Datasets:

ChristophSchuhmann

/

essays-with-instructions

like 13

Provide the full text for the following summary: In this paper, an analysis is made of the efficacy of the said method of research. The author of this paper is of the opinion that RCT allows for the efficient determination of a preferred medical treatment.

In this paper, an analysis is made of the efficacy of the said method of research. The author of this paper is of the opinion that RCT allows for the efficient determination of a preferred medical treatment.

Randomised Controlled Trial of Aspirin and Aspirin Plus Heparin: An Analysis of Randomised Control Trial Methodology Research Paper Introduction Researchers carry out studies to verify or disapprove a range of hypotheses (Creswell 2008, p. 8). Depending on the subject of study, a researcher makes use of a study design that best suits their research objectives (Gauch 2003, p. 3). One such design of the study is the randomized control trial (RCT), which is mostly used in medical research. Rai, Cohen, Dave, and Regan (1997, pp. 253-256) sought to determine the effects of aspirin and aspirin plus heparin in pregnant women. The findings of this study are reported in an article titled Randomised Controlled Trial of Aspirin and Aspirin plus Heparin in Pregnant Women with Recurrent Miscarriage Associated with Phospholipid Antibodies (Rai et al. 1997, pp. 253-256). The article was published in 1997 in the British Medical Journal. In the study, Rai et al. (1997, p. 253) make use of the RCT methodology. In this paper, an analysis is made of the efficacy of the said method of research. The author of this paper is of the opinion that RCT allows for the efficient determination of a preferred medical treatment. In this paper, the RCT methodology is analysed against the study by Rai et al. (1997). The strengths and weaknesses of this research methodology are analysed, together with their impacts on the study by Rai et al. (1997). The current essay examines the features that characterise the research methodology employed by Rai et al. (1997, pp. 253-256). Thus, the underlying principles of each feature of RCT are analysed. The essay examines whether Rai et al. (1997, pp. 253-256) successfully implemented each of the features or not. Further, the paper examines the objectives of the study by Rai et al. (1997). In addition, the constraints affecting the outcomes of the study are outlined. In conclusion, the appropriateness of RCT, both in the context of the study by Rai et al. (1997) and in the general medical research, is analysed. Randomised Control Trial in the Context of the Study by Rai et al. (1997) Introduction to RCT and its Advantages Ranjith (2005, p. 387) points out that RCT is one of the most preferred experimental designs in medical research. The study establishes experimental and control groups by randomly selecting participants. Such a study creates a distinction between the two groups based on their respective outcomes. Different randomised categories differ with regards to how they are handled by the researcher (Ranjith 2005). In RCT, the researcher examines whether a particular medical intervention is applicable to the population affected by a given condition or not. RCT is associated with a number of advantages. For instance, the research method has minimal spurious causality. In addition, there is less bias when this method is used (Ranjith 2005). RCT is also an accurate way of gauging the positive or negative effects of a given medication based on the comparison between the various groups. Consequently, the research design is recommended by a number of agencies like the Food and Drugs safety Agency (Friedman, Furberg & DeMets 2010; Suresh & Chandrashekara 2012). Features of RCT One of the fundamental features of RCT is the element of ethical concerns. Kenneth (2007, p. 1819) points out that the quality and reliability of RCT mainly relies on the ability of the researchers to adhere to ethical standards. Phyllis, Cavanaugh, and Draine (2009, p. 67) argue that ethical therapeutic processes require consent from participants. In the study by Rai et al., ethical concerns are factored in given that the researchers sought approval from the local ethics committee. In addition, to comply with the required therapeutic regulations, consent was obtained from each of the 90 patients recruited from London’s St. Mary’s Hospital’s miscarriage clinic (Rai et al. 1997). The researchers rely on these regulations when recruiting participants for the trials (Chess & Gagnier 2013). Adhering to ethical standards is advantageous for Rai et al. as it makes the study more reliable. The same is observed when the element of eligibility is introduced. Rai et al. (1997, p. 254) ensure that the patients taking part in the trials satisfy a particular set of criteria. In this regard, a participant must have “had a history of three or more consecutive miscarriages (…) and had positive results for phospholipid antibodies on at least two occasions more than 8 weeks apart before being hospitalised” (Rai et al. 1997, p. 254). It is advantageous to this study given that Rai et al. are able to concentrate on a particular group, making the findings of the study more specific. Randomisation is another key feature in RCT (Phyllis et al. 2009, p. 73). According to the American Dietetic Association Research Committee [ADA Research Committee] (2011, p. 5), the effectiveness of RCT is determined by the ‘randomness’ of the participants involved. Rai et al. (1997, p. 254) make use of the randomisation feature. The researchers achieve this by randomly assigning the participants to the 2 treatment groups. The patients are evenly distributed in the two groups. For inventory purposes, the researchers generated a random number list. Each participant was assigned a unique number in the list (Rai et al. 1997, p. 254). Friedman et al. (2010, p. 187) point out that randomisation requires data to be stored by an independent party. The same is respected in the case of Rai et al. (1997, p. 254). To this end, the randomisation list was under the care of third parties who were not part of the study. The randomisation improves the accuracy of the findings made by Rai et al. by reducing incidences of bias. According to Brody (2011, p. 57), randomised control trials require the use of a control group. The control group is used to compare the medical interventions provided. Rai et al. do not have a control group. Lack of this group is detrimental to the overall study objective since the effects of aspirin cannot be accurately determined. Underlying Principles of RCT Features According to Rosenberger and Lachin (2002, p. 91), RCT features have several underlying principles. The principle underlying ethical consideration involves clinical equipoise (Rosenberger & Lachin 2002, p. 109). Rai et al. (254) make proper use of the said principle since the two sets of drugs are administered without a pre-determined conclusion as to their effects. Such a feature improves the accuracy of the findings made by Rai et al. The underlying principle with regards to a control group is the use of a placebo (Stone 2010, p. 117). According to Lord, Irwig, and Bossuyt (2009, para. 3), the use of a placebo in a control group averts the disclosure of the treatment options applied. Rai et al. do not identify a control group. Such a feature is a weakness on the part of the study by Rai et al. As already indicated, the effects of aspirin cannot be fully determined. Another principle associated with RCT is the allocation concealment (Feng, Diehr, Peterson & McLerran 2001, p. 167). The principle of allocation concealment forms the backbone of randomisation. In the study conducted by Rai et al., the participants are selected at random. The principle is applied when the randomisation list is left under the care of independent employees who are not part of the study. Such a feature is a major strength on the part of the study conducted by Rai et al. As elaborated by Feng et al. (2001, p. 167), the randomisation list is thus protected from interference by the researchers. It discourages them from making predetermined conclusions. Omission of the RCT Features The failure by a researcher to make use of the features characterising this research design has a number of consequences. What if Rai et al. decided not to apply the ethical consideration principle? In such an instance, the results would definitely lack credibility (O’Brien, Wright & Mandall 2003, p. 338). The lack of credibility would stem from the assumption that the research may have been conducted without participants. Conversely, an assumption will be made to the effect that the results were theorised and not generated from an actual experiment (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD] 2002). What if the research by Rai et al. did not adhere to the randomisation principle? The effect would be detrimental to the outcomes of the study. The study has two treatment groups (Rai et al., 1997, p. 253-256). Consequently, the researchers are required to assign each participant to a specific group at random. The researchers had made hypotheses about the effects of interventions on the two treatment groups. As such, the validity and eligibility of the results relied on the principle of allocation concealment. Constraints Associated with the Study by Rai et al. (1997) The medical condition that captured the attention of the scholars was recurrent miscarriage (Rai et al. 1997, 253). The scholars aimed to analyse the effects of aspirin and a combination of aspirin and heparin on patients with the aforementioned condition. The study is characterised by a number of constraints. One such constraint is the absence of blinding. According to Zhang, Yin, Freemantle, Jordan, Zhong and Cheng (2008, p. 22), blinding ensures that the participants are not aware of the intervention. In the case of the study by Rai et al. (1997, p. 254), the same could not be realised. Another constraint associated with the study was the inability to designate a control group (Rai et al. 1997, p. 255). The study simply has two groups that are provided with alternative treatments. The subjects are not given a placebo to observe their psychological behaviour. Nezu and Nezu (2007, p. 113) argue that the outcomes of a given study can be improved by establishing a control group and an experimental group. In the study by Rai et al., there is only an experimental group. The lack of a control group reduces the accuracy of the findings made by Rai et al. Another constraint associated with the study is the dilemma associated with the need to have ‘blinding’ while respecting the ethical concerns of the patients (Rai et al. 1997, p. 255). Allowing the patients to administer drugs on themselves is not ethical. Consequently, Rai et al. avoids blinding. Conclusion Randomised control trials are a preferred mode of carrying out clinical trials to determine the efficacy of particular treatments (Stolberg, Norman & Trop 2004, p. 1539). The preference is largely due to the advantages associated with the research design. As aforementioned, RCTs have an element of reliability, given the comparisons involved in the study. Consequently, many clinical trials of drugs and treatