traditional inclusion (e. g. , meyer de schauensee 1970) of\nis the sister taxon to the ramphastidae, not the capitonidae. genetic data indicate that\nmay be basal to both families (barker and lanyon 2000); moyle (2004) found weak support for that relationship, but also weak support for a sister relationship to ramphastidae .\n3. capito dayi was considered conspecific with a broadly defined c. niger by ripley (1945), but see ripley (1946) and haffer (1997). genetic data (armenta et al. 2005) indicate that c. dayi is definitely not part of the c. niger group, but more closely related to other species of capito, especially c. quinticolor .\n4. sibley & monroe (1990) considered capito maculicoronatus and c. squamatus to form a superspecies; they were considered conspecific by ripley (1945). genetic data (armenta et al. 2005) indicate that they are sister taxa .\n4a. capito hypoleucos was considered conspecific with c. quinticolor by ripley (1945) .\n5. described since meyer de schauensee (1970): o' neill et al. (2000) .\n, was described by seeholzer et al. (2012); it is the sister taxon to\nwere formerly (e. g. , peters 1948, meyer de schauensee 1970) considered conspecific with\n. genetic data (armenta et al. 2005) support this treatment. sibley & monroe (1990), short & horne (2001), and short & horne (2002a) treated\nas a separate species, but bond & meyer de schauensee (1943), ripley (1945), and peters (1948) considered them conspecific .\n6b .\ncapito aurantiiventris ,\nknown from the\nupper amazon valley\nand formerly (e. g. , cory 1919) treated as a species, was subsequently (e. g. , peters 1948) treated as a synonym of c. auratus amazonicus .\ncapito peruvianus ,\nknown from eastern peru and ecuador, and formerly (e. g. , cory 1919) treated as a species, was subsequently treated as a synonym of c. auratus auratus (< > chapman 1928) .\n7. called\ncinnamon - breasted barbet\nin sibley & monroe (1990), short & horne (2001), and short & horne (2002a) .\n, but berlioz (1938b), ripley (1945), and peters (1948) treated them as conspecific .\n8a. eubucco richardsoni and e. versicolor were considered conspecific by ripley (1945), but see, for example, traylor (1951b) .\n9. eubucco tucinkae was formerly considered to form superspecies with (sibley & monroe 1990), the sister taxon of (haffer 1987), or even conspecific with (e. g. , peters 1948), e. bourcierii, but lowland distribution and habitat makes it unlikely that they are even sister species; short & horne (2001) also made this point, but based it on morphology; see also traylor (1951b) .\n10. eubucco bourcierii and e. versicolor were considered to form a probable superspecies by parker et al. (1985); cf. short & horne (2002a) .\n, but berlioz (1938), ripley (1945), and peters (1948) treated them all as conspecific .\n1. multiple independent data sets identify the capitonidae / semnornithidae as the sister to the ramphastidae (see notes under those families above). the ramphastidae have a number of unusual characters that distinguish them from all barbets, new world and old world, including a unique arrangement of the caudal vertebrae and sleeping posture (see short & horne 2001) and a unique cranial morphology (höfling 1991, 1998); the genus\nshares these characters and is firmly embedded in the ramphastidae, despite sibley & ahlquist' s (1990) suggestion that it was intermediate in some respects between toucans and capitonidae. genetic data are consistent with the monophyly of the ramphastidae (moyle 2004). genetic data (barker & lanyon 2000, moyle 2004) indicate that\nis basal to all other toucan genera, and other genetic data sets are consistent with this (sibley & ahlquist 1990, nahum et al. 2003). moyle (2004), weckstein (2004), and pereira & wajntal (2008) found that\nmay consist of more than one species - level taxon, but see short & horne (2001), who pointed out that the allopatric taxa are no more distinctive than those known to intergrade. the subspecies\n, but peters (1948) and haffer (1974) treated them all as conspecific. <\n>. puebla - olivares et al. (2008) identified three clades in south america based on mtdna and proposed species rank for each .\ndonegan et al. (2015) were unable to find any consistent vocal differences among these taxa and rejected species rank for them .\nwas formerly (e. g. , cory 1919, peters 1948, phelps & phelps 1958a, meyer de schauensee 1970) treated as a separate species (\nyellow - billed toucanet\n) from\n, but in their area of contact in venezuela, only individuals with intermediate bill characters are found (schwartz 1972b). nonetheless, they were still treated as separate species by hilty (2003) and\ndonegan et al. (2015) were unable to find consistent vocal differences between the two .\nof the paria peninsula and mountains in sucre, venezuela, might merit species rank based on vocal differences .\n3. aulacorhynchus sulcatus and a. derbianus form a superspecies (haffer 1974, short & horne 2001, short & horne 2002b), and their sister relationship has been confirmed by genetic data (bonaccorso et al. 2011, bonaccorso & guayasamin 2013); they are treated as separate species because of differences in voice and bill shape .\ngenetic data (bonaccorso et al. 2011, bonaccorso & guayasamin 2013), however, indicate that andean\nwere considered to form a superspecies by haffer (1974), fjeldså & krabbe (1990), short & horne (2001), and short & horne (2002b) .\ngenetic data (bonaccorso et al. 2011) confirm the sister relationship of the latter two but indicate that\n6. pteroglossus viridis and p. inscriptus form a superspecies (haffer 1974, sibley & monroe 1990, short & horne 2001); their sister relationship has been confirmed by genetic data (patel et al. 2010). <\ngenetic data (pereira & wajntal 2008, patel et al. 2010) support the close relationship of the three taxa and indicate that\nas a separate species (“humboldt’s aracari”) based on coloration and insufficient evidence for free interbreeding .\n( traylor 1958, friedmann 1958, borrero 1959, haffer 1974, short & horne 2002b). see\ngenetic data (pereira & wajntal 2008, patel et al. 2010) indicate that\n; this treatment has been followed by most subsequent authors except ridgely & greenfield (2001); previous reports of sympatry (todd 1943, meyer de schauensee 1966) are now considered erroneous (haffer 1974) .\nanalysis of plumage characters (ref) supports and genetic data (pereira & wajntal 2008, patel et al. 2010; cf. hackett & lehn 1997) confirm their treatment as sister taxa .\n9a. sibley & monroe (1990) pointed out that pteroglossus azara is the correct name used for this species, not p. flavirostris, the latter used since peters (1948) .\n10. pteroglossus torquatus (including sanguineus, erythropygius, and middle american p. frantzii), p. pluricinctus, p. aracari, and p. castanotis were considered to form a superspecies by haffer (1974); however, p. pluricinctus is widely sympatric with p. castanotis in western amazonia. sibley & monroe (1990) considered pteroglossus torquatus and p. pluricinctus to form a superspecies, but genetic data (hackett & lehn 199, pereira & wajntal 2008, patel et al. 2010) provide no support for that relationship. pteroglossus aracari and p. castanotis are generally considered to be sister species based on plumage similarities (e. g. , prum 1988b); sibley & monroe (1990), short & horne (2001), and short & horne (2002b) considered p. aracari and p. castanotis to form a superspecies, but genetic data (pereira & wajntal 2008, patel et al. 2010) indicate that p. azara is more closely related to p. castanotis + pluricinctus than to p. aracari .\n,\nknown only from the type specimen from the rio jurua, brazil, was treated as a species by peters (1948) and meyer de schauensee (1966) but is generally considered a hybrid or aberrant individual (e. g. see zimmer & mayr 1943). see\n(\npale - mandibled aracari\n) were formerly (e. g. , ridgway 1914, cory 1919, peters 1948, meyer de schauensee 1970, dickinson 2003) considered separate species from\n( e. g. , haffer 1967) has led some subsequent authors (e. g. , haffer 1974, short and horne 2002b) to consider them as subspecies of\n. genetic data (hackett & lehn 1997, pereira & wajntal 2008, patel et al. 2010) are consistent with a close relationship among these taxa, as well as middle american\n, as is the traditional treatment based on plumage characters (e. g. , prum 1988b). sibley & monroe (1990) and ridgely & greenfield (2001) continued to rank them all as species .\nby some authors (e. g. , ridgway 1914, cory 1919 ,\n, but genetic data (hackett & lehn 1997, barker & lanyon 2000, nahum et al. 2003, moyle 2004, weckstein 2004) support the widespread view (e. g. , haffer 1974, short & horne 2001) that\nare sister genera. recent genetic data (kimura et al. 2004, eberhard and bermingham 2005, pereira and wajntal 2008, patel et al. 2010) further indicate that\n( haffer 1974; cf. short & horne 2001, 2002b); however, lutz et al. (2013) found that\ngrouped with andigena rather than with other selenidera but cautioned that additional data be obtained before making any taxonomic changes .\nis indeed the valid name for this taxon, but this remains controversial (walters 2007, piacentini et al. 2010) .\nwas formerly (e. g. , cory 1919, peters 1948) treated as separate species from\n, but they were considered conspecific by meyer de schauensee (1966) and subsequent authors .\n, but they were treated as separate species by haffer (1974); they are presumably sister species .\nwere considered to form a superspecies by haffer (1974), sibley & monroe (1990), and short & horne 2001, 2002b) .\n18a. genetic data (weckstein 2004, patané et al. 2009) indicate that\n18b. called\ngreen - billed toucan\nin mazar barnett & pearman (2001) .\nwherever they meet; see short & horne (2001) for additional information; genetic data (patané et al. 2009) confirm that they form a monophyletic group .\nweckstein (2004) and patané et al. (2009) found that amazonian\n( opposite the relationship suggested by plumage characters; prum 1988b); also, weckstein (2004) and patané et al. (2009) also found that\nas a separate species (“ariel toucan”), but see donegan et al. (2015) .\nwas formerly (e. g. , peters 1948) considered a subspecies of\n, but the two differ in vocalizations [ ref - check haffer ], and genetic data (patané et al. 2009) indicate that\nare sister species (prum 1988b), but this is not supported by genetic data (weckstein 2004, patané et al. 2009) .\n21. called\nrainbow - billed toucan\nby short & horne (2001) and short & horne (2002b) .\nas a species, following earlier classifications (e. g. , cory 1919, peters 1948, meyer de schauensee 1970) .\ngenetic data (patané et al. 2009) are consistent with their treatment as conspecific; see also\n22b. also known as\nwhite - breasted toucan\n( haffer 1974, hilty 2003) and\nred - billed toucan\n( meyer de schauensee 1970) .\n23. haffer (1974) considered ramphastos tucanus and r. ambiguus (including swainsonii) to form a superspecies; genetic data (patané et al. 2009) indicate that they are sister taxa .\n, and this treatment has been followed by short & horne (2001, 2002b); they have very similar if not identical voices and differ only in color of facial skin and mandible (e. g. , prum 1988b) .\nothers continue to treat them as component species in a superspecies (e. g. , aou 1998, ridgely & greenfield 2001) .\napparently replace one another on opposite slopes of the eastern andes and show a 1. 4% difference in mtdna sequences (donegan et al. 2007) .\nas a species (e. g. , ridgway 1914, cory 1919, peters 1948, meyer de schauensee 1970) may have persisted because of the sympatry between it and\n( e. g. , peters 1948, meyer de schauensee 1966; see short & horne 2001, short & horne 2002b) .\n>. genetic data (webb & moore 2005, benz et al. 2006) that most of these groups are not monophyletic. webb and moore (2005), generally supported by benz et al. (2006), recommended a classification with three tribes for the three major groups in the picinae: (1) malarpicini for\n. genetic data (benz et al. 2006) support the monophyly and distinctiveness of the picumninae (\n2. species - level taxonomy in the genus picumnus needs major re - evaluation; interbreeding, to varying degrees, between various pairs of parapatric and partially sympatric species is inordinately high; see short (1982) .\ncalled\ngold - fronted piculet\n) by peters (1948), meyer de schauensee (1970), and others. the subspecies\nwas formerly (e. g. , peters 1948, meyer de schauensee 1970) considered a subspecies of\n, but see short (1982) for rationale for treating as a separate species, representing a return to the classification of cory (1919). the subspecies\n, but peters (1948) treated them as conspecific. short (1982) proposed that the sister species of\n5. picumnus pumilus was formerly (e. g. , short 1982) treated as a subspecies of p. lafresnayi, and they are presumed sister species that form a superspecies (sibley & monroe 1990); they overlap slightly in se. colombia with no sign of interbreeding (hilty & brown 1986, winkler & christie 2002) .\n; del hoyo & collar (2014) continued to treat it as a separate species .\nwas formerly (e. g. , cory 1919, pinto 1937, peters 1948) known as p. leucogaster, but see zimmer & phelps (1950) and meyer de schauensee (1966); peters (1948) considered it a synonym of p .\n10. called\nguianan piculet\nin sibley & monroe (1990) and dickinson (2003) .\n11. meyer de schauensee (1966) suggested that picumnus varzeae might be a subspecies of p. pygmaeus, but see short (1982) .\n12. picumnus varzeae and p. cirratus hybridize to an uncertain extent along the amazon river (short 1982) .\n13. picumnus cirratus, p. dorbignyanus, and p. temminckii are considered to form a superspecies (sibley & monroe 1990, winkler & christie 2002); they interbreed to varying and uncertain degrees where parapatric (short 1982, winkler & christie 2002), and thus have all been considered conspecific by some (e. g. , short 1982). relationships among these three and also p. albosquamatus (see note 16) are badly in need of detailed study; see also hayes (1995) .\n, but peters (1948) treated them as conspecific, and this has been followed by short (1982) and most subsequent classifications .\n15. winkler & christie (2002) pointed out that an error has been perpetuated in the spelling of the species name, usually given incorrectly as\ndorbygnianus\n( e. g. , meyer de schauensee 1970) .\n16. picumnus albosquamatus interbreeds to varying uncertain degrees with p. dorbignyanus, p. temminckii, and p. cirratus (short 1982, winkler & christie 2002), and may be part of that superspecies (short 1982); it was considered conspecific with p. minutissimus by meyer de schauensee (1966), following gyldenstolpe (1945), but see short (1982) .\n, but meyer de schauensee (1966) and short (1982) treated them as conspecific, following bond and meyer de schauensee (1943) .\n18. picumnus fuscus was considered a doubtful species by peters (1948) and meyer de schauensee (1966), and was not recognized as a species by meyer de schauensee (1970); short (1982) recognized it as a valid species, and this has been followed by subsequent authors .\nwas formerly (e. g. , meyer de schauensee 1970) treated as a subspecies of\n20. short (1982) suspected that picumnus nebulosus might be closely related to p. fulvescens and p. limae .\n20a .\npicumnus iheringi ,\nknown from southeastern brazil; and treated as a valid species by pinto (1937), is now considered a synonym of p. nebulosus (gyldenstolpe 1945, peters 1948) .\n21. picumnus castelnau and p. subtilis were considered to be sister species by short (1982) and winkler & christie (2002); they may occasionally hybridize (short 1982) .\n22. picumnus olivaceus and p. granadensis were considered to form a superspecies by short (1982), sibley & monroe (1990), and winkler & christie (2002), and evidence for treatment as separate species is weak; they were formerly (e. g. , ridgway 1914) considered conspecific .\n24. melanerpes formicivorus was formerly (e. g. , ridgway 1914, cory 1919) placed in a separate genus balanosphyra, but most authors have followed peters (1948) in merging this into melanerpes .\n, but peters (1948) and short (1982) treated them as conspecific .\n; these four species were considered by short (1982) to form a superspecies .\n27. melanerpes cruentatus and m. flavifrons form a superspecies (short 1982, sibley & monroe 1990, winkler & christie 2002) .\nform a superspecies (sibley & monroe 1990, winkler & christie 2002). short (1982) also included\n; however, peters (1948) treated them as conspecific, and that treatment has been followed by most subsequent authors (e. g. , meyer de schauensee 1979, short 1982, hilty & brown 1986 ,\n32. melanerpes cactorum was formerly (e. g. , cory 1919, peters 1948, meyer de schauensee 1970) placed in a separate monotypic genus trichopicus, but recent authors have followed short (1982) in merging this into melanerpes, as suggested long ago by wetmore (1926) .\nwas formerly (e. g. , ridgway 1914, cory 1919, phelps & phelps 1958a) placed in the genus centurus, along with many north and middle american species; peters (1948) merged centurus into melanerpes, and this has been followed by most recent authors .\n34. melanerpes rubricapillus was considered conspecific with middle american m. pygmaeus by peters (1948) and short (1982); they were treated as members of a superspecies by sibley & monroe (1990), and winkler & christie (2002) .\ncory 1919) known as m. subelegans, but see peters (1948) .\npublished photograph report from n. colombia in the santa marta mountains (luna et al. 2011) .\nadditional < sight record / photo? > from colombia (burton et al. 2013) .\nform a superspecies (short 1982, fjeldså & krabbe 1990, sibley & monroe 1990, winkler & christie 2002); justification is weak for their treatment as separate species (short 1970, 1971, 1982); genetic data (weibel & moore 2002a, b) confirm their relationship as sister species .\ngoodwin (1968) and ouellet (1978) for differing view. recent genetic data (weibel & moore 2002a, 2002b, webb & moore 2005), however, indicate that the widespread genus\n; see also moore et al. (2006). this result is exceptionally robust with respect to analytical techniques, and it includes both mitochondrial and nuclear genes. however, it might be best to wait for additional taxon - sampling before proposing a merger (and to wait for broader rearrangement of\n). data from moore et al. (2006), however, require removal of\n, but peters (1948) treated them as conspecific; they intergrade where their ranges meet in northeastern paraguay (short 1982) .\nin that genus; however, this was based on a single mitochondrial locus .\ncory 1919) known as v. oleaginus, but see peters (1948) .\n41b. genetic data (moore et al. 2006) indicate that veniliornis fumigatus is embedded within picoides and is not closely related to veniliornis sensu stricto .\n, but this is incorrect: gray designated sanguineus as the type species (as noted by cory 1919) .\nare sister taxa (zimmer 1942a, moore et al. 2006) that form a superspecies (short 1982); they may hybridize to a limited extent (short 1982, winkler & christie 2002). short (1982) also\n, but zimmer (1942a), peters (1948), and short (1982) treated them as conspecific. the subspecies\n, but zimmer (1942a), peters (1948), and short (1982) also treated them all as conspecific .\n44. veniliornis kirkii, v. affinis, v. cassini, and v. maculifrons were considered to form a superspecies (short 1982, haffer 1987, sibley & monroe 1990, winkler & christie 2002); however, the apparent broad geographic overlap between v. kirkii and v. a. chocoensis would invalidate the superspecies designation, as does the phylogeny of the genus (moore et al. 2006) .\nwas formerly (e. g. , meyer de schauensee 1970) regarded as a subspecies of\nby sibley & monroe (1990), winkler et al. (1995), ridgely & greenfield (2001), and winkler & christie (2002), but little evidence is published to support this ;\n47. genetic data (webb & moore 2005, benz et al. 2006. moore et al. 2011) indicate that the genus piculus is paraphyletic with respect to colaptes: p. rubiginosus and p. rivolii are embedded within colaptes .\n; peters (1948) treated them as conspecific, and this was followed by many subsequent authors (e. g. , meyer de schauensee 1970, short 1982) .\n; some authors (e. g. , short 1982, aou 1983) have considered them all as conspecific, and peters (1948) considered\nsee wetmore (1968) and stiles & skutch (1989) for rationale for treating them as separate species .\n, but peters (1948) and short (1982) treated them as conspecific; winkler & christie (2002) suggested that it might deserve recognition as a separate species .\n51. piculus chrysochloros and p. aurulentus form a superspecies (short 1982, sibley & monroe 1990, winkler & christie 2002) .\nform a superspecies (short 1982, sibley & monroe 1990, winker & christie 2002) .\n55. short (1982) considered colaptes rivolii to be the sister species to c. rubiginosus / auricularis based on plumage similarities, but see moore et al. (2011) .\n( e. g. , cory 1919) treated in a separate genus, hypoxanthus, but peters (1948) merged this into piculus .\n( prychitko & moore 2000, weibel & moore 2002a, b; see also webb & moore 2005) .\n, c. punctigula, and c. melanochloros were called\nflickers\nby short (1982) .\n, but they intergrade where in contact (short 1972a, hayes 1995, winkler & christie 2002). the subspecies\nis not currently recognized as a valid taxon at any level (short 1972a, 1982, winkler & christie 2002) .\n61. short (1972a, 1982) and sibley & monroe (1990) considered colaptes punctigula and c. melanochloros to form a superspecies .\n( e. g. , cory 1919) treated in a separate genus, soroplex, but peters (1948) merged this into colaptes .\n( e. g. , cory 1919) treated in a separate monotypic genus, pituipicus, but peters (1948) also merged this into colaptes .\nwas formerly (e. g. , cory 1919, meyer de schauensee 1970; but not\n, but they evidently freely interbreed where in contact (short 1972a, 1982, winkler & christie 2002) .\nas a separate species (“pampas flicker”) based on plumage differences and unpublished minor vocal differences .\n; the other three formed a monophyletic group (see also note 69a) .\n, and this has been followed by subsequent authors; they evidently intergrade in eastern venezuela (short 1972b) .\n, but peters (1948) and short (1972b, 1982) treated them as conspecific .\n, known from one specimen from piauí, brazil, is traditionally (e. g. , short 1973, 1982) considered a subspecies of\nthat this seems unlikely (whittaker & oren 1999, winkler & christie 2002) .\ngenetic data (benz & robbins 2011, azevedo et al. 2013) also support treatment as a separate species, sister to\nadditional modern records now known from tocantins, brazil (pinheiro & dornas 2008) .\n77. dryocopus lineatus and d. schulzi, along with north american d. pileatus, are considered to form a superspecies by mayr and short (1970), short (1982), sibley & monroe (1990), and winkler & christie (2002); d. lineatus and d. schulzi hybridize to a limited extent where their ranges meet (short 1982, hayes 1995) .\n( peters 1948, pergolani de costa 1962, meyer de schauensee 1966, short 1982). see\nphelps & phelps (1958a) and meyer de schauensee (1970). most recent authors have followed refs, short (1982) in merging\n82. short (1982) considered campephilus pollens and c. haematogaster to be sister species based on plumage and morphology .\ndonegan et al. (2015) also treated it as a separate species based on vocal differences .\n, but they intergrade in western amazonia (peters 1948, short 1982)." ]

{ "text": [ "the black-bodied woodpecker or white-shouldered woodpecker ( dryocopus schulzii ) is a species of bird in the family picidae .", "the genus is still under discussion , is proposed to \" new world dryocopus \" ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) the genus hylatomus .", "it is found in argentina , bolivia , and paraguay .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , moist savanna , and plantations .", "it is near threatened by habitat loss . " ], "topic": [ 6, 26, 20, 24, 17 ] }

[ "the black-bodied woodpecker or white-shouldered woodpecker (dryocopus schulzii) is a species of bird in the family picidae. the genus is still under discussion, is proposed to \" new world dryocopus \" (del hoyo and collar 2014) the genus hylatomus. it is found in argentina, bolivia, and paraguay. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, moist savanna, and plantations. it is near threatened by habitat loss." ]

[ "the keeltail needlefish is too rare and too small to be of interest to most .\nkeeltail needlefish spotted in the tide pools near shark' s cove, oahu, hawaii .\ndue to the unique shape of their tail base and to their elongated slender body, the keeltail needlefish cannot be confused with any other needlefish .\nthis genus of needlefish consists of 14 recognised needlefish species. these species are :\nkeeltail needlefish, platybelone argalus. fish provided by the commercial bait salesmen of puerto los cabos, baja california sur, august 2006. length: 33 cm (13 inches) .\nin mexican waters the keeltail needlefish are found from san quintin southward along the northwest, central and southwest coasts of baja, in the southern half of the sea of cortez, and along the coast of the mainland from acapulco south to guatemala .\nthe keeltail needlefish are an oceanic pelagic fish found in the first 15 feet of the water column. they reach a maximum length of 50 cm (20 inches). they are a very rare species and very little is known about their behavior .\nthe keeltail needlefish, platybelone argalus, whose common spanish name is agujón de quilla, is a species in the needlefish or belonidae family, known collectively as agujónes in mexico. globally, there are only seven species in the genus platybelone, one of which is found in mexican waters, this species in both the atlantic and the pacific .\nthe genus belone consists of two known needlefish species, belone belone and belone svetovidovi .\nneedlefish are eaten as food but the green coloration of its bones repels few people .\nneedlefish belongs to the beloniformes family which has 34 species categorized into 10 genera. in greek, ‘belone’ means ‘needle’. halfbeaks, flying fishes and sauries are some of the relatives of needlefish .\nthe market potential for this fish is low, as their green colored bones and flesh make them look unpleasant for consumption. the needlefish population is flourishing and no species of needlefish is currently under any threat .\ngenus petalichthys the only known species under the genus petalichthys is the petalichthys capensis or the cape needlefish. it is called the cape needlefish because it is native only to marine waters near the coast of south africa. the species, living in large schools, is distributed across the southeast atlantic ocean and the western indian ocean. the cape needlefish grows for up to 30 - 40 centimetres in length and is, with its silver blueish body, in appearance quite similar to other needlefish species .\nneedlefish have been reported to be responsible for two deaths so far, but usually, they are not harmful to humans .\nthe needlefish is known for its thin streamlined body and needle - like beak. it is neither one of the largest fishes in the ocean nor the fiercest, but the needlefish has claimed human lives over the course of time. many divers and night fishermen are unknowingly threatening this creature and get impaled by its needle. needlefish attack on humans are extremely rare but the needlefish can easily rupture organs like eyes, heart, intestines and lungs when it leaps out of the water pointing the needle at the potential threat. if the needlefish makes contact with the vital organs of its enemy, death simply becomes inevitable for the victim .\ntheir thin slender body, weak bones and the habit of swimming close to the surface, make them highly vulnerable to predation. large fish and mammals like sharks and dolphins often find an easy meal in the form of needlefish. birds like eagles, hawks and ospreys are also hunting on needlefish. human fishing activities also affects the population of needlefish but on a low level .\nneedlefish have no stomach. instead, their digestive system secretes an enzyme called trypsin, which supports the breaking down of food .\nneedlefish is a thin fish with elongated body and sharp jaws. their slender body has silver sides with greenish back. they are generally blue, green with silvery bellies. their dorsal fin is greenish and the lower portion is golden and silvery glossy. their distinctive narrow jaw counts for its name being needlefish. the jaw of the needlefish has several sharp teeth with the upper jaw being slightly shorter than the lower one. the dorsal fin of the needlefish is located near the tail fin. they can grow u to 3cms to 95cms in length .\nthe t. a. rafale is also known as the atlantic agujon needlefish. it can be found flourishing in the eastern atlantic ocean .\nneedlefish breeds in coastal waters during may and june. the eggs of the needlefish are attached by a sticky thread which gets entangled in the floating debris or seaweeds. the larvae are capable of feeding as soon as they hatch. the hatchlings have short jaws of equal length however, their lower jaws grows longer as they mature. the jaws of the needlefish ultimately becomes of equal length when they are fully matured .\nanother thing about keeping needlefish in an aquarium is that they show enthusiasm only on live food. frozen foods are not readily accepted by them .\nthe needlefish is also called the long tom, due to its thin and long body shape. the name needlefish is given as the elongated mouth resembles a needle. a needlefish has a perfectly streamlined body, which allows the fish to achieve high swimming velocities. they can have a lifespan of up to 8 years and some species are capable of growing more than 1 meter in length. it primarily depends on its sense of vision while hunting .\ngenus belonion the genus belonion consists of two known species of needlefish; the belonion apodion and belonion dibranchodon. these are small needlefish capable of growing for up to 4. 8 cm (2 inches) in length. the species of genus belonion are native only to the tropical fresh waters of south america .\nneedlefish are a widely distributed family of fish, with species inhabiting various freshwater and marine settings worldwide. they swim close to the surface and hunt on small fish, cephalopods and crustaceans while younger individuals can be seen feeding on plankton. small schools of needlefish can be seen, even though males tend to defend a small territory around them while feeding. needlefish are very quick predators; they hunt with an upward swipe of their head to bite the prey with their sharp teeth .\nneedlefish have species living in the fresh and brackish water. a freshwater needlefish species, xenentodon cancila that are native to south - east asia are kept as aquarium fish. they are delicate and grow up to a length of 30 to 40 cm. they appreciate a large, planted aquarium with a slight heavy current .\nthe needlefish is one of the most diversely found types of fish known. some genera of needlefish can be found only in open oceans while others can be observed exclusively in fresh water bodies. the 10 different genera are ablennes, belone, belonion, petalichthys, platybelone, potamorrhaphis, pseudotylosurus, strongylura, tylosurus and xenentodon .\nvery little is known about the evolutionary history of the needlefish, due to lack of fossil records and research. however, genes from garfish indicate initiation of hands and paws in land animals. this revealed that the needlefish must originate from a very ancient lineage and must be a close relative to the ancestors of land animals .\nxenentodon canciloides, also known as the indochinese needlefish is found commonly in rivers and lakes of malaysia, thailand, vietnam, lao people’s democratic republic, cambodia and indonesia .\nthe needlefish can reach speeds of 60 km / h and can jump out of the water. they are known to jump over small boats, instead of swimming underneath .\ngenus potamorrhaphis four recognised species of needlefish fall under the genus potamorrhaphis; they are named as potamorrhaphis eigenmanni, potamorrhaphis guianensis, potamorrhaphis labiatus and potamorrhaphis petersi. these are small sized needlefish species of up 30 cm in length. they prefer tropical marine waters of south america. some of the species also inhabit freshwater bodies and river basins in the amazon rainforest .\nmating usually occurs in april and may. the male searches for females and competes with other males upon finding mates. the larger male then rides on top of the female while mating. the needlefish is oviparous and lays eggs in shallow waters. most species of needlefish migrate to shallow waters for spawning. there they produce up to 100 eggs that are attached to each other or to a host plant. the eggs hatch in 10 - 15 days, giving rise to numerous baby needlefish, which are around half an inch in length .\nthe keeltail needlefish are one of the more exotic and unique fish in mexico. they have an extremely elongated cylindrical body that is greenish blue on the upper back and abruptly transitions to silvery well above the mid - body. they have very long beaks (25 - 27% of standard length) and their lower jaw is significantly longer than their upper jaw. they have small teeth. their tail base is flattened with a large lateral keel, after which they are named, that is at least three times wider than it is deep. their caudal fin is slightly forked with the lower lobe being slightly larger than the upper lobe. their pectoral and pelvic fins are short .\ngenus pseudotylosurus this genus consists of two recognised species known as pseudotylosurus angusticeps and pseudotylosurus microps. they are found along the coast of the south american continent. both species are quite similar to other south american species of needlefish .\ngenus ablennes this genus consists of only one known species, the flat needlefish (ablennes hians), which is an ocean dwelling needlefish. the longest one recorded so far is 140 centimetres in length and weighed 4. 8 kg! normally this fish contains between 86 to 93 vertebrae. the flat needlefish prefers tropical seas or seas showing moderate water temperature. they flourish in the indian ocean, atlantic ocean and western pacific ocean. they can be found in shallow waters near islands and estuaries, due to the rich availability of small fish in such waters. the ablennes hians is blue and white in colour. the blue colour on top of its body and the white bottom helps the fish to camouflage in the blue ocean waters .\nscientific synonyms and common names platybelone argalus (le sueur, 1821) synonyms: belone argalus lesueur, 1821, j. acad. nat. sci. philad. , 2 (1): 125 (west indies, near guadaloupe). plafybelone argalus: collette & parin, 1970: 27 - 30 (subspecies recognized). belone platyura bennett, 1832 belone trachura valenciennes, 1846 belone lovii günther, 1866. subspecies: platybelone argalus subspec. platybelone argalus ssp. collette & parin, 1970, atlantide rep. , 11: 3437 (azores). belone trachura (non valenciennes): fowler, 1919a: 196, fig. 1. belone argalus (non lesueur): fowler, 1936: 441 - 442 (partim). common names: agujon de quilla [ es ] keeltail needlefish [ en ] orphie carene [ fr ]\nthe elongated needle - like beak is equipped with numerous sharp teeth. the needlefish family consists of up to 35 different species of fish, found in various freshwater bodies and oceans around the world. the species are divided into 10 different genera for easier classification .\nconsists of four subspecies namely t. a. acus, t. a. imperialis, t. a. melanotus and t. a. rafale. all four subspecies of tylosurus acus are large needlefish, capable of growing for more than a meter in length .\nbefore becoming mature adults, the upper jaw of juveniles is quite smaller than the lower one. during this stage, called the half - beak period, this upper jaw is not grown out fully and, therefore, the needlefish cannot hunt. during this time, they primarily feed on plankton and other minute marine organisms. once the upper jaw is fully developed, the fish shifts its diet and hunts small fish, cephalopods and crustaceans. although there are up to 35 different species of needlefish in the world, there have been no reports of hybrids or interbreeding .\nneedlefish is a shallow water fish that are found in the tropical waters. however some species of them are also found in the temperate water, some are found in the temperate water, only during the summers and some have even adapted themselves in the fresh water and brackish water environments .\nneedlefish are piscivores that feed on small fishes. they stalk their preys and catches them with a sideway sweep with their scissor - like jaws. they mostly feed on shrimps, killifishes, crustaceans, cephalopods, silversides and planktons. freshwater needlefishes also prey on tadpoles, frogs and insects .\nthe tylosurus gavialoides is also called the stout long tom and is endemic to australian marine waters of the indo - west pacific ocean. they are medium - sized needlefish capable of growing 70 - 80 cm in length. their body is cylindrical and they have short beak, like the t. crocodilus .\nneedlefish derives its name from the elongated jaw and its slender body. it is mostly found in the temperate and tropical waters. they stay at the surface of the water and artificial light at night excites them. they leap out of the water when they are threatened or if they see bright light at night .\nthe tylosurus pacificus is commonly known as the pacific agujon needlefish. they can be found only in the eastern pacific ocean, but their population is not under any threat. this sort is one of the most commonly found fish in its range. they are usually found offshore, but can be occasionally found in the coastal regions as well .\nthe tylosurus crocodilus is also known as houndfish. this species is easily identifiable due to its cylindrical body and a short beak, compared to other species of the needlefish. two subspecies of tylosurus crocodilus have been recognised; they are t. c. crocodilus and t. c. fodiator. the subspecies t. c. crocodilus is found in the marine waters of the indian and pacific ocean, while the t. c. fodiator is found only in the eastern pacific ocean. the longest recorded t. crocodilus was 150 centimetres long. these needlefish can jump out of water, directing its needle to a potential threat. two records of serious injuries to humans have been reported so far .\nneedlefishes are best kept by themselves or with some peaceful species as they react badly to a slight disturbance in the water current. keeping the needlefish along with the fishes with active movement or swimming mid - water should be avoided as they get stressed easily. needlefishes are sociable and should be kept in a small school or with other peaceful species like peaceful cichlids, loricariid catfish or sleeper gobies. active species like tinfoil barbs or silver sharks are best avoided .\ngreek, platys = flat + greek, belone = needle; any fish with sharp pointed snout; also pierre belon, 1517 - 64, french zoologist born in le mans. professor at the college de france, author of\nla nature et diversité des poissons\n, 1551 (ref. 45335 )\n( lesueur, 1821) in eschmeyer (coff ver. mar. 2011: ref .\nmarine; reef - associated; depth range 0 -? m, usually 0 - 2 m (ref. 40849). subtropical; 37°n - 29°s, 98°w - 34°w\nwestern atlantic: north carolina, usa to brazil (ref. 7251), including the bahamas, gulf of mexico, and caribbean sea .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 50. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 26340); common length: 35. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 5217 )\ndorsal soft rays (total): 12 - 15; anal soft rays: 17 - 20. gill rakers present; caudal peduncle with a lateral keel, the lateral line passing ventral to it .\noccurs offshore; particularly abundant around islands (ref. 5217); schools in sheltered parts of the reef (ref. 48635). feeds mainly on small fishes. oviparous (ref. 205). eggs may be found attached to objects in the water by tendrils on the egg' s surface (ref. 205) .\nböhlke, j. e. and c. c. g. chaplin, 1993. fishes of the bahamas and adjacent tropical waters. 2nd edition. university of texas press, austin. (ref. 5521 )\n): 25. 1 - 28. 2, mean 27. 4 (based on 619 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 7500 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 5 ±0. 8 se; based on diet studies .\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate vulnerability (39 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nseven geographic subspecies were recognized by collette and parin (1970): platybelone argalus argalus from the western atlantic; p. a. lovii from the cape verde islands; p. a. annobonensis from annobón and fernando po islands in the gulf of guinea; p. a. trachura from ascension and st. helena; p. a. platyura in most of the indo - west pacific; p. a. platura in the red sea and persian gulf; and p. a. pterura from the eastern pacific .\nde silva, r. , milligan, h. , lutz, m. , batchelor, a. , jopling, b. , kemp, k. , lewis, s. , lintott, p. , sears, j. , wilson, p. , smith, j. & livingston, f .\njustification: platybelone argulas is very widespread and no known major threats and abundant in many areas around islands and therefore least concern .\nplatybelone argalus has a circumglobal distribution throughout warm waters of all oceans. it is commonly found around islands .\nthis species is abundant around islands (b. collette pers. comm. 2009) .\nthere are no known major threats for platybelone argalus. it is harvested as a food source in parts of its range, however there is no evidence to suggest that this is resulting in a significant decline in population size .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place or needed for platybelone argalus. however the distribution of this species falls may fall within a number of marine protected areas .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017). the iucn red list of threatened species 2010: e. t154844a115241089 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhas a circumglobal distribution throughout warm waters of all oceans. it is commonly found around islands .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ncollette, b. b. ; parin, n. v. 1970. needlefishes (belonidae) of the lastern atlantic ocean. atlantide rep. , (11): 7 - 60, 13 fig .\nfowler, h. w. 1920. the fishes of the united states' eclipse' expedition to west africa. proc. u. s. natn. mus. , 1919 [ 1920 ], 56: pp. 195 - 292, 13 fig .\nfowler, h. w. 1936. the marine fishes of west africa, based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition 1909 - 1915. bull. am. mus. nat. hist. , 70 (1), jan. 21, 1936: pp. vii + 1 - 606, fig. 1 - 275; (2), nov. 18, 1936: pp. 607 - 1493, fig. 276 - 567 .\ngünther, a. 1866. catalogue of the fishes in the british museum. 6. catalogue of the physostomi containing the families salmonidae, percopsidae, galaxidae, mormyridae, gymnarchidae, esocidae, umbridae, scombresocidae, cyprinodontidae in the collection of the british museum. london, pp. xv + 368 p .\nlesueur, c. a. 1821. observations on several genera and species of fish, belonging to the natural family of the esoces. j. acad. nat. sci. philad, 2 (1): 124138 .\nthe species belone belone is commonly known as the garfish or sea needle. they are found in the mediterranean sea, caribbean sea, baltic sea and the atlantic ocean. an adult can be up to 70 cm in length. the dorsal and anal fins of the garfish are closer to the tail, giving the fish better stability and flexibility while swimming. the garfish are known to follow a migratory pattern. between may and june migration occurs from the open sea to shallow waters, the mating grounds, where eelgrass is available. locals of the hiiumaa island in estonia, celebrate the arrival of garfish in the shallow waters of the baltic sea. every year, on the last saturday of may, people come together at the orjaku harbour to celebrate the garfish festival. this festival is very popular for its variety of local garfish delicacies and the annual garfish angling competition .\nthe belone svetovidovi or the short - beaked garfish was long misunderstood to be the belone belone, as both the species share same waters of the eastern atlantic ocean. however, this species is shorter, measuring between 30 - 65 cm (12 - 26 inches) while the belone balone can measure 95 cm (37 inches). unlike the belone belone, the short - beaked garfish has a visible black stripe on its sides. this species of garfish is rarely spotted and very little is known about its distribution, population and feeding habits .\nfrom the above 14 species of the genus strongylura only the species strongylura notata has 2 subspecies. they are named s. notata forsythia and s. notata notata. species of this genus live in both fresh, brackish and salt water .\nthe genus tylosurus consists of six recognised species known as tylosurus acus, tylosurus choram, tylosurus crocodilus, tylosurus gavialoides, tylosurus pacificus and tylosurus punctulatus .\ntylosurus a. acus is found in the western atlantic ocean and inhabits offshore and coastal waters, while the t. a. imperialis is distributed across the eastern atlantic ocean .\nthe subspecies t. a. melanotus has longer jaws and an unique black keel on the caudal peduncle. they are found in the indo - pacific ocean and eastern central pacific ocean. t. a. melanotus is commonly known as the keel - jawed long tom .\nthe tylosurus choram is also widely popular as the red sea houndfish. they are found in the red sea and can form small schools in order to hunt more efficiently .\nthe tylosurus punctulatus is found only in the western central pacific ocean, east to the solomon islands and north to philippines. its average length is 50 - 60cm. it is also known as the spotted long tom, due to the visible orange spots on the sides of its body .\ngenus xenentodon the genus xenentodon consists of two recognised species namely, xenentodon cancila and xenentodon canciloides. both the species of genus xenentodon are found in asia, where they inhabit various freshwater bodies. as these are freshwater fish, they are affected by construction of dams and other human activities in the river. however, the two species are not experiencing any major threat for their survival .\nimage credits: guérin nicolas / by - sa 3. 0, original image\nxenentodon cancila is found in india, pakistan, bangladesh, nepal, sri lanka, myanmar and thailand. the species is known to flourish most in the ganges - brahmaputra river system of india .\nlarge fish like sharks, dolphins and tuna; and fish - eating birds like eagles, ospreys, pelicans and gulls .\ncommon in small aggregations near shore. bright blue - green above and silvery below. narrow jaws lined with large pointed teeth. attains 18 inches. warm seas worldwide .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nvan der land, j. ; costello, m. j. ; zavodnik, d. ; santos, r. s. ; porteiro, f. m. ; bailly, n. ; eschmeyer, w. n. ; froese, r. (2001). pisces, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 357 - 374 (look up in imis) [ details ]\nrobins, c. r. , g. c. ray, j. douglass and r. freund. 1986. a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america. houghton mifflin co. boston. 354 p. [ details ]\nrandall, j. e. (1992). red sea reef fishes. immel publishing. [ details ]\nking, c. m. ; roberts, c. d. ; bell, b. d. ; fordyce, r. e. ; nicoll, r. s. ; worthy, t. h. ; paulin, c. d. ; hitchmough, r. a. ; keyes, i. w. ; baker, a. n. ; stewart, a. l. ; hiller, n. ; mcdowall, r. m. ; holdaway, r. n. ; mcphee, r. p. ; schwarzhans, w. w. ; tennyson, a. j. d. ; rust, s. ; macadie, i. (2009). phylum chordata: lancelets, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, in: gordon, d. p. (ed .) (2009). new zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. kingdom animalia: radiata, lophotrochozoa, deuterostomia. pp. 431 - 554. [ details ]\nmceachran, j. d. (2009). fishes (vertebrata: pisces) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 1223–1316 in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. biodiversity. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. [ details ]\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission (ioc) of unesco. the ocean biogeographic information system (obis), available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe ibm strategic repository for digital assets such as images and videos is located at urltoken. this repository is populated with tens of thousands of assets and should be your first stop for asset selection .\nm. de kluijver, g. gijswijt, r. de leon & i. da cunda\nhumann, p. , 1989. reef fish identification - florida caribbean bahamas, (ed. n. deloach). new world publications, inc. , paramount miller graphics, inc. , jacksonville, florida .\nsorry, there are no other images or audio / video clips available for this species .\nfound mainly at the surface of offshore waters, but also in coastal waters (ref. 9279). abundant around islands (ref. 9279). feeds mainly on small fishes (ref. 9279). oviparous (ref. 205). eggs may be found attached to objects in the water by tendrils on the egg' s surface (ref. 205). usually caught with the help of artificial lights (ref. 9279) .\nthis species has a worldwide distribution in tropical and warm temperate seas. the subspecies\nis restricted to the eastern pacific, and is found from southern baja california and the lower third of the gulf of california to ecuador, including the revillagigedo, clipperton, cocos, galapagos and malpelo islands .\neastern pacific: baja california, mexico and the southern baja california to ecuador .\n40. 0 cm sl (male / unsexed; (ref. 9279) )\nholotype for platybelone argalus pterura catalog number: usnm 201341 collection: smithsonian institution, national museum of natural history, department of vertebrate zoology, division of fishes year collected: 1911 locality: mexico: gulf of california; carmen island, salenas bay, (anch): perico pt. , s 63 degrees e. ; white pt. s. 29 degrees w. time: all day; dyn. , mexico, gulf of california, pacific vessel: albatross\nholotype: osburn, r. c. & nichols, j. t. 1916. bulletin of the american museum of natural history. 35 (art. 16): 152, fig. 6 .\nthis epipelagic subspecies is typically found inshore, and is often abundant around islands (collette, 1995). it feeds mainly on small fishes (collette, 1995), and its eggs may be found attached to objects in the water by tendrils on the egg' s surface (breder and rosen, 1966) .\nthis subspecies is widespread and is abundant throughout its range. there are no known major threats. it is listed as least concern .\nthere are no known conservation measures for this subspecies. however, its distribution falls into a number of marine protected areas in the eastern tropical pacific region (wdpa 2006) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nat 6: 30am, just after sunrise, they photographed very well without the glare of the sun reflecting off the water' s surface .\nthey are funny little guys. very common i suppose, but often overlooked unless you look up at the water' s surface .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthey are distributed between 65 degrees north to 27 degree north and 24 degree west to 25 degree east. their population exists in india, pakistan, nepal, bangladesh, bhutan, myanmar, cambodia, indonesia, laos, vietnam and malaysia. a part of their population has also been introduced in hawaii .\nthese predatory fish are shallow water fishes. they school at the surface of the water. they usually show enthusiasm for live food and like any other predatory fishes, they gorge one day and hardly eat anything the other day. since they stay near the surface of the water, they tend to leap when they are excited or when they see light at the surface .\nneedlefishes fall prey to bigger fishes like tuna. they are also caught by humans for food .\nthey leap out of the water at the speed of 38 miles per hour. school of needlefishes jumping out of the water at such speed is capable of puncturing the human body with their pointed beak .\nsave my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\n© 2018 (animal spot). all rights reserved. reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited .\naloha! we are happy to answer any and all questions regarding the boats, captains and fishing trips listed here on our website .\nhawaii marlin fishing (hmf) was founded by professional anglers and was designed to eliminate all of the frustration and time - consuming processes of finding, comparing and booking fishing trips online .\nat hmf you can easily search our fleet of boats and secure the fishing trip of a lifetime in just minutes. hmf does not apply any additional service or booking fees to the boats listed rates, so our customers are always guaranteed the lowest pricing. all anglers are welcome !\nthis is fishing and hmf cannot guarantee that fish will be caught on every trip .\naddress: 75 - 5660 kopiko st. ste. c7 # 409 kailua - kona, hi. 96740\nbody extremely elongate, cylindrical; both jaws very long, lower one distinctly longer; gill rakers present, 4 - 5 + 6 - 7; dorsal and anal fins without prominent front lobes; dorsal fin with 11 - 14 rays; anal rays 15 - 18; pectoral rays 11 or 12; tail base flattened, with large lateral keels; tail fin concave, with equal sized lobes; 101 - 118 scales in front of dorsal fin .\nnote: this species has a worldwide distribution in tropical and warm temperate seas, with the subspecies p. argalus pterura restricted to the eastern pacific. oregon to southern peru and the offshore islands .\njavascript is turned off in your web browser. please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos, or try our html specimensearch option .\nindo - pacific: east africa to the hawaiian and tuamoto islands, north to the ogasawara islands. the subspecies < i > platura < / i > from the red sea to persian gulf, < i > platyura < / i > in the rest of the indo - pacific, and < i > argalus < / i > in the tropical atlantic (;\nindo - pacific: east africa to the hawaiian and tuamoto islands, north to the ogasawara islands. the subspecies < i > platura < / i > from the red sea to persian gulf, < i > platyura < / i > in the rest of the indo - pacific, and < i > argalus < / i > in the tropical atlantic (ref. 37816). ;\nattributes / relations provided by ♦ 1 riede, klaus (2004) global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. final report of the r & d - projekt; 808 05 081. 330 pages + cd - rom ♦ 2 feeding ecology of hairtail trichiurus margarites and largehead hairtail trichiurus lepturus in the beibu gulf, the south china sea, yan yunrong (颜云榕), hou gang (侯刚), chen junlan (陈骏岚), lu huosheng (卢伙胜), jin xianshi (金显仕), chinese journal of oceanology and limnology, vol. 29 no. 1, p. 174 - 183, 2011 ♦ 3 gibson, d. i. , bray, r. a. , & harris, e. a. (compilers) (2005). host - parasite database of the natural history museum, london\nprotected areas provided by biological inventories of the world' s protected areas in cooperation between the information center for the environment at the university of california, davis and numerous collaborators." ]

{ "text": [ "the keeltail needlefish , sometimes called the keeled needlefish , is a tropical fish of the family belonidae .", "it was described by the french naturalist charles alexandre lesueur in 1821 . " ], "topic": [ 23, 5 ] }

[ "the keeltail needlefish, sometimes called the keeled needlefish, is a tropical fish of the family belonidae. it was described by the french naturalist charles alexandre lesueur in 1821." ]

[ "euryphene congolensis capronnier, 1889; bull. ent. soc. belg. 33: cxxii; tl: kassai\nbebearia (bebearia) aurora graueri hecq, 1990; revue ent. gen. 1: 31\netude des bebearia (note no. 6). sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe brunhilda kby\netude des bebearia (note no. 7). sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe severini aur .\nbebearia mandinga beni hecq, 1990; revue ent. gen. 1: 11\nbebearia sophus monforti hecq, 1990; revue ent. gen. 1: 20\nbebearia hassoni hecq, 1998; ent. africana 3 (2): 39\nbebearia fontaineana intersecta hecq, 1990; revue ent. gen. 1: 35\nremarques sur quelques especes de nymphalidae africains des genres euphaedra, bebearia et euriphene .\netude des bebearia (note no 4). sous - genre apectinaria hecq groupe mardania\nbebearia cocalioides hecqi holmes, 2001; trop. zool. 14 (1): 46\nrevision du genre bebearia. note no. 1. le groupe' flaminia' stgr .\nbebearia dowsetti hecq, 1990; revue ent. gen. 1: 25; tl: rwanda\nbebearia bouyeri van de weghe, 2007; ent. afr. 12 (1): 40\netude des bebearia (note no. 6). les groupes du sous - genre apectinaria hecq\nbebearia ultima hecq, 1990; revue ent. gen. 1: 38; tl: basse casmance\nbebearia faraveli oremans, 1998; ent. africana 3 (1): 35; tl: gabon\nbebearia paludicola holmes, 2001; trop. zool. 14 (1): 47; tl: cameroon\nbebearia tini oremans, 1998; ent. africana 3 (1): 37; tl: lolo valley\nbebearia cocalia insularis kielland, 1985; arnoliad zimbabwe 9 (19): 271; tl: pemba i .\nbebearia orientis malawiensis holmes, 2001; trop. zool. 14 (1): 56; tl: malawi\nbebearia paludicola blandi holmes, 2001; trop. zool. 14 (1): 48; tl: ghana\nbebearia aurora theia hecq, 1989; lambillionea 89: 72; tl: shaba, riv. lulua, kapanga\nbebearia flaminia leventisi hecq & larsen, 1997; lambillionea 97 (1 ii): 102, f. 1\nbebearia hemming, 1960; annot. lep. (1): 12 - 17; ts: euryphene iturina karsch\nbebearia improvisa; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 18, f. 1\nbebearia ivindoensis van de weghe, 2007; ent. afr. 12 (1): 36; tl: gabon\nbebearia lopeensis van de weghe, 2007; ent. afr. 12 (1): 37; tl: gabon\n= bebearia senegalensis katera; hancock, 1992, j. lep. soc. 46 (1): 60 ♂ only\nbebearia aurora; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 15, f. 4; [ afrl ]\nbebearia kiellandi; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 17, f. 4; [ afrl ]\nbebearia ikelemba kamituga; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 2, pl. 3, f. 1; [ afrl ]\nbebearia hargreavesi d' abrera, 1980; butterflies of the afrotropical region: 302; tl: masisi, n. w. kivu, 5000ft\nbebearia fontaineana fontaineana; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 20, f. 7; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fontaineana intersecta; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 20, f. 8; [ afrl ]\nbebearia amieti; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 1, pl. 2, f. 7, 10; [ afrl ]\nbebearia dowsetti; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 3, pl. 11, f. 3 - 4; [ afrl ]\nbebearia peetersi; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 17, f. 1 - 2; [ afrl ]\nbebearia tessmanni innocuoides hecq, 2000; butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 17, f. 7; tl: nigeria, okomu\nbebearia ducarmei; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 20, f. 5 - 6; [ afrl ]\nbebearia bioculata; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 21, f. 1 - 2; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cutteri camiadei hecq, 2002; lambillionea 102 (2): 205, pl. 2, f. 2, 5; tl: congo, bangui\nbebearia baueri; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 6, pl. 7 - 8, pl. 31, f. 1 - 2\nbebearia hargreavesi; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 3, pl. 12, f. 2 - 4, 7 - 8; [ afrl ]\nbebearia hassoni; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 3, pl. 10, f. 7, pl. 13, f. 6; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cottoni; [ bafr ], 301; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 3, pl. 9, f. 3 - 4; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fulgurata; [ bafr ], 303; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 9, f. 5 - 6; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fontainei; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 3, pl. 10, f. 3 - 4, pl. 13, f. 3 - 4\nbebearia raeveli; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 5, pl. 24, f. 4, pl. 30, f. 6; [ afrl ]\nbebearia allardi; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 3, pl. 10, f. 5 - 6, pl. 13, f. 5; [ afrl ]\nbebearia picturata; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 5, pl. 24, f. 1 - 2, pl. 30, f. 5; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cutteri cuypersi hecq, 2002; lambillionea 102 (2): 205, pl. 2, f. 4, pl. 3, f. 1; tl: congo, lukolela\nbebearia schoutedeni; [ bafr ], 316 (text); hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 3, pl. 11, f. 1 - 2; [ afrl ]\nbebearia ikelemba; [ ebw ]; [ bafr ], 308; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 2, pl. 4, f. 7 - 8; [ afrl ]\nbebearia discors; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 16, f. 5 - 6, pl. 29, f. 1 - 2; [ afrl ]\nbebearia oremansi; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 16, f. 7 - 8, pl. 29, f. 3 - 4; [ afrl ]\nbebearia liberti; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 18, f. 7 - 8, pl. 19, f. 5 - 6; [ afrl ]\nbebearia tini; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 5, pl. 23, f. 7 - 8, pl. 30, f. 3 - 4; [ afrl ]\nbebearia chilonis; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 6, pl. 27, f. 3 - 4, pl. 32, f. 5 - 6; [ afrl ]\nbebearia faraveli; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 6, pl. 24, f. 5 - 6, pl. 30, f. 7 - 8; [ afrl ]\nbebearia makala; [ bafr ], 312; [ nhm card ]; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 5, pl. 25, f. 1 - 2; [ afrl ]\nbebearia chloeropis; [ bafr ], 312; [ nhm card ]; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 5, pl. 25, f. 3 - 4; [ afrl ]\nbebearia braytoni; [ bafr ], 304 (text); [ nhm card ]; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 5, pl. 25, f. 5 - 6; [ afrl ]\nvan de weghe, 2007 description de trois nouvelles especes de bebearia du cameroun et du gabon, et mise au point sur certaines especes (lepidoptera, nymphalidae, limenitinae) ent. afr. 12 (1): 35 - 43\nbebearia chriemhilda; [ bafr ], 302; [ bk ]: 308, pl. 41, f. 511; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 3, pl. 10, f. 8; [ afrl ]\nbebearia intermedia; [ bafr ], 314 (text); [ nhm card ]; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 4, pl. 22, f. 1 - 2, pl. 30, f. 2; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cinaethon; [ bow ]: pl. 92, f. 23 (text only); [ bafr ], 308; [ nhm card ]; hecq, 2000, butterflies of the world 9: 2, pl. 4, f. 5; [ afrl ]\neuryphene tentyris hewitson, 1866; ill. exot. butts [ 3 ] (aterica & euryphene v - vi): [ 44 ], pl. [ 22 ], f. 21 - 22; tl: old calabar\neuryphene tentyris var. seeldrayersi aurivillius, 1899; k. svenska vetenskakad. handl. 31 (5): 201; tl: congo, momporo\nguinea, sierra leone, libera, ivory coast, ghana. see [ maps ]\nivory coast, ghana, nigeria, cameroon, congo, zaire. see [ maps ]\nsierra leone, liberia, ivory coast, ghana, nigeria, cameroon, gabon, congo, c. a. r. , zaire, w. uganda, nw. tanzania. see [ maps ]\neuryphene carshena hewitson, 1871; ill. exot. butts [ 3 ] (euryphene vii): [ 48 ], pl. [ 24 ], f. 31 - 32; tl: old calabar\neuryphene tentyris var. languida schultze, 1920; ergeb. 2tn. dt. zent. afrika exp. 1 (14): 724\npapilio absolon fabricius, 1793; ent. syst. 3 (1): 56\ne. guinea, sierra leone, liberia, ivory coast, ghana, nigeria, cameroon, gabon, congo, c. a. r. , zaire\neuryphene entebbiae lathy, 1906; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1906 (1): 5, pl. 2, f. 1; tl: entebbe, uganda\nnigeria, cameroon, gabon, congo, c. a. r. , zaire. see [ maps ]\nsierra leone, liberia, ivory coast, ghana, nigeria, cameroon, equatorial guinea, gabon, congo, c. a. r. , zaire, uganda. see [ maps ]\naterica zonara butler, 1871; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1871: 81; tl: fantee, cape coast\n: pl. 92, f. 20 (text only, spell. ? )\naterica abesa hewitson, 1869; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1869 (1): 74; tl: cape coast castle\nguinea, sierra leone, liberia, ivory coast, ghana, togo, nigeria, cameroon, gabon, congo, c. a. r. , zaire\neuryphene oxione hewitson, 1866; ill. exot. butts [ 3 ] (aterica & euryphene v - vi): [ 44 ]; tl: old calabar\ncameroon, gabon, congo, angola, c. a. r. , zaire, uganda\neuryphene oxione squalida talbot, 1928; bull. hill mus. 2: 230; tl: entebbe\ncameroon, congo, zaire, w. uganda (bwamba, toro). see [ maps ]\neuryphene comus ward, 1871; ent. mon. mag. 8: 82; tl: cameroons\neuryphene cinaethon hewitson, 1874; ill. exot. butts [ 3 ] (euryphene ix): [ 52 ], pl. [ 26 ], f. 40 - 41; tl: west africa\neuryphene ikelemba aurivillius, 1901; ent. tidskr. 22: 116; tl: ikelemba r .\nguinea, sierra leone, liberia, ivory coast, ghana, togo, w. cameroon, congo. see [ maps ]\npapilio cocalia fabricius, 1793; ent. syst. 3 (1): 250\nzaire (kivu), w. uganda, w. kenya, nw. tanzania\neuryphene badiana rebel, 1914; ann. mus. wien. 28: 245, pl. 20, f. 23 - 24\ne. nigeria, cameroon, gabon, congo, n. angola, zaire, w. uganda, w. tanzania, w. zambia\nsenegal, gambia, guinea bissau, n. guinea, n. sierra leone, n. ivory coast. see [ maps ]\neuryphene senegalensis herrich - schäffer, [ 1850 ]; samml. aussereurop. schmett. (ii) 1: 54, 1 (? 6) pl. [ 23 ], f. 95 - 98\neuryphene orientis karsch, 1895; ent. nachr. 21 (18): 277\neuryphene mardania dealbata carcasson, 1958; occ. pap. coryndon mus. 5: 8\nnigeria, cameroon, congo, w. zaire, n. angola. see [ maps ]\neuryphene guineensis c. & r. felder, [ 1867 ]; reise fregatte novara, bd 2 (abth. 2) (3): 430; tl: guinea, calabar vetus\npapilio sophus fabricius, 1793; ent. syst. 3 (1): 46\nguinea, sierra leone, liberia, ivory coast, ghana, togo, benin, nigeria, cameroon, ... ?\neuryphene phreone feisthamel, 1850; ann. soc. ent. fr. (2) 8: 253 (boisduval )\neuryphene sophus audeoudi riley, 1936; mitt. schweiz. ent. ges. 16 (11): 702, pl. 7, f. 2\neyryphene sophus ochreata carcasson, 1961; occ. pap. coryndon meml mus. (7): 8\naterica barce doubleday, 1847; ann. mag. nat. hist. (1) 20: 64; tl: sierra leone\neuryphene barce maculata aurivillius, 1912; in seitz, gross - schmett. erde 13: 178, pl. 40 a\neuryphene staudingeri aurivillius, 1893; ent. tidskr. 14: 199; tl: camerun, n' dian\nnigeria, cameroon, gabon, congo, c. a. r. , angola, zaire, uganda, nw. tanzania, n. zambia. see [ maps ]\nguinea, sierra leone, liberia, ivory coast, ghana. see [ maps ]\ne. nigeria, cameroon, e. zaire, gabon. see [ maps ]\nnigeria, cameroon, equatorial guinea, congo, c. a. r .\neuryphene brunhilda kirby, 1889; ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 3 (15): 247; tl: cameroons\neuryphene iturina karsch, 1894; ent. nachr. 20 (14 / 15): 215\neuryphene schoutedeni overlaet, 1954; ann. mus. congo belge (n. s .) sci. zool. 1: 490\ncoastal areas (e. kenya, e. tanzania). see [ maps ]\neuryphene chriemhilda staudinger, 1896; dt. ent. z. iris 8 (2): 370, pl. 8, f. 4\neuryphene phranza hewitson, 1865; ill. exot. butts [ 3 ] (euryphene ii): [ 37 ], pl. [ 19 ], f. 7 - 8; tl: old calabar\neuriphene phranza robiginosus talbot, 1927; rev. zool. afr. 15: 267\ncameroon - zaire (mbandaka - ituri, kasai). see [ maps ]\neuryphene severini aurivillius, 1898; öfvers. k. vetenskakad. förh. stockh. 54: 280, f. 2; tl: congo, beni - bendi\neuryphene aurora aurivillius, 1896; öfvers. k. vetenskakad. förh. 53: 433; tl: ubangi\neuryphene wilverthi aurivillius, 1898; ent. tidskr. 19: 177; tl: congo\naurora kayonza jackson, 1956; j. e afr. nat. hist. soc. 23 (1): 74\neuryphene tessmanni grünberg, 1910; s. b. ges. naturf. fr. berl. 1910 (10): 471; tl: spanish guinea\neuryphene flaminia staudinger, 1891; dt. ent. z. iris, 4 (1): 110, pl. 1, f. 4; tl: barombi station, cameroons\ne. nigeria, cameroon, equatorial guinea, congo, zaire, w. uganda ?\neuryphene maximiana staudinger, 1891; dt. ent. z. iris, 4 (1): 112; tl: barombi station, cameroons\neuryphene intermedia bartel, 1905; novit. zool. 12: 144; tl: kamerun, barombi - station\neuryphene nivaria ward, 1871; ent. mon. mag. 8: 82; tl: cameroons\nnigeria, cameroon, gabon, congo, c. a. r. , w. zaire\neuryphene phantasiella staudinger, 1891; dt. ent. z. iris, 4 (1): 114; tl: barombi station\neuryphene phantasiella simulata van someren, 1939; j. e. afr. uganda nat. hist. soc. 14 (65): 54; tl: katera\neuryphene phantasiella var. ? phantasina staudinger, 1891; dt. ent. z. iris, 4 (1): 114; tl: sierra leone\nguinea, sierra leone, liberia, ivory coast, ghana, togo, e. nigeria\nsierra leone, liberia, ivory coast, ghana, w. nigeria, cameroon, congo. see [ maps ]\nguinea, sierra leone, liberia, ivory coast, ghana, togo, w. nigeria\neuryphene demetra obsolescens talbot, 1928; bull. hill mus. 2: 230; tl: bitje, ja river\neuryphene makala bethune - baker, 1908; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 2 (12): 473; tl: makala, congo free state\neuryphene chloeropis bethune - baker, 1908; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 2 (12): 474; tl: makala, congo free state\neuryphene eliensis hewitson, 1866; ill. exot. butts [ 3 ] (aterica & euryphene v - vi): [ 46 ], pl. [ 23 ], f. 23 - 26; tl: gaboon\nzaire, s. cameroon, gabon, congo, c. a. r .\nevena ceres var. unita capronnier, 1889; bull. ent. soc. belg. 33: cxxiv\neuryphene luteola bethune - baker, 1908; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 2 (12): 474; tl: makala - beni; ituri forest, mawamba - makala\neuryphene ashantina dudgeon, 1913; ent. mon. mag. 49: 204; tl: ashanti, gold coast\nromaleosoma cutteri hewitson, 1865; ill. exot. butts [ 3 ] (romaleosoma ii - iii): [ 31 ], pl. [ 16 ], f. 13 - 15; tl: old calabar\neuphaedra cutteri harleyi fox, 1968; bull. i. f. a. n. (a) 30: 1248; tl: wanau forest\neuryphene innocua grose - smith & kirby, 1889; rhop. exot. [ 2 ] 1: (euryphene) 1, pl. 1, f. 3 - 4; tl: cameroons\ne. nigeria, cameroon, congo, c. a. r. , sw. zaire. see [ maps ]\ne. nigeria, cameroun, gabon, congo, w. zaire. see [ maps ]\neuryphene castanea holland, 1893; can. ent. 25 (1): 1; tl: kangwé, ogové valley\neuryphene ducalis grünberg, 1912; ergeb. dt. z. - afr. exped. 3 (zool. 1): 534\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea; compiled by mark c. williams, 7th ed. (2008) (april 2007) ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. band 2. abtheilung 2. lepidoptera. rhopalocera\n- 120, (inhalts - verz .) 1 - 9 (pl. 1 - 74), (felder & rogenhofer, 1874), (5): pl .\ncontribution a la faune du congo (brazzaville). mission a. villiers et a. descarpentries lxviii. lepidopteres nymphalidae, danaidae et riodinidae\n( 1902), : (ragadia - argyronympha - hypocysta): 1 - 6, pl. [ 1 ] (1895), [ 2 ]\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w. wilson saunders and william c. hewitson\nlepidoptera of the congo. being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species\nnew lepidoptera collected by mr. t. a. barns, in east central africa. new forms of rhopalocera\nverzeichniss der von professor dr. r. bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r. grauernach. zentralafrika. 1909 - 1911. lepidoptera\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\n© 2016, butterfly conservation society, ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na diverse genus from african forests. species groups listed are based on larsen' s (2005) treatment of the west african fauna .\nackery pr, smith cr, and vane - wright ri eds. 1995. carcasson' s african butterflies. canberra: csiro .\nlarsen, t. b. 2005 butterflies of west africa. stenstrup, denmark: apollo books .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v. z. brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\nbobo k. s. , waltert m. , sainge n. m. , njokagbor j. , fermon h. and mühlenberg m. (submitted to biodiversity and conservation). from forest to farmland: species richness patterns of trees and understorey plants along a gradient of forest conversion in southwestern cameroon .\ncolwell r. k. 2000. estimates – statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. version 6. 0b1. at http: / viceroy. eeb. uconn. edu / estimates .\nlarsen t. b. 1997b. biodiversity writ large. korup’s butterflies. report to korup project .\nbutterflies of west africa – origins, natural history, diversity and conservation. draft systematic part\nschulze c. 2000. effects of anthropogenic disturbance on the diversity of herbivores – an analysis of moth species assemblages along habitat gradients in east malaysia. phd. thesis, university of bayreuthgermany .\nwaltert m. , bobo k. s. , sainge m. n. , fermon h. and mühlenberg m. 2005. from forest to farmland: habitat effects on afrotropical forest bird diversity. ecol. appl. (in press) .\nbobo, k. s. , waltert, m. , fermon, h. et al. j insect conserv (2006) 10: 29. urltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "bebearia congolensis is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "it is found in the equatorial zone , possibly including cameroon , gabon , the republic of the congo and the democratic republic of the congo .", "the habitat consists of forests . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24 ] }

[ "bebearia congolensis is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family. it is found in the equatorial zone, possibly including cameroon, gabon, the republic of the congo and the democratic republic of the congo. the habitat consists of forests." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for darrylia harryleei yet. learn how to contribute .\ndarrylia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae .\ndarrylia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae .\ndarrylia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae .\ndarrylia garcia, 2008. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 15 april 2010 .\ndarrylia harryleei is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\ndarrylia harryleei garcía, 2008. retrieved through: world register of marine species on 15 april 2010 .\ngarcía e. f. 2008. eight new molluscan species (gastropoda: turridae) from the western atlantic, with description of two new genera. novapex 9 (1): 1 - 15. [ details ]\nbouchet p. & rocroi j. - p. (2010). nomenclator of molluscan supraspecific names. [ unpublished database ]. [ details ]\nbouchet, p. ; kantor, y. i. ; sysoev, a. ; puillandre, n. (2011). a new operational classification of the conoidea (gastropoda). journal of molluscan studies. 77 (3): 273 - 308. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nyour cd baby online session is due to expire shortly. would you like to extend your session and remain logged in ?\nsorry, we just need to make sure you' re not a robot. for best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\ngarcía e. f. 2008. eight new molluscan species (gastropoda: turridae) from the western atlantic, with description of two new genera .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nit was previously included tentatively within the subfamily crassispirinae of the family turridae. [ 2 ]\nspecies in this genus show a broad protoconch with 1. 5 whorls and without spiral ornamentation. the claviform shell contains strong axial ribs, crossed by narrower spiral cords, and lacks a sutural cord. the elongate - ovate aperture measures about ⅓ of the total length of the shell. the lip shows a strong varix .\ngarcía e. f. (2008) .\neight new molluscan species (gastropoda: turridae) from the western atlantic, with description of two new genera\n. novapex 9 (1): 1 - 15 .\ne. f. garcia, eight new molluscan species (gastropoda, turridae) from the western atlantic with the description of two new genera; novapex vol. 9 (2008 )\nthis page was last edited on 16 february 2018, at 01: 28 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis section is empty. you can help by adding to it. (april 2010 )\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association, a non - profit organization .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nthe length of the shell varies between 5. 9 mm and 7. 7 mm .\nif you do not have an account yet, you can register here first .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail conchbooks office if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nbuchema granulosa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\ninodrillia ino is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\ninodrillia hatterasensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\ninodrillia avira is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nthelecythara is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae .\ninodrillia martha is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\naustrodrillia sola is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\ninodrillia dalli is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\ninodrillia vetula is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\naustrodrillia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae .\naoteadrillia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae .\ninodrillia hilda is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\ninodrillia gibba is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\ninodrillia amblytera is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\ninodrillia hesperia is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\naustrocarina recta is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\naustrocarina is a genus of small predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae .\naustrodrillia rawitensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nbuchema nigra is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nhoraiclavus stenocyma is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nbuchema is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae .\npsittacodrillia bairstowi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nhoraiclavus filicincta is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nhoraiclavus is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae .\nvexitomina suavis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nhaedropleura is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae .\naustrodrillia dimidiata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\naustrodrillia saxea is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\ngraciliclava is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae .\nhaedropleura flexicosta is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\npsittacodrillia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae .\nhaedropleura pygmaea is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nhaedropleura forbesi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\ninodrillia pharcida is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nceritoturris thailandis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nhoraiclavus phaeocercus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\ninodrillia vinki is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nbuchema liella is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\naustrodrillia angasi, common name angas' s turrid, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\naustrodrillia subplicata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nbuchema interstrigata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nhaedropleura summa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nhoraiclavus sysoevi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\npsittacodrillia albonodulosa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nhoraiclavus anaimus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\ngraciliclava costatus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nceritoturris is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae .\nvexitomina metcalfei is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nhoraiclavus splendida is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nvexitomina regia is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nbuchema hadromeres is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nbuchema dichroma is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nvexitomina is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae .\naustrodrillia beraudiana is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nvexitomina torquata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\naustrodrillia agrestis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nhoraiclavus multicostata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\npsittacodrillia diversa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\niwaoa reticulata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nhaedropleura ima is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nceritoturris thailandica is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\niwaoa is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae .\naustrodrillia hinomotoensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nceritoturris nataliae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nvexitomina coxi, common name cox' s turrid, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nhaedropleura secalinum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nhoraiclavidae is a family of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily conoidea .\ninodrillia miamia is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\ninodrillia nucleata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\ninodrillia aepynota is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\naoteadrillia otagoensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\ncarinapex minutissima is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\ncarinapex is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae .\naoteadrillia wanganuiensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\naustrodrillia secunda is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\ninodrillia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae .\ncarinapex papillosa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\ninodrillia acova is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nhaedropleura septangularis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\naoteadrillia bulbacea is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\ninodrillia dido is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nhoraiclavus madurensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\ninkinga cockae is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae." ]

{ "text": [ "darrylia is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae .", "it was previously included tentatively within the subfamily crassispirinae of the family turridae . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26 ] }

[ "darrylia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae. it was previously included tentatively within the subfamily crassispirinae of the family turridae." ]

[ "muricopsis cristata pungens monterosato, t. a. de m. di in settepassi, f. , 1977\nmuricopsis (muricopsis) blainvillei payraudeau, b. - c. , 1826: mediterranean\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nblainvilles stachelschnecke\nto\nmuricopsis cristata (brocchi 1814 )\n.\nmuricopsis (muricopsis) cristata (brocchi, 1814) fine + +, small eroded apex; black! ; 17. 5 mm; live taken w / op. ; croatia, istria, savudrija; from local diver; october 2008. [ mur185 ]\nmuricopsis blainvillei umbilicata (var .) coen, g. s. , 1930\nmuricopsis glutinosa palazzi, s. & a. villari, 2001: sicily, italy\nmuricopsis blainvillei spinulosa (var .) palazzi, s. & a. villari, 1933\na large and rather crispata cristata. 2m deep, on rocks, near ruined temple, n. kolokitha cove, elounda peninsula, kolpos mirabellou, lasithi, crete. 26mm .\nmuricopsis hispida monterosato, t. a. de m. di ms in coen, g. s. , 1933\n( of muricopsis blainvillei [ sic ]) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmuricopsis blainvillei horrida (var .) monterosato, t. a. de m. di ms in coen, g. s. , 1933\n( of muricopsis inermis trifasciata nordsieck, 1972) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of muricopsis glutinosa palazzi & villari, 2001) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of muricopsis inermis (philippi, 1836) ) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of muricopsis blainvillei var. spinulata coen, 1937) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of muricopsis blainvillei var. spinulosa coen, 1933) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of muricopsis blainvillei var. hispida coen, 1933) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of muricopsis blainvillei var. horrida coen, 1933) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmuricopsis blainvillei oblonga (var. )\nmonterosato, t. a. de m. di ms\nstalio ms in coen, g. s. , 1933\n( of muricopsis blainvillei var. oblonga stalio in coen, 1933) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of muricopsis blainvillei var. violacea bucquoy, dautzenberg & dollfus, 1882) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of muricopsis blainvillei var. rosea bucquoy, dautzenberg & dollfus, 1882) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe second spiral cord is obvious (white spines); so, despite the banded pattern, these shells pictured here are not cevikeri, but specimens of cristata, form trifasciata nordsieck. also, because of this double cord on shoulder, the shape is less or not biconical. 1 - 2m deep, on rocks, near bordj el hessar, kerkennah island, tunisia. 20 - 24mm .\n( of muricopsis blainvillei var. spinulosa coen, 1933) coen g. (1933). saggio di una sylloge molluscorum adriaticorum. memorie del regio comitato talassografico italiano 192: pp. i - vii, 1 - 186 [ details ]\n( of muricopsis blainvillei var. horrida coen, 1933) coen g. (1933). saggio di una sylloge molluscorum adriaticorum. memorie del regio comitato talassografico italiano 192: pp. i - vii, 1 - 186 [ details ]\n( of muricopsis blainvillei var. hispida coen, 1933) coen g. (1933). saggio di una sylloge molluscorum adriaticorum. memorie del regio comitato talassografico italiano 192: pp. i - vii, 1 - 186 [ details ]\n( of muricopsis glutinosa palazzi & villari, 2001) palazzi, s. ; villari, a. (2001). molluschi e brachiopodi delle grotte sottomarine del taorminense. la conchiglia. 297, suppl. , 56 pp. [ details ]\n( of muricopsis blainvillei var. oblonga stalio in coen, 1933) coen g. (1933). saggio di una sylloge molluscorum adriaticorum. memorie del regio comitato talassografico italiano 192: pp. i - vii, 1 - 186 [ details ]\ntwo variants from a same spot: an inermis, and a curious dark - knobbed specimen, which looks a bit like the brasilian muricopsis necocheana (pilsbry, 1900): this is the variant\nbicolor\n, uncommon. 25m deep, estepona, andalucia. 20 - 20, 5mm .\n( of muricopsis atra nordsieck, 1972) nordsieck, f. (1972). marine gastropoden aus der shiqmona - bucht in israël. archiv für molluskenkunde der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft. 102 (4 - 6): 227 - 245. (look up in ror) page (s): 236 - 237 [ details ] available for editors\n( of muricopsis spinulosa obsoleta nordsieck, 1972) nordsieck, f. (1972). marine gastropoden aus der shiqmona - bucht in israël. archiv für molluskenkunde der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft. 102 (4 - 6): 227 - 245. (look up in ror) page (s): 235 - 236 [ details ] available for editors\n( of muricopsis inermis trifasciata nordsieck, 1972) nordsieck, f. (1972). marine gastropoden aus der shiqmona - bucht in israël. archiv für molluskenkunde der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft. 102 (4 - 6): 227 - 245. (look up in ror) page (s): 235 - 236 [ details ] available for editors\n( of muricopsis atra nordsieck, 1972) nordsieck, f. (1972). marine gastropoden aus der shiqmona - bucht in israël. archiv für molluskenkunde der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft. 102 (4 - 6): 227 - 245. (look up in imis) page (s): 236 - 237 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of muricopsis spinulosa obsoleta nordsieck, 1972) nordsieck, f. (1972). marine gastropoden aus der shiqmona - bucht in israël. archiv für molluskenkunde der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft. 102 (4 - 6): 227 - 245. (look up in imis) page (s): 235 - 236 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of muricopsis inermis trifasciata nordsieck, 1972) nordsieck, f. (1972). marine gastropoden aus der shiqmona - bucht in israël. archiv für molluskenkunde der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft. 102 (4 - 6): 227 - 245. (look up in imis) page (s): 235 - 236 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of muricopsis blainvillei var. rosea bucquoy, dautzenberg & dollfus, 1882) bucquoy e. , dautzenberg p. & dollfus g. (1882 - 1886). les mollusques marins du roussillon. tome ier. gastropodes. paris, j. b. baillière & fils 570 p. , 66 pl. [ pp. 1 - 40, pl. 1 - 5, february 1882; pp. 41 - 84, pl. 6 - 10, august 1882; pp. 85 - 135, pl. 11 - 15, february 1883; pp. 136 - 196, pl. 16 - 20, august 1883; pp. 197 - 222, pl. 21 - 25, january 1884; pp. 223 - 258, pl. 26 - 30, february 1884; pp. 259 - 298, pl. 31 - 35, august 1884; pp. 299 - 342, pl. 36 - 40, september 1884; p. 343 - 386, pl. 41 - 45, february 1885; p. 387 - 418, pl. 46 - 50, august 1885; pp. 419 - 454, pl. pl. 51 - 60, january 1886; p. 455 - 486, pl. 56 - 60, april 1886; p. 487 - 570, pl. 61 - 66, october 1886 ], available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of muricopsis blainvillei var. violacea bucquoy, dautzenberg & dollfus, 1882) bucquoy e. , dautzenberg p. & dollfus g. (1882 - 1886). les mollusques marins du roussillon. tome ier. gastropodes. paris, j. b. baillière & fils 570 p. , 66 pl. [ pp. 1 - 40, pl. 1 - 5, february 1882; pp. 41 - 84, pl. 6 - 10, august 1882; pp. 85 - 135, pl. 11 - 15, february 1883; pp. 136 - 196, pl. 16 - 20, august 1883; pp. 197 - 222, pl. 21 - 25, january 1884; pp. 223 - 258, pl. 26 - 30, february 1884; pp. 259 - 298, pl. 31 - 35, august 1884; pp. 299 - 342, pl. 36 - 40, september 1884; p. 343 - 386, pl. 41 - 45, february 1885; p. 387 - 418, pl. 46 - 50, august 1885; pp. 419 - 454, pl. pl. 51 - 60, january 1886; p. 455 - 486, pl. 56 - 60, april 1886; p. 487 - 570, pl. 61 - 66, october 1886 ], available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nmurex blainvillei trophoniformis (var .) weinkauff, h. c. , 1868\nmurex cristatus expallescens (var .) tapparone - canefri, c. e. , 1869\nmurex blainvillei gracilis (var .) monterosato, t. a. de m. di, 1870\nmurex blainvillei bicolor (var .) monterosato, t. a. de m. di, 1878\nmurex blainvillei gracilis (var .) monterosato, t. a. de m. di ms in bucquoy, e. j. , ph. dautzenberg & g. f. dollfus, 1882\nmurex blainvillei rosea (var .) monterosato, t. a. de m. di ms in bucquoy, e. j. , ph. dautzenberg & g. f. dollfus, 1882\nmurex blainvillei violacea (var .) monterosato, t. a. de m. di ms in bucquoy, e. j. , ph. dautzenberg & g. f. dollfus, 1882\npollia coccinea monterosato, t. a. de m. di, 1884: mediterranean\nocinebra blainvillei elongata (var .) locard, e. a. a. & e. caziot, 1900\nocinebra blainvillei ventricosa (var .) locard, e. a. a. & e. caziot, 1900\nocinebrina blainvillei hirsuta (var .) pallary, p. , 1904: gulf of gabès, tunisia\n( of murex cristatus brocchi, 1814) brocchi, g. b. (1814) conchiologia fossile subapennina con osservazioni geologiche sugli apennini e sul suolo adiacente. milano vol. i: pp. lxxx + 56 + 240; vol. ii, p. 241 - 712, pl. 1 - 16 page (s): 394; pl. 7 fig. 15 [ details ]\n( of murex cinosurus chiereghini in nardo, 1847) nardo, giovanni domenico. (1847). sinonimia moderna delle specie regisrate nell' opera intitolati: descrizione d' crostacei, de testacei e de pesci che abitano le lagune e golfo veneto rappres - sentanti in figure, a chiaroscuro ed a colori dall' abata stefano chiereghini: venezia, ven. clodiense applicata per commissione governativa dal dr. gio. domenico nardo. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex cristatus var. inermis philippi, 1836) philippi r. a. (1836). enumeratio molluscorum siciliae cum viventium tum in tellure tertiaria fossilium, quae in itinere suo observavit. vol. 1. schropp, berlin [ berolini ]: xiv + 267 p. , pl. 1 - 12, available online at urltoken; = article & id; = 355 & itemid; = 167 [ details ]\n( of murex pliciferus bivona - bernardi, 1832) bivona - bernardi ant. (1832). caratteri di alcune nuove specie di conchiglie. effemeride scientifiche e letterarie per la sicilia 2: 16, pl. 2 [ aprile ], available online at urltoken page (s): 22; pl. 3 fig. 10 [ details ]\n( of murex porrectus locard, 1886) locard a. (1886). prodrome de malacologie française. catalogue général des mollusques vivants de france. mollusque marins. lyon, h. georg & paris, baillière: pp. x + 778, available online at urltoken page (s): 162, 561 [ details ]\n( of murex rudis risso, 1826) risso, a. (1826 - 1827). histoire naturelle des principales productions de l' europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de nice et des alpes maritimes. paris, levrault: vol. 1: xii + 448 pp. , 1 map [ 1826 ]; vol. 2: vii + 482 pp. , 8 pls [ november 1827 ]; vol. 3: xvi + 480 pp. , 14 pls [ september 1827 ]; vol. 4: iv + 439 pp. , 12 pls [ november 1826 ]; vol. 5: viii + 400 pp. , 10 pls [ november 1827 ]. . 3 (xvi): 1 - 480, 14 pls. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex subspinosus a. adams, 1854) adams, a. (1854 [\n1853\n]). descriptions of new shells from the collection of hugh cuming, esq. proceedings of the zoological society of london. 21: 69 - 74. [ details ]\n( of ocinebrina blainvillei var. hirsuta pallary, 1904) pallary p. (1904 - 1906). addition à la faune malacologique du golfe de gabès. journal de conchyliologie. 52: 212 - 248, pl. 7 [ 1904 ]; 54: 77 - 124, pl. 4 [ 1906 ]. , available online at urltoken page (s): 231 [ details ]\n( of murex blainvillii payraudeau, 1826) payraudeau b. c. (1826). catalogue descriptif et méthodique des annelides et des mollusques de l' île de corse. paris, 218 pp. + 8 pl. , available online at urltoken page (s): 149 - 150, pl. 7 fig. 17 - 18 [ details ]\n( of murex cataphractus g. b. sowerby ii, 1834) sowerby i, g. b. & sowerby ii, g. b. (1832 - 1841). the conchological illustrations or, coloured figures of all the hitherto unfigured recent shells. london, privately published. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex dentatus anton, 1838) anton h. e. (1838 [\n1839\n]). verzeichniss der conchylien welche sich in der sammlung von herrmann eduard anton befinden. herausgegeben von dem besitzer. halle: anton. xvi + 110 pp. [ title page dated 1839, but volume actually published in 1838; see cernohorsky, 1978, the veliger 20 (3): 299. ]. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of muricidea polliaeformis weinkauff, 1868) weinkauff h. c. (1867 - 1868). die conchylien des mittelmeeres, ihre geographische und geologisches verbreitung. t. fischer, cassel vol. 1: pp. xix + 307 [ 1867 ]. vol. 2: pp. vi + 512. [ 1868 ], available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pollia coccinea monterosato, 1884) monterosato t. a. (di) (1884). nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee. palermo, virzi, 152 pp. , available online at urltoken page (s): 114 [ details ]\n( of ocinebra blainvillei var. elongata locard & caziot, 1900) locard a. & caziot e. (1900 - 1901). les coquilles marines des côtes de corse. annales de la société linnéenne de lyon, 46: 193 - 274 [ 1900 ]; 47: 1 - 80, 159 - 291 [ 1901 ]. available online from société linnéenne de lyon [ part 1 ] [ part 2 ] [ part 3 ], available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ocinebra blainvillei var. ventricosa locard & caziot, 1900) locard a. & caziot e. (1900 - 1901). les coquilles marines des côtes de corse. annales de la société linnéenne de lyon, 46: 193 - 274 [ 1900 ]; 47: 1 - 80, 159 - 291 [ 1901 ]. available online from société linnéenne de lyon [ part 1 ] [ part 2 ] [ part 3 ], available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of muricidea blainvillei var. trophoniformis weinkauff, 1868) weinkauff h. c. (1867 - 1868). die conchylien des mittelmeeres, ihre geographische und geologisches verbreitung. t. fischer, cassel vol. 1: pp. xix + 307 [ 1867 ]. vol. 2: pp. vi + 512. [ 1868 ], available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca. in: costello, m. j. et al. (eds), european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. patrimoines naturels. 50: 180 - 213. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nceulemans l. , van dingenen f. , merle d. & landau b. m. (2016). the lower pliocene gastropods of le pigeon blanc (loire - atlantique, northwest france). part 3) – muricidae. vita malacologica. 15: 35 - 55. [ details ]\n( of murex cataphractus g. b. sowerby ii, 1834) petit, r. e. (2009). george brettingham sowerby, i, ii & iii: their conchological publications and molluscan taxa. zootaxa. 2189: 1–218. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of muricidea polliaeformis weinkauff, 1868) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex dentatus anton, 1838) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex cristatus var. ampa de gregorio, 1885) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex cristatus var. expallescens tapparone canefri, 1869) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex cristatus var. berdica de gregorio, 1885) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pollia coccinea monterosato, 1884) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ocinebrina blainvillei [ sic ]) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ocinebra blainvillei [ sic ]) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of muricidea blainvillei [ sic ]) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex blainvillei [ sic ]) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of muricidea blainvillei var. trophoniformis weinkauff, 1868) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ocinebra blainvillei var. ventricosa locard & caziot, 1900) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ocinebra blainvillei var. elongata locard & caziot, 1900) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmedin. (2011). uk checklist of marine species derived from the applications marine recorder and unicorn. version 1. 0. [ details ]\nbrocchi, g. 1814. conchiologia fossile subapennina con osservazioni geologiche sigli apennini e sul suolo adiacente. tomo secondo. - pp. [ 1 - 2 ], 241 - 712, tav. i - xvi [ = 1 - 16 ]. milano. (stamperia reale) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmadeira to mediterranean, galicia to canarias. original taxon: murex cristatus. a difference with cevikeri houart: the shoulder shows two spiral cords (here, rows of spines), instead of one only in cevikeri. 24mm: 5m deep, st - georges beach, lumio, calvi, corsica. 20mm: 50m deep, on sand & rubble bottom, off gallipoli, puglia, italy .\nan extremely variable species. synonyms: atra, blainvillei & blainvillii, dentatus, pliciferus, polliæformis, pustulatus, rudis, spinulosa, subspinosus … above and below: variations in radial sculpture .\nbrown: f. polliæformis. shallow water on top of rocks, bali bay, heraklion, crete. 18mm. orange: 2 - 3m deep, on rocks, capri island, campania, italy. 15, 5mm. red: at foot of the castle' s cliff, cassis, provence, france. 17mm .\nabove and below: from var. hispida to var. inermis. 20mm: 20 - 30m deep, off malaga, andalucia, spain. 12mm: 100m deep, maddalena island, olbia & tempio, sardinia. 12mm. 14mm: 40 - 50m deep, capo linaro, s. marinella, lazio, italy .\nthe species in h. m. d. de blainville: “malacozoaires ou animaux mollusques” ,\n« the shell of this species seems to me to provide many variants, not only by the colour, which ranges gradually from the bright pink to the dark brown or the dirty white, but also by the more or less turriculate shape and by the number of the varices. [ … ] i would not be surprised if the murex cristatus of brocchi, fossil in the piacenzian, were nothing but our blainville’s cancellaria. »\ndeep water specimen. 80 - 120m deep, from rockery with red coral, southern coast of gibraltar strait. 13, 5mm .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nsometimes taxonomists create new names for groups that already have a name. they may do this because they are unaware of the original name, or they may think the organism before them belongs to a different group when in fact it does not. if two or more names are found to apply to the same group, they are considered synonyms. in most cases, the first name takes priority and is considered to be the valid or accepted name. however, there can be exceptions, and it' s not always easy to determine which of a series of synonyms should be considered valid or accepted. here we list the synonyms provided to eol by our classification partners. we also include other versions of the name that most likely refer to the same group, for example, misspellings in the literature or different variations of the authorship associated with the name .\nmurex blainvillii murex blainvillei var. violacea monterosato, in bucquoy, dautzenberg & dollfus, 1882\nmurex blainvillii murex blainvillei var. gracilis monterosato in bucquoy, dautzenberg & dollfus, 1882\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution. it is calculated as the% of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect, where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error. if you see multiple errors on the page for this species, please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error. we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322fc869 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322fc9b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 32336b46 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 3282cec0 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 3282d04a - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 32e7802f - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nbieler r. bouchet p. dijkstra h. faber m. finn j. garcia - alvarez o. gofas s. la perna r. marshall b. moretzsohn f. neubauer t. a. rosenberg g. sartori a. f. schneider s. taylor j. ter poorten j. j. & vos c. (eds). (2018). worms mollusca: molluscabase (version 2018 - 06 - 06). in: roskov y. , abucay l. , orrell t. , nicolson d. , bailly n. , kirk p. m. , bourgoin t. , dewalt r. e. , decock w. , de wever a. , nieukerken e. van, zarucchi j. , penev l. , eds. (2018). species 2000 & itis catalogue of life, 30th june 2018. digital resource at urltoken species 2000: naturalis, leiden, the netherlands. issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 9753b9ec - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\n- note: several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes. they are not for sale. - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock, except when only one specimen is offered. we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted (gamma correction) .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language. have a suggestion, idea, or comment? send us your feedback .\nocinebrina aciculata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails .\nocinebrina aciculata aciculata (lamarck, 1822): synonym of ocinebrina aciculata (synonyms: fusus gyrinus brown, 1827; fusus lavatus philippi, 1836; murex aciculatus var. curta monterosato in bucquoy, dautzenberg & dollfus, 1882; murex aciculatus var. elongata monterosato, 1878; murex aciculatus var. minor monterosato in b. d. & d. , 1882; ocinebrina aciculata var. cingulifera pallary, 1920; ocinebrina aciculata var. scalariformis monterosato in coen, 1933; ocinebrina corallinus var. major pallary, 1900; ocinebrina titii (stossich, 1865); ocinebrina titii minor monterosato in settepassi, 1977 )\npagodula echinata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails .\ntrophon carinatus var. cinara monterosato, 1884 trophon carinatus var. depressa locard, 1897 trophon carinatus var. elongata locard, 1897\ntrophonopsis carinata aculeata settepassi, 1977 (not available, published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature (iczn art. 11. 4) )\ntrophonopsis carinata hirta settepassi, 1977 (not available, published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature (iczn art. 11. 4) )\ntrophonopsis carinata multiaculeata settepassi, 1977 (not available, published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature (iczn art. 11. 4) )\nthe names trophon carinatus and trophon vaginatus, established for fossils, have been used during much of the 19th and 20th century to designate the recent species now validly known as pagodula echinata .\nthe hyaline, white shell has a fusiformshape. its length measures up to 25 mm but generally no more than 15 mm. the small protoconch is smooth and consists of little more than one whorl. the teleoconch contains 6 - 7 whorls bearing a very strong median keel and delicate, foliated varixes (6 - 9 on the body whorl) forming elongated projections at their intersection with the keel. there is no other spiral sculpture is present. the outer lip simple, with a peripheral projection terminating the keel. the siphonal canal is long and delicate, widely open .\nthe taxonomy of deep - water forms related to this species is unsettled (see comments in bouchet & warén, 1985); some of these correspond to the nominal species pagodula cossmani (locard, 1897) which differs in lacking long projections along the shoulder which is not so pronounced, and in having spiral cords below the shoulder in a pattern recalling trophonopsis barvicensis (johnston, 1825) .\nthis marine species occurs in the eastern atlantic, from the bay of biscay to morocco; in the mediterranean sea, usually in 100–300 m depth. gorringe seamount, moderately common in 330–830 m, but not found on the other lusitanian seamounts .\n© university of florida george a. smathers libraries. all rights reserved. terms of use for electronic resources and copyright information powered by sobekcm\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ncorresponding author: jorge cortés (rc. ca. rcu @ setroc. egroj )\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (cc by 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\ncosta rica comprises 11 conservation areas (áreas de conservación), one of which is área de conservación guanacaste (acg) on the northwest pacific coast of costa rica (fig .\n). it was declared a unesco world heritage natural site in 1999. compared to the terrestrial area, the marine sector (officially sector marino) has not been studied intensively. a new initiative, biomar acg (marine biodiversity of acg), was started in 2015 to inventory the marine organisms of the area, and then make all the information publicly available, mainly through the internet, but also with scientific and popular publications. this project is a 5 - year collaboration between the conservation area, a private foundation and academia; all samples are being catalogued, photographed, bar coded, and vouchers deposited at the museo de zoología (museum of zoology) at the universidad de costa rica (ucr) .\nmap of the área de conservación guanacaste (acg) in the northern pacific coast of costa rica with indication of the sites mentioned in the text. see table\nfor the codes of the sites. stars = beaches, triangle = mangrove forests, circle = bays; green = protected area; blue circles = shoals .\nexpedition, in 1978 organized by the scripps institution of oceanography (sio). they collected samples that are deposited at sio, but few papers were published (\nrecently published on some of the barnacles collected during that expedition. the most recent expedition was the smithsonian tropical research institute rv\nhistorical account of marine studies at the área de conservación guanacaste, pacific coast of costa rica .\nseveral individuals and groups, e. g. dj pool, fe putz and cimar, ucr\npublished on marine turtles of the acg, with the first observations in 1970–1971. in 1996 ,\ncollected and later described several fish parasites. between 1996 and 2002, the instituo nacional de biodiversidad collected mollusks in the acg, and generated several papers on the opistobranchs (\n). the cimar of the ucr has published papers on marine organisms and environments of costa rica that include the acg: e. g. ,\nthe beach fauna. even so, our knowledge about the species diversity of the acg is far from complete .\nthe objective of this contribution is to generate a baseline of the marine biodiversity of acg’s sector marino and adjacent unprotected areas, some of which are in the process of being officially protected. this will serve as a starting point for the recently initiated biomar acg project (marine biodiversity of the guanacaste conservation area). this five - year project (2015–2019), funded by the guanacaste dry forest conservation fund, and with support from the ministry of the environment and energy of the costa rican government and the ucr, will collect, identify and provide publicly accessible information about most of acg’s species of marine macroorganisms and as many of the microorganisms as feasible .\nthe study area is sector marino of the acg and adjacent areas, located on the north pacific of costa rica (fig .\n). publications about acg marine organisms were compiled and analyzed. a list of recorded species was created based on those publications. later all scientific names were updated using worms (world register of marine species ,\nlocalities of the samples reported in the appendix 1. # spp. = number of species reported from that site. a = protected area, b = area in the process of being officially protected, c = marine area not protected, and d = private reserve (protected area) .\nthe resulting list of species was compared to the remainder of the pacific coast of costa rica and to available species lists from other countries in the eastern tropical pacific. knowledge gaps were identified and potential areas of future research suggested .\n), which represents 15. 5% of the known species of the pacific coast of costa rica. the most diverse groups were crustaceans (193 spp .), mollusks (187 spp .) and cnidarians (46 spp .), comprising together 71. 7% of the acg’s marine species. these three groups represent 23. 9% , 18. 2% and 26. 7% , respectively of the known species of the pacific coast of the country (table\n). some groups are well represented in the acg when compared to the rest of the coast (e. g. , species of mangroves and fish parasites), while others are greatly underrepresented. for example, red algae, polychaetes, copepods, equinoderms, and marine fishes and birds are poorly represented in the published reports (table\n). other groups of organisms have been observed and identified (e. g. , various species of sponges, flat worms, ophiuroids, and ascidian) but there are no published records of these species (table\nnumber of marine species reported from área de conservación guanacaste (complete list of species in the appendix 1), pacific coast of costa rica (see cortés 2012, plus references indicated as superindex) (species reported only for isla del coco were excluded); percentage of the species of the pacific reported form acg, and species only found in acg. n. k. = not known .\ntaxa reported from other sites of pacific costa rica (see cortés 2012, plus references indicated as superindex), but not from área de conservación guanacaste. n. k. = not known; present = have been observed or collected but there are no publications; probably = there is a high probability that they are present but have not been observed yet .\nover 85% of the species reported are also found in other areas of the coast of costa rica and in the eastern tropical pacific; however, most areas, including the acg, have not been intensively collected, and the same common species are found repeatedly by collecting expeditions. thirty new species have been described from specimens collected in the acg: one foraminiferan, one echinoderm, two octocorals, three parasitic flatworms, four fishes, eight crustaceans and 11 mollusks (appendix\nmost of the sampling has been concentrated in a few localities of the marine area of the acg and those sites therefore have the highest number of reported species. for example, bahía santa elena (371 spp .), playa blanca (104 spp .) and in some of the islas murciélago (103 spp .) seem very species - rich (table\n). other areas within acg have not been sampled at all, for example the northern shore of the santa elena peninsula or some of the islas murciélago. the soft bottom substrate has not been sampled thoroughly nor most of the rocky intertidal zones .\ncompared to other areas on the pacific of costa rica, the acg has fewer known marine species (594 spp .) than does golfo dulce (1028 spp. : morales - ramírez 2011) or isla del coco (1688 spp. : cortés 2012), but about the same as what is currently known for bahía culebra (577 spp: cortés et al. 2012). but that number will definitely increase as more taxa, other sites and environments within the acg are inventoried .\nsynthesized the knowledge of marine biodiversity of the eastern tropical pacific, mainly from coral reefs, where most studies have been done. for example, 857 marine species have been reported for clipperton atoll, france, (\n, this paper), and 5740 spp. for the entire gulf of california, méxico (\nthere are large differences in the numbers of species among different sites in the eastern tropical pacific and these differences could be due to several causes. first, the number, diversity and depth of research efforts influence the extent of the knowledge of the marine biodiversity of a region. second, the extent of each region will also have an effect on species diversity, because larger areas will probably include more habitats and environments, and thus species. the acg marine area comprises 430 km 2, while the gulf of california has about 160000 km 2. third, some sites may differ in species richness and diversity because of differences in geomorphology, oceanography, geological history and biogeography. fourth, natural disturbances such as warming or cooling events can have a long - term impact on local biodiversity .\nknowing and documenting which species occurs where is a critical first step in understanding and conserving the biodiversity of a particular area. as outlined in tables\n, there are important gaps in our knowledge in taxonomy and geographic distribution of marine organisms in the acg. much more work is needed to have an even approximately complete inventory, understand the ecological role of the species, their habitats, population structure, and distribution. researchers of the biomar - acg project will fill many of these gaps, and together with other researchers from costa rica and elsewhere, the understanding of the marine biodiversity of the acg will increase greatly. the biomar project incorporates several innovative aspects, including marine parataxonomists, dna barcoding of all organims and fast accessibility of the information. this project could serve as a viable model for marine biodiversity inventory in other costa rican conservation areas and in other countries .\ni thank dan janzen, frank joyce, maría marta chavarría, winnie hallwachs, and roger blanco for setting up the biomar acg project that inspired this paper. the cimar, the escuela de biología and the vicerrectoría de investigación of the ucr let me dedicate most of my time to research. i deeply appreciate the review of sections or the entire manuscript by arturo angulo, rocío córdoba, cindy fernández - garcía, kimberly garcía - méndez, dan janzen, frank joyce, carolina sheridan - rodríguez, jeffrey sibaja - cordero, rita vargas - castillo, and the journal’s editor and reviewers. finally, i thank the government of costa rica, the wege foundation of grand rapids, michigan, and the guanacaste dry forest conservation fund (gdfcf; urltoken) for proving the funds for the biomar acg project and for the publication of this paper .\nmarine species reported from área de conservación guanacaste (acg). species in bold type reported only for the acg in costa rica (in the case of\nsome have been reported in people but not in marine organisms). localities as in figure\ncyanocystis violacea (p. l. crouan & h. m. crouan) komárek & anagnostidis, 1986 as dermocarpa violacea\ncolpomenia durvillei (bory de saint - vincent) m. e. ramírez, 1991 as colpomenia phaeodactyla\npyropia thuretii (setchell & e. y. dawson) j. e. sutherland, l. e. aguilar rosas & r. aguilar rosas, 2011\nsmithora naiadum (c. l. anderson) hollenberg, 1959 as porphyra naiadum\nacrochaetium arcuatum (k. m. drew) c. k. tseng, 1945 as acrochaetium penetrale\nneosiphonia beaudettei (hollenberg) m. - s. kim & i. a. abbott, 2006 as polysiphonia beaudettei\npocillopora inflata glynn, 1999, but see paz - garcía et al. 2015\nanachis fluctuata (g. b. sowerby i, 1832) as anachis (parvanachis) fluctuata\nsincola dorsata (g. b. sowerby i, 1832) as sincola (dorsina) dorsata\nstrombina elegans (g. b. sowerby i, 1832) as strombina (spiralta) elegans\nsincola gibberula (g. b. sowerby i, 1832) as sincola (dorsina) gibberula\nstrombina maculosa (g. b. sowerby i, 1832) as strombina (spiralta) maculosa\nstrombina pulcherrima (g. b. sowerby i, 1832) as strombina (lirastrombina) pulcherrima\nstrombina recurva (g. b. sowerby i, 1832) as strombina (recurvina) recurva\nconasprella lucida (w. wood, 1828) as conus lucidus wood, 1828\nconasprella perplexa (g. b. sowerby ii, 1857) as conus perplexus\nconasprella tornata (g. b. sowerby i, 1833) as conus tornatus\namericardia biangulata (broderip & g. b. sowerby i, 1829) as cardium biangulatum\ntrachycardium consors (g. b. sowerby i, 1833) as cardium consors\ntrachycardium procerum (g. b. sowerby i, 1833) as cardium procerum\ntrigoniocardia granifera (broderip & g. b. sowerby i, 1829) as cardium graniferum\nsemele pallida (g. b. sowerby i, 1833) as semele simplicissima\ntagelus affinis (c. b. adams, 1852) as tagelus (tagelus) affinis\ncarditamera affinis (g. b. sowerby i, 1833) as cardita (carditamera) affinis\ncarditamera radiata (g. b. sowerby i, 1833) as cardita (carditamera) radiate\ncardites laticostatus (g. b. sowerby i, 1833) as cardita tricolor\neucrassatella gibbosa (g. b. sowerby i, 1832) as crassatellites (hybolophus) gibbosus\ncaryocorbula biradiata (g. b. sowerby i, 1833) as aloidis (caryocorbula) biradiata\ncaryocorbula nasuta (g. b. sowerby i, 1833) as aloidis (caryocorbula) nasuta\nleukoma asperrima (g. b. sowerby i, 1835) as chione (nioche) asperrima\nperiglypta multicostata (g. b. sowerby i, 1835) as antigona (periglypta) multicostata\npitar consanguineus (c. b. adams, 1852) as pitar (pitar) consanguineous\nsaccella elenensis (g. b. sowerby i, 1833) as nuculana (saccella) elenensis\nanadara biangulata (g. b. sowerby i, 1833) as acar (anadara) biangulata\nanadara nux (g. b. sowerby i, 1833) as arca (cunearca) nux\narca mutabilis (g. b. sowerby i, 1833) as arca (arca) mutabilis\nbarbatia illota (g. b. sowerby i, 1833) barbatia (fugleria) illota\ncalloarca alternata (g. b. sowerby i, 1833) as arca (calloarca) alternata\nlarkinia grandis (broderip & g. b. sowerby i, 1829) as grandiarca grandis\nlarkinia grandis (broderip & g. b. sowerby i, 1829) as arca (lakinia) grandis\nlarkinia multicostata (g. b. sowerby i, 1833) as anadara multicostata\nlarkinia multicostata (g. b. sowerby i, 1833) as arca (larkinia) multicostata\ntucetona strigilata (g. b. sowerby i, 1833) as glycymeris (tuceta) tessellata strigilata and as glycymeris (tuceta) tessellata\narcopsis solida (g. b. sowerby i, 1833) as arca (arcopsis) solida\nnodipecten subnodosus (g. b. sowerby i, 1835) as pecten (lyropecten) subnodosus\nuca (leptuca) stenodactylus (h. milne edwards & lucas, 1843) as uca stenodactyla\nachelous asper (a. milne - edwards, 1861) as portunus (portunus) panamensis\nheteractaea lunata (lucas, in h. milne edwards & lucas, 1844 )\ncortés j (2017) marine biodiversity baseline for área de conservación guanacaste, costa rica: published records. zookeys 652: 129–179. urltoken\nnote: only the references used in the tables and appendix 1 are numbered .\naburto - oropeza o, balart ef. (2001) community structure of reef fish in several habitats of a rocky reef in the gulf of california. marine ecology 22: 283–305 .\nacuña - mesén ra. (1992) monosporium apiospermum saccardo (fungi, deuteromycetes), asociado a los huevos de la tortuga marina lepidochelys olivacea (eschscholtz 1829) en costa rica. brenesia 38: 159–162. [ 1 ]\nalfaro ej, cortés j. (2012) atmospheric forcing of cold subsurface water events in bahía culebra, costa rica. revista de biología tropical 60 (supplement 2): 173–186 .\nalvarado - quesada gm. (2006) conservación de las aves acuáticas de costa rica. brenesia 66: 49–68. [ 2 ]\narnqvist g. (1992) brown pelican foraging success related to age and height of dive. the condor 94: 521–522 .\naubry u. (1995) a new species of the genus terebra bruguière, 1789 from costa rica. world shells 14: 30–31. [ 4 ]\nbarnard jl. (1954) amphipoda of the family ampelisceidae collected in the eastern pacific by the velero iii and velero iv. allan hancock pacific expeditions 18: 1–137. [ 5 ]\nbarnard jl. (1980) revision of metharpinia and microphoxus (marine phoxocephalid amphipoda from the americas). proceedings of the biological society of washington 93: 104–135. [ 6 ]\nbarraza e. (2000) comentarios sobre la diversidad de macroinvertebrados marinos de el salvador. publicación ocasional ministerio del medio ambiente y recursos naturales 2: 1–15 .\nbarraza e. (2014a) invertebrados marinos de el salvador. ministerio del medio ambiente y recursos naturales, san salvador, el salvador, 96 pp .\nbarraza e. (2014b) peces estuarinos y marinos de el salvador. ministerio del medio ambiente y recursos naturales, san salvador, el salvador, 66 pp .\nbassey - fallas g. (2010) evaluación ecológica de los arrecifes y comunidades coralinas de las islas murciélago y sección norte de la península de santa elena en el pacífico de costa rica. msc thesis, universidad nacional, heredia. [ 7 ]\nbastida - zavala jr, garcía - madrigal m del s, rosas - alquicira ef, lópez - pérez ra, benítez - villalobos f, meraz - hernando jf, torres - huerta am, montoya - márquez a, barrientos - luján na. (2013) marine and coastal biodiversity of oaxaca, mexico. check list 9: 329–390 .\nbeebe w. (1938) eastern pacific expeditions of the new york zoological society, xiv. introduction, itinerary, list of stations, nets and dredges of the eastern pacific zaca expedition, 1937–1938. zoologica 23: 287–298 .\nbeebe w. (1942) book of bays. barcourt, brace and company, new york, 302 pp .\nbertsch h, ferreira aj. (1974) four new species of nudibranchs from tropical west america. the veliger 16: 343–353. [ 8 ]\nbouchet p, terryn y. (2011) terebra moolenbeeki aubry, 1995 – molluscabase. urltoken [ accessed on 28. 11. 2015 ] [ 9 ]\nbowen bw, clark am, abreu - grobois fa, chaves a, reichart ha, ferl rj. (1998) global phylogeography of the ridley sea turtles (\nspp .) as inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences. genetica 101: 179–189 .\nbreedy o, cortés j. (2014) gorgonias (anthozoa: octocorallia: gorgoniidae) de las aguas someras del pacífico norte de costa rica. revista de biología tropical 62 (supplement 4): 43–62 .\nbreedy o, guzman hm. (2002) a revision of the genus pacifigorgia (coelenterata: octocorallia: gorgoniidae). proceedings of the biological society of washington 115: 782–839. [ 12 ]\nbreedy o, guzman hm. (2003) octocorals from costa rica: the genus\nbreedy o, guzman hm. (2005) a new species of leptogorgia (coelenterata: octocorallia: gorgoniidae) from the shallow waters of the eastern pacific. zootaxa, 899: 1–11. [ 14 ]\nmilne edwards & haime, 1857 (coelenterata: octocorallia: gorgoniidae) in the eastern pacific. zootaxa 1407: 1–90 .\nlamouroux, 1821 (anthozoa, octocorallia) in the eastern pacific. part i: eumuricea verrill, 1869 revisited. zookeys 537: 1–32 .\nlamouroux, 1821 (anthozoa, octocorallia) in the eastern pacific. part ii. zookeys 581: 1–69 .\nbreedy o, guzman hm, vargas s. (2009) a revision of the genus eugorgia verrill, 1868 (coelenterata: octocorallia: gorgoniidae). zootaxa 2151: 1–46. [ 18 ]\nbussing wa. (1990) new species of gobiid fishes of the genera lythrypnus, elacatinus and chriolepis. revista de biología tropical 38: 99–118. [ 19 ]\nbussing wa. (1991) a new genus and two new species of tripterygiid fishes from costa rica. revista de biología tropical 39: 77–85. [ 20 ]\nbussing wa, lavenberg rj. (2003) four new species of eastern tropical pacific jawfishes (\n: opistognathidae). revista de biología tropical 51: 529–550. [ 21 ]\nbustamante rh, wellington gm, branch gm, edgar gj, martinez p, rivera f, smith f, witman j. (2002) outstanding marine features. in: bensted - smith r (ed .) a biodiversity vision for the galapagos islands. charles darwin foundation and world wildlife fund, puerto ayora; galápagos, ecuador, 60–71 .\ncamacho - garcía ye, gosliner tm. (2008) nudibranch dorids from the pacific coast of costa rica with description of a new species. bulletin of marine science 83: 367–389. [ 22 ]\ncamacho - garcía ye, gosliner tm, valdés á. (2005) guía de campo de las babosas marinas del pacífico este tropical / field guid to the sea slugs of the tropical eastern pacific. california academy of science, san francisco, california, 129 pp. [ 23 ]\n, a new genus of tapeworm (cestoda: trypanorhyncha: pterobothriidae) from dasyatid stingrays in the eastern atlantic and pacific. systematic parasitology 38: 81–91 .\ncarillo e, morera r, wong g. 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(1986) the sea turtles of santa rosa national park. fundación de parques nacionales, san josé, costa rica, 64 pp. [ 35 ]\ncornelius se, robinson dc. (1986) post - nesting movements of female olive ridley turtles tagged in costa rica. vida silvestre neotropical 1: 12–23. [ 36 ]\ncornelius se, alvarado - ulloa m, castro jc, mata del valle m, robinson dc. (1991) management of olive ridley sea turtles (lepidochelys olivacea) nesting at playas nancite and ostional, costa rica. in: robinson jd, redford kh (eds) neotropical wildlife use and conservation. university of chicago press, chicago, 111–135. [ 37 ]\ncortés j (1996–1997a) biodiversidad marina de costa rica: filo cnidaria. revista de biología tropical 44 (3) / 45 (1): 323–334. [ 38 ]\ncortés j (1996–1997b) comunidades coralinas y arrecifes del área de conservación guanacaste, costa rica. revista de biología tropical 44 (3) / 45 (1): 623–625. [ 39 ]\ncortés j. (2009a) a history of marine biodiversity scientific research in costa rica. in: wehrtmann is, cortés j (eds) marine biodiversity of costa rica, central america. monographiae biologicae, volume 86. springer & business media bv, berlin, 47–80 .\ncortés j. (2009b) marine fish parasites. in: wehrtmann is, cortés j (eds) marine biodiversity of costa rica, central america. monographiae biologicae, volume 86. springer & business media bv, berlin, 501–505. [ list of species, compact disk: 493–496 ] [ 40 ]" ]

{ "text": [ "muricopsis ( muricopsis ) cristata , common name blainville 's muricop , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "muricopsis (muricopsis) cristata, common name blainville's muricop, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails." ]

[ "adult female greater earless lizard, dragoon mountains, az. photo by jim rorabaugh\ngreater earless lizard (male) in breeding colors. ©2013 dancing snake nature photography\ngreater earless lizard, adult female, cochise county, az. photo by jim rorabaugh .\nfigure 3. geographic distribution of the greater earless lizard (cophosaurus texanus) in arizona .\npatrick coin marked\nelegant earless lizard\nas trusted on the\nholbrookia elegans\npage .\nthis greater earless lizard does not have ear holes on the sides of their head like other lizards .\ngreater earless lizard, venter, gravid female, cochise county, az. photo by jim rorabaugh .\nthe greater earless lizard is not a protected species in texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license .\nthe keeled earless lizard is not a protected species in texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license .\nthe greater earless lizard comes from the family of reptiles having many similarities to other reptiles. the greater earless lizard is unique in its own way, because this particular lizard is rare and grows larger than regular lizard. this being said the greater earless lizard is very similar to the iguana. the greater earless lizard can live in extreme heats up to 111 degrees which is helpful to them because they hunt for insect in the morning when the heat is really high giving them the capacity to capture their prey much faster and easier than in the afternoon when there isn’t much light and heat\nthe greater earless lizard (cophosaurus texanus) is a species of earless lizard endemic to the southwestern united states. it is called “greater” because it grows larger than the earless lizards of the genus holbrookia, to which it is closely related. while c. texanus is the only species within its genus, it does have two subspecies .\nthe zebra - tailed lizard, which looks similar to the greater earless lizard, occurs from northern mexico across the southwest into the southern great basin. approximately the same size as the greater earless lizard, it bears distinguishing black bars just behind the front legs and distinctive (zebra - like) black rings around its tail .\nfigure 1. elegant earless lizard (holbrookia elegans) in the coyote mountains, pima co. , arizona. photo by kit bezy .\nscientists have no idea what it eats and where exactly it lives. scientists do know that there are two species, the southern spot - tailed earless lizard (holbrookia lacerata subcaudalis) of south texas and mexico, and northern spot - tailed earless lizard (holbrookia lacerata lacerate) found throughout the state’s edwards plateau. while the northern lizard can easily be found, it is the southern lizard that is difficult to locate. in 11 years of field work, researchers have not found a single specimen, dead or alive. according to the news report, an aircraft mechanic recently took a photo of a southern spot - tailed earless lizard on the laughlin afb and sent it to a horned lizard specialist who identified it as a southern spot - tailed earless lizard .\ngoldberg, s. r. , and c. r. bursey. 1992. gastrointestinal parasites of the southwestern earless lizard, cophosaurus texanus scitulus, and the speckled earless lizard, holbrookia maculata approximans (phrynosomatidae). journal of the helminthological society of washington 59: 230 - 231 .\ngoldberg, s. r. , and c. r. bursey. 1992. gastrointestinal helminths of the southwestern earless lizard, cophosaurus texanus scitulus, and the speckled earless lizard, holbrookia maculata approximans (phrynosomatidae). the journal of the helminthological society of washington 59: 230 - 232 .\nthe desert horned lizard has wide based horns. this is not true with the short horned lizard which is of the same genus .\nthe lesser earless lizard, a close relative, occurs from the northern chihuahuan and northeastern sonoran deserts northeastward into the great plains. smaller than the greater earless lizard, it bears several distinguishing rows of blotches along its back, from the neck to the tail. usually, it is less active during the mid - day heat .\nfigure 2. greater earless lizard (cophosaurus texanus). note the absence of external ear openings. photo by erik f. enderson. pinal co. arizona .\nmoll, e. o. 2007. patronyms of the pioneer west xv. holbrookia maculata girard, 1851—common lesser earless lizard. sonoran herpetologist 20: 26 - 30 .\nthe greater earless lizard preys primarily on the arthropods, including butterflies, moths, beetles, grasshoppers, stinging insects (wasps, bees and ants) and spiders. it may eat the adults or the larvae, with the mature, larger lizard taking the larger prey, and the younger, smaller lizard, the smaller prey .\nthe texas earless lizard is an insectivore, eating both adult and larval forms of insects such as beetles and grasshoppers (barker and garrett 1987). juvenile earless lizards consume smaller prey items than do adults. this may be attributed to the inability of juveniles to handle large prey items .\nthe greater earless lizard belongs to the squamata order of reptiles, which has 6000 species including some that measure about 1 / 2 inch in length and others, some 30 feet in length .\nfigure 4. geographic distribution of the three morphological groups of lesser earless lizards (holbrookia) in arizona .\nkasson, r. n. , and m. k. ross. 2001. natural history note: cophosuarus texanus (greater earless lizard). diet and behavior. herpetological review 32: 40 .\nmata - silva, v. , j. d. johnson, and a. juarez - reina. 2006. cophosaurus texanus (greater earless lizard). mortality. herpetological review 37: 464 .\nthe greater earless lizard has a higher average “activity temperature” (101. 5 degrees fahrenheit) than most lizards (typically, 80 to 95 degrees fahrenheit), which helps explain its love for the desert sun .\nin central and southern texas, in open meadows or prairie savannah with low grass and shrubs and patches of bare ground, lives an unusual creature – the spot - tailed earless lizard. this distinctive lizard has rounded dark spots under its tail, differentiating it from other earless lizards. despite its name, the spot - tailed earless lizard can hear you and will skitter off if you come too close. it has ears, but no external ear openings. this is an advantage when burrowing in the soil and under logs and other debris, as the lizard likes to do. by covering its ears it keeps them clean and dirt - free. they lay their eggs underground, laying two batches in the spring and summer months .\nfigure 1. greater earless lizard (cophosaurus texanus) in a challenge display. note the ventrally banded tail and the posterior position of the lateral bars. photo by erik f. enderson. pima co. , arizona .\ncastañeda, g. , c. garcia - de la peña, d. lazcano, and j. banda - leal. 2005. cophosaurus texanus (greater earless lizard). saurophagy. herpetological review 36: 174 .\nthe greater earless lizard seems to prefer the middle to higher open desert elevations, especially in rocky mountain foothills that support communities of mesquite, creosote, acacia, cacti and ocotillo plants. it makes frequent appearances along pathways through gravels and sand, and it may take up a watch atop large cobbles. the larger, more mature greater earless lizard may stake out choice habitat, often holding its ground to bask in the sun even as hikers pass nearby .\nthe greater earless lizard may save its life by sacrificing its wagging and distracting barred tail to a pursuing predator. the tail, which breaks off easily, will regenerate, although probably shorter in length and more faded in color .\ndial (1986) conducted a field study of tail - wagging behavior in cophosaurus texanus and compared it with the keeled earless lizard (holbrookia propinqua). the greater earless lizard occurs in less dense populations, has a tail with conspicuous black and white ventral bands, and, when approached, displayed tail - wagging 54% of the time before fleeing. the keeled earless lizard has denser populations, lacks conspicuous tail bands, and did not display tail - wagging before fleeing. dial (1986) concluded that tail - wagging in cophosaurus is a signal directed at predators rather than conspecifics, a conclusion reached independently by hasson et al. (1989) for the behavior in callisaurus .\npunzo, f. 2007. life history, demography, diet and habitat associations in the southwestern earless lizard, cophosaurus texanus scitulus from northern and southern limits of its geographical range. amphibia - reptilia 28: 65 - 76 .\nthe spot - tailed earless lizard historically ranged from comanche county, oklahoma, across central and southern texas and down through the mexican states of coahuila, nuevo leon and tamaulipas, but today it has disappeared from oklahoma and is rarely seen in the rest of its range. wildearth guardians is pressing the federal government to list the spot - tailed earless lizard under the endangered species act and is working tirelessly to make sure we don’t lose these small denizens of the grasslands .\npunzo, f. 2000. reproductive growth, survivorship and activity patterns in the southwestern earless lizard (cophosaurus texanus scitulus) (phrynosomatidae) from the big bend region of texas. texas journal of science 52: 179 - 194 .\nthe spot - tailed earless lizard, native to south texas, could be the next texas lizard that may or may not be placed on the endangered species list, as u. s. fish and wildlife noted in 2011 that it may warrant endangered or threatened protections. but the lizard’s habitat is apparently smack dab in the middle of large areas of the eagle ford shale, which is close to producing 1 million barrels of oil per day .\nthe greater earless lizard bears a remarkable similarity to the zebra - tailed lizard, although it differs in lacking external ear - openings and in having the dark lateral bars located more posteriorly (figures 1 and 2). the two also share a peculiar behavior, that of arching the tail over the back and wagging it side to side before fleeing .\nballinger, r. e, e. d. tyler, and d. w. tinkle. 1972. reproductive ecology of a west texas population of the greater earless lizard (cophosaurus texanus). american midland naturalist 88: 419 - 428 .\ngravid female (left) and male elegant earless lizards, pajarito - atascosa mtns, santa cruz county, az. photo by jim rorabaugh\nhabitat: greater earless lizards are found in higher opened desert elevations. it can be seen frequently along pathways of gravel and sand. greater earless lizards live in loose gravel like rocky areas with scattered or moderate vegetative cover, mainly cactus and trees that are found in desert areas .\nthe sonoran collared lizard is another collared lizard. in the species of collared lizards you will find some differences in their variations and colorization. when you enlarge a picture, you get a better view of the bands round their neck .\nthe spot - tailed earless lizard eats small invertebrates, including ants. but recently the tables have turned: the red fire ant, a voracious invasive species, can swarm and overwhelm not only the hapless earless lizard but also turtles, snakes, and alligators. fire ant abundance increases when native habitat is disturbed; conversion of the lizard’s habitat to cropland and non - native grasses for livestock is thus doubly threatening. but the lizard’s biggest concern is agricultural pesticides and herbicides. pollutants like these are likely a threat to reptiles around the world. for example, carbaryl – among the most widely used pesticides in the united states –negatively affects locomotion, energy use, and overall fitness of terrestrial lizards. atrazine, another popular pesticide, is believed to be an endocrine disruptor in reptiles .\ncastañeda et al. (2005) observed a female cophosaurus texanus eat a small male of the same species and also found limb fragments of couch’s spiny lizard (sceloporus couchii) in the stomach of the lizard. matasilva et al. (2006) observed an individual die after consuming two honey bees (apis melifera). perhaps the strangest record is that of kesson and ross (2001) who observed a greater earless lizard basking on the carcass of a domestic swine (sus scropha) and eating dermestid larvae .\nsugg, d. w. , l. a. fitzgerald, and h. l. snell. 1995. growth rate, timing of reproduction, and size dimorphism in the southwestern earless lizard (cophosaurus texanus scitulus). southwestern naturalist. 40: 193 - 202 .\nwhiting, m. j. , j. c. goodwin, and m. k. coldern. 1991. natural history notes: cnemidophorus sexlineatus (six - lined racerunner) and cophosaurus texanus (texas earless lizard). spider predation. herpetological review 22: 58 .\naxtell, r. w. 2009. elegant earless lizard, holbrookia elegans bocourt, 1874. pages 150 - 153 in: l. l. c. jones and r. e. lovich (editors). lizards of the american southwest. rio nuevo press, tucson, arizona .\nas envisioned here, holbrookia elegans ranges from arizona south to sinaloa (type locality, mazatlán), although blaine (2008) considers that the northern populations (including those in arizona) represent a separate species, h. thermophila barbour 1921 (sonoran earless lizard; type locality, guaymas) .\nduring the reproductive season fat bodies become progressively depleted in both females and males. these authors, together with previous work by cagle (1950), clearly established that in central and west texas, the greater earless lizard is an early maturing, short - lived species with a high reproductive effort .\nthe elegant earless lizard is known in the u. s. only in arizona and so it comes as no surprise that research on its ecology and life history is non - existent. papers on home range (hulse 1985) and gastrointestinal parasites (goldberg and bursey 1992) of holbrookia populations in arizona are attributable to h. maculata. for an alternative discussion of variation and systematics of lesser earless lizards in arizona, see jones (2010a, 2010b) .\nthe genus was named for john edwards holbrook by girard (1851) who considered holbrook to be the “father of north american herpetology” (see moll 2007). i agree with moll’s opinion that the english name, “common lesser earless lizard” is cumbersome, and i have avoided using it in this paper when feasible .\nmaury, m. e. 1995. diet composition of the greater earless lizards (cophosaurus texanus) in central chihuahuan desert. journal of herpetology 29: 266 - 272 .\nkeeled earless lizards spend most of their time alone. they are very solitary, except during their breeding season. during breeding time the males tend to get competitive with each other .\ndurtsche, r. d. , p. j. gier, m. fuller, w. i. lutterschmidt, r. bradley, c. k. meier, and s. c. hardy. 1997. ontogenetic variation in the autoecology of the greater earless lizard cophosaurus texanus. ecography 20: 336 - 346 .\nthe comments for the listing of this lizard, unlike the dunes sagebrush lizard, numbered just 15 during the 2011 comment period, according to express news texas and one of those comments was submitted twice. so why hardly a peep with regard to the potential listing of this lizard? a lot may have to do with the inability of researchers to even locate the reptile. there is not a whole lot of information regarding its lifespan or its lifestyle .\nthese revelations are prompting calls for a complete overhaul of the classification system for lizard species to form a venom clade .\nthese papers threaten to radically change our concepts of lizard and snake evolution, and particularly of venom evolution ,\nsays harry greene, a herpetologist at cornell university in new york .\nkeeled earless lizards are endemic to barrier beaches and sand dumes. some prefer to live closer to the coast than others, but all of them prefer to live in dry sandy places. there are unique adaptions that keeled earless lizards have, that allows them to live on sandy habitats. for a small lizard, they have long legs and feet for getting around at relatively fast speeds on the sand. their blotched coloring gives them the advantage of camouflage. burrowing into sand to hide and regulate their temperature is made easier by the shape of their head. the sand dunes on padre island on the texas coast is one place where there are many keeled earless lizards. (behler and king 1979; bechtel 1995 )\nyou can see them in many diversified habitats; the flat tailed horned lizard dwells in locations where the sand is fine, and the short horned lizard (p. douglassii) inhabits short prairie grasslands right through the northern spruce - fir forests. the regal horned lizard (p. solare) is the well known species in the arizona upland subdivision. they often dwell in gravely or rocky planes that are semi - dry to dry, lower mountain slopes and hills .\n“mad dogs and englishmen, ” said british playwright noel coward in his famous ditty of 1932, “go out in the midday sun. ” so, too, he might have added, does the greater earless lizard, which seems to relish the midday sun of mid - summer in the rocky, sandy desert terrain of the northern chihuahuan and northeastern sonoran deserts .\nthis is a proud desert lizard. this is everyone’s favorite iguana lizard. they appear high spirited and arrogant. these lizards, with good looks, are among the lizards that bear temperatures of up to 110° f, while the other lizards go into hiding places, under shade, under rocks or into holes to escape the heat .\nkeeled earless lizards are endemic to southern texas and coastal mexico, which means that they are found no where else. so if anything happens to their habitat they could become endangered or even worse, extinct .\nare laid from march to august and take about fifty days to hatch (bartlett and bartlett 1999). some evidence suggests that these lizards may lay three clutches in a season (howland 1992). the young are precocial and are about two inches long at hatching. the texas earless lizard rarely reaches two years of age in the central texas area (howland 1992) .\nis not a very wary lizard and will stay still for quite a while before running from an approaching observer (bulova 1994). occasional heavy floods considerably devastate populations of\nlizards have special tails that can regenerate. this special and unique adaption gives them some protection from predators. if a predator grabs their tail, the lizard would not be unable to get away, their tail would just break off. after the tail is broke off by the predator it keeps the predators' attention by wiggling, which gives the lizard time to escape. when attacked by a predator keeled earless lizards scurry away and burrow into the sand, using the head to wiggle its way underneath. after the attack the tail will eventually grow back .\nwhitford, w. g. and f. m. creusere. 1977. seasonal and yearly fluctuations in chihuahuan desert lizard communities. herpetologica. 33: 54 - 65 .\ncophosaurus texanus texanus is a terrestrial lizard which inhabits rocky areas such as desert flats, streambeds and limestone cliffs (barker and garrett 1987). juveniles use rock perches more frequently than adults .\nthis lizard species lives only in southern texas and coastal northeastern mexico, as far south as guanajuato. you won' t find these unique lizards anywhere else (behler and king 1979) .\nclarke, r. f. 1965. an ethological study of the iguanid lizard genera callisaurus, cophosaurus, and holbrookia. emporia state research studies 13 (4): 1 - 66 .\nanother issue is that scientists don’t know if oil exploration in the area will have any impact on the lizard. what the scientists do know is that the lizard likes open areas and bare ground, which for the most part fits an oil and gas field. if the lizard’s habitat becomes more widely known and is found to be in danger, the likely outcome between the usfws and the oils industry would be a conservation agreement that would protect the habitat and allow for gas and oil development. this is the scheme that was worked out with regard to the dunes sagebrush lizard. that agreement was confirmed october 2 when a u. s. district judge threw out a lawsuit against usfws that claimed the conservation efforts was wrong and won’t ensure long term survival of the species .\nmost other lizard species are harmless to humans (most species native to north america, for example, are incapable even of drawing blood with their bites). only the very largest lizard species pose threat of death; the komodo dragon, for example, has been known to attack and kill humans and their livestock. the gila monster and beaded lizard are venomous however, and though not deadly, can inflict extremely painful and powerful bites. the chief impact of lizards on humans is positive; they are significant predators of pest species; numerous species are prominent in the pet trade; some are eaten as food (for example, iguanas in central america); and lizard symbology plays important, though rarely predominant roles in some cultures (e. g. tarrotarro in australian mythology) .\nfigure 3. tail length plotted on snout - vent length for lesser earless lizards (holbrookia) from arizona: a. males, b. females. specimens plotted on first two canonical variates for 9 morphological characters: c. males, d. females .\npeters, j. a. 1951. studies on the lizard holbrookia texana (troschel) with descriptions of two new subspecies. occasional papers of the museum of zoology university of michigan 537: 1 - 20 .\nthis is the great basin collared lizard with an appealing design on the body. his tail is very long; he has a set of healthy teeth and strong jaw muscles. he is one among the desert’s most appealing lizards .\nzebra - tailed lizards are female lizards. it is possible to identify this desert lizard with a yellow color, spotted with red dots. only an enlarged view will get you a clear picture of the red dots on the stomach .\ngreater earless lizards prey on arthropods, such as butterflies, moths, beetles, grasshoppers, bees, ants and spiders. it eats both the adult and the larvae. they have specific ways of eating, larger lizards eat the larger prey and smaller or younger lizards take the smaller prey .\nlet us begin with the one and only poisonous desert lizard, the gila monster. these unwieldy and sluggish reptiles find safety in the desert. the gila monsters have good looks with varieties of color designs. they dislike handling or relocation .\nall earless lizards are diurnal, basking lizards. in the early morning they forage for insects, and then spend several hours basking in the sun, until it becomes too hot, around 111°f (44°c) at the surface, when they retreat to a burrow or rock crevice. they are oviparous .\nthe greater earless lizard has been recorded as a host for 5 species of gastrointestinal helminth parasites (gambino 1958, specian and ubelaker 1974, goldberg and bursey 1992). documented predators include the sonoran whipsnake (coluber bilineatus; camper and dixon 2000, enderson and bezy 2003), striped whipsnake (coluber taeniatus; camper and dixon 2000), loggerhed shrike (laurus ludovicianus; reid and fulbright 1981, clark 2011), greater roadrunner (geococcyx californianus; dial 1986), and the lycosid spider (arctosa littoralis; whiting et al. 1991) .\nthere are many species of lizards in the sonoran desert. they are good to have around because they eat a lot of bugs. however, they sometimes get into homes and need to be removed. the only poisonous lizard we have is the gila monster .\ncophosaurus texanus is a quick and active species of diurnal lizard. they run quickly about with their tails raised and they may wave their tails from side to side when slowing to a halt or when they are about to run. this species eats a variety of adult and larval insect prey .\nwithout any research on the animal, the fish and wildlife service has several options. they can list the animal as threatened or endangered, the can do nothing and keep the reptile on the candidate list, or say that listing the lizard is warranted but list other species as higher in priority .\nmany lizards can change color in response to their environments or in times of stress. the most familiar example is the chameleon, but more subtle color changes occur in other lizard species as well (most notably the anole, also known as the\nhouse chameleon\nor\nchamele\n) .\nblood - squirting is also an odd and interesting behavior that eight species of horned lizards are known to use effectively to deter a specific group of predators – canids (e. g. , dogs, foxes and coyotes). when blood comes in contact with a canid’s mouth, the predator shakes its head in obvious protest to the taste. if the predator is holding the lizard in its mouth, it drops it, affording the lizard a chance to escape. this defense must come at quite a cost because many individuals exhibit it only after going through a complete repertoire of other defensive behaviors .\nemerging in the spring from hibernation, the greater earless lizard promptly becomes one of the most energetic daylight actors of all the wildlife in its range. it opens its day with a vigorous pursuit of insects. it may wave its black - barred tail when preparing to begin or end a dash from rock to rock. it raises its tail, curling it over its back, when scampering. it raises and wags its tail if approached by a predator, a roadrunner, for example, sending notification that it will be caught only after a significant investment of energy in the pursuit. it signals its claim to territory by lateral body compression, head bobbing and pushups .\nin 1957, a high school friend and i tried to drive my old ’38 plymouth coupe up the sandy road along the flood plain of the verde river north of fort mcdowell. we made it to the mouth of camp creek, but there the tires began to sink into the sand. the car became bogged down to the axel, bringing our herpetological expedition to an abrupt halt. while digging the vehicle out, i was surprised to see what looked like a zebra - tailed lizard (callisaurus draconoides) perched on a ledge in the canyon. i managed to noose the lizard and observed that it lacked external ear openings .\nthis is a spiny lizard, as its name signifies and sharp pointed spiny scales cover its body. their eyes are red and cute. the jaws of these desert lizards are strong; hence avoid their bites. these lizards are supposed to have a high level of intelligence, a fact that their brain size substantiates .\nmany species of lizard are now sold as pets. a few of these include iguanas, bearded dragon, leopard geckos, tegus, and monitor lizards to name a few. in general, lizards require more maintenance than other exotic pets, particularly snakes and tarantulas. their feces are usually more offensive, requiring frequent cage cleanings .\nthe findings of wilgenbusch and de queiroz (2000) rekindled my interest in arizona holbrookia. kit bezy and i collected tissue samples along a transect between populations of h. elegans and h. maculata, securing material to evaluate gene exchange between the two lineages. i also initiated a study of morphological variation, examining specimens of lesser earless lizards from the state in the university of arizona collection (uaz) .\nkeeled earless lizards are insectivorous, which means that they hunt down and eat insects. it is unknown which insects these lizards prefer. they seem to eat whatever they can get ahold of. they are diurnal, so they are only active and forage for food during the day and not at night. it may get too cold for them at night, as they are cold blooded animals (cochran and goin 1970; behler and king 1979) .\nis speedy, and as it runs, the lizard raises its tail. it may wave the tail from side to side when slowing to a halt or when it' s about to run (bockstanz and cannatella 1998). however, it rarely stops on flat, open ground, preferring rocks and boulders. it uses the rocks for protection by using its coloration to blend in when it feels threatened .\nsome lizard species called\nglass snakes\nor\nglass lizards\nhave no functional legs, though there are some vestigial skeletal leg structures. they are distinguished from true snakes by the presence of eyelids and ears. the tail of glass lizards, like many other lizards, will break off as a defense mechanism, unlike snakes. they, like many other reptiles are mistaken to be slimey and really are dry .\na common misconception people have is mistaking the\npush - ups\nas the lizards' way of regulating their body temperature. actually, most of the heat that is produced by the\npush - ups\nis dissipated through their unique skin. keeled earless lizards regulate their body temperature by being diurnal. they come out during the day and bask in the sun or lay on the warm sand to raise their temperature. when night comes, and it gets colder, they burrow into the sand to get warm .\nclick on images for larger views. horned lizards, genus phrynosoma, are fascinating, unique and easily recognized animals. they were introduced to european audiences in 1651 through the writing of a spaniard, francisco hernandez. during his travels in mexico from 1570 - 1577, hernandez was fortunate to observe a living horned lizard squirt blood from its eyes. he noted this unique defensive behavior in his report on the first scientific expedition to mexico by spain. nearly two centuries later, in 1828, wiegmann coined the formal scientific generic name phrynosoma .\nthese particular types of lizard have a distinguished flat body having a row of fringed scales below at the sides, merging with the surrounding soil color. their dorsum is tan, beige or reddish back, with darker colored wavy spots in contrast. the two blotches on the neck are very conspicuous and dark in color. they have a gray or dull white colored border on the posterior. the back of the body is covered with pointed scales. the cranial spines of the juveniles are less pronounced and shorter, and resemble the adult .\nthe diet of the desert horned lizard consists mainly of invertebrates, like crickets, beetles, flies, ants (including red harvester ants), grasshoppers, worms and a few types of vegetables found in in proximity to anthills. they remain here waiting for the ants to pass by. when they locate a place where they find soft sand, they shake themselves energetically throwing sand over their backs, exposing only their heads out of the soil. this method permits them a camouflage against attack by predators and also allow them to wait and stalk their unsuspecting prey .\nphrynosoma is thought to have split from an ancestor shared with the sand lizards during the late oligocene - early miocene (23 - 30 million years ago, mya). most horned lizard species are well represented in the fossil record by the pleistocene (circa 1 mya), p. cornutum is found in the upper pliocene (3 mya), and p. douglassii is known from the middle miocene (15 mya). three species went extinct in the late pliocene - early pleistocene. today, 16 living species of phrynosoma inhabit the western half of the north american continent and many of its islands from southern canada to northern guatemala .\nfigure 2. lesser earless lizards (holbrookia) of the three morphological groups found in arizona. a. h. elegans, male, santa cruz co. , svl 59 mm, tl 65 mm; b. h. elegans, female, pima co. , svl52 mm, tl 50 mm; c. h. maculata s, male, santa cruz co. , svl 52 mm, tl 47 mm; d. h. maculata s, female, santa cruz co. , svl 58 mm, tl 39 mm; e. h. maculata n, male, coconino co. , svl 58 mm, tl 62 mm; f. h. maculata n, female, coconino, svl 56 mm; tl 42 mm. photos by kit bezy and kathryn bolles .\nas guy murchie pointed out in his book the seven mysteries of life, the lizard has a well - honed ability to regulate its body temperature, keeping it very close to its daytime average of 101. 5 degrees fahrenheit most of the time. needing to raise its temperature, it turns its body broadside to the sun to receive extra rays. needing merely to maintain its temperature, it aligns its body with the sun to receive reduced rays. needing to lower its temperature, it takes refuge in shade, or it climbs a branch above the hot ground surface. to escape the coolness of the desert night, it burrows under a warm blanket of sand, capitalizing on its lack of external ear openings to keep grit out of its ear canals .\nphrynosoma display a suite of interesting behaviors. probably the two most unique behaviors are rain - harvesting and blood - squirting. rain–harvesting is a behavior the lizards exhibit to maximize water uptake when it rains. rain is infrequent in arid and semi - arid environments where many phrynosoma species live, and the lizards take advantage of every opportunity to gain water. they obtain some water during digestion of their ant prey, but external water is also important when they can get it. when it rains, a horned lizard will elevate its posterior (tail) end over its head, creating an inclined surface. when rain hits their backs, dorsal scales channel water down the incline toward their heads. they open and close their mandibles, seeming to pump the water down to their mouths .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nimages of horned lizards can be found in the artwork and pottery of native americans, on tags of high - end outdoor clothing, as stuffed animals in toy stores, on wood carvings at local festivals… they seem as popular as ever. but however common they may be in culture, they are becoming increasingly uncommon in nature. declining populations are primarily associated with landscape - scale human disturbances such as urbanization and agriculture. unfortunately, the popularity and habits of horned lizards make them highly susceptible to large - scale collection for the pet trade; they make terrible pets, for reasons discussed below .\nthe wide flat body shape of phrynosoma is a characteristic that easily distinguishes these lizards from their sister group (the sand lizards) and most other lizards in general. other characters that set apart the horned lizards include their expanded skulls adorned with parietal (= occipital) and squamosal (= temporal) horns, an expanded sternum with enlarged fontanelle and reduced ribs, and a reduced pectoral girdle, caudal vertebrae, and epipterygoid .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3. 2 / / en\nwe request that if you make use of the textual contents of this site in reports, publications, etc. that you cite and credit the author (s) and photographer (s). all photos on this website are copyrighted. however, those found in the species account and habitat sections may be used for any noncommercial scientific, educational, or conservation purposes provided that photographs are not altered and continue to bear the copyright symbol and name of the photographer. please contact the photographer regarding commercial use of copyrighted photographs .\nthis species ranges from southern south dakota to central texas, southwest to southeastern utah and arizona, southward to jalisco and guanajuato, mexico (stebbins 2003). elevational range extends from sea level to around 2, 100 m (6, 890 feet) (stebbins 2003) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsize: about three to seven inches long from the tip of the nose to the tip of the tail; males larger than females .\nbody and tail: streamlined shape with a somewhat flattened belly and tail; covered with small granular - like scales .\nhead and neck: wedge - shaped with no external ear openings (thus the common name); relatively large eyes; two throat folds .\nlegs: comparatively thin; forelegs shorter than hind legs; long toes and claws .\ncolors: head and shoulders, grayish to brownish, like its rocky habitat; upper mid - section, yellow to orange rows; upper hind quarters, yellow to green; legs, dark bands; tail, dark bands across top and heavy dark bars across the underside .\ndistinctive markings: two heavy black stripes just ahead of hind legs (males); black stripe on the back of each thigh (females and juveniles); pink throat and flanks (pregnant females) .\nmales develop especially bright colors, primarily blue, green and yellow, in the spring and early summer. females develop bright colors, typically pink or orange, during pregnancy .\ndesertusa newsletter - - we send articles on hiking, camping and places to explore, as well as animals, wildflower reports, plant information and much more. sign up below or read more about the desertusa newsletter here. (it' s free. )\ndesertusa is a comprehensive resource about the north american deserts and southwest destinations. learn about desert biomes while you discover how desert plants and animals learn to adapt to the harsh desert environment. study desert landscapes and how the geologic features unique to the desert regions are formed. find travel information about national parks, state parks, blm land, and southwest cities and towns located in or near the desert regions of the united states. access maps and information about the sonoran desert, mojave desert, great basin desert, and chihuahuan desert, which lie in the geographic regions of arizona, california, new mexico, nevada, texas, and utah in the united states and into mexico .\nthe female black widow spider is the most venomous spider in north america, but it seldom causes death to humans, because it only injects a very small amount of poison when it bites .\nthe bobcat despite its pussycat appearance when seen in repose, the bobcat is quite fierce and is equipped to kill animals as large as deer. however, food habit studies have shown bobcats subsist on a diet of rabbits, ground squirrels, mice, pocket gophers and wood rats. join us as we watch this sleepy bobcat show his teeth .\nthe mountain lion the mountain lion, also known as the cougar, panther or puma, is the most widely distributed cat in the americas. it is unspotted - - tawny - colored above overlaid with buff below. it has a small head and small, rounded, black - tipped ears. watch one in this video .\ndesertusa is a comprehensive resource about the north american deserts and southwest destinations. learn about desert biomes while you discover how desert plants and animals learn to adapt to the harsh desert environment. find travel information about national parks, state parks, blm land, and southwest cities and towns located in or near the desert regions of the united states. access maps and information about the sonoran desert, mojave desert, great basin desert, and chihuahuan desert .\ncopyright © 1996 - 2018 urltoken and digital west media, inc. - -\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthe range of this species extends from arizona across most of southern new mexico to northern texas in the united states, and south to northern zacatecas and san luis potosi, and western tamaulipas, mexico (degenhardt et al. 1996, bartlett and bartlett 1999, dixon 2000, stebbins 2003). elevational range extends from near sea level to about 2, 100 m (6, 890 feet) (stebbins 2003) .\nthis species is represented by many occurrences that are well distributed throughout the range. degenhardt et al. (1996) mapped well over 100 collection sites in new mexico, and dixon (2000) mapped this species as occurring in more than 100 counties in texas. the total adult population size is unknown but probably exceeds 100, 000. densities of 10 to 107 individuals per hectare have been recorded in new mexico and texas (howland 1992, degenhardt et al. 1996). the species is common in texas (bartlett and bartlett 1999). the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, and population size are large and appear to be relatively stable. the species is common in mexico .\nthe habitat includes gravelly to rocky substrates in deserts with scattered to moderate vegetative cover (e. g. , sparse cactus, mesquite, ocotillo, creosote bush, or paloverde), often along floodplains, arroyo edges, and similar topographic features (degenhardt et al. 1996, stebbins 2003). eggs are laid underground (smith 1946) .\nno major threats have been identified in the us or mexico. habitat loss and degradation resulting from agricultural, residential, and commercial development likely have caused localized declines .\nhabitat is protected in several national parks and monuments and federal wilderness areas. no direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole .\nhammerson, g. a. & santos - barrera, g. 2007 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nholbrookia elegans formerly was included in holbrookia maculata. phylogenetic relationships based on mtdna data suggest that holbrookia maculata as formerly recognized consists of more than one species (wilgenbusch and de queiroz 2000). based on this and other corroborating evidence, crother et al. (2003) listed holbrookia maculata and holbrookia elegans (comprising taxa formerly recognized as holbrookia maculata elegans and h. m. thermophila) as distinct species. wilgenbusch and de queiroz (2000) stated that a more detailed study of geographic variation in holbrookia is underway .\njustification: listed as least concern in view of the relatively large and stable extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, number of subpopulations, and population size. no major threats have been identified .\nthis species is represented by hundreds of collection sites (e. g. , collins 1993, degenhardt et al. 1996, hammerson 1999, dixon 2000). the total adult population size is unknown but certainly exceeds 100, 000. the species is common (at least several adults per hectare) in many areas of colorado (hammerson 1999) and is common to abundant in texas (bartlett and bartlett 1999). the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, and population size appear to be relatively stable or perhaps slowly declining .\nhabitats include areas of sparse vegetation and sandy or gravelly soil: washes, streambanks, dunes, prairie, mesquite and pinyon - juniper woodland, sagebrush flats, farmland, and shrubby / grassy sandhills (collins 1993, hammerson 1999, stebbins 2003). this species seeks refuge in rodent burrows or by wriggling into the soil. eggs are laid in soil / underground .\npopulations have been reduced or eliminated in some areas as a result of large - scale intensive cultivation. however, many viable populations remain, and the species currently faces no major threats. these lizards are attracted to disturbances (cattle grazing, fire) that create openings in otherwise thick vegetation (see hammerson 1999) .\nin view of its wide distribution, the species is presumably present within a number of protected areas. no direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole .\neditor’s note: also see articles by larry jones (taxonomic turbulence for holbrookia in southeastern arizona, and color patterns of holbrookia e legans in southeastern arizona), which appeared in the same issue of sonoran herpetologist (december 2010) as the following article .\ni also gathered data for 7 scale characters and for the relative length of the hind limb. all nine characters were entered into a multivariate analysis (discriminant function analysis) with pre - formed groups consisting of specimens of h. elegans and h. maculata that were identified on the basis of color pattern features (table 1). additionally, h. maculata was split into a northern group (h. maculata n) and a southern group (h. maculata s) depending on whether the specimens were from north or south of the mogollon rim. i encountered difficulty in assigning some individuals from the huachuca mountains using color pattern characters, and all specimens from that region were entered as unknowns (i. e. , unassigned to group) .\nthe three groups were found to be largely non - overlapping in the resulting plots (figure 3), consistent with the view that they represent divergent morphological entities. the analyses placed specimens from the huachuca area in h. elegans, h. maculata, and / or intermediate between the two .\nso what about the huachucas? assigning specimens to species from the huachuca and patagonia mountains was confounded by the relatively high frequency of a unicolor morph which made scoring individuals for the color pattern features difficult. this unicolor morph is common in these two ranges, and also was seen in a few specimens from the pajarito and the tucson mountains. using all data gathered for the huachuca area, specimens were assigned to h. maculata from canelo, scotia canyon, coronado national memorial, and 10 mi se carr canyon, whereas specimens from bear canyon, sunnyside and some from scotia canyon were sufficiently intermediate that i could not assign them to species. all specimens from the patagonias were assigned to h. elegans, although in some cases this was difficult due to the presence of the unicolor morph and to tail lengths slightly shorter than average for the species .\nthe morphological analyses presented here appear to be consistent with the mitochondrial gene tree and distribution map of blaine (2008; his figure 2 - 1) who found that three distinct gene lineages range into arizona. these appear to correspond with the morphological units recognized above (given in parentheses): “h. thermophila + h. maculata pulchra” (h. elegans), “h. maculata trans pecos” (h. maculata s), and “h. maculata colorado plateau” (h. maculata n). clearly additional research is required to understand the distribution and genetic interactions of these three entities in arizona and elsewhere. morphological and both mitochondrial and nuclear dna data are needed at a fine - grained level, with particular attention to zones of contact between the lineages in southeastern arizona and in the verde river valley .\ni thank george bradley for access to specimens in the collection of amphibians and reptiles of the university of arizona museum of natural history; kit bezy, kathryn bolles, erik enderson, clayton may, and wade sherbrooke for participation in field work; kit bezy for production of figures; and kit bezy and kathryn bolles for photography and for helpful suggestions on a previous version of this paper." ]

{ "text": [ "earless lizards are two genera of small lizards native to the semi-arid and grassland habitats of the southwestern united states and mexico .", "the genus cophosaurus and the genus holbrookia are both characterized by having no external ear openings , presumably to prevent sand from entering the body as they dig . " ], "topic": [ 24, 23 ] }

[ "earless lizards are two genera of small lizards native to the semi-arid and grassland habitats of the southwestern united states and mexico. the genus cophosaurus and the genus holbrookia are both characterized by having no external ear openings, presumably to prevent sand from entering the body as they dig." ]

[ "select an image: 1. nicobar sparrowhawk > > adult male 2. nicobar sparrowhawk > > adult male 3. nicobar sparrowhawk > > juvenile\nthe nicobar sparrowhawk (accipiter butleri) belongs to the family accipitridae. these nicobar sparrowhawk species are endemic to the nicobar islands of india .\n( gurney, jr, 1898) – car nicobar i (n nicobar is); possibly extinct .\nthere is very little information available about the breeding habits of these sparrowhawk species .\n, where it is only known with certainty from great nicobar, little nicobar, pilo milo, kamorta, teressa, bompoka, tillanchong, katchall and nancowry islands (sankaran 1995, birdlife international 2001, a. p. zaibin\nthe iucn (international union for conservation of nature) has categorized and evaluated these sparrowhawk species and has listed them as\nvulnerable\n.\noriental region: nicobar islands. accipiter butleri is endemic to the nicobar islands in the bay of bengal, india, where it is only known with certainty from car nicobar and katchall. as many islands in the archipelago are poorly studied, it is possible that it is more widely distributed. there are no confirmed recent records, and there have been no population estimates\nthe nicobar sparrowhawk is considered vulnerable, taking into account, its small population and narrow range. its total population may be around 3, 700 to 7, 500 individual birds. the degradation and loss of forest habitat due to human activities is the major threat to the survival of these species .\n28–34 cm; wingspan 50–57 cm. a small, shy, vocal sparrowhawk with short pointed wings, mid - length tail and rather heavy bill. differs from larger, darker\nvulnerable. evidently rare; thought to have small population suspected to be in decline. confined to nicobar is, where reeported only from teressa, bompoka, tillanchong, ...\nclark, w. s. , kirwan, g. m. & christie, d. a. (2018). nicobar sparrowhawk (accipiter butleri). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nthe nicobar sparrowhawk is a small bird of prey, measuring 30 to 35 cms. the wingspan is 50 to 60 cm. it has short pointed wings and thick bill. adult males have pale grey upper parts. the primaries are dark. there is a dark sub - terminal band on the tail. the breast is rusty and the flanks are barred. the underparts are pale white. the females are brown with bands on the upper tail. their call is a shrill, double\nkee - wick\nsound .\n. 2012). as many islands in the archipelago are poorly studied, it is possible that it is more widely distributed. it is evidently very scarce: during three years of surveys, r. sankaran sighted 20 - 25 individuals of this species in its entire known range, and no sightings of this species were obtained in the coastal habitats of the nicobar islands during fieldwork in 2006 (k. sivakumar\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\n30 cm. medium - sized forest - dwelling hawk. adult males have pale grey upperparts; dark primaries; dark sub - terminal band to the tail and pale underparts with rusty breast and flank barring. females and immatures are rich rufous brown with 3 - 5 dark bands on the uppertail .\nthis species qualifies as vulnerable because it is estimated to have a small population which is suspected to be declining as a result of forest loss .\n. 2012), whilst fieldwork from march 2009 to august 2011 produced only two sightings of single birds on nancowry island (a. p. zaibin\n. 2012). the impact of the 2004 tsunami on this species has not been studied (k. sivakumar\nits status and population size are very poorly known, owing to its apparent scarcity, the species' s restricted range and identification difficulties. its total population may include c. 2, 500 - 5, 000 mature individuals (k. sivakumar\n. 2012). this equates to c. 3, 700 - 7, 500 individuals, assuming that mature individuals account for around 2 / 3 of the total population .\na moderate and on - going population decline is suspected on the basis of rates of habitat loss, but this requires further documentation .\nthis species is apparently restricted to forested habitats. there is very little information available about its breeding and feeding ecology. lizards and insects have been recorded as food items .\nthe primary threat to this species appears to be habitat loss and degradation, and this has accelerated since the arrival of migrants from mainland india in the late 1960s. clearance for agriculture and development have increased and have exacerbated soil erosion problems. this may also bring this species into conflict with humans as it will take poultry chicks, and airguns are almost ubiquitous on the islands (s. pande\n2016). the impacts of the tsunami in 2004, which destroyed significant areas of habitat across the islands, have not been investigated for this species, and it may have had secondary consequences such as increased agricultural encroachment (k. sivakumar\nthe species is protected under indian wildlife legislation. no targeted conservation measures are known to have been implemented .\ninvestigate its ecological requirements. conduct detailed surveys of the archipelago to determine the true status of this species. develop a community - governed protected area on katchall (k. sivakumar\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: accipiter butleri. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\ntraditionally combined in a species - group with a. badius and a. brevipes, and often also a. soloensis and a. francesiae (see a. badius). sometimes considered a race of a. badius, but quite different in plumage (especially that of juvenile), in structure (short - winged) and in habitat choice (upper storeys of forest). two subspecies recognized .\nupper storeys of primary forest, and not recorded in open or in scrub - jungle; found mostly below ...\nreproductive activity recorded in feb and sept; claim that species breeds twice annually (based on record of juveniles in sept) seems ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nif you have videos, photographs or sound recordings you can share them on the internet bird collection. it' s free and easy to do .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\na late evening low light shot of this accipiter. couldn' t get any different angles. - jk\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nrarest bird in the world: the cone - billed tanager, the mystery .\natlapetes blancae, 8 years later, still not found. wish or species ?\nmedium - sized forest - dwelling hawk. adult males have pale grey upperparts; dark primaries; dark sub - terminal band to the tail and pale underparts with rusty breast and flank barring. females and immatures are rich rufous brown with 3 - 5 dark bands on the uppertail\nonly one nest was ever found, 12 meter up a ficus tree. no further detail .\nthere is very little information available about its breeding and feeding ecology. lizards and insects have been recorded as food items .\nthis species qualifies as vulnerable because it is estimated to have a small population which is suspected to be declining as a result of forest loss. the primary threat to this species appears to be habitat loss and degradation, and this has accelerated since the arrival of migrants from mainland india in the late 1960s. clearance for agriculture and development have increased and have exacerbated soil erosion problems. the impacts of the tsunami in 2004, which destroyed significant areas of habitat across the islands, have not been investigated for this species. a moderate and on - going population decline is suspected on the basis of rates of habitat loss, but requires further documentation." ]

{ "text": [ "the nicobar sparrowhawk ( accipiter butleri ) is a species of bird of prey in the family accipitridae .", "it is endemic to the nicobar islands of india .", "there are two subspecies , the nominate race which is found on car nicobar in the north of the archipelago , and a. b. obsoletus , from katchal and camorta in the central part of the nicobars .", "a museum specimen originally attributed to this species from the island of great nicobar was later found to be a misidentified besra .", "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .", "it is threatened by habitat loss . " ], "topic": [ 12, 0, 20, 5, 24, 17 ] }

[ "the nicobar sparrowhawk (accipiter butleri) is a species of bird of prey in the family accipitridae. it is endemic to the nicobar islands of india. there are two subspecies, the nominate race which is found on car nicobar in the north of the archipelago, and a. b. obsoletus, from katchal and camorta in the central part of the nicobars. a museum specimen originally attributed to this species from the island of great nicobar was later found to be a misidentified besra. its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. it is threatened by habitat loss." ]

[ "edwards aj, randall je (1983). a new dottyback of the genus\ndue to their small size the elongate dottyback is more benign than most other dottyback species. they are relatively peaceful, reef safe and a good candidate for nano tanks .\ndottybacks are wonderful additions to your marine tank. bright colors and a unique shape make dottybacks, like our aquacultured neon dottyback or the stunning royal dottyback a highly desirable fish for hobbyists of all levels .\nour broodstock fish originate from bali, indonesia. elegant dottyback is native to sulawesi and the mulucca island of indonesia .\n, a new species of dottyback fish from guam (pseudochromidae: pseudoplesiopinae). zootaxa, 1320: 43 - 48 .\n, new species of pseudoplesiopine dottyback (teleostei: pseudochromidae: pseudoplesiopinae) from the west pacific. zootaxa, 291: 1 - 7 .\nit’s important not to confuse this with the strawberry dottyback, which is a similar colour but is much stockier with fins either clear or clear at the edges .\nrevision of the indian ocean dottyback fish genera chlidichthys and pectinochromis (perciformes: pseudochromidae: pseudoplesiopinae) by gill, a. c; edwards, a. j .\nonly a few dottyback species can be kept with others of their own kind in normal - sized tanks, although these will often pair up and sometimes spawn in the aquarium .\nmost dottybacks love meaty food items like mysis shrimp, brine shrimp, krill and various frozen meaty aquarium foods. however, the elegant dottyback will also readily accept pellets and flake food .\nboth types were until recently included in pseudochromis but then some stockier species were moved into the separate genus of pictichromis, although the heavy - set sunrise dottyback remains pseudochromis rather than pictichromis flavivertex .\ngill ac, edwards aj (2004). revision of the indian ocean dottyback fish genera chlidichthys and pectinochromis (perciformes: pseudochromidae: pseudoplesiopinae). smithiana, bulletin 3: 1 - 47 .\n. both are inhabitants of the great barrier reef, dwelling in tidepools and reef faces. the australian dottyback gets to about 4 inches in length, while the queensland dottyback reaches about 6 inches. what’s confusing about these fish is that their coloration varies with age and sex—the australian dottyback has a total of five color stages alone. therefore, a specimen may come to a local dealer that is difficult to properly identify, but still look attractive. their alluring coloration may tempt a hobbyist into adding them hastily, but there will be trouble if the tank features smaller species—it attacks anything smaller than groupers, triggerfish, or large eels .\nmost dottybacks are robust in the aquarium, in some cases highly territorial. while all are safe with sessile invertebrates, and smaller species will generally leave hermits and snails alone, keeping shrimps with some can be tricky. some species, notably the strawberry dottyback (pictichromis porphyreus), the false gramma (p. paccagnellae) and the diadem dottyback (p. diadema) will often attack and kill cleaner shrimps — apparently with no interest in eating them .\ngill ac, edwards aj (1999). monophyly, interrelationships and description of three new genera in the dottyback fish subfamily pseudoplesiopinae (teleostei: perciformes: pseudochromidae). records of the australian museum, 51: 141 - 160 .\nout of the ordinary species include the beautiful, if territorial, 8cm / 3” crimson cypho purpurescens, the similarly - sized splendid dottyback manonichthys splendens (pictured at the top of the page), the multicoloured blue - lined dottyback pseudochromis cyanotaenia, that has striking differences between the sexes and grows to 6cm / 2. 4” and pseudochromis fuscus, that is usually imported in its yellow form — there are also brown and white forms — and grows to 10cm / 4” .\nrather less common in the aquarium, this is another of the long and slender types of dottyback. it does not share the peaceful temperament of similarly - shaped species, being a fiercely territorial fish. it grows to a maximum size of 10cm / 4” .\nmixing dottybacks with other fish also requires care. even small ones are feisty and territorial and should not, with few exceptions, be kept with shy or jittery species. tank mates should be robust fish of similar size or larger, and not the same colour as the dottyback .\nso what are some mild - mannered dottyback species that can be added to mixed environments in fish - only and reef aquariums? that is actually a difficult question to answer, because there are different factors involved—it may depend on the aquarium environment, or the fish’s tankmates. however, many species in the subfamily pseudochrominae, such as\nogilbyina queenslandiae has a small wild range off the queensland coast of australia, while listed as an endemic to only the coast, the range extends out a bit further. they are generally found in protected areas in and around tropical reefs, which they defend vigorously. this is a fish that can be found within a foot of the surface and down to about 100 feet. they have a max size of just under six inches. queensland dottybacks are sexually dimorphic, meaning that the males and females have different appearances. females are primarily blue and red and pictured in the photo below on the left). males are largely red headed and that color fades into blue / grey toward the tail, as illustrated in the photo below on the right. they appear very similar to another dottyback that shares their distribution, the australian dottyback (o. novaehollandiae) but can be differentiated with the aforementioned color scheme. the australian dottyback also doesn' t get quite as large at roughly 4 inches .\nthere are other dottyback genera and species to choose from, most of which have beautiful colors and are quite small, but few can be considered safe to accompany the majority of animals that hobbyists keep in their aquariums. there are certainly exceptions, however, as some have proved undeserving of their reputations in mixed - company systems. nevertheless, dealing with dottybacks may be similar to going to las vegas and putting your money down on a game of chance. if there’s a dottyback species of interest that catches your eye in a local shop, it’s important to first research its needs and temperament before placing it in your aquarium. believe me—i’ve learned the hard way that patience and research is essential when putting any of these fast - moving fish in the aquarium .\nthis can get quite extreme. a friend once kept a 5cm / 2” strawberry in a 180 x 60 x 60cm / 71 x 24 x 24” tank and the only shrimp he could keep with it was a boxing shrimp (stenopus hispidus) large enough to eat the dottyback for breakfast, had it been so inclined. it was clearly well enough armoured, so the fish was no threat .\nis undoubtedly well suited for the community tank. this fish is from the northern region of the red sea, and features a magenta body with a black stripe that runs from the lip through its eye to the edge of the operculum, and a blue spot on the gill cover. this small fish is about 2½ inches and easily adapts to reef aquariums, as it likes numerous places to hide and / or search for food. it rarely bothers other smaller fish, but still maintains some of the dottyback attitude. nevertheless, it is the absolute best of the bunch when it comes to temperament. it’s probably the most sought - after dottyback species in the trade—it’s not only very pretty, but hardy and interesting to watch. what’s more, captive - bred specimens are available. as with other dottybacks, it’s a meat eater that should have at least one meal per day. one minor drawback is that it tends to jump out of aquariums, but covering any open areas should do the trick .\n( the springer’s or blue - striped dottyback), that is occasionally available in the trade. this small 2 - inch fish hails from the red sea and inhabits the slopes of fringing reefs. it could be considered a nervous fish, as it’s always going from one place to another searching for food. one of the things that make it favorable for reef aquariums is that it’s not overly aggressive and will get along with almost all tankmates except those that are quite docile, such as anthias. it’s also a good hunter of small bristleworms .\nthis species is not seen very often in the trade and is a beauty. it is a small species of dottyback that reach a maximum size of about 2”, which makes it a perfect candidate for nano tanks. they are very peaceful and reef safe. they have an orange to red head, a purplish dark body and a black spot on the tail. the eyes of elegant dottybacks have a fantastic yellow outline. the species is dimorphic (difference in coloration and / or physical morphology between male and female) and as they mature the males will change coloration to a more olive green and grey coloration .\nthe subfamily pseudochrominae contains the most species - (about 60), and are ideally suited for many home aquariums because of their small size, hardiness, easiness to feed, disease resistance, and remarkable coloration. in the wild, these mostly shy fishes are found on coral or rocky reefs, where they prefer to hide in reef holes or crevices and feed upon small crustaceans, polychaete worms, and plankton. however, that’s only half the story, as most are also quite territorial and chase away others, even those in their own genus. therefore, making the right choice the first time around is imperative if a dottyback is on your shopping list .\nlatin, conger = conger + latin, gadus = a fish, perhaps cod (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; brackish; reef - associated; depth range 0 - 10 m (ref. 90102). tropical; 35°n - 25°s\nindo - west pacific: nicobar islands, andaman sea and japan to the tropical coasts of australia .\nmaturity: l m? , range 20 -? cm max length: 45. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 3132 )\ndorsal spines (total): 0; dorsal soft rays (total): 68 - 74; anal spines: 0; anal soft rays: 57 - 66; vertebrae: 74 - 84. coloration varied, capable of changing its color. spots or blotches on body form reticulations and crossbands; paler ventrally. gill membranes ventrally free from the isthmus. posterior otic sensory canal pore present. cephalic sensory canal pores not pigmented .\ninhabits coastal waters, often in brackish conditions (ref. 48636). found hidden amongst rocks or coral rubble (ref. 48636). reproductive activity appears to be cyclical and the species may not be a protogynous hermaphrodite (ref. 2077). also found in coral reefs among crevices (ref 90102) .\nwinterbottom, r. , 1985. revision and vicariance biogeography of the subfamily congrogadidae (pisces: perciformes: pseudochromidae). indo - pac. fish. (9): 34 p. (ref. 531 )\n): 25. 2 - 29. 3, mean 28. 6 (based on 2277 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5156 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00389 (0. 00180 - 0. 00842), b = 3. 12 (2. 94 - 3. 30), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 0 ±0. 67 se; based on food items .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (23 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na colorful and mellow visage hides the aggressive truth—these popular fishes are some of the biggest bullies out there! if you don’t believe in fish with an ego, just wait until they start dominating tankmates twice their size .\nfrom the indo - pacific ocean, red sea, and western pacific. they belong in the order perciformes, suborder percoidei, and the family pseudochromidae, which contains 20 genera having about 120 - plus species. there have been three new genera proposed in the subfamily pseudochrominae (\n. it belongs to the subfamily congrogadinae and is usually called the carpet eel blenny or wolf eel, but is actually neither. this eel - like species attains a length of 18 inches and hails from the western indian ocean and western pacific. it is usually found in very shallow waters (e. g. , seagrass beds, tidal rubble flats, and tidepools) and can change its color to match its background if threatened. it should not be housed with small fish and shrimp (which constitute its prey), and caves and / or rock crevices should be provided so it can hide. it should be fed every other day with a diet consisting of meaty - type foods. the aquarium should also be covered, as this species has a habit of jumping out of an uncovered tank. it can be safely housed with larger and more aggressive fishes, such as squirrelfish, angelfish, surgeonfish, and rabbitfish .\n( magenta dottybacks), do generally get along well with others and are often seen in the hobby .\n. this small, 2 - inch species hails from the western pacific and inhabits reef slopes, base areas of drop - offs, and coral crevices, where it feeds on plankton and small crustaceans. its yellow body is capped with a magenta color that runs from the top of the eye to the tail. the fish is often seen in the trade because it’s a small and attractive species, and those with little or no previous experience may consider it a good addition to their aquarium, whether it’s reef or fish - only. however, this is not necessarily correct .\nif kept with aggressive fishes (e. g. , larger angelfish, surgeonfish, squirrelfish, and wrasses), it can be maintained quite successfully (even in small groups) in any type of aquarium. however, in an aquarium with less aggressive fishes (e. g. , damsels, anthias, gobies, anemonefish, and even others in its own family), they will terrorize their neighbors. they also become open to diseases when stressing tankmates. it’s no doubt a very pretty fish, but also very risky in most mixed - company systems .\n, which is approximately the same size, has the same natural environmental conditions, and also hails from the same areas. it’s another commonly seen fish in the trade that features great colors—its front half is magenta, while its rear half is yellow. calling the fish hardy would be an understatement, as they are almost indestructible, and will attack not only larger fish, but even those thought to be more aggressive. in fact, they will even do battle with larger triggerfish! again, these fish are pretty, but they are not suited for anything but an aquarium designed for this species. they are also extremely fast - moving and secretive, so removing one from\nalso has the same logistics and size as the above two, but is a little more tolerant of its neighbors. however, it still should not be kept with very docile tankmates, especially in small aquariums where it has a tendency to get really aggressive. in addition, it somewhat tends to lose its coloration in captivity .\nis a beautiful fish. it hails from the arabian gulf east of pakistan and inhabits various environments (e. g. , fringing reefs, bays with rocky rubble, and growths of stony corals). it gets to about 8 inches in length and feeds on plankton and small bottom - dwelling crustaceans, as do most dottybacks. a mostly yellow - orange body capped with blue, coupled with an iridescent blue stripe running lengthwise, makes this a highly attractive species. it actually has a doppelganger ,\n( from the kenya to south africa region), which has a more greenish body .\ni’ve kept both of these—albeit not simultaneously—in the distant past (as i have those mentioned above them), and let me say that either of these two can really be a terror in almost any type of aquarium. though one was placed in a 100 - gallon reef aquarium and the other in a 75 - gallon reef aquarium with larger tankmates, they almost constantly took shots at the other inhabitants. as with all dottybacks, they are extremely fast, quite hardy, territorial, disease resistant, mostly inexpensive, very colorful, and not finicky eaters. but i won’t go into detail about how quickly i got them out of my aquariums when i found out they would not peacefully coexist with their tankmates. it was one of those “live and learn” experiences from my younger years .\n( lined dottybacks) are also far too aggressive to be kept with fish their own size (8 inches) or smaller. two that rarely show up in the trade from the western pacific are the red (aka, dampiera or firetail) devil\n. both live on coastal reefs and feed upon shrimps, snails, crabs, worms, serpent stars, and small urchins and fish. unsuitable for a reef aquarium would be an understatement! moreover, they are not suited for most fish - only aquariums, as these species are bullies that cannot be trusted with anything less dominating than large eels, groupers, and triggerfishes. unfortunately, they can be handsome species, which is why they are captured and put into the hobbyist market sometimes .\nis without a doubt a stunner—reaching a maximum length of about 3 inches, its entire body and fins are bright red, and its dorsal fin often features a large black dot. it hails from the western pacific and inhabits stony coral areas near the edges of reef faces, caves, and rubble areas on reef slopes. although it’s aggressive to docile fishes, it can be kept with damselfish, larger wrasses, surgeonfish, and angelfish. it needs lots of hiding places, so a larger reef aquarium would suit it perfectly .\nas for diet, it requires meaty foods and should be fed once daily. if its meal is too large to swallow, it will bash the food against something hard to break it up into smaller pieces. the females have somewhat of a drab coloration—their bodies appear yellowish and washed - out, and they tend to have red coloring around the eyes. the species can only be kept singly or in mated pairs in aquariums ,\nand even though it’s safe with corals, it’s not safe with tubeworms and shrimp, nor is it safe with any fish that has red coloration .\nthis is a unique aquarium fish. it is in the running for the most hardy aquarium inhabitant, being both extremely hardy and very disease resistant. they are notoriously easy to get weaned onto prepared foods and seemingly regardless of what you feed them, they stay absolutely brilliantly colored. in addition, they are known eaters of many aquarium\npests ,\nwith reports of them even consuming mantis shrimp. while this diet makes these fish incredibly easy to feed in your aquarium, it also means they are very likely to consume ornamental shrimps, crabs and clams. like many other fish in their family, queensland dottys have been known to spawn regularly in captivity. however, if attempting to keep pairs, expect some fin damage as this is an aggressive fish, and they are known to have somewhat\ntumultuous\nrelationships. they are also likely to be very aggressive with other dottybacks and just about anything else they can get away with picking on. the takeaway here is do not keep with other similar, or passive fish. smaller fish can be kept with them, but only small fish with large attitudes like four line wrasses or the like. by no means should that eliminate them as a choice for your aquarium; either keep this fish singly, or with other aggressive fish like maroon clowns, triggers, damsels etc. in fact, one of the most beautiful displays i' ve seen had a pair of these with a large group of domino damsels and it was stunning .\nurltoken urltoken world register of marine species: worms scott w. michael, basslets, dottybacks & hawkfishes, 1st ed. (t. f. h. publications inc, new jersey, 2004). matthew l wittenrich, breeders guide to marine aquarium fishes, 1st ed. (t. f. h. publications inc, new jersey, 2007). internal references: eli fleishauer, adam mangino\nyou may not duplicate, copy, or reuse any portion of the photos / html / css or visual design elements without our express written permission. any redistribution or reproduction of part or all of the contents in any form is prohibited .\nplease select from the available marine fish species below. you may also click here to browse the category .\nplease select from the available invertebrate species below. you may also click here to browse the category .\nplease select from the available coral species below. you may also click here to browse the category .\nplease select from the available aquarium supplies below. you may also click here to browse the category .\nall images, pictures and descriptions are generalizations and cannot be exact representations. copyright 2018 saltwaterfish. com. all rights reserved .\nreceive free shipping on qualifying order when you sign up to receive our email. open your email for complete details .\nsea & reef aquaculture was founded in 2003 by marine biologist soren hansen. the company was started because of our love for the coral reefs and our desire ...\ndottybacks may be fierce jewels of the reef, but they draw nothing but admiration from phil hunt .\nthe pseudochromidae are a family of popular and very colourful fish that need some consensus as to a common name. you will find them sold as basslets, which is a broad term also encompassing related families, and dottybacks, which is precise but hasn’t become common in the uk .\nworst of all, they are known as grammas — and that’s misleading. some look like grammas but do not belong to the same family .\nmost dottybacks frequently offered for sale are small, brightly coloured fish, many of which make excellent reef aquarium inhabitants. we’ll focus on these species, as they can bought fairly easily — but also look at some rarities .\ncuriously, despite their boldness, some dottybacks may disappear for several days in a densely - stocked reef tank — which is the preferred environment of most species. this is probably not because they are shy, but rather pursuing the same kind of lifestyle they have in the wild — among complex spaces within the reef and hunting small prey .\namong those species where more than one individual can be kept in the aquarium (pseudochromis fridmani is a prime example), males may disappear for weeks because they are guarding egg masses laid in a crevice somewhere in the rockwork .\ndottybacks will eat most live, frozen and dry foods, and supplement the rations provided by hunting small invertebrates. some species (again p. fridmani is a good example) are avid hunters of bristleworms, sometimes tackling worms longer than themselves. it’s common to see dottybacks with worm bristles embedded around the jaws. these don’t seem to trouble them, as presumably they have evolved to tackle spiky prey .\na certain amount of care is needed with diet. some, particularly pictichromis, can suffer from fading colours in the aquarium, and good diet, including quality flake food and spirulina - enriched brineshrimp can help to prevent this .\nthere are several widely available species that can be inexpensive. they divide into two morphological types; very slender species with flowing fins (pseudochromis fridmani, p. sankeyi, p. springeri, p. aldabraensis, and p. dutoiti) and stockier species, including pictichromis diadema, p. paccagnellae and p. porphyreus .\nvariation in temperament largely follows body shape: the long, slender pseudochromis tend to be peaceful, whereas the stocky pictichromis are scrappier. there are exceptions; the slender pseudochromis aldabraensis and p. dutoiti being notoriously territorial .\nthe false gramma is a beautiful species, dazzling even among this family. the front half of the body is vivid magenta - purple, the rear bright yellow. growing to a maximum size of 7cm / 2. 8”, it would seem an ideal species for the smaller aquarium, but there is a slight matter of temperament .\nsize for size this is one of the most territorial marine fish around and its tank mates need to be chosen with care. it should be kept with tough, larger species as it can cause chaos in a tank stocked with the usual mild - mannered small reef tank favourites. it also tends to attack shrimps, although it is less problematic than p. porphyreus in this respect. as a sole pet in a nano reef system, or with those larger companions, it makes a stunning inhabitant .\nit’s worth knowing how to tell the false gramma from the royal gramma, (gramma loreto). side by side, you would never mistake these fish for each other, but you might in isolation. it’s an important identification to be able to make, as the royal is a much more peaceable species than the false .\nthere is one very easy difference: where the two colours meet on the flanks of the fish there is a well - defined boundary between purple and yellow in the false gramma, whereas the royal gramma has a less sharp transition from one colour to the next, with a scattering of yellow scales extending into the purple area and vice versa .\nthere are other differences. the royal gramma has a black spot at the front of the dorsal fin and a dark diagonal bar through the eye — both of which are absent in the false gramma .\none of the best of all marine aquarium fish, this grows to 7cm / 2. 8” and one of the most peaceful dottybacks. it can be kept in pairs or groups in larger tanks, although setting up such groups is expensive. as a red sea species, this is not a cheap fish .\nit is a dazzling magenta - purple, with each scale outlined in a darker hue and a darker band through the eye — and looks astonishing under actinic lights, almost glowing. the tail fin is long and flowing, and the fins are solidly coloured .\nthis species is sometimes available as captive - bred, but such fish are just as expensive as wild counterparts which are just as hardy as the tank - bred fish .\nthese are not solidly coloured like those in p. fridmani, there’s no dark band through the eye and it is much more territorial than p. fridmani .\nthis is a similar shape to p. fridmani, but less brilliantly coloured, with black longitudinal stripes on a white background. it is more peaceful than p. fridmani and can be kept in groups .\nit has been bred in captivity, but in the uk most are wild - caught. it comes from the red sea, gulf of aden and western indian ocean, growing to 7cm / 2. 8” .\none of the smallest of the family, this is great for the nano reef aquarium. it is beautiful, another of the slender species, velvety black with neon blue stripes on the head. another fish from the red sea and western indian ocean, it grows to a maximum 5cm / 2” and is peaceful. it has been bred in captivity .\nit’s a stunning fish, with an orange body with neon blue lines along the back and head, and through the dorsal, anal and tail fins .\nfound in the red sea and western indian ocean, its range overlaps with the similar p. dutoiti. this is a fish to keep with larger, robust companions and it has been bred in captivity .\nthis has the same dazzling colours as the false gramma, but arranged differently this has the magenta on its back, the bright yellow on the belly. it has a similar maximum size of 6cm / 2. 4” and is from the western central pacific ocean .\nit is easier to enjoy than the false gramma as although still territorial is nowhere near as aggressive .\nthe sunrise is unmistakable, with a deep blue body and a broad yellow band along the back. it grows to 7cm / 2. 8” and comes from the red sea and western indian ocean .\nit is more solid than most pseudochromis, but is usually peaceful, sometimes even shy when kept with larger or more boisterous tank mates. it has been bred in captivity .\nanother little terror, the strawberry grows to a maximum 6cm / 2. 4” — although it’s not usually as territorial as the false gramma. however, it is often more likely to attack shrimps than p. paccagnellae .\nit is solidly coloured in approximately the same shade of bright magenta - purple as p. paccagnellae and p. diadema. it comes from the western pacific ocean, from the philippines to samoa, and is superficially similar to pseudochromis fridmani — occasionally being sold as such .\nthey are very different in temperament — p. fridmani being a much better species for most tanks, albeit a more expensive one .\nwith all these dottybacks it pays to be careful when stocking, as they tend to share the territorial characteristics of better - known relatives .\nthis item first appeared in the february 2009 issue of practical fishkeeping magazine. it may not be reproduced without written permission .\n© 1955 - 2016 bauer consumer media limited are authorised and regulated by the financial conduct authority (firm reference no. 710067) media house, peterborough business park, peterborough, pe2 6ea .\npectinochromis lubbocki (edwards & randall, 1983), a red sea endemic pseudoplesiopine .\nthe pseudochromidae is a family of small, reef - associated fishes, the colourful members of which are prized by aquarists. the family is currently divided into four subfamiles: anisochrominae, congrogadinae, pseudochrominae and pseudoplesiopinae. the monophyly of the pseudoplesiopinae has been questioned and the phylogenetic relationships of its genera have been unclear. we have been investigating these relationships and have shown that the pseudoplesiopinae is a monophyletic group, diagnosed by six unequivocal autapomorphies. we have described three new genera: pectinochromis, amsichthys and lubbockichthys and recognise two existing genera: pseudoplesiops bleeker (of which nematochromis weber is a junior synonym) and chlidichthys smith (of which wamizichthys smith is a junior synonym) .\npectinochromis (type - species pseudoplesiops lubbocki edwards & randall), with a single nominal species, is diagnosed by 5 autapomorphies, amsichthys (type - species pseudoplesiops knighti allen), with a single nominal species, is diagnosed by 4 autapomorphies, and lubbockichthys (type - species pseudoplesiops multisquamatus allen), with a single nominal species, is diagnosed by 4 autapomorphies. a parsimony analysis of various characters of the laterosensory system, caudal skeleton, dorsal - fin osteology, and fin - ray branching supports the following relationships: (lubbockichthys (( amsichthys + pseudoplesiops) (chlidichthys + pectinochromis) .\nthe pseudochromids are a very speciose group with great potential for investigation of zoogeographical relationships. with a clear understanding of their taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships we can begin to study the historical biogeographical processes which contributed to their speciation and the patterns of distribution of the present day species .\ngill ac, edwards aj (2002). two new species of the indo - pacific fish genus\n( perciformes: pseudochromidae: pseudoplesiopinae). bulletin of the natural history museum, london (zoology), 68 (1): 19 - 26 .\nweber (perciformes: pseudochromidae: pseudoplesiopinae). revue franšais d' aquariologie 18 (3): 75 - 78 .\n( teleostei: perciformes: pseudochromidae) from the red sea. revue franšais d' aquariologie 9: 111 - 114 .\njavascript is disabled for your browser. some features of this site may not work without it .\nchlidichthys smith includes the following 13 species: c. abruptus lubbock (st brandon’s shoals); c. auratus lubbock (red sea); c. bibulus (smith) (east coast of africa, aldabra and socotra); c. cacatuoides gill & randall (socotra and southern oman); c. chagosensis new species (chagos archipelago); c. clibanarius new species (comoro ids, madagascar and aldabra); c. foudioides new species (rodrigues); c. inornatus lubbock (maldive ids and sri lanka); c. johnvoelckeri smith (comoro ids and tanzania to mozambique, east africa); c. pembae smith (comoro ids and tanzania to natal, east africa); c. randalli lubbock (mauritius); c. rubiceps lubbock (red sea); c. smithae lubbock (mauritius). pectinochromis gill & edwards includes a single species: p. lubbocki (edwards & randall) (red sea) .\ngill and edwards, 1999, rec. aust. mus. 51 (2): 141–160\na new large mandible of dipnorhynchus from the early devonian serotinus zone (late emsian) at wee jasper, is given the status of a new species, d. cathlesae n. sp. this fossil characterised by its size; relative depth with respect to its length; short anterior furrow, deeply bordered by a raised broad rim of dentary between itself and the labial pit; large foramen for a nerve in the posteromedial end of the labial furrow; a strong furrow from the adductor pit to the posterior end of the labial pit; thick dentary; lack of tubercles (blisters) on the prearticular plate; and an adductor pit wide posteriorly and narrowing gradually anteriorly. the surface of the tooth plate is not made of dentine, but of bone formed on the surface of the prearticular. this species represents the youngest known occurrence of dipnorhynchus in the murrumbidgee sequence .\nthe pseudoplesiopinae is a subfamily of small coral - reef fishes found throughout the indo - pacific. the aims of the study are to determine species within the subfamily and investigate their phylogenetic relationships. we have published two major papers contributing to this project. in our first paper (gill & edwards 1999), we provided an historical summary and evidence for monophyly of the subfamily, diagnosed its five included genera and hypothesised their interrelationships. in our second paper (gill & edwards 2004), we provided revisions of chlidichthys (13 species) and pectinochromis (one species) from the western and central indian ocean (including the red sea). work is nearing completion on the final two papers of this project: a revision of the genus lubbockichthys; and revisions of the genera amsichthys and pseudoplesiops .\nprofessor alasdair j. edwards, university of newcastle, newcastle upon tyne, u. k .\n© 2002 - 18 the university of sydney. last updated: 10 may 2016\nwhy not come and peruse our comprehensive range of natural history titles at our well stocked bookshop, where you can also receive our expert advice. click here for details of our shop .\nwe attend exhibitions at international conferences and congresses. we provide an exhibition service for scientific publishers. full details can be provided on request. view events that we are attending here." ]

{ "text": [ "the dottybacks are a family , pseudochromidae , of fishes in the order perciformes .", "around 100 species belong to this family .", "they are found in the tropical and subtropical indo-pacific , where most inhabit coral reefs .", "many species are brightly coloured fish , often showing striking sexual dimorphism .", "they are generally small , mostly less than 10 cm ( 4 in ) in length , and some less than 2 cm ( 0.8 in ) .", "the largest by far , at up to 45 cm ( 1 ft 6 in ) , is congrogadus subducens .", "dottybacks are distinguished from other families by the presence of three or less spines in the dorsal fin and an incomplete lateral line organ .", "several of the brightly coloured members of the family are often seen in the marine aquarium trade , although some species are aggressively territorial . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26, 18, 6, 0, 0, 23, 15 ] }

[ "the dottybacks are a family, pseudochromidae, of fishes in the order perciformes. around 100 species belong to this family. they are found in the tropical and subtropical indo-pacific, where most inhabit coral reefs. many species are brightly coloured fish, often showing striking sexual dimorphism. they are generally small, mostly less than 10 cm (4 in) in length, and some less than 2 cm (0.8 in). the largest by far, at up to 45 cm (1 ft 6 in), is congrogadus subducens. dottybacks are distinguished from other families by the presence of three or less spines in the dorsal fin and an incomplete lateral line organ. several of the brightly coloured members of the family are often seen in the marine aquarium trade, although some species are aggressively territorial." ]

[ "a bank myna drinking water from running water on a river bank (the ganga at bithoor) .\ndorsal view of a bank myna .\nroad - toll myna\ncould also be a appropriate name .\nsexes of the bank myna are alike. the juveniles are paler and browner .\nthe ecology of the bank myna acridotheres ginginianus (latham) in an urban environment .\nbank myna (acridotheres ginginianus) is a species of bird in the sturnidae family .\nbank myna (acridotheres ginginianus) is a myna or starling occurring in south asia. it ranges from sind, pakistan to bangladesh. it is similar in colouration and shares its range with the common myna, but is slightly smaller and greyer. unlike the jungle myna, both the common myna and bank myna show yellow orbital patches, but that of the bank myna is more orange .\nbank myna: individuals of a group moving through canopy and dry branches and calling in afternoon .\nsexes of the bank myna are alike. the juveniles are paler and browner. [ 3 ] .\nthe genus acridotheres comprises nine other species (feare and craig, 1998): the great myna a. grandis, crested myna a. cristatellus, white - vented myna a. javanicus, pale - bellied myna a. cinereus, jungle myna a. fuscus, collared myna a. albocinctus, bank myna a. ginginianus, vinous - breasted myna a. burmannicus and the black - winged myna a. melanopterus .\nthe bank myna usually lays 3 to 5 eggs in a clutch. these eggs are a glossy pale blue .\naustralian museum, 2003. common myna acridotheres tristis. common myna acridotheres tristis. urltoken\nthe bank myna is found in urban areas, cultivated farmland and open country especially where opportunities for foraging food can be found .\noriginal file name: 3485c _ myna, bank _ bithur _ 2007may05 _ 09. 46. 54 - bank myna (acridotheres ginginianus). jpg resolution: 946x964 file size: 80488 bytes upload time: 2007: 10: 24 10: 43: 33\nbank mynas often breeds in colonies along with the common myna. records of fifty or more pairs in a single colony are known .\nbank myna (acridotheres ginginianus) is a myna or starling occurring in south asia. it ranges from sind, pakistan to bangladesh. it is similar in colouration and shares its range with the common myna, but is slightly smaller .\nthe colouration is pale bluish grey instead of brown. also, the black crown has a sharp boundary in the bank myna as opposed to a gradation in the case of common myna .\nthe colouration is pale bluish grey instead of brown. also, the black crown has a sharp boundary in the bank myna as opposed to a gradation in the case of common myna .\nthe bank myna is absent from the drier regions in rajasthan. it has a patchy distribution but is most common in major river valleys .\nnorthland regional council, 2008. myna. myna. , new zealand: northland regional council. urltoken\ntidemann, c. 2007c. common indian myna website > myna problems. the australian national university. urltoken\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - bank myna (acridotheres ginginianus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - bank myna (acridotheres ginginianus )\ntitle =\narkive species - bank myna (acridotheres ginginianus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nlocal names: ganga myna (hindi); gang salik (bengali); barad myna (bihar, mirshikars); bardi myna (nepal); lali (sind); daryla myna (uttar pradesh) .\nthe range of the bank myna does seem to be expanding as the species extends further south within the indian peninsula. vagrant birds have been reported in afghanistan .\ndébut avril, bank myna dévoilait son nouveau single, l’incandescent « forest in my head ». au tour de sa chanteuse de partager avec nous ses amitiés musicales .\nbank mynas have a nesting season from april to august, with most birds nesting from may to june .\nbank mynas also haunt municipal refuse dumps for scraps and tidbits and sometimes attend on grazing cattle for ticks or insects .\nthe bank myna is found in the greater part of peninsular south asia, from sind, pakistan on the west, to bangladesh in the east, generally between the latitudes of about 19 o (mumbai); to 28 o (ganga valley). the bank myna is absent from the drier regions in rajasthan. it has a patchy distribution but is commonly seen in major river valleys. mostly resident, the bank myna shows regular seasonal local movements in some areas. individual stragglers have been documented from as far as kandahar, afghanistan, and chennai, india [ 2 ]\nthe bank myna is considered to be a fairly common species across its range, except for bhutan where it is relatively rare. its confident, gregarious nature makes it highly resilient to most major predatory threats .\nthe voice is somewhat softer than that of the common myna. [ 4 ]\ntidemann, c. 2005. common myna. the australian national university. urltoken\nseason mar–aug, primarily apr–jun. monogamous. colonial. generally excavates own tunnel in bank of river, tunnel up to 1 m long ...\nthe bank myna’s natural range is from the himalayas (eastern pakistan, northern india, southern nepal, bhutan) southwards through bangladesh and central india towards the latitude of mumbai. it is found at elevations of up to 1000 metres .\n). most of the common myna’s indigenous range lies within the tropics and subtropics .\nbank mynas eat fruit, grain, and insects. they can be very destructive to ripening crops of sorghum (jowar). on the other hand, stomach contents of bank mynas in bihar have recorded among other things, the larvae of the moth ophiusa melicerte, which is highly injurious to castor .\nbank mynas eat fruit, grain, and insects. they can be very destructive to ripening crops of sorghum (jowar). on the other hand, stomach contents of bank mynas in bihar have recorded among other things, the larvae of the moth ophiusa melicerte, which is highly injurious to castor .\nmostly resident, the bank myna shows regular seasonal local movements in some areas. individual stragglers have been documented from as far as kandahar, afghanistan, and chennai, india. the record from chennai may have been an escaped cage bird .\nthomas, a. 2004. myna fightback, in scribbly gum, abc. 2005 .\nbank mynas have a wide vocal repertoire including whistles, croaks, screeches, clucks and warbles. its vocalisation can be quite persistent and perceived as constant chattering .\nthe bank myna is found in sind, pakistan, on the west, covers the greater part of northern india, east to bangladesh, southwards generally to latitudes of mumbai, maharashtra ie 19° north and balasore, orissa i. e. 21° north .\nthe most likely species the common myna could be confused with are other members of the genus acridotheres, most of which are blackish with white wing patches. in hong kong the common myna lives alongside the native crested myna a. cristatellus, but the crested myna is almost entirely black with a very prominent tuft of feathers on the forehead and an ivory - white bill .\non several polynesian islands both the common myna and the jungle myna have become established. the plumage of the jungle myna is dark grey but paler below, its bill is more orange with a bluish base to the lower mandible, and it lacks the yellow peri - orbital skin of the common myna, but has a conspicuous yellow eye and a tuft of forehead feathers .\nbank mynas are gregarious birds, often seen foraging in flocks and roosting together in trees. it is a highly confident species and is not easily intimidated by humans .\ndrent r. 1996. myna eradication boosts tuis. sunday star times 4, august 1996 .\ntidemann c, 2007. common indian myna website. , australia: australian national university. urltoken\nthe bank myna is found amongst rocks, in open country and around human habitations, often near tea stalls and markets, etc. railway stations are particularly favoured. commonly found in riverside habitats, the hindi and bengali names of the bird refer to this aspect .\ndébut avril, bank myna dévoilait son nouveau single, l’incandescent « forest in my head ». au tour de sa chanteuse de partager avec nous ses amitiés musicales. avec: morning drops, amine dhobb, marble arch et le collectif nøthing, scaffolder et bien à toi !\nthe bank myna is an opportunistic omnivore. it readily eats human food scraps along with fruits, grains, insects, frogs and snails. it will follow grazing cattle to feed off the insects from the disturbed ground or even to feed on the ticks on the cattle itself .\ntidemann, c. 2007a. common indian myna website > home. the australian national university. urltoken\nhatzofe o; perelman y, 2001. myna trapping trial report: summary and recommendations. myna trapping trial report: summary and recommendations. , israel: israel nature and parks authority, 4 pp .\nmassam m, 2001. common myna [ farmnote no. 61 / 2001 ]. common myna [ farmnote no. 61 / 2001 ]. , australia: department of agriculture (western australia) .\nthe cook islands natural heritage trust. 2005. acridotheres tristis: manu kavamani (common myna). urltoken\ntidemann, c. 2007b. common indian myna website > identiying mynas. the australian national university. urltoken\ntidemann, c. 2007g. common indian myna website > humane disposal. the australian national university. urltoken\ntidemann, c. 2007h. common indian myna website > monitoring mynas. the australian national university. urltoken\nmusic video for' lighthouse' by bank myna, directed by antoine toulliou official release date: march 11, 2017 shot in november 2016 in brittany, france. thank you to the team who helped making it possible. thanks a million to all our ulule contributors who made it real. urltoken\nhighlighted the value of habitat restoration for the management of myna populations and for safeguarding native birds in mainland situations .\ndepartment of agriculture and food western australia, 2008. national animal pest alert: common myna. national animal pest alert: common myna. , australia: department of agriculture and food for the state of western australia. urltoken\nlive arico. 2007. first campaign for common myna (acridotheres tristis) control in the island of mallorca 2006 .\ntidemann, c. 2007d. common indian myna website > are mynas spreading? . the australian national university. urltoken\nin india the common myna is referred to as the farmer’s friend because it protects crops by eating insect pests. the myna has been deliberately introduced to continental landmasses and islands with warm temperate to tropical climates, ostensibly to control invertebrate pests (\nthe bank myna has a close association with man - made habitats and regularly enters cities and agricultural lands (2) (4). in urban areas it is found around refuse dumps and wherever food is discarded, and on farmland and in open - countryside it is often found with cattle, favouring wetter areas where it forages along the banks of rivers or irrigation canals (2) (7). it nests in holes in banks, a feature that has earned the species its common name, and roosts in reedbeds (7). in nepal, the bank myna has an altitudinal range of 76 to 1, 370 metres (3) .\nbyrd, g. v. 1979. common myna predation on wedge - tailed shearwater eggs. elepaio 39: 69–70 .\ncook islands biodiversity database. undated. acridotheres tristis manu kavamani, common myna. cook islands biodiversity & natural heritage. urltoken\nhatzofe, o. 2001. pers. commm. re: fw indian myna in west africa (email communication. )\nbyrd gv, 1979. common myna predation on wedge - tailed shearwater eggs. elepaio, 39: 69 - 70 .\ndrent r, 1996. myna eradication boosts tuis. sunday star - times 4, august 1996. , new zealand .\nas there are currently no known major threats to the bank myna, it has not been the target of any specific conservation measures. it is, however, a hugely under - studied species, and further research is required to assess if there are any threats to the species, so that informed conservation recommendations can be made (2) .\na versatile and supreme opportunist, the omnivorous bank myna consumes a wide variety of food types, including frogs, snails, earthworms and other animal matter, as well as fruits and seeds (2). in urban areas it scavenges on the ground amongst people in busy markets or at refuse heaps, and in rural areas it is often found following ploughs to feed on upturned insects (7). it also regularly settles on the back of cattle to remove ticks from them. as a highly sociable species, the bank myna often feeds in large flocks and gathers into large roosts, usually in reedbeds during the winter or in tall trees or buildings at other times of the year (2) .\ngovernment of western australia undated. national pest animal alert: common myna. government of western australia department of food and agriculture. urltoken\nmassam, m. 2001. common myna [ farmnote no. 61 / 2001 ]. department of agriculture (western australia) .\nthe cook islands natural heritage trust, 2005. acridotheres tristis: manu kavamani (common myna). cook islands biodiversity website. urltoken\nwhile the population size of the bank myna is currently unknown, it is considered to be a fairly common species across much of its range, except for in bhutan where it is thought to be relatively rare (6). this species’ ability to occupy urban areas and feed on refuse means that it is likely resilient to all but the most major of threats .\nbeichle, u. r. 1989. common myna on upolu: first record for the western samoa islands. elepaio 49: 85–86 .\nbeichle ur, 1989. common myna on upolu: first record for the western samoa islands. elepaio, 49: 85 - 86 .\nlive arico tenerife animal and environmental protection, 2007. first campaign for common myna (acridotheres tristis) control in the island of mallorca. first campaign for common myna (acridotheres tristis) control in the island of mallorca. [ final report for the environment department balearic islands' government. ]\n) is a myna / starling occurring in south asia from sind, pakistan to bangladesh. it is similar in colouration and shares its range with the\nthe common myna usually raises two broods per season, laying up to six pale greenish - blue eggs (3. 1cm x 2. 2cm ;\ndepartment of agriculture and food. , 2008. national animal pest alert: common myna. department of agriculture and food the state of western australia urltoken\ncraig, a. & feare, c. (2018). bank myna (acridotheres ginginianus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\ncook islands biodiversity database, 2007. acridotheres tristis manu kavamani, common myna. , cook islands: cook islands biodiversity & natural heritage, unpaginated. urltoken\n). in view of the inaccessibility of many myna nests, trapping in the nest seems to be unlikely to make a major contribution to control or eradication .\nmarkula, a. , m. hannan - jones & s. csurhes. 2009. pest animal risk assessment indian myna acridotheres tristis. queensland government. urltoken\nmartin, w. k. 1996. the current and potential distribution of the common myna acridotheres tristis in australia, emu 96: 166 - 173. urltoken\nfound a negative relationship between myna establishment and the long - term population trends of three native cavity - nesting species and eight small species, six of them native .\nnewey, philip. 2007. foraging behaviour of the common myna (acridotheres tristis) in relation to vigilance and group size, emu 107: 315 - 320 .\ntidemann, c. 2007f. common indian myna website > trapping mynas: humane bird trap for common indian mynas and european starlings. the australian national university. urltoken\ntidemann, c. 2007e. common indian myna website > minimising mynas: mitigation of the impact of mynas on biodiversity and public amenity. the australian national university. urltoken\ngovernment of western australia, 2008. national pest animal alert: common myna. , australia: government of western australia department of food and agriculture, 4 pp. urltoken\npell as; tidemann cr, 1996. the ecology of the common myna in urban nature reserves in the australian capital territory. emu, 97: 141 - 149 .\ngill, b. j. 1999. a myna increase – notes on introduced mynas (acridotheres) and bulbuls (pycnonotus) in western samoa. notornis 46: 268–269 .\ngill bj, 1999. a myna increase - notes on introduced mynas (acridotheres) and bulbuls (pycnonotus) in western samoa. notornis, 46: 268 - 269 .\nthe bank myna generally breeds between may and august, with monogamous pairs forming at the start of each season (2) (3). it excavates a long, narrow tunnel in which to build its nest, almost exclusively in an earthen bank or cliff, with the tunnel often connecting to others within a large breeding colony (2) (7). the bulky nest is constructed out of grass, feathers and refuse and stuffed into the end of the tunnel (2) (3). usually three to five glossy, pale blue eggs are laid and incubated for around 13 days, mostly by the female (2) (3). both adult birds cooperate to feed the chicks, which fledge from the nest around 20 to 22 days after hatching (2) .\nthe bank myna naturally occurs from eastern pakistan across the himalayan foothills to eastern and south nepal and bhutan, and southwards to north - central india and bangladesh. it has been introduced to japan and the united arab emirates, where it has spread to several neighbouring countries, including kuwait, oman and saudi arabia (2) (6). it is also found in taiwan where the population is thought to be result of escaped captive birds becoming established in the wild (2) .\nlive arico tenerife animal and environmental protection, 2007. first campaign for common myna (acridotheres tristis) control in the island of mallorca. final report for the environment departament balearic islands’ government\nmartin wk, 1996. the current and potential distribution of the common myna acridotheres tristis in australia. emu, 96: 166 - 173. urltoken; _ id = mu9960166. pdf\n22 cm; 64–76 g. smallish myna with forehead feathers bristly and directed to mid - line to form short frontal crest; feathers of crown and nape elongate and lanceolate... .\nthe nectarivorous and frugivorous components of the common myna’s diet give it role in the pollination and seed dispersal of some plants. this is regarded as a valuable ecosystem service in its native range (\nhatzofe, o. and perelman, y. 2001. myna trapping trial report: summary and recommendations. israel nature and parks authority internal report of the science and conservation division. 4pp .\npell, a. s. & c. r. tidemann. 1996. the ecology of the common myna in urban nature reserves in the australian capital territory, emu 97: 141 - 149 .\nnewey p, 2007. foraging behaviour of the common myna (acridotheres tristis) in relation to vigilance and group size. emu – austral ornithology, 107 (4): 315 - 320. urltoken\ntindall sd; ralph cj; clout mn, 2007. changes in bird abundance following common myna control on a new zealand island. pacific conservation biology, 13 (3): 202 - 212 .\npell as; tidemann cr, 1997. the ecology of the common myna (acridotheres tristis) in urban nature reserves in the australian capital territory (abstract). emu, 97: 141 - 149 .\ntalking to the hindu, mr. rajendra said that he had documented over 70 resident and migratory bird varieties around the amity campus in february this year, when several reports had claimed that as many as 400 species could be spotted here in the early 1980s. in may, dr. rajendra explored the aravalli hills of manesar and documented 51 varieties of endemic birds near the imt industrial complex. these included the bank myna, brown - headed barbet, yellow - footed pigeon, paradise flycatcher, indian silverbill, yellow - crowned woodpecker, black - rumped flameback and red avadavat .\nthe common myna may be confused with a native australian honeyeater known as the yellow - throated miner (manorina flavigula). however, the cocoa colour, raucous voice, white wing patches and ground - frequenting habit of the common myna will usually distinguish it from the honeyeater. it is also sometimes confused with the slightly larger (24cm - 29cm) noisy miner, manorina melanocephala, another native australian honeyeater. both species have yellow bills, legs and bare eye skin, but the common myna is brown with a black head, and in flight it shows large white wing patches, whereas the noisy miner is mostly grey (australian museum, 2003) .\nbank mynas are gregarious, and can be found in flocks even during the breeding season. these birds are usually very tame and confident. often seen on railway stations, sauntering along platforms, in and out of the feet and baggage of passengers, picking up bits of food, they have been noticed in markets, such as old delhi, surreptitiously hopping onto vendors' handcarts to steal scraps .\nbank mynas are gregarious, and can be found in flocks even during the breeding season. these birds are usually very tame and confident. often seen on railway stations, sauntering along platforms, in and out of the feet and baggage of passengers, picking up bits of food, they have been noticed in markets, such as old delhi, surreptitiously hopping onto vendors' handcarts to steal scraps .\nmarkula a; hannan - jones m; csurhes s, 2009. pest animal risk assessment: indian myna acridotheres tristis. , australia: the state of queensland, department of employment, economic development and innovation, 20 pp. urltoken\nmillett j; climo g; jivan shah n, 2004. eradication of the common myna acridotheres tristis populations in the granitic seychelles: successes, failures and lessons learned. advances in vertebrate pest management, 3: 169 - 183 .\nthe common myna is able to adapt to a wide range of climates and habitats and will use different habitats to suit its needs. in fiji and the seychelles it sometimes feeds and drinks on the seashore, eating littoral invertebrates and detritus (\ndhami, m. k. & nagle, b. 2009. review of the biology and ecology of the common myna (acridotheres tristis) and some implications for management of this invasive species. pii (pacific invasives initiative). urltoken\npell, a. s. and tidemann, c. r. 1997. the ecology of the common myna (acridotheres tristis) in urban nature reserves in the australian capital territory (abstract), emu 97: 141 - 149 .\ndhami mk; nagle b, 2009. review of the biology and ecology of the common myna (acridotheres tristis) and some implications for management of this invasive species. auckland, new zealand: pii (pacific invasives initiative). urltoken\nthe bank myna is a medium sized bird measuring 20 to 24 cm in length and weighing 65 to 80 grams. it has a black crown, wings and tail with slate - grey neck and mantle and pale grey underparts which become pale pink towards the centre of the abdomen. there is a small off - white wing patch at the base of the primary flight feathers and the tips of the outer tail feathers are also off - white. a small tuft of feathers can be seen on the forehead. the naked skin behind the eye is orange to brick - red whilst the iris itself is deep red. the beak and legs are orange - yellow .\nmillett, j, climo, g & jivan shah, n. 2004. eradication of the common myna acridotheres tristis populations in the granitic seychelles: successes, failures and lessons learned. advances in vertebrate pest management 3: 169 - 183 .\nfleischer, r. c. , r. n. williams & a. j. baker. 1991. genetic variation within and among populations of the common myna (acridotheres tristis) in hawaii, journal of heredity 82: 205 - 208 .\ntindall, s. d. , c. j. ralph & m. n. clout. 2007. changes in bird abundance following common myna control on a new zealand island, pacific conservation biology 13 (3): 202 - 212 .\nthe common myna (acridotheres tristis), also called the indian myna, is a highly commensal passerine that lives in close association with humans, being most successful in disturbed habitats. it competes with small mammals and birds for nesting hollows. on some islands, such as hawaii and fiji, it preys on other birds' eggs and chicks, and in seychelles, it also attacks adults of some small birds. it presents a threat to indigenous biota, especially on islands with endemic fauna, but also in australia and elsewhere .\nmost of the common myna’s indigenous range lies within the tropics and subtropics, up to 30°n, but recent range extensions in turkey and southern russia have reached about 40°n. most of its introduced range also falls within these limits, but reaches over 40°s in tasmania .\nlittle is known of predators of common mynas. ali and ripley (1972) mentioned noisy defence against cats and snakes, and introduced cats and native snakes may take mynas (and snakes possibly take their eggs) where mynas have been introduced. snakes may also take myna eggs .\npeacock ds; rensburg bjvan; robertson mp, 2007. the distribution and spread of the invasive alien common myna, acridotheres tristis l. (aves: sturnidae), in southern africa. south african journal of science, 103 (11 / 12): 465 - 473. urltoken\nthe common myna is native to central and southern asia and is widely distributed throughout india, afghanistan, turkestan, bangladesh, sri lanka as well as much of southern china and indochina, and there are signs of spread into iran and north into southern russian states and former soviet countries (feare and craig, 1998) .\nfrom these beginnings in the pacific common mynas have spread during the 20 th century to other island groups within melanesia, polynesia and micronesia (e. g. western and american samoa, kiribati, palau) and this spread, sometimes accompanied by the jungle myna acridotheres fuscus, may continue with increasing human connectivity between islands .\npet / aquarium trade: the pathway to the spanish islands has been via pet shops and later escapes from the home cages. in polynesia the transport of caged birds by people is a likely means of dispersal and in hong kong and taiwan prayer release of birds bought in local markets may have contributed to common myna introductions .\ncentury. in the first two countries, these introductions occurred at a time when ‘acclimatisation societies’ were actively importing a variety of birds from europe. neither the origin nor the reason for introducing the common myna to australia are known, but import from its native range in india or afghanistan have been suggested and pest control is a likely reason (\n, this suggests a possible south african origin and importation from kwa zulu natal. if this is the case, however, this would have pre - dated the introduction of this subspecies to durban. while there are clearly uncertainties regarding the common myna in st helena, it is known the several consignments were imported from mauritius to ascension island (\nit is the perceived negative impacts that have led the common myna to be regarded as one of the world’s most invasive species, and for calls for its management in many areas where it has been introduced. however, the perception of negative impacts has proved difficult to translate into good evidence and many instances of threats to wildlife and people are little more than anecdotal. nevertheless, part of the problem lies in the difficulty of studying myna - biodiversity interactions, especially in remote places with few resources such as small tropical islands. in such places, where some of the allegedly threatened species survive in very small populations, it is wise to adopt a precautionary approach and react to the perceived threats .\nfound that the negative relationships between the abundances of common mynas and native parrots in habitats with differing tree densities were explained mainly by the habitat preferences of the birds. in habitats with the greatest myna abundance, however, there was some evidence that they interfered with some breeding attempts of parrots that were attempting to nest in their less - preferred habitats .\npeacock, d. s. , van renburg, b. j. , robertson, m. p. 2007. the distribution and spread of the invasive alien common myna, acridotheres tristis l. (aves: sturnidae), in southern africa, south african journal of science 103 (11 - 12): pp. 465 - 473 .\ncommon myna are omnivorous and eat fruits, berries, grains, flower nectar, insects (including beetle larvae and adults, caterpillars, worms, flies, snails) and spiders. they also scavenge on street litter and at rubbish dumps, on animal food and waste at farms and on roadkill. nestlings are fed for the first ten days exclusively on invertebrates, primarily insects (\nthe common myna prefers warmer climates. for example, in new zealand, it tends to avoid colder regions in the south such as nelson; but it does establish stable populations near piggery sheds where sufficient heat is produced by the pigs to maintain a relatively high temperature; in addition there is an abundance of pig food available (p. r. wilson pers. comm .) .\n, had also been introduced to establish insurance populations. monitoring, following the reduction in the myna population, is still ongoing and no results have yet been published, but there are signs that the populations of magpie robins are producing more young and flycatchers are increasing (feare, pers. obs. ; georgia french, pers. comm .). there are also signs that the number of white terns\na variety of traps have been used to catch mynas, some relying on the birds’ attraction to baits of various kinds (called ‘foraging traps’ in australia) and others including live decoy birds. in practice, baited multi - catch traps become decoy traps as soon as the first myna is caught. the mynas are caught alive, and so need to be killed after capture; non - target species can be released .\nmynas are distinctive birds in that they walk rather than a hop. like most territorial birds they have a bout of intense calling in the early morning that lasts between 5 and 15 minutes and a more prolonged bout of calling as they arrive at the roost in the evening, but they are also highly vocal throughout the day. males call more often than the females, and pairs sometimes duet. the territorial call is a rowdy medley of creaky notes, growls, rattles, raucous, gurgling, chattering and bell - like sounds in rapid sequence often strung together as a song. adults with young utter harsh squarking noises and young learning to fly emit persistent ‘chi - chi - chis’. at their communal roosts mynas maintain a noisy chattering, even well after nightfall and before dawn. to hear samples of the common myna call visit: tidemann (2007b): common indian myna website > identifying mynas .\nmynas roost in numbers as great as 5000 (markula et al. , 2009). they are highly vocal throughout the year, especially at dusk and dawn when they settle in and emerge from their night roosts. in some places, especially singapore, this has led them to be regarded as a public nuisance. their droppings are also a nuisance (yap et al. , 2002, in lim et al. , 2003) and public health concern, although compared with their relative the common starling (sturnus vulgaris), relatively small quantities of droppings accumulate under common myna roosts (feare, 1984 and pers. obs .). common myna can also be a residential nuisance as they build nests in spouting and drainpipes (stoner, 1923). mynas fearlessly steal food off plates which may be a hygiene or general nuisance for restaurants and other shops, and they scavenge food from people’s houses and gardens .\nthis approach is supported by studies of the responses of endemic birds on small islands to the removal of mynas. on moturoa island, new zealand, tindall et al. (2007) recorded increases in numbers of birds, both introduced and native, when common myna numbers were reduced by trapping. increases in the numbers of the native tui prosthemadera novaeseelandii, grey warbler gerygone igata and the introduced blackbird turdus merula were attributed to the reduction in predation and interference from mynas .\nbank mynas derive their name from their habit of building a nest almost exclusively in river banks. breeding season typically runs from april through to july or august. nests are constructed in the earthen walls of river banks or embankments. occasionally holes in brick walls are exploited. the nest is formed by burrowing a tunnel in order to create a nest chamber that can be as much as 2 metres from the entrance. these tunnels can link between breeding pairs to create a breeding colony of up to 100 birds. the nest chamber is lined with grass, feathers, household waste and snake skins. a clutch of 4 to 5 glossy pale sky - blue or greenish - blue eggs is laid. the eggs are incubated, mainly by the female, for 13 to 14 days and the hatchlings fledge after a further 20 to 22 days. both adults participate in the feeding and rearing of the chicks .\ncommon mynas are believed to have both positive and negative impacts on biodiversity. positive impacts concern the pollination of flowers, especially of trees, and the dispersal of the seeds of native plants (feare and craig, 1998). negative impacts are perceived to stem from the common myna’s dominance over and competition with indigenous fauna, especially endangered birds, over food and nest sites, predation of eggs, chicks and sometimes adults, and the spread of invasive plants and pathogens. the concerns thus range from broad communities to individual species .\nthe common myna has been introduced to parts of south east asia, new zealand, eastern australia, southern africa and madagascar. it is also present in many islands in the atlantic ocean (including the canary islands, st helena and ascension island), indian ocean (including réunion, mauritius, rodriguez, comores, seychelles, lakshadweep, maldive islands, chagos and east to andaman and nicobar islands) and pacific ocean (including fiji, tonga, wallis and fortuna, new caledonia, tokelau, solomon islands, samoa, cook islands, society islands and french polynesian islands) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\naerc tac. 2003. aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region, 15th draft. available at: urltoken _ the _ wp15. xls # .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as common to fairly common although uncommon in bhutan (grimmett et al. 1998), while national population sizes have been estimated at < c. 100 introduced breeding pairs in taiwan and possibly c. 100 - 10, 000 introduced breeding pairs in japan (brazil 2009). trend justification: the population is suspected to be increasing as ongoing habitat degradation is creating new areas of suitable habitat .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nclassified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\nenvironment agency - abu dhabi is a principal sponsor of arkive. ead is working to protect and conserve the environment as well as promoting sustainable development in the emirate of abu dhabi .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nincubate to keep eggs warm so that development is possible. monogamous having only one mate during a breeding season, or throughout the breeding life of a pair. omnivorous feeding on both plants and animals .\ndel hoyo, j. , elliot, a. and sargatal, j. (2009) handbook of birds of the world. volume 14: bush - shrikes to old world sparrows. lynx edicions, barcelona .\nkumar shrestha, t. (2001) birds of nepal: field ecology, natural history and conservation. r. k. printers, kathmandu, nepal .\nperrins, c. (2009) the encyclopedia of birds. oxford university press, oxford .\ngrewal, b. , harvey, b. and pfister, o. (2003) a photographic guide to the birds of india: and the indian subcontinent, including pakistan, nepal, bhutan, bangladesh, sri lanka, and the maldives. princeton university press, new jersey .\nwhistler, h. (2007) popular handbook of indian birds. gurney and jackson, london .\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 117 911 4675 fax: + 44 (0) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is featured in jewels of the uae, which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency – abu dhabi .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nso here' s a new song for you! it' s called' forest in my head'. it' s the first excerpt from our upcoming release (planned at the end of the year). we poured our hearts into it and we hope you' ll like it since it' s a pretty accurate glimpse of what' s to come !\nn indian subcontinent from c pakistan and himalayan foothills e to s nepal and assam, s to sind, nc india (gujarat, c maharashtra, s madhya pradesh, west bengal, gradually expanding s # r) and w bangladesh. introduced to japan and united arab emirates; also reported from kuwait, oman and saudi arabia .\nsong of male includes low croaks, high - pitched whistles and warbles, also some mimicry. raucous ...\nclosely associated with man - modified habitats, both agricultural areas and cities. on farmland ...\nomnivorous, diet incorporating animal food, fruit, seeds, and food waste discarded by humans. animal food includes frog tadpoles, small ...\nnot globally threatened (least concern). common. it appears to be gradually spreading into southern india, where recorded in andhra pradesh since 2006. an old record ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\na pair on the nest entrance panting, calling and performing a short reverence together .\njosep del hoyo, pieter de groot boersma, ram gopal soni, 4kvideo, alok tewari, joe angseesing .\nshantilal varu, josep del hoyo, lars petersson, stanislav harvančík, cedric mroczko, vaibhav mishra, alok tewari, brtrai, djop tabaranza, drshaileshdarjimd, abhirup dutta gupta, shivam tiwari, vinayak patel, jayant atrey, mayur patel, nikhil adhikary, gerard visser, jaysukh parekh suman, tomasz doroń, marco valentini, jacqueserard, manakincarmelo, gilgit2, manish panchal, drpankajmaheria, eduardo de juana, sharad, subramanya _ ck, shireesh6, deomurari .\na stocky, bluish - grey mynah with a deep orange bill and eye patches. noticeably smaller and greyer than the common mynah. other differences include :\nthe wing - patch and tips of tail - feathers are pinkish buff instead of white .\nthe nest is a pad of grass and rubbish, stuffed in the widened chamber at the end of a horizontal earth tunnel. these tunnels may be drilled in steep earth banks of rivers, sides of disused brick kilns, earthen wells, or even in masonry. the nests have been known include bits of sloughed off snake - skin .\nbirdlife international (2004). 2006 iucn red list of threatened species. iucn 2006. retrieved on 2007 - 04 - 21. evaluations (history: 1988 / 1994 / 2000, all lc). there is evidence of a population increase (feare et al. 1998) .\nali, salim; sidney dillon ripley (1986 / 2001). handbook of the birds of india and pakistan, 2nd ed. , 10 vols. oxford university press. bird number 1008, vol. 5, p. 181 - 183 .\ngrewal, bikram; bill harvey and otto pfister (2002). photographic guide to birds of india. periplus editions .\nali, salim; j c daniel (1983). the book of indian birds, twelfth centenary edition. bombay natural history society / oxford university press .\ncopyright: wikipedia. this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from urltoken... additional information and photos added by avianweb .\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however, mistakes do happen. if you would like to correct or update any of the information, please\nthroughout history, crows, ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death. …\nplease note: any content published on this site is commentary or opinion, and is protected under free speech. it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes, and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice. avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material. your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\njuvenile birds are similar to the adult but have a browner head and neck, paler throat and no forehead crest .\nwithin this range the species is mainly resident although some nomadic movements are recorded, driven by the weather and also food and water availability .\nestablished introduced communities are recorded in kuwait, united arab emirates, saudi arabia, the maldives, taiwan and japan .\nprivacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: cookie policy\n) on the banks of the ganga at bithur, india. this bird was sitting on the ropes holding up the pontoon bridge. the\nexcept for the gray colour, and the eye patch is a more reddish yellow. date 2007 - 05 - 05. author mukerjee\npermission is granted to copy, distribute and / or modify this document under the terms of the gnu free documentation license, version 1. 2 or any later version published by the free software foundation; with no invariant sections, no front - cover texts, and no back - cover texts. a copy of the license is included in the section entitled\ngnu free documentation license\n.\nsind, pakistan, on the west, covering the greater part of northern india, east to bangladesh, south to approximate latitutdes of mumbai, maharashtra (19n) / balasore, orissa (21n), except for drier regions in rajasthan. distribution is patchy, but most commonly in major river valleys. mostly resident but with regular seasonal local movements in some areas. individual stragglers documented from kandahar, afghanistan, and chennai, india, the latter may have been an escaped cage bird .\nhabitat: rocks, in open country and around human habitations, often near tea stalls, markets, etc. railway stations are particularly favoured. often in riverside habitats (the hindi and bengali names refer to this aspect) .\nwith a deep orange bill and eye patches. noticeably smaller and greyer than the\nwing - patch and tips of tail - feathers pinkish buff instead of white .\ngregarious, often in flocks even during breeding season. usually very tame and confiding, often seen on railway stations, sauntering confidingly along platforms, in and out of the feet and baggage of passengers, picking up bits of food. haunts municipal refuse dumps for scraps and tidbits and attends on grazing" ]

{ "text": [ "bank myna ( acridotheres ginginianus ) , called \" sharak \" in punjabi , is a myna found in northern parts of south asia .", "it is smaller but similar in colouration to the common myna but differs in having a brick red bare skin behind the eye in place of yellow .", "it is greyer on the underside and in this and in the presence of a slight tuft of feathers bears some resemblance to the jungle myna .", "they are found in flocks on the plains of northern and central india , often within towns and cities .", "their range appears to be extending southwards in india .", "the name is derived from their habit of nesting almost exclusively in the earthen banks of rivers where they excavate holes and breed in large colonies . " ], "topic": [ 20, 23, 23, 16, 13, 28 ] }

[ "bank myna (acridotheres ginginianus), called \" sharak \" in punjabi, is a myna found in northern parts of south asia. it is smaller but similar in colouration to the common myna but differs in having a brick red bare skin behind the eye in place of yellow. it is greyer on the underside and in this and in the presence of a slight tuft of feathers bears some resemblance to the jungle myna. they are found in flocks on the plains of northern and central india, often within towns and cities. their range appears to be extending southwards in india. the name is derived from their habit of nesting almost exclusively in the earthen banks of rivers where they excavate holes and breed in large colonies." ]

[ "a new species of cumacea belonging to the genus bodotria goodsir, 1843 was collected from the jeju - do island, korea. the new speices, bodotria jejuensis sp. nov. is similar to b. similis calman, 1907, b. rugosa gamô, 1963, b. carinata gamô, 1964, and b. biplicata gamô, 1964 in having a pitted carapace, prominent dorso - lateral carina, and unarticulated endopod of uropod. however, longish elliptical shape of carapace, well - developed dorso - lateral carina and distinct lateral ridge are the major characteristics which serve to distinguish the new species from its congeners. the new species is fully illustrated and extensively compared with related species. a key to the korean bodotria species is also provided .\n( goodsir, 1843) description: carapace with median and lateral carinae much as in bodotria scorpioides, which it resembles in most respects, the major difference being that the endopod of the uropod has only one segment. the first pereionite is not visible from above, the second long. only the first pereiopods bearing exopodites in either sex. pereiopod 2 with the basis and ischium not distinctly separated. free telson. size: up to 7 mm. habitat: generally inhabits rather coarser sand than bodotria scorpioides. depth range: down to about 120 metres. distribution in the north sea: recorded from sw norway to brittany. world distribution: sw norway to brittany .\n( montagu, 1804) description: the first pereionite not visible from above, the second long. only the first pereiopods bearing exopodites in either sex. pereiopod 2 with the basis and ischium not distinctly separated. carapace with a longitudinal median carinae and a pair of lateral carinea continued to the end of pereionite 5 and visible on the first five pleonites, especially in the male. the endopod of the uropod has two segments, the distal much the shorter. no free telson. size: up to 7 mm. habitat: generally inhabits rather coarser sand than bodotria scorpioides. depth range: down to about 100 m depth, usually much less. distribution in the north sea: southern and northern north sea, skagerrak. world distribution: nw europe, from norway to france, mediterranean sea and black sea, w africa .\nwatling, l. ; gerken, s. (2018). world cumacea database .\nwatling, l. (2001). cumacea, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 308 - 310 (look up in imis) [ details ]\nzimmer, c. (1933). cumacea. the fauna of the north sea and baltic, 23 (10. g4). akademische verlagsgesellschaft: leipzig, germany. 70 - 120 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nmuller, y. (2004). faune et flore du littoral du nord, du pas - de - calais et de la belgique: inventaire. [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord, pas - de - calais and belgium: inventory ]. commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais: france. 307 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmaris, t. ; beauchard, o. ; van damme, s. ; van den bergh, e. ; wijnhoven, s. ; meire, p. (2013). referentiematrices en ecotoopoppervlaktes annex bij de evaluatiemethodiek schelde - estuarium studie naar “ecotoopoppervlaktes en intactness index”. monitor taskforce publication series, 2013 - 01. nioz: yerseke. 35 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\ngoodsir, h. d. s. (1843). on the sexes, organs of reproduction and mode of development of the cirripeds. account of the maidre of fisherman, and description of some new species of crustaceans. edinburgh new philosophical journal 35: 88 - 104, pl. 3 - 4. [ details ]\nhayward, p. j. ; ryland, j. s. (ed .). (1990). the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe: 1. introduction and protozoans to arthropods. clarendon press: oxford, uk. isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1. 627 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour current position in the text is marked in blue. click anywhere in the line to jump to another position :\ncurrent location in this text. enter a perseus citation to go to another section or work. full search options are on the right side and top of the page .\nthe firth of forth; an estuary on the eastern coast of scotland. see tacitus ,\nharry thurston peck. harpers dictionary of classical antiquities. new york. harper and brothers. 1898 .\njones, n. s. , 1957a. cumacea. key to families and references. fiches d' identification du zooplancton, 71 (1957). conseil international pour l' exploration de la mer, kopenhagen .\njones, n. s. , 1957b. cumacea. figures (covering sheets 71 and 73 - 76). fiches d' identification du zooplancton, 72 (1957). conseil international pour l' exploration de la mer, kopenhagen .\njones, n. s. , 1957c. cumacea. family: bodotriidae. fiches d' identification du zooplancton, 73 (1957). conseil international pour l' exploration de la mer, kopenhagen .\njones, n. s. , 1976. british cumaceans. synopses of the british fauna (new series), no. 7. the linnean society / academic press, london .\nsars, g. o. , 1900. an account of the crustacea of norway. vol. iii. cumacea. bergen museum, bergen .\nsorry, there are no other images or audio / video clips available for this species .\nvan der baan, s. m. and l. b. holthuis, 1972. short note on the occurrence of cumacea in the surface plankton collected at\ntexel\nlightship in the southern north sea. zoologische bijdragen, 13: 71 - 73 .\n, the lower one meeting the upper near the hind end. only the median\nlength of the male up to 3. 2 mm, of female up to 2. 5 mm .\nhayward, p. j. and j. s. ryland, 1990. handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe. oxford university press, oxford." ]

{ "text": [ "bodotria is a genus of crustaceans which belong to the family bodotriidae .", "it includes the following species : bodotria africana zimmer , 1908 bodotria alata bacescu & muradian , 1975 bodotria andamanensis petrescu & chatterjee , 2011 bodotria angusta harada , 1967 bodotria arenosa goodsir , 1843 bodotria arianii petrescu , 2003 bodotria armata tafe & greenwood , 1996 bodotria armoricana le loeuff & intes , 1977 bodotria australis stebbing , 1912 bodotria bineti le loeuff & intes , 1977 bodotria biocellata radhadevi & kurian , 1989 bodotria biplicata gamo , 1964 bodotria carinata gamo , 1964 bodotria choprai kurian , 1951 bodotria clara day , 1978 bodotria corallina muhlenhardt-siegel , 2000 bodotria cribraria le loeuff & intes , 1972 bodotria depressa harada , 1967 bodotria dispar harada , 1967 bodotria elevata jones , 1960 bodotria falsinus day , 1978 bodotria furugelmiensis tzareva & vassilenko , 2006 bodotria gibba ( sars , 1878 ) bodotria glabra jones , 1955 bodotria intermedia le loeuff & intes , 1977 bodotria iroensis harada , 1967 bodotria laevigata le loeuff & intes , 1977 bodotria lata jones , 1956 bodotria maculosa hale , 1944 bodotria magna zimmer , 1921 bodotria minuta kurian , 1961 bodotria montagui stebbing , 1912 bodotria nitida day , 1978 bodotria nuda harada , 1967 bodotria ovalis gamo , 1965 bodotria ozolinshi tsareva & vassilenko , 1993 bodotria parva calman , 1907 bodotria parvui petrescu , 2008 bodotria platybasis radhadevi & kurian , 1981 bodotria prionura zimmer , 1952 bodotria pulchella ( sars , 1878 ) bodotria pulex ( zimmer , 1903 ) bodotria rugosa gamo , 1963 bodotria scorpioides ( montagu , 1804 ) bodotria serica day , 1978 bodotria serrata harada , 1967 bodotria serrulata gamo , 1965 bodotria setoensis harada , 1967 bodotria similis calman , 1907 bodotria spinifera gamo , 1986 bodotria sublevis calman , 1907 bodotria tenuis day , 1978 bodotria tosaensis harada , 1967 bodotria unacarina muhlenhardt-siegel , 2003" ], "topic": [ 26, 21 ] }

[ "bodotria is a genus of crustaceans which belong to the family bodotriidae. it includes the following species: bodotria africana zimmer, 1908 bodotria alata bacescu & muradian, 1975 bodotria andamanensis petrescu & chatterjee, 2011 bodotria angusta harada, 1967 bodotria arenosa goodsir, 1843 bodotria arianii petrescu, 2003 bodotria armata tafe & greenwood, 1996 bodotria armoricana le loeuff & intes, 1977 bodotria australis stebbing, 1912 bodotria bineti le loeuff & intes, 1977 bodotria biocellata radhadevi & kurian, 1989 bodotria biplicata gamo, 1964 bodotria carinata gamo, 1964 bodotria choprai kurian, 1951 bodotria clara day, 1978 bodotria corallina muhlenhardt-siegel, 2000 bodotria cribraria le loeuff & intes, 1972 bodotria depressa harada, 1967 bodotria dispar harada, 1967 bodotria elevata jones, 1960 bodotria falsinus day, 1978 bodotria furugelmiensis tzareva & vassilenko, 2006 bodotria gibba (sars, 1878) bodotria glabra jones, 1955 bodotria intermedia le loeuff & intes, 1977 bodotria iroensis harada, 1967 bodotria laevigata le loeuff & intes, 1977 bodotria lata jones, 1956 bodotria maculosa hale, 1944 bodotria magna zimmer, 1921 bodotria minuta kurian, 1961 bodotria montagui stebbing, 1912 bodotria nitida day, 1978 bodotria nuda harada, 1967 bodotria ovalis gamo, 1965 bodotria ozolinshi tsareva & vassilenko, 1993 bodotria parva calman, 1907 bodotria parvui petrescu, 2008 bodotria platybasis radhadevi & kurian, 1981 bodotria prionura zimmer, 1952 bodotria pulchella (sars, 1878) bodotria pulex (zimmer, 1903) bodotria rugosa gamo, 1963 bodotria scorpioides (montagu, 1804) bodotria serica day, 1978 bodotria serrata harada, 1967 bodotria serrulata gamo, 1965 bodotria setoensis harada, 1967 bodotria similis calman, 1907 bodotria spinifera gamo, 1986 bodotria sublevis calman, 1907 bodotria tenuis day, 1978 bodotria tosaensis harada, 1967 bodotria unacarina muhlenhardt-siegel, 2003" ]

[ "africaeaustralis (26. 4–28. 6 lb; 12–13 kg). cane rat males are much larger than females. the greater cane rat is about twice the size of the lesser cane rat .\nabundant in all areas with suitable habitat, neither the lesser nor the greater cane rat is threatened .\na sister species, namely the lesser cane rat, is found only in parts of zimbabwe and mozambique bordering on zimbabwe .\na young / baby of a lesser cane rat is called a' kitten, nestling, pinkie or pup'. the females are called' doe' and males' buck'. a lesser cane rat group is called a' colony, horde, pack, plague or swarm' .\nlesser cane rats provide nutrition as a prey species to their predators. a species of anoplocephalid tapeworm ,\nthysanotaenia congolensis n. sp. (cestoda: anoplocephalidae) in the lesser savanna cane rat, thryonomys gregorianus from democratic republic of congo, africa .\n…rat (thryonomys swinderianus) and the lesser cane rat (t. gregorianus) both inhabit nonforested sub - saharan africa except for namibia and most of south africa and botswana. the two species are found together in certain regions, but they occupy different habitats. the greater cane rat lives along rivers and lakes and in…\n, which has a tail twice the length of the foot. lesser cane rats have two paired mammae compared with three in\nlesser cane rats are herbivores that feed mainly on grasses and cane, but also feed on nuts, bark, fruits, and cultivated crops. they commonly gnaw on rocks, bones, and ivory. lesser cane rat habitat is typically dominated by elephant grass and is therefore considered a principal food source. it is common for groundnut, sweet potato, cassava, maize, and pumpkin crops to be preyed on by these cane rats .\nthe lesser cane rat is listed as least concern. does not qualify for a more at risk category. widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category, on the iucn red list of threatened species\nthe icun red list of threatened species lists lesser cane rats as a species of least concern due to their large population and wide distribution .\nand botswana. the two species are found together in certain regions, but they occupy different habitats. the greater cane rat lives along rivers and lakes and in swamps, reedbeds, and tall, dense grass with thick canelike stems, whereas the lesser cane rat prefers grassy ground in moist savannas and tall grass on rocky hillsides .\nthe two species in the cane rat family, the greater cane rat and the lesser cane rat, are very similar in appearance, except for the fact that one is larger and heavier than the other. the second - largest rodents in their native continent of africa after the south african porcupine, the cane rats range in length from 1. 3 to 2. 6 feet (40. 9 to 79. 3 centimeters) and in weight from 3. 1 to 14. 3 pounds (…\ngreater cane rats and people: like their smaller cousins, the greater cane rat is viewed by humans as both an important food source and a serious threat to cultivated crops .\nanimals online .\ngreat cane rat thryonomys swinderianus: fact sheet .\nurltoken (accessed on june 15, 2004) .\nin asia rat is considered very highly, though it is generally bandicoot rat or bamboo rat rather than common rat that is eaten. restaurants in china are now promoting rat (2011) because they' ve already cooked and served all the snakes that ate rats, so rats are plentiful now. gives a new meaning to\nratatouille\n, it does .\n, was discovered in lesser cane rats in the lake kivv area of the democratic republic of congo. they are the only known host for this species of tapeworm .\ndronen, n. , s. simeik, j. scharninghausen, r. pitts. 1999. thysanotaenia congolensis n. sp. (cestoda: anoplocephalidae) in lesser savanna cane rat, thryonomys gregorianus from democratic republic of congo, africa .\nthe african cane rats (family thryonomyidae) includes only one genus thryonomys and, although many varieties have been described, there are probably only two species, the greater cane rat (thryonomys swinderianus) and the lesser cane rat (thryonomys gregorianus). the name comes from the greek thryon, which means rush, and mys, which means mouse. it makes reference to its common association with vegetation along waterways. cane rats are more closely related to porcupines than to rats. at present, no subfamilies or subspecies are recognized .\nfound in kwazulu - natal, south africa and further north to the central highveld of gauteng and the northern province, as well mpumalanga. a sister species, namely the lesser cane rat, is found only in parts of zimbabwe and mozambique bordering on zimbabwe .\nthe lesser cane rat can be found in a narrow belt from northern cameroon to east africa, where they are common and widespread, and further south as far as zimbabwe and parts of mozambique. more thorough investigation may extend their distribution into parts of south africa .\nspecies have been domesticated and currently efforts are being made to expand the industry. greater cane rats are preferred over lesser cane rats because of their larger body size, however it has been suggested that both species should be reared as part of the industry .\nis the larger of the two species. lesser cane rat body measurements are: average head to tail length 380 mm; average tail length 90 mm; and average hind foot length 59 mm. body mass can range from 2. 65 to 7. 5 kg .\nthe lesser bandicoot rat, not the common rat, is the rat eaten in southeast asia and southern china. not related to the real bandicoot, they are major pests in rice and wheat fields throughout southeast asia and india. while they are hunted, trapped and eaten in great quantity, conservation status is lc (least concern) because they breed at an astonishing rate .\nthe greater bandicoot rat' s range extends into india. they are serious pests and have more\nrat like\nbehavior than the lesser bandicoot. they hang around human habitations eating vegetables, grains and garbage. their borrowing is very destructive, and they can even burrow through brick work .\ncane rats can be a pest by causing great damage to vegetable gardens and crops. the meat of the cane rat is tasty and is widely utilized in african countries. cane rat meat is much in demand, and they are often hunted in organized drives with spears, dogs, and firearms. in west africa, people have traditionally captured cane rats in the wild and raised them at home. as an off - spin of this, some farmers have initiated organized cane rat husbandry. because the meat is considered excellent and a huge market for the meat exists, some farmers in south africa are showing an interest in farming these animals as micro - livestock .\nalthough they look similar, the greater and lesser cane rats prefer different environments. the greater species is semi - aquatic and searches out marshes and reed beds near rivers and streams, while the lesser species looks for dry ground in moist savannas, or grasslands. both animals are excellent swimmers and require tall grasses for hiding and foraging purposes .\namong south african rodents, the greater cane rat is second in size and mass only to the porcupine. its body is bulky and covered in bristly hair; its head is large, while its tail and legs are short. its name suggests both its habitat and its diet: grasses, rushes, reeds and sugar cane. cane rats inflict such damage on sugar cane plantations that farmers avidly protect the python which preys on it .\nvan der merwe, m .\ntooth succession in the greater cane rat thryonomys swinderianus (temminck, 1827) .\njournal of zoology, london 251 (2000): 541–545 .\nso that they can prey on cane rats, lessening crop damage. cane rats also damage maize, millet, groundnut, sweet potato, cassava, and pumpkin fields .\nthe same as the greater cane rat. they play an equally important role as bushmeat. in cultivated areas, they are regarded as a pest due to the destruction of crops and vegetables .\nsize: length (including tail) (m) 72 cm, (f) 67 cm, mass (m) 4, 5 kg (f) 3, 6 kg. colour: dark brown, speckled with yellow. lips, chin and throat are white; other underparts are whitish. most like: the lesser cane rat, but the greater cane rat is 15 - 20 cm longer and at least twice as heavy. habitat: dense, tall grass or reeds, or other thick undergrowth always close to water .\nspecies can do considerable damage to sugar cane fields. many plantations protect predators, such as\nalways occurs along river banks and near marshes where coarse and cane - like grasses occur. often becomes a pest in crop areas such as sugar cane plantations in kwazulu - natal .\nphysical characteristics: the larger of the two cane rat species, the (male) greater cane rat ranges in length from 26. 1 to 30. 9 inches (67. 0 to 79. 2 centimeters) and in weight from 11 to 14. 3 pounds (5 to 6. 5 kilograms), although there are reports of these animals weighing as much as 19. 8 pounds (9 kilograms). females are generally smaller. greater cane rats have powerful, stocky bodies, massive …\nthe greater cane rat is much more widespread in africa than the lesser cane rat, and although there are overlaps in their distribution, they occupy different ecological niches. they occur in grassland or in wooded savanna areas of africa south of the sahara. because of specialized habitat requirements, their distribution is discontinuous. they do not inhabit rainforest, arid regions, or deserts. the only exception being forests where there are clearings with a grassland invasion. cane rats (or\ngrasscutters\nas they are known in west africa) can be found in virtually all countries of west, east, and southern africa, as far south as the eastern cape, south africa .\nromer, a. s. , and p. h. nesbit .\nan extinct cane - rat thryonomys logani from the central sahara .\nannual magazine of natural history 6, no. 10: 687–690 .\nvan der merwe, m. , and a. van zyl .\npostnatal growth of the greater cane rat thryonomys swinderianus in gauteng, south africa .\nmammalia 65, no. 4 (2001): 495–507 .\nvan der merwe, m .\nbreeding season and breeding potential of the greater cane rat thryonomys swinderianus in captivity in south africa .\nsouth african journal of zoology 34, no. 2 (1999): 69–73 .\nvan der merwe, m .\nbreeding season and breeding potential of the greater cane rat (thryonomys swinderianus) in captivity in south africa .\nsouth african journal of zoology 34, no. 2 (1999): 69–73 .\nthomas, o. 1922. on the animals known as ground - hogs or cane - rats in africa .\nhowell, k. 1981. a note on the identification of cane rats, with records from dar es salaam .\ncane rats live in most of sub - saharan africa, and are considered serious agricultural pests, particularly around cane plantations. they grow as large as 22 pounds, and despite hunting, their numbers may be increasing due to human farming activity .\nthe cane rat has a stocky, dark brown coat is made of stiff and hard bristles, (hence its nickname hedgehog). the lower body is lighter than the back. the massive head ends with a broad snout split upper lip (characteristic of all rodents) .\nthe two species in the cane rat family, the greater cane rat and the lesser cane rat, are very similar in appearance, except for the fact that one is larger and heavier than the other. the second - largest rodents in their native continent of africa after the south african porcupine, the cane rats range in length from 1. 3 to 2. 6 feet (40. 9 to 79. 3 centimeters) and in weight from 3. 1 to 14. 3 pounds (1. 4 to 6. 5 kilograms). males are much larger and heavier than females. cane rats are sturdy - looking animals, with solid, stocky bodies, short, brown, bristly, scaly tails, and small ears. their speckled fur is sharp - ended and coarse, and can be any shade between grayish and yellowish brown. cane rats have white lips, chins, and throats, with large, chisel - like incisor teeth that grow continuously. the upper teeth are grooved and bright orange. their muzzles are squared and padded at the nose. these rodents have short, thick legs with heavily padded feet and straight, powerful claws with five digits in front and four in back. their skin is very thin and tears easily, although it also heals quickly. likewise, the tail will break off easily if the animal is caught by it. sexually mature, those ready to mate, cane rats have orange - tinted fur in their genital areas. cane rats do not seem to see well, but their senses of hearing and small are keen. despite their heavy appearance, they are extremely fast and agile creatures .\nhershkovitz, p (1987): first south american record of coues’ marsh rice rat, oryzomys couesi. journal of mammalogy 68, 152 - 154 .\ncane rats (thryonomyidae) .\ngrzimek' s animal life encyclopedia. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\ncane rats: thryonomyidae .\ngrzimek' s student animal life resource. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nthe meat of both cane rat species is highly prized as an excellent and good - tasting protein source in an often harsh environment. organized hunts for the animals are frequently held. some farmers have even started to domesticate\nmicroherds\nof them, and families sometimes rely on sale of their meat for income. in ghana, the price of cane rat meat reportedly surpasses that of beef, sheep, and pork. farmers are often angered by the rats' frequent raids on their crops, and encourage pythons to come into their fields to feed on the animals .\ndistribution and habitat of the grasscutter the grasscutter is found only in africa (rosevear, 1969; baptist and mensah, 1986; adoun, 1993). in west africa where grass provides its main habitat and food, it is commonly known as the grasscutter or the cutting grass, while in other parts of africa particularly southern africa, where it is closely associated with cane fields, it is called the cane rat .\n…are the two species of cane rats (family thyronomyidae). dassie and cane rats are actually relict species, living remnants of an extinct group encompassing 17 genera from four or five families that lived in africa as early as 35 million years ago during the late eocene epoch. …\nthe cane rat, its scientific name thryonomys swinderianus (commonly called “hedgehog” in central africa, “agouti” in french - speaking west africa ‘grass cutter “west anglophone africa), is often encountered in rodent savannah grassy clearings, wet or swampy areas of africa. however, it can be domesticated. rustic and prolific, it is sexually mature at 5 - 6 months with spans up to twelve small. easy to breed, cane rat is an alternative to the poached meat. it is a fast growing animal, mainly in high intensive system, which values very many agricultural byproducts unfit for human consumption. its carcass yield is very important .\nhabitat: greater cane rats favor low - lying, swampy places along streams and riverbanks where there are dense patches of reeds and tall grasses .\ncane rats are swift and agile on land and swim very well. though primarily nocturnal, they are occasionally active during the day. depending on the season, greater cane rats are solitary or communal. lesser cane rats live in small family groups, usually denning in thick vegetation, although termite mounds and the abandoned burrows of aardvarks or porcupines are also used. litters of one to eight well - developed young are born once or twice per year. their diet consists of grass, other plants, and sometimes bark and fruits. cane rats also eat crops and can become serious pests in regions where corn (maize), sugarcane, pineapples, cassava, and eggplant are cultivated. on the other hand, these large rodents provide a significant source of protein for africans and are intensively hunted throughout their range .\nmeat very popular in many african countries. many families depend on the selling of cane rat meat for income. in south africa, some farmers are experimenting to farm them on a commercial basis. on the other hand, they can be severe pests in vegetable gardens and crops and can be regarded as a local pest .\nbate, d. m. a .\nan extinct reed - rat thryonomys arkelli from the sudan .\nannual magazine of natural history 14, no. 11: 65–71 .\nthe greater cane rat also shows a fondness for other crops such as maize, millet, sweet potatoes, pineapples and groundnuts. it is mostly a nocturnal animal, and constructs shelters of flattened reeds or grasses deep within thickets: there are often well - worn paths, marked by piles of chopped grass and droppings, that lead to their foraging sites. greater cane rats are generally reported to be solitary animals, but small groups of 8 - 10 may live in an area of reedbed. when they are alarmed, the rat gives a whistling call and thumps the ground with its hindfeet. they then scurry away, to freeze a few moments later when they feel they are out of danger. pythons, birds of prey, small carnivores and leopards prey on greater cane rats. man too hunts them and savours them as an excellent, protein rich food: the greater cane rat appears high on the menus of restaurants in parts of west africa. average litter size is four, and the young are precocial: they are born fully - haired with open eyes, and are capable of following their mother an hour after birth .\nwhen threatened, cane rats thump their powerful rear feet on the ground to alert others while emitting a piercing whistling sound. although its teeth are formidable, a frightened cane rat will virtually always run with great speed into dense vegetation and toward the nearest open water rather than turning to fight. if captured, the animals thrash frantically and are frequently injured. when enclosed in a box or crate, the rats often use their padded noses as battering rams to try to escape .\nantonanzas, r. , s. sen, p. mein. 2004. systematics and phylogeny of the cane rats (rodentia: thryonomyidae) .\ncane rats (thryonomyidae) .\ngrzimek' s animal life encyclopedia. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\ncane rats: thryonomyidae .\ngrzimek' s student animal life resource. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\nthryonomys species are intensively hunted as an important source of protein throughout their range. they are typically hunted with dogs, spears, and fall traps or by burning vegetation. it is estimated that in west africa, 80 million are harvested annually, equalling 300, 000 metric tons of meat. to increase meat availability, thryonomys species have been domesticated and currently efforts are being made to expand the industry. greater cane rats are preferred over lesser cane rat because of their larger body size, however it has been suggested that both species should be reared as part of the industry. thryonomys species meat has more protein than chicken, rabbit and guinea pig and lower fat than pork, beef and lamb. the expansion of this domesticated market may also relieve pressure on wild population of cane rats (fiedler, 1994; hoffmann, 2008a; howell, 1981; jori et al, 1995) .\nin many tropical countries, several rodent species are highly esteemed and an essential income and food protein source for local inhabitants. especially the cane rat is met throughout sub - saharan africa; its flesh is very popular for domestic consumers. in countries like ivory coast, benin, togo and in some central african countries its domestication has been successful .\ndiet: this species eats primarily the tender new shoots of elephant grass, pennisetum grass, kikuyu (kee - kuh - yuh), and buffalo or guinea grass, along with the plant roots and stems. they feed on bark, fruits, and nuts in more limited quantities. the greater cane rat also eagerly forages for vegetables in cultivated gardens and are voracious consumers of such crops as cane sugar, maize, pumpkins, sweet potatoes, millet, peanuts, sorghum, wheat, and cassava .\nlesser cane rats are solitary in their habits, but can occupy a restricted area with a small family of up to a dozen individuals. they are primarily nocturnal, but are occasionally active during the day. dominance fighting between males involves a nose to nose pushing duel. both individuals push until one relieves pressure, causing the dominant individual to whip its rump around and hit its opponent, knocking the weaker individual off balance .\n. weighing up to 7 kg (more than 15 pounds), cane rats can grow to a length of 61 cm (24 inches), not including the scantily haired tail, which measures up to 26 cm. cane rats have blunt muzzles and small ears, and their speckled brown fur is coarse and bristly .\ngeographic range: the greater cane rat is present in almost all countries west of the sahara desert except in areas of rainforest, dry scrubland, or desert. their existence has been recorded in gambia, cameroon, the central african republic, uganda, sudan, kenya, tanzania, malawi, zambia, mozambique, angola, namibia, botswana, south africa, and zimbabwe .\nmathevotaenia niuguiniensis n. sp. (cestoda: anoplocephalidae: linstowiinae) from the water - rat parahydromys asper (thomas) in papua new guinea, with a list of species of mathevotaenia akumyan, 1946 .\nhershkovitz, p (1971): a new rice rat of the oryzomys palustris group (cricetinae, muridae) from northwestern colombia, with remarks on distribution. journal of mammalogy 52, 700 - 709 .\nphysical characteristics: the larger of the two cane rat species, the (male) greater cane rat ranges in length from 26. 1 to 30. 9 inches (67. 0 to 79. 2 centimeters) and in weight from 11 to 14. 3 pounds (5 to 6. 5 kilograms), although there are reports of these animals weighing as much as 19. 8 pounds (9 kilograms). females are generally smaller. greater cane rats have powerful, stocky bodies, massive heads, and small, broad, fur - covered ears. perhaps their most striking feature is their gigantic, bright - orange incisor teeth. the animals have thick, coarse, pointed hair over its body that varies in shades of brown on top and much lighter fur underneath, with orange - tinted fur in the genital areas of mature adults. the forefeet are smaller than the back feet, but both have large, well - formed claws. the forefeet have five digits, but the first and fifth are very small. there are reports of captive greater cane rats living for four years or more .\ndespite their well - developed claws, cane rats use burrowing only as a last resort for shelter and even then would rather use abandoned porcupine or aardvark burrows or holes in stream banks cause by erosion if dense vegetation for hiding is absent. cane rats have been observed gnawing on rocks, pieces of tusk, and bones, presumably to sharpen their teeth .\nmany animals called\nrat\nare not really rats, and most listed here are not\ntrue rats\n, but superfamily muroidea, does include the real rats. eating rat is strongly forbidden by judaism and islam and in some south american cultures. while not forbidden to christians and other pagans, they just aren' t considered an appetizing idea in europe and the americas - though muskrat has a significant following in north america .\nforaging individuals systematically cut grass with the upper incisors, which results in a tooth - chattering sound. the upper teeth grow continuously. although it prefers green fodder, it can survive on the dry highveld grasses since it has digestive microbes in the hindgut. the meat of cane rat is regarded as a delicacy, superior to that of rabbit. for this reason some people hunt it for food .\nmost rural farmers have access to capture cane rat on a daily basis. these farmers sometimes capture live animals but oftentimes animal are trapped dead. many individuals that love to rear cane rat are faced with the challenge of technical knowhow of handling animals, differentiating the breeds, feeds and housing methods to use on these animals. in conclusion, literatures have established that the grasscutter, a wild african rodent can be domesticated. the distributions in africa, south of sahara, the management system required, nutrition and reproduction performance have all been studied. however, detailed information on health and diseases of these rodents are scanty. furthermore, the grasscutter is known to be economically important as an agricultural pest and its’ meat is widely accepted by all classes of people. it is also a good laboratory animal for research studies .\nspecies meat has more protein than chicken, rabbit, and guinea pig and lower fat than pork, beef, and lamb. the expansion of this domesticated market may also relieve pressure on wild populations of cane rats .\nbehavior and reproduction: mostly nocturnal, this polygamous (puh - lih - guh - mus) cane rat lives alone or in small family groups with a dominant male, several adult females, and their young. they startle easily and run immediately for the closest water, using their excellent swimming, speed, and agility to outmaneuver predators. females gestate for 152 to 156 days, giving birth to two to four pups on average, although the range is from one to six .\npacheco, v, and ugarte - núñez, j (2011): new records of stolzmann’s fish - eating rat ichthyomys stolzmanni (cricetidae, sigmodontinae) in peru: a rare species becoming a nuisance. mammalian biology – zeitschrift für säugetierkunde 76, 657 - 661 .\nnowak, ronald m .\ncane rats .\nin walker' s mammals of the world online 5. 1. baltimore: johns hopkins university press, 1997. urltoken (accessed on june 15, 2004) .\ncane rats are herbivores, plant eaters, and eat a wide variety of grasses and other plant matter, as well as fruits, nuts, bark, and cultivated crops. cane rats ferment their food in a special organ called the cecum (see - kum) to help digest it. they produce two kinds of feces: hard and soft pellets. both are excreted, but the animals eat the soft pellets to extract any nutrients remaining in them .\nprimarily nocturnal, cane rats create and use narrow trails through the grass and reeds to move around their territories. biologists think they live in groups of no more than twelve individuals. males, who live with their young and a few mature females, do not tolerate the presence of other mature males, and aggressively defend their family groups. males fight by pressing their padded noses together until one eases up on the pressure, at which point his opponent may swiftly swing his rump around to knock the weaker rat off balance .\ncane rats are eaten in west and central africa and are appreciated for their tender, high protein low fat meat. a breeding program has been established, and several african governments are encouraging farming them. photo copyright auréelia zizo permission with attribution .\nbandicoot rats are much larger and plumper than the common rat, and the tail is proportionately shorter. for b. indica head / body length is about 10 inches and overall length is 16 inches. photo from blog tropical ramblings - i didn' t find an email for permission. details and cooking\nmales total length 16. 0–22. 4 in (410–575 mm); tail 4. 3–6. 8 in (110–175 mm); mass 3. 1–5. 3 lb (1. 4–2. 4 kg). females total length 19. 3–21. 1 in (495–540 mm); tail 4. 9–5. 5 in (125–140 mm); mass 4. 0–4. 2 lb (1. 8–1. 9 kg). except for size they are similar in build to the greater cane rat, with similar features. the skull is powerfully built, with large orange incisors .\nthe grasscutter is found in grasslands and wooded savannah throughout the humid and sub - humid areas, south of the sahara (nrc, 1991), specifically from senegal to parts of the cape province in south africa (rosevear, 1969). the giant cane rat can also be found in any where there is dense grass, especially reedy grass growing in damp or wet places (ajayi, 1971; abioye et al. , 2008). they do not inhabit the rain forest, dry scrub or desert regions (nrc, 1991). its distribution is determined basically by the availability of adequate or preferred grass species for food (nrc, 1991) .\nexcept for size and mass, there is a great similarity in the external features between the two cane rat species. the description here concentrates mainly on the greater cane rat for which more information is available. they are heavily built with a head that looks small for the body, including small ears and a squarely cut muzzle. the muzzle is used as a pad when they butt each other. when panicking in captivity, they will also ram the walls of the enclosure with the muzzle. the body is covered with spiny hairs that are firm, sharply pointed yet supple, and varies in color from a speckled yellowish brown to a speckled grayish brown. the lips, chin, and throat are predominately white, with a brown pellage mottled with white on the ventral surface. the skin is very weak and tears easily, however, it also heals easily. the dark - brown tail tapers and is covered with short, bristly hair. when caught by the tail, it can easily be broken off. in adults, the genital area is an orange color. the legs are strong, the feet well padded. the front feet have five digits, the first one being rudimentary and the fifth one small. the hind feet have four larger digits, the first one being absent and the fifth one small. all the available digits are strong and possess strong, powerful, and fairly straight claws .\nwhile despised as filthy in the wild, rats kept as pets are found to be clean, friendly and intelligent. most pet rats are fancier breeds of r. norvegicus. common rat is not much cooked except in extreme circumstances because it' s just not meaty enough to bother with. details and cooking. photo by ross distributed under license creative commons attribution - sharealike v2. 0 generic .\ncane rats can be found in swampy low - lying areas along river banks and streams where there are reed beds or areas of dense tall grass, as well as the higher altitudes on the eastern tropical escarpment where they are able to utilize drier terrain. they are good swimmers and will easily take to the water when threatened .\nspecies are covered with bristle - like hairs that grow in groups of five or six, and lay longitudinally along their bodies. they lack underfur. typical body coloration is speckled grayish brown or yellowish brown on the back and flanks, with grey or whitish under parts. the tail is sparsely covered with short bristle - like hairs, with scales present between hairs. the tail is brownish above and whitish underneath. ears are short, rounded, and hardly extend beyond the body pelage. the forefoot has three well - developed central digits, while the first and fifth digits are smaller and almost non - functional. on the hind foot the digits are larger, but the first digit is absent. each foot possesses a naked palm and thick, heavy claws. lesser cane rats have short tails that barely extend past their outstretched hind foot. this is a distinguishing characteristic from their close relative ,\nspecies, males initiate courtship by wagging their tails and treading the hind legs. if the female is attracted to these actions, the pair will rear up and touch noses, followed by copulation. male cane rats also use nose to nose pushing duels to establish a dominance hierarchy within in their social group, which presumably influences mate selection by females .\nnative to tropical asia (r. rattus) and china (r. norvegicus), rats had spread throughout the old world by roman times, and throughout the rest of the world aboard european ships in the 1500s. here in los angeles we have roof rats (mostly medium gray) but in cooler parts of north america the much larger brown rat predominates (photo). the various strains of laboratory rats were developed from r. norvegicus .\ncane rats earned their african nickname of\ngrass cutter\nbecause of their method of eating: after using their powerful incisors to cut grasses at their base, the animals take the bunch of grass in their forefeet, sit upright on their haunches, and begin to feed the grass into their mouths slowly, cutting it up into small bits. when eating and when relaxed, they make soft grunting no…\ncane rats earned their african nickname of\ngrass cutter\nbecause of their method of eating: after using their powerful incisors to cut grasses at their base, the animals take the bunch of grass in their forefeet, sit upright on their haunches, and begin to feed the grass into their mouths slowly, cutting it up into small bits. when eating and when relaxed, they make soft grunting noises .\nthis rat, native to a large part of china, lives mainly on bamboo roots and shoots. living under ground in well designed burrows with numerous lightly plugged escape routes, it is fairly large and can grow to over 4 pounds. it' s natural predators are snow leopards and red pandas, but it' s most dangerous predator is humans hunting it for food. despite this it is still numerous and iucn red listed lc (least concern). photo by daderot contributed to the public domain. .\ncane rats are the only living members of the family thryonomyidae, and they have no close surviving relatives. the evolutionary history of thryonomys dates back 2 million to 4 million years in africa. however, fossils of extinct genera in the family thryonomyidae have been found in africa, the mediterranean region, and asia, and some of these remains date to the late eocene epoch (37 million to 33. 7 million years ago) .\nit is also believed that if more research was done to find the most efficient way to breed the grasscutter, then these animals would be the solution to africa protein shortage. the relevance of the role food farming cane rats in ivory coast means mastering its reproduction. selected and bred sires cane rats are divided into polygamous groups (4 females and 1 male) and submitted to the permanent coupling mode. reproductive behavior was observed with particular emphasis on the process of giving birth, breastfeeding and weaning. growth performance of reproduction, namely: the fertility rate (100 %), fertility (78. 85 %) and prolificacy (96. 15 %) have relatively good values and therefore support this type of farming. nevertheless, the relatively high rate of neonatal mortality (18 %). similarly, the observed performance could be increased through improved livestock management, development and utilization of food rations adapted to the reproductive physiological status of pregnant and lactating aulacodine .\ncane rats are predominantly nocturnal in the wild and travel through trails in the reeds and grass. they appear to live in small groups of up to 12 animals. in captivity, greater cane rats exist as family groups of one male and from one to seven females. the dominant male will not tolerate the presence of another mature male. the same behavior is anticipated in the wild where a family group will consist of a dominant male, few females, and their offspring. when alarmed, they stamp their hind feet on the ground, making a booming sound. they also make a loud whistling sound, as a stress or warning sound. when relaxed and eating, they make soft grunting noises. in the reed beds or grass runs, waste products of feeding and scattered piles of feces can be found. although they have well - developed claws, they do not appear to burrow. where there appears to be a lack of cover, they make use of existing holes, dug by other animals or caused by water erosion alongside river banks .\nin captivity, cane rats are polygynous and the same is expected for the wild. the gestation period is 156 days (range is 137–172 days). it is possible for them to have two litters per annum, with litter sizes ranging from one to five young and even eight. newborn young are precocial, meaning fully furred with open eyes. mass at birth varies from 2. 7 to 7. 2 oz (75–204 g). three pairs of teats are situated high on the sides of the abdomen, and females suckle their young while standing or lying on their bellies. the young are weaned at about four weeks. they stay with the parents until about five months when they become sexually mature. at this age, in captivity, the dominant male starts showing aggressive behavior towards the young males. dominant young males also show aggressive behavior towards their brothers. young females are not bothered. cane rats produce throughout the year although birth peaks occur at certain times of the year, presumably during rainy seasons when more food is available. in captivity, birth can occur any time males and females are placed together .\nblood protozoan parasites there have been reports of few cases of naturally occurring blood parasites of the cane rats (namso and okaka, 1998) since, they co - habit with other animal species. for example ntekim and braide (1981) reported the occurrence of trypanosoma lewisi in the blood of wild rats, while opara and fagbemi (2008c) reported the natural occurrence of trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax, t. simiae, plasmodium and babesia species among wild grasscutters and trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax, plasmodium and babesia species in the captive - reared grasscutters .\nthe dental formula is (i1 / 1 c0 / 0 p1 / 1 m3 / 3) × 2 = 20. the two upper and two lower incisor teeth are broad, heavily built, and chisel shaped. the bright orange enamel layer covers only the incisors on the front, while the rest is dentine. the upper incisors are deeply grooved longitudinally on the outer surface. regardless of the enormous incisors, there is no record of people being bitten by wild cane rats when handling them. they will rather make frantic efforts to escape, a process in which they may injure themselves badly .\nthis species is typically found in association with reed beds or in areas of dense, tall grass with thick reed or canelike stems, typical of riverine and other similar habitats. they are seldom found far from water. skinner and smithers (1990) note that agricultural crops (such as maize, wheat, sugar - cane, groundnuts) have greatly improved the habitat for this species such that they have become an agricultural pest in some regions, and are often responsible for damaging cassava crops, and, in west africa, oil palm plantations. it is predominantly nocturnal, with little known of their biology and ecology. two litters of as many as twelve young are born annually .\nthe cane rats mate with multiple partners throughout the year, although primarily during the rainy season when more food is available. in captivity, pairs reproduce at any time of the year. pregnant females create a special nursery nest, carving out a shallow depression in a sheltered area and using leaves and grass to line it. she gestates, is pregnant, for 137 to 172 days, and may have two litters of one to eight pups each year. the pups are born with open eyes and are completed furred. they nurse for about a month, but stay with the adults until they reach sexual maturity at five months of age, when males begin to show aggression toward each other .\nthey are vegetarian and eat the roots, shoots, and stems of various grasses. they cut the grass stems at the base with their powerful incisors, and then while sitting in an upright position, they manipulate the grass stem or other foodstuff with their front paws while pushing it into the mouth and chopping it into small pieces with the incisors. grasses are their principal food, including elephant grass, pennisetum purpureum, and buffalo or guinea grass, panicum maximum. they consume the soft parts of the grasses and shrubs, and the drier sections and leaves are often discarded. they can become severe agricultural pests in some areas where crops, such as peanuts, maize, sorghum, wheat, cassava, and sugar cane grow in close proximity to their habitat. they are very fond of kikuyu grass and will raid lawns. they scratch the soil aside to expose vegetables such as potatoes and sweet potatoes or, in certain grasses, to expose the succulent underground stems or roots. fermentation of food occurs mainly in the caecum and the animals are coprophagous. they produce two kinds of feces, hard pellets that are excreted and soft pellets that are reingested .\noccurs throughout eastern africa and into western africa in the countries of cameroon, the central african republic, chad, the democratic republic of congo, kenya, malawi, sudan, tanzania, uganda, and zambia. an isolated population also exists in zimbabwe and mozambique. it is likely that populations exist in angola, however no records have been collected west of the zambian border .\n( antonanzas, et al. , 2004; skinner and chimimba, 2005 )\n). they are also occasionally found along the fringes of swamps and in wooded areas. individuals usually use tall grass for shelter, but have also been found digging shallow burrows or using rock crevices, termite mounds, and abandoned\n. the dental formula is: i 1 / 1, c 0 / 0, pm 1 / 1, m 3 / 3. adult skulls can be identified by the placement of three groves on the anterior surface of each upper incisor. the third, outermost groove is located near the outside edge of the tooth, rather than along the midline of the tooth as in\nskulls by the presence of a bar across each foramen ovale, a square appearance of the pair frontal bones when viewed dorsally, and a right angle orientation of the zygomatic arch and the dorsal and ventral attachments of the outer rim of the infraorbital foramen on the lateral side of the skull .\n, in most regions they seem to be seasonal breeders, reproducing during the wetter months. two litters a year are possible under favorable conditions. it is thought that\nspecies reach sexual maturity after one year. scarce records show pregnant females carrying 2 to 3 fetuses. gestation in\nlasts approximately three months. due to this low reproductive potential, exploited populations may take long periods of time to recover .\nyoung are born precocial, are active shortly after birth, develop rapidly, and are suckled by the female in grass nests (forms) .\nfamily groups have territory sizes of 3, 000 to 4, 000 square meters .\nindividuals have poor eyesight, but good senses of smell and hearing. vocalizations include whistling and low hooting grunts. they will also thump their hind feet when alarmed .\npredators include humans, servals, leopards, viverrids, pythons, and various birds of prey .\nspecies are intensively hunted as an important source of protein throughout their range. they are typically hunted with dogs, spears, and fall - traps, or by burning vegetation. it is estimated that, in west africa, 80 million are harvested annually, equaling 300, 000 metric tons of meat. to increase meat availability ,\n( fiedler, 1994; hoffmann, 2008a; howell, 1981; jori, et al. , 1995 )\nbrian kiss (author), university of manitoba, jane waterman (editor), university of manitoba, tanya dewey (editor), university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in sub - saharan africa (south of 30 degrees north) and madagascar .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23. 5 degrees north to 23. 5 degrees south .\na terrestrial biome. savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america, and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (> 23. 5° n or s latitude). vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\newer, r. 1968. form and function on the grass cutter, thryonomys swinderianus temm. (rodentia: thryonomyidae) ) .\nhoffmann, l. 2008. the yield and nutritional value of meat from african ungulates, camelidae, rodents, ratites, and reptiles .\nhoffmann, m. 2008 .\nthryonomys gregorianus\n( on - line). icun red list of threatened species. version 2011. 2. accessed november 29, 2011 at urltoken .\njori, f. , g. mensah, e. adjanohoun. 1995. grasscutter production: and example of rational exploitation of wildlife." ]

{ "text": [ "the lesser cane rat ( thryonomys gregorianus ) is a species of rodent in the family thryonomyidae .", "it is found in cameroon , chad , democratic republic of the congo , ethiopia , kenya , malawi , south sudan , tanzania , uganda , zambia , zimbabwe , and possibly mozambique .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland , subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland , and shrub-dominated wetlands . " ], "topic": [ 29, 20, 24 ] }

[ "the lesser cane rat (thryonomys gregorianus) is a species of rodent in the family thryonomyidae. it is found in cameroon, chad, democratic republic of the congo, ethiopia, kenya, malawi, south sudan, tanzania, uganda, zambia, zimbabwe, and possibly mozambique. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, and shrub-dominated wetlands." ]

[ "two new species of rhinebothrium (cestoda: rhinebothriidea) from granulated guitarfish glaucostegus granulatus in the gulf of oman .\ntwo new species of rhinebothrium (cestoda: rhinebothriidea) from granulated guitarfish glaucostegus granulatus in the gulf of oman. - pubmed - ncbi\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - clubnose guitarfish (glaucostegus thouin )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - clubnose guitarfish (glaucostegus thouin )\ntitle =\narkive species - clubnose guitarfish (glaucostegus thouin )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\na giant shovelnose ray, glaucostegus typus, at lizard island, great barrier reef, queensland. source: anne hoggett / lizard island research station. license: cc by attribution\nsome recent changes in the systematics of rhinobatus have elevated the subgenus glaucostegus to full generic status and placed this genus into a family of its own: glaucostegidae (compagno 2005, last et al. 2016). this species is often confused with glaucostegus typus and pacific ocean records of g. granulatus are probably g. typus. this effects distribution and catch data as misidentifications are probably quite common .\nsome recent changes in the systematics of rhinobatus have elevated the subgenus glaucostegus to full generic status and placed this genus into a family of its own: glaucostegidae (compagno 2005, last et al. 2016) .\nindo - west pacific but range not accurately defined. occurrence in the western indian needs better documentation. possibly occurs off china, indonesia, philippines, papua new guinea and australia, but confusion with glaucostegus typus confounds accurate mapping of range, particularly in the western pacific .\n{ author1, author2... }, (n. d .). glaucostegus halavi (forsskål, 1775). [ online ] india biodiversity portal, species page: { name of species field } available at: urltoken [ accessed date jul 10, 2018 ] .\nglaucostegus typus is widely distributed in the indo - pacific (last and stevens 1994, compagno and last 1999). another species, g. granulatus, co - occurs with this species at the western extremity of its range but has not been positively identified from the australia and oceania region (last and stevens 1994) .\nglaucostegus granulatus is fished throughout its range, both directly and indirectly. it was once moderately abundant but is now irregularly caught in local fisheries. this large rhinobatid is susceptible to capture in a variety of fishing gear including trawl, gillnet, line and seine net and its occurrence along inshore areas of the continental shelf makes these rays an easy target for such fisheries. the species is impacted by direct and indirect fishing pressure where the flesh is utilised and the demand for fins for the international fin trade could be a factor in the switch from subsistence fisheries to more directed, commercial export fisheries of especially the larger guitarfish in areas such as indonesia and the philippines. habitat requirements are not well understood, but inshore areas are important as nursery areas for rhinobatos (glaucostegus) species and these are being impacted upon by fishing activities and environmental degradation / pollution. the entire known area of occurrence of g. granulatus is impacted by often intense and generally unregulated and unmonitored fisheries. the centre of abundance for this species, off india and sri lanka, is impacted upon by a high level of resource utilisation, as is most of the southeast asian region. fishing pressure is consistently increasing in these areas and the demand for fins for the international fin trade is helping drive landings of large guitarfish. although exact catch data are not available this species is seen less regularly than it was previously and declines of greater than 30% are expected to have already occurred, while fishing pressure continues unabated over this species' range and habitat .\nthe characteristic heart - shaped silhouette of the clubnose guitarfish (glaucostegus thouin) is the result of a somewhat bizarre feature of its development, where the head is fused on each side to enlarged pectoral fins. named for its elongated, club - like snout, the clubnose guitarfish has a flattened, slender trunk with rounded pelvic fins and two large dorsal fins, while the long, stout tail bears an imposing, shark - like caudal fin (3) (4). the body is covered in tiny, tooth - like scales which reduce drag in the water and make swimming more efficient. the clubnose guitarfish is generally brownish in colour, sometimes varying from yellow - brown, grey - brown, greenish or black, and is usually white underneath (4) (5) .\nduring a study of the rhinebothriideans of rays in the gulf of oman, two new species of rhinebothrium linton, 1890, rhinebothrium kruppi sp. n. and r. persicum sp. n. , were identified in glaucostegus granulatus (cuvier). some significant features that distinguish r. kruppi sp. n. from r. persicum sp. n. include: scolex characteristics (hinged with 42 - 46 loculi vs. fusiform with 68 - 62 loculi), number of testes (4 - 5 vs. 20 - 27), genital pore position (61. 1 - 76. 9% of proglottid length vs. 47. 2 - 63. 3 %), ovarian morphology (lobulated vs. follicular), cirrus - sac expansion (past midline of proglottid vs. limited to poral side of proglottid), vas deferens configuration (spanning posteriorly to near ovarian isthmus vs. to the level of ovarian anterior margins) and details of microthrix morphology. in addition, a combination of the aforementioned characteristics can be used to distinguish these two new species from other valid species of rhinebothrium. these are the first species of rhinebothriidean cestodes to be described systematically from the gulf of oman, iran. the two new species reported here increase the number of valid species of rhinebothrium to 43 .\njuveniles of g. typus occur inshore, e. g. , mangrove systems and estuaries, and around atolls, whilst adults are found in the deeper waters of the continental shelf to about 100 m (last and stevens 1994). this species has also been reported to be able to live and breed permanently in freshwater. glaucostegus typus is reported to attain at least 270 cm in length (last and stevens 1994). although no published information is available on size at maturity and reproductive biology of this species, specimens examined from shark bay (western australia) showed that females and males appear to mature at between 155 and 175 cm total length (tl), and young are born at approximately 38 to 43 cm tl (w. white, unpublished data). there does not appear to be a distinct seasonal reproductive cycle with newborn young found in most months of the year (w. white, unpublished data). this species is a major predator of crustaceans, with an examination of the diets showing that more than 90% of food ingested belongs to juveniles of either the blue swimmer crab (portunus pelagicus) or the western king prawn (melicertus latisulcatus) (w. white, unpublished data). juveniles also utilize shallow sand flats as nursery areas and move into mangrove areas and sand flats at high tide to feed. there is no published information on the age at maturity, longevity and natural mortality of this species .\nthe fins from g. typus are widely considered as being amongst the most valuable of elasmobranchs (i. e. , white - fin) and there is a significant incentive for fishers to remove the fins from large individuals when they are taken as either target catch or bycatch. glaucostegus typus is commonly landed as bycatch in fisheries in indonesia (bentley 1996, chen 1996, w. white personal observation). fisheries targeting the rhynchobatids in eastern indonesia, e. g. , aru islands and merauke (papua), often catch this species but generally in low numbers. since juveniles of this species inhabit shallow sand flats and mangrove estuaries (last and stevens 1994, w. white unpubl. data), intensive fishing pressures, e. g. , gill, trap and seine nets, in such inshore areas throughout indonesia, e. g. , merauke (papua), are most likely having a high level of impact on this species. such threats to this species in the australia and oceania region appear to be more confined to eastern indonesia (e. g. , papua). there are no target fisheries for g. typus in australia but it is a known bycatch of demersal trawl fisheries in the region (stobutzki et al. 2000, stephenson and chidlow in prep .). in northern australia, this species constitutes a minor component of the catch in the northern prawn trawl fishery and since the introduction of compulsory turtle excluder devices (teds) in this fishery in the year 2000, the number of large individuals of such elasmobranchs retained have been further reduced (stobutzki et al. 2002). there is also likely to be only limited fishing pressure on juvenile g. typus in inshore regions in northern australia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani, 30. 11. 04, , php script by cmilitante, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by cmilitante, 14 / 03 / 2013\nmarine; freshwater; brackish; demersal; depth range 0 - 100 m (ref. 6871). tropical; 24°n - 32°s, 91°e - 156°e\nindo - west pacific: thailand to new guinea and the solomon islands, south to australia. records from the south coast of india, sri lanka, bangladesh, and myanmar need confirmation .\nmaturity: l m? , range 150 - 180 cm max length: 270 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 9909 )\noccurs inshore and offshore, from the intertidal to offshore continental and insular shelves (ref. 9909). adults are found offshore waters while young individuals are found inshore on sand flats, around atolls, and in mangrove swamps (ref. 6871). feeds on shellfish (ref. 9909). ovoviviparous (ref. 50449). reported to live and breed permanently in fresh water (ref. 6871). probably the major commercial guitarfish in the western central pacific (ref. 9909). caught regularly by demersal tangle net fisheries operating throughout the area. utilized for its meat, fins (both very high value), skin and cartilage (ref. 58048). reported to attain a maximum length of 4 m (ref. 58784) .\nexhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (ref. 50449). born at 38 - 40 cm tl (ref. 58048) .\nlast, p. r. and j. d. stevens, 1994. sharks and rays of australia. csiro, australia. 513 p. (ref. 6871 )\n): 25. 7 - 29, mean 28 (based on 1126 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5156 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00646 (0. 00254 - 0. 01643), b = 2. 98 (2. 76 - 3. 20), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 6 ±0. 50 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): low, minimum population doubling time 4. 5 - 14 years (fec assumed to be < 100) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): very high vulnerability (83 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer, w. n. , fricke, r. and van der laan, r. (eds). 2016. catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. updated 31 march 2016. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 31 march 2016) .\nfurther research into the population structure, biology and ecology of g. typus is required to assess the extent to which fishing pressure, particularly in relation to finning, and habitat destruction is influencing this species within its range. improved species composition data from all fisheries that take shovelnose rays and guitarfish is necessary .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ncuvier, g. 1829. le règne animal, distribué d' après son organisation, pour servir de base à l' histoire naturelle des animaux et d' introduction à l' anatomie comparée. edition 2. volume 2 .\naustralia; india (andaman is .); indonesia; kuwait; myanmar; pakistan; papua new guinea; philippines; sri lanka; thailand; viet nam\nwas most abundant off india and sri lanka. once moderately abundant but now irregularly caught in fisheries .\ninshore and offshore to mid - continental shelf down to 119 m. benthic on soft substrates. little known of biology. aplacental viviparous. prasad (1951) documented litter sizes of 6 to 10 pups. reproductive periodicity is annual in examined rhinobatos species. life history parameters age at maturity (years): unknown. size at maturity (total length cm): unknown. longevity (years): unknown. maximum size (total length): 215 cm tl (compagno and last 1999). size at birth (cm): unknown. average reproductive age (years): unknown. gestation time (months): unknown. reproductive periodicity: probably annual (based on other rhinobatos species). average annual fecundity or litter size: 6 to 10 pups / litter (prasad 1951). annual rate of population increase: unknown. natural mortality: unknown .\nthere is a need to acquire accurate catch data from fisheries throughout the species' distribution and to confirm presence in certain areas where it might have been previously been misidentified. better understanding of habitat requirements and critical area / habitats is required to establish best amelioration processes. future management will need to consider harvest and trade management with a focus on resource stewardship and livelihood alternatives. the development and implementation of management plans (national and / or regional e. g. , under the fao international plan of action for the conservation and management of sharks: ipoa - sharks) are required to facilitate the conservation and management of all elasmobranch species. see anon. (2004) for an update of progress made towards development and implementation of national plans of action for countries across the range of r. granulosus .\nmarine; demersal; depth range 0 - 119 m (ref. 9909). subtropical; 26°n - 18°s, 43°e - 156°e\nindo - west pacific: persian gulf to thailand and viet nam. possibly occurring in china, indonesia (sumatra, borneo), philippines, new guinea, and bougainville islands .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 280 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 30573 )\nranges from the intertidal to offshore continental shelves down to 119 m (ref. 9909). a carnivorous fish that feeds on large shellfishes (ref. 58784). ovoviviparous (ref. 50449). biology little known (ref. 9909). utilized where it occurs but details lacking (ref. 9909) .\nexhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (ref. 50449) .\ncompagno, l. j. v. , 1999. checklist of living elasmobranchs. p. 471 - 498. in w. c. hamlett (ed .) sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. johns hopkins university press, maryland. (ref. 35766 )\n): 25. 2 - 29. 1, mean 28. 1 (based on 1678 cells) .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00468 (0. 00251 - 0. 00872), b = 2. 92 (2. 75 - 3. 09), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & (sub) family - body (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 5 ±0. 37 se; based on food items .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): very high vulnerability (86 of 100) .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of rhinobatus acutus garman, 1908) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of rhinobatus granulatus cuvier, 1829) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of rhinobatos granulates (cuvier, 1829) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of rhinobatos granulatus cuvier, 1829) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of rhinobatos granulatus cuvier, 1829) liu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nvideo of a giant shovelnose ray in misool, indonesia. a giant shovelnose ray in a public aquarium .\nshark bay, western australia, around the tropical north to central new south wales. elsewhere the species is widespread in the tropical indo - west pacific. inhabits inshore and offshore areas, from the intertidal to offshore continental and insular shelves. adults are found in deeper waters on the continental shelf. juveniles usually occur inshore, amongst mangroves, in estuaries, and around atolls - and feed on sand flats and amongst mangroves at high tide .\nvery little is known about the biology or population status of this species. females and males appear to mature at between 155 and 175 cm total length (tl), and young are born at approximately 38 to 43 cm tl (white et al. 2016) .\ntargeted and taken as bycatch in many artisanal and commercial fisheries throughout its range. in asia, the flesh is sold for human consumption, and the fins from large animals fetch particularly high prices, creating a significant incentive for bycatch to be retained (white et al. 2016). the compulsory introduction of turtle excluder devices (teds) in the australian northern prawn trawl fishery has reduced the number of large individuals taken in this fishery .\nalthough the species was described by bennett, he was not mentioned in the original publication. therefore the authorship should technically be\nanonymous\n.\nrhinobatus typus anonymous [ bennett ] 1830, memoir of the life and public services of sir stanford raffles: 694. type locality: sumatra, indonesia .\nanonymous [ bennett, e. t. ] 1830. catalogue of the fishes of sumatra. pp. 686–694 in lady raffles (ed. )\ncompagno, l. j. v. , last, p. r. , stevens, j. d. & alava, m. n. r. 2005. checklist of philippine chondrichthys .\ncompagno, l. j. v. & last, p. r. 1999. families pristidae, rhinidae, rhinobatidae, platyrhinidae. pp. 1410 - 1432 in carpenter, k. e. & niem, v. h. (eds) .\nthe living marine resources of the western central pacific. fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes .\nfowler, h. w. 1941. contributions to the biology of the philippine archipelago and adjacent regions. the fishes of the groups elasmobranchii, holocephali, isospondyli and ostariophysi obtained by the united states bureau of fisheries steamer albatross in 1907 to 1910, chiefly in the philippine islands and adjacent seas .\njohnson, j. w. 2010. fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters, queensland, australia. pp. 299 - 353 in davie, p. j. f. & phillips, j. a. proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop, the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .\nlarson, h. k. & williams, r. s. 1997. darwin harbour fishes: a survey and annotated checklist. pp. 339 - 380 in hanley, h. r. , caswell, g. , megirian, d. & larson, h. k. (eds) .\nthe marine flora and fauna of darwin harbour, northern territory, australia. proceedings of the sixth international marine biology workshop .\nsp. nov. with a redefinition of the family - level classification in the order rhinopristiformes (chondrichthyes: batoidea) .\nmoore, a. b. m. 2017. are guitarfishes the next sawfishes? extinction risk and an urgent call for conservation action. endangered species research 34: 75–88 urltoken pdf available, open access\nnaylor, g. j. p. , caira, j. n. , jensen, k. , rodsana, k. a. w. , white, w. t. & last, p. r. 2012. a dna sequence - based approach to the identification of shark and rays species and its implications for global elasmobranch diversity and parasitology .\nséret, b. , last, p. r. & naylor, g. j. p. 2016. 10. guitarfishes. family rhinobatidae, pp 77 - 109; 11. giant guitarfishes. family glaucostegidae, pp 110 - 116. in: last, p. r. , white, w. t. , carvalho, m. r. de, séret, b. , stehmann, m. f. w. & naylor, g. j. p. (eds. )\nstephenson, p. & chidlow, j. 2003. by - catch in the pilbara trawl fishery. final report to natural heritage trust, 74 pp .\nstobutzki, i. c. , miller, m. j. , heales, d. s. & brewer, d. t. 2002. sustainability of elasmobranches caught as bycatch in a tropical prawn (shrimp) trawl fishery .\nthe iucn red list of threatened species 2016: e. t41849a104018648. urltoken downloaded on 27 july 2017 .\nweigmann, s. 2016. annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity .\nwhitley, g. p. 1939. taxonomic notes on sharks and rays .\nthe fishes of australia. part 1. the sharks, rays, devil - fish, and other primitive fishes of australia and new zealand\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nfowler, h. w. 1941 ,\ncontributions to the biology of the philippine archipelago and adjacent regions. the fishes of the groups elasmobranchii, holocephali, isospondyli and ostariophysi obtained by the united states bureau of fisheries steamer albatross in 1907 to 1910, chiefly in the philippine islands and adjacent seas\n, bulletin of the united states national museum, vol. 100, no. 13, pp. 1 - 879 figs 1 - 30\nwhitley, g. p. 1939 ,\ntaxonomic notes on sharks and rays\n, the australian zoologist, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 227 - 262 figs 1 - 18 pls 20 - 22\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 69a2f8dc - b843 - 43df - b399 - 4fdbe864540e\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: e82bf00f - b3f9 - 4dc2 - a840 - 01f6355944c7\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: f07e8965 - a6f2 - 4264 - 9600 - bf38de7379e5\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: e54e9c11 - f53a - 4b1d - aa7e - 0fc3abf8d3ce\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 343389\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nin: memoir of the life and public services of sir thomas stamford raffles. lady stamford raffles: pp. 686–694\n( bennett, 1830): in: database of modern sharks, rays and chimaeras, www. shark - references. com, world wide web electronic publication, version 07 / 2018\n. adults found on the continental shelf down to 100 m. juveniles found inshore around atolls, in mangrove swamps and occasionally enter estuaries. feeds on shellfish. reported to live and breed permanently in freshwater .\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list (version: 01. 04. 2015) 544 pp, 5, 37 mb new !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nrelatively little is known about the biology of this species, although it is thought that the clubnose guitarfish feeds on small fish and invertebrates that live on or near the sea bed (1). most guitarfish in the rhinobatidae family are suction feeders, where prey is sucked into the mouth and swallowed whole (4) (5) (6). the breeding behaviour of the clubnose guitarfish is not well documented; however, it is likely to be ovoviviparous (5) (6) .\nthe clubnose guitarfish is found in inshore waters, spanning from the red sea, to malaysia, singapore, thailand, vietnam, indonesia, new guinea and japan. unconfirmed reports suggest that the clubnose guitarfish may also inhabit waters in the mediterranean and suriname (1) (2) (6) .\na bottom - dwelling (benthic) species, the clubnose guitarfish is typically found over soft and sandy substrate at less than 60 metres depth (1) .\nthe clubnose guitarfish is classified as vulnerable (vu) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthe clubnose guitarfish is threatened by both small scale and commercial fisheries where it may be targeted for its valuable fins, or caught accidentally as bycatch. as so little is known about the biology and habitat requirements of the clubnose guitarfish, it is difficult to assess the impact of other potential threats for this species; however, it is likely that human activities, destructive fishing practices, habitat degradation and pollution will all have an increasingly negative impact on survival (1) (6) .\nmuch more research is required on the population structure, biology and ecology of the clubnose guitarfish, in order to determine how fishing practices, habitat destruction and other pressures are threatening the species. in addition, management plans must be developed in order to facilitate the conservation and sustainable management of this species (1) .\nenvironment agency - abu dhabi is a principal sponsor of arkive. ead is working to protect and conserve the environment as well as promoting sustainable development in the emirate of abu dhabi .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nbycatch in the fishing industry, the part of the catch made up of non - target species. caudal fin the tail fin of a fish. dorsal fin the unpaired fin found on the back of the body of fish, or the raised structure on the back of most cetaceans. invertebrates animals with no backbone, such as insects, crustaceans, worms, molluscs, spiders, cnidarians (jellyfish, corals, sea anemones), echinoderms, and others. ovoviviparous method of reproduction whereby the egg shell is weakly formed and young hatch inside the female; they are nourished by their yolk sac and then ‘born’ live. pectoral fins in fish, the pair of fins that are found one on each side of the body just behind the gills. they are generally used for balancing and braking. pelvic fins in fish, the pair of fins found on the underside of the body .\nbonfil, r. and abdallah, m. (2004) field identification guide to the sharks and rays of the red sea and gulf of aden. food and agriculture organisation of the united nations, rome. available at: urltoken\ncampbell, a. and dawes, j. (2004) encyclopedia of underwater life. oxford university press, oxford .\ncarpenter, k. e. and niem, v. h. (1999) the living marine resources of the western central pacific. volume 3: batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes. part 1 (elopidae to linophyrnidae). food and agriculture organisations of the united nations, rome. available at: urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is featured in jewels of the uae, which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency – abu dhabi .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nschool of biology and centre of excellence in phylogeny of living organisms, college of science, university of tehran, enghelab ave. , tehran, iran .\nfroese, r. and d. pauly. editors. 2011. fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. < a href =' urltoken' target =' _ blank' > www. fishbase. org, version (10 / 2011). < / a >\nfroese, r. and d. pauly. editors. 2013. fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. ; urltoken version (12 / 2013) .\na general description, with any kind of information about the taxon. its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .\nexhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures .\nbreder, c. m. and d. e. rosen 1966 modes of reproduction in fishes. t. f. h. publications, neptune city, new jersey. 941 p .\ndefines and describes life history of a living organism, meaning the course of obligatory developmental transformations in an organism from fertilised zygote to maturity. it includes stages through which an organism passes, ie, metamorphosis, instars, gametophyte / embryophyte, and, transitions from sessile to mobile forms. also discusses timing, though morphology of each form would be better placed in the field for morphology .\nmould, b. 1994 a world list of rays. the scientific nomenclature and distribution of the recent batoidea (batoidea, elasmobranchii, chondrichthyes) university of nottingham, [ uk ]. 82 p .\ndescribes average size, max, range; type of size (perimeter, length, volume, weight ...) .\ncompagno, l. j. v. 1999 checklist of living elasmobranchs. p. 471 - 498. in w. c. hamlett (ed .) sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. john hopkins university press, maryland .\nsummary of general nature of feeding interactions. for example, basic mode of nutrient uptake (autotrophy, heterotrophy, coprophagy, saprophagy), position in food network (top predator, primary producer, consumer), diet categorization (detritovore, omnivore, carnivore, herbivore). specific taxa are treated under associations (specifying predators or prey) and associatedtaxa .\nsommer, c. , w. schneider and j. - m. poutiers 1996 fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes. the living marine resources of somalia. fao, rome. 376 p .\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found (ecosystem, forest, environment or microhabitat). includes realm (e. g terrestrial etc) and climatic information (e. g boreal); also includes requirements and tolerances; horizontal and vertical (altitudinal) distribution. also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities (feeding, mating, etc .), associated mostly to vertebrates .\nindo - west pacific: red sea to gulf of oman. nominal records east of oman need to be confirmed .\ncompagno, l. j. v. and p. r. last 1999 rhinobatidae. guitarfishes. p. 1423 - 1430. in: k. e. carpenter and v. h. niem (eds .) fao identification guide for fishery purposes. the living marine resources of the western central pacific. rome, fao .\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives. covers ranges, e. g. , a global range, or a narrower one; may be biogeographical, political or other (e. g. , managed areas like conservencies); endemism; native or exotic. does not include altitudinal distribution, which is covered under habitat .\n2006 iucn red list of threatened species. www. iucnredlist. org. downloaded july 2006 .\ndescribes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future. population size is treated under population biology, and trends in population sizes are treated under trends. however, this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .\n| | best supported on google chrome, firefox 3. 0 +, internet explorer 8. 0 +, safari 4. 0 +, opera 10 +. powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform. technology partner strand life sciences" ]

{ "text": [ "glaucostegus , also known as giant guitarfishes , is a genus of large indo-pacific rays , with a single species , g. cemiculus , in the east atlantic and mediterranean .", "they were formerly classified in the family rhinobatidae but are now recognized as a distinct family , glaucostegidae .", "their upperparts are uniform pale yellowish , brownish or greyish , and the nose is pale .", "most are large , reaching 1.7 – 3 m ( 5.6 – 9.8 ft ) in length depending on the exact species involved , except for the small g. obtusos that is less than 1 m ( 3.3 ft ) . " ], "topic": [ 10, 2, 1, 0 ] }

[ "glaucostegus, also known as giant guitarfishes, is a genus of large indo-pacific rays, with a single species, g. cemiculus, in the east atlantic and mediterranean. they were formerly classified in the family rhinobatidae but are now recognized as a distinct family, glaucostegidae. their upperparts are uniform pale yellowish, brownish or greyish, and the nose is pale. most are large, reaching 1.7 – 3 m (5.6 – 9.8 ft) in length depending on the exact species involved, except for the small g. obtusos that is less than 1 m (3.3 ft)." ]

[ "sabourin et al. (1997) elevated acleris stadiana from synonymy with a. semiannula .\nan acleris semiannula in garrett co. , maryland (2 / 7 / 2015). photo by mike burchett. (mbp list )\na male acleris semiannula in middlesex co. , massachusetts (10 / 26 / 2014). photo by tom murray. (mbp list )\na female acleris semiannula in middlesex co. , massachusetts (10 / 27 / 2014). photo by tom murray. (mbp list )\nsabourin, m. , r. j. priest & w. e. miller, 1997. nearctic acleris: resurrection of a. stadiana and a revised identity for a. semiannula (lepidoptera: tortricidae). great lakes entomologist, 30: 71 - 78 .\nsabourin, m. , r. j. priest, and w. e. miller. 1997. nearctic acleris: resurrection of a. stadiana and a revised identity for a. semiannula (lepidoptera: tortricidae). great lakes entomologist 30 (3): 71 - 78 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; 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(accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness, completeness, or accuracy of any specific data. natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility, fitness for a particular purpose, and non - infringement. natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server. in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special, indirect, incidental, consequential damages, or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, under any theory of liability used. natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice; however, natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein. since the data in the central databases are continually being updated, it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt. the data provided is for planning, assessment, and informational purposes. site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies. if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site, the appropriate state natural heritage program (s) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area (see visit local programs) .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\ntentatively identified as this species. photographed at portage lake, parry sound district, ontario on 5 july 2015. photograph © david beadle .\ntentatively identified as this species. photographed in toronto, ontario on 23 june 2015. photograph © david beadle .\nmarsh fern moth (fagitana littera). photographed at portage lake, parry sound district, ontario on 5 july 2015. © david beadle .\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer." ]

{ "text": [ "acleris semiannula is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alberta , british columbia , illinois , maine , maryland , mississippi , new brunswick , new york , ohio , ontario , pennsylvania , quebec , south carolina , west virginia and wisconsin .", "the wingspan is 12-15 mm .", "the forewings are usually light red-brown , but may also be pale to fawn and sometimes even dull smoky grey .", "the costal triangle is often composed of red-brown scales , but may also be dark brown .", "adults have been recorded on wing year round .", "the larvae feed on acer rubrum , acer saccharinum and quercus alba . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 8, 8 ] }

[ "acleris semiannula is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from alberta, british columbia, illinois, maine, maryland, mississippi, new brunswick, new york, ohio, ontario, pennsylvania, quebec, south carolina, west virginia and wisconsin. the wingspan is 12-15 mm. the forewings are usually light red-brown, but may also be pale to fawn and sometimes even dull smoky grey. the costal triangle is often composed of red-brown scales, but may also be dark brown. adults have been recorded on wing year round. the larvae feed on acer rubrum, acer saccharinum and quercus alba." ]

[ "worms - world register of marine species - horaiclavus filicinctus (e. a. smith, 1882 )\nmangelia splendida a. adams, 1867 accepted as horaiclavus splendidus (a. adams, 1867) (type by original designation )\nin this paper we describe the foregut anatomy of the two species of horaiclavus lacking a radula and compare them with zemacies excelsa .\nthe shells of horaiclavus have rather strong resemblances to those of the family drilliidae and until radulae were examined the genus was placed in this family. the radula, on the contrary, provides good evidence that the genus horaiclavus should be placed in the subfamily crassispirinae .\nthe anatomy of two radulate species of horaiclavus (h. splendidus and horaiclavus sp. , shell in fig. 3 d) has been examined by dissection. both species possess ‘normal’ foregut anatomy, having proboscis, venom and salivary glands, but lack the rhynchodaeal outgrowth .\nhoraiclavus phaeocercus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae. it was within turridae... .\nhoraiclavus sysoevi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae. originally is was classified within drilliidae. later it was within turridae... .\nthese two still unnamed species are described by a. v. sysoev in the appendix to this paper. examination of the foregut anatomy of these species (horaiclavus phaeocercus sysoev, n. sp. and horaiclavus anaimus sysoev, n. sp .) showed a close similarity to the foregut of zemacies excelsa, particularly in the presence of a structure similar to the ‘pyriform gland’ .\nsmriglio, c. & mariottini, p. (2003) horaiclavus sysoevi, a new species (neogastropoda: drilliidae) from the northwestern indian ocean. the nautilus, 117, 83–86 .\nhistological sections of the anterior part of the digestive system. a–c. horaiclavus phaeocercus. a. section through the buccal mass and oesophagus. b. c. sections through the rhynchodaeal outgrowth. d–f. horaiclavus anaimus. d. section through the buccal mass and oesophagus. e, f. sections through the rhynchodaeal outgrowth. abbreviation: ro, rhynchodaeal outgrowth, other abbreviations as in figure 1 .\njudging from the shell characters horaiclavus and zemacies are clearly not closely related and thus the unusual foregut anatomy likely appeared independently, with the implication that the peculiar rhynchodaeal outgrowth and pyriform gland are not homologous structures .\nbonfitto a. & morassi m. (2014) two new horaiclavus (horaiclavidae, conoidea) species from the indo - pacific region. zootaxa 3821 (1): 146–150. [ 19 june 2014 ] page (s): 149 [ details ]\na–b. horaiclavus splendidus (a. adams, 1867): a. dorsal view of the radula. b, b'. southern vanuatu, volsmar stn dw59, 21°00′s, 170°17′e, 320 m, shell length 17. 6 mm. c, d. horaiclavus sp. , one of still unnamed species of horaiclavus, closely related to studied species, new caledonia. biocal stn dw44, 22°47′s, 167°14′e, 440–450 m, shell length 11. 6 mm. c. dorsal view of the radula. d, d'. shell. e. zemacies excelsa sysoev & bouchet, 2001, holotype (mnhn) shell length 74. 8 mm. scale bars: a, c = 100 µm; b, d at same scale; b', d', e at same scale .\nthe foregut anatomy of zemacies excelsa is very similar to that of both species of horaiclavus. the common characters are complete loss of radula, venom apparatus and proboscis, and a massive buccal mass that opens directly to the rhynchocoel and is surrounded by circular fold. this semitransparent fold was believed to be the remnant of highly reduced proboscis in zemacies (medinskaya & sysoev, 2003). both species of horaiclavus and z. excelsa possess a large rhynchostomal sphincter, and salivary gland (s) (single in zemacies), which is unusual in species lacking radula and venom apparatus .\nmaterial for this study was collected from bathyal depths off the southern coast of new caledonia. one paratype of horaiclavus phaeocercus from the type locality (biocal, stn dw44, 22°47′s, 167°14′e, 440–450 m, 30. 08. 1985) (fig. 5 d) and one paratype of horaiclavus anaimus (bathus 2, stn dw739, 22°35′s, 166°27′e, 465–525 m, 14. 05. 1993) (fig. 5 k) were examined anatomically. due to the small size of the specimens, their foregut anatomy was studied by serial longitudinal sections of the anterior part of the body .\nhere (appendix) they are conditionally assigned to the genus horaicavus. nevertheless, the junior author examined several other species of this group (all still unnamed) (fig. 3 d), on shell features extremely similar to two species treated here (compare fig. 5 with fig. 3 d) and there is little doubt that they are congeneric with horaiclavus phaeocercus n. sp. and horaiclavus anaimus n. sp. some of the studied species possess a radula very similar to that of h. splendidus (fig. 3 c). this evidence would place these new species (even if they belong to a new genus) into crassispirinae .\nthe foregut of horaiclavus anaimus n. sp. (fig. 2 d–f), is nearly identical to that of horaiclavus phaeocercus. some insignificant differences are: a smaller rhynchodaeal septum (fig. 2 f – sp), and slightly different shape of the buccal mass. in h. anaimus the buccal mass has thinner walls and forms a noticeable circular fold in its middle part (fig. 2 d). also, there are some differences in the position of the rhynchodaeal outgrowth. in h. phaeocercus it is contracted and located wholly on the right side of the buccal mass, while in h. anaimus it is extended and curved, so that its distal part lies in front of the buccal mass .\na–g. horaiclavus phaeocercus. a–c. holotype. d. paratype, biocal stn dw44, shell height 10. 2 mm (anatomy examined). e. paratype, smib 8, stn 193–196, shell height 12. 0 mm. f. paratype, musorstom 4, stn dw 230, shell height 10. 2 mm. g. paratype, volsmar, stn dw 51, shell height 11. 3 mm. h–m. horaiclavus anaimus. h–j. holotype, shell height 12. 0 mm. k. paratype, bathus 2, stn dw739, shell height 12. 1 mm (anatomy examined). l. paratype, norfolk 1, stn dw1679, shell height 10. 2 mm. m. paratype, norfolk 1, stn. dw1727, shell height 8. 8 mm. all shells at same scale .\nhoraiclavus phaeocercus n. sp. semidiagramatic longitudinal section of the foregut. position of the rhynchodaeal outgrowth shown by gray colour. abbreviations: bm, buccal mass; cf, circular fold surrounding the buccal mass; cm, columellar muscle; con, circumoesophageal nerve ring; m, retractor muscles of rhynchodaeal outgrowth; oe, oesophagus; rsp, rhynchostomal sphincter; sd, salivary duct; sg, salivary gland; sp, septum .\nthe aps has been recorded in a number of terebridae and consists of a very long and narrow, sometimes branching outgrowth [ hastula bacillus (deshayes, 1859) – taylor & miller, 1990 ]. it was found both in radular - less (e. g. terebra affinis gray, 1834) and radulate species (e. g. hastula bacillus). morphologically, it is rather different from the outgrowth found in horaiclavus. it is much less muscular with a few thin and short muscles leaving the aps to fuse with the walls of the body haemocoel .\nbouchet, p. ; kantor, y. i. ; sysoev, a. ; puillandre, n. (2011). a new operational classification of the conoidea (gastropoda). journal of molluscan studies. 77 (3): 273 - 308. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pleurotoma filicincta e. a. smith, 1882) smith e. a. (1882). diagnoses of new species of pleurotomidae in the british museum. annals and magazine of natural history. ser. 5, 10: 206 - 218. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of mangilia filicinctus (e. a. smith, 1882) ) tucker j. k. (2004). catalog of recent and fossil turrids (mollusca: gastropoda). zootaxa. 682: 1 - 1295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of bela filicinctus (e. a. smith, 1882) ) tucker j. k. (2004). catalog of recent and fossil turrids (mollusca: gastropoda). zootaxa. 682: 1 - 1295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of clavus filicinctus (e. a. smith, 1882) ) tucker j. k. (2004). catalog of recent and fossil turrids (mollusca: gastropoda). zootaxa. 682: 1 - 1295. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nadams, a. (1867) descriptions of new species of shells from japan. proceedings of the zoological society of london, 309–315 .\nappeltans, w. , bouchet, p. , boxshall, g. a. , fauchald, k. , gordon, d. p. , hoeksema, b. w. , poore, g. c. b. , van soest, r. w. m. , stöhr, s. , walter, t. c. & costello, m. j. (eds .), worms—world register of marine species. available online at urltoken (accessed 30 december 2013 )\nbonfitto, a. & morassi, m. (2011) crassispira (crassispirella) tuckerana, a replacement name for crassispira (crassispirella) tuckeri bonfitto & morassi, 2004 (gastropoda: turridae: crassispirinae) not crassispira tuckeri le renard, 1994. zootaxa, 2767, 57–58 .\nbouchet, p. , kantor, yu, i. , sysoev, a. , puillandre n. , (2011) a new operational classification of the conoidea (gastropoda). journal of molluscan studies, 77, 273–308 .\nfedosov, a. & kantor, y. i. (2008) toxoglossan gastropods of the subfamily crassispirinae (turridae) lacking a radula, and a discussion of the status of the subfamily zemaciinae. journal of molluscan studies, 74, 27–35. urltoken\nfleming, c. a. (1822) the philosophy of zoology, a general view of the structure, functions and classification of animals. vol. 2. constable & co. , edinburgh, 618 pp .\nhedley, c. (1922) a revision of the australian turridae. records of the australian museum, 13, 213–359, pls. 42–56 .\nhigo, s. , callomon, p. & goto, y. (1999) catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell - bearing mollusca of japan. elle scientific publications, osaka, 208 pp .\nkantor, y. i. , puillandre, n. , olivera, b. m. & bouchet, p. (2008) morphological proxies for taxonomic decision in turrids (mollusca, neogastropoda): a test of the value of shell and radula characters using molecular data. zoological science, 25, 1156–1170. urltoken 6\nkilburn, r. n. (1994) turridae (s. l .) (mollusca: gastropoda) of southern africa and mozambique. part 7. subfamily crassispirinae, section 2. annals of the natal museum, 35, 177–228 .\nmorrison, j. p. e. (1965) on the families of turridae. the thirty - first annual meeting of the american malacological union, new york, pp. 1–2 .\nolsson, a. a. (1964) neogene mollusks from northwestern ecuador. paleontological research institution, ithaca, new york, 256 pp .\noyama, k. (1954) review of the known species of japanese turridae (2). venus, 18, 17–20 .\npowell, a. w. b. (1966) the molluscan families speightiidae and turridae an evaluation of the valid taxa, both recent and fossil, with lists of characteristic species. bulletin of the aukland institute and museum, 5, 1–184, 23 pls .\nschepman, m. m. (1913) the prosobranchia of the siboga expedition. part 5. toxoglossa. resultats siboga - expeditie, 49–1, 365–452, pls. 25–30 .\nshuto, t. (1983) new turrid taxa from australian waters. memoirs of the faculty of science, kyushu university, series d, geology, 25, 1–26, 2 pls .\nsysoev, a. v. (1993) appendix 2 genus - group taxa of recent turridae s. l. bulletin of the natural history museum of london, zoology, 59, 163–169 .\nsysoev, a. v. (1996) deep - sea conoidean gastropods collected by the john murray expedition, 1933–34. bulletin of the natural history museum, london (zoology) 62, 1–30 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmerci de saisir vos informations de connexions. vous pouvez demander la création d' un compte directement en cliquant ici\nmot de passe oublié? saisissez votre adresse email ci - dessous. si vous ne retrouvez pas l' adresse email correspondant à votre compte merci de nous contacter directement\nthis shell has been added to your booking list. show my booking list continue browsing shell\nyou have to be logged to be able to book and buy shells. click here to log in or create an account .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information: family, species, author, date, and full locality .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 373 seconds. )\npublication info: melbourne, fla. , etc. , american malacologists, inc. , etc .\nbhl' s existence depends on the support of its patrons. help us keep this free resource alive !\nbiodivlibrary @ artropica @ austmus @ bhl _ au indeed. these are truly works of art 😊\nhoraiclavidae bouchet, ph. , yu. i. kantor, a. v. sysoev & n. puillandre, 2011 thumbnails\nanacithara hedley, c. , 1922 type species: anacithara naufraga hedley, c. , 1909\naoteadrillia powell, a. w. b. , 1942 type species: aoteadrillia wanganuiensis hutton, f. w. , 1873\naustrocarina laseron, c. f. , 1954 type species: austrocarina recta hedley, c. , 1903\naustrodrillia hedley, c. , 1918 type species: austrodrillia angasi crosse, h. , 1863\nbuchema corea, l. f. , 1934 type species: buchema tainoa corea, l. f. , 1934\ncarinapex dall, w. h. , 1924 type species: carinapex minutissima garrett, a. , 1873\nceritoturris dall, w. h. , 1924 type species: ceritoturris bittium kilburn, r. n. , 1988\ncoronacomitas shuto, t. , 1983 type species: coronacomitas gemmata shuto, t. , 1983\ndarrylia garcía, e. f. , 2008 type species: darrylia harryleei garcía, e. f. , 2008\ngraciliclava shuto, t. , 1983 type species: graciliclava mackayensis shuto, t. , 1983\nhaedropleura bucquoy, e. j. , ph. dautzenberg & g. f. dollfus, 1882 type species: haedropleura septangularis montagu, g. , 1803\ninkinga kilburn, r. n. , 1988 type species: inkinga platystoma smith, e. a. , 1877\ninodrillia bartsch, p. , 1943 type species: inodrillia nucleata dall, w. h. , 1881\nmarshallena allan, j. , 1926 type species: marshallena neozelanica suter, h. h. , 1917\nmauidrillia powell, a. w. b. , 1942 type species: unknowngenustype\nnaskia sysoev, a. v. & d. l. ivanov, 1985 type species: naskia axiplicata sysoev, a. v. & d. l. ivanov, 1985\nnquma kilburn, r. n. , 1988 type species: nquma rousi sowerby, g. b. iii, 1886\nparadrillia makiyama, j. , 1940 type species: paradrillia dainichiensis dainichiensis yokoyama, m. , 1923\npseudexomilus powell, a. w. b. , 1944 type species: unknowngenustype\npsittacodrillia kilburn, r. n. , 1988 type species: psittacodrillia bairstowi sowerby, g. b. iii, 1886\nstriatoguraleus kilburn, r. n. , 1994 type species: striatoguraleus himaeformis kilburn, r. n. , 1994\nvexitomina powell, a. w. b. , 1942 type species: vexitomina metcalfei angas, g. f. , 1867\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nthe crucial stage in the evolution of the neogastropod superfamily conoidea was probably the origin of the unique feeding mechanism whereby single radular marginal teeth are held at the end of the proboscis for stabbing and envenomation of prey (taylor, kantor & sysoev, 1993). this development led to transformations of both radular (e. g. reduction of the subradular membrane, origin of the hollow marginal teeth) and foregut morphology .\nby contrast, a remarkable tendency to complete loss of the radula has been documented in several lineages of ‘higher’ conoidea (subfamilies raphitominae and mangeliinae of conidae) and in terebridae (taylor et al. , 1993; oliverio, 1995; kantor & taylor, 2002). usually, loss of the radula is accompanied by reduction of other foregut organs, leading to complete loss of proboscis, venom apparatus and salivary glands .\nuntil now the foregut morphology of z. excelsa was considered to be unique. moreover, no other representatives of turridae lacking a radula were known .\nfor histological preparations, the bodies were dehydrated and embedded in paraplast; subsequently, serial sections were cut at 7 µm thickness and stained with masson' s trichrome .\nthe rhynchostomal sphincter is extremely large, as long as the rhynchocoel (fig. 1). the rhynchocoel is partitioned by two rhynchodaeal septa, which are located close to each other just behind the rhynchostomal sphincter. the septa are thin, with large orifices, around 3 / 4 of the rhynchocoel width. in the ventral part the septa are fused, so that in most sections they appear single, while they remain always separate on the dorsal surface of the rhynchodaeum .\nthe rhynchocoel is lined by an epithelium formed by cubic or rectangular cells, and obviously non - secretory. the epithelium of the rhynchocoel anterior to the septa is underlined by a medium - thin layer of muscle fibres, which becomes much thinner posterior to the septum, especially in the dorsal part .\nthe muscular buccal mass opens directly into the rhynchocoel, strongly protruding into the cavity (figs 1, 2 a – bm). the anterior part of the buccal mass is surrounded by thin epithelial fold (figs 1, 2 a – cf), which may represent the remnant of a highly reduced proboscis. it is difficult to establish its homology, since even detailed examination of fine structure of this fold did not reveal any additional characters .\nthe buccal mass is long, with thick muscular walls and a narrow lumen. the inner walls of the buccal mass form numerous longitudinal folds. the circum - oesophageal nerve ring (fig. 1 – con) is positioned at the border between the buccal mass and anterior oesophagus. the oesophagus (fig. 1 – oe) lacks the loop. paired salivary ducts (fig. 1 – sd) open laterally into the anterior part of the buccal mass. these are short, not convoluted, with the inner epithelium formed by ciliated cells. salivary glands are compact and acinous (fig. 1 – sg). both the radular apparatus and venom gland are entirely absent .\nit is possible that most of the observed differences (especially the relative length of the outgrowth) are the results of preservation artifacts .\nthe morphology of the outgrowth, with its combination of muscles in the wall and large muscles filling the lumen of the outgrowth suggests a function as a muscular hydrostat, similar to a typical proboscis. contraction of circular muscles in the wall should cause a decrease in diameter and elongation of the outgrowth. the large muscles most probable act as retractors and their contraction should lead to shortening and widening of the outgrowth. the structure of the epithelium, covering this rhynchodaeal outgrowth suggests capacity for considerable extension. it is highly possible that the outgrowth is capable of protrusion through the rhynchostome .\nthe two new species described here lack a radula and possess a very specialized morphology of the foregut, comparable only with zemacies excelsa and therefore their taxonomic position is ambiguous .\nthe diversity of foregut configurations within the crassispirinae has been studied by kantor, medinskaya & taylor (1997), where the high morphological disparity allowed identification of 13 different types. some foregut organs in crassispirinae are prone to variation, while others are similar in all species studied. the proboscis in particular appears to be very variable, in contrast to the conservative structure of the venom gland .\nseveral cases of somewhat similar structures have been described in representatives of two unrelated clades of conoidea: the accessory proboscis structure (aps) in some species of terebridae (taylor, 1990; taylor & miller, 1990) and the pyriform gland in zemacies excelsa of the subfamily zemaciinae (turridae) (medinskaya & sysoev, 2003) .\npyriform gland of zemacies excelsa (after medinskaya & sysoev, 2003). a. general view. b. section through the bulb - like structure. abbreviations: bl, bulb - like structure; gt, glandular tissue; ms, muscles; sgp, semicircular glandular pad; tf, tall folds underlain by glandular tissue; tn, tentacles .\nconoidean taxonomy is currently based mostly on conchological and radular characters, although the shell is well known to show remarkable cases of homeomorphism. for example, the shells of species of strictispira mclean, 1971 (conoidea, strictispiridae) are hardly distinguishable from many species of crassispira swainson, 1840 (turrridae, crassispirinae) (tippett, 2006), although radular and morphological characters clearly place both genera in different families .\ngenus - group taxa of recent turridae s. l. appendix to taylor, j. d. , kantor, yu. i. & sysoev, a. v. 1993\ntype species: mangilia splendida e. a. smith, 1867 (by original designation) .\ntypes: holotype, mnhn, new caledonia, r / v jean - charcot, biocal, stn dw44, 22°47′s, 167°14′e, 440–450 m, 30. 08. 1985; 6 live collected paratypes (from the same lot), mnhn; 1 dead collected paratype, mnhn, new caledonia, r / v vauban, musorstom 4, sta. dw230, 22°52′s, 167°12′e, 390–420 m, 30. 09. 1985; 1 dead collected paratype, mnhn, south new caledonia, r / v alis, smib 8, sta. dw168, 23°38′s, 168°43′e, 433–450 m, 29. 01. 1993; 1 dead collected paratype, mnhn, south new caledonia, r / v alis, smib 8, sta. dw193–196, 22°59′–23°s, 168°21′–168°23′e, 491–558 m, 01. 02. 1993; 1 dead collected paratype, mnhn, new caledonia, r / v alis, bathus 3, sta. cp805, 23°41′s, 168°01′e, 278–310 m, 27. 11. 1993; 1 dead collected paratype, mnhn, north new caledonia, r / v alis, bathus 4, sta. dw923, 18°52′s, 163°24′e, 470–502 m, 06. 08. 1994 .\netymology: greek phaios (phaeo -, adj. : brown, dusky) and kerkos (cercus, latinized form, noun: tail, appendage), referring to the characteristic dark staining of the end of the siphonal canal .\nreferred material: new caledonia, atoll de surprise, sta. 444, 18°15′s, 162°59′e, 300–350 m, 28. 02. 1985, 1 dead; new caledonia, r / v jean - charcot, biocal, sta. dw77, 22°15′s, 167°15′e, 440 m, 05. 09. 1985, 2 dd; coral sea, r / v coriolis, musorstom 5, sta. 361, 19°53′s, 158°38′e, 400 m, 19. 10. 1986, 1 dd; loyalty basin, r / v coriolis, biogeocal, sta. dw307, 20°35′s, 166°55′e, 470–480 m, 01. 05. 1987, 2 dd; south vanuatu, r / v alis, volsmar, sta. dw51, 20°59′s, 170°03′e, 400 m, 04. 07. 1989, 1 dd; loyalty rise, r / v alis, musorstom 6, sta. dw410, 20°38′s, 167°07′e, 490 m, 15. 02. 1989, 2 dd; south new caledonia, r / v alis, smib 8, sta. dw197–199, 22°51′–22°52′s, 167°12′–168°12′e, 408–436 m, 01. 02. 1993, 1 lv; north new caledonia, r / v alis, bathus 4, sta. dw925, 18°55′s, 163°24′e, 370–405 m, 07. 08. 1994, 1 dd; south new caledonia, r / v alis, norfolk 1, sta. dw1733, 22°56′s, 167°15′e, 427 - 433 m, 28. 06. 2001, 1 dd .\nshell height (holotype) 11. 2 mm, shell diameter 5. 6 mm, last whorl height 7. 3 mm, aperture height 5. 8 mm .\ndistribution: sw pacific: new caledonia, loyalty basin, and coral sea; northward to 18°s, southward to 23°s, westward to 158°e, eastward to 170°e; living at 408–450 m, empty shells at 300–558 m .\nremarks: maximum shell dimensions: 12. 5×6. 65 at 5. 2 teleoconch whorls. variation of shell indices: shell diameter to shell height 0. 47–0. 54, aperture height to shell height 0. 49–0. 54, spire height to shell height 0. 34–0. 40 (commonly 0. 34–0. 37). number of folds rather stable during shell growth; 9–11 folds on last whorl. anal sinus from not expressed to very poorly developed. shell from vanuatu (not included in type series) characterized by less angulated whorls and longer axial folds, not strongly smoothed on lower shell base (fig. 5 g). all fresh shells with dark upper whorls and brownish end of canal; sometimes there is a pale - brown spiral line running abapically of whorl angulation .\noperculum was examined in one of the paratypes from type locality. it is large, occupying entire aperture, thin, transparent, leaf - shaped, with terminal nucleus .\nthe species differs from h. anaimus in having more angulated whorls, fewer axial folds and in details of shell coloration .\ntypes: holotype, mnhn, south new caledonia, r / v alis, bathus 2, sta. dw730, 23°03′s, 168°58′e, 397–400 m, 12. 05. 1993; 1 live collected paratype, mnhn, south new caledonia, r / v alis, bathus 2, sta. dw739, 22°35′s, 166°27′e, 465–525 m, 14. 05. 1993; 1 dead collected paratype, mnhn, new caledonia, r / v alis, norfolk 1, sta. dw1679, 24°43′s, 168°10′e, 298–324 m, 22. 06. 2001; 1 dead collected paratype, mnhn, norfolk rise, r / v alis, norfolk 1, sta. dw1707, 23°43′s, 168°16′e, 381–493 m, 25. 06. 2001; 1 live collected paratype, mnhn, norfolk rise, r / v alis, norfolk 1, sta. dw1727, 23°17′s, 168°14′e, 190–212 m, 27. 06. 2001 .\netymology: greek anaimos, meaning pale and referring to the generally light coloration of the shell .\nreferred material: new caledonia, r / v vauban, musorstom 4, sta. dw226, 22°47′s, 167°22′e, 390 m, 30. 09. 1985, 1 dd; loyalty basin, r / v coriolis, biogeocal, sta. dw253, 21°32′s, 166°29′e, 310–315 m, 16. 04. 1987, 1 dd; south new caledonia, r / v alis, beryx 11, sta. dw11 + cp 23, 24°44′–24°43′s, 168°10′–168°08′e, 270–350 m, 16–17. 10. 1992, 1 dd; new caledonia, r / v alis, bathus 3, sta. dw838, 23°01′s, 166°56′e, 400–402 m, 30. 11. 1993, 1 dd .\nshell height (holotype) 12. 0 mm, shell diameter 5. 2 mm, last whorl height 7. 7 mm, aperture height 5. 9 mm .\ndistribution: a rather small area in the sw pacific between new caledonia, loyalty basin, and norfolk rise; northward to 21°s, southward to 24°s, westward to 166°e, eastward to 168°e; living at 190–525 m, empty shells at 270–493 m .\nremarks: holotype is the largest specimen. variation of shell indices: shell diameter to shell height 0. 43–0. 49, aperture height to shell height 0. 48–0. 52, spire height to shell height 0. 34–0. 37. number of plicae slightly increasing with shell growth: from 9–10 on early whorls to 11–12 on last whorl. most expressed shell coloration represented by diffuse brownish - yellow spots on subsutural ramp, one or two indistinct narrow pale - brown spiral bands running abapically of whorl angulation, and 3–4 bands seen on abapertural part of varix .\noperculum was examined in one of the paratypes (fig. 5 m). it is large, occupying entire aperture, thin, transparent, leaf - shaped, with terminal nucleus .\nthe species differs from h. phaeocercus in having more rounded whorls with more numerous axial folds, and in a protoconch with a smaller number of whorls .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription." ]

{ "text": [ "horaiclavus is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae .", "horaiclavus is the type genus of the family horaiclavidae .", "it was previously included within the subfamily crassispirinae , family turridae . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26, 26 ] }

[ "horaiclavus is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae. horaiclavus is the type genus of the family horaiclavidae. it was previously included within the subfamily crassispirinae, family turridae." ]

[ "crambus alienellus (germar e. f. & fr. kaulfuss, 1817 )\ncrambus - species dictionary - global: ispot nature - your place to share nature. ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature. once you' ve registered, you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ tanzania ], tanganyika - territory, matengo hochland, w. sw of songea, ugano, 1500–1700 m .\nbleszynski s. 1961c. revision of the world species of the family crambidae (lepidoptera). part i genus calamotropha zeller. - acta zoologica cracoviensia 6 (7): 137–272, pls. 1–71 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\n, and moths will appear in late spring or early summer. the first generation of eggs is laid in june, with larvae appearing in june and lasting until july. adult moths appear from july until august. under favorable conditions, a second generation will occur, with the adult stage laying eggs in early october .\nspecies are dry and nonadhesive, with an oval to elliptical shape. the eggs of most species are white to creamy white when first laid, but later turn bright orange or red. the size of the eggs varies between species, but ranges from 0. 3\nalso varies from greenish to beige, brown, or gray, with most larvae having dark, circular spots that extend over the entire body. from the first instar to the third instar, the head capsule will appear black, but later instars have a light brown head capsule with various black sculpturation. at the first instar, the head capsule is 0. 19–0. 23\n. in turfgrass species, their primary host plants are cool - season grasses, with fewer records on warm - season grasses. some species also feed on\ncocoon attached to soil particles, plant debris and fecal pellets. the cocoon resembles a small lump of earth, while the pupa itself is pale yellow at first, darkening to a mahogany brown. the pupae are\nthe adult moth is whitish or light gray to tan. many species have patterns of colors, including silver, gold, yellow, brown and black. the moths are approximately\nthat extend in front of their heads, and fold their wings underneath their bodies, making them slender and harder to see while resting on plants .\nsod webworms were first recognized as a serious pest of lawns and golf courses during the drought of 1928–1934 that affected most of the united states. unlike many of the other more destructive turfgrass pests, the sod webworm is native to the united states and was not introduced .\nmost damage occurs during the first instar, when the sod webworm only feeds on the foliage of the turfgrass. damage is often seen as a small area of leaves that are yellow to brown. sod webworms themselves will not be seen because of their nocturnal nature. during the day, the sod webworm can be found in its burrow in the center of the damaged area. even though damage can be an eyesore, it does not hurt the turf because no damage is done to the crown of the plant. in closely mown turf and drought conditions, damage is more severe than in poorly maintained turf. in closely mown turf, symptoms will appear more quickly and prominently. during drought conditions, damage is more severe because the damage is often not seen until rainfall occurs .\nin the area are counted. during peak growing periods, the grass will often be able to recover by itself and not show serious damage. for high - end turf that cannot show any damage or serious infestations, predators of the sod webworms must be attracted, including\nfabricius originally included 62 species, a number which had increased by 1940 to 116, of which only 98 were thought to be valid .\npatricia j. vittum, michael g. villani & haruo tashiro (1999) .\nr. m. bohart .\nsod webworms and other lawn pests in california\n.\ngaden s. robinson (1986) .\nedward meyrick: an unpublished essay on phylogeny\n.\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 1 / 30 / 2015. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nregions of the russian federation: the lower amur, seaside, mid - amur .\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "crambus caligula is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by bleszynski in 1961 .", "it is found in the democratic republic of congo , ethiopia and uganda . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "crambus caligula is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by bleszynski in 1961. it is found in the democratic republic of congo, ethiopia and uganda." ]

[ "photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges, r. w. et al. , eds. 1983. check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico. e. w. classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation, london. 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\npoole, r. w. , and p. gentili (eds .). 1996. nomina insecta nearctica: a checklist of the insects of north america. volume 3 (diptera, lepidoptera, siphonaptera). entomological information services, rockville, md .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence, all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy." ]

{ "text": [ "crambus cockleellus is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by kearfott in 1908 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alberta and british columbia . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "crambus cockleellus is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by kearfott in 1908. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from alberta and british columbia." ]

[ "general research division, the new york public library. (1898). altai wapiti. retrieved from urltoken\ngeneral research division, the new york public library .\naltai wapiti .\nthe new york public library digital collections. 1898. urltoken\ngeneral research division, the new york public library .\naltai wapiti .\nnew york public library digital collections. accessed july 10, 2018. urltoken\nmany of these animals like the rare argali sheep are endemic to the region. these are also several species of deer such as the forest reindeer, altai wapiti, moose, siberian musk deer and the siberian roe deer. wild boars are also found in the altai mountains. here is bit more about some of the special animals found in the altai .\n: northwestern and north - central parts. boundaries with the manchurian wapiti to the east are unclear .\nthis is a preview of the altai wapiti species only. once you subscribe you will be able to view all the entry details for hundreds of different species, including full score sheets and photos .\n( cervus canadensis sibiricus) iucn: least concern nom français: wapiti de l' altai status in captivity: the species is very common in american zoos, slightly rarer in europe. this subspecies is extremely rare and displayed in less than 5 zoos around the world .\n< ref name = nypl > { { cite web | urltoken | title = (still image) altai wapiti. , (1898) } } | author = digital collections, the new york public library | accessdate = july 10, 2018 | publisher = the new york public library, astor, lennox, and tilden foundation } } < / ref >\nthe altai mountains, sandwiched between mongolia, russia, kazakhstan and china is a foreboding and rugged place. even then, there is a lot of beauty in these mountains and anyone who takes one look cannot help, but marvel at them .\nhunting with eagles is an old tradition. some say, it goes back to 4000 years. the only people who still hunt with eagles live in the altai region of western mongolia. it is a skill because eagles are temperamental. if they are not trained properly, the eagles can claw or bite or even get injured (if you don' t handle them properly). the eagles can hunt rabbits and foxes. only about 400 of these falconers are left so it is a dying art, even in the altai .\nthe snow leopard is an elusive creature. their camouflaged fur gives them an incredible advantage in the ragged mountains where they live. it is difficult to spot one and if you do, count yourself incredibly lucky. the snow leopard preys on the siberian ibex and the argali sheep. however, for all its power, the snow leopard just weights 55 kg at the max. to help it cope with the cold, the snow leopard has been blessed with the thickest fur among all the big cats. there are just about 6000 of these elegant big cats left and there is a large population in the altai .\ndiffers from the tian shan wapiti in being slightly smaller and paler in color, and having some minor skull differences. winter coat is a light grayish - brown or yellowish - brown, with the head, neck, belly and legs a darker brown. females are more evenly colored, without the darkening on sides and belly. males in summer are a more uniform reddish - brown without the dark belly and with the rump patch more vividly reddish. females in summer are similar to males, though somewhat darker with a fairly distinct dorsal stripe. best antlers of record had a 54 - inch (137. 2 cm) beam length, 42 - 1 / 8 - inch (107. 0 cm) inside spread, and 14 total points (rowland ward, 1988) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\noriginal russian text © m. v. kuznetsova, a. a. danilkin, m. v. kholodova, 2012, published in izvestiya akademii nauk, seriya biologicheskaya, 2012, no. 4, pp. 391–398 .\nbandelt, h. - j. , forster, p. , and ruhl, a. , median - joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies ,\n( mammals of russia and adjacent regions: cervidae), moscow: geos, 1999 .\nellerman, j. r. and morrison - scot, t. c. s. ,\nchecklist of palaearctic and indian mammals 1758 to british museum (nat. hist. )\nexcoffier, l. and lischer, h. , arlequin suite ver. 3. 5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under linux and windows ,\n( deer of the ussr (systematics and zoogeography) ), moscow: moip, 1947 .\ngeptner, v. g. , nasimovich, a. a. , and bannikov, a. g. ,\n( mammals of the soviet union. artiodactyls and solipeds), moscow: vyssh. shkola, 1961, vol. 1 .\ngrubb, p. and gardner, a. l. , list of species and subspecies of the families tragulidae, moschidae, and cervidae, in\n, iucn / ssc deer specialist group, oxford: inform. press, 1998 .\nkumar, s. , dudley, j. , nei, m. , and tamura, k. , mega: a biologist - centric software for evolutionary analysis of dna and protein sequences ,\nlemmon, a. r. and milinkovitch, m. c. , the metapopulation genetic algoritm: an efficient solution for the problem of large phylogeny estimation ,\nlowe, v. w. and gardiner, a. s. , a re - examination of the subspecies of red deer (\nludt, c. j. , schroeder, w. , rottmann, o. , and kuehn, r. , mitochondrial dna phylogeography of red deer (\npérez - espona, s. , pérez - barbería, f. j. , goodall - copestake, w. p. , et al. , genetic diversity and population structure of scottish highland red deer (\nkuznetsova, m. v. , danilkin, a. a. & kholodova, m. v. biol bull russ acad sci (2012) 39: 323. urltoken\n) shoulder height up to 59 - 61 inches (150 - 155 cm). weight to 660 pounds (300 kg) .\nthis online application provides access to the entire sci record book. from here you are able to browse and search for entries by location, species, hunting company / guide, and more. this is a subscription service and you can sign up today by clicking the subscribe now button below. if you would like to view more information about this site, please click here\nonce you subscribe you' ll be able to access photos and full socre sheets for all of these entries. plus you can filter, sort, and search through all species and entries in the sci database. if you would like to subscribe now to have access to the entire database, please click here .\nthe owner of this website processes the cookies required for the functionality of the website and for analytical purposes. in the case of your consent also for marketing .\nstay in single - sex groups for most of the year. during the rut, mature bulls compete for the attentions of the females .\na number of wild animals call these mountains home such as the majestic golden eagle, the grey wolf, argali sheep, snow leopard, eurasian lynx, siberian ibex, brown bear, corsac fox, mongolian gazelle and more .\nwith its long, curved horns the siberian ibex, a type of wild goat, is a sight to behold. it is usually found above the tree line, only coming down to escape from the cold in winter or to escape a predator like the snow leopard. like the snow leopard, the siberian ibex is also endangered .\nthe brown bear is one of the largest land - based predators. a brown bear can weigh as much as 355 kg. they are even known to chased down deer. brown bears are mostly nocturnal and hibernate in winter, when the weather is very cold and food supplies are low. most of the bears' diet is composed of vegetation and they are opportunistic flesh eaters .\ncollection deer of all lands; a history of the family cervidae living and extinct, by r. lydekker .\ndeer of all lands; a history of the family cervidae living and extinct, by r. lydekker .\nshelf locator: qni + (lydekker, r. deer of all lands )\ncontent :\nbibliography of the cervidae\n: p. [ 317 ] - 323 .\ncontent :\nthis edition consists of five hundred copies, numbered and signed, of which this is no. 86 .\nthe copyright and related rights status of this item has been reviewed by the new york public library, but we were unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the item. you are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. more information! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey' s business dictionary (german - english). thanks on that account! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome! questions and answers" ]

{ "text": [ "the altai wapiti ( sometimes called the altai elk by north americans ) is a subspecies of cervus canadensis found in the forest hills of southern siberia , northwestern mongolia , and northern xinjiang province of china .", "it is different from the tian shan wapiti in being smaller and paler in color .", "it has also been classified as cervus elaphus sibirica , and is also known as the altai maral , central maral deer , siberian red deer , and maral . " ], "topic": [ 20, 23, 29 ] }

[ "the altai wapiti (sometimes called the altai elk by north americans) is a subspecies of cervus canadensis found in the forest hills of southern siberia, northwestern mongolia, and northern xinjiang province of china. it is different from the tian shan wapiti in being smaller and paler in color. it has also been classified as cervus elaphus sibirica, and is also known as the altai maral, central maral deer, siberian red deer, and maral." ]

[ "ornithoptera croesus croesus wallace, a. r. , 1859 — google arts & culture\nmatsuka (2001) treated helios as a synonym of o. croesus croesus .\nmatsuka (2001) treated wallacei as a synonym of o. croesus croesus .\nohya (1995) regarded o. croesus helios to be a f. of o. croesus\na new subspecies of ornithoptera croesus from morotai island, indonesia and a gynandromorph of o. croesus lydius (lepidoptera: papilionidae )\nparrott & schmid :\na new subspecies of ornithoptera croesus from morotai island, indonesia, and a gynandromorph of o. croesus lydius\n. the canadian entomologist. 1984. describing ornithoptera croesus toeantei for the first time .\nwallace' s golden birdwing - ornithoptera croesus lydius (topside) $ 179. 00\ndeslisle :\na new female form of ornithoptera croesus lydius\n. butterflies 15. 1996. describing ornithoptera croesus lydius ff jeanne - d' arcae for the first time .\nhere you can see some photos of ornithoptera croesus (goldroter vogelschwingenfalter, wallace' s golden birdwing) (male above / female below). ornithoptera croesus is a member of the\ndeslisle :\nnouvelle sous - esp裥 chez ornithoptera croesus du l'  mandioli, indonesie\n. bulletin de la societ頓ciences nat. 1991. describing ornithoptera croesus wallacei for the first time .\nhayami :\na new subspecies of ornithoptera croesus from kasiruta is. , indonesia\n. transactions of the himeji natural history association. 1994. describing ornithoptera croesus helios for the first time .\ngoussey, f. :\na new described female form of ornithoptera croesus lydius\n. lambillionea, cv, 4, dec 2005. describing ornithoptera croesus lydius ff reducta for the first time .\nparrott & deslisle :\nnew and interesting forms of birdwing butterflies\n. part 2. ornithoptera, subgenus ornithoptera, species aeacus and croesus. papilio international. 1987. describing ornithoptera aesacus mf maculatusaurum, o. aesacus ff tenebricosa, o. croesus lydius mf olivei, o. croesus lydius mf pannis and o. croesus lydius ff nudus for the first time .\nornithoptera croesus, better known as wallace' s golden birdwing, found on the indonesian island of maluku .\nalthough it is believed that croesus - at least subspecies croesus and lydius - are more numerous in nature than what early collectors reported, there is no doubt that croesus is under a continued threat from human activities .\nblandin :\netude sur le genre ornithoptera; remarques preliminaires sur les relations phylogeniques entre ornithoptera alexandrae, ornithoptera victoriae et ornithoptera priamus\n. alexanor. 1973 .\nohya (1995) and von knötgen (1997) regarded o. croesus wallacei\nclick the button below to add the wallace' s golden birdwing - ornithoptera croesus lydius (underside) to your wish list .\nhere you can see the subspecies ornithoptera croesus lydius (male left / female right). the wingspan is about 17 - 20 cm .\ncrösus / kroisos was a wealthy mythological king (ref: croesus' gold spots) .\nwho, in 1859, collected the first specimens of o. croesus in bacan island .\ntokurana. 1981. describing ornithoptera croesus lydius mf watsoni, o. priamus poseidon ff akakeoides and o. priamus poseidon ff pseudotroides for the first time .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - wallace’s golden birdwing butterfly (ornithoptera croesus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - wallace’s golden birdwing butterfly (ornithoptera croesus )\ntitle =\narkive species - wallace’s golden birdwing butterfly (ornithoptera croesus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nornithoptera croesus is, like all other birdwings a true miracle of nature. this butterfly is strictly protected. it is listed in the appendix ii from cites .\nornithoptera croesus (wallace' s golden birdwing, goldroter vogelschwingenfalter) is a butterfly from the australasia / indomalaya (australia) ecozone. the distribution is restricted on moluccas .\nornithoptera croesus, the wallace' s golden birdwing, is a species of birdwing butterfly found in northern maluku in indonesia. content licensed under creative commons attribution. source: urltoken\nupperside of a male wallace' s golden birdwing butterfly (ornithoptera croesus), collected by alfred russel wallace himself on the remote indonesian island of batchian (bacan) in 1859 .\nunderside of a male wallace' s golden birdwing butterfly (ornithoptera croesus), collected by alfred russel wallace himself on the remote indonesian island of batchian (bacan) in 1859 .\nblandin: ɴude d' ornithoptera priamus admiralitatis\n. alexanor. 1969. describing ornithoptera priamus admiralitatis mf moinieri for the first time .\ndeslisle :\nnouvelle forme m⬥ chez ornithoptera aesacus\n. lambillionea. 1995. describing ornithoptera aesacus mf nadiae for the first time .\nwell, this is the oxford entomological society gleefully voting out my suggestion of wallace’s golden birdwing, ornithoptera croesus, from their x - factor “what’s the best insect on earth” show. philistines .\nschmid :\nsur quelques sous - esp裥s d' ornithoptera victoriae\n. the canadian entomologist. 1973. on the studies of ornithoptera victoriae .\ni had decided to return to ternate in a week or two, but this grand capture determined me to stay until obtained a good series of this new butterfly which i have since named ornithoptera croesus .\ndeslisle :\nnouvelle forme m⬥ chez ornithoptera (aetheoptera) victoriae\n. lambillionea. 1995. describing ornithoptera victoriae mf brossardi for the first time .\nhaugum (ed .) :\nornithoptera allottei - a natural hybrid\n. papilio international. 1990. on the so - called ornithoptera allottei .\nparrott :\na new high - altitude subspecies of ornithoptera priamus\n. papilio international. 1988. describing ornithoptera priamus aureus for the first time .\nornithoptera croesus is a species of birdwing butterfly found almost - exclusively on the maluku islands of indonesia. its common name references the british naturalist alfred russel wallace (1823 - 1913), who first described the species in 1859, while the croesus in its scientific name references king croesus, lydia’s reigning monarch between 560 and 547 bc. like other species within the genus ornithoptera, male members of o. croesus are much more vivid in coloration than females. golden birdwing males, as the name suggests, are mostly golden yellow in coloration on their topsides (black and green on their undersides). females of the species are mostly dark brown, and are larger on average than males .\ni see one of those russian ebay sellers is offering a new ssp. of ornithoptera croesus. urltoken does anyone know if it actually has been described? i currently have no record of this name. adam .\ndear adam, in ebay is another offer of o. croesus from kayoa urltoken i do not think there is already a description. andreas\nmoulds :\na new subspecies of ornithoptera priamus from north queensland\n. australian entomological magazine. 1974. describing ornithoptera priamus macalpinei for the first time .\nsku: ap - fi0340 dimensions: 6. 000\nw x 8. 250\nh x 1. 625\nd scientific name: ornithoptera croesus lydius origin: indonesia shipping restrictions: international wildlife export fees apply\nattal :\nnote sur ornithoptera teucrus. άes de biak & schouten (indonesie )\n. bulletin de la societ頓ciences nat. 1988. raising ornithoptera priamus teucrus to subspecific rank. describing ornithoptera priamus teucrus mf barbarossa for the first time .\nborch & schmid :\non ornithoptera priamus caelestis, demophanes and boisduvali\n. journal of the lepidoptersists' society. notes on three subspecies of ornithoptera priamus .\nthe canadian entomologist. 1985. describing ornithoptera tithonus misoolana for the first time .\nparrott :\ntwo new subspecies of ornithoptera priamus\n. papilio international. 1990. describing ornithoptera priamus impensus and o. priamus sterrensis for the first time .\nanon :\nornithoptera allottei a natural hybrid\n. papilio international. 1989 .\nblandin :\netude d' ornithoptera priamus miokensis\n. alexanor. 1972 .\nmoucha :\nornithoptera priamus in the moluccas\n. lepidopterologiske meddelelser. 1984 .\nit was during a visit to bacan island in 1859 that alfred russell wallace first observed a female of ornithoptera croesus. it took, however, as much as three months before he finally managed to catch the first specimen, a male. his triumph was a direct result of his identification of shrubs with yellow flowers, mussaenda, to be attractive to the imagoes of croesus .\nthe fore wings are black. the wing leading edge is orange or red. a black and longish odour - spot is on the wing. the underside of ornithoptera croesus is black. there are some green spots on the wing .\ndeslisle :\nnouvelle sous - esp裥 chez ornithoptera tithonus de l'  miso쬠indonesie .\nparrott :\na new subspecies of ornithoptera priamus from gebe island, indonesia\n. papilio international. vejle. 1985. describing ornithoptera priamus gebeensis for the first time .\nschmid :\nnouvelle sous - esp裥 chez ornithoptera tithonus de l' ile miso쬠indonesie\n. the canadian entomologist. 1985. describing ornithoptera tithonus misoolana for the first time .\nso & sato :\na new subspecies of ornithoptera paradisea\n. trans. lep. soc. japan. 1998. describing ornithoptera paradisea demeter for the first time .\nkobayashi & koiwaya :\na new species of ornithoptera from irian jaya\n. transactions of the himeji natural history association. 1978. describing ornithoptera akakeae for the first time .\npriam' s birdwing' s - ornithoptera priamus poseidon (topside) $ 239. 00\nmorita & takenaka :\na new subspecies of ornithoptera paradisea from sorong, irian jaya, indonesia\n. futao 29. 1998. describing ornithoptera paradisea occidentalis for the first time .\npasternak :\nwestern ornithoptera (schoenbergia) meridionalis two forms of subspecies tarunggarensis ?\n.\no. croesus is a low - land species, occurring in swamps and wet places. according to smiet (1982) as much as 90% of all forests in the northern and central moluccas was under concession to large - scale commercial logging operations. additional threats to croesus comes from large - scale use of insecticides against mosquitoes .\n:\nthe sub - species and forms of the tailed birdwing ornithoptera paradisea staud .\n.\nstraatman :\nnotes on the biology and hostplant associations of ornithoptera priamus urvilleanus and o. victoriae\n. journal of the lepidopterists튓ociety. 1969. notes on ornithoptera priamus urvillianus and aetheoptera victoriae .\nkobayashi :\na new subspecies of ornithoptera priamus from yapen is. irian jaya, indonesia\n. transactions of the himeji natural history association. 1994. describing ornithoptera priamus kasandra for the first time .\nschmid :\nune propose d' hybridisme chez les ornithoptera\n. tijds van entomologie. 1973 .\nmorita :\na new subspecies of ornithoptera victoriae from mara masike is. (small malaita is .), solomon islands\n. futao. tottori. 2000. describing ornithoptera victoriae maramasikensis for the first time .\nhancock & orr :\nornithoptera euphorion: species or subspecies\n. australian entomologist. 1997. suggesting ornithoptera euphorion to be a sister - species of o. richmondia, not a subspecies of o. priamus .\nornithoptera croesus is a highly attractive birdwing butterfly with a unique golden - yellow coloration in the male. it is restricted, as two well - known subspecies and a little - known third, to a few islands in the moluccas (indonesia). it is at risk primarily because of deforestation but possibly also as a result of insecticidal spraying on a large scale. conservation of o. croesus is inadequate and a thorough assessment of its status followed by protection of suitable habitat is needed .\nokano :\nsome notes on the ornithoptera butterflies, with description of two new aberrant forms\n. rhopalocerists magazine. 1980. describing ornithoptera euphorion ff atsukoae and o. priamus euphorion mf kogane for the first time .\ndarby :\nornithoptera' allottei', a natural hybrid of o. victoriae and o. priamus urvillianus\n.\nat present i am completing 4 different series each depicting the 11 recognized species, and some subspecies, of ornithoptera butterflies .\nohya :\nthe birth of the golden birdwing butterflies ornithoptera allottei is confirmed as hybrid\n. butterflies 4. 1993 .\ncollins & morris :\nthreatened swallowtail butterflies of the world. the iucn red data book\n. iucn, gland and cambridge. 1985. 403 pp. 8 colour plates. giving very valuable notes on troides andromache, troides prattorum, troides dohertyi, schoenbergia tithonus, schoenbergia rothschildi, schoenbergia chimaera, schoenbergia paradisea, schoenbergia meridionalis, aetheoptera alexandrae, ornithoptera aesacus and ornithoptera croesus, such as' habitat and ecology',' threats' and' conservation measures' .\n. the first description was in 1859 by wallace. the wingspan is about 17 – 20 cm. this butterfly is a member of the family papilionidae. ornithoptera croesus is black. it has large orange or red areas on the wings. the females are brown and have some white and yellow spots. they are significant - larger than the males .\nerhardt :\npreferences and non - preferences for nectar constituents in ornithoptera priamus poseidon\n. oecologia (heidelberg). 1992 .\nrumbucher :\neine neue unterart von schoenbergia goliath sowie zwei markante individualformen in des gattung ornithoptera\n. entomologische zeitung. 1973 .\noh, i can assure you that they are extremely friendly - i' ve been there twice! i saw two female croesus inland from weda bay - but no males. i need to find a population near the western coast .\ndeslisle :\na new local form of ornithoptera (schoenbergia) ssp paradisea arfakensis joicey & noakes 1916, from wasior dist. , irian jaya, indonesia\n. lambillionea, 2008. describing new local form ornithoptera (schoenbergia) paradisea arfakensis f. loc. wondiboiensis .\nspecimen (a female). it has always been regarded as a doubtful description, as no other specimens of croesus have been found in sanana is. and no ornithoptera has ever been found west of weber' s line. in his revision of the genus ornithoptera: 56, mr gilles deslisle explains the true story behind the holotype. according to entomologist greg watson, the origin of the specimen was based on a joke by a commercial dealer (for the whole story, see deslisle' s paper) .\nthe nominate subspecies, ornithoptera croesus croesus, has been found only on the island of bacan (bachan, batjan) in the moluccas (maluku). it is said to be very localized but less rare in its chosen sites than has been once thought (3). o. c. lydius occurs in the neighbouring islands of halmahera (also known as jailolo gilolo or djailolo), ternate, tidore, and possibly morotai (morty) (3). halmahera, by far the largest of these islands, is the most important locality, and is the source of most of the recent captures of this birdwing (9) .\nboth o. c. croesus and o. c. lydius live in highly productive lowland forest, the most valuable timber concessions and the first areas to be deforested. there can be little doubt that o. croesus is declining in numbers and seriously at risk from further deforestation throughout its range. a further threat, the impact of which has not been assessed, is the reported use of large - scale insecticidal spraying in the swampy lowlands of bachan (3), perhaps as a mosquito control measure .\nthe male of this butterfly is unique of the ornithoptera butterflies being mostly brown and a burnt orange, which appears iridescent green from certain views .\non ornithoptera priamus, o. croeusus, s. tithonus, r. hypolitus, t. helena, t. oblongomaculatus and other species .\nszent - ivany :\na new race of ornithoptera goliath ob. from the sea level in southwestern png\n. pacific ins. 1975 .\nornithoptera alexandrae, or queen alexandra' s birdwing, the largest butterfly in the world. a shotgun was used to collect the first specimen .\ndeslisle :\nnew local form of ornithoptera (schoenbergia) ssp t. tithonus de haan, 1840, from wasior dist. , wondiboi mts. , irian jaya, indonesia\n. lambillionea, 2007. describing new local form ornithoptera (schoenbergia) tithonus tithonus f. loc. wasiorensis .\nthe hind wings of ornithoptera croesus are orange or red. at the wing leading edge there are some big, golden spots. the edge of wing is black. at the outer edge there are some small golden and some small black spots. the underside is green. the fore side of the wing is golden. the veins are black. at the outer edge there is a chain of black spots .\nstraatman :\nthe life history of ornithoptera alexandrae\n. journal of the lepidopterists' society. 1971. on the early stages of aetheoptera alexandrae .\nohya :\na revision of birdwing butterflies. series 1 (genus ornithoptera). part 1 (1 )\n. butterflies 5. 1993 .\nohya :\na revision of birdwing butterflies. series 1 (genus ornithoptera). part 1 (2 )\n. butterflies 6. 1993 .\nohya :\na revision of birdwing butterflies. series 1 (genus ornithoptera). part 2 (1 )\n. butterflies 12. 1995 .\nohya :\na revision of birdwing butterflies. series 1 (genus ornithoptera). part 2 (3 )\n. butterflies 17. 1997 .\nsands & sawyer :\nan example of natural hybridization between troides oblongomaculatus papuensis and ornithoptera priamus poseidon\n. journal of the australian entomological society. 1977 .\nborch & schmid :\nthe life cycle of ornithoptera paradisea\n. journal of the lepidoptersists' society. 1975. describing the early stages of schoenbergia paradisea .\nhancock :\na note on the status of ornithoptera meridionalis tarunggarensis\n. australian entomological magazine, 1982. suggesting ssp. tarunggarensis belongs to o. paradisea .\nparrott & deslisle :\nnew and interesting forms of birdwing butterflies\n. part 3. ornithoptera, subgenus ornithoptera, species priamus. papilio international. 1988. describing ornithoptera priamus euphorion mf beuriei, o. priamus hecuba mf femineus, o. priamus arruana mf caramalei, o. priamus poseidon mf flammeus, o. priamus poseidon mf radians, o. priamus poseidon mf fuscuocellus, o. priamus poseidon ff radialei and o. priamus poseidon ff multicolorei for the first time .\nparsons :\na phylogenetic reappraisal of the birdwing genus ornithoptera and a new theory of its evolution in relation to gondwanan vicariance biogeography\n. journal of natural history. 1996. suggesting possible evidence that the genus troides originates in the north from the indian plate, while the genus ornithoptera originates in the south from gondwanaland .\nbuchou :\nles ornithoptera (insectes lepidopteres) indo - australiens\n. bulletin de la societ頤es sciences naturelles de l' ouest de la france. 1995 .\nso :\na new subspecies of ornithoptera paradisea\n. transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan. 1998. describing schoenbergia paradisea demeter for the first time .\nornithoptera croesus is a lowland butterfly in bachan, where it occurs in swamps and other wet places (4). its habitat has been regarded as difficult of access since the time of alfred russel wallace, the discoverer of the butterfly (11). the larva and pupa of o. c. croesus have been briefly described but the larvae of o. c. lydius are stated to be unknown (3), which is surprising since many of the recently - collected specimens have been reared in captivity (9). excellent figures of the larvae and pupae have been published, but of which subspecies is not stated (4). the foodplants are not comprehensively known but include aristolochia gaudichaudii (4, 8) .\ndeslisle :\nzeunera: a new subgenus in the genus ornithoptera boisduval 1832 for species alexandrae rothschild 1907\n. lambillionea. 2001. describing the new subgenus zeunera .\nhaugum :\nnotes on the aristolochia of the papuan region with particular reference to the larval foodplant of the ornithoptera\n. lep. group 68 newsletter. 1981 .\ndeslisle :\ndescription of the male ornithoptera (schoenbergia) goliath ukihidei\n. butterflies 12. 1995. describing the male of schoenbergia goliath ukihidei for the first time .\njoicey & talbot :\nnew lepidoptera from the schouten islands\n. trans. ent. soc. london. 1916. describing ornithoptera priamus teucrus for the first time .\nmorita :\na new subspecies of ornithoptera tithonus from timika, irian jaya, indonesia\n. futao 28. 1998. describing schoenbergia tithonus makikoae for the first time .\nhowarth :\na list of the type - specimens of ornithoptera in the british museum (natural history). journal of the british museum (natural history). 1977 .\nso many ornithoptera subspecies are indistinguishable from one another unless you know the locality, you would not be able to tell where they came from. i agree with many birdwing subspecies - forms its just about business (money). because there are so few ornithoptera species to collect the more new subspecies / forms the better. its not really about science .\npossible delivery methods: customer pickup, shipment to germany, shipment frames for destination eu country (exept switzerland), ornithoptera etc. / big butterflies shipment eu (exept switerland )\ndeslisle :\ndescription of the male ornithoptera (schoenbergia) tithonus misoolana\n. bulletin de la societ頎at. 1989. describing the male of schoenbergia tithonus misoolana for the first time .\nkobayashi :\nornithoptera (schoenbergia) meridionalis\n. transactions of the himeji natural history association. 1981. giving diagnostic characters for schoenbergia meridionalis meridionalis and s. meridionalis tarunggarensis\n.\nkobayashi & koiwaya :\na new subspecies of ornithoptera paradisea from west irian\n. transactions of the himeji natural history association. 1979. describing schoenbergia paradisea chrysanthemum for the first time .\nschmid :\nconsid鲡tions sur le m⬥ d⮩thoptera allottei et sur la phylog鮩e des ornithopt貥s\n. journal of the lepidopterists' society. 1970. suggesting ornithoptera allottei to be a good species .\nalfred russell wallace first observed it in 1859 and it took him three months before he finally collected a specimen. he discovered that they are attracted to the yellow flowering shrub ‘mussaenda’, so stood guard with his net till a male came along. he named it after the fabulously rich lydian king croesus, of the sixth century b. c .\nthe species is said to be localised, especially in parts of its range (e. g. bacan island), although it is less rare than was previously thought. d' abrera (1971) states that the species is not rare, while haugum and low (1979) state that both subspecies lydius and croesus are not rare, and more numerous in nature than was previously thought. however, subspecies croesus is thought to be scarcer and more localised than subspecies lydius (haugum and low 1979) although this may in part be a reflection of the difficulty of collecting these insects. the bulk of the population stems from halwahera, the largest of the northern maluku islands (collins and morris 1985) .\ndeslisle :\na new male form of o. (a .) v. victoriae gray 1856\n. lambillionea, 2008. describing new form ornithoptera (aetheoptera) victoriae victoriae mf. gousseyi .\nohya :\na revision of birdwing butterflies. series 1 (genus ornithoptera). part 1 (1) (subgenus aetheoptera )\n. butterflies 5. 1995. revision of the subgenus aetheoptera .\nstraatman & schmid :\nnotes on the biology of ornithoptera goliath and o. chimaera\n. journal of the lepidopterists' society. 1975. notes on schoenbergia goliath titan and s. chimaera chimaera .\ndeslisle & sclavo :\nnew individual forms of the genus ornithoptera boisduval\n. lambillionea, supplement iii, 2008. describing 23 new forms of ornithoptera; o. goliath f letiranti, f subalbus, f. gottsi, f. jeromei, f. goudreaulti; o. chimaera f. dioni; o. tithonus f. deslislei, f. gaucheti, f. nicolasi; o. rothschildi f. fabricei, f. mariejeanneae, o. paradisea f. defayettei, f. pseudomeridionalis; o. meridionalis f. odileae, o. croesus f. perroni, f. laplantei, f. agatheae; o. priamus f. detonnancouri, f. viridodentis, f. aureoradians, f. viridocoronae; o. victoriae f. julesi, f. belai .\ncalderara :\na new subspecies of ornithoptera victoriae from choiseul, solomon islands\n. proceedings and transactions of the british entomological and natural history society. 1984. describing aetheoptera victoriae archeri for the first time .\nnote, for the birdwing butterflies, genera ornithoptera, trogonoptera and troides, specific and subspecific status follows d' abrera. subsequent revisions have been referenced but only totally new taxa have been added. subspecies are listed where possible as they may occasionally be listed as full species. there are currently four subspecies recognised: the nominate subspecies croesus, subspecies lydius (felder & felder, 1865), subspecies toeantei parrot & schmid, 1894, and subspecies sananaensis tsukada & nishiyama, 1980, which was described on the basis of a single female from sanana island (parrott and schmid 1984) .\nstraatman :\nnotes on certain lepidoptera ovipositing on plants which are toxic to their larv梮 journal of the lepidopterists㯣iety. 1962. on ornithoptera priamus richmondia and other ovipositing butterflies attracted to plants being toxic to its larvae .\nszent - ivany & carver :\nnotes on the biology of some lepidoptera of the territory of papua new guinea with the description of the early stages of ornithoptera meridionalis\n. trans png sci soc. 1967 .\ni will be leading a natural history - related tour to the' malay archipelago' in january 2018 and wondered if anyone here knows of a locality near the coast of bacan island or south - western halmahera, where there is a good chance of seeing (obviously not collecting !) ornithoptera croesus? this is a special butterfly for me as it was discovered by alfred russel wallace, who' s life and work i study (i run the wallace correspondence project etc). thanks in advance for your help! if you would prefer to send me an email, my address is blaberus1 @ urltoken\nvon kn䧥n :\nornithoptera\n. mgg verlag frankenbach. 1997. 288 pp. 144 colour plates. this is a new book which i have not yet seen. it is said to follow the traditions of haugum & low' s\nmonograph of the birdwing butterflies\n. this sounds very encouraging, but as long as the people in my local libraries refuse even to attempt to borrow books from libraries abroad, i will be unable to judge the book myself. it should be noted, however, that this book treats the ornithoptera group (genera aetheoptera, ornithoptera and schoenbergia) only, thus leaving out the genera ripponia, trogonoptera and troides .\nornithoptera croesus has always been a much sought - after species (4, 9). from about 1979, large numbers of o. c. lydius appeared in trade. prices were originally u. s. $ 90 a pair or more but by mid - 1982 had fallen to $ 24 a pair in the u. s. a. , perhaps indicating that the market had been satisfied (9). there have been no reports that o. c. lydius has been threatened by this increase in trade, but consideration might be given to the possibility of setting up a ranching programme on halmahera .\nsumiyoshi :\nbirdwing butterflies of the genus ornithoptera (lepidoptera: papilionidae )\n. osaka museum of natural history. 1989. 80 pp. 70 colour plates. maps. text in japanese with rather short english summary .\nparsons, scriber, tsubaki & lederhouse :\nthe early stages and ecology of ornithoptera tithonus\n. swallowtail butterflies: their ecology and evolutionary biology. 1995. (p. 263 - 264, 401 - 404) .\nhetz, psota & wasserthal :\nroles of aorta, ostia and tracheae in heartbeat and respiratory gas exchange in pupae of troides rhadamantus and ornithoptera priamus\n. international - journal - of - insect - morphology - and - embryology. 1999 .\nthe halmahera group of islands, including morotai, bacan and obi, has by far the greatest number of endemic species, the widest range of land form types and the most varied climate in the whole of the moluccas (10). sadly, there is not a single reserve established or even approved on any of these islands (1985). seven reserves have been proposed in the national conservation plan for indonesia, including one on obi, one on morotai, one on bacan and four on halmahera (10). there is no information on the likelihood of ornithoptera croesus habitat being found within these proposed reserves and a survey is an essential preliminary step towards more specific conservation measures .\nornithoptera croesus has a wingspan of 130 - 150 mm in the male and 160 - 190 mm in the female (4). the male is dark brown, orange, and golden with a green and black lower surface. the female of the nominate subspecies is brown with white markings (1, 2, 3, 4, 6). the subspecies o. c. lydius, commonly seen in the butterfly trade, differs widely from the nominate subspecies described below. the female is unique among the birdwings in being a mimic of unpalatable danainae species. a third subspecies, o. c. sananaensis is only known from a single female and is stated to be intermediate between the first two .\nkobayashi & koiwaya :\nornithoptera (schoenbergia) tithonus with descriptions of a new subspecies and a new form\n. transactions of the himeji natural history association. 1980. describing schoenbergia tithonus cytherea and s. tithonus misresiana mf ichwani for the first time .\nin 1982 about 90 per cent of all forest in the northern and central moluccas was under concession to large - scale commercial logging operations (7). in 1980 the entire production of 1. 4 million cubic metres of logs were exported and government control is reported to be slight (7). as a result, deforestation is being carried out in an irresponsible and unsustainable manner often on steep, easily eroded, slopes and with no reforestation—all in defiance of government regulations (7). indonesia is one of the world’s biggest timber producers but such exploitation without regard to conservation can only be short - term. ornithoptera croesus is only one of many moluccan endemics that are threatened by the devastating rate and nature of deforestation in the region (8) .\nwallace' s golden birdwing butterfly (ornithoptera croesus) was collected by wallace in bacan island, indonesia and named by him in 1859. he writes the following about his capture of this species in his book the malay archipelago: “the beauty and brilliancy of this insect are indescribable, and none but a naturalist can understand the intense excitement i experienced when i at length captured it. on taking it out of my net and opening the glorious wings, my heart began to beat violently, the blood rushed to my head, and i felt much more like fainting than i have done when in apprehension of immediate death. i had a headache the rest of the day, so great was the excitement produced by what will appear to most people a very inadequate cause. ”\npasternak :\non the rediscovery of ornithoptera meridionalis tarunggarensis on a new locality in kamrau bay, south - west irian jaya, indonesia\n. transactions of the himeji natural history association\n. 1981. on the rediscovery of o. meridionalis in kamrau bay and lake yamur, irian jaya. with interesting field notes .\nsuperficially the paintings describe the rare birdwing, or ornithoptera, butterflies of tropical new guinea. but, as most of them fly above the treetops, i am really concerned to paint the canopy of the forest on which they depend. for me the leaf structures, patterning, colour and surface quality are of the greatest importance .\njustification: ornithoptera croesus has been assessed as near threatened. this species is endemic to the northern maluku islands which gives it an extent of occurrence of around 56, 500 km², though with a much more restricted area of occupancy, which is at least 52 km², suggesting an area of occupancy well within the vulnerable threshold. given the relatively localised threats of logging, the species is likely to occur in more than ten locations, however, given the island distribution of this species, there may be some fragmentation, with some of the less numerous populations on islands other than halmahera, where the bulk of the species population is found. there are some losses in forest habitat documented and these were documented in the past also, suggesting a continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat. there is a need for more data on this species, specifically with regard to the status and trends of its population and the impact that threats may have on the species; population and harvest monitoring is highly recommended .\nparrott & deslisle :\nnew and interesting forms of birdwing butterflies. part 1. ornithoptera, subgenus schoenbergia\n. papilio international. 1986. describing schoenbergia chimaera charybdis f quinquemaculata, s. paradisea arfakensis f oculisaureus, s. rothschildi f illustris, s. rothschildi f sublustris, s. tithonus misresiana f crepusculum and s. tithonus misresiana f rubicunda for the first time .\nsands & scott (ed .) :\nconservation of the birdwing butterflies\n. scicomed pty ltd. & theca. marsden / chapel hill. 2002. report on the project to save the' richmond birdwing' (ornithoptera [ priamus ] richmondia) in australia, with description of its life cycle. also with reports on the status of o. paradisea and t. aeacus formosanus (\nkaguya\n) .\nfor the past thirty years i have been interested in plant structures and growth patterns and recently spent a fair bit of time studying and photographing tropical plants and leaves in borneo and malaysia. i have occasionally painted from photographs but i prefer to design imagined leaf structures knowing that somewhere in the jungle canopy there is probably a tree that looks like my invention. i have only once tried to paint the aristolocia vines on which the ornithoptera caterpillars feed .\nthe wallace' s golden birdwing belongs to the it is a member of the ornithoptera priamus species group of butterflies. the butterfly is a amazing example of a birdwing butterfly. alfred russel wallace who described the species in 1859 recounts his capture of the butterfly in his book the malay archipelago (1869) :\nthe beauty and brilliancy of this insect are indescribable, and none but a naturalist can understand the intense excitement i experienced when i at length captured it .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place, apart from a listing under appendix ii of cites, along with all other ornithoptera species (with the exception of o. alexandrae which is listed under appendix i). according to the world database on protected areas, there are a number of proposed reserves in the northern maluku islands and only one designated protected area, gunung sibela, on bacan island (wdpa 2013). it is unknown whether the site supports populations of this species. there is a need for more data on this species, specifically with regard to the status and trends of its population and the impact that threats may have on the species; population and harvest monitoring is highly recommended .\nhaugum & low :\na monograph of the birdwing butterflies\n. vol. 1 the genus ornithoptera. scandinavian science press ltd. , 1978 - 79. 308 pp. 12 + 2 colour plates. 277 text figures. distribution maps to all species and subspecies. drawings of genitalia. haugum & low :\na monograph of the birdwing butterflies\n. vol. 2. the genera trogonoptera, ripponia & troides. scandinavian science press ltd. , 1982 - 85. 356 pp. 16 colour plates. 437 text figures. distribution maps to all species and subspecies. drawings of genitalia. haugum & low' s monograph represents the most comprehensive book published over the birdwing butterflies. although many new subspecies and forms have been described after the publication of the monograph, it still stands as the basic reference work over the birdwings. the authors give very detailed descriptions of all species and subspecies. taxonomic questions are discussed thoroughly, and the monograph provides a much needed revision on the taxonomy of birdwing butterflies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nhaeuser, c. l. , holstein, j. and steiner, a. 2012. the global butterfly information system. last updated 05. 02. 2014. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 15 march 2016) .\nthis species is restricted to lowland wet areas and swamps, especially in bacan (haugum and low 1979, collins and morris 1985). the food plants are not comprehensively known but include\nscarce and small in nature, which may be why adults are small in number in nature (haugum and low 1979). adults of the subspecies\nfrequent glades and open areas along pathways and watercourses where they visit various flowering shrubs. larvae of subspecies\n, although little is known about the early life stages of this subspecies (haugum and low 1979). on bacan, larvae of subspecies\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nnamed in affectionate honour of renowned british naturalist alfred russel wallace, who discovered the species in 1859, wallace’s golden birdwing butterfly is an insect of indescribable ‘beauty and brilliancy’ (4). the male butterfly is perhaps the most glorious of the sexes, with black forewings with a gold, orange or red leading edge, and golden yellow hindwings with black veins and edges. the undersides of the wings are iridscent green, with black edges and veins (2) (5). the head and thorax are black and the abdomen is yellow (5). the wings of the female, the larger of the sexes, are dark brown on both the upperside and underside with occasional yellowish - grey spots (2) (5), and the head and thorax are brown rather than black (5). the appearance of the caterpillar of this species is not well documented but is likely to be brown with several rows of dark spines (6) .\nthe female wallace’s golden birdwing butterflylays its eggs on the leaves of a plant, most commonly a pararistolochia species. when the caterpillar hatches, it will proceed to eat the plant’s leaves until it has grown enough to pupate, which is usually does on the stem of the plant. after several weeks, the adult butterfly will emerge. it has been noted that the adult butterfly feeds predominantly on mussaenda, a shrub plant with yellow flowers (4 )\nwallace’s golden birdwing butterfly occurs only in the maluku islands, indonesia (also known as the moluccan islands) (4) .\nclassified as endangered (en) on the iucn red list (1) and listed on appendix ii of cites (3) .\nthe rampant, unsustainable logging that has taken place in the lowland areas of the maluku islands has significantly reduced the forest coverageand has no doubt reduced numbers of wallace’s golden birdwing butterfly (4). large - scale, commercial deforestation continues to pose a considerable threat to the future of wallace’s golden birdwing butterfly and other inhabitants of these biodiverse forests (4). in addition, the extreme use of insecticides to combat mosquitoes may be having a detrimental effect on wallace’s golden birdwing butterfly, although the impact of this has not yet been assessed (4) .\nwhile there are currently no known specific conservation measures in place for wallace’s golden birdwing butterfly, a number of conservation organisations are working to conserve wildlife in this region of indonesia .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\npupate the process of forming a pupa, the stage in an insect’s development when huge changes occur that reorganise the larval form into the adult form. thorax the three segments of a butterfly’s body between the head and the abdomen, each of which has a pair of legs .\ncoote, l. d. (2000) cites identification guide – butterflies. canadian wildlife service, ottawa .\ncollins, n. m. and morris, m. g. (1985) threatened swallowtail butterflies of the world. the iucn red data book. iucn, gland and cambridge .\nwallace, a. r. (1869) the malay archipelago. macmillan, london .\nstill pictures ltd. 1 glen cottages sandy lane abbots leigh bristol bs8 3se united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 1275 375 520 fax: + 44 (0) 705 061 3938 research @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nour all - natural, intact specimens (no fake parts here !) are all of first - rate quality, delicately prepared, mounted, and framed with double - glass glazing in our very own fabrication studio in upstate new york. we model our frames from solid fine ashwood, and they’re available in both a matte - black, and a natural finish .\nour framed insects are made - to - order. please allow up to two weeks for your order to be completed. if you need your order sooner than this, please contact us at 212 - 343 - 1114 x401 or fabrication @ urltoken and we will do our best to accommodate you !\ncustomers with shipping addresses outside of the us will be charged an additional $ 168. 00 for us fish & wildlife services processing fees. please allow up to 60 days for your order to be processed. read our full international wildlife shipping policy here .\nwe promise to never spam you, and just use your email address to identify you as a valid customer .\nthis product hasn' t received any reviews yet. be the first to review this product !\na landmark in manhattan’s soho art district since 1993 and currently located in greenwich village, the evolution store is nyc’s premiere retail destination for science and natural history collectibles, artifacts, gifts, and home decor. our store offers a museum quality atmosphere creating a unique and intimate shopping experience .\nstore: returns are accepted within two weeks with receipt. no refunds - store credit / exchange only .\nweb: returns are accepted within two weeks of receipt. in case of damage, free shipping label provided .\nthe body (abdomen) is yellow. head and thorax are black. the underside of thorax has a red hair - coat .\nsex differences: the female covers the upper range of the wing - span. it is significant - larger than the male. the basic colour of the female is dark - brown. there are some small, white spots on the fore wings. on the hind wings there are big yellow marks. the underside is a copy from upside .\nthe first description of this butterfly was in 1859 by wallace. there are three subspecies .\ncites: (convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora): - appendix ii - (as at 12. 02. 2008 )\neu regulation on trading with species of wild fauna and flora: - appendix b - (as at 19. 08. 2005 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution, non - commercial, share alike cc by - nc - sa licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\ni paint with acrylic on 1 / 8 inch birch ply. with some works i include pieces of local wood, with others pieces of recycled tropical hardwoods. my intention is to ask, “ when, under what circumstances, and for what purposes should tropical and temperate woods be used? ”\nthese butterflies frequent lowland swamps on various islands in the moluccas. it is classified as vulnerable in the ‘red data book of threatened swallowtail butterflies of the world’\naureus butterflies & insects jens jakusch ringstraße 12 54329 konz germany phone. de: 06501 / 8098362 internatonal: + 49 6501 8098362 business hours: mo - fr 11. 00 - 18. 00 e - mail: aureus - butterflies @ urltoken\nleading supplier of dried unmounted butterflies and insects for collections, photography, crafters and more ...\nwhat a magnificent fire orange birdwing. superior quality and size! black spots along hindwing edge are variable. display a series! at angles the orange reflects shades of green! the backside is also beautiful !\nour minimum order is $ 35. 00 + $ 12. 95 shipping and handling. regretfully we cannot process orders below this amount .\nthere are currently no reviews for this product, be the first to leave a review .\nthe natural history museum picture library cromwell road london sw7 5bd united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 207 942 5323 fax: + 44 (0) 207 942 5443 nhmpl @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken / piclib\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - wallace’s golden birdwing butterfly specimens\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - wallace’s golden birdwing butterfly specimens\ntitle =\narkive photo - wallace’s golden birdwing butterfly specimens\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nif is associated with an alamy account you' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we’ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif you want to use this image commercially and we' ve indicated * that alamy doesn' t have a release, you might need additional permission from the model, artist, owner, estate, trademark or brand. more information .\nsorry, this image isn' t available for this licence. please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site (powered by art. com) choose your frame, the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we' ll send you a link to reset your password .\n“the beauty and brilliancy of this insect are indescribable, and none but a naturalist can understand the intense excitement i experienced when i at length captured it. on taking it out of my net and opening the glorious wings, my heart began to beat violently, the blood rushed to my head, and i felt much more like fainting than i have done when in apprehension of immediate death. i had a headache the rest of the day, so great was the excitement produced by what will appear to most people a very inadequate cause. ”\ni also produced the world’s simplest possible power point presentation of just one lone slide, and relied on my impassioned rhetoric. but i was defeated .\nand jake snaddon, rainforest ecologist at oxford’s biodiversity institute, who sang the praises of the daringly ocean - going sea - skater, halobates micans, about which we know, er, virtually nothing actually .\nthe form of the discussion was to be a balloon debate, where an audience vote dictates which hapless victims are lobbed out of the balloon gondola. i’m afraid to report that birdwing and flea were the first to go. the two remaining finalists, (benefiting perhaps from some hidden oxford home - ground advantage ?) made last - minute pleas before the final vote ejected the sea - skater .\nso, there you have it, apparently the best insect in the world is a rather dull blue butterfly with an unlikely and convoluted ecology involving subterranean parasitism and other, less than laudable, grubby behaviours. harrumph .\nbut i’m ready for a rematch in 2013, when, rather than something straightforward and elegant, i shall be presenting an obscure nano - beetle with barely understood but obviously bizarre life style. it should be an easy walk - over .\nwhen 17th century apothecary and naturalist james petiver published a picture of what, for 200 years, would be britain' s most enigmatic butterfly, albin' s hampstead eye, he reported :\nwhere it was caught by this curious person\n. his implication was that eleazar albin was not just strange, not just odd, but was fuelled by curiosity .\nthese are some of the books and other projects going on at the moment... ...\ni like beetles, i like them very much indeed, so i wrote a book about them." ]

{ "text": [ "ornithoptera croesus , the wallace 's golden birdwing , is a species of birdwing butterfly found in northern maluku in indonesia .", "it is a member of the ornithoptera priamus species group which , including croesus , is only found east of weber 's line .", "the larval food plants are species of the genus pararistolochia .", "matsuka ( 2001 ) illustrates the early stages ( from n. maluku ; see also igarashi , 1979 ) . " ], "topic": [ 20, 20, 26, 19 ] }

[ "ornithoptera croesus, the wallace's golden birdwing, is a species of birdwing butterfly found in northern maluku in indonesia. it is a member of the ornithoptera priamus species group which, including croesus, is only found east of weber's line. the larval food plants are species of the genus pararistolochia. matsuka (2001) illustrates the early stages (from n. maluku; see also igarashi, 1979)." ]

[ "html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nwalker, f. 1863 ,\ntortricites & tineites\n, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum, vol. 28, pp. 287 - 561\nmeyrick, e. 1910 ,\nrevision of australian tortricina\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales, vol. 35, pp. 139 - 294\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 764fe897 - db42 - 4e30 - 8708 - e15fe70737c5\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 325721\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nlocation: australia: gisborne, victoria date: 1 nov 1918 collector: g. lyell determined by: photo date: 12 / 22 / 2003 photographer: t. m. gilligan\nunless noted, all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan. please do not download, copy, print, or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author. contact form .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge." ]

{ "text": [ "epiphyas dotatana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from victoria , the australian capital territory and tasmania .", "the habitat consists of montane forests and wet eucalypt forests .", "the wingspan is about 26 mm .", "the larvae have been recorded feeding on daviesia species and possibly acacia melanoxylon . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24, 9, 8 ] }

[ "epiphyas dotatana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in australia, where it has been recorded from victoria, the australian capital territory and tasmania. the habitat consists of montane forests and wet eucalypt forests. the wingspan is about 26 mm. the larvae have been recorded feeding on daviesia species and possibly acacia melanoxylon." ]

[ "stenoma zelotes walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 159; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\nantaeotricha suffumigata walsingham, 1897; 98; tl: mount gay est. , grenada\nantaeotricha malachita meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 404; tl: british guiana\nantaeotricha parastis van gyen, 1913; bol. mus. nac. chile 5: 339; tl: collipulli\nantaeotricha platydesma meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 405; tl: british guiana\nantaeotricha praerupta meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 394; tl: british guiana\nantaeotricha brochota meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 396; tl: peru, yquitos\nantaeotricha carabophanes meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (10): 289; tl: colombia, san antonio\nantaeotricha epignampta meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 395; tl: peru, pacaya\nantaeotricha gravescens meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (8): 237; tl: colombia, minero\nantaeotricha iras meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (8): 237; tl: peru, 12000ft\nantaeotricha isotona meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (10): 291; tl: panama, trinidad river\nantaeotricha lysimeris meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 391; tl: peru, pacaya\nantaeotricha nerteropa meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 395; tl: peru, pacaya\nantaeotricha neurographa meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 614; tl: brazil, novo friburgo\nantaeotricha serangodes meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 400; tl: panama, chiriqui\nantaeotricha arystis meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 402; tl: british guiana, bartica\nantaeotricha camarina meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 401; tl: british guiana, mallali\nantaeotricha deltopis meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 390; tl: british guiana, bartica\nantaeotricha hapsicora meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 399; tl: brazil, sao paulo\nantaeotricha lecithaula meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 401; tl: british guiana, bartica\nantaeotricha monocolona meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (10): 293; tl: bolivia, cochabamba, incachaca\nantaeotricha pactota meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 391; tl: british guiana, bartica\nantaeotricha paracrypta meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 405; tl: british guiana, bartica\nantaeotricha phaeosaris meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 394; tl: british guiana, mallali\nantaeotricha protosaris meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 406; tl: british guiana, bartica\nantaeotricha pseudochyta meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 393; tl: bartica, british guiana\nantaeotricha sparganota meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 389; tl: british guiana, bartica\nantaeotricha thesmophora meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 392; tl: british guiana, bartica\nantaeotricha trochoscia meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 396; tl: british guiana, mallali\nantaeotricha aglypta meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 174; tl: brazil, teffé\nantaeotricha amicula zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 317, pl. 4, f. 96\nantaeotricha capsulata meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 199; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha cleopatra meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 166; tl: brazil, teffé\nantaeotricha congelata meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (8): 236; tl: peru, cocapata, 12000ft\nantaeotricha cryeropis meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 167; tl: mexico, guerrero\nantaeotricha eucoma meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 168; tl: brazil, manaos\nantaeotricha hydrophora meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 171; tl: peru, iquitos\nantaeotricha manceps meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 172; tl: peru, jurimaguas\nantaeotricha milictis meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 163; tl: brazil, teffé\nantaeotricha nimbata meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 175; tl: peru, iquitos\nantaeotricha nitescens meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 171; tl: brazil, para\nantaeotricha orthriopa meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 166; tl: brazil, parintins\nantaeotricha percnogona meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 170; tl: peru, iquitos\nantaeotricha plerotis meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 165; tl: peru, pacaya\nantaeotricha resiliens meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 173; tl: brazil, parintins\nantaeotricha sana meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (8): 235; tl: colombia, sosomoko, 2650ft\nantaeotricha sarcinata meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 200; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha serarcha meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 556; tl: brazil, caraca\nantaeotricha sortifera meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 557; tl: bolivia, cochabamba\nantaeotricha stringens meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 164; tl: brazil, teffé\nantaeotricha suffumigata; duckworth, 1969, smithson. contr. zool. 4: 4; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha superciliosa meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 198; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha synercta meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 173; tl: brazil, parintins\nantaeotricha tornogramma meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 171; tl: brazil, parintins\nantaeotricha tractrix meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 172; tl: brazil, obidos\nantaeotricha xuthosaris meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 175; tl: brazil, teffé\nantaeotricha acronephela meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 392; tl: british guiana, bartica; mallali\nantaeotricha brachysaris meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 504; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha campylodes meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 494; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha coriodes meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 397; tl: british guiana, mallali; bartica\nantaeotricha encyclia meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 403; tl: colombia, san antonio, 5800ft\nantaeotricha euthrinca meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 399; tl: colombia, san antonio, 5800ft\nantaeotricha exusta meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 492; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha glycerostoma meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 399; tl: colombia, san antonio, 5800ft\nantaeotricha helicias meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 502; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha himaea meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 505; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha incrassata meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 504; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha insimulata meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (8): 237; tl: colombia, san antonio, 6600ft\nantaeotricha staurota meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 493; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha substricta meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 200; tl: : french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha xylocosma meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 491; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha (depressariidae); urra, 2014, bol. mus. nac. hist. nat. chile 63: 102 (note )\nantaeotricha celidotis meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 169; tl: peru, r. napo\nantaeotricha cycnomorpha meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 169; tl: brazil, r. trombetas\nantaeotricha fulta meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (8): 234; tl: colombia, monte del eden, 9550\nantaeotricha gubernatrix meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 173; tl: peru, r. napo\nantaeotricha gymnolopha meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 174; tl: brazil, parintins, manaos\nantaeotricha haplocentra meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 170; tl: brazil, obidos, parintins\nantaeotricha melanopis meyrick, 1909; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1909 (1): 31; tl: peru, huancabamba\nantaeotricha mesostrota meyrick, 1912; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1911 (4): 708; tl: venezulea, carupano\nantaeotricha nuclearis meyrick, 1913; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1913 (1): 181; tl: peru, chanchamayo\nantaeotricha phryactis meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 167; tl: peru, r. napo\nantaeotricha sardania meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 168; tl: brazil, para, teffé\nantaeotricha sellifera meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 163; tl: brazil, parintins, manaos\nantaeotricha semiovata meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (8): 234; tl: colombia, monte del eden, 9550ft\nantaeotricha teleosema meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 165; tl: brazil, parintins, teffé\nantaeotricha tritogramma meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 176; tl: brazil, parintins, teffé\nantaeotricha deridens meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 162; tl: bolivia, del sara, 1500ft\nantaeotricha nitrota meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 497; tl: french guiana, godebert, r. maroni\nantaeotricha ophrysta meyrick, 1912; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1911 (4): 708; tl: dutch guiana, onoribo\nantaeotricha albovenosa zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 321, pl. 4, f. 99; tl: chanchamayo\nantaeotricha arizonensis ferris, 2010; zookeys 57: 60; tl: arizona, cochise co. , hauchuca mts. , carr canyon, 5300'\nantaeotricha assecta zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 313, pl. 3, f. 94; tl: chanchamayo\nantaeotricha cathagnista meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 165; tl: brazil, r. trombetas, teffé\nantaeotricha christocoma meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 398; tl: peru, pacaya; conamano, r. ucuyali\nantaeotricha generatrix meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (8): 239; tl: brazil, santa cruz, rio grande do sul\nantaeotricha thammii zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 306, pl. 3, f. 89; tl: chanchamayo\nantaeotricha vacata meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 170; tl: st. george' s, grenada\nantaeotricha albifrons zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 323, pl. 4, f. 100; tl: brazil ?\nantaeotricha amphilyta meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 503; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nantaeotricha anaclintris meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 499; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nantaeotricha axena meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 501; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nantaeotricha compsographa meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 491; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nantaeotricha diffracta meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 500; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nantaeotricha excisa meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 496; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nantaeotricha manzanitae keifer, 1937; calif. dept. agric. bull. 26: 334; tl: shingle springs, el dorado co. , california\nantaeotricha melanarma meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 500; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nantaeotricha oxycentra meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 497; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nantaeotricha palaestrias meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 502; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nantaeotricha pseudochyta; duckworth, 1969, smithson. contr. zool. 4: 4; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha purulenta zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 318, pl. 4, f. 97; tl: brazil ?\nantaeotricha tibialis zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 307, pl. 3, f. 90; tl: brazil ?\nantaeotricha vacata; duckworth, 1969, smithson. contr. zool. 4: 5; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha venatum; duckworth, 1962, proc. ent. soc. wash. 64 (2): 111; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha amphizyga meyrick, 1930; ann. naturhist. mus. wien 44: 234, pl. 2, f. 12; tl: pará, belem\nantaeotricha enodata meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 493; tl: french guiana, godebert; nouveau chantier, r. maroni\nantaeotricha immota meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 502; tl: french guiana, r. maroni; british guiana, mallali\nantaeotricha orthotona meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 495; tl: british guiana, bartica; french guiana, r. maroni\nantaeotricha ribbei zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 309, pl. 3, f. 91; tl: chiriqui - vulcan\nantaeotricha smileuta meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 397; tl: british guiana, bartica; french guiana, s. laurient\nantaeotricha trichonota meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (8): 235; tl: brazil, santa cruz, rio grande do sul; paraguay\nantaeotricha corvigera meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 390; tl: british guiana, mallali; peru, contamano, r. ucuyali\nantaeotricha diplophaea meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 494; tl: french guiana, godebert; st. jean, r. maroni\nantaeotricha laudata meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 496; tl: french guiana, st. jean and godebert, r. maroni\nantaeotricha praecisa meyrick, 1912; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1911 (4): 709; tl: brazil, rio de janeiro, são paulo\nantaeotricha demas; duckworth, 1962, proc. ent. soc. wash. 64 (2): 111; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha illepida; duckworth, 1966, proc. ent. soc. wash. 68 (3): 196; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha lampyridella; duckworth, 1962, proc. ent. soc. wash. 64 (2): 111; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha cyprodeta meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 556; tl: brazil, santa cruz, rio grande do sul; organ mtns, nova friburge\nantaeotricha floridella hayden & dickel, 2015; zookeys 533: 135; tl: usa, florida, marion co. , ocala national forest, fr 88, 3. 9mi se of sr 316, longleaf pine sandhills\nantaeotricha fuscorectangulata duckworth, 1964; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 41, pl. 3 a; tl: south fork of cave creek, chiricahua mts. , arizona\nantaeotricha utahensis ferris, 2012; j. lep. soc. 66 (3): 168; tl: utah, san juan co. , 37°44. 90' n, 109°24. 75' w (2220m )\nantaeotricha humilis; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 37; [ nacl ], # 1019; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha decorosella; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 35, pl. 1 f; [ nacl ], # 1016; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha furcata; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 36, pl. 2 a; [ nacl ], # 1017; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha haesitans; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 40, pl. 2 f; [ nacl ], # 1022; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha irene; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 36, pl. 2 b; [ nacl ], # 1018; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha leucillana; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 32, pl. 1 d; [ nacl ], # 1014; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha lindseyi; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 30, pl. 1 b; [ nacl ], # 1012; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha manzanitae; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 43, pl. 3 c; [ nacl ], # 1025; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha osseella; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 34, pl. 1 e; [ nacl ], # 1015; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha schlaegeri; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 29, pl. 1 a; [ nacl ], # 1011; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha thomasi; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 39, pl. 2 e; [ nacl ], # 1021; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha unipunctella; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 31, pl. 1 e; [ nacl ], # 1013; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha vestalis; duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 42, pl. 3 b; [ nacl ], # 1024; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\naphanoxena acrograpta meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 387; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma actista meyrick, 1913; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1913 (1): 186; tl: venezuela, palma sola; british guiana, r. demerata\nstenoma admixta walsingham, 1913; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 170, pl. 6, f. 3; tl: mexico, guerrero, dos arroyos, 1000ft\nstenoma adornata meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 442; tl: peru, pacaya\nstenoma aequabilis meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 513; tl: french guiana, st. jean; godebert, r. maroni\nstenoma aggravata meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 514; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nstenoma agrioschista meyrick, 1927; exot. microlep. 3 (12): 365; tl: texas, alpine, 5000 - 8000ft\nstenoma ammodes walsingham, 1913; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 176, pl. 6, f. 18; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\nstenoma arachnia meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 429; tl: british guiana, bartica\ncryptolechia aratella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 724; tl: ega\nargocorys (meyrick, 1931) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 34\naphanoxena astynoma meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 388; tl: british guiana, mallali\nstenoma atmospora meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 209; tl: colombia, minero and sosomoco, 2650ft\naphanoxena balanocentra meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 387; tl: british guiana, bartica; mallali\nstenoma ballista meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 516; tl: french guiana, . maroni\ncryptolechia basiferella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 744; tl: ega\nstenoma basilaris busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 45; tl: alphajuela, porto bello; trinidad r. , panama\ncryptolechia basirubrella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 719; tl: ega\nstenoma bathrotoma meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 189; tl: brazil, obidos\nstenoma bilinguis meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 202; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nbracatingae (köhler, 1943) (stenoma); rev. soc. ent. arg. 12: 28\nstenoma caenochytis meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 415; tl: british guiana, bartica and mallali\nalphanoxena cantharitis meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 490; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nstenoma caprimulga walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 165, pl. 5, f. 33; tl: mexico, vera cruz, atoyae\ncapsiformis (meyrick, 1930) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (1): 25\nstenoma carabodes meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 435; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma carbasea meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 426; tl: brazil, novo friburgo\ncaryograpta (meyrick, 1930) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (1): 26\nstenoma ceratistes walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 159; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\nstenoma chalastis meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 413; tl: british guiana, bartica\nchalinophanes (meyrick, 1931) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 42\nstenoma chilosema meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 208; tl: french guiana, godebert, r. maroni\nphalaena (tinea) cicadella sepp, [ 1830 ]; surinaam. vlinders 2 (20): 183, pl. 80\nstenoma cirrhoxantha meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (15): 477; tl: french guiana, godebert, r. maroni\nstenoma cnemosaris meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 181; tl: brazil, para\nstenoma colposaris meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 185; tl: brazil, teffé\nstenoma comosa walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 161, pl. 5, f. 30; tl: mexico, vera cruz, atoyac\nstenoma compsoneura meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 217; tl: brazil, para; french guiana, r. maroni\ncryptolechia confixella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 731; tl: ega\nstenopa coniopa meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 184; tl: brazil, obidos\nstenoma constituta meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 191; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nstenoma constricta meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (8): 226; tl: colombia, mt. socorro, 12500ft\ncryptoleciha costatella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 737; tl: ega\nstenoma cremastis meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 194; tl: peru, jurimaguas; brazil, manaos\nstenoma crypsiphaea meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (6): 190; tl: brazil, para\nstenoma cycnolopha meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 186; tl: peru, r. napo\nstenopa cymogramma meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 193; tl: peru, r. napo, iquitos\nbrachyloma decorosella busck, 1908; proc. ent. soc. wash. 10 (1 - 2): 111; tl: montclair, n. j\nlarva on quercus ilicifolia, quercus marilandia duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 35\nstenoma demas busck, 1911; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 40 (1815): 223; tl: st. jean, maroni r. , french guiana\nstenoma demotica walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 159; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\nstenoma desecta meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 203; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\ncryptolechia destillata zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 283; tl: chiriqui\nstenoma diacta meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 513; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nstenoma diplosaris meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 418; tl: british guiana, bartica\ndirempta (zeller, 1855) (cryptolechia); linn. ent. 10: 154, pl. 1, f. 4\nstenoma discalis busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 46; tl: trinidad river, panama\nstenoma discolor walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 164; tl: guatemala, baja vera paz, san gerónimo\ndisjecta (zeller, 1854) (cryptolechia); linn. ent. 9: 368\nstenoma dissona meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 191; tl: brazil, manaos\nstenoma doleropis meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 421; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma dromica meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 185; tl: brazil, parintins\nstenoma elaeodes walsingham, 1913; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 178, pl. 6, f. 22; tl: mexico, vera cruz, atoyac\ncryptolechia elatior felder & rogenhofer, 1875; reise fregatte novara, bd 2 (abth. 2) (5): pl. 138, f. 67; tl: amazonas\nepicrossa (meyrick, 1932) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (10): 294\naphanoxena episimbla meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 389; tl: british guiana, bartica; mallali\nstenoma ergates walsingham, 1913; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 185, pl. 6, f. 30; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\nstenoma erotica meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 534; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nstenoma exasperata meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 533; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nstenoma falsidica meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 426; tl: dutch guiana, berg - en - daal\nstenoma fasciatum busck, 1911; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 40 (1815): 217; tl: cayenne, french guiana\nbritish guiana, french guiana, brazil (amazonas). see [ maps ]\nstenoma forreri walsingham, 1913; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 172, pl. 6, f. 2; tl: mexico, durango, presidio\nstenoma fractilinea walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 166; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\nstenoma fractinubes walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 165, pl. 5, f. 32; tl: panama, chiriqui, volcan de chiriqui, 2000 - 3000ft\ncryptolechia frontalis zeller, 1855; linn. ent. 10: 159, pl. 1, f. 7\nstenoma fumifica walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 162, pl. 5, f. 31; tl: mexico, vera cruz, atoyac\nstenoma glaphyrodes meyrick, 1913; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1913 (1): 186; tl: french guiana, st. laurient; brazil [? ], iquitos\nstenoma glaucescens meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 537; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nstenoma gypsoterma meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 424; tl: british guiana, mallali\nstenoma habilis meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 427; tl: british guiana, bartica\naedemoses haesitans walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 154, pl. 5, f. 21; tl: presidio, durango, mexico\nlarva on pithecellobium flexicaule duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 41\nstenoma hemiscia walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 163; tl: guatemala, san gerónimo\nstenoma heterosaris meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 418; tl: british guiana, bartica\naphanoxena homologa meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 388; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma horizontias meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 188; tl: brazil, teffé\nnorth carolina, south carolina, missouri, tennessee, virginia, illinois, maryland, texas, indiana, new jersey, louisiana. see [ maps ]\nlarva on quercus sp. duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 38\nhyalophanta (meyrick, 1932) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (10): 294\nstenoma ianthina walsingham, 1913; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 178; tl: panama, chiriqui, volcan de chiriqui, 2000 - 3000ft\nstenoma imminens meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 431; tl: dutch guiana, onoribo\ncryptolechia impactella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 742; tl: ega\nstenoma impedita meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 422; tl: peru, pacaya\ncryptolechia indicatella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 732; tl: ega\nstenoma infecta meyrick, 1930; ann. naturhist. mus. wien 44: 254, pl. 2, f. 20; tl: taperinha, para, brazil\nstenoma infrenata meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 202; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nstenoma innexa meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 190; tl: peru, jurimaguas, iquitos\nstenoma insidiana meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 512; tl: french guiana, , r. maroni\n= stenoma disjecta; meyrick, 1925, exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 192; [ nhm card ]\niopetra (meyrick, 1932) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (10): 295\nstenoma ioptila meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 433; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma irene barnes & busck, 1920; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (3): 239, pl. 28, f. 7, 9, pl. 30, f. 1; tl: brownsville, texas\nlarva on sida sp. duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 37\nstenoma irenias meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 537; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nstenoma isochyta meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 420; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma isomeris meyrick, 1912; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1911 (4): 711; tl: brazil, tijuco\nstenopa isoplintha meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 193; tl: brazil, parintins\nisoporphyra (meyrick, 1932) (asapharca); exotic microlep. 4 (8 - 9): 286\nisosticta (meyrick, 1932) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (10): 299\nithytona meyrick, 1929; trans. ent. soc. lond. 76: 514\nstenoma juvenalis meyrick, 1930; ann. naturhist. mus. wien 44: 240, pl. 2, f. 13; tl: taperinha, para, brazil\nauxocrossa lacera zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 328, pl. 4, f. 103\nstenoma lampyridella busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 41; tl: cabima, panama\nstenoma lathiptila meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 425; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma laxa meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 428; tl: venezuela, ciudad bolivar\nstenoma lebetias meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 433; tl: french guiana, s. laurent\nstenoma lepidocarpa meyrick, 1930; ann. naturhist. mus. wien 44: 239, pl. 1, f. 9; tl: taperinha, para, brazil\npsephomeres leptogramma meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 506\nnew hampshire, massachusetts, new york, pennsylvania, district of columbia, virginia, north carolina, na. georgia, alabama, arkansas, missouri, kansas, illinois, iowa, texas, oregon, louisiana, manitoba, nova scotia. see [ maps ]\nlarva on pyracantha crenulata, malus sp. , vaccinium corymbosum, acer sp. duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 32\nleucocryptis (meyrick, 1932) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (10): 295\nstenoma lindseyi barnes & busck, 1920; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (3): 239, pl. 29, f. 2; tl: paradise; white mts. , arizona; fort wingate, new mexico\nstenoma lophoptycha meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 188; tl: brazil, parintins\nstenoma lophosaris meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 186; tl: brazil, r. trombetas\nloxogrammos (zeller, 1854) (cryptolechia); linn. ent. 9: 367, pl. 3, f. 17\nstenoma lucrosa meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 184; tl: brazil, obidos, parintins\nstenoma lunimaculata dognin, 1913; ann. soc. ent. belg. 57: 417; tl: san antonio, colombia, 2000m\nstenoma machetes walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 162; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\nstenoma macronota meyrick, 1912; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1911 (4): 716; tl: colombia, naranjito, r. dagua, 3900ft; dutch guiana, paramaribo\nstenoma mesosaris meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 178; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nstenoma microtypa meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 422; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma mitratella busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 46; tl: porto bello, panama\nstenoma modulata meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 436; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma monosaris meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 419; tl: british guiana, bartica and mallali\ncryptolechia murinella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 743; tl: ega\nstenoma mustela walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 167, pl. 6, f. 1; tl: panama, chiriqui, volcan de chiriqui, 2000 - 3000ft\nnavicularis (meyrick, 1930) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (1): 24\nstenopa neocrossa meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 193; tl: peru, r. napo\nnephelocyma (meyrick, 1930) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (1): 27\nbritish guiana, dutch guiana, french guiana, paraguay. see [ maps ]\n: british guiana, r. demerana; dutch guiana, paramaribo; french guiana, st. laurient; paraguay\ncryptolechia nitidorella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 729; tl: ega\nstenoma notogramma meyrick, 1930; ann. naturhist. mus. wien 44: 243, pl. 1, f. 13; tl: breves, amazon delta\nstenoma notosaris meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 181; tl: brazil, para\ncryptolechia notosemia zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 298, pl. 3, f. 86; tl: cundai\nstenoma obtusa meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 513; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nstenoma ocellifer walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 162; tl: mexico, durango; costa rica, volcan de irazu, 6000 - 7000ft, guatemala, san gerónimo, 2800ft\nstenoma ogmolopha meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 557; tl: brazil, santarem\nstenoma ogmosaris meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 415; tl: british guiana, mallali\nstenoma orgadopa meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 182; tl: brazil, para, parintins\nnew york, new jersey, north carolina, south carolina, west virginia, maryland, district of columbia, massachusetts, pennsylvania, illinois, arkansas, missouri, texas, california. see [ maps ]\nlarva on quercus alba, q. muehlenbergii duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 34\nstenoma ostodes walsingham, 1913; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 174; tl: guatemala, alta vera paz, panima, 1800ft\nstenoma ovulifera meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 182; tl: peru, jurimaguas\nstenoma oxydecta meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 426; tl: british guiana, bartica; mallali\ncryptolechia pallicosta felder & rogenhofer, 1875; reise fregatte novara, bd 2 (abth. 2) (5): pl. 138, f. 41; tl: amazonas\nstenoma paracta meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 425; tl: peru, chanchamayo and el porvenir; colombia, san antonio, 5800ft\ncryptolechia particularis zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 293, pl. 3, f. 82; tl: chiriqui\naphanoxena pellocoma meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 387; tl: british guiana, mallali\nstenoma percnocarpa meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 181; tl: brazil, teffé\nstenoma periphrictis meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (15): 451; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma phaeoneura meyrick, 1913; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1913 (1): 187; tl: british guiana\nstenoma phaeoplintha meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 424; tl: british guiana, bartica\nphaselodes (meyrick, 1931) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 39\nstenoma phaula walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 160, pl. 5, f. 26; tl: guatemala, alta vera paz, panima, 1800ft\nstenoma phollicodes meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 533; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nstenoma planicoma meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 189; tl: brazil, santarem\nstenoma plumosa busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 47; tl: trinidad river, panama\nstenoma polyglypta meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 427; tl: british guiana, mallali\nstenoma pratifera meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 222; tl: costa rica\nstenoma prosora walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 161, pl. 5, f. 29; tl: panama, chiriqui, volcan de chiriqui, 2000 - 3000ft\nguatemala, panama, ecuador, west indies, british guiana. see [ maps ]\ncatarata pumilis busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 36; tl: trinidad, panam\npyrgota (meyrick, 1930) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (1): 25\npyrobathra (meyrick, 1931) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 33\nstenoma quiescens meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 514; tl: french guiana, godebert, r. maroni\ncryptolechia radicalis zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 286; tl: chiriqui\ncryptolechia reciprocella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 731; tl: santarem\npanama, surinam, french guiana, brazil (amazonas, para, bahia), peru. see [ maps ]\nstenoma rhipidaula meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 431; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma rostriformis meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 532; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nstenoma scapularis meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 209; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nquebec, new york, massachusetts, pennsylvania, delaware, maryland, district of columbia, virgina, north carolina, arkansas, missouri, illinois, iowa, texas, arizona. see [ maps ]\ncryptolechia schlaegeri zeller, 1854; linn. ent. 9: 372; tl: new york\nlarva on quercus alba duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 30\nsciospila (meyrick, 1930) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 47\nstenoma segmentata meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 423; tl: british guiana, mallali\nstenoma similis busck, 1911; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 40 (1815): 222; tl: st. jean, maroni r. , french guiana\nstenoma spermolitha meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 432; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma sterrhomitra meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 178; tl: brazil, teffé\nstenoma stigmatias walsingham, 1913; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 184, pl. 6, f. 29; tl: guatemala, alta vera paz, sabo\nstenoma stygeropa meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 187; tl: brazil, manaos\nstenoma tectoria meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 429; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma tempestiva meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (17): 529; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nstenoma tephrodesma meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 511; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\nstenoma tetrapetra meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 194; tl: brazil, teffé\nstenoma thylacosaris meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 419; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma thomasi barnes & busck, 1920; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (3): 240, pl. 30, f. 5; tl: palmerlee, arizona\nstenoma tinactis meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (13): 414; tl: british guiana, bartica\nstenoma tribomias meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 417; tl: british guiana, bartica\ntricapsis (meyrick, 1930) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (1): 26\nstenoma triplectra meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 423; tl: british guiana, bartica\nalphanoxena triplintha meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 490; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\ncryptolechia tripustulella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 733; tl: ega\nathleta trisecta walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 155, pl. 5, f. 24\nstenoma tumens meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (16): 511; tl: french guiana, st. jean, r. maroni\nbrazil (amazonas), panama, costa rica, british guiana, french guiana. see [ maps ]\ncryptolechia umbriferella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 740; tl: ega\nlarva on quercus sp. duckworth, 1964, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 116 (3495): 32\nunisecta (meyrick, 1930) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (1): 26\nstenoma venatum busck, 1911; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 40 (1815): 217; tl: st. jean, maroni river, french guiana\nvenezuelensis amsel, 1956; boletin ent. venezolana 10 (1 - 2): 303\ntexas, florida, mississippi, south carolina, new jersey. see [ maps ]\nvenezuela, panama, trinidad, colombia, french guiana, brazil (para, santa catharina), bolivia, peru. see [ maps ]\nxanthopetala (meyrick, 1931) (stenoma); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 41\nstenoma xylurga meyrick, 1913; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1913 (1): 188; tl: peru, chanchamayo\nstenoma zanclogramma meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (14): 417; tl: british guiana, bartica\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. band 2. abtheilung 2. lepidoptera. rhopalocera\n- 120, (inhalts - verz .) 1 - 9 (pl. 1 - 74), (felder & rogenhofer, 1874), (5): pl .\nergebnisse einer zoologischen sammelreise nach brasilien, insbesonderer in das amazonasgebiet, ausgeführt von dr. h. zerny. v. theil. micro - lepidoptera\ndelectus animalium articulatorum que in itinere per brasilian collegerunt dr. j. b. de spix et dr. c. f. ph. de martius\nnatuurlijke historie van surinaamsche vlinders, naar het leven geteekend. papillons de surinam dessinés d' après nature\n( 13): i - viii, 105 - 108, pl. 49 - 50 ([ 1843 ]) ,\n( 25): i - iv, 217 - 224, pl. 97 - 100 ([ 1847 ]) ,\n( 38): i - viii, 321 - 328, pl. 149 - 152 ([ 1852 ] )\nzeller, 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 3 - 493, pl. 1 - 6\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nagonoxeninae amblytenes meyrick, 1930 lunatica meyrick, 1930 anchimompha clarke, 1965 melaleuca clarke, 1965 auxotricha meyrick, 1931 ochrogypsa meyrick, 1931 homoeoprepes walsingham, 1909 homeoprepes hodges, 1978, missp. felisae clarke, 1962 sympatrica clarke, 1962 trochiloides walsingham, 1909 microcolona meyrick, 1897 transennata meyrick, 1922 nanodacna clarke, 1964 ancora clarke, 1964 indiscriminata clarke, 1965 logística (meyrick, 1931) (colonophora) vinacea (meyrick, 1922) (homaledra) nicanthes meyrick, 1928 rhodoclea meyrick, 1928 pammeces zeller, 1863 albivitella zeller, 1863 citraula meyrick, 1922 crocoxysta meyrick, 1922 lithochroma walsingham, 1897 pallida walsingham, 1897 phlogophora walsingham, 1909 problema walsingham, 1915 panclintis meyrick, 1929 socia meyrick, 1929 prochola meyrick, 1915 aedilis meyrick, 1915 agypsota meyrick, 1922 basichlora meyrick, 1922 catacentra meyrick, 1917 chloropis meyrick, 1922 euclina meyrick, 1922 fuscula forbes, 1931 holomorpha meyrick, 1931 obstructa meyrick, 1915 ochromicta meyrick, 1922 oppidana meyrick, 1915 orphnopa meyrick, 1922 orthobasis meyrick, 1922 pervallata meyrick, 1922 prasophanes meyrick, 1922 revecta meyrick, 1922 semiabata meyrick, 1922 sollers meyrick, 1917 subtincta (meyrick, 1922) (syntetrernis) syntentrernis meyrick, 1922 neocompsa meyrick, 1933 xiphodes meyrick, 1922 tocasta busck, 1912 priscella busck, 1912 zaratha walker, 1864 macrocera r. felder & rogenhofer, 1875 mesonyctia meyrick, 1909 pterodactylella walker, 1864 nivelventris r. felder & rogenhofer, 1875\nelachistinae elachista treitschke, 1833 aphelosetia stephens, 1834 cycnodia herrich - schäffer, 1853 phigalia chambers, 1875, preocc. (duponchel, 1829 [ geometridae ]) atachia wocke, 1876 neaera chambers, 1880, preocc. (robineau - desvoidy, 1830 [ diptera ]) hecista wallengren, 1881 aphigalia dyar, 1903 irenicodes meyrick, 1919 euproteodesviette, 1954 albisquamella zeller, 1877 luciliella zeller, 1877 tersectella zeller, 1877\nthioscelis meyrick, 1909 directrix meyrick, 1909 fuscata duckworth, 1967 geranomorpha meyrick, 1932 lipara duckworth, 1967 whalleyi duckworth, 1967 timocratica meyrick, 1912 lychnocrates meyrick, 1926 agramma becker, 1982 albella (zeller, 1839) (depressaria) albitogata becker, 1982 amseli duckworth, 1962, repl. name albella amsel, 1956, preocc. (not zeller, 1839) anelaea (meyrick, 1932) (stenoma) argonais (meyrick, 1925) (stenoma) argonias clarke, 1955, missp. bicornuta becker, 1982 butyrota (meyrick, 1929) (stenoma) syndicastis (meyrick, 1929) (stenoma) constrictivalva becker, 1982 effluxa (meyrick, 1930) (lychnocrates) fraternella (busck, 1910) (stenoma) fuscipalpalis becker, 1982 grandis (perty, [ 1833 ]) (yponomeuta) guarani becker, 1982 isarga (meyrick, 1925) (stenoma) leucocapna (meyrick, 1926) (lychnocrates) leucorectis (meyrick, 1925) (stenoma) longicilia becker, 1982 loxotoma (busck, 1909) (stenoma) macroleuca (meyrick, 1932) (stenoma) major (busck, 1911) (stenoma) maturescens (meyrick, 1925) (stenoma) megaleuca (meyrick, 1912) (stenoma) melanocosta becker, 1982 melanostriga becker, 1982 meridionalis becker, 1982 monotonia (strand, 1911) (cryptolechia) isographa meyrick, 1912 claudescens meyrick, 1925 crassa meyrick, 1925 nivea becker, 1982 palpis (zeller, 1877) (cryptolechia) auxoleuca (meyrick, 1925) (stenoma) haywardi busck, 1939 parvifusca becker, 1982 parvileuca becker, 1982 philomela (meyrick, 1925) (stenoma) pompeiana meyrick, 1925 spinignatha becker, 1982 subovalis (meyrick, 1932) (stenoma) stomatocosma (meyrick, 1932) (stenoma) titanoleuca becker, 1982 venifurcata becker, 1982 xanthosoma (dognin, 1913) (stenoma) a. xanthosoma (dognin, 1913) (stenoma) sacra (meyrick, 1918) (stenoma) b. leucocephala becker, 1982 xanthotarsa becker, 1982" ]

{ "text": [ "antaeotricha zelotes is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "it was described by lord walsingham in 1912 .", "it is found in mexico ( guerrero ) .", "the wingspan is 15-20 mm .", "the forewings are dull fawn-grey , the costal third whitish , the white mixing with the darker dorsal colouring beyond the end of the cell to the termen .", "from the middle of the costa an outwardly oblique line of diffused fawn-brown scales runs to a small fuscous spot at the end of the cell .", "beyond it a similar parallel line is recurved to the dorsum before the tornus , after reaching the point opposite to the middle of the termen ; a small elongate fuscous spot , at one-fourth from the base , is placed on the upper edge of the cell , and a series of similar but smaller spots follows the margin beyond the outwardly curved second costal line , reaching to the tornus .", "the hindwings are very pale brownish grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "antaeotricha zelotes is a moth in the depressariidae family. it was described by lord walsingham in 1912. it is found in mexico (guerrero). the wingspan is 15-20 mm. the forewings are dull fawn-grey, the costal third whitish, the white mixing with the darker dorsal colouring beyond the end of the cell to the termen. from the middle of the costa an outwardly oblique line of diffused fawn-brown scales runs to a small fuscous spot at the end of the cell. beyond it a similar parallel line is recurved to the dorsum before the tornus, after reaching the point opposite to the middle of the termen; a small elongate fuscous spot, at one-fourth from the base, is placed on the upper edge of the cell, and a series of similar but smaller spots follows the margin beyond the outwardly curved second costal line, reaching to the tornus. the hindwings are very pale brownish grey." ]

[ "odiidae coleman & barnard, 1991 (synonymized with ochlesidae by berge j. , vader w. & coleman o. (1999) )\ncharles oliver coleman, james k. lowry: revision of the ochlesidae sensu stricto, including five new australian species (crustacea: amphipoda) .\n( of odiidae coleman & barnard, 1991) berge, j. ; vader, w. ; coleman, o. (1999). a cladistic analysis of the amphipod families ochlesidae and odiidae, with description of a new species and genus. crustaceans and the biodiversity crisis. proceedings of the fourth international crustacean congress, amsterdam, the netherlands, july 20 - 24, 1998, volume 1. brill, leiden. 239 - 265. [ details ]\nspecies of the ochlesidae sensu stricto are revised. based on new material from inshore and continental - shelf australian marine habitats five new species are described: meraldia birgeri n. sp. , m. madeleinae n. sp. , m. yorki n. sp. , ochlesis caroleoninae n. sp. , and o. morgani n. sp. as these new species show remarkable sexual dimorphism, both sexes are described and fully illustrated. the world species are diagnosed, and a key to all species is provided .\nspecies of the ochlesidae sensu stricto are revised. based on new material from inshore and continental - shelf australian marine habitats five new species are described: meraldia birgeri n. sp. , m. madeleinae n. sp. , m. yorki n. sp. , ochlesis caroleoninae n. sp. , and o. morgani n. sp. as these new species show remarkable sexual dimorphism, both sexes are described and fully illustrated. the world species are diagnosed, and a key to all species is provided. full article published online at: urltoken\nhorton, t. ; lowry, j. ; de broyer, c. ; bellan - santini, d. ; coleman, c. o. ; corbari, l. ; daneliya, m. ; dauvin, j - c. ; fišer, c. ; gasca, r. ; grabowski, m. ; guerra - garcía, j. m. ; hendrycks, e. ; hughes, l. ; jaume, d. ; jazdzewski, k. ; kim, y. - h. ; king, r. ; krapp - schickel, t. ; lecroy, s. ; lörz, a. - n. ; mamos, t. ; senna, a. r. ; serejo, c. ; sket, b. ; souza - filho, j. f. ; tandberg, a. h. ; thomas, j. ; thurston, m. ; vader, w. ; väinölä, r. ; vonk, r. ; white, k. ; zeidler, w. (2018). world amphipoda database. ochlesidae stebbing, 1910. accessed through: world register of marine species at: urltoken; = 177027 on 2018 - 07 - 10\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nhmpro6. dtd\nprint version: org. divers. evol. 6 (2): 99 - 101. 2006 (abstract only) electr. suppl. : full article. pdf - format, 2. 3 mb\nde broyer, c. ; lowry, j. k. ; jazdzewski, k. & robert, h. (2007). catalogue of the gammaridean and corophiidean amphipoda (crustacea) of the southern ocean, with distribution and ecological data. in: de broyer c. (ed .). census of antarctic marine life: synopsis of the amphipoda of the southern ocean. vol. i. bulletin de l' institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique, biologie. 77, suppl. 1: 1 - 325. [ details ]\ncoleman, c. o. (2007). acanthonotozomellidae, amathillopsidae, dikwidae, epimeriidae, iphimediidae, vicmusiidae. in: de broyer c (ed .). census of antarctic marine life. synopsis of the amphipoda of the southern ocean. vol. 2. bull. inst. r. sci. nat. belg. 77 (suppl. 2) 1 - 136. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of odiidae coleman & barnard, 1991) bellan - santini, d. ; costello, m. j. (2001). amphipoda. in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels 50: pp. 295 - 308. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of odiidae coleman & barnard, 1991) martin, j. w. , & davis, g. e. (2001). an updated classification of the recent crustacea. science series, 39. natural history museum of los angeles county. los angeles, ca (usa). 124 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of odiidae coleman & barnard, 1991) costello, m. j. ; emblow, c. ; white, r. (ed .). (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50. muséum national d' histoire naturelle: paris, france. isbn 2 - 85653 - 538 - 0. 463 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of odiidae coleman & barnard, 1991) de broyer, c. ; lowry, j. k. ; jazdzewski, k. & robert, h. (2007). catalogue of the gammaridean and corophiidean amphipoda (crustacea) of the southern ocean, with distribution and ecological data. in: de broyer c. (ed .). census of antarctic marine life: synopsis of the amphipoda of the southern ocean. vol. i. bulletin de l' institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique, biologie. 77, suppl. 1: 1 - 325. [ details ]\n( of odiidae coleman & barnard, 1991) ariyama, h. (2011). six species of the family odiidae (crustacea: amphipoda) from japan, with descriptions of a new genus and four new species. bull. natl. mus. nat. sci. , ser. a, suppl. 5, pp. 1–39. [ details ]\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\n; deeper than long; rostrum present, long; eyes present, well developed or obsolescent; not coalesced; 1 pair; not bulging. body laterally compressed, or subglobular; cuticle smooth, or processiferous .\nsubequal to antenna 2, or longer than antenna 2; peduncle with sparse robust and slender setae; 3 - articulate; peduncular article 1 longer than article 2; antenna 1 article 2 longer than article 3; peduncular articles 1 - 2 not geniculate; accessory flagellum absent; antenna 1 callynophore present, or absent .\nincisor dentate, or smooth; lacinia mobilis present on left side only; accessory setal row without distal tuft; molar present, medium, triturative or non - triturative; palp present .\npresent; inner plate present, strongly setose along medial margin or weakly setose apically or without setae; palp present, not clavate, 1 - articulate .\ninner and outer plates well developed or reduced, palps present, well developed or reduced, or inner and outer plates well developed or reduced, palps absent; inner plates well developed, separate; outer plates present, very large; palp 2 - articulate or 1 - articulate .\n. peraeonites 1 - 7 separate; complete; sternal gills absent; pleurae absent .\nnot sexually dimorphic; smaller (or weaker) than gnathopod 2; smaller than coxa 2; gnathopod 1 merus and carpus not rotated; gnathopod 1 carpus / propodus not cantilevered; subequal to propodus; gnathopod 1 not produced along posterior margin of propodus; dactylus large .\nnot sexually dimorphic; simple; coxa subequal to but not hidden by coxa 3; ischium short; merus not fused along posterior margin of carpus or produced away from it; carpus / propodus not cantilevered, carpus elongate, subequal to propodus, strongly produced along posterior margin of propodus .\nheteropodous (3 - 4 directed posteriorly, 5 - 7 directed anteriorly), none prehensile .\nwell developed. 3 - 4 not glandular; 3 - 7 without hooded dactyli, 3 - 7 propodi without distal spurs. coxa well developed, longer than broad (check); carpus subequal to propodus, not produced; dactylus well developed. coxa larger than coxa 3, not acuminate, with well developed posteroventral lobe; carpus not produced .\nwell developed; subequal in length to peraeopod 6; coxa subequal to coxa 4 or larger than coxa 4, with ventrally produced posterior lobe or without posterior lobe; basis expanded, check, with posteroventral lobe; merus / carpus free; carpus linear; setae absent .\nsubequal in length to peraeopod 7; merus / carpus free; dactylus without setae .\nwith 6 - 7 well developed articles; subequal to peraeopod 5; similar in structure to peraeopod 6; with 7 articles; basis expanded, without dense slender setae; dactylus without setae .\n. pleonites 1 - 3 without transverse dorsal serrations, without dorsal carina; without slender or robust dorsal setae .\nnot dorsoventrally flattened; urosomites 1 to 3 free; urosomite 1 much longer than urosomite 2; urosome urosomite 1 carinate, or urosomites not carinate; urosomites 1 - 2 without transverse dorsal serrations .\npeduncle without long plumose setae, without basofacial robust seta, without ventromedial spur .\nwell developed; without ventromedial spur, without dorsal flange; inner ramus subequal to outer ramus, or longer than outer ramus .\nnot sexually dimorphic; peduncle elongate; outer ramus shorter than peduncle, 1 - articulate, without recurved spines .\nlaminar; entire; longer than broad, or as long as broad; apical robust setae absent .\ncite this publication as:' j. k. lowry & r. t. springthorpe (2001 onwards). amphipoda: families and subfamilies. version 1: 1 september 2001. urltoken'. dallwitz (1980) and dallwitz, paine and zurcher (1993, 1995, 2000) should also be cited (see references) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al. 2005. common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: crustaceans. american fisheries society special publication 31\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 444299e4 - 56b8 - 498a - a66b - ed58daadce91\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 534db667 - 82fa - 4564 - 8d6a - 170c3f9c86d9\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 535d37ac - 5f66 - 42c9 - 9f29 - d17fca35c93d\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 5d82d2c2 - 583f - 4ca9 - afff - f7dd00d850c1\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 6b3f5d50 - 9c08 - 4603 - 9e39 - a85f8c79d43c\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 999447bd - d023 - 4700 - b788 - 832ae63de97a\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: c24c1681 - 6cd0 - 4491 - b858 - c789e09feacf\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: aa9ae144 - c9c6 - 44d1 - 8130 - 40be0d2e8a3a\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 261984\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage, code on github. page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright © 2006 gesellschaft für biologische systematik. published by elsevier gmbh all rights reserved .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user" ]

{ "text": [ "ochlesidae is a family of amphipods .", "they are very small , often less than 1.5 millimetres ( 0.06 in ) long , and are found mainly in tropical and subtropical areas of the southern hemisphere .", "the family odiidae has sometimes been subsumed into ochlesidae .", "four genera are included in the family : curidia thomas , 1983 meraldia barnard & karaman , 1987 ochlesis stebbing , 1910 ochlesodius ledoyer , 1982" ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 2, 26 ] }

[ "ochlesidae is a family of amphipods. they are very small, often less than 1.5 millimetres (0.06 in) long, and are found mainly in tropical and subtropical areas of the southern hemisphere. the family odiidae has sometimes been subsumed into ochlesidae. four genera are included in the family: curidia thomas, 1983 meraldia barnard & karaman, 1987 ochlesis stebbing, 1910 ochlesodius ledoyer, 1982" ]

[ "html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\njohnson, p. d. , bogan, a. e. , brown, k. m. , burkhead, n. m. , cordeiro, j. r. , garner, j. t. , hartfield, p. d. , lepitzki, d. a. w. , mackie, g. l. , pip, e. , tarpley, t. a. , tiemann, j. s. , whelan, n. v. and strong, e. e. 2013. conservation status of freshwater gastropods of canada and the united states. fisheries 38 (6): 247 - 282 .\njustification: listed in 1996 as vulnerable (baillie and groombridge 1996), but the tnc listed this in may 2000 as unrankable, and should be moved to data deficient .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nglobal range: (< 100 square km (less than about 40 square miles) ) endemic to tennessee river system, where historically known only from tennessee river at muscle shoals and adjacent shoal creek, lauderdale co. , alabama (burch, 1989). not collected in alabama since construction of wilson dam and likely extirpated from that state. appears to be extant in tailwaters of kentucky dam (1986 record), suggesting historic distribution extended at least to mouth of tennessee river (mirarchi et al. , 2004) .\nsyntype for lithasia curta lea, 1868 catalog number: usnm 121765 collection: smithsonian institution, national museum of natural history, department of invertebrate zoology preparation: dry collector (s): m. tuomey locality: north alabama, alabama, united states\nsyntype for lithasia curta lea, 1868 catalog number: usnm 121765x collection: smithsonian institution, national museum of natural history, department of invertebrate zoology preparation: dry collector (s): m. tuomey locality: alabama, united states\nsyntype: lea, i. 1868. proc. acad. nat. sci. phila. 151 - 153 .\ncomments: it appears to be restricted to tailwaters of kentucky dam in the tennessee river, where current is moderate to strong (mirarchi et al. , 2004) .\nnon - migrant: no. all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .\nlocally migrant: no. no populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e. g. , to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites) .\nlocally migrant: no. no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .\nnote: for many non - migratory species, occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .\ncomments: historically it was largely confined to muscle shoals and nearby tributaries of the tennessee river (goodrich, 1941). it appears to be currently extant in the tailwaters of kentucky dam (mirarchi et al. , 2004) .\nlisted in 1996 as vulnerable (baillie and groombridge 1996), but the tnc listed this in may 2000 as unrankable, and should be moved to data deficient .\nreasons: severe decline and state extirpations have lead to only a few extant populations remaining although exact occurrence information is not known. the exact nature of threats and trends are not known .\ncomments: this species has experienced serious decline but the exact nature of this decline has not been documented .\ncomments: hinkley (1906) records it historically from the tennessee river and shoal creek in florence, alabama. it has not been collected in alabama since construction of wilson dam and is likely extirpated from the state (mirarchi et al. , 2004) .\ncomments: a captive propagation program, with eventual reintroduction into wilson dam tailwaters and lower shoal creek should be considered (mirarchi et al. , 2004) .\nneeds: a captive propagation program, with eventual reintroduction into wilson dam tailwaters and lower shoal creek should be considered (mirarchi et al. , 2004) .\nbogan a. e. (2000). lithasia curta. 2006 iucn red list of threatened species. downloaded on 7 august 2007 .\ncomments: genus name lithasia haldeman, 1840 is actually a junior synonym of ellipstoma rafinesque, 1818, but minton and bogan (2003) have successfully suppressed ellipstoma in favor of the better known lithasia (iczn, 2005). the genus lithasia was analyzied phylogenetically by minton and lydeard (2003) but lithasia curta was not included in specimens examined .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis (the integrated taxonomic information system) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, p. m. mikkelsen, r. j. neves, c. f. e. roper, g. rosenberg, b. roth, a. scheltema, f. g. thompson, m. vecchione, and j. d. williams. 1998. common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks. 2nd edition. american fisheries society special publication 26, bethesda, maryland: 526 pp .\ngenus name lithasia haldeman, 1840 is actually a junior synonym of ellipstoma rafinesque, 1818, but minton and bogan (2003) have successfully suppressed ellipstoma in favor of the better known lithasia (iczn, 2005). the genus lithasia was analyzied phylogenetically by minton and lydeard (2003) but lithasia curta was not included in specimens examined .\nsevere decline and state extirpations have lead to only a few extant populations remaining although exact occurrence information is not known. the exact nature of threats and trends are not known .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\nendemic to tennessee river system, where historically known only from tennessee river at muscle shoals and adjacent shoal creek, lauderdale co. , alabama (burch, 1989). not collected in alabama since construction of wilson dam and likely extirpated from that state. appears to be extant in tailwaters of kentucky dam (1986 record), suggesting historic distribution extended at least to mouth of tennessee river (mirarchi et al. , 2004) .\nhistorically it was largely confined to muscle shoals and nearby tributaries of the tennessee river (goodrich, 1941). it appears to be currently extant in the tailwaters of kentucky dam (mirarchi et al. , 2004) .\nthis species has experienced serious decline but the exact nature of this decline has not been documented .\nhinkley (1906) records it historically from the tennessee river and shoal creek in florence, alabama. it has not been collected in alabama since construction of wilson dam and is likely extirpated from the state (mirarchi et al. , 2004) .\na captive propagation program, with eventual reintroduction into wilson dam tailwaters and lower shoal creek should be considered (mirarchi et al. , 2004) .\n( < 100 square km (less than about 40 square miles) ) endemic to tennessee river system, where historically known only from tennessee river at muscle shoals and adjacent shoal creek, lauderdale co. , alabama (burch, 1989). not collected in alabama since construction of wilson dam and likely extirpated from that state. appears to be extant in tailwaters of kentucky dam (1986 record), suggesting historic distribution extended at least to mouth of tennessee river (mirarchi et al. , 2004) .\nit appears to be restricted to tailwaters of kentucky dam in the tennessee river, where current is moderate to strong (mirarchi et al. , 2004) .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens, including live specimens or recently dead shells (i. e. , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining), at a given location with potentially recurring existence. weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence. evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data; unpublished, though documented (i. e. government or agency reports, web sites, etc .) observation or collection data; or museum specimen information .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nburch, j. b. 1989. north american freshwater snails. malacological publications: hamburg, michigan. 365 pp .\ngoodrich, c. 1941c. studies of the gastropod family pleuroceridae, viii. occasional papers of the museum of zoology, university of michigan, 447: 1 - 13 .\nhinkley, a. a. 1906. some shells from mississippi and alabama. the nautilus, 20 (3): 34; 20 (4): 40 - 44; 20 (5): 52 - 55 .\ninternational commission on zoological nomenclature (iczn). 2005. opinion 2093 (case 3249). lithasia haldeman, 1840 (mollusca, gastropoda): conserved. bulletin of zoological nomenclature 62 (1): 34 - 35 .\nminton, r. l. and a. e. bogan. 2003. lithasia haldeman, 1840 (mollusca, gastropoda): proposed conservation. bulletin of zoological nomenclature, 60 (2): 103 - 108 .\nmirarchi, r. e. , j. t. garner, m. f. mettee, and p. e. o' neil. 2004b. alabama wildlife. volume 2. imperiled aquatic mollusks and fishes. university of alabama press, tuscaloosa, alabama. xii + 255 pp .\nmirarchi, r. e. , m. a. bailey, j. t. garner, t. m. haggerty, t. l. best, m. f. mettee, and p. o' neil. 2004d. alabama wildlife. volume four: conservation and management recommendations for imperiled wildlife. university of alabama press, tuscaloosa, alabama. 221 pp .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en strict\nlinked life history provided courtesy of natureserve explorer. records may include both recent and historical observations. us status definitions kentucky status definitions" ]

{ "text": [ "the knobby rocksnail , scientific name lithasia curta , is a species of medium-sized freshwater snail , an aquatic gilled gastropod mollusk in the family pleuroceridae .", "this species is endemic to the united states . " ], "topic": [ 2, 2 ] }

[ "the knobby rocksnail, scientific name lithasia curta, is a species of medium-sized freshwater snail, an aquatic gilled gastropod mollusk in the family pleuroceridae. this species is endemic to the united states." ]

[ "tapeworms (cestoda: proteocephalidea) of firewood catfish sorubimichthys planiceps (siluriformes: pimelodidae) from the amazon river .\nname: firewood catfish. other names: bagre, achacubo. species: sorubimichthys planiceps. thai name: pla planicip .\ntapeworms (cestoda: proteocephalidea) of firewood catfish sorubimichthys planiceps (siluriformes: pimelodidae) from the amazon river. - pubmed - ncbi\nin cambodia, villagers living in and around the tonle sap lake, cut and collect firewood from the flooded forest there. some areas are also illegally being cleared for agricultural (paddy field) purposes .\nfish: catfish, discus, stingrays. alcohol: vodka, gin, rum, beer, cider. tobacco: cigars, pipe, hookah / shisha. dogs, literature, music\nthe firewood catfish' s body has an overall cylindrical shape with a broad very flattened head. the caudal fin is sharply forke4d and long. in large specimens the upper jaw surpasses the lower. overall colouration and colour pattern varies greatly over the animal' s range, but the fish generally has a broad cream stripe reaching from the gill cover to the caudal peduncle. this light coloured stripe may or may not be bordered by darker stripes .\nto fish for our firewood catfish we recommend fishing with worms close to the hyacinth beds. in their home countries, fisherman use small fish or squid strips fished on the bottom. fish close to weedbeds or other structures offering shelter, and apparently the best times to catch these fish is during the first two hours of darkness. takes are slow, and the fish stay close to the margins; they fight hard, and for this reason must be given time to recover. as with all our catfish they will be injected by our guides then given time to recover before a quick picture and release. when handling these fish, be aware they have razor sharp pectoral fins, which can inflict a nasty cut, and for this reason we recommend you wrap your hands in a cloth or wear gloves. they do not possess teeth, as with most catfish; they just have tough pads in their mouths .\ncommunities harvest about 50 fish species, although the taxonomic status is known for only 42 of them. between 2001 and 2007 19, 138 individuals were reported. the species with most individuals captured were the granulated catfish (\nno, but the reason people keep catfish is because of their unique appearance and behaviour when compared to other aquarium fish. if a fish has no opportunity to show this behaviour, or demonstrate why it has the appearance that so fascinates us, then what' s the point ?\nthe trouble is that although a 110 gallon tank looks big once you have 3 foot catfish living in it it becomes a very small prison cell, while no one is suggesting you stock the tank with 2 guppies you should seriously think whether it is fair to keep a fish that can grow to four feet in a tank with a length of 5 feet long (or six but then it wont be wide enough either). the biggest shovel nose type catfish that can be catered for by the average hobbiest is the s. lima and even these require tanks of at least 100 gallons once full grown, the bigger species are only really suitable for public aquaria or those who can afford large indoor ponds .\nselecta piscium brasiliam - pp25 - pl. 12 barthem r. and m. goulding (1997) the catfish connection; ecology, migration, and conservation of amazon predators. columbia university press. mojica et al. (2002) libro rojo de peces dulceacuicolas de colombia. instituto de ciencias naturales, universidad nacional de colombia. romano b. (no date) peces de aqua dulce de venezuela. fundacion cientifica fluvial de los llanos .\ni have lost count of the number of times i have advised people who contact me not to buy a catfish that will outgrow their resources and abilities, and then 9 months down the line get back in touch with me hoping i can help them with a problem of their own making. i think many of these would have been better off with a trophy in a case rather than a living organism that deserves ethical consideration, as there is obviously no desire to enjoy the fish for what it actually is .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nsorubim jandia, s. pirauáca, platystoma planiceps, p. spatula. sorubimichthys spatula, s. ortoni, pteroglanis manni\nsouth america: amazon and orinoco river basins. type locality: brazil: in fluminae amazonum, solimoëns, rio negro .\nburgess, w. e. 1989 an atlas of freshwater and marine catfishes. a preliminary survey of the siluriformes. t. f. h. publications, inc. , neptune city, new jersey (usa). 784 p. ferraris, c. j. jr. , 2007. checklist of catfishes, recent and fossil (osteichthyes: siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types. zootaxa 1418: 1 - 628 .\nurltoken urltoken - the fastest growing, largest, and most actively visited online community dedicated to rare, exotic, and predatory fish. got the\nmonster\nin you? come join us at urltoken -\nbrazilian local name, sorubim + greek, ichthys = fish (ref. 45335 )\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 150 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 36506 )\nlundberg, j. g. and m. w. littmann, 2003. pimelodidae (long - whiskered catfishes). p. 432 - 446. in r. e. reis, s. o. kullander and c. j. ferraris, jr. (eds .) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america. porto alegre: edipucrs, brasil. (ref. 36506 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 1. 0000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00501 (0. 00243 - 0. 01032), b = 3. 11 (2. 93 - 3. 29), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 5 ±0. 80 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): very low, minimum population doubling time more than 14 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): very high vulnerability (78 of 100) .\nsorubi is the brazilian local name for this fish (and several other pimelodids) + (greek) ichthys = fish. the specific epithet, planiceps meaning flathead .\n1600mm or 63\nsl. find near, nearer or same sized spp .\nbody has an overall cylindrical shape. very flattened head. large long caudal fin. in large specimens the upper jaw surpasses the lower. overall coloration and color pattern varies greatly over the animal' s range, but the fish generall has a broad cream stripe reaching from the gill cover to the caudal peduncle. this light colored stripe may or may not be bordered by darker stripes .\nunknown. overall adults sizes for females are reported as larger than those of males .\nthe largest specimen reported from the amazon was 1. 5 meters; puerto lopez, colombia 1. 6 meters; rio caqueta 97 cm. considered'' vulnerable'' to extinction due to overfishing by commercial fisheries. average adult size captured by commercial fisheries has declined in recent years and now averages under one meter. in puerto carreno, on the rio orinoco, 5. 5 tons of s. planiceps were harvested in 2001. under colombian law, specimens under 95 cm may not be retained. this would also make the small specimens imported for the aquarium trade illegal. sadly, this law is rarely enforced .\nfound throughout the orinoco, guaviare, meta, metica, guayabero, amazon, putumayo, and caqueta basins. the wide varity of color patterns and reported adult sizes from these different drainages suggest that this is either a vary variable species or\nwith an adult size reaching almost five feet, this fish would require a massive tank. the substrate should be sand with large stones and driftwood providing hiding places. the water current should be strong with a high oxygen content .\nother fishes with similar water requirements that are too large to be swallowed whole .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile, or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy! explore our youtube channel, facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n© 1996 - 2018 urltoken, part of the aquatic republic network group of websites. all rights reserved. cite this website. by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use. our privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmax length: 1. 5m. max weight: 50kg (110lb). igfa record: 16kg (35lbs 4oz .) diet: shrimp, worm, molluscs, fish and squid .\nthis is a predatory and large fish that will eat whatever will fit in its mouth. house with similar sized large\nrequires a very large tank or tropical pond with excellent filtration. does not appreciate bright lighting and décor should be a sand substrate with large river rocks and\nthis page was last edited on 13 december 2017, at 03: 22 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3. 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nfolia parasitol (praha). 2008 mar; 55 (1): 17 - 28 .\ndépartement des invertébrés, muséum d' histoire naturelle, p. o. box 6434, ch - 1211 genève 6, switzerland. alain. dechambrier @ ville - ge. che\nwe' re not around right now. but you can send us an email and we' ll get back to you, asap .\nlike most websites we use cookies. this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies. if you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use .\ncab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences, incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health. cab direct provides a convenient, single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions .\ni recently purchased a 4\ntiger shovelnose and presently he is the only fish in a 110 gallon tank. i lost an adult jardini arrowana a few weeks back, so i am just restocking the tank with juvenile agressive fish. i had a large tiger shovelnose that was approx. 20\nlong and he was very active, but this little guy is the opposite. i have only seen him eat bloodworms and i' m not sure how nocturnal this species is, but he is very docile during the day. any food suggestions and is this behavior normal ?\nit' s probably still settling in, hence the reticence (catfishes are nocturnal after all). as for food, tiger shovelnoses are not too picky and meaty foods like sinking pellets should also be taken .\ni have also noticed another peculiar activity that i am unsure whether it is normal with this tiger shovelnose. he will occasionally swim straight up parallel to the side glass for approx. 1 / 2 hour and then back to the bottom. is this normal ?\nmy two s. limas do this too, i dont think its anything to worry about. thats the trouble with shovelnoses, there is so little information on them available that any behaviour slightly out of the ordinary and we instantly think someting is wrong with them. when one of mine started hanging vertical in the water with its head down i thought the worst but finally found that that is the fishes preffered hunting position .\nel gordo wrote: i recently purchased a 4\ntiger shovelnose and presently he is the only fish in a 110 gallon tank .\ni would say that there is missing a 1 or an 0 on the size of your tank, this fish is going to outgrow the 110g tank. . malle\nmallemalle wrote: i would say that there is missing a 1 or an 0 on the size of your tank, this fish is going to outgrow the 110g tank. .\nyup, by a lo - o - o - n - g way. a fish that reaches over a metre in the wild should reach this size in captivity, if cared for correctly. so the aquarium should be somewhere around 4 metres long, by 1. 5 m wide by 1. 2 m high as a minimum to allow it any sort of swimming room .\nel gordo wrote: i have also noticed another peculiar activity that i am unsure whether it is normal with this tiger shovelnose. he will occasionally swim straight up parallel to the side glass for approx. 1 / 2 hour and then back to the bottom. is this normal ?\ndoes this. i have read that they hang vertically to conceal themself in reeds .\nthey grow very slowly, though. not as impractical as the south american red tail .\nslow growth just pushes the problem further down the road... what in 3 years? hope its gonna die or throw it in a river ?\ncaol _ ila wrote: slow growth just pushes the problem further down the road... what in 3 years? hope its gonna die or throw it in a river ?\nindeed! there is nowhere for tsns to go whether they take 1 year or 3 years to reach a size where they pose a problem. very few people have the will or the resources to create an enclosure that is measured in the thousands of gallons .\nmost of these replys are somewhat comical. i have had tiger shovelnoses for years with no ill effects. i agree that these fish do grow large but so do red tail cats, pangasius cats and i am not aware of too many people housing a minimum of 1000 gallon tank in their homes to care for these monsters. . i have had lima shovelnoses and i am aware that these fish swim vertical, but i have never noticed tigers doing this. it sounds like most people think that i should stock my 110 gallon tank with 2 guppies and an air powered treasure chest for decoration .\ni personally think that the eating idea is not too bad. the fish can be fairly humanely put down by quickly cutting the head off with a sharp knife. this is what i plan to do with my channel cats if they become too large for my pond and cannot find a wild home for them .\npoking a bit of fun? urltoken... 2 - 16 & res = l see my fish at urltoken\nhi! ill leave that guppy / chest thing uncommented as we all know that isnt serious conversation. what i noticed is that adult monsters always scare unaware people. its a difference if you see a bunch of 30 cam balas shooting around a 150 cm tank or a nice shoal of babys. or a 50 cm gibbiceps stuffed into a 500 litre tank. 2 days ago i prevented a guy at a poor lfs from buying a a. adonis for his 1 meter tank... he instead went home with a clown pleco and all were happy... i also made the mistake to buy 2 limas and underestimate their growth... big one is around 27 cm now... luckily i found a buyer with a 1000 litre tank .\nel gordo wrote: most of these replys are somewhat comical. i have had tiger shovelnoses for years with no ill effects\ndefine ill effects. to you or to the fish? if the fish failed to live for it' s potential 20 - year + lifespan, or grow to the expected adult size in excess of a metre, then i would find it hard to say that there were no ill effects. fish in captivity should have the ability to express normal behavioural patterns to as great a degree as possible, and to reach their full growth and lifespan potential. these are elements of basic guidelines set down by the zoo community, which have been developed through a lot of discussion and consideration undertaken by many knowledgable people. if anyone thinks they know better then i' d be delighted to look at the research and references used to come to this conclusion .\nit sounds like most people think that i should stock my 110 gallon tank with 2 guppies and an air powered treasure chest for decoration .\nwright, lc, olsson, a and kanchanasaka, b (2008). a working review of the hairy - nosed otter (lutra sumatrana). iucn otter spec. group bull. 25 (1): 38 - 59\ncitation: wright, lc, olsson, a and kanchanasaka, b (2008). a working review of the hairy - nosed otter (lutra sumatrana). iucn otter spec. group bull. 25 (1): 38 - 59\n1 international otter survival fund (iosf), broadford, isle of skye, scotland. e - mail: lc. wright @ urltoken 2 conservation international, p. o. box 1356, phnom penh, cambodia e - mail: a. olsson @ urltoken 3 wildlife research division, forest technical bureau, royal forest department, paholoyothin rd. , chatujak, chatujak, 10900 bangkok, thailand e - mail: kbudsabong @ urltoken\nabstract: the hairy - nosed otter (lutra sumatrana) is one of the rarest and least - known of the 13 otter species. a review of current knowledge about this species, its historical and current known range and the threats facing it, derived from both the published literature and current ongoing investigations is presented. the future for this species is poor, with large - scale habitat degradation and hunting for the illegal skin trade assaulting the tiny and fragmented populations at utterly unsustainable levels. immediate and urgent actions to save this species from extinction in the very near future are recommended .\nthis paper is an attempt to synthesise field work and literature reviews to give some idea of the current situation of the hairy - nosed otter (lutra sumatrana), in order to give a basis for future conservation decisions. it covers the physical appearance of this animal, what we know about behaviour and diet, an indication of its former range and habitat use, and what we currently know of its range and use of habitat today. threats facing this species and its current conservation situation are covered, and recommendations for urgent further work are given .\nthe hairy - nosed otter is a medium - sized otter, around 1. 3m in length and weighing around 7 - 8kg. the paws are fully webbed with well - developed claws. the fur is dark brown above, slightly paler underneath with a contrasting pale chin and upper lip. the whole nasal area (rhinarium) is covered in short, dark fur. it was formerly found across much of southeast asia but is now known only as tiny populations in a handful of locations .\nthis otter is very long and snaky in shape, which is more obvious in life than in mounted specimens. the tail is long and slender, and more rounded in cross section than in the smooth coated otter (lutrogale perspicillata). the paws are fully webbed with well - developed claws, with fine fur on the upper surfaces and naked beneath fore and hind. kanchanasaka (2001) gives casts of footprints of this animal. whole body measurements are given in table 1; skull measurements in table 2 .\nthere is little information available about sexual dimorphism – although the skull measurements given in harris (1968) show the two adult males measured as larger than the single adult female, the animals were from different populations, and it does seem that malaysian otters were historically considered larger than sumatran ones. however, kanchanasaka found that in two captured otters, the female weighed 7kg and the male 8kg, and considers that in the thai population, the male is the larger. of 15 skins recorded from cambodia from 2006 - 2008 the head - body length ranged from 62 - 93 cm, and the width of the skins ranged from 40 - 56 cm. one of the largest skins recorded was from an adult (pregnant) female. tails could not be measured as they in most cases were cut off. other lutra species do show sexual dimorphism, with males being somewhat larger and heavier than females (lynch et al. , 1996 for lutra lutra, harris, 1968 for l. maculicollis), so it would not be surprising if the same were true for l. sumatrana .\nsasaki (per comm .) compared the skulls of the four species of otters found in asia, finding that l. sumatrana and l. lutra are very similar, both being distinct from lutrogale perspicillata and aonyx cinereus. detailed statistical treatment of measurements indicated that l. sumatrana has a more elongated skull, with a shorter distance from eye to nose, but a more rounded braincase than l. lutra. nguyen xuan dang (2005), the sarawak forestry department (2007), and payne et al. (2005) agree that the skull is flattened compared to lutrogale perspicillata; sivasothi and nor (1994) provide a set of skull drawings comparing the four species in asia, and sasaki has photographs of skulls and mandibles of the four species, which he has allowed us to use (figure 1). these features are of limited use in field identification to differentiate between l. lutra and l. sumatrana, but if a body of measurements can be built up from dead animals such as from road kills, it may eventually be possible to use this in identification of, for example, badly decomposed cadavers where external features cannot be used. the dental formula is i 3 / 3 c 1 / 1 p 4 / 3 m ½\n. skulls and lower mandibles of the four asian otter species (by permission of hiroshi sasaki). from left to right: aonyx cinereus, lutra lutra, lutra sumatrana, lutrogale perspicillata (click for larger version )\nthe diagnostic feature of this species, the rhinarium, is entirely covered in short, dark fur, apart from the upper edge of the nostrils, which is naked (see figure 2). in old animals, skins and museum specimens, this hair may be abraded, but the skin texture left is finely pitted (visible under a hand lens), different from that of the other otter species, which have naked, leathery rhinaria (pocock, 1941) .\n. the white throat patch is in sharp contrast with the rest of the body, and is smaller than in other otter species in the region. right: fine hairs cover the rhinarium apart for the very edge of the nostrils (click for larger versions )\nlittle is known about internal anatomy. cantor (1846) describing the post - mortem dissection of a male hairy - nosed otter, says the intestinal canal measured 2. 7m, with a circumference of 57 mm, with no caecum. he also states that the kidney consists of “ten loosely connected glands” .\n. skin of hairy - nosed otter (left) and smooth - coated otter (right). the colour of the hairy - nosed otter is generally much darker than that of the other otters in the region. the throat patch is small and in high contrast to the rest of the body (click for larger version )\nkanchanasaka (2007) in a film excerpt showed that this animal is a very sinuous and snaky animal, much more so than lutra lutra. they also stand up on their hind legs as many other otter species do (sivasothi and nor, 1994). they are considered by local people to be fast swimmers .\ncantor (1846) indicates that juveniles are easily tamed, and that the species is used by people in malaya for river fishing. the single captive representative is also very tame, and appears to wish for social interaction (olssen, pers. obs .), which may indicate a higher degree of sociality than in, for example, l. lutra, where tamed animals usually become less tame and more solitary upon maturity .\ncantor (1846) says that' its voice is a short shrill whistling, not unlike the sound of the cricket, but stronger'. the sarawak forestry department describe the typical otter contact call of a single syllabic chirp, and says that mothers use a staccato chatter with their offspring. nicole duplaix recorded vocalisations in captive animals and considers them to be similar to lutra lutra (n. duplaix, pers. comm. )\nnguyen vu khoi et al (2007) found that in viet nam, in the mekong delta, this species is active in the morning between 06: 00 and 07: 30, and again in the late afternoon, from 16: 30 to 17: 30, even when people were present. the most common time to see the otters is between four and five in the afternoon. in nguyen van nhuan et al. (2008), however, the researchers directly observed two l. sumatrana at 20: 30 pm in the evening on 28th march 2008 for around 20 - 30 seconds. the animals did not appear to be disturbed by their presence, and one was apparently curious about the led torch, approaching within 2 m. the area in which they were encountered has a significant level of human disturbance during the dry season .\ndata from camera trapping in thailand showed that the hairy - nosed otters are active all day with high frequency in the morning (6. 00 - 10. 00) and at night (24. 00 - 3. 00) (kanchanasaka et al. , 2003) .\naccording to nguyen vu khoi and hoang xuan thuy (2007), interviews with fishermen indicated that this species mainly breeds in november - december in the mekong delta .\nkanchanasaka et al. (2003) found that gestation was around 2 months as with other otters, and cubs were seen in december to february, and one family observed consisted of both parents and a cub .\nin cambodia, the skin of a recently caught pregnant female (foetus 8 - 9 cm long) was recorded at tonle sap lake in december 2006 (olsson, pers. obs .) .\nas far as we can generalise from these accounts, the otters are active in the morning, and again later in the day, evening or night (it may depend on the patterns of human disturbance, or prey activity patterns in the different environments). the gestation appears to be the otter norm of about 2 months, with birth between november and february, and it is possible that the male remains with the female and young, but more work is needed to clarify this .\ncurrent habitat use in thailand, the otters were first rediscovered in 1998 in the toa daeng peat swamp forests of narathiwat province (figure 5), scattered in the evergreen inundated primary forest, and also near the mouth of the bang nara river. the main habitat is two types of swamp forest - a central flooded primary forest zone consisting of a three - storey formation of climax vegetation, which is very hard for humans to penetrate, and surrounding by secondary forest of stands of almost pure melaleuca cajuputi, with adjacent grassland. the bang nara river is tidal .\n. flooded forest habitat of hairy - nosed otter at tonle sap lake, cambodia (click for larger versions) .\na recent camera trap sighting of l. sumatrana has been made in highland marsh at 560m in the central cardamom protected forest in the cardamom mountains of southwest cambodia. these marshes comprise reeds, sedges and melaleuca, and vary in size from 1000 to 50 ha depending on the season; the area is used locally as lowland rice paddy, and is surrounded by evergreen hill forest (simpson, 2007). in addition, olssen has recorded a camera trap photograph and a skin from a tributary of the tonle sap river at about 300m; the hunter reported that the otter came from the stream near the village, which is in mixed forest (olssen et al. , in prep) .\nin sumatra, the animal was found in an area of oil palm and rubber plantations, with rivers and other small watercourses and areas of flooded open swamp (lubis, 2005) .\nearlier records of habitat use all the modern records describe the habitat of this species to be lowland flooded forests with watercourses and adjacent grassland, and this seems to have always been its main habitat. the current distribution of these habitats is very limited in these countries today, but in times past extended much further .\nhistorically however, the animals seem to have also made use of higher altitude rocky streams in jungle areas. sivasothi and nor (1994) quote other researchers finding this otter at 3900’ (1800m) in the kelabit highlands of sarawak (davis commenting on harrison’s collection, 1956), and at 800m in inland forest in malaya (wayre, 1974 reporting medway pers. comm .). the sarawak forestry department (2007) consider the animal to be found from coast up to far (mountainous) interior. hussain (2004) also gives shallow, swampy coastal environments as a possibility for this animal, based on the sources in sivasothi and nor (1994) .\nwhen dealing with older historical sources, we have to consider whether the species identification was accurate, and whether the animal was personally collected / sighted by the person reporting, or whether they relied on what local people reported. in the case of at least one species, gurney’s pitta, it transpired that the reported collecting locations were inaccurate, leading to a false representation of the species’ range (deignan, 1955). we present the data in the previous paragraph, but can make no assessment of accuracy given the passage of time .\nin general, the habitat in which extant populations are found is flooded swamp forest. however, the existence of two recent camera trap photographs and a skin from higher altitude marshes and streams in evergreen forest indicates that future surveys should consider this as another potential habitat to cover .\nin thailand, otter hunting behaviour was reported in the melaleuca forest. the otters swim fast, frightening fish into the roots of plants, where they easily can be caught. they have been caught on camera traps raiding fish traps so skilfully that the fishermen never know they have been there (kanchanasaka, 2007). in the dry season, they forage mainly in canals and remaining pools .\nin thailand, the main prey selected were three - spot gourami (trichogaster trichopterus), common climbing perch (anabas testudineus), and snakeheads (channa sp) with some water snakes: fish were in > 80% of scats and snakes in > 10% (kanchanasaka, 2001, 2007). this remained constant all year .\nin both locations, they will also take small numbers of frogs, lizards, crabs, insects, birds and small mammals, as was found historically (see references in sivasothi and nor, 1994) .\nin cambodia studies of prey species have not yet been carried out. however, given the proportion of water snakes in the diet of l. sumatrana in thailand it could be speculated that the large off - take of water snakes from tonle sap lake (stuart et al. 2000) could impact on the otters there .\nmost of the animals that could prey on this species, e. g. leopards and tigers, have been reduced to extinction in its range by illegal hunting and habitat degradation. the hairy - nosed otter is probably the only large predator left in the areas where it is found .\nin thailand’s tao daeng peat forest, it is possible that cubs particularly may fall prey to birds of prey such as the grey - headed fish - eagle (ichthyopaga ichthyaetus), which is known to take other water - dwelling animals such as turtles (maheshwaran, 1994). stray dogs may also be a problem as they penetrate the forest regularly. there may still be reticulated pythons in the area which may take cubs .\nin viet nam, eagles and burmese pythons (python molurus) might prey on otters, but again all the major predators are gone .\nin the tonle sap lake, cambodia, the highly endangered siamese crocodile (crocodylus siamensis), and and hybrids between it and c. porosus or c. rhombifer (frequently deliberately encouraged in crocodile farms with the inevitable escapes into the wild according to jelden et al, 2005), which pose, which pose a potential risk to the otters. large birds of prey (i. ichthyaetus is particularly common, with one of its most important surviving world populations centred on the lake; davidson, 2006) and pythons are also found here, and could potentially prey on otters .\nin the area of sumatra where the single road kill animal was found (lubis, 2005), the only likely animal predator are feral dogs .\nin thailand, in tao daeng, it may be in competition with the flat - headed cat (prionailurus planiceps), the fishing cat (prionailurus viverrinus) and the grey - headed fish - eagle (ichthyopaga ichthyaetus), as these animals also prey on the same fish as the hairy - nosed otter .\nin viet nam and cambodia, fishing cats (prionailurus viverrinus) might compete with otters for food. again, all the big predators that could exploit the same food source are gone .\nat tonle sap lake, cambodia, the many water snakes and fish - eating water birds will compete with the otters for fish .\nthis species is sympatric throughout its range with asian small - clawed otter, aonyx cinerea, but the two species live entirely different lives and so do not compete. a. cinereus is a small otter, living in large family groups around an alpha breeding pair, evolved as crustacean predators, and making use of shallow water, marshes, areas of mud, ditches and swamps, contrasting with what we know of l. sumatrana. kruuk et al. , (1993) describes the separation and overlaps in resource use between l. lutra, lutrogale perspicillata and aonyx cinereus in thailand; it would be very interesting to extend this to include l. sumatrana. the hairy - nosed otter is also sympatric with the smooth - coated otter, lutrogale perspicillata, but there is no information on how these interact. since the smooth - coated otter is a larger animal, it may well be that it targets larger size prey than the hairy - nosed otter .\nthere is evidence that in the past, l. sumatrana inhabited areas where it would have shared its range with lutra lutra in northern myanmar (duckworth, 2008) – we have no information about how they interacted or partitioned resources. than zaw et al. (2008) indicate that there are still otters in myanmar - if the two species are still extant in the same area, the relationship between these apparently similar animals could be investigated .\nthe authors experience many difficulties in compiling this section. we are pretty sure of the accuracy of the “today’s known population” information .\nthe historical range is incredibly hard to establish. we can either trust the peer review process and the literature it generates, or assume we can know nothing from the past except that some skins were found from some locations (and even then the collectors might have been inaccurate about exactly where they were found) .\nthe six known populations did not evolve in isolation in situ parallel to each other .\nit therefore follows that there must have been some population contiguity in the past .\nbefore the relatively recent human population growth and habitat development / degradation, there was a great deal more habitat available for the species .\nfrom the literature accounts, we also suspect it can use more kinds of habitat than the flooded lowland peat swamp where it is found today .\non our map (figure. 7) we have indicated where we know the species exists today, and the area that the literature states was former range. this may well be inaccurate, but the historical range is offered mainly for interest .\nthe important point is that there are some areas that the literature implies is part of the historical range that still contains potential habitat and where nobody has recently (or ever) surveyed for the species. absence of evidence of hairy - nosed otters is not evidence of absence of the animal if nobody has actually been to look for it .\nwe have therefore also marked on the map the areas where we feel that surveys should be done as a matter of priority .\n. historic and current distribution of lutra sumatrana with suggested survey sites (click for larger version) .\nsome of these accounts could be pure speculation, but the readers are free to decide for themselves whether they are reliable .\nnorthern myanmar: this area should be surveyed even though it is so far out of the known historic range because of the existence of the skin described by duckworth (2008) .\nthe former range in malaysia, because there are no recent records as nobody has been surveying for this species .\na second area in sumatra that was formerly part of the historic range, but which has not been recently surveyed for these animals, plus any suitable habitat linking it to the known location .\nthe island of borneo should be surveyed wherever this is possible as suitable habitat still exists, it was part of the historic range, and there are some (not very reliable) recent anecdotal reports. on borneo particularly, there is much misidentification of otters as the standard reference used (payne and frances, 2005) is very poor in distinguishing the species – the illustrations for aonyx, lutra lutra and lutrogale appear identical except in scale, and there is no illustration given of l. sumatrana at all, but museum specimen collection locations indicate that the latter species was historically present .\nthe taxonomic position of this species has gone through a great deal of confusion. it was probably first referred to (but not formally describe) by raffles in 1822, who called it barang. the iucn - accepted formal description was made by gray, in 1865, who called it barangia sumatrana (harris, 1968) .\nfor a while, there was debate based on physical measurements as to whether l. sumatrana was not actually a species, but a subspecies of the eurasian otter (koepfli et al. , 2008), although this was further complicated by the suspicion that the subspecies of lutra lutra inhabiting the same range was itself a new species, lutra barang (van bree, 1998). as a subspecies, the hairy - nosed otter would have a lower conservation priority than a species .\nfortunately, dna work has untangled this web, and established that lutra sumatrana is a true species (koepfli et al. , 2008). bininda - emonds et al. (1999) give it as a recent divergence from lutra lutra and their results have since been reinforced by workers using different markers (koepfli, pers. comm .) .\nup until the middle of the twentieth century, this species seems to have been generally considered common, and cantor (1846) reports that it was one of the species tamed and used in fishing by people .\nby the time of this species’ cites listing in 1977, this species was considered to be reducing in number and placed on appendix ii; the iucn / ssc red list authority have mainly listed it as data deficient, which is not a helpful rating in terms of assessing conservation need, but reflects the lack of knowledge about the status of this animal .\nthe literature widely reports that it was believed to be extinct in 1998 as there had been no sightings at all for more than ten years (we have not been able to track down the source of this statement but it is referred to in the cites entry at urltoken), but in 1999, the first sighting of the hairy nosed otter for many years was made in the peat swamp forest in narathiwat province, southern thailand (kanchanasaka et al. , 2003), and a handful of tiny populations in vietnam, cambodia and sumatra have been found since then .\nthere is currently only one hairy - nosed otter in captivity in a zoo. phnom tamau wildlife rescue center (ptwrc), cambodia, received a young male in late 2007, from an illegal zoo that was being closed down; it previously held another animal in 2005, but this did not survive. ptwrc successfully keep and breed smooth - coated otters, so hopes are high that they will succeed in obtaining a mate for this animal and establishing a breeding colony. fishermen around tonle sap often keep otter cubs as pets (poole, 2003). however, according to interviewees, they often die after short time in captivity (probably due to inappropriate care), or they are eventually killed and skinned. the local authorities are now passing such animals when discovered on to ptwrc .\nthe iucn otter specialist group currently considers lutra sumatrana and lontra provocax to be the species in most need of urgent in situ and ex situ conservation (j. w. h. conroy, chairman osg, 2008, pers. comm. )\nlegal protection lutra sumatrana is formally legally protected in all the countries where it is known to still survive – however, the passing of law and the upholding of that protection are two different things .\nall otters in thailand have been protected since 1961, being listed under protected wild animals in the wild animals preservation and protection act and were listed as endangered species in thailand red data: mammals, reptiles and amphibian (nabhitabhata and chan - ard, 2005). the tao daeng peat forest in thailand is ramsar site no. 1102. it was given wildlife sanctuary status in 1991 after two - thirds of the forest was lost to rice cultivation (which only lasted for two years due to soil acidification, leading to more areas being cleared). it is now managed by the department of national park, wildlife and plant conservation .\nin viet nam, otters are listed by government decree no. 32 / 2006 / nd - cp, dated 30 march 2006 as group ib – hunting and use is strictly banned. in 2003, nguyen xuan dang (2005) conducted a census of hairy - nosed otter in u minh thuong national park based on direct observation, which indicated a population of around 50– 230 animals, which may be the largest population in the country .\nin sarawak, they are totally protected by the first schedule [ section 2 (1) ] part ii on protected animals from the wild life protection ordinance, 1998 (chapter 26). we could not trace any peer - reviewed records of them having been seen there for at least ten years, but the sarawak forestry commission makes the claim on its website that “hairy - nosed otter are sometimes seen early in the morning around the mangroves at telok assam” in bako national park (urltoken )\nthe hairy - nosed otter faces many threats to its survival. chief amongst these is the illegal fur trade, fuelled by high demand and prices in china (including tibet, where otter skins form part of the traditional chupa costume (yoxon and yoxon, 2007 and figure 8) .\n. otter skin forming part of traditional chupa constume in tibet. photo courtesy of paul yoxon, furget - me - not campaign (urltoken) and environmental investigation agency (eia )\nin viet nam, otter populations have crashed: “otters are hunted mostly for illegal national and trans - border wildlife trade, and to a lesser extent for meat and medical use. during the 1990s there was an illegal nationwide campaign to catch otters for the illegal export of their skins to china. the hunters used large numbers of strong metal leg - hold traps and snares to catch the animals. this campaign greatly reduced the otter numbers in the country. otter hunting is much reduced now due to the low number of animals in the wild and better enforcement of wildlife management laws and regulations. however, hunting still remains a significant threat to otters, especially in viet nam’s mekong delta where the wildlife trade is still out of control” (nguyen xuan dang, 2005) .\n. hairy - nosed otter skin plus six typical traps, tonle sap lake, cambodia (click for larger version) .\nin cambodia, especially at the tonle sap lake, massive hunting is taking place as commercial traders provide fishermen with traps and a guaranteed market for the furs, which are then exported to china (see figure 9). the entire trade is illegal, but the instigators, i. e. the middle men, are very hard to catch, and police often end up only being able to arrest desperately poor fishermen who have taken part in the trade to augment their pitifully low incomes. large areas at the lake are divided into fishing lots. the owners of these sites, protect the sites astonishingly well from intruders. however, otter hunters are often welcome in the lots, as otters oppose threat to the fish stocks and are seen as a pest species .\nthe second major threat throughout southeast asia is habitat destruction. in thailand, the main threat to this otter is further destruction of its peat forest habitats. although tao daeng is now heavily legally protected, it is also in an area where there is a great deal of insurgency, making law enforcement and monitoring work very difficult and dangerous (kanchanasaka, pers. comm .) .\naccording to nguyen xuan dang (2005), in viet nam, the otter habitat is still recovering from the bombing and defoliation of the vietnam war. subsequent development is draining and polluting wetlands, and logging for commerce and to clear land for more agriculture is putting intense pressure on the swamps, and only the two reserves in which the hairy - nosed otter are found represent significant swamp forest left in the country. however, even these areas are under threat, and burning has recently destroyed a large proportion .\nin sumatra, the sole animal recently found was a road traffic casualty, so it could be expected that as their habitat is developed for human use, this could be an increasing danger .\nin sarawak, 500, 000 ha of peat swamp forest have been earmarked for oil palm plantations (sebastian, pers. comm .) .\nin viet nam, water pollution due to runoff from agriculture is starting to have an effect (nguyen xuan dang, 2005). no thorough studies on water pollution and its effect on wildlife have been carried out in cambodia." ]

{ "text": [ "the firewood catfish , sorubimichthys planiceps , a species of south american pimelodid catfish , is the sole member of the genus sorubimichthys .", "known by locals along the amazon basin as peixe-lenha , the firewood catfish is so called because it is of little eating value and is often dried and used for firewood . " ], "topic": [ 27, 19 ] }

[ "the firewood catfish, sorubimichthys planiceps, a species of south american pimelodid catfish, is the sole member of the genus sorubimichthys. known by locals along the amazon basin as peixe-lenha, the firewood catfish is so called because it is of little eating value and is often dried and used for firewood." ]

[ "wikipedia article copyright notice: this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from the wikipedia article\npurcell' s hunter slug\n.\nglenn, c. r. 2006 .\nearth' s endangered creatures - purcell' s hunter slug facts\n( online) - licensed article from wikipedia: the free encyclopedia. accessed\nfacts summary: the purcell' s hunter slug (chlamydephorus purcelli) is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nsnails\nand found in the following area (s): south africa (western cape province) .\ngeofact of the day' s author does not operate a twitter page... sorry, tweeters !\nwelcome and thank you for exploring geofact of the day, studying geography, and appreciating the globe' s marvels .\nwe’re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon' s innovative cambridge development centre, alongside other amazon teams including prime air, core machine learning, amazon devices and amazon web services .\nmerriam - webster provides a summary (↗) of the world' s primary currencies, the words of which are featured in the iconic dictionary. for a quick history les ...\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nevi, an amazon company, was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge. the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nurltoken messages — a future post will be called countries and their exports. this combines the links of all country - by - country export posts in one document. there will be a word document and powerpoint that you can download. — — this year is the 10th anniversary of the geofact of the day blog! whether you have followed along for years or are relatively new to visiting this website, thank you so much! — — as of june 18th, 2018, there are 1697 posts published on geofact of the day... almost 1700! thank you so much for your readership and support. — — note for twitter users: geofact of the day does not have a twitter page, sorry about that! — — check out 101. 1 the geowhiz fm (↗), geofact of the day' s online radio station! website link is also below in the sidebar. below. —\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis article is only an excerpt. if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references, visit the rest of its contents here .\nfor the first time in history, a captive cheetah has successfully given birth to eight healthy cubs. it is said that only around 10, 000 cheetahs remain in the wild in africa along with 100 or fewer in iran .\nlist of all endangered animals. list of all endangered plants. list of all endangered species (animals & plants). by species group (mammal, birds, etc)... united states endangered species list. browse by country, island, us state... search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals? check out our games and coloring pages! more to come soon .\ndo you have any thoughts or suggestions? let me know with a comment! * please note that comments will be moderated; therefore, spam comments (including offers and links unrelated to the post topic) will be removed. * i greatly appreciate your input... thank you so much !\n[ image: infrared imagery of the eagle nebula stardust clouds (the so - called' pillars of creation') ] the astronomy photo of the day for march 13th (↗), this ...\ncontent, graphics, and the background are created by me (pseudonym: wonderful world), except when i credit other sources. wavy flag images (see lesotho post) come from the public - domain wikimedia nuvola project — facebook also uses these images .\ni do not copy and paste from other websites. therefore, all posts are original but may sometimes include info, links, and / or images from credited external sources. to use a geofact of the day blog image for your website or project, write a comment below a post, and i will likely approve your request .\nfeel free to offer comments, suggestions, and compliments on any post or page! you can be anonymous. note that spam comments with non - relevant links will be deleted." ]

{ "text": [ "purcell 's hunter slug , scientific name chlamydephorus purcelli , is an endangered species of air-breathing land slug , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family chlamydephoridae . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "purcell's hunter slug, scientific name chlamydephorus purcelli, is an endangered species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family chlamydephoridae." ]

[ "phreatoasellus is a genus of isopod crustaceans in the family asellidae. it contains the following species :\nmatsumoto, k. (1962) two new genera and a new subgenus of the family asellidae of japan. annotationes zoologicae japonenses 35: 162 - 169. [ details ]\nboyko, c. b; bruce, n. l. ; hadfield, k. a. ; merrin, k. l. ; ota, y. ; poore, g. c. b. ; taiti, s. ; schotte, m. & wilson, g. d. f. (eds) (2008 onwards). world marine, freshwater and terrestrial isopod crustaceans database .\nschotte, m. , b. f. kensley, and s. shilling. (1995 - 2017). world list of marine, freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda. national museum of natural history smithsonian institution: washington d. c. , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ]. [ details ]\nmatsumoto, k. (1978). three new species of subterranean asellids from southern kyushu and the kii pensinsula, japan. journal of the speleological society of japan. 3: 20–34. [ details ]\n( of asellus uenoi matsumoto, 1978) matsumoto, k. (1978). three new species of subterranean asellids from southern kyushu and the kii pensinsula, japan. journal of the speleological society of japan. 3: 20–34. [ details ]\n( of asellus uenoi matsumoto, 1978) schotte, m. , b. f. kensley, and s. shilling. (1995 - 2017). world list of marine, freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda. national museum of natural history smithsonian institution: washington d. c. , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ]. [ details ]\nmatsumoto, k. (1960) subterranean isopods of the kyushu district, with the descriptions of three new species. bulletin of the biogeographical society of japan 22: 1 - 44. [ details ]\n( of asellus higoensis matsumoto, 1960) matsumoto, k. (1960) subterranean isopods of the kyushu district, with the descriptions of three new species. bulletin of the biogeographical society of japan 22: 1 - 44. [ details ]\n( of asellus higoensis matsumoto, 1960) schotte, m. , b. f. kensley, and s. shilling. (1995 - 2017). world list of marine, freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda. national museum of natural history smithsonian institution: washington d. c. , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ]. [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nworld list of marine, freshwater & terrestrial isopoda... 1996, website (version 1994 )\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "phreatoasellus is a genus of isopod crustaceans in the family asellidae .", "it contains the following species : phreatoasellus akyioshiensis ( ueno , 1927 ) phreatoasellus higoensis ( matsumoto , 1960 ) phreatoasellus iriei ( matsumoto , 1978 ) phreatoasellus joianus ( henry & magniez , 1991 ) phreatoasellus kawamurai ( tattersall , 1921 ) phreatoasellus minatoi ( matsumoto , 1978 ) phreatoasellus uenoi ( matsumoto , 1978 ) phreatoasellus yoshinoensis ( matsumoto , 1960 )" ], "topic": [ 26, 26 ] }

[ "phreatoasellus is a genus of isopod crustaceans in the family asellidae. it contains the following species: phreatoasellus akyioshiensis (ueno, 1927) phreatoasellus higoensis (matsumoto, 1960) phreatoasellus iriei (matsumoto, 1978) phreatoasellus joianus (henry & magniez, 1991) phreatoasellus kawamurai (tattersall, 1921) phreatoasellus minatoi (matsumoto, 1978) phreatoasellus uenoi (matsumoto, 1978) phreatoasellus yoshinoensis (matsumoto, 1960 )" ]

[ "redescription of pseudotropheus livingstonii and pseudotropheus elegans from lake malaŵi, africa. - pubmed - ncbi\npseudotropheus elegans are one of my favorite cichlids. synonyms for this fish are pseudotropheus acei, pseudotropheus sp .\nacei\nand gephyrochromis acei .\nabove: a young, holding female pseudotropheus elegans. photo by sam borstein .\nre: pseudotropheus elegans itungi'' tanzania black acei''. . ?\npseudotropheus elegans itungi'' tanzania black acei''. .? ? • cichlid - forum\nlake malawi species • pseudotropheus elegans itungi'' tanzania black acei''. .? ?\ngenus - pseudotropheus = false tropheus (latin). species - elegans = elegant (latin) .\nfor a long time the fish in the hobby that was sold as pseudotropheus elegans was actually pseudotropheu s livingstonii. it turns out that almost all fish in the hobby that were called pseudotropheus livingstonii were in fact metriaclima lanisticola and the true pseudotropheus livingstonii were labeled as a pseudotropheus elegans (konings, 2007). this was thought to be a synonym for pseudotropheus livingstonii, but konings has reported in the october 2010 issue of cichlid news that after looking at the type material of pseudotropheus elegans, pseudotropheus sp .\nacei\nfits the description very well and is in fact the true pseudotropheus elegans .\npseudotropheus elegans is found in open water at many locations in lake malawi sometimes around sunken logs which they feed upon .\npseudotropheus elegans is a species with quite a taxonomic history! this fish actually happens to be the same as the very popular aquarium fish pseudotropheus sp .\nacei\n.\na male of pseudotropheus elegans at chitande island, lake malawi [ malawi ]. photo by ad konings. (17 - jan - 2007). determiner ad konings\npseudotropheus elegans accept a wide variety of prepared foods. i fed tetra cichlid sticks (doromin), tetra cichlid flake, aquadine dura flakes, spirulina flakes and occasionally frozen brine shrimp .\nconservation: pseudotropheus elegans is evaluated by the international union for the conservation of nature in the iucn red list of threatened species as (lc) least concern (2006). p. elegans is a common resident of the sandy habitat at all known locations and no immediate or major threats are known .\nten years later, i picked up some juvenile pseudotropheus elegans (labeled haplochromis acei) at a gcca auction and i was back in business. i eventually put them into a 100 - gallon tank containing lamprologus leleupi, pseudotropheus gombi, protomelas insignus and a bunch of dwarf plecos .\nscientific name: pseudotropheus socolofi sometimes called pindani. this is a monomorphic maternal mouthbrooder that makes its living grazing algae off of rocks. as most pseudotropheus, is an ...\na revision of the pseudotropheus elongatus species group (teleostei: cichlidae) with description of ...\npseudotropheus elegans is pretty easy to breed. the fish breed young and once started are hard to stop. males will creat little depressions in the sand for spawning. males display to females and then breeding commences in typical pseudotropheus fashion over the substrate. the fish are good holders and a full term is a bout 18 - 20 days .\npseudotropheus livingstonii and p. elegans are two sand - dwelling cichlid species that belong to the so - called mbuna, a group of predominantly rock - dwelling haplochromines of lake malaŵi. the identity of these two species has confused taxonomists for almost a century until a recent rediscovery of representatives of p. elegans close to its type locality. new diagnoses for both species are provided .\ni' ve seen pseudotropheus elegans occasionally in stores, but it has been a while. i' ve also seen it on various price lists on the net, but always under p. sp .\nacei\nand pseudotropheus acei\nwhite fin .\nrecently, it has been available at gcca auctions, so it' s best to ask around .\nin the wild this fish feeds upon algae that grow on sunken logs. they roam the open water in large schools searching for such feeding territories. in the aquarium, pseudotropheus elegans will accept anything, but a high quality veggie flake should be part of the diet .\nthis species previously appeared on the iucn red list in the genus maylandia meyer & förster, 1984 but is now valid in the genus pseudotropheus regan, 1922 .\npseudotropheus elegans are difficult to sex, primarily because both the males and females display egg spots. if you' ve bred mbuna before, though, it is fairly easy to sex them based on behavior. the male will pursue the females when getting ready to breed. my fish bred at at just ten months, but young females are not very good holders. the first successful spawn i had occurred when the fish were about 13 months old .\nscientific name: pseudotropheus sp .\nelongatus\nthis is an aggressive and beautiful fish. it is advised to have plenty of cover and to use a high density population as a strategy to manage aggression\nlake malawi is known for its endemic haplochromine species flock, most notably the rock - dwelling cichlids known as mbuna. the group of mbuna referred to as the pseudotropheus elongatus species group is currently comprised of metriaclima spp. , tropheops spp. , cynotilapia spp. , and pseudotropheus spp. in this study, chindongo, a new genus with the type species c. bellicosus, is described for... [ show full abstract ]\nthis species previously appeared on the iucn red list in the genus maylandia meyer & förster, 1984 but is now valid in the genus pseudotropheus regan, 1922. an amended assessment has been produced to reflect this taxonomic change .\npseudotropheus acei are easy to care for. i kept mine at 78f, ph 7. 2, 300 ppm hardness water with no problems. i did regular partial water changes of 40 - 50% weekly because i heavily stocked the tank .\nmy new prizes went into a planted fifty - five gallon tank built into the wall of my recreation room. it was one of my all - time favorite tank set - ups. the yellow labs and the elegans' s really looked great together. my wife, a graphic designer, tells me that this is because yellow and purple are substractive complementary colors. it hurts even to write that, but they really did look nice together !\nthe lake malawi genus melanochromis included five species at its inception and was originally distinguished from pseudotropheus on the basis of morphology, including the arrangement of teeth on the lower pharyngeal bone. the diagnosis has been extended twice, first to include all elongate mbuna that possess horizontal stripes and u - shaped tooth bands and later to exclude mbuna that do not... [ show full abstract ]\nadult males occur in the open sandy areas usually in small groups at depth below 10 m. females and juveniles remain near rocks or plants. some juveniles have been observed hiding in empty shells of lanistes nyassanus. it feeds from the upper silty layer that covers the sand, picking benthic invertebrates. also known to feed on plankton and algae. occurs in shallow water trawl catches in the southern part of lake malawi and also occurs in seine catches the south eastern arm of lake malawi as well as in lake malombe. known as\npseudotropheus elegan\nin the aquarium trade. max. size: males attain a maximum total length of 16 cm .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer, w. n. , fricke, r. and van der laan, r. (eds). 2017. catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. updated 30 june 2017. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 30 june 2017) .\nsnoeks, j. (freshwater fish red list authority) & darwall, w. (freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification: endemic to lake malawi where it is widespread through the lake and has no major, widespread threats identified .\nendemic to lake malawi. occurs almost throughout the lake although it has not been observed north of hai reef on the eastern shore .\n( amended version of 2006 assessment). the iucn red list of threatened species 2017: e. t61138a117840646 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis fish also occurs in many location variants. here are some of the popular color varieties in the hobby :\nwhether or not these color variants represent different species or not has not been concluded, but will most likey occur once a revision on this species is completed .\nsize: males - 5 inches, females - 3. 5 inches maturity: 1. 5 inches sexual dimorphism: males are larger than females. both sexes have intense coloration; which makes it an ideal fish for the aquarium trade .\nthis fish is best kept with docile cichlids. one combo that works well and looks great is keeping the fish with electric yellow cichlids (labidochromis caeruleus). this offers great color contrast and plenty of activity to a tank .\nthe fry are small and depending on the size of the female can number from a dozen to 60. the fry grow fast, especially on baby brine shrimp, and by a half inch are already getting a purple sheen to them. by an inch, the fins start turning yellow .\nacei are one of my favorite mbuna. personally, i think the yellow tail variaety is much nicer looking, but it seems that the white tail variety has more popularity currently. this fish is beautiful, peaceful, and easy to breed. i recommend it to anyone who wants to start with mbuna or anyone who has yet to keep this species and considers themselves a malawi fanatic .\nkonings, a. (2007) malawi cichlids in their natural habitat. 4th ed. , cichlid press, el paso, texas, 424 pp .\ntrewavas, e. (1935) a synopsis of the cichlid fishes of lake nyasa. annals and magazine of natural history, 10, 65–118 .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\necosystem science and management, penn state university, university park, pa 16802 honorary research associate, south african institute of aquatic biodiversity, grahamstown, south africa. ; email: vc5 @ psu. edu .\ncichlid press, el paso, tx 79913. e - mail: ; email: cichlidpress @ gmail. com .\ndepartment of anthropology, penn state university, university park, pa 16802, center for quantitative imaging, ems energy institute, penn state university, university park, pa 16802. ; email: tmr21 @ psu. edu .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\ntowards a phyletic classification of the ‘genus’ haplochromis (pisces, cichlidae) and related taxa. part 1\ndescriptions of five new species in the genus metriaclima (teleostei: cichlidae) from lake malaŵi, a ...\nfive new species of rock - dwelling cichlids from lake malaŵi are described. all five species phenotypically resemble me - triaclima aurora based on the absence of a black band in the dorsal fin and occupying the rock - sand interface of the lake. differences in overall shape, meristics, and coloration distinguish these new species from each other and from previously described species within this... [ show full abstract ]\nsix different populations of the lake malawi cave - dweller otopharynx lithobates, each of them distinguished by differences in the male breeding coloration, were examined. we found that morphometric and meristic data of all populations overlap, and that no significant differences could be found to distinguish them. morphological data of otopharynx walteri were completely within the range of o... . [ show full abstract ]\nspecies of stigmatochomis are haplochromine cichlids endemic to lake malawi, and the genus currently includes four species, s. woodi (type species), s. modestus, s. pholidophorus, and s. pleurospilus. the latter two are known from only their holotypes. herein, we describe two additional species, stigmatochromis macrorhynchos and stigmatochromis melanchros from southern lake malawi .\nreview of the lake malaŵi genus melanochromis (teleostei: cichlidae) with a description of a new spe ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nwow, .. just saw these guys listed for sale on one of the site - sponsor, online breeders. i' ve never heard of or seen these but they look awesome! anyone kept these before. . or even seen them? if i had a tank for them, i would get some asap\nno experience here, but they are peaceful and really have the same characteristics as the yellow - tail .\nthe pic you linked is quite stunning. the ones i' ve seen in other photos and videos have a much darker body. gtz has / had them .\ni have them as well. the color you see can be quite different depending on the camera shot. here are a few young adult growouts i have, all in the same tank .\n125g mbuna - labs, rusties, acei, afra, fuelleborni, syno multi 72g all male peacock / hap 55g - wc metriaclima elongatus chailosi 20g tang. - l. multifasciatus 40br, 20g, 10g, 5. 5g - various fry / growouts\ni had a large group at one time but sold off most of them except for 4 or 5 juvies which are now adult sized. nice fish, but the blue sheen is difficult to see at times. could be more pronounced depending on tank lighting. it' s certainly more pronounced in pictures where a flash is used. urltoken... = itungi% 20\nsomething that always drew me to them as well. and it seems like males tend to have brighter white edging than females. but i' ve never determined if it held true 100% .\nwanted to share mine. looks so much better in person. definitely one of my favs .\nwow, those look great jas! ! i would love to have some of those along with my cyno hara, .. but would need a bigger tank. ahh, one of these days. .\npam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years. highly respected and experienced aquarist, pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world, and bred in her' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species. besides her job, she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !\narticles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .\nbooks for sale cichlid books and dvds for sale at the cichlid room companion .\ne - books for sale pdf copies of popular cichlid books offered for sale at the best price .\ntrade section the master list of cichlid offers ordered by area and species name .\ntrewavas, ethelwynn. 1935 .\na synopsis of the cichlid fishes of lake nyasa\n. annals and magazine of natural history. series 10; pp. 65 - 118 (crc00118 )\nto view the full profile. see this and all other species profiles, pictures and videos by becoming a\nof the cichlid room companion. become a subscriber and get a free book the same value of your membership! you can also open the full profile for everyone to see by\nsign up for email reminders for meetings, swaps, auctions, and other events .\nemail reminders for meeting notices providing a reminder for our next meeting, speaker info, rare fish auctions, picnics and holiday party .\nemail reminders for vendors to alert them when the next swap vendor signup dates are .\ni found no reference to this fish at the fishbase website. at any rate, like all mbuna from lake malawi, they are maternal mouthbrooders. they get up to about 4 - 1 / 2 inches in length .\ni first picked up these fish about ten years ago from a breeder in racine, wisconsin. the gentleman owned a scandinavian furniture store, and sold a variety of cichlids from the back of the store. at this time, this fish was called gephyrochromis acei and it immediately caught my eye. this is strikingly colored bluish - purple cichlid with yellow fins. while i was there, i picked up some lemon yellows, labidochromis caeruleus and immediately took them to my home in chicago .\nthere are at least two fin varieties available :\nyellow fin\nand\nwhite fin\n. i prefer the yellow variety .\ni haven' t been able to find much about the native habitat for these fish. my guess is that it is similar to many mbuna, less than 20m in depth and includes rock and rubble .\nthe fish breed in the typical mbuna fashion. provide a flat rock or slate for the breeding site. the male colors up and singles out a willing female, shaking and dancing to maintain her attention. she will lay and egg or two, pick it up in her mounth, and bite at the male' s egg spots fertilizing the eggs that are now tucked away in her buccal cavity .\nmy fish bred on 10 - 26 - 01 and i stripped the female of 36 fully formed fry on 11 - 11 - 01. the fry are a mottled grey in color and smaller than most mbuna fry. they began feeding immediately on cyclops - eeze. i transitioned to crushed flake food and five days and they are growing steadily, if slowly .\nyou can expect to pay $ 5 - 7 for juveniles and $ 9 - 12 for adults .\nthe greater chicago cichlid association — gcca — is a not - for - profit, educational organization, chartered in the state of illinois, dedicated to the advancement and dissemination of information relating to the biology of the fishes in the family cichlidae, with particular emphasis on maintenance and breeding in captivity. we are simply cichlid hobbyists who love cichlids .\naquarium plant from tissue culture in closed cup. we pick this item up directly from the supplier. we pick up on tuesday morning and thursday morning from them. you will need to have your order paid ...\nscientific name: metriaclima estherae (ob) this fish comes from minos reef, mozambique. these are aggressive dimorphic maternal mouthbrooder and are opportunistic omnivores. this is a great fish for ...\nscientific name: metriaclima sp .\nmsobo common name is magunga deep. this is a beautiful dimorphic species with the males deep blue and vertical black markings while the females are equally beautiful ...\nmelanochromis cyaneorhabdos\nelectric blue johanni\n- regular: 1. 5 - 2. 25 inches\nmelanochromis cyaneorhabdos\nelectric blue johanni\nreglular size - 1. 25 - 2. 25 inches check out video\nmelanochromis auratus (albino) - regular: 1. 5 - 2. 25 inches\nscientific name: melanochromis auratus (albino) is the albino form of the common auratus. this fish is much less aggressive than its non albino counter part. it is often seen in the standard and..." ]

{ "text": [ "pseudotropheus elegans is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi .", "this species can reach a length of 13.2 centimetres ( 5.2 in ) sl .", "it can also be found in the aquarium trade . " ], "topic": [ 22, 0, 20 ] }

[ "pseudotropheus elegans is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi. this species can reach a length of 13.2 centimetres (5.2 in) sl. it can also be found in the aquarium trade." ]

[ "an unusual new species of gyrinidae (coleoptera), orectochilus orbisonorum n. sp. , from india\nan unusual new species of whirligig beetle from india is being named orectochilus orbisonorum in honor of the late rock ‘n’ roll legend roy orbison and his widow barbara .\nentomologist quentin wheeler of arizona state university announced the discovery and naming of the beetle, now dubbed orectochilus orbisonorum, during a roy orbison tribute concert on jan. 25 .\nwheeler q d (2007). an unusual new species of gyrinidae (coleoptera), orectochilus orbisonorum n. sp. , from india. gbif secretariat. checklist dataset\nthe orectochilus orbisonorum was unveiled by entomologist quentin wheeler at a tribute concert in arizona. the latin\n- orum\nsuffix indicates that it is named for roy and barbara orbison both .\nwheeler co - authored the research behind the discovery of the new species orectochilus orbisonorum with two other scientists: kelly miller of the university of new mexico and paolo mazzoldi of brescia, italy .\nfan boy professor names newly discovered beetle: < cite > o. orbisonorum < / cite >\na scientific paper describing the new species of gyrinidae (coleoptera), orectochilus orbisonorum, sp. nov, was accepted for publication by “zootaxa, ” an international journal for animal taxonomists. according to the trio of researchers, the new species “is unique among indian gyrinidae and orectochilus lacordaire, in general, since the ventral surfaces are white as the result of clear areas of cuticle allowing internal tissues to be visible. ”\nroy orbison, the man who sang\npretty woman ,\nhas received an unusual posthumous honor. calling it a\na token of admiration for roy’s body of work ,\na scientist at arizona state named a newly - described species of indian whirligig beetle orectochilus orbisonorum after the famous singer .\nthis dataset contains the digitized treatments in plazi based on the original journal article miller, kelly b. , mazzoldi, paolo, wheeler, quentin d. (2008): an unusual new species of gyrinidae (coleoptera), orectochilus orbisonorum n. sp. , from india. zootaxa 1712: 65 - 68\nless than a quarter - inch long (five millimeters), o. orbisonorum belongs to the gyrinidae family, a group of beetles that typically live on the surface of the water .\nthe painting at right, featuring nine whirligigs, was presented to orbison' s widow, barbara, during a roy orbison tribute concert on january 25th in tempe. according to the release, upon receipt of the painting and naming, orbison said, “i have never seen an honor like that .\nwe, on the other hand, have. thanks to mental floss, here are nine other species of creatures named after the rich and famous. anyone know any other examples ?\nthe new species will be completely described by quentin wheeler and colleagues in an upcoming issue of zootaxa, a leading journal of taxonomy. it appears to be defined by its clear front surfaces, which allow some of its\nguts\nto be seen. there was no word on if or why this bug was particularly appropriate for the rock legend .\ncredit: image courtesy of arizona state university / artist: charles j. kazilek .\nuse of and / or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our user agreement (updated 5 / 25 / 18) and privacy policy and cookie statement (updated 5 / 25 / 18). your california privacy rights. the material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of condé nast. ad choices .\nthis lateral view shows the new species of whirligig beetle, revealing its divided eyes (above and below the water line) and its white underside .\na new species of beetle that appears as if wearing a tuxedo has been named in honor of the late rock' n' roll legend roy orbison and his widow barbara .\nthe ending of the species name ,\norum ,\ndenotes it was named after a couple. if the beetle were just named after roy it would end in\ni ,\nand for just barbara, the name would end in\nae .\nbarbara orbison, who attended the concert along with orbison' s sons wesley and roy kelton orbison jr. , remarked on her appreciation for the new species name .\ni have never seen an honor like that ,\nshe said .\nto mark the occasion, wheeler presented barbara with an original work of art titled “whirligig .\ncompleted by asu scientist and artist charles j. kazilek, the painting included nine images of a whirligig beetle on cotton watercolor paper .\nthe style of the print is [ andy ] warhol meets carl linnaeus ,\nwheeler said, referring to the pop art icon and the father of taxonomy (the method of classifying living things) .\ncalled whirligigs because they swim rapidly in circles when alarmed, the beetles have\ndivided\neyes that can see both above and below the water. a band of material separates the eyes so that on first glance you' d think the insect were four - eyed .\nunlike other members of the indian gyrinidae, however, this one has a white underbelly due to a clear cuticle through which the white internal tissues are easily visible. its top surface is shiny black with dull patches covered with dense, tiny hairs .\nthe contrast between the two areas is visually very stunning ,\nwheeler said .\nthe beetle' s elegant appearance is one reason for the naming .\nit almost looks like it' s wearing a tuxedo ,\nwheeler said .\nin 2005, wheeler and his colleague kelly miller of the university of new mexico discovered 65 new species of slime - mold beetle in the genus agathidium. they named one of the beetles after darth vader and others for president george w. bush, vice president dick cheney and former secretary of defense donald rumsfeld .\nthe new species will be detailed in an upcoming issue of the journal zootaxa .\nbefore becoming managing editor, jeanna served as a reporter for live science and urltoken for about three years. previously she was an assistant editor at scholastic' s science world magazine. jeanna has an english degree from salisbury university, a master' s degree in biogeochemistry and environmental sciences from the university of maryland, and a science journalism degree from new york university. follow jeanna on google + .\nstop taking multivitamins to help your heart. researchers say they don' t work .\n11th boy safely extracted from thai cave. mission underway to rescue coach and 1 player .\nsubscribe to the all - new rolling stone! everything you need to know from the authority on music, entertainment, politics and pop culture .\nsign up for our newsletter and go inside the world of music, culture and entertainment .\nscientists recently named a new caribbean fish parasite gnathia marleyi, after reggae legend bob marley. (pictured at left, inset, is a similar parasite .) as it turns out, marley isn & apos; t the only star to be immortalized forever in the annals of zoology. check out these other animals who were named after some rock & roll bigwigs – just wait until you see the critter version of the fab four .\njason bond, a biology professor at east carolina university, christened a new species of spider he discovered in 2007 after the\nheart of gold\nsinger .\ni really enjoy his music and have had a great appreciation of him as an activist for peace and justice ,\nbond said of young .\na species of australian horse fly named in 2011 after one of pop & apos; s curviest stars, this insect has a shiny gold abdomen. you might even say it & apos; s bootylicious .\nrelated • the 500 greatest songs of all time: beyonce feat. jay - z ,\ncrazy in love\n• women who rock: the 50 greatest albums of all time: beyonce & apos; s 4 • photos: beyonce & apos; s fashion evolution\nscholars named this beetle that & apos; s black on top and white on bottom after the great\noh, pretty woman\nsinger in 2008 .\ni have never seen an honor like that ,\norbison & apos; s widow, barbara, said at the time .\nthis fine creature is a species of crustacean found off the coast of zanzibar, a city in tanzania. zanzibar, of course, is the birthplace of farrokh bulsara, who later took the name freddie mercury and fronted a crazy little band called queen. isopods have seven pairs of legs, none of which would probably look as good as freddie’s in a pair of white denim shorts .\ngrateful dead fans used to a different kind of roach might be surprised to know that there’s also an actual insect named after the leader of the original jam band kings. garcia also has an asteroid named after him, christened by two deadhead astronomers .\ngreen day & apos; s plant gets an honorable mention in this list of rock & roll animals. harvard researchers bestowed the name\ndies - viridis\n( latin for\ngreen day\n) upon their newly minted species of night - blooming flower after listening to the band while driving throughout ecuador on their research trips .\nthe paleontologists who discovered this small predatory theropod dinosaur spent a lot of time jamming out to dire straits – so they named it after the band & apos; s distinctive baritone lead singer. notable for having its front teeth pointing straight outward rather than down, masiakasaurus lived in the time before microwave ovens and custom kitchen deliveries, but still probably got its prehistoric money for nothing and its lady dinosaurs for free .\nthis spider has a mustache - shaped mark on its abdomen, which makes it look sort of like zappa & apos; s face. sadly, there isn & apos; t much of a soul patch marking to go with it .\nthis colombian tree frog was named in recognition of sting & apos; s charitable work for the rain forest .\ngall wasps never had as much swagger as this one. scientists created a new genus, preseucoila, based on the name\npresley\n– and just to make things extra clear, they named the species after one of the king & apos; s signature hits .\nthis arachnid, named by belgian scientists, reportedly produces one of the most atmospheric and washy synth - filled webs in the world .\ndecades after james taylor and carole king & apos; s first performance together at the troubador, the singer - songwriters have been immortalized as two closely related species of stoneflies .\nyou & apos; ve got a friend ,\nindeed .\nin 1997, some mite researchers gave a new species a latin name that cleverly disguised a tribute to the hardest working man in show business. (iago =\njames ,\nbadius =\nbrown .\n) it & apos; s the funkiest microscopic insect on earth .\nthis ancient snail was found fossilized between two rocks, mid - rooster strut .\ntrilobites – an extinct class of sea - living arthropods that died out 250 million years ago – have some of the most rock & roll names in biological history. this species was named after the rolling stones & apos; legendary guitarist .\nthis pair of extinct trilobite species was named after the great on - again, off - again folk - rock duo .\n425 million years ago, a less - handsome version of the fab four roamed the earth as prehistoric ocean dwellers. avalanchurus lennoni (john lennon) and avalanchurus starri (ringo starr) belonged to the same genus as their simon & garfunkel - named friends, while struszia harrisoni (george harrison) and struszia mccartneyi (paul mccartney) came from a different genus. together, they comprised one of the greatest bands in evolutionary history .\nrelated • the 100 greatest beatles songs • the 100 greatest artists of all time: the beatles • the 500 greatest albums of all time: the beatles & apos; sgt. pepper & apos; s lonely hearts club band\nwe want to hear from you! send us a tip using our anonymous form .\n© copyright 2018 rolling stone, llc, a subsidiary of penske business media, llc. powered by urltoken vip\nwe could not find a picture of the roy orbison beetle, alas, so we had to settle for this one of a klaxons beetle. photograph: getty\nif the great roy orbison were alive today, perhaps the song would begin :\npretty beetle, scuttling down the street / pretty beetle, the species i like to meet .\na scientist at arizona state university has announced that a newly discovered whirligig beetle will be named after the late singer and his wife, barbara .\nthe beetle was discovered in india last year and is a member of the gyrinidae family, which live on the surface of the water. they are called\nwhirligigs\nfor the way they swim in circles when scared. their peculiar eyes allow them to see above and below the water at the same time .\nmaking the o orbisonum special is the contrast between its hard upper carapace and white, translucent underbelly .\nit almost looks like it' s wearing a tuxedo ,\nwheeler said. we respectfully submit that it still looks like a beetle .\nin 2005, wheeler and his university colleagues discovered 65 new slime - mould beetles. they were named for luminaries such as darth vader, dick cheney and george w bush. no word yet on when the beatles can expect a similar honour .\nsean michaels is a montreal - based writer who blogs about music at said the gramophone .\n© 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies. all rights reserved .\narizona state university entomologist quentin wheeler announced the description and discovery of the beetle species jan. 25 during a roy orbison tribute concert, part of a weekend of tribute events hosted by asu’s center for film, media and popular culture and the tempe center for the arts .\nbarbara orbison attended the concert, as well as hundreds of fans, orbison’s sons wesley and roy kelton orbison jr. , and songwriters and filmmakers who worked with the legendary musician .\n“i have never seen an honor like that, ” barbara orbison said in expressing her appreciation for the species naming .\nto mark the occasion, an original work of art – a pigment inkjet print titled “whirligig” – was presented to orbison during the concert .\n“it’s a token of admiration for roy’s body of work and all you do to keep his music alive, ” said wheeler in presenting the art work to orbison. wheeler is director of the international institute for species exploration at arizona state university where he also is a professor in the school of life sciences and vice president and dean of the college of liberal arts and sciences .\nthe art, a painting with pixels on cotton water color paper, features nine images of a whirligig beetle in andy warhol style. it was created by charles j. kazilek, a senior research professional in asu’s school of life sciences where he hosts a popular children’s podcast “ask a biologist. ” kazilek also has a degree from asu’s herberger college of the arts .\nin describing the work, wheeler quipped: “the style of the print is warhol meets carl linnaeus, ” making a reference to the father of taxonomy and the practice and science of classification .\nin 2005, wheeler and miller made news with the discovery of 65 new species of slime - mold beetle of the genus agathidium, with one named after darth vader and others named for president george w. bush, vice president dick cheney and former secretary of defense donald rumsfeld .\n( physorg. com) - - a new species of a rugged darkling beetle that thrives in an arid region of the chihuahuan desert is being named in honor of theodore roosevelt on the 100th anniversary of a speech he gave at tempe normal ...\nwhat has six legs and is way cooler than a spider ?\nasks a riddle on the cover of a birthday card sent to stephen colbert by entomologists quentin wheeler at arizona state university and kelly miller at the university of ...\ngiant dinosaurs lived on earth much earlier than previously thought, according to a team of excavators in argentina who discovered the remains of a 200 - million - year old species .\non 9 july, at the 2018 international conference on high energy physics (ichep) in seoul (south korea), the atlas experiment reported a preliminary result establishing the observation of the higgs boson decaying into pairs ...\ncurtin university researchers have used dna from fossil bones to reconstruct the past biodiversity of new zealand, revealing a history of extinctions and biodiversity decline since human arrival there about 750 years ago .\ncellular functions rely on several communications networks that allow cells to respond to signals affecting the organism. a new study published in molecular cell has revealed a mechanism that shuts down a major cell - to - cell ...\nin one of the older star wars movies, jedi master yoda instructs his apprentice, luke, on the ways of the force in a series of now - iconic scenes. the force, yoda says, is an energy field that penetrates us, that surrounds ...\nmaterials that absorb hydrogen are used for hydrogen storage and purification, thus serving as clean energy carriers. the best - known hydrogen absorber, palladium, can be improved by alloying it with gold .\nplease sign in to add a comment. registration is free, and takes less than a minute. read more\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmr. wheeler attended a concert honoring orbison, and made the announcement there, while presenting the family with a pop - art painting of whirly gig beetles. apparently, the beetle was named such because “it almost looks like it’s wearing a tuxedo. ” ah, entomologists and our tributes .\nprivacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: cookie policy" ]

{ "text": [ "orectochilus orbisonorum is a species of whirligig beetle named in honor of roy and barbara orbison .", "it 's black on top and translucent white on the bottom .", "its length is about 5 millimeters .", "it lives in india . " ], "topic": [ 27, 18, 0, 13 ] }

[ "orectochilus orbisonorum is a species of whirligig beetle named in honor of roy and barbara orbison. it's black on top and translucent white on the bottom. its length is about 5 millimeters. it lives in india." ]

[ "ypsolopha sylvella (wood smudge) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nthis oak - feeding species is locally distributed in much of england north to yorkshire .\n, which also is found in oak woods, and has a similar distribution, so care has to be taken with identification .\nthe adult moths occur during august and september, and can be attracted by light .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 07 - 07 17: 46: 41 page render time: 0. 2629s total w / procache: 0. 3102s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecimen taken at east winch - 08 / 09 / 09, first record in norfolk for many years .\nrecorded in 9 (13 %) of 69 10k squares. first recorded in 1874. last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nfor the county, we have a total of 92 records from 33 sites. first recorded in 1859 .\nvc63. elsecar reservoir, 30. 9. 1994 (heb); elland, twelve 3. 9 - 6. 10. 2000, (pt); rossington, 10. 9. 2000 (rih); canklow, rotherham, september 2000 (rfb). new vice - county record .\nvc64. meanwood, leeds, 29. 8. 1989 det. heb (gb). new vice - county record .\n: has been reported quite widely during the past five years and is now recorded from all five vice - counties .\nvc61. holme - on - spalding moor, 4. 9. 2003, 4. 8. 2004 (edc). new vice - county record .\nvc65. hutton conyers, 30. 9. 2002, 9 & 27. 9. 2003 (chf). new vice - county record .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes: local in oak woodland throughout much of southern england and wales, with records north to yorkshire. in hampshire there is a scattering of records along the m27 and m3 corridors, and although evidently rare, it is perhaps under - recorded elsewhere. not recorded from the isle of wight since 1900. wingspan 17 - 19 mm. similar to y. alpella, but generally darker with more obvious fasciae (mbgbi vol 3). larva feeds on oak, beneath a silken web, over - wintering as an egg .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3. 2 / / en\n. it pupates in a pale brown boat - shaped cocoon under a leaf, in a crevice in bark or among plant debris on the ground .\nthe adults fly in one generation a year during august and september. they fly by night and later come to light .\nbelgium, antwerpen, schoten, 21 september 2006. (photo © adriaan peeters )\na very local species, on oak. taken at only leiston, before 1890 (hon. beatrice de grey)." ]

{ "text": [ "ypsolopha sylvella is a moth of the family ypsolophidae .", "it is found in most of europe .", "the wingspan is 18 – 20 mm .", "adults are on wing from august to september .", "there is one generation per year .", "the larvae feed on the leaves of quercus species , but also on other deciduous trees such as corylus , carpinus betulus , betula and myrica gale .", "they live in a slight silken spinning ( a shelter like the web of a spider ) .", "pupation takes place in a pale brown boat-shaped cocoon under a leaf , in a crevice in bark or among plant debris on the ground . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8, 15, 8, 4, 11 ] }

[ "ypsolopha sylvella is a moth of the family ypsolophidae. it is found in most of europe. the wingspan is 18 – 20 mm. adults are on wing from august to september. there is one generation per year. the larvae feed on the leaves of quercus species, but also on other deciduous trees such as corylus, carpinus betulus, betula and myrica gale. they live in a slight silken spinning (a shelter like the web of a spider). pupation takes place in a pale brown boat-shaped cocoon under a leaf, in a crevice in bark or among plant debris on the ground." ]

[ "here you can see some photos of graphium epaminondas. graphium epaminondas is a member of the\nenglish: the death of epaminondas nederlands: de dood van epaminondas italiano: la morte di epaminonda français: la mort d' epaminondas 1795. 794 laurent pecheux - la mort d' epaminondas\nno one has contributed data records for graphium epaminondas yet. learn how to contribute .\nenglish: the death of epaminondas nederlands: de dood van epaminondas italiano: la morte di epaminonda français: la mort d' epaminondas. 1812. bartolomeo pinelli - la morte di epaminonda 1812\ninformation on andamans swordtail (graphium epaminondas) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\ngraphium epaminondas is a butterfly from the australasia / indomalaya (australia) ecozone. you can observe this butterfly on andaman islands .\nepaminondas rescues pelopidas, 1882. artist: vogel, hermann (1854 - 1921 )\nthese are nice photos of graphium antiphates (fivebar swordtail). graphium antiphates is a member of the\nepaminondas protected pelopidas from being killed / captured by the enemy at the battle of mantinea .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - andamans swordtail (graphium epaminondas )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - andamans swordtail (graphium epaminondas )\ntitle =\narkive species - andamans swordtail (graphium epaminondas )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe death bed of epaminondas [... ]. detail. 1726. epaminond. mors\nindo - australian kite swallowtails or the tailed graphium species (an * indicates that this species is pictured): species location dabasa hercules (sciron) china, thailand dabasa gyas * india dabasa payeni * india, china, malay graphium agetes * india, malaysia, sumatra graphium androcles * sulawesi (indonesia) graphium antiphates * india, china, malay, sumatra graphium aristeus * india, china, to australia graphium decolor borneo and palawan graphium dorcus * sulawesi (indonesia) graphium epaminondas andaman islands graphium euphrates * philippines to halmahera graphium nomius * india, burma, laos, etcetera graphium rhesus * sulawesi, etcetera (indonesia) graphium stratiotes borneo and (indonesia ?) lamproptera curius * india, malay, philippines, etc. lamproptera meges * india, malay, philippines, etc. teinopalpus aureus southeast china teinopalpus imperialis * himalayas\ngraphium (graphium) anthedon; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 92\ngraphium (graphium) monticolus; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 91\ngraphium (graphium) eurypylus; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 92\ngraphium (graphium) agamemnon; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 93\ngraphium (graphium) meyeri; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 93\nantonio epaminondas de barros correia, barão de contendas. (col. francisco rodrigues; fr - 3584 )\ngraphium (graphium) codrus celebensis; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 91\ngraphium (graphium) codrus stiris; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 91\ngraphium (graphium) codrus taloranus; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 91\ngraphium (graphium) anthedon milon; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 92\ngraphium (graphium) anthedon coelius; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 92\ngraphium (graphium) monticolus monticolus; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 91\ngraphium (graphium) monticolus textrix; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 91\ngraphium (graphium) eurypylus gordion; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 92\ngraphium (graphium) eurypylus arctofasciatus; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 92\ngraphium (graphium) eurypylus pamphylus; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 92\ngraphium (graphium) eurypylus sangira; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 92\ngraphium (graphium) eurypylus fumikoe; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 92\ngraphium (graphium) agamemnon comodus; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 93\ngraphium (graphium) meyeri meyeri; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 93\ngraphium (graphium) meyeri extremum; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 93\ngraphium (graphium) antiphates kalaoensis; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\ngraphium (graphium) antiphates kurosawai; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\nweiskei [ graphium (graphium) ]: for taxa formerly included under this spescies see also under g. stresemanni (see above) .\ngraphium (graphium) sarpedon sarpedon; page & treadaway, 2003, butterflies of the world, 17: 3, pl. 1 - 6\ngraphium (graphium) eurypylus insularis [ sic ]; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 92\n. die artbildung und verwandtschaft bei den schmetterlingen. o papilio dorcus papilio epaminondas q. i' & quot; ° papilio androcles\nepaminondas saves the life of pelopidas in battle at the siege of mantinea 385 bc. epaminondas, d. 362 bc. theban general and statesman of the 4th century bc. from ward and lock' s illustrated history of the world, published c. 1882 .\nduring the battle of mantinea (362 bc) epaminondas, theban general and statesman was hit in the chest by a spear it appears that the spartans were deliberately aiming at epaminondas in the hope of killing him, and thereby demoralizing the thebans. the spear broke, leaving the iron point in his body, and epaminondas collapsed; the thebans around him fought desperately to stop the spartans taking possession of his body .\ngraphium (graphium) codrus yayoeae; page & treadaway, 2003, butterflies of the world, 17: 3, pl. 2, f. 3 - 4\ngraphium (graphium) codrus noeli; page & treadaway, 2003, butterflies of the world, 17: 3, pl. 2, f. 5 - 8\ngraphium (graphium) empedovana empedovana; page & treadaway, 2003, butterflies of the world, 17: 3, pl. 1, f. 6 - 7\ngraphium (graphium) sandawanum sandawanum; page & treadaway, 2003, butterflies of the world, 17: 3, pl. 3, f. 7 - 8\ngraphium (graphium) sandawanum joreli; page & treadaway, 2003, butterflies of the world, 17: 3, pl. 3, f. 9 - 10\ngraphium chironides malayanum; [ bmp ]: 76, pl. 6, f. 2\ngraphium macfarlanei; [ bow ]: pl. 131, f. 10 (text )\ngraphium macfarlanei seminigra; [ baur ], 115, f. (larva, pupa )\nlarsen, t. b. 1994. graphium policenes (cramer, 1775), graphium policenoides (holland, 1892), and graphium liponesco (suffert, 1904) three closely related taxa (lepidoptera; papilionidae). lambillionea, 94 (2): 148 - 156 .\n. the first description was in 1879 by oberthür. the wingspan is about 7 – 8 cm. this butterfly is a member of the family papilionidae. the basic colour of graphium epaminondas is white or yellowish. some black bars dominate the fore wing .\ngraphium (graphium) codrus; page & treadaway, 2003, butterflies of the world, 17: 3; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 91\ngraphium macleayanus wilsoni couchman, 1965; utas: 84; tl: kuranda, n. q .\ngraphium eurypylus mecisteus; [ bmp ]: 76, pl. 5, f. 7 - 8\nneue unterarten und neue namen in den gattungen papilio, graphium und parnassius (lep. : papilionidae )\nnote sur graphium illyris (hewitson) et revision systematique de l' espece (lep. papilionidae )\n{ author1, author2... }, (n. d .). graphium epaminondas (oberthür, 1879). [ online ] india biodiversity portal, species page: { name of species field } available at: urltoken [ accessed date jul 10, 2018 ] .\nepaminondas, d. 362 bc. theban general and statesman of the 4th century bc. from ward and lock' s illustrated history of the world, published c. 1882 .\ntheban general pelopidas, wounded seven times at a battle near mantinea, is saved by epaminondas, who wards off the enemy, stopping them from stealing his armour as spoil. 385 bc\ngraphium (graphium) codrus melanthus; page & treadaway, 2003, butterflies of the world, 17: 3, pl. 1, f. 8 - 9, pl. 2, f. 1 - 2\ngraphium anthedon anthedon; moonen, 1998, trans. lepid. soc. japan 49 (3): 221\ngraphium anthedon dodingensis; moonen, 1998, trans. lepid. soc. japan 49 (3): 224\ngraphium anthedon crudum; moonen, 1998, trans. lepid. soc. japan 49 (3): 224\ngraphium anthedon sulaensis; moonen, 1998, trans. lepid. soc. japan 49 (3): 222\ngraphium anthedon halesus; moonen, 1998, trans. lepid. soc. japan 49 (3): 222\ngraphium macleayanus; [ bow ]: pl. 131, f. 22; couchman, 1965, utas: 84\n= graphium monticolus textrix; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 91\n. english: death of epaminondas. 1773. benjamin west (1738–1820) description american - british painter date of birth / death 10 october 1738 11 march 1820 location of birth / death springfield township, pennsylvania london work location london, roma, philadelphia authority control: q313498 viaf: ? 76585232 isni: ? 0000 0000 7358 1062 ulan: ? 500026989 lccn: ? n50003451 nla: ? 356007630 worldcat death of epaminondas\nthe fore wings are two coloured. the inner part of the wing is white or yellowish and contains four black bars. the outer part of the wing is black and contains two yellowish stripes. the underside of graphium epaminondas is very similar to the upside. but, the outer part of the wing is dark - brown .\ngraphium sarpedon luctatius; [ bmp ]: 75, pl. 6, f. 4; [ bor ], 98\ngraphium evemon eventus; [ bor ], 100; [ bmp ]: 76, pl. 5, f. 9\ngraphium doson nauta tsukada & nishiyama, 1980; in tsukada (ed .), butts se asian islands 1: 380\ngraphium arycles arycles; [ bmp ]: 76, pl. 6, f. 3; [ bor ], 102\ngraphium browni; [ bow ]: pl. 132, f. 2 (text); [ baur ], 110\ngraphium (pathysa) antiphates; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\ngraphium (pathysa) euphrates; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\ngraphium (pathysa) androcles; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\ngraphium (pathysa) rhesus; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 93\ngraphium (pathysa) dorcus; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\ngraphium (paranticopsis) encelades; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 95\ngraphium stratocles senectus tsukada & nishiyama, 1980; in tsukada (ed .), butts se asian islands 1: 423\ngraphium (paranticopsis) deucalion; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 95\ncodrus [ graphium (graphium) ]: this species is seen by some authors to include g. empedovana (d' abrera 1982: 96, parsons 1999: 251), which is treated here as a separate species (see below) .\nthe temple of ancient virtue at stowe landscape gardens, buckinghamshire. the temple was devised as a cenotaph to socrates, epaminondas, lygurgus, and homerus. the circular building was completed in 1737, designed by kent .\nepaminondas (tebas, 418 - mantinea, 362 a. jc). general y estadista beocio. herido mortalmente en la batalla de mantinea, el 4 de julio de 362 a. jc. grabado de 1866 .\ngraphium sumatranum; hancock, 1983; moonen, 1998, trans. lepid. soc. japan 49 (3): 220\ngraphium gelon; holloway & peters, 1976, j. nat. hist. 10: 284; [ baur ], 120\ngraphium (pathysa) euphrates elegantia; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 95\ngraphium (pathysa) androcles androcles; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\ngraphium (pathysa) androcles cleomenes; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\ngraphium (pathysa) androcles pelengensis; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\ngraphium (pathysa) rhesus rhesus; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 93\ngraphium (pathysa) rhesus rhesulus; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 93\ngraphium (pathysa) rhesus parvimacula; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\ngraphium (pathysa) dorcus dorcus; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\ngraphium (pathysa) dorcus butungensis; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\ngraphium (paranticopsis) deucalion deucalion; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 95\ngraphium (paranticopsis) deucalion marabuntana; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 95\ninside the temple of ancient virtue at stowe landscape gardens, buckinghamshire. the temple was devised as a cenotaph to socrates, epaminondas, lygurgus, and homerus. the circular building was completed in 1737, designed by kent .\ngraphium antiphates tiomanus moonen, 1984; papilio int. 1 (3): 47 (repl. pathysa insularis eliot, 1978 )\ngraphium phidias obscurium yoshino, 2017; butterfly science 7: 25; tl: dalat, 1500m, lam dong, s. vietanm\nn / a. english: temple of ancient virtue, stowe - buckinghamshire, england. 7 june 2016, 10: 19: 57. daderot 520 epaminondas - temple of ancient virtue, stowe - buckinghamshire, england - dsc07376\n. the death of epaminondas. 1802. philip james de loutherbourg (1740–1812) alternative names philip james de loutherbourg, philippe - jacques de loutherbourg description english painter date of birth / death 31 october 1740 11 march 1812 location of birth / death strasbourg chiswick (london) work location england authority control: q1970087 viaf: 56879930 isni: 0000 0000 6630 0568 ulan: 500019411 lccn: n83177731 nla: 35313786 worldcat 983 philippe - jacques de loutherbourg - la mort d' epaminondas\ngoodenovi [ graphium (graphium) weiskei ]: orginally described as a subspecies of g. weiskei based on a single specimen, it has been suggested to be specifically distinct from that species by parsons (1999: 250) on the basis of notable differences in male genitalia .\ngraphium cloanthus; [ bor ], 98; [ bow ]: pl. 131, f. 16; [ mrs ], 168\nkosii [ graphium (graphium) weiskei ]: recently described as a separate species from new ireland related to g. weiskei (müller & tennent 1999); despite differences in wing pattern and male genitalia it is provisionally retained here under g. weiskei due to its allopatric distribution .\ngraphium ucalegon fonteinei berger, 1981; les papillons du zaire: 51; tl: sankuru, km. 43, route de lusambo à batempa\ngraphium (pathysa) rhesus rhapia [ sic ]; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 94\ngraphium codrus noeli page & treadaway, 2003; in bauer & frankenbach, butterflies of the world, suppl. 8: (1 - 6 )\ntheban general and statesman epaminondas mortally wounded by a spartan at the battle of mantinea. copperplate engraving by francesco bartolozzi after a design by giovanni battista cipriani from 108 plates of antique gems, 1860. the gems were from the duke of marlborough' s collection .\nsumatranum [ graphium (graphium) cloanthus ]: generally placed as a subspecies of g. cloanthus (e. g, corbet & pendlebury 1992, d' abrera 1982, tsukada & nishiyama 1982), but treated as a separate species by collins & morris (1985) following hancock (1983) .\nitaliano: epaminonda difende pelopida, illustrazione tratta da' plutarch' s lives for boys and girls, raccontati da w. h. weston, london 1910', litografia a colori. 4 september 2014, 07: 46: 35 230 william rainey, epaminondas defending pelopidas\nwikipedia article copyright notice: this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from the wikipedia article\ngraphium (butterfly )\n.\nstresemanni [ graphium (graphium) ]: originally described as a subspecies of g. weiskei and subsequently treated as such (munroe 1961), it is now generally recognized as a distinct species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985, hancock 1983, parsons 1999; saigusa et al. 1982) .\nhanafusa, h. 1998. a new subspecies of graphium batjanensis okano, 1984 from morotai is. , indonesia. futao, 27: 4 - 5 .\ngraphium abri smith & vane - wright, 2001; bull. nat. hist. mus. lond. (ent .) 70 (2): 628\ngraphium ucalegon schoutedeni berger, 1950; ann. mus. congo belge zool. (3) 8 (1): 73; tl: uele, bambesa\ngraphium (macfarlaneana) agamemnon agamemnon; page & treadaway, 2003, butterflies of the world, 17: 3, pl. 1, f. 4 - 5\ngraphium sandawanum yamamoto, 1977; tyô to ga 28 (3): 87, f. 1 - 2; tl: philippines, mindanao, mt. apo\ngraphium olbrechtsi berger, 1950; ann. mus. congo belge zool. (3) 8 (1): 85; tl: sankuru, mwene - ditu\ngraphium glycerion kimurai murayama, 1982; new ent. 31 (4): 69, 71, f. 1; tl: doi inthanon, n. thailand\nsichuanicus [ graphium (pazala) ]: recently described as a distinct species, which apparently occurs sympatrically with g. tamerlanus and g. timur (koiwaya 1993) .\nhancock, d. l. 1985. systematic notes on some african species of graphium scopoli. papilio international, 2 (1 - 2): 97 - 103 .\nhancock, d. l. 1986. the status of graphium nigrescens (eimer 1889). papilio international, 3 (1 - 2): 173 - 176 .\ngraphium evombar viossati collins, 1997; in d' abrera, butts afrotrop. region (1): 56; tl: comoro islands, anjouan, forest of moya\nthe death of epameinondas at the second battle of mantinea, 362 bc. epaminondas, d. 362 bc. theban general and statesman of the 4th century bc. after the painting by margaret dovaston, (1884 - 1954). from hutchinson' s history of the nations, published 1915 .\ngraphium clanis malayanum eliot, 1982; malayan nat. j. 35 (1 / 2): 180; tl: malaysia, selangor, 16 miles s of pahang road\nglenn, c. r. 2006 .\nearth' s endangered creatures - graphium spp. facts\n( online) - licensed article from wikipedia: the free encyclopedia. accessed\npage, m. 1987. notes on the classification of the antiphates - group of graphium scopoli 1777. papilio international, 4 (1 - 2): 229 - 250 .\ngraphium ucalegonides rileyi berger, 1950; ann. mus. congo belge zool. (3) 8 (1): 78; tl: gold coast, west africa, begoro\nangolanus [ graphium (arisbe) ]: in former times the species was known under the name of pylades fabricius, which is invalid as a junior primary homonym (see below) .\ngraphium porthaon tanganyikae kielland, 1978; tijdschr. ent. 121 (4): 161, pl. 6, f. 21 - 24; tl: tanzania, kigoma, kasoge\nempedovana [ graphium (graphium) ]: generally treated as a separate species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985, corbet & pendlebury 1992, saigusa et al. 1982, treadaway 1995, and tsukada & nishiyama 1982), but regarded as conspecific with g. codrus by d' abrera (1982: 96) and parsons (1999: 251) .\nmilon [ graphium (graphium) ]: often treated as conspecific with g. sarpedon (e. g. , d' abrera 1982, hancock 1983, saigusa et al. 1982), but recognized as a distinct species by murayama (1978) and now mostly accepted as such (collins & morris 1985, fujioka et al. 1997, roos 1993, tsukada & nishiyama 1982) .\nmonticolum [ graphium (graphium) ]: originally described and still sometimes regarded as conspecific with g. sarpedon (e. g, saigusa et al. 1982, tsukada & nishiyama 1982: 376), it is now generally treated as a distinct species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985, d' abrera 1982, hancock 1983, parsons 1999: 245, and roos 1993) .\nno subspecies are listed under this species. until recently, it was treated as a subspecies of graphium sarpedon linnaeus, 1758 – common bluebottle. further notes on this taxonomic change will be added here later .\nauriger [ graphium (arisbe) ]: several taxa in the past sometimes treated as conspecific with g. auriger are now regarded as distinct species; see also under g. olbrechtsi, and g. schubotzi .\nbatjanensis [ graphium (graphium) stresemanni ]: described as a distinct species in the g. weiskei group, and recently accepted as a separate species by hanafusa (1998), and müller & tennent (1999); since batjanensis appears to be allopatric to g. stresemanni, it is retained here provisionally under that species; it has also been suggested to be conspecific with g. weiskei (parsons 1999: 245) .\ngraphium (leptocircini); page & treadaway, 2003, butterflies of the world, 17: 3; [ afrl ]; vane - wright & de jong, 2003, zool. verh. leiden 343: 90\nfacts summary: graphium is a genus of insects of concern and found in the following area (s): india, indian ocean (comoro islands), indonesia, malaysia, papua new guinea, philippines, solomon islands .\nsisenna [ graphium (arisbe) polistratus ]: originally described as a separate species and listed as such by munroe (1961), but generally placed under g. polistratus (ackery et al. 1995, hancock 1983) .\nthe hind wings of graphium epaminondas are two coloured and they have long tails. the edge is wavy. the inner part of the wing is white or yellowish and contains two black bars. some black spots from the underside shine through the wing. the outer part of the wing is brown and contains a chain of black spots. at the inner edge there is a black - orange eye - spot. the underside is white or yellowish. the inner part of the wing contains three black bars and one chain of black spots. the outer part of the wing contains a chain of black - orange spots. the outer edge is black .\ngraphium genus of swallowtail butterflies can be roughly divided into two main groups of butterflies. there are species with long narrow tails; there are species with no tails at all. in the oriental region and indo - australian region, the long tailed graphium are typically divided into subgenera such as pathysa and pazala. in these regions, some of the non - tailed and short - tailed species in this genus retain the name of graphium and others are placed in genera such as paranticopsis and meandrusa. in the new world, some authors place the long - tailed species into the genus eurytides; others place all the species in the genus eurytides. about 150 different named species and subspecies in this interesting genus are shown .\n— (gra fi om) s. m. terme d antiquité. poinçon, autrement nommé style, avec lequel les anciens écrivaient sur des tablettes enduites de cire. étymologie lat. graphium, poinçon à écrire, du grec, écrire …\nchungianus [ graphium (pazala) timur ]: treated as a separate species by shirozu (1992), but otherwise seen as conspecific with g. alebion (d' abrera 1982: 108) or with g. timur (koiwaya 1993) .\nthe fivebar swordtail (graphium antiphates) is a butterfly of the australasia / indomalaya ecozone (australia) and the palaearctic ecozone (asiea). the distribution extend from indonesia, malaysia and the philippines to thailand, vietnam, myanmar, india and mongolia .\nsaigusa, t. , nakanishi, a. , shima, h. & yata, o. 1982. phylogeny and geographical distribution of the swallow - tail subgenus graphium (lepidoptera: papilionidae). entomologia generalis, 8 (1): 59 - 69 .\ntamerlanus [ graphium [ pazala ] ]: generally recognized as a distinct species (e. g. , bryk 1930, collins & morris 1985, hancock 1983, munroe 1961), but regarded as conspecific with p. alebion by d' abrera (1990) .\nmüller, c. j. & tennent, w. j. 1999. a new species of graphium scopoli (lepidoptera: papilionidae) from the bismarck archipelago, papua new guinea. records of the australian museum, 51 (2 / 3): 161 - 168 .\npylades [ graphium (arisbe) angolanus ]: the name is invalid as a junior primary homonym (ackery et al. 1995: 161), but has in former times been in general use for this species (e. g. , carcasson 1975, munroe 1961) .\n1134x873 (~ 315kb) underside male cambodia, koh kong province, right bank of the thma bang river left tributary at the bridge, 7 km sw thma bang village, 23rd august 2011 (graphium sarpedon sarpedon, gandaca harina, eurema sp .), photo © oleg kosterin\nmessinia, greece. 14th may, 2018. tourists visit the archaeological site of messene, messinia prefecture, greece, on may 14, 2018. the city of ancient messene was founded by the theban general epaminondas in 369 bc. it became the capital of the free messenian state following a long period of occupation of the messenian territory by the spartans. the ancient city offers a venerable archaeological treasure for visitors. credit: antonis nikolopoulos) (hy / xinhua / alamy live news\nincertus [ graphium (pazala) ]: originally described and subsequently treated as conspecific with g. tamerlanus (e. g. , bryk 1930), but recently regarded as a separate species by chou (1994), and koiwaya (1993) who noticed differences in male genitalia .\nmoebii [ graphium (arisbe) hachei ]: this taxon had been described as a separate species but is generally seen as conspecific with g. hachei (ackery et al. 1995, bryk 1930, d' abrera 1997, smith & vane - wright pers. com .) .\nsmith, c. r. & vane - wright, r. i. 2001. a review of the afrotropical species of the genus graphium (lepidoptera: rhopalocera: papilionidae). bulletin of the natural history museum, entomology series, 70 (2): 503 - 719 .\nmessinia, greece. 14th may, 2018. photo taken on may 14, 2018 shows the stadium at the archaeological site of messene, messinia prefecture, greece. the city of ancient messene was founded by the theban general epaminondas in 369 bc. it became the capital of the free messenian state following a long period of occupation of the messenian territory by the spartans. the ancient city offers a venerable archaeological treasure for visitors. credit: antonis nikolopoulos) (hy / xinhua / alamy live news\nmessinia, greece. 14th may, 2018. photo taken on may 14, 2018 shows a view of the archaeological site of messene, messinia prefecture, greece. the city of ancient messene was founded by the theban general epaminondas in 369 bc. it became the capital of the free messenian state following a long period of occupation of the messenian territory by the spartans. the ancient city offers a venerable archaeological treasure for visitors. credit: antonis nikolopoulos) (hy / xinhua / alamy live news\nflavisparsus [ graphium (arisbe) illyris ]: originally described and generally placed as conspecific with g. illyris (e. g. , ackery et al. 1995, smith & vane - wright 2001), but recently regarded as a distinct species by d' abrera (1997) .\nnigrescens [ graphium (arisbe) policenoides ]: the name nigrescens eimer, 1889, which previously has often been used for this species (e. g. , berger 1981, carcasson 1975, hancock 1983, munroe 1961), is invalid as a junior primary homonym (larsen 1994) .\nmessinia, greece. 14th may, 2018. photo taken on may 14, 2018 shows the peristyle of the stadium at the archaeological site of messene, messinia prefecture, greece. the city of ancient messene was founded by the theban general epaminondas in 369 bc. it became the capital of the free messenian state following a long period of occupation of the messenian territory by the spartans. the ancient city offers a venerable archaeological treasure for visitors. credit: antonis nikolopoulos) (hy / xinhua / alamy live news\n( 180514) - - messinia (greece), may 14, 2018 (xinhua) - - tourists visit the archaeological site of messene, messinia prefecture, greece, on may 14, 2018. the city of ancient messene was founded by the theban general epaminondas in 369 bc. it became the capital of the free messenian state following a long period of occupation of the messenian territory by the spartans. the ancient city offers a venerable archaeological treasure for visitors. (xinhua / antonis nikolopoulos) (hy )\nmessinia, greece. 14th may, 2018. a man admires the peristyle of the stadium in the archaeological site of messene, messinia prefecture, greece, on may 14, 2018. the city of ancient messene was founded by the theban general epaminondas in 369 bc. it became the capital of the free messenian state following a long period of occupation of the messenian territory by the spartans. the ancient city offers a venerable archaeological treasure for visitors. credit: antonis nikolopoulos) (hy / xinhua / alamy live news\n1208x752 (~ 336kb) underside male cambodia, koh kong province, 25. 5 km of ene koh kong, the' capricornis' forest rivulet near its junction with the sala munthun (right tatai) river. 29th november 2010 (graphium sarpedon sarpedon, pathysa agetes agetes), photo © oleg kosterin\n990x806 (~ 233kb) underside male cambodia, koh kong province, 25. 5 km of ene koh kong, the' capricornis' forest rivulet near its junction with the sala munthun (right tatai) river. 29th november 2010 (graphium sarpedon sarpedon, pathysa antiphates pompilius), photo © oleg kosterin\n. english: miniature with eight great warriors of antiquity. sforza is depicted shaking hands with caesar and hannibal, while flanked by fabius, scipio, and pompey on the left, epaminondas, themistocles, and an unidentified figure on the right. sforza is the ninth figure, making the image a variation of the nine worthies motif. italiano: allegoria della gloria mondana di francesco maria sforza portrait of francesco sforza. between circa 1490 and circa 1496. francesco - sforza - famous - warriors - gio - pietro - birago - 1490\n1144x873 (~ 355kb) underside male cambodia, koh kong province, 25. 5 km of ene koh kong, the' capricornis' forest rivulet near its junction with the sala munthun (right tatai) river. 29th november 2010 (middle, between graphium sarpedon sarpedon and pathysa agetes agetes), photo © oleg kosterin\ntimur [ graphium [ pazala ] ]: originally described as a subspecies of g. tamerlanus, and subsequently placed as conspecific with g. alebion (bryk 1930); recently treated as a separate species by chou (1994) and koiwaya (1993), based on differences in male genitalia and sympatric occurences with g. tamerlanus .\nbiokoensis [ graphium (arisbe) ]: originally described as a subspecies of g. policenes and subsequently treated as such (ackery et al. 1995: 165) or considered conspecific with g. liponesco (larsen 1994), but recently accepted as a separate species restricted largely to central africa by smith & vane - wright (2001) .\nkigoma [ graphium (arisbe) ]: originally described as a subspecies of g. almansor and subsequently also placed with g. poggianus (ackery et al. 1995, hancock 1985), it has recently been accepted as a separate species due to constant differences in male genitalia and wing pattern by smith & vane - wright (2001) .\nodin [ graphium (arisbe) schubotzi ]: the name is invalid as a junior primary homonym (ackery et al. 1995: 162, smith & vane - wright, 2001), but has until recently been in general use for this species (e. g. , berger 1981, carcasson 1975, hancock 1983, munroe 1961) .\nboolae [ graphium (arisbe) policenoides ]: originally described and subsequently listed as a separate species by munroe (1961), it has been regarded as conspecific with g. policenoides (ackery et al. 1995), but is now established as conspecific with g. liponesco (hancock 1986, larsen 1994, smith & vane - wright 2001) .\n. die artbildung und verwandtschaft bei den schmetterlingen. abbildung c. abbildung d. antiphates (abb. d) mit seinen zahlreichen abarten verhält sich sc 1 wie bei agetes, sc 2 entspringt wie bei dem einen glycerion im ersten drittel zwischen sc 1 und sc 3. bei papilio euphrates ist sc 1 etwas länger als bei antiphates, sc 2 entspringt wie bei diesem. ein ähn - liches verhalten zeigen auch die drei übrigen arten der antiphates - gruppe, nur ist bei papilio epaminondas der ursprung von sc 2 wechselnd, und bei papilio androcles entspringt sc 2 näher an sc 1, als bei antiphates. papilio hermoerate\nweberi [ graphium (arisbe) fulleri ]: listed as a separate species by carcasson (1975), collins & morris (1985), d' abrera (1980: 42), and hancock (1983); recently placed as conspecific with g. fulleri (ackery et al. 1995, d' abrera 1997, hancock 1985, smith & vane - wright 2001) .\nliponesco [ graphium (arisbe) ]: originally described as a subspecies of g. policenes and treated as such by most authors, it has been considered as conspecific with g. policenoides by ackery et al. (1995) and hancock (1986), and is recently regarded as a separate species (d' abrera 1997, larsen 1994, smith & vane - wright 2001) .\ncarchedonius [ graphium (arisbe) almansor ]: originally described and subsequently treated as a distinct species (e. g. , hancock 1983), it has been regarded as conspecific with g. adamastor (ackery et al. 1995), but is recently treated as conspecific with g. almansor (d' abrera 1997, larsen pers. com. , smith & vane - wright 2001) .\npelopidas [ graphium (arisbe) leonidas ]: listed as a separate species by collins & morris (1985: 58), and d' abrera (1980: 44), but now regarded as conspecific with g. leonidas following its original placement (ackery et al. 1995, bryk 1930, d' abrera 1997, hancock 1983, kielland 1990, smith & vane - wright 2001) .\npolicenoides [ graphium (arisbe) ]: in the previous literature this species has generally been referred to as nigrescens eimer (e. g. , berger 1981, collins & morris 1985, hancock 1983, hancock 1986, munroe 1961), a name, however, which is invalid as a junior homonym (ackery et al. 1995, larsen 1994, smith & vane - wright 2001) .\ncarchedonius [ graphium (arisbe) aalmansor ]: originally described and subsequently sometimes treated as a distinct species (e. g. , hancock 1983), but mostly regarded as conspecific with g. adamastor (ackery et al. 1995, hancock 1985); recently, however, seen as conspecific with g. almansor (d' abrera 1997, smith & vane - wright pers. com .) .\nolbrechtsi [ graphium (arisbe) ]: generally accepted as a separate species (e. g. , berger 1981, carcasson 1975, collins & morris 1985: 57, d' abrera 1980, hancock 1983, munroe 1961, smith & vane - wright 2001), but has been regarded as conspecific with g. auriger by ackery et al. (1995), d' abrera (1997), and hancock (1985) .\nagestor agestor gray papilio epycides epycides hewitson papilio slateri slateri hewitson papilio paradoxa telearchus hewitson papilio clytia clytia linnaeus clytia lankeswara moore clytia flavolimbatus oberthür papilio polymnestor polymnestor cramer polymnestor parinda moore papilio memnon agenor linnaeus papilio mayo atkinson papilio bootes bootes westwood bootes mixta tytler papilio alcmenor alcmenor c. & r. felder papilio protenor euprotenor fruhstorfer papilio elephenor doubleday papilio bianor polyctor boisduval bianor ganesa moore bianor gladiator fruhstorfer papilio paris paris linnaeus paris tamilana moore papilio arcturus arcturus wstwood arcturus arius rothschild papilio krishna krishna moore papilio crino fabricius papilio buddha westwood papilio dravidarum wood - mason papilio castor castor westwood castor polias jordan papilio helenus helenus linnaeus helenus daksha moore helenus mooreanus rothschild papilio nephelus chaon westwood papilio prexaspes andamanicus rothschild papilio polytes romulus cramer polytes stichioides evans polytes nikobarus c. & r. felder papilio liomedon moore papilio demoleus demoleus linnaeus papilio machaon asiatica ménétriès machaon ladakensis moore machaon verityi fruhstorfer machaon hookeri gaonkar graphium eurous caschmirensis rothschild eurous sikkimica heron graphium mandarinus garhwalica katayama\nucalegonides [ graphium (arisbe) fulleri ]: listed as a separate species by berger (1981), carcasson (1975), collins & morris (1985), d' abrera (1980), hancock (1983), and munroe (1961); recently regarded as conspecific with g. fulleri by ackery et al. (1995), d' abrera (1997), hancock (1985), and smith & vane - wright (2001) .\nschaffgotschi [ graphium (arisbe) ]: originally described as a species, but regarded as conspecific with g. taboranus by carcasson (1975), collins & morris (1985), d' abrera (1980), and dickson & kroon (1978); raised again to species level by hancock (1985), and subsequently accepted as a separate species (ackery et al. 1995, hancock 1993, pringle et al. 1994, and smith & vane - wright 2001) .\nschubotzi [ graphium (arisbe) ]: generally accepted as a separate species (e. g. , collins & morris 1985: 57, d' abrera 1980, hancock 1983, munroe 1961, smith & vane - wright 2001), but has been regarded as conspecific with g. auriger by ackery et al. (1995), d' abrera (1997), and hancock (1985); this species has generally been known under the name of odin strand, which is invalid as a junior homonym (see above) .\neuphratoides [ graphium (pathysa) ]: in the past generally not treated as a distinct species (collins & morris 1985, hancock 1983, munroe 1961) and placed with either g. euphrates (e. g. , d' abrera 1982) or with g. decolor (e. g, tsukada & nishiyama 1982: 413); elevated to species rank by page (1987), and accepted as a species by treadaway (1995); further clarification by additional comparative studies is apparently hindered by the taxon becoming exceedingly rare due to habitat destruction (page 1987: 235) .\nlondon: taylor and francis; calcutta and simla, thacker, spink, & co. ; [ etc. , etc. ]\nevidence reported by james - hixon for item butterflies02bingiala on november 18, 2006: no visible notice of copyright; stated date is 1907 .\nthere are no reviews yet. be the first one to write a review .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\noberthür, 1879 – andaman swordtail. kunte, k. , s. sondhi, and p. roy (chief editors) .\nif mentioning specific images please give media code (s). for misidentifications please list reasons to assist in diagnosis .\ncopyright © 2018, all rights reserved. national centre for biological sciences (ncbs) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website, although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited. material from this website can be used freely for educational, basic research and conservation purposes, provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source. contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use, including for large data downloads and collaborative research .\nandamans swordtail is classified as vulnerable (vu) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - andamans swordtail specimen, underside\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - andamans swordtail specimen, underside\ntitle =\narkive photo - andamans swordtail specimen, underside\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - the underside of a mounted andamans swordtail specimen\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - the underside of a mounted andamans swordtail specimen\ntitle =\narkive photo - the underside of a mounted andamans swordtail specimen\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe body (abdomen) is black and white. the thorax and the head are also black and white. the underside of all parts is yellowish .\nthe first description of this butterfly was in 1879 by oberthür. there are no subspecies .\ncites: (convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora): - no entry - (as at 14. 10. 2010 )\neu regulation on trading with species of wild fauna and flora - no entry - (as at 12. 08. 2010 )\niucn red list of threatened species: - no entry - (as at 2010) (see: www. urltoken\n< a target =' _ blank' href =' urltoken' > iucn 2011. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2011. 2. exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >\n| | best supported on google chrome, firefox 3. 0 +, internet explorer 8. 0 +, safari 4. 0 +, opera 10 +. powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform. technology partner strand life sciences\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nanimal kingdom contains numerous organisms that feed on other animals or plants. included in the animal kingdom are the lower marine invertebrates such as sponges and corals, the jointed legged animals such as insects and spiders, and the backboned animals such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals .\nthis article is only an excerpt. if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references, visit the rest of its contents here .\nthe solenodon is a mammal found primarily in cuba and hispanola. the species was thought to be extinct until scientists found a few still alive in 2003. solenodons only prefer to come out at night. they eat primarily insects and they are one of the few mammal species that are venomous, delivering a very powerful toxin. symptoms of a solenodon bite are very similar to a snake bite, including swelling and severe pain, lasting several days .\nlist of all endangered animals. list of all endangered plants. list of all endangered species (animals & plants). by species group (mammal, birds, etc)... united states endangered species list. browse by country, island, us state... search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals? check out our games and coloring pages! more to come soon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbutterfly of lakhimpur district and it' s adjoining hills of a. pradesh - greenheritageassam\nred venda or renanthera imschootina is one of the most endangered and loveliest orchid species. this species is found in some parts of north east india at an elevation of 300m to 1200m in lowland evergreen forest .\nwild collection and trading of red vanda is strictly prohibited under wildlife protection act 1972 .\nthe branching spikes of this magnificent species can often attain 90cm or more and the multitude of flowers appearing like a shower last for a long time. red vanda is renowned for its bright crimson flowers with red spots on a pale orange background of its dorsal sepal and petals. the long, branching inflorescence bearing more than 20 flowers is remarkably beautiful .\n( this photograph was taken in dirgha range of kakoi r. f. on 11 - 07 - 2001 )\nis the most beautiful creatures on earth. around 1500 species of butterflies are reported from india of which nearly half are reported from assam and n. e. india. butterflies\nare found practically all over the country and especially in the many mountain ranges like the himalayas, the nilgiri hills and the western ghats that slice the country into separate geographical regions .\nthe swallowtail butterflies occupy an important place and the iucn has identified the entire n. e. region as swallowtail rich zone under “swallowtail conservation action plan”. but\nthese winged beauties have been disappearing alarmingly due to depletion of forest cover and poachers who smuggle prized species such as the threatened apollo and swallowtail into china and countries in southeast asia, particularly thailand .\nlack of awareness among rural people in india, smugglers have been known to pay off locals at rates of $ 1 per catch, which they then sell in the international market for as much as $ 3, 500. there have been many incidents where international smugglers were released from police custody because no one knew whether the butterfly was a threatened species or not .\nthus, there is an urgent need for awareness regarding the butterfly conservation amongst the general forest dwelling people of assam. as we know still there has no academic or scientific research on butterflies is made and due to which there has no available published information or baseline data on butterflies of\n) has taking some initiative for systemic and scientific study of butterfly in this region. on the other hand arunachal\nlamproptera curius also found in namdapha n. p. , arunachal pradesh, india .\n. scientists dr. asam borang and dr b b bhatt collected 153 specimens of butterflies belonging to 90 genera and nine families out of 452 specimens from the reserve area that encompasses a vast territory of dibang, east siang, parts of west siang and lohit districts. during the study a rare giant species having ‘territorial behaviour’ was sighted by the forest zoologists .\nkeeping all these things in mind “green heritage” recently launched an “butterfly conservation programme” on the lakhimpur district and it’s adjoining hills of arunachal pradesh. under this programme a systematic and scientific survey of this living treasure will be made along with photographic database. on first step “green heritage” will study their habitat and the current status of butterfly in this region .\nmalayan megisba malaya sikkima, also found in manas national park, assam, india .\n( photograph taken in dirgha range of kakoi r. f. on 11 - 07 - 2001 )\nzebra blue leptotes plinius, also found in manas national park, assam, india .\n( photograph taken in dirgha range of kakoi r. f. on 11 - 07 - 2001 )\n( photograph taken in dirgha range of kakoi r. f. on 08 - 08 - 2001 )\n( photograph taken in dullung range of kakoi r. f. on 22 - 08 - 2001 )\nthis page is under construction. about 200 butterfly photos will be added in this page .\nthe above photographs were taken on kakoi, dullung and ranga reserve forest of lakhimpur district by dr. probal saikia, bikul goswami, bhaskar bora and r. sonowal (nitu )\na study was conducted in the chidiyatapu biological park and its adjoining area to document the butterflies and birds along with species richness, abundance and diversity. the study areas were sampled using line transect method and observations made from 06. 00 to 11. 00 h. the vegetation of this park could be classified as tropical semi - evergreen forest, moist deciduous forest and littoral forest. a total of 49 species of butterflies belonging to 5 families and 41 genera were recorded during this study. thirty - eight species of birds belonging to 8 orders and 19 families were recorded. the species richness, abundance, diversity and density of butterflies and birds were discussed in this chapter. this study confirms the importance of butterfly and conservation in chidiyatapu biological park." ]

{ "text": [ "graphium epaminondas , the andaman swordtail , is a beautiful butterfly found in india that belongs to the swallowtail family .", "it was earlier considered a subspecies of fivebar swordtail ( graphium antiphates ) but has now been identified as a separate species . " ], "topic": [ 23, 5 ] }

[ "graphium epaminondas, the andaman swordtail, is a beautiful butterfly found in india that belongs to the swallowtail family. it was earlier considered a subspecies of fivebar swordtail (graphium antiphates) but has now been identified as a separate species." ]

[ "a new fossil species, pterolophosoma otiliae nov. gen. nov. sp. (lamiinae), included in dominican amber (early miocene) is described .\na new fossil cerambycid species, pterolophosoma otiliae nov. gen. nov. sp. (lamiinae), included in dominican amber (lower miocene) is described .\nnice beetle! it is not pterolophosoma otiliae as i wouldn' t place it within the cerambycidae. i would place this beetle within the family chrysomelidae, the leaf beetles .\nadditional notes the systematic position of pterolophosoma otiliae nov. gen. nov. sp. among the current tribes of lamiinae is discussed but it remains still questionable. biologic data are proposed .\nfrancesco vitali, 2006b - a new cerambycid from dominican amber and remarks on the fossil plectromerus - species (coleoptera, cerambycidae) - entomapeiron (p. s .) 1 (1): 1 - 12. isbn 88 - 87400 - 01 - 6\nremarks about another specimen of plectromerus tertiarius vitali, 2004 and of plectromerus grimaldii nearns & branham, 2005 (cerambycinae, curiini) are added to the original description .\nnew reconstructions of habitus and anatomic features of of plectromerus tertiarius vitali, 2004 and of plectromerus grimaldii nearns & branham, 2005 are provided .\nthe systematic position of this extinct entity among the current tribes of lamiinae is discussed but it remains still questionable. biologic data are proposed .\nremarks about a second known specimen of plectromerus tertiarius vitali, 2004 and of plectromerus grimaldii nearns & branham, 2005 (cerambycinae, curiini) are added to their original descriptions. new reconstructions of habitus and anatomic features of both species are provided .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference: f. vitali. 2006. a new cerambycid from dominican amber and remarks on the fossil plectromerus - species (coleoptera, cerambycidae). entomapeiron (p. s .) 1 (1): 1 - 12\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\non a whim saturday, i bought this beetle (?) and i' d appreciate it if anyone can provide an id for it. it' s eocene, green river fm from garfield county, colorado and measures 18mm nose to tail - or whatever the correct name is for equivalent bug parts. thanks in advance\nalways interested in fossil insects and this is a nice example. i have a hunch there are many more found but not detected because fern and plant collectors aren' t looking for them generally, and other collectors are looking for other things. would like to see more insect fossils on the forum .\nto me it bears a close resemblance to modern frog - legged leaf beetles, family chrysomelidae, subfamily sagrinae. no members of this subfamily are found in north america in modern times, however, there are a number of genera found in parts of south america. i' ll run your images by a few coleoptera experts here at purdue tomorrow and see what they think .\nit is the combination of enlarged hind femur, and antennal form that reminds me of this particular subfamily. the size of 18 mm also fits well for these beetles, though some modern species can be much larger. here is a modern tropical species of sagrinae for comparison .\nsign up for a new account in our community. it' s easy!" ]

{ "text": [ "pterolophosoma otiliae is an extinct species of beetle in the family cerambycidae , and the only species in the genus pterolophosoma .", "it was described by vitali in 2006 who founded it in a dominican amber dating to early miocene . " ], "topic": [ 26, 15 ] }

[ "pterolophosoma otiliae is an extinct species of beetle in the family cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus pterolophosoma. it was described by vitali in 2006 who founded it in a dominican amber dating to early miocene." ]

[ "notes: common wherever there are trees throughout southern england and wales, north to yorkshire. widespread and common in hampshire but rather scarce on the isle of wight. wingspan 13 - 17 mm. only confusable with the rare and local crassa tinctella, which see. larva feeds on fungi growing on and under the dead bark of various deciduous trees .\nbatia unitella (hübner, 1796): huisman et al. (2001) [ source de la synonymie ] huisman, k. j. , koster, j. c. , nieukerken, e. v. & ulenberg, s. a. 2001. nieuwe en interessante microlepidoptera uit nederland in het jaar 1999 (lepidoptera). entomologische berichten, 61 (12): 169 - 199 .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance. meanwhile, please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken\nthis species is locally common in southern england, and occurs more scarcely as far north as lancashrie and yorkshire. it is rather less colourful than its close relatives lambdella and lunaris .\nthe adult flies from late june to august and sometimes comes to light it is associated with wooded areas because the larvae, late september to may, feed on fungus on and under dead bark .\nfood: late september to may. fungus on and under dead bark of trees .\nearly instar (mbgbi references are to late instar). length: 7 mm described. head: brown ochre (mbgbi; chestnut - brown). darker brown postero - lateral mark. frons and posterior edge of capsule thinly edged darker brown. labium darker. frons paler. stemmata linked by black crescent shaped band. prothorax (t1): in profile, markedly lower than rest of body. prothoracic shield transparent yellowish brown, showing head below. (mbgbi; a little darker than head). thoracic legs: greyish brown, except coxa concolorous with venter. body: dorsally dull pinkish brown to dark brown. yellowish intersegmentally and yellowish marks and irregular dorsal and dorsolateral lines. ivory white below spiracles and ventrally. spiracles: peritreme dark brown. abdominal pinacula: concolorous with pale grey setal spot. (mbgbi; dark chestnut - brown). setae: colourless translucent, faintly tinted pale brown basally. anal plate: large. translucent yellowish brown. (mbgbi; dark chestnut - brown). prolegs: concolorous, except for a blackish band .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 06 - 15 10: 53: 49 page render time: 0. 3044s total w / procache: 0. 3627s\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated. thank you .\nlarvae - (from late september to may), feed on fungus on and under dead bark .\nthis species is locally common in southern england, and occurs more scarcely as far north as lancashire and yorkshire .\nfairly frequent but not common in leicestershire and rutland. l & r moth group status = b (scarce resident or restricted distribution or regular migrant )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\n: angiospermivora regier, c. mitter, kristensen, davis, van nieukerken, rota, simonsen, k. t. mitte, kawahara, yen, cummings & zwick, 2015\n: euheteroneura regier, c. mitter, kristensen, davis, van nieukerken, rota, simonsen, k. t. mitte, kawahara, yen, cummings & zwick, 2015\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 frameset / / en\nurltoken\nthis is a common moth in the southern half of the uk. it flies between june and early september." ]

{ "text": [ "crassa unitella is a moth of the oecophoridae family .", "it is known from most of europe .", "the wingspan is 18 – 20 mm .", "adults are on wing from early june to the end of august .", "the larvae feed on dead wood and fungus under the bark of various trees .", "the larvae hibernate .", "pupation takes place in the larval feeding place . " ], "topic": [ 2, 27, 9, 8, 8, 29, 11 ] }

[ "crassa unitella is a moth of the oecophoridae family. it is known from most of europe. the wingspan is 18 – 20 mm. adults are on wing from early june to the end of august. the larvae feed on dead wood and fungus under the bark of various trees. the larvae hibernate. pupation takes place in the larval feeding place." ]

[ "cyphoma viaavensis petuch, 1986 accepted as cyphoma rhomba c. n. cate, 1978\nspecies cyphoma viaavensis petuch, 1986 accepted as cyphoma rhomba c. n. cate, 1978\nspecies cyphoma alleneae c. n. cate, 1973 accepted as cyphoma gibbosum (linnaeus, 1758 )\ncyphoma gibsonsmithorum petuch, 1987 accepted as cyphoma intermedium (g. b. sowerby i, 1828 )\nspecies cyphoma gibsonsmithorum petuch, 1987 accepted as cyphoma intermedium (g. b. sowerby i, 1828 )\ncyphoma marginata chenu, 1859 accepted as cyphoma emarginata (g. b. sowerby i, 1830) accepted as cyphoma emarginatum (g. b. sowerby i, 1830 )\nmaggie whitson selected\ncyphoma signatum\nto show in overview on\ncyphoma signatum pilsbry and mcginty, 1939\n.\nspecies cyphoma marginata chenu, 1859 accepted as cyphoma emarginata (g. b. sowerby i, 1830) accepted as cyphoma emarginatum (g. b. sowerby i, 1830 )\ncyphoma emarginata (g. b. sowerby i, 1830) accepted as cyphoma emarginatum (g. b. sowerby i, 1830 )\nmaggie whitson marked\nfingerprint cyphoma cowry couple with their mantles retracted\nas hidden on the\ncyphoma signatum\npage. reasons to hide: duplicate\nspecies cyphoma emarginata (g. b. sowerby i, 1830) accepted as cyphoma emarginatum (g. b. sowerby i, 1830) (error in gender ending )\ncyphoma signatum pilsbry & mcginty, 1939. worms (2009). cyphoma signatum pilsbry & mcginty, 1939. accessed through: world register of marine species at urltoken on 11 november 2010 .\nto barcode of life (8 barcodes) to biodiversity heritage library (1 publication) (from synonym cyphoma precursor dall, 1897) to biodiversity heritage library (2 publications) (from synonym cyphoma alleneae c. n. cate, 1973) to biodiversity heritage library (2 publications) (from synonym cyphoma macumba petuch, 1979) to biodiversity heritage library (27 publications) to biodiversity heritage library (37 publications) (from synonym cyphoma gibbosa (linnaeus, 1758) ) to biodiversity heritage library (38 publications) (from synonym bulla gibbosa linnaeus, 1758) to biodiversity heritage library (4 publications) (from synonym ovula pharetra perry, 1811) to biodiversity heritage library (6 publications) (from synonym cyphoma signatum pilsbry & mcginty, 1939) to biodiversity heritage library (7 publications) (from synonym cyphoma mcgintyi pilsbry, 1939) to encyclopedia of life (from synonym cyphoma signatum pilsbry & mcginty, 1939) to encyclopedia of life (from synonym cyphoma mcgintyi pilsbry, 1939) to encyclopedia of life (from synonym cyphoma alleneae c. n. cate, 1973) to encyclopedia of life to encyclopedia of life (from synonym cyphoma macumba petuch, 1979) to genbank (37 nucleotides; 29 proteins) to global biotic interactions (globi) to global biotic interactions (globi) (from synonym cyphoma signatum pilsbry & mcginty, 1939) to global biotic interactions (globi) (from synonym cyphoma mcgintyi pilsbry, 1939) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection (from synonym cyphoma signatum pilsbry & mcginty, 1939) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection (from synonym cyphoma mcgintyi pilsbry, 1939) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection (from synonym cyphoma mcgintyi pilsbry, 1939) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection (from synonym cyphoma lindae petuch, 1987) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection (from synonym cyphoma alleneae c. n. cate, 1973) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection (from synonym cyphoma macumba petuch, 1979) to itis\nscientific synonyms and common names flamingo tongue [ english ] langue de flamant [ french ] monnaie caraïbe [ french ] bulla gibbosa linnaeus, 1758 cyphoma dorsatum röding, 1798 ovula pharetra g. perry, 1811 cyphoma alleneae cate, 1973\nmaggie whitson marked\nfingerprint cowry\nas hidden on the\ncyphoma signatum\npage. reasons to hide: duplicate\ncyphoma uniplicata (g. b. sowerby ii, 1849) accepted as simnialena uniplicata (g. b. sowerby ii, 1849 )\nmaggie whitson set\nmr. & mrs. ? ?\nas an exemplar on\ncyphoma signatum pilsbry and mcginty, 1939\n.\nspecies cyphoma uniplicata (g. b. sowerby ii, 1849) accepted as simnialena uniplicata (g. b. sowerby ii, 1849 )\ncyphoma elongatum a. adams, 1854 accepted as phenacovolva recurva (g. b. sowerby ii in a. adams & reeve, 1848 )\nmaggie whitson marked\nmr. & mrs. ? ?\nas hidden on the\ncyphoma signatum\npage. reasons to hide: duplicate\nspecies cyphoma elongatum a. adams, 1854 accepted as phenacovolva recurva (g. b. sowerby ii in a. adams & reeve, 1848 )\nsearch for' cyphoma' returned 31 matching records. click on one of the taxon names listed below to check the details. [ new search ] [ direct link ]\n( of cyphoma precursor dall, 1897) reijnen b. t. and van der meij s. e. t. (2017). coat of many colours? dna reveals polymorphism of mantle patterns and colouration in caribbean cyphoma röding, 1798 (gastropoda, ovulidae). peerj. 5: e3018. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyphoma robustior bayer, 1941) reijnen b. t. and van der meij s. e. t. (2017). coat of many colours? dna reveals polymorphism of mantle patterns and colouration in caribbean cyphoma röding, 1798 (gastropoda, ovulidae). peerj. 5: e3018. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyphoma dorsatum röding, 1798) reijnen b. t. and van der meij s. e. t. (2017). coat of many colours? dna reveals polymorphism of mantle patterns and colouration in caribbean cyphoma röding, 1798 (gastropoda, ovulidae). peerj. 5: e3018. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyphoma finkli petuch, 1979) reijnen b. t. and van der meij s. e. t. (2017). coat of many colours? dna reveals polymorphism of mantle patterns and colouration in caribbean cyphoma röding, 1798 (gastropoda, ovulidae). peerj. 5: e3018. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyphoma lindae petuch, 1987) reijnen b. t. and van der meij s. e. t. (2017). coat of many colours? dna reveals polymorphism of mantle patterns and colouration in caribbean cyphoma röding, 1798 (gastropoda, ovulidae). peerj. 5: e3018. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyphoma mcgintyi pilsbry, 1939) reijnen b. t. and van der meij s. e. t. (2017). coat of many colours? dna reveals polymorphism of mantle patterns and colouration in caribbean cyphoma röding, 1798 (gastropoda, ovulidae). peerj. 5: e3018. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyphoma macumba petuch, 1979) reijnen b. t. and van der meij s. e. t. (2017). coat of many colours? dna reveals polymorphism of mantle patterns and colouration in caribbean cyphoma röding, 1798 (gastropoda, ovulidae). peerj. 5: e3018. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyphoma signatum pilsbry & mcginty, 1939) reijnen b. t. and van der meij s. e. t. (2017). coat of many colours? dna reveals polymorphism of mantle patterns and colouration in caribbean cyphoma röding, 1798 (gastropoda, ovulidae). peerj. 5: e3018. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyphoma alleneae c. n. cate, 1973) reijnen b. t. and van der meij s. e. t. (2017). coat of many colours? dna reveals polymorphism of mantle patterns and colouration in caribbean cyphoma röding, 1798 (gastropoda, ovulidae). peerj. 5: e3018. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe iconic flamingo tongue cyphoma gibbosum is much loved by divers and snorkelers in the caribbean. this snail species is relatively common and can be found on various soft corals from which they feed. cyphoma snails have a “mantle”, a flap of tissue which the animal can use to cover its shell. the flamingo tongue has a bright, conspicuous mantle pattern with many black - lined yellow circles (photo 1). several other cyphoma species have been described based on different mantle patterns (for example stripes, see photo 2) and minor variations in the shell morphology .\ncyphoma is a mix of moody greys and rich, earthy browns. this super - prime grade, engineered oak board has a smooth texture with a burnished hardwax oil finish, and is 220mm wide and up to 3 metres long .\n( of cyphoma precursor dall, 1897) lorenz f. & fehse d. (2009) the living ovulidae. a manual of the families of allied cowries: ovulidae, pediculariidae and eocypraeidae. hackenheim: conchbooks. [ details ]\n( of cyphoma dorsatum röding, 1798) lorenz f. & fehse d. (2009) the living ovulidae. a manual of the families of allied cowries: ovulidae, pediculariidae and eocypraeidae. hackenheim: conchbooks. [ details ]\n( of cyphoma mcgintyi pilsbry, 1939) lorenz f. & fehse d. (2009) the living ovulidae. a manual of the families of allied cowries: ovulidae, pediculariidae and eocypraeidae. hackenheim: conchbooks. [ details ]\n( of cyphoma gibbosa (linnaeus, 1758) ) lorenz f. & fehse d. (2009) the living ovulidae. a manual of the families of allied cowries: ovulidae, pediculariidae and eocypraeidae. hackenheim: conchbooks. [ details ]\n( of cyphoma signatum pilsbry & mcginty, 1939) lorenz f. & fehse d. (2009) the living ovulidae. a manual of the families of allied cowries: ovulidae, pediculariidae and eocypraeidae. hackenheim: conchbooks. [ details ]\n( of cyphoma signata pilsbry & mcginty, 1939) lorenz f. & fehse d. (2009) the living ovulidae. a manual of the families of allied cowries: ovulidae, pediculariidae and eocypraeidae. hackenheim: conchbooks. [ details ]\n( of cyphoma aureocincta (dall, 1889) ) lorenz f. & fehse d. (2009) the living ovulidae. a manual of the families of allied cowries: ovulidae, pediculariidae and eocypraeidae. hackenheim: conchbooks. [ details ]\n( of cyphoma precursor dall, 1897) cate c. n. (1973). a systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family ovulidae. the veliger. 15 (supplement): 1 - 117. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyphoma dorsatum röding, 1798) cate c. n. (1973). a systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family ovulidae. the veliger. 15 (supplement): 1 - 117. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n22. 16 table 1: octocoral densities and ivlev' s electivity index values (e) (ivlev 1961) for adult and juvenile cyphoma gibbosum at 5m and 15m. absence of electivity values indicate the absence of host species at the respective depth .\n30. 24 figure 7: cyphoma gibbosum host occupancy and movement around coral view reef 0 0. 05 0. 1 0. 15 0. 2 0. 25 0. 3 0. 35 0. 4 0. 45 proportionofobservations host occupancy movement\nfindings of intermediate mantle patterns and an unidentified black morph triggered our genetic study. snail specimens were obtained from curaçao, st. eustatius and florida in the caribbean. based on their mantle pattern they were identified as three different cyphoma species and one possibly undescribed species. surprisingly the results of the molecular study revealed no difference between the species or the localities where they were found. by searching the scientific literature we found several publications that showed that there are also no differences in the internal morphology of different cyphoma species .\n( of cyphoma macumba petuch, 1979) lorenz f. & fehse d. (2009) the living ovulidae. a manual of the families of allied cowries: ovulidae, pediculariidae and eocypraeidae. hackenheim: conchbooks. note: treated as valid species [ details ]\n( of cyphoma robustior bayer, 1941) lorenz f. & fehse d. (2009) the living ovulidae. a manual of the families of allied cowries: ovulidae, pediculariidae and eocypraeidae. hackenheim: conchbooks. note: synonymized with c. mcgintyi [ details ]\n( of cyphoma finkli petuch, 1979) lorenz f. & fehse d. (2009) the living ovulidae. a manual of the families of allied cowries: ovulidae, pediculariidae and eocypraeidae. hackenheim: conchbooks. note: synonymized with c. signatum [ details ]\n( of cyphoma lindae petuch, 1987) lorenz f. & fehse d. (2009) the living ovulidae. a manual of the families of allied cowries: ovulidae, pediculariidae and eocypraeidae. hackenheim: conchbooks. note: synonymized with c. mcgintyi [ details ]\n( of cyphoma robustior bayer, 1941) cate c. n. (1973). a systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family ovulidae. the veliger. 15 (supplement): 1 - 117. , available online at urltoken note: synonymized with c. mcgintyi [ details ]\n( of cyphoma finkli petuch, 1979) cate c. n. (1973). a systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family ovulidae. the veliger. 15 (supplement): 1 - 117. , available online at urltoken note: synonymized with c. signatum [ details ]\n( of cyphoma lindae petuch, 1987) cate c. n. (1973). a systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family ovulidae. the veliger. 15 (supplement): 1 - 117. , available online at urltoken note: synonymized with c. mcgintyi [ details ]\n( of cyphoma alleneae c. n. cate, 1973) lorenz f. & fehse d. (2009) the living ovulidae. a manual of the families of allied cowries: ovulidae, pediculariidae and eocypraeidae. hackenheim: conchbooks. note: treated as valid species [ details ]\nreijnen b. t. and van der meij s. e. t. (2017). coat of many colours? dna reveals polymorphism of mantle patterns and colouration in caribbean cyphoma röding, 1798 (gastropoda, ovulidae). peerj. 5: e3018. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n31. 25 table 3: residence time of cyphoma gibbosum on hosts in coral view reef host average residence time (days) plexaurella spp. 20. 00 antillogorgia spp. 19. 50 eunicea flexuosa 14. 29 muricea / muriceopsis 9. 20 gorgonia ventalina 7. 56 other eunicea spp. 5. 00 algae / rock 1. 00\n( of ovula rostrata mörch, 1877) reijnen b. t. and van der meij s. e. t. (2017). coat of many colours? dna reveals polymorphism of mantle patterns and colouration in caribbean cyphoma röding, 1798 (gastropoda, ovulidae). peerj. 5: e3018. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ovula pharetra perry, 1811) reijnen b. t. and van der meij s. e. t. (2017). coat of many colours? dna reveals polymorphism of mantle patterns and colouration in caribbean cyphoma röding, 1798 (gastropoda, ovulidae). peerj. 5: e3018. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n33. 27 figure 8: frequency of adult and juvenile cyphoma gibbosum by health class of hosts (0 – healthy; 1 – light predation; 2 - heavy predation; 3 – light disease; 4 – heavy disease) around utila 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0 1 2 3 4 proportionofc. gibbosum health class juvenile adult\n5. iv list of tables table 1: octocoral densities and ivlev' s electivity index values (e) (ivlev 1961) for adult and juvenile cyphoma gibbosum at 5m and 15m. absence of electivity values indicate the absence of host species at the respective depth... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 16 table 2: distribution of cyphoma gibbosum across shallow and deep reefs... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... 20 table 3: residence time of cyphoma gibbosum on hosts in coral view reef... ...... ...... ...... ...... . 24\n26. 20 table 2: distribution of cyphoma gibbosum across shallow and deep reefs depth 5m 15m proportion of juvenile snails (n = 65) 0. 65 0. 35 proportion of adult snails (n = 79) 0. 71 0. 29 life stage juvenile adult proportion at 5m (n = 98) 0. 40 0. 60 proportion at 15m (n = 46) 0. 41 0. 59\n( of cyphoma lindae petuch, 1987) rosenberg, g. ; moretzsohn, f. ; garcía, e. f. (2009). gastropoda (mollusca) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 579–699 in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyphoma mcgintyi pilsbry, 1939) rosenberg, g. ; moretzsohn, f. ; garcía, e. f. (2009). gastropoda (mollusca) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 579–699 in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyphoma gibbosa (linnaeus, 1758) ) rosenberg, g. ; moretzsohn, f. ; garcía, e. f. (2009). gastropoda (mollusca) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 579–699 in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyphoma signatum pilsbry & mcginty, 1939) rosenberg, g. ; moretzsohn, f. ; garcía, e. f. (2009). gastropoda (mollusca) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 579–699 in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe results from this study were published in the scientific journal peerj (urltoken) and concluded that the three cyphoma species and the unidentified black morph in fact all belong to the same species. the different mantle patterns do not represent different species, but should instead be regarded as variation within a species. the marine biodiversity in the caribbean “lost” two species, at least on paper. apparently the flamingo tongue snail is a fashion forward species, with several options for the mantle pattern covering its shell .\nflamingo tongue cyphoma gibbosum (linnaeus, 1758) description: the shell of this animal is covered by the mantle. the mantle is cream to white, with squarish yellow spots, outlined with dark brown. the shell is white, with a ridge across. size: usually up to 3 cm. habitat: this snail feeds on gorgonians, and can be found on various species. depth: ranges from 2 m down to 15 m. distribution: common all over the caribbean. remarks: in most countries it is illegal to bring back these shells from holidays .\n11. 5 algae to settle and grow over the exposed area. we will test the following hypotheses: 1. cyphoma gibbosum show a preference for diseased hosts 2. life stages and behaviour predict host preference this study aims to determine the host preference of c. gibbosum and the health of its octocoral host. we will also examine the relation between predation and the overall health of the host coral. the health parameters addressed in this study are the two primary causes of reduced coral cover: disease and algal overgrowth (wahle 1985; aronson et al. 2003) .\n21. 15 results species distribution and preference octocoral host densities for utila, honduras are given in table 1. shallow reefs (d = 10. 06) were much more diverse than deep reefs (d = 4. 64). this indicates that shallow reefs were more even octocoral distribution. antillogorgia elisabethae abundance increases with depth, making up approximately 19% of the reef at five meters and 44% of deep reefs. conversely gorgonia ventalina density decreases dramatically at deeper reefs, making up 20% of the reef at five meters and only 4% at fifteen meters. briarium asbestinium and eunicea flexuosa decrease moderately in density with depth. adult cyphoma gibbosum show a high preference for pseudoplexaura porosa at 5m (e = 0. 0. 931) and 15m (e = 0. 937); antillogorgia americana at 5m (e =. 711) and 15m (e = 0. 875); and e. flexuosa at 5m (e = 0. 513) and 15m (e = 0. 674), given their respective host densities. juvenile snails show a high preference for for a. americana that almost completely excludes all other hosts (e = 0. 929, e = 0. 935 respectively) (table 1). spearman rank correlation coefficient tests resulted in a significant correlation between adult c. gibbosum density and octocoral density (r = 0. 46; p < 0. 01). there was no significant correlation between juvenile c. gibbosum densities and host densities (r = 0. 19; p > 0. 05) .\n24. 18 chi - square tests indicated that there was significance in the frequency that snails were found across the five sites. adult c. gibbosum was found most frequently on eunicea spp. (28 %), antillogorgia spp. (22 %), and gorgonia ventalina (21 %); juvenile snails were found primarily on antillogorgia spp. (86 %) (χ2 = 74. 76; df = 8; p «0. 001) (figure 4). proportion tests indicated that more adult snails occurred in shallow reefs (71 %) compared to deep reefs (χ2 = 12. 96; df = 1; p «0. 001). juvenile snail distribution reflected adult distribution; 65% of juveniles occurred in shallow reefs (χ2 = 4. 98; df = 1; p < 0. 05) (table 2). the proportion of juveniles and adults does not change with depth; there are approximately 60% adults and 40% juveniles in the reefs, regardless of depth (error! not a valid bookmark self - reference .). the host preference of c. gibbosum at 5m reflects the overall preference given in figure 4. juvenile snails were found primarily on antillogorgia spp. (95 %); adult snails occurred largely on gorgonia ventalina (28 %), antillogorgia spp. (22 %), and eunicea spp. (17 %) (χ2 = 49. 64; df = 7; p«0. 001) (figure 5). host preference of c. gibbosum at 15m however, differs from its preference at 5m. juvenile snails were found predominantly on antillogorgia spp. (68 %) at 15m; however, a larger proportion was found on muricea / muriceopsis spp (32 %) than at 5m. adult snails were frequently found on antillogorgia spp. (48 %) and eunicea spp. (41 %), though none were found on g. ventalina (figure 6) at this depth. cyphoma gibbosum was found on a wider variety of hosts at 5m than at 15m, reflecting the diversity of host availability .\n( of pseudocyphoma c. n. cate, 1973) lorenz f. & fehse d. (2009) the living ovulidae. a manual of the families of allied cowries: ovulidae, pediculariidae and eocypraeidae. hackenheim: conchbooks. [ details ]\nm. de kluijver, g. gijswijt, r. de leon & i. da cunda\nhumann, p. , 1992. reef creature identification - florida caribbean bahamas, (ed. n. deloach). new world publications, inc. , paramount miller graphics, inc. , jacksonville, florida .\nlorenz f. & fehse d. (2009) the living ovulidae. a manual of the families of allied cowries: ovulidae, pediculariidae and eocypraeidae. hackenheim: conchbooks. [ details ]\nrosenberg, g. ; moretzsohn, f. ; garcía, e. f. (2009). gastropoda (mollusca) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 579–699 in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlorenz f. & fehse d. (2009) the living ovulidae. a manual of the families of allied cowries: ovulidae, pediculariidae and eocypraeidae. hackenheim: conchbooks. note: treated as valid species [ details ]\nwoodworks by ted todd offers the finest antique, reclaimed and new wood floors. we’ve been honing our craft for 25 years, learning everything we can about bringing old wood back to life to reveal the beauty of its heritage, it’s become our mission to source unusual and increasingly rare antique wood floors as well as reclaimed wood from britain’s industrial age, and the finest quality new wood. the end results are elegant floors that can be enjoyed for generations to come .\norder up to 3 samples, free of charge, and we' ll get them to you within 48 hours .\nyou can buy our floors from our nationwide network of retail partners, who will offer you supply and fit packages. visit our locations map to find your nearest partner .\nmake your floor last for generations by using our easy - to - use care system 2. you can buy our care systems from our retail partners .\nall of our floors come with a 20 year guarantee (if it has been fitted by an approved fitter), giving you peace of mind to enjoy your floor from the day it is fitted .\nif you' re a specifier, architect, designer or contractor click below to visit our dedicated commercial website .\nwe use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. if you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks, 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nwelch j. j. (2010) .\nthe\nisland rule\nand deep - sea gastropods: re - examining the evidence\n. plos one 5 (1): e8776. doi: 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0008776 .\ncate, c. n. 1973. a systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family ovulidae. veliger 15 (supplement): 1 - 117 .\nrosenberg, g. , f. moretzsohn, and e. f. garcía. 2009. gastropoda (mollusca) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 579–699 in felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. biodiversity. texas a & m press, college station, texas\nlorenz f. & fehse d. (2009). the living ovulidae - a manual of the families of allied cowries: ovulidae, pediculariidae and eocypraeidae. conchbooks, hackenheim, germany .\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life: april 2013 selected by maggie whitson - see more .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nslideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. if you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. see our user agreement and privacy policy .\nslideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. if you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. see our privacy policy and user agreement for details .\nwe use your linkedin profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads. you can change your ad preferences anytime .\n12. 6 methods study site this study took place on utila, the second largest bay island of honduras. it is approximately 29 kilometers from the honduras mainland and is surrounded by the caribbean sea. the island is 13 kilometers long and four kilometers wide with a population of approximately 7000 people, most of which live around the eastern harbour (saunders et al. 2009). the bay islands are the eastern - most extent of the mesoamerican barrier reef complex, which is the second largest reef in the world, after the great barrier reef in australia. the average water temperature during the field season was 28°c. three sites were surveyed from the south side of the island: little bight, coral view, and stingray point; and two from the north side: the maze and spotted bay (figure 1) .\n20. 14 and analyzed using anova to examine the relationship between occupancy and host health, with the null hypothesis that mean snail occupancy is equal for low, medium, and high levels of predation, disease, and overgrowth. eq. 3 sno = obs ap, d, or o frequency / cm2 sno = snail occupation obs = number of observations of c. gibbosum ap, d, or o = relative area cover of predation, disease, or overgrowth, respectively, at the end of the monitoring period (cm2 )\n25. 19 figure 4 c. gibbosum host distribution around the 5 sites: coral view, little bight, stingray point, spotted bay, and the maze. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 0. 9 1 proportionofc. gibbosum host juvenile adult\n27. 21 figure 5: host preference of c. gibbosum at 5m around the five sites: coral view, little bight, stingray point, spotted bay, and the maze figure 6: host preference of c. gibbosum at 15m around the five sites: coral view, little bight, stingray point, spotted bay, and the maze 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 0. 9 1 proportionofc. gibbosum host juvenile adult 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 proportionofc. gibbosum host juvenile adult\n28. 22 distribution around coral view reef the distribution of c. gibbosum based on occupancy and movement throughout the monitoring period in coral view reef is given in figure 7. this distribution differs significantly from a random expectation. snails showed preference in occupancy for eunicea flexuosa (36 %), and gorgonia ventalina (33 %) (χ2 = 130. 87, df = 6, p«0. 001). similar patterns are observed in the movement data: g. ventalina (38 %) and e. flexuosa (28 %) were preferred based on snail migration patterns (χ2 = 147. 03, df = 6, p«0. 001). the average residence time of c. gibbosum was longest on plexaurella spp. (20 days) and on antillogorgia spp. (19. 5 days), and shortest on algae or rock (1 day). however, an anova test failed to reject the null hypothesis that residence time is independent of host species (f = 1. 45, df = 6, p > 0. 20) (\n32. 26 host health a significant difference in the distribution of snails around utila was observed between different levels of health of the hosts (χ2 = 32. 13, df = 4, p «0. 001). approximately 70% of adult snails recorded were found on hosts that showed signs of past predation, while only 18% were found on hosts that showed any symptoms of disease. over 50% of all juvenile snails were found on healthy hosts that showed no signs of disease or predation; only one of the juvenile snails was found on a host that showed any sign of disease (figure 8). anova tests failed to reject the null hypothesis that mean snail occupancy is independent of level of disease (f = 0. 39; df = 3; p > 0. 75) and overgrowth (f = 0. 92; df = 3; p > 0. 45). however, a test of variance on levels of predation rejected the null (f = 6. 10; df = 3; p < 0. 05); greater occupancy results in higher levels of predation. increased occupation is associated with higher levels of predation, but not disease or overgrowth (figure 9). 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0 1 2 3 4 proportionofc. gibbosum health class juvenile adult\n34. 28 figure 9: relation between snail occupation (sno), a size corrected measure of frequency, and host health, with regard to predation, disease, and algal overgrowth 0 0. 04 0. 08 0. 12 0. 16 0. 2 0 1 2 3 sno (freq / cm2) predation 0 0. 04 0. 08 0. 12 0. 16 0. 2 0 1 2 3 sno (freq / cm2) overgrowth 0 0. 04 0. 08 0. 12 0. 16 0. 2 0 1 2 3 sno (freq / cm2) health state disease\n39. 33 overgrowth, other environmental factors or anthropogenic effects may be the cause and should be considered. the factors identified to influence preference include: host species, life stage, and reef depth. future research should examine previous c. gibbosum occupation and host defenses such as: sclerite size, shape, and concentration; and chemical defenses .\n44. 38 whalen k. , lane a. , kubanek j. , and hahn m. 2010. biochemical warefare on the reef: the role of glutathione transferases in consumer tolerance of dietary prostaglandins. plos one 5 (1): e8537\nrepeat and skipped spawning in capelin (mallotus villosus) on the easter newf ...\nclipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips .\nin order to access this website, please configure your browser to support cookies .\n877. 705. 1878 (toll - free, u. s. & canada) 773. 753. 3347 (international )\nthe species is exploited in the following sector (s): used in the clothing, footwear or crafts industries for the manufacture of articles (jewellery, etc .) .\n( of bulla gibbosa linnaeus, 1758) linnaeus, c. (1758). systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. editio decima, reformata. laurentius salvius: holmiae. ii, 824 pp. , available online at urltoken page (s): 726 [ details ]\ncate c. n. (1973). a systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family ovulidae. the veliger. 15 (supplement): 1 - 117. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ovula pharetra perry, 1811) cate c. n. (1973). a systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family ovulidae. the veliger. 15 (supplement): 1 - 117. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ovula pharetra perry, 1811) lorenz f. & fehse d. (2009) the living ovulidae. a manual of the families of allied cowries: ovulidae, pediculariidae and eocypraeidae. hackenheim: conchbooks. [ details ]\nis from bermuda to curacao, including the florida keys and western caribbean. however, it is not found in the gulf of mexico. in geographic ranges, it is found in the southeastern part of the of the nearctic region and the northwestern part of the neotropical region .\nis distributed in a clumped, non - random distribution on coral reefs. usually the most common gorgonian in coral reef habitats, it is primarily found on band and patch reefs. in addition, the\ncan be found in near - shore areas with heavy wave action and also on deeper reefs (depths greater than 15 m) .\nis usually purple but can vary to its less common colors of yellow - orange, yellow, and brown. in some cases, the color of the sea fan is a result of the environment and the chemicals in the enviroment. the principle pigments of the sea fan are fixed in the spicules (needle - like parts of solid calcium carbonate). colors result from chemical pigments produced in the spicules. since the color of the fan varies, the shape of the spicules is the only positive identifier of\nprotrude from the spicules as tiny fragile white flowers. it is these individual polyps that form the sea fan .\ncan be up to 180 cm tall and 150 cm wide, with anastomose branches, which form uniplanar, reticulate, fan - shaped colonies. the branches are round or slightly compressed in the plane of the fan branch .\nonce a planulae polyp is settled on a hard surface, the young polyp creates a horizonatal layer of aragonite called the basal disk. as the polyp grows upward, the base' s margin also turns upward, forming a cup called the epitheca, which contains daily growth bands. these and other sturctures called septa form the skeletal boundaries found at the bottom of the coral polyps, which are left behind as a result of the upward growth of the polyp .\ngorgonian corals reproduce asexually by cloning or fragmentation, with external fertilization. the larvae typically spend several days as plankton before settling on a hard surface to begin formation of a colony .\n. the greatest cause of mortality is the disattachment of a colony from the substrate, most likely by wave action and storms. the overgrowth of the sea fan by other organisms is also another leading cause of death, especially by the hydrocoralline\nand some encrusting bryozoa. the cause of death is attributed to the lack of food and oxygen to the polyp. recently, mortality has also been attributed to tumor growth. the tumors observed on\nexposed to environmental stresses include the presence of pollutants, rising water temperature, increased nutrient concentrations, and increased turbidity. the large tumor masses, which were most often concentrated at the axial bases of the affected clonies were clearly associated with tissue death (necrosis) and erosion of the affected coral. according to cary, there is no evidence that gorgonian colonies ever die from old age .\n( cary, may 15, 1915; morse, et al. , 1977 )\nwill orient according so that the\nfan\nis perpendicular to the motion of the waves. this orientation only occurs in the adult sea fans. the young will grow in any direction, but as they mature will slowly shift until they are facing the current .\nin anthozoans, specialized sensory organs are absent and nerves are arranged in nerve nets. most nerve cells allow impulses to travel in either direction. hairlike projections on individual cells are mechanoreceptors and possible chemoreceptors. some anthozoans show a sensitivity to light .\nis carnivourous, feeding on zooplankton, especially at night. a passive feeder ,\norients itself in the path of the sea current, so that the current flows past the fan and the zooplankton in the current are caught and eaten. in addition to being a carnivorous passive feeder ,\nalso has zooxanthellae, which extensively colonize the sea fan, especially in the epidermis, polyps, and gastrodermal canals and the anthocodial septae. these zooxanthellae, usually\n, are also able to provide the sea fan with nutrients through its photosynthetic activities .\ncontains secondary metabolites and calcified sclerites that act as anti - predator defenses. these anti - predator defenses act as successful feeding deterrents to the\n( cronin, et al. , march 1995; van alstyne and paul, september 1992 )\nhas several ecosystem roles, primarily by serving as a substrate for many other organisms. for example, bivavle molluscs, sponges, and algae may grow on dead sections of the sea fan. however, it is not known if the growth of these organisms kills the sections or if they invade after the coral is already dead. certain organisms, such as the brittle star and the basket starfish, use the tall\nto climb to a more advantageous position for filter feeding in reef areas. there have been studies into the role that sea fans, including\n, have in the formation of coral reefs. conclusions were the limestone inner structure provides some of the base where other corals may attach to form more colonies .\nas a colorful addition to coral reef habitats, its presence also is important to ecotourism .\nlee goetz (author), hood college, maureen foley (editor), hood college .\nthe body of water between africa, europe, the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), and the western hemisphere. it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .\nliving in the southern part of the new world. in other words, central and south america .\nused loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies. more specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits (a continuous, modular society) - as in clonal organisms .\nhumans benefit economically by promoting tourism that focuses on the appreciation of natural areas or animals. ecotourism implies that there are existing programs that profit from the appreciation of natural areas or animals .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother' s body .\nthe business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .\na form of body symmetry in which the parts of an animal are arranged concentrically around a central oral / aboral axis and more than one imaginary plane through this axis results in halves that are mirror - images of each other. examples are cnidarians (phylum cnidaria, jellyfish, anemones, and corals) .\nstructure produced by the calcium carbonate skeletons of coral polyps (class anthozoa). coral reefs are found in warm, shallow oceans with low nutrient availability. they form the basis for rich communities of other invertebrates, plants, fish, and protists. the polyps live only on the reef surface. because they depend on symbiotic photosynthetic algae, zooxanthellae, they cannot live where light does not penetrate .\nattached to substratum and moving little or not at all. synapomorphy of the anthozoa\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23. 5 degrees north to 23. 5 degrees south .\nanimal constituent of plankton; mainly small crustaceans and fish larvae. (compare to phytoplankton. )\ncary, l. may 15, 1915. the alcyonaria as a factor in reef limestone formation .\ncronin, g. , m. hay, w. finical, n. lindquist. march 1995. distribution, density, and sequestration of host chemical defenses by the specialist nudibranch * tritonia hamnerorum * found at high densities on the sea fan * g. ventalina * .\ndruffel, e. august 5, 1997. geochemistry of corals: proxies of past ocean chemistry, ocean circulation, and climate .\ngotelli, n. april 1991. demographic models for * leptogorgia virgulata *, a shallow - water gorgonian .\ngrigg, r. march 1972. orientation and growth form of sea fans .\nmorse, d. , a. morse, h. duncan. 1977. algal tumors in the caribbean sea fan * g. ventalina * .\nvan alstyne, k. , v. paul. september 1992. chemical and structural defenses in the sea fan * g. ventalina * - effects against generalist and specialist predators .\nto cite this page: goetz, l. 2002 .\ngorgonia ventalina\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\nalthough their shells appear beautifully patterned with colorful spots, these spots are only visible while the snail is alive. a flamingo tongue’s shell is actually white. the vibrant spots come from the snail’s mantle which is extended over the shell .\nonly ¾ to 1 inch in size, these little snails feed on the polyps of sea rods as well as other gorgonians (soft corals). as gastropods, aka stomach - footed snails, flamingo tongues use their foot to eat !\nflamingo tongues only have a few predators, such as the hogfish, pufferfish, and the caribbean spiny lobster. apparently their mantle is not too tasty to fish, so it acts a defense mechanism .\ncommonly found in florida, the bahamas, and the caribbean, flamingo tongues can be seen anywhere from 6 to 45 feet, although i have seen them much deeper .\nbased on this tid - bit from national geographic, it appears the flamingo tongues can ingest toxic sea fan polyps without being injured, but in turn they become toxic themselves. scientists believe the toxic chemicals ingested by the snails are the cause for their distastefulness .\nflamingo tongues are becoming less common due to over - collecting by divers and snorkelers. please do not collect live flamingo tongues…take only pictures !\nthese snails are popularly known as\nbubble snails\n, and their shells as\nbubble shells\n, because the shell of some of the species is very inflated indeed, almost spherical in shape, and is also very thin and light .\naccording to some experts, bulla is currently the only genus in the family bullidae, which in turn is the only member of the superfamily bulloidea .\nall bulla species have large, ovate external shells, which are large enough to accommodate the whole snail when retracted. all species have rather similarly shaped shells. the shells have a deep, narrow umbilicus at the apex. there is no operculum .\nthe smooth shell of bulla is ovate and expanded, with a deep, sunken involute top. since there is little difference between the shells and in the morphology of the radular teeth, there is some uncertainty about the exact taxonomy of the species in bulla .\nthe gizzard of bulla is rather different from that of other herbivorous groups. it has three large corneous crushing plates and ancillary corneous spines, instead of just grinding plates. the crawling snails show prominent, frilled or lobed parapodia .\nthese snails are mostly nocturnal and can be found on shallow, sandy coasts grazing among sea grasses, feeding primarily on green algae. they bury themselves in mud when the tide is out .\nin the coastal lagoons and bays of california, the colorful nudibranch navanax inermis is a well - known predator of sea slugs, especially bulla gouldiana, which it envelopes whole .\nthis family seems to have evolved separately in an early stage of the evolutionary history of the opisthobranchs. for a fuller treatment of the whole group see cephalaspidea .\nbulla, haminoea and smaragdinella form the well - defined monophyletic group bulloidea, according to the 1996 phylogenetic analysis of paula m. mikkelsen (malacologia, 37 (2): 375 - 442). but, according to dr. bill rudman and others, differences in the alimentary canal and reproductive system, still put haminoea and smaragdinella into the separate superfamily haminoeidea .\nhas been used for a great number of bubble - shelled species that belonged to the order cephalapsidea. from the mid - 20th century, authors began to restrict species to the genus\nin its current meaning. but misidentifications were still numerous through high levels of intraspecific variability in the shell ,\nand male genital system. the monograph by malaquias & reid (2008) has offered a systematic revision of this genus and has brought order in this genus\ndescription: this is the common bulla in tropical indo - pacific; globose, inflated, moderately solid body whorl. the white aperture is as long as the rest of the shell. the rounded outer lip is extended posteriorly beyond the apex. columella in a reversed ‘s’ - shape, smooth and thinly callous. cream - colored with blotches of dark, purple - brown .\ndescription: semi - transparent head, mantle and foot are yellowish - brown with mottled pale - bluish dots; reddish to brown involute (= sunken) apex; the aperture is wide anteriorly, narrow posteriorly; their egg mass is yellow to orange tangled string of jelly, containing oval capsules. each one contains up to 25 eggs, which develop into veliger larvae .\ndescription: thin, rotund, oval shell with a smooth, glazed surface; pale color with brown spots; involute (= sunken) apex; large body whorl; long aperture, wide anteriorly; white columella .\ndescription: the shell looks like the one of bulla ampula, but is smaller and more cylindrical. its color is cream, with clouding of brown or gray in two to four spiral bands, generally spotted with squarish chocolate dots, bordered to the right by white spots." ]

{ "text": [ "cyphoma is a genus of predatory tropical sea snails , a taxonomic group of marine gastropod molluscs in the family ovulidae , a family which is sometimes known as the false cowries or cowry allies . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "cyphoma is a genus of predatory tropical sea snails, a taxonomic group of marine gastropod molluscs in the family ovulidae, a family which is sometimes known as the false cowries or cowry allies." ]

[ "now come with me to bosra sham, a romanian center contains the largest roman amphitheatre in syria .\nsyrian army and its allied fighters forced to withdraw from bosra al - sham after five days of fighting .\nthe fight for control of bosra al - sham, however, left heavy damage in other parts of the town .\nbosra sham, named after a place in syria, is the only horse whom henry cecil can honestly say “i loved very much” .\nbosra al - sham is a predominantly sunni town with a population of about 30, 000 but also has a sizable shia community .\n• syria: russian airstrikes hit trajan’s palace in bosra al - sham, daraa governorate. asor chi incident report shi 17 - 0027\nthere was no immediate comment from the government on the fall of busra sham (or bosra al - sham), a town in southern syria classified as a unesco world heritage site for its historic citadel, ruins and well - preserved roman theatre. busra sham had been ...\nbosra sham' s triumph sparked a moving celebration at newmarket, as cecil was brought near to tears by rapturous applause from an appreciative crowd .\nbosra al - sham is perched on highlands 10km from the jordanian border, overlooking the plains that spread out from the southern outskirts of damascus .\ntoday is a happy day, bosra al - sham has been completely liberated ,\nsaid ahmad masalma, an opposition activist in deraa .\nthe bosra al - sham hotel, the biggest and best - known hotel in the region, and historic souqs were also destroyed in the fighting .\nbosra al - sham, syria - the free syrian army (fsa) has seized control of the ancient city of bosra al - sham after four days of intense fighting. the city, home to 26, 000 sunnis and 4, 000 shiites before the war, had for four years been a key asset for ...\nthe losses in idlib mark the second blow to government forces this week, after the rebels captured the ancient and strategic town of bosra al - sham in the south .\nrussia and the syrian regime have been shelling bosra al - sham for days, as part of an offensive into opposition areas of daraa province. syrian activists and monitors blamed regime shelling for the destruction in bosra with major damage to the stone ...\nblue duster remained a strong fancy for the 1000 guineas throughout the winter, and by spring there was much anticipation of a meeting between loder' s filly and bosra sham .\nsaturday' s sparkling dubai champion stakes winner bosra sham will stay in training next season when she will stick to racing at a mile and a quarter, henry cecil revealed yesterday .\nbosra sham was an outstanding 1m - 1m 2f filly. at her best she' d be up there with the best 1m - 1m 2f filly' s i' ve seen .\nthe nonstop shelling on the eastern countryside of daraa has inflected a sufficient damage on the roman amphitheater in the ancient bosra al - sham citadel, in southern syria. ahmad al - a' dawi, the head of the bosra bureau of antiquities, told enab baladi ...\nyet, the traumatic night before the big race, henry cecil found bosra sham’s pulse rate up, needing the shoe to be removed to relieve the pressure and for the foot to be redressed .\nthe filly had been boxed in on the rails three furlongs out giving the eventual winner and runner - up benny the dip a huge advantage when bosra sham was finally able to launch her run .\nrebel fighters distribute sweets in celebration in front bosra' s ancient citadel in the historic syrian southern town of bosra al - sham, after they took control of the area, march 25, 2015. (reuters). by afp beirut thursday, 26 march 2015. text size a a a .\nshe was his temptress for 36 nightmarish months, because bosra sham, the world¨s highest - priced yearling in 1994, was considered to be one of the most exciting racehorses of modern times, and the most vulnerable .\nthe sources said government troops were forced to withdraw on wednesday from bosra al - sham, located near the jordanian border and classified as a unesco world heritage site for its historic citadel, ruins and well - preserved roman theatre .\nbosra al - sham had been in the hands of president bashar al - assad' s troops throughout the four - year - old conflict, and was considered to be a bastion of pro - government forces in deraa province .\nsana war correspondent reported on friday evening that an agreement reached between syrian government and terrorist groups in bosra al - sham city. the correspondent said the agreement stipulates for starting a ceasefire and for terrorists to hand over ...\nbosra sham' s final victory also came at royal ascot so it seemed appropriate that i should set the picture at ascot. i decided to paint her at the old mile start because of the lovely trees in the background. i felt that by painting bosra sham in repose as opposed to racing action i could convey better her femininity and grace... .... . having said that, in full flow she was a wonderful sight .\nthe only son of woodman to stand in south africa, he was out of gr 1 placed performing arts by the minstrel (can). woodman has produced the likes of hansel, timber country, hector protector and bosra sham .\n• looting and illegal excavations in the bosra roman ruins continues (asor chi incident report shi 16 - 0047) .\nhe later gave fallon a full vote of confidence during a successful newmarket july meeting for the pair. eddery will renew acquaintances with bosra sham, who he rode to victory in last year' s 1, 000 guineas and champion stakes .\nbosra sham is also considered a historic and religious center, where the largest cathedral was built there in its time a small miniature church of sofia, in istanbul in the fourth century. the cathedral later disintegrated by muslims after the 6 th century .\nsaid' s decision came after the syrian businessman was understood to be unhappy over the tactics used by trainer henry cecil' s retained jockey kieren fallon when bosra sham finished third to pilsudski in the coral - eclipse stakes, at sandown earlier this month .\ndamascus (sputnik) - members of illegal militant groups in the city of busra al - sham (bosra) in the southern syrian daraa province have started surrendering heavy weapons and hardware to the government forces, a military source told sputnik on ...\nrebel forces holding the strategic town of bosra al - sham in syria' s southern deraa province have surrendered to loyalist troops of president bashar al - assad according to an official source. uk - based syrian observatory for human rights has also ...\nrebel factions expected to hand over heavy weaponry and accept government rule over strategic town of bosra al - sham. rebels in a strategically located town in syria' s southern deraa province have surrendered to forces loyal to president bashar al - assad ...\nsuleiman al - isa, the director of the department of antiquities, told enab baladi that bosra sham has been a world heritage site since 1980. this makes unesco responsible for promoting and supporting the only party working on preserving, maintaining, ...\nbeirut: a military media unit run by the syrian government' s ally hezbollah reported on sunday that rebels in bosra al - sham in southwest syria had agreed to settle with the government. the rebels had started handing over heavy weapons in preparation ...\nkieren fallon has admitted he still thinks about his ride on bosra sham in the 1997 coral - eclipse at sandown, in which he finished third behind pilsudski and benny the dip. the jockey subsequently lost the ride to pat eddery in the juddmonte ...\nbosra al - sham once the capital of the roman province of arabia, whose ancient city is listed as a unesco world heritage site. a magnificent 2nd - century roman theatre, early christian ruins and several mosques are found within its great walls. 686400362 .\nthe sources said government troops were forced to withdraw on wednesday from bosra al - sham, located near the jordanian border and classified as a unesco world heritage site for its historic citadel, ruins and well - preserved roman theatre. it was once ...\nshe came out last year as a four - year - old, won two and would have made itthree had her jockey not gone for a gap which was not there. bosra sham was then going to set the field ablaze in the juddmonte international at york .\nthe race had been billed as the final showdown for the trainers championship between cecil and godolphin' s saeed bin suroor, with cecil racing more than £60, 000 in front when bosra sham, a 9 to 4 chance, sprinted by hallinit two furlongs out .\nalwasmiya put in a promising performance when powering away from the opposition in the irish stallion farms ebf' bosra sham' fillies' stakes at newmarket. simon crisford' s youngster had got off the mark at nottingham on her second start and stepped up ...\nsyrian rebels on wednesday seized full control of the southern town of bosra al - sham, pushing pro - regime forces out after four days of heavy fighting, a monitor said .\nrebels and islamist fighters pushed out national defence forces and popular defence ...\nin syria, the rebels in bosra al - sham town of daraa province have agreed to a deal to hand over their heavy weapons to russian troops. this has been reported by syrian observatory for human rights and syrian state media. jordan on sunday mediated a ...\nthe\nfattah army\ncoalition - including the al - nusra front, jund al - aqsa, jaish al - sunna, liwa al - haqq, ajnad al - sham, and faynad al - sham - seized idlib city on saturday after more than five days of fierce fighting .\non official figures, zarkava is the best three - year - old filly since bosra sham, who won the 1, 000 guineas in 1996. on timeform figures, she is 3lb behind allez france and habibti – the highest - rated fillies and mares of the past 40 years .\ndoubts were raised over the condition of the horse after it had sweated profusely in the parade ring, but the race came down to a two - way battle between mark of esteem and henry cecil' s super filly bosra sham. dettori asked his mout for maximum effort ...\nthere was no shame in losing to pilsudski, the winner of six group ones on three continents, but bosra sham' s connections were clearly mortified .\nthe whole thing was appalling ,\nsaid her trainer, henry cecil, who had previously described her as the best horse he had trained .\nfallon lost the ride but he didn' t miss much. bosra sham made just one more appearance, in the juddmonte international, and, although odds - on again, finished last of four. she lost a shoe in mid - race but there is no doubt that these two defeats dented her reputation .\n• sarg forces and pro - regime militias allegedly shelled the ayyubid citadel in bosra, daraa governorate (asor chi incident report shi 16 - 0138 update) .\nbut worst of all was the experience of bosra sham, or should that be shambles. in a five - horse field kieren fallon managed to get boxed in on the 4 - 7 favourite and failed to catch either pilsudski or benny the dip. cecil' s only runner since has been third - placed shiva eight years ago .\nrun over ten furlongs, the prince of wales’s stakes is one of the leading races of the year for older horses. it’s winners include some of the greats such as brigadier gerard (1972), mtoto (1987 & 1988), bosra sham (1997), dubai millennium (2000), fantastic light (2001) and ouija board (2006) .\nbosra sham will be ridden by pat eddery for the remainder of this season, according to a statement issued yesterday by the filly' s owner wafic said' s racing manager captain tim bulwer - long. in the statement bulwer - long said :\naddison racing has retained pat eddery to ride all wafic said' s english trained horses for the remainder of the 1997 season .\nbetween 1995 and 1997 bosra sham ran 10 times, had seven spectacular wins and each was a triumph of henry cecil’s and his farrier’s care. she won the 1000 guineas and walked into the winner’s enclosure as though she were on hot coals. she had four months off, was a rusty second in the queenelizabeth stakes and was next produced to be spot on for the dubai champion stakes .\nin the spring of 1996 halling ran fourth to winner cigar in the 1996 dubai world cup then at longchamp racecourse in france won the group one prix d' ispahan. he completed the remarkable feat of winning both the eclipse and international stakes for the second straight year. he finished his racing career at newmarket, running second to 1, 000 guineas winner bosra sham in the 1996 champion stakes .\nit is possible that paul the apostle went through it on his way to arabia since it is a gateway between damascus, tadmor, arabia and iraq. it was also an important commercial center for exchanging goods and products. “i went immediately to arabia and later returned to damascus”. (galations 1: 17) so bosra sham was the capital of the ghassasinite kingdom at time of the byzantine empire .\nhe was describing one of the lowest points in the career of kieren fallon, an unquestionably brilliant jockey who got it horribly wrong on bosra sham in the eclipse by going for a tiny gap on the rails, early in the home straight. it closed almost immediately and suddenly the 4 - 7 favourite had lost all momentum and was being reined back and thrown to the outside in vain pursuit of pilsudski and benny the dip .\nthe rebel in him has rarely been far from the surface. it erupted spectacularly seven years ago when he wrestled his fellow jockey stuart webster off his horse at beverley after a racecourse fracas, earning fallon a six - month suspension from the jockey club. he has been no stranger to bans and has ridden his fair share of bad races - bosra sham' s debacle in the eclipse of 1997 at sandown being a case in point .\nnow and again, a horse truly captures the imagination and bosra sham was such a horse. she was quite simply one of the most beautiful racehorses i have seen with a lovely feminine head but tremendous quarters and a powerful hind leg. so it was not a great surprise when she turned out to have a super engine! i first saw her at ascot as a two year old when she romped home in the fillies mile and i decided there and then that i would love to paint her .\nmark of esteem became europe' s champion miler and three - year - old of 1996 after an outstanding year that saw him victorious in the 2, 000 guineas and celebration mile, before culminating in a scintillating performance in the queen elizabeth ii stakes running down bosra sham. leg three of frankie dettori' s ‘magnificent seven' that day, mark of esteem earned a timeform rating of 137, the best qeii rating of the nineties and a record that he held until only frankel bettered it in 2011 .\nyou should not make excuses for bosra sham ,\nthe racing post' s analyst wrote, hectoring the filly' s aggrieved backers. but it would have been extraordinary if she had overcome that setback at a critical point in the race, especially as the front pair had dictated a steady pace between them before stealing first run on her. she closed the gap but the leaders were not stopping and she was still a short - head behind benny the dip at the line. pilsudski had beaten both by a length and a half .\non july 1, free syrian army (fsa) fighters in the town of bosra al - harir in the eastern daraa countryside began handing over their weapons and military equipment to the syrian arab army (saa), according to the hezbollah media wing in syria. (ahlulbayt ...\nlet’s not forget that god used, previously, emperor” philip the arab”, from syria, who was converted with his son and were baptized by oregon, (the famous theologian) in bosra - sham, some say it was the town of shaba, and whose help in the return of exiled christians from arabia was very much appreciated. they were exiled by his previous pagan emperor. emperor phillip the arab (he reigned from 244 - 249 ad) was killed with his son by his pagan general and took his place. the council of nicea concluded, at the end, by giving us “the apostles creed which was and still a rock against the heresies and the philosophies contrary to the true teachings of the gospel. here is the literal nicene creed .\nthe traditional church history tells us that when the apostle matthew had visited it and so the two disciples of the sovereign who were sent by jesus to preach, and also one of the deacons of jerusalem had served in it. in bosra remember also, emperor philip the arab and his son, were both converted and baptized by the gifted theologian oregon. bosra remained the capital of al - ghassasinites for centuries until the conquest of islam. at this very time we remember ” raheb bouhayra” (the heretic monk) who was teaching the heresy of arius and nestorius which denied the deity of christ. this heresy was refuted by the nicene creed. raheb bouhayra taught this very heresy to “prophet mohammad” which many historians and people believe that this heresy has become the mother of the islamic religion .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe fizz in the champagne glass started to disappear yesterday when a group of european handicappers gave the superb zarkava a rating of just 127 despite a stunning performance to land sunday' s prix de l' arc de triomphe at longchamp .\nvisually, most observers were struck by the way zarkava overcame a dramatic incident at the start and traffic problems in running to win against a high - class field of middle - distance horses from all parts of europe as well as japan .\ncomparisons were immediately drawn with the original' queen of longchamp', the great allez france, who was inspiring similar headlines with her dominance of french racing in the early 1970s. in the euphoria of an unforgettable day' s racing, it all seemed very understandable .\nbut the reality checkers, racing' s slide - rule merchants, the handicappers, gathered in force and delivered their verdict. if it had been the results of a round of strictly come dancing, hoots of derision would have come from the crowd for their marking of a highly popular performer .\ndispassionate, objective and accurate, or are they just a bunch of party - poopers out to make names for themselves? that is being harsh, because two reliable yardsticks, youmzain (second last year) and soldier of fortune (fifth), both managed placings this time and offered a strong line to the overall merit of the win compared to dylan thomas in 2007 .\nthe other factor was the proximity of it' s gino, a useful but exposed type who dead - heated for third. handicappers always like the jigsaw to fit neatly, but this german - trained runner represented a rogue piece that landed unexpectedly on the table, causing general confusion .\ntimeform announced that they rated zarkava at 133 after the arc, making her the joint - best filly or mare in the last 20 years and joint - seventh in the last 40 years. this was significantly higher than the official rating, but phil smith, the senior british horseracing authority handicapper, explained that it was like comparing apples and oranges .\nwe look at the facts and make our assessment in an historical context ,\nhe said .\nwe' re not trying to speculate. we think zarkava is exceptionally good, and we think our figure reflects that. we' re also constantly updating our list of the 50 top horses, and she is joint - second [ with duke of marmalade ] on 127, only 3lb behind the top - rated, curlin. many forget she was receiving a 3lb sex allowance, which if applied to our list, would bring her out as the same horse as curlin .\ni think zarkava is relatively unexposed, and because she is unbeaten, is difficult to assess accurately. we have also had to massively promote it' s gino .\nyesterday, zarkava' s trainer alain de royer - dupre reported :\nyou can see she' s had a race, and quite a hard one. she was a little tense the next morning .\n( ah) ch c 1893 dictator (ah)... . .\n| perce neige (gb) br f 1894 st. simon (gb )\n( yug) ch f 1933 vak bottyan (hun)... . .\n( gb) ch c 1880 hermit (gb)... . .\n| | | | censored (gb) ch f 1914 st. amant (gb )\n( fr) b f 1960 cosmos (fr)... . .\n( usa) ch f 1933 jack high (usa)... . .\n( ire) b c 2002 sri pekan (usa)... . .\n| | | evening (usa) bbr f 1929 st. james (usa )\n( jpn) b f 2001 sunday silence (usa)... . .\n( gb) br f 1848 bay middleton (gb)... . .\n( can) b f 1960 menetrier (fr)... . .\n( nz) b f 1996 kenfair (nz)... . .\n( usa) ch c 1988 woodman (usa)... . .\n( usa) b c 1989 procida (usa)... . .\n( usa) ch f 1993 woodman (usa)... . .\n( usa) ch f 1986 blushing groom (fr)... . .\n( usa) ch c 1992 nijinsky (can)... . .\n( ire) b c 2008 montjeu (ire)... . .\n( bel) b c 1873 pierrefonds (fr)... . .\n( arg) ch c 1903 amianto (arg)... . .\n( gb) b f 1857 longbow (gb)... . .\nphotograph by rouch © thoroughbred st. frusquin (gb) 1903, 1907 gb champion sire\n“she was so impressive, ” henry says. “one or two people thought i overrated her, but they never saw her work at home. she would go out with three others and atthe six furlong marker, they would draw abreast .\n“she was so quick, you would not see her pull out and the next minute she was six lengths ahead. ”at newbury, the two - year - old filly by woodman dispatched the field with all the panache and sparkle, which was later to earn her the racing scribes votes for horse of the year .\nbut she had a problem with her near fore foot. the wall was weak. when it grew, it would not hold and would break again .\nthe game little chesnut, who bucked and whipped round at home, was the only professional on the course and beat the field yet again the following day .\nhenry cecil explains: “i had to put a special shoe on her and it flew off at the bend. she still managed to finish fourth, but there was so much damage, there was no way we could continue. ”\n“if she had four good feet, she could have ruled the waves. ”\nby submitting your information, you agree to the terms & conditions and privacy & cookies policy .\nplease keep me up to date with special offers and news from horse & hound and other brands operated by ti media limited via email. you can unsubscribe at any time .\nwe' d also like to send you special offers and news just by email from other carefully selected companies we think you might like. your personal details will not be shared with those companies - we send the emails and you can unsubscribe at any time. please tick here if you are happy to receive these messages .\n© copyright ti media limited. all rights reserved. terms & conditions | privacy policy | cookie consent\nwe use cookies to personalise content, target and report on ads, to provide social media features and to analyse our traffic .\nthe filly had never previously run over further than a mile, at which trip she landed the pertemps 1, 000 guineas at newmarket in may and finished second to mark of esteem in last month' s queen elizabeth ii stakes at ascot .\nbut she showed no stamina problems as she ended halling' s long unbeaten run on turf in the £200, 000 - added newmarket showpiece, quickening smartly to score by two and a half lengths from a 10 - furlong specialist, with timarida another length back in third place .\nand her trainer announced :\nshe will probably stick to a mile and a quarter next year. i haven' t had time to give much thought to plans for next season but it seems that is probably her best distance. she showed a lethal turn of foot over the trip yesterday .\namong the first to congratulate him was sheikh mohammed, the leading owner who 12 months ago removed his horses from the cecil stable following an acrimonious fall - out over the training of mark of esteem .\nshaking cecil warmly by the hand, the sheikh said :\nwell done. congratulations. that was your hard work. good luck .\nand at the presentation later, the sheikh theatrically turned cecil' s prize, a silver dagger, on himself to pretend that the trainer was stabbing him in the heart .\nthat is the first time we have talked for a long time ,\nsaid cecil afterwards .\nhe behaved like a gentleman. he couldn' t have been nicer. i would like to think we are friends. we are not enemies .\nbut there are enough big races left this year for the former dubai policeman to prevent cecil heading the table for the first time since 1990, with no fewer than 19 races carrying more than £10, 000 in added money to be run before the end of the turf season .\nnext saturday could be crucial, with £75, 000 in added money up for grabs in the racing post trophy at doncaster. bin suroor yesterday shelled out £30, 000 to supplement asas and medaaly for the last group one race of the season in britain .\nbut cecil is a hard man to beat in the one - mile two - year - old race, having won it nine times in the past, and he' s aiming royal lodge stakes third besiege at the prize .\nkeep informed with all you need to know in the world of sport along with the very best in opinion from our outstanding team of sports writers .\nat the time cecil refused to make fallon a scapegoat for the defeat, although he admitted the filly had been\nasked to do the impossible .\nspeaking at newbury races, the jockey said :\ni' ve been lucky to ride for mr said before and have known his racing manager for 20 years so obviously i' m delighted about riding for them again .\nat the present i' m retained for the rest of the season but obviously i would like it to become an on - going situation .\npeter savill was fined £200 by the musselburgh stewards yesterday for switching the rider of goretski in the stuc handicap .\nwinx' s staying power as one of the world' s top rac ...\nelate is returning in the grade 2, $ 750, 000 delawa ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day' s racing news, plus alex hammond' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nrebels have seized an ancient town in southern syria that was a key government stronghold, pushing syrian troops and its allied militiamen out of the region after five days of heavy fighting, opposition activists and rebels said .\nit was once the capital of the roman province of arabia and a stopover on caravan routes to mecca, according to unesco .\nthe town' s capture is a strategic gain because of its geographical location as well .\nmasalma said about 10, 000 rebels from various groups took part in the attack on the town, which began on saturday from three sides and ended at dawn on wednesday. they included members of al - qaeda' s branch in syria, al - nusra front .\namateur videos posted online showed rebels wandering through the ancient citadel and standing in the sunlight on the theatre' s stone stage .\none video showed rebels removing a hezbollah flag from the site. the lebanese movement has sent troops to boost assad' s forces in southern syria and other parts of the country during the war .\nother fighters fired their guns in celebration near the columned top of the theatre' s imposing, semi - circular seating section .\nmedics said government forces also dropped barrel bombs and fired rockets at maaraba hospital in a nearby town, where injured rebel fighters were being treated .\nthe hospital has been completely levelled to the ground ,\nmohammed ahmed, a doctor at the hospital, told al jazeera .\nthe hospital includes a treatment ward and women' s operation room. it provide services to all civilians from all areas regardless of their affiliations .\nother archaeological sites have been looted by various armed groups and criminals over the past two years .\nthe syrian government has lost large swaths of territory to opposition fighters and the islamic state of iraq and the levant (isil), but continues to hang on to major cities across the country .\nthe push on the town coincided with rebel gains in northern syria on wednesday near the city of idlib, where a consortium of rebels launched an offensive a day earlier .\nthe target of the operation is idlib, a city of 165, 000 people and capital of a province with the same name .\nwith anti - migrant violence hitting a fever pitch, victims ask why greek authorities have carried out so few arrests .\na group of 30 volunteers has collected more than 1, 200 dead bodies from beneath of the rubble of the destroyed city .\nkombo yannick is one of the many african asylum seekers braving the longer latin america route to the us .\nsyria, syria, a noticeable word the world hears each day and watches its horrible events on each tv screen. all mourn and pity the hundreds killed every day. everyone is asking how to stop the ongoing bloodshed? the grudges and hatred are driving the syrians to kill their neighbors. innocent children, their mothers and seniors are terrified, and everyone yells hey! wow; “where are the people of the world and good men to show mercy, rescue and help! !! ”\nthe arab league met repeatedly, and disagreed; the united nations met and talked a lot and couldn’t agree. each one offers a solution in their own way making things more difficult and making a cold war. the storm arises the wind comes from everywhere and the waves get higher, the war goes on, and now the ship goes away from the shore of peace, without hope and without help leaving only one way up and that is to resort to the lord of the universe. i wish all fighters with conscious would wake up and use their mind now and act wisely before it is too late !\nthe blame first falls on you, syria... as jesus said, “a man’s enemies will be the members of his own household” as stated in (math 10: 36. )\nsyria, remember how was your status in ancient history as compared to today? did you change history or cover your face? you were so called the” holy land”, making tourists come from the west and east. why? because the lord, jesus christ’s holy feet walked on your land, and made it to be called holy. we read in (math 4: 24) ”news about him spread all over syria, and people brought to him all who were ill with various diseases, those suffering severe pain, the demon - possessed, those having seizures, and the paralyzed, and he healed them”\njesus gave the greatest sermon in history, (sermon on the mount) on mount hermon, in syria according to the gospel of (matthew ch - 5 - 7) syria, you are the cradle of the prophets and apostles and the center that spreads the gospel from antioch in syria to the world, and paved the way of the forefathers of the church to continue .\nsyria, do you remember you are called “the cradle of civilizations and semitic peoples, and their languages? ” god spoke on mount horeb, hermon, and golgotha, and most of the prophecies on your land were fulfilled. do you remember well, with the entire world, of the biblical history and privileges of what god has done through all of syria and also to the whole world! it seems that the world ignored or disregarded to study such great history of syria! ! here today as they sit and only to watch tv, they are amazed of what they see happening in syria right now .\nthat is the objective of the author in this article to provide a manual of study and a call for prayer to syria .\nwith alshukr (thanks) to the readers and to friends who kindly distributed this article. (please read the end of the article )\ndamascus being a historical city is pided into two parts, the old and modern, damascus is a modern capital like other modern cities. the only difference is that it has a vivid arabic character and splendor of its own damascus has grown so much in the surrounding suburbs and neighboring areas and it has become (greater damascus). damascus, was called fayha, (oasis of the arab world) it was and still is a beacon and inspiration to all poets of the east and west. it has a glorious history, considered a world archaeological museum and the world’s oldest living city in the world. it is equipped with the most modern technology to respond to any problem in the city .\nsyria, relatively, has now a very high standard of education it is free for all levels! !! ! for this it attracts a high number of arab students to colleges and higher education. syria also has always supported the goal to eliminate illiteracy of all segments of society, and they did. the goal is that a high percentage of people today have a baccalaureate (high school) for males and females. the proportion of female staff in government departments has reached 40% , while the number of students in high schools and universities around a few million which is relatively very good. there are five public universities and a good number of private universities in syria which offer a variety of specialties. syria is considered one of the rich countries in its petroleum and industries. syria has highly developed as it seems in 2010! !\nfor almost forty five years, the rain was scarce and the soil in the land was dry. as an example, the horan area is considered the richest in the middle east in agriculture because of its soft fertile soil, which was called “the basket bread of rome”. therefore, the land has remained barren due to “the lack of rain”. but now, it is almost unbelievable for the eye to see the fresh vegetables and fruits that dress the land after years of drought and scarcity. i took a car and went through some villages in horan and there you will find in all the villages and houses, tall trees and olive grove in particular, which made many of the displaced to return to farmland for attention by digging wells for water. on traffic highway we saw fresh fruits and vegetable markets and stores, restaurants and gas stations. this has been undoubtedly the greatest factor that improved the standard of living progress and prosperity to the economy in general. here our visit ended .\nin the gospel of (luke 2: 1 - 2) we read: “in those days, caesar augustus issued a decree that a census should be taken of the entire roman world. this was the first census that took place when cyrenius was governor of syria, this is exactly the time when jesus was born in bethlehem. here we should mention the time of the birth of jesus has pided history into before and after his birth (bc and ad) .\ndamascus is mentioned about 60 times in the bible and antioch 20 times; when in this holy spot of the, kingdom world, god has chosen prophets in the old testament, and apostles in the new testament. we must continue to remember jerusalem and damascus are the ancient centers of bible history .\nin this holy spot of the world god, the almighty has chosen this area which has become the cradle of the prophets and apostles who spread the word of god to the world. his prophets reveal his love in the old testament, and so our lord jesus christ has chosen his 12 disciples to follow him who became the apostle to spread the gospel. there are many villages, towns and cities that still exist and carry the same names at the time of christ, like, damascus, hamah, ezra, der’a ethra’e, magdal, the town of mary magdaline as some people think. ethra’e (der’a today) was the area, as some say, where job lived close to his three wise friends. still many cities and towns in palestine are still called the same at the time of christ. we may consider jerusalem as the center of the world in bible prophecies .\nthe most glorious gift to mankind is the holy bible, the word of god, the prophets were inspired by the spirit of god to say and write “so says the lord” (2tim3: 16). further, jesus christ is the living word (jn1: 1) and jesus is the revelation of god to mankind (hebrew1: 1 )\nin addition, the ten commandments were given on mount horeb (sinas); isaiah, the prophet, prophesied his coming by saying his name “for to us a child is born, and he will be called wonderful counselor, mighty god, everlasting father, and prince of peace”. (isaiah 9: 6) furthermore, we read the fulfillment in (math 1: 23): “ the angels said to behold a virgin shall be with child and shall bring forth a son and they shall call his name emmanuel which being interpreted is “god with us”. ”\nhis birth was in miracles, and he made miracles, according to the gospel (math 4: 24). “news about him spread all over syria and people brought to him all who were ill with various diseases, those suffering pain, demon possessed, those having seizures, and the paralyzed, and he healed them” (math 9: 35). we also read that the lord jesus and the crowd went up to the mount (hermon in syria) and took it as his platform and gave this greatest sermon in the world called: the “ sermon on the mount ” according to (matthew ch. 5 - 7) “ sermon on the mount” and still is considered the principles of the kingdom of christ to his followers. this sermon has changed the systems, concepts moral standards and constitutions of the entire world; basic teachings of the pine christ it is realistic by the grace of god based on love. it is considered by all leaders of the world in history, such as, gandhi, napoleon and many others in history .\nthen we see the lord jesus takes with him three disciples. they were: (peter, james and john) to mount hermon in the great event of the transfiguration, as we read in (luke 9: 33); god the father appeared in the clouds and spoke to his son jesus christ in glorious splendor he said: “this is my son, whom i have chosen, listen to him”. there appeared also, the two prophets, moses and elijah, the glory of god was like the sun which made the disciples to fall on their faces and worship. why don’t we kneel down to him and do the same ?\nwhat a marvelous pine privilege for you, syria to have jesus christ walk on your land, preach, teach and do miracles of healing (math 4: 24) we read also in (math 9: 35) “ when jesus saw the multitudes he was moved with compassion because he saw them as sheep without a shepherd. ” we only pray that the fighting syrian people today would look to jesus today to visit syria, heal their land, stop the terrible civil war and save their souls !\n( from a terrorist to a great apostle of god), this was the title of the film which the syrian government has allowed to be seen in public with collaboration from all syrian communities. it is really a good sign the government on the part of the syrian government, and citizens to its people and all alike and everyone was appreciative and grateful and no one was against this .\nadditionally, the another beautiful gesture is the government issued official permit to build a memorial and a historic shrine and a statue to the apostle paul showing all the aspects of his life written on it some of his words from the bible. you, the apostle paul deserve all the glory of god and all of the earthy appreciation for spreading the gospel in syria the world and his inspired epistles by god! !! this shrine is located between the town of heena and damascus. this is the place when jesus appeared to him on the road to damascus. in the church building, where we sat down with our guide, mr. michael shahen baba and his kind wife, it was a glorious experience to sit down in the church to meditate, pray and thank god for the apostle paul! !\nantioch was the capital of the romans in the middle east and occupies first place in terms of engineering art and the magnificent beauty of the buildings, parks and streets, making it a place of pilgrimage for tourists. more than that, it has become worldly known for the spreading “the gospel which is the power of god for salvation. ” congratulations to you, syria, remember that most of your people have become christian followers of christ, and hundreds of great churches were built with a civilization that surpasses the roman & greek civilizations because it is the civilization of love and peace. why, because it is a spiritual civilization of the holy gospel of peace and love through jesus christ our lord. it is eternal! !\nantioch was in the starting center for the apostle paul, barnabas, and luke, mark and others who preached the world despite the difficulties, persecutions and martyrdom, but the blood of the martyrs became seeds of the church. and do not forget that the increased heresies were as arios / nastorian heresy and several others .\nthis is a reminder again to syria that the holy gospel, spread to the whole world from jerusalem and antioch. it is our prayer that syria will hear anew and accept the message of the gospel of love and peace .\nthe fathers of the church were a group of god’s choice, mature believers who had great talents and were gifted in preaching and evangelizing without fear. they were gifted in theology and in the defense of faith against the heresies such as the “ aryanism / nestorianism” and many others of which was widely spread in the early centuries. the forefathers are pided into three sections :\n3 –those who lived during and after the council of nicea. the ones who attended the council of nicea were mostly from greater syria, the gulf, arabian peninsula, egypt, asia minor, europe and other parts of the world. also constantine, the emperor, had attended, whom god used. his mother helena deserves the credit by leading him to the faith in christ. the “church of the resurrection” was built in jerusalem and called by her name. constantine, the emperor was the one who officially introduced christianity to be the official religion of the roman empire .\nwe believe in one god, the father almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all things visible and invisible .\nand in one lord jesus christ, the only begotten son of god, begotten of his father before all worlds, god of god, light of light, very god of very god, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the father; by whom all things were made; who for us men and for our salvation came down from heaven, and was incarnate by the holy spirit of the virgin mary, and was made man; and was crucified also for us under pontius pilate; he suffered and was buried; and the third day he rose again according to the scriptures and ascended into heaven, and is seated at the right hand of the father; and he shall come again, with glory, to judge both the living and the dead; whose kingdom shall have no end .\nand we believe in the holy spirit, the lord and giver of life, who proceeds from the father and the son; who with the father and the son together is worshiped and glorified; who spoke by the prophets; and we believe in one holy catholic and apostolic church; we acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins; and we look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. amen\nwe should not forget the apostle creed 180 ad which was nearly the same as the nicene creed. we also must not forget that those “fathers” were of great help and great examples of faith. some of them were killed, tortured in a painful way, crucified and burned, lived in rugged caves as mentioned in (hebrews 11), but as has been said that the blood of the martyrs became the seed of the church." ]

{ "text": [ "bosra sham is a retired thoroughbred racehorse , bred in the united states and trained in the united kingdom .", "in a career which lasted from august 1995 until august 1997 she ran ten times and won seven races .", "bosra sham won several important races including the 1000 guineas and the champion stakes in 1996 , a year in which she was awarded the title of european champion three-year old filly .", "she was one of the highest-rated fillies of modern times . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14, 14 ] }

[ "bosra sham is a retired thoroughbred racehorse, bred in the united states and trained in the united kingdom. in a career which lasted from august 1995 until august 1997 she ran ten times and won seven races. bosra sham won several important races including the 1000 guineas and the champion stakes in 1996, a year in which she was awarded the title of european champion three-year old filly. she was one of the highest-rated fillies of modern times." ]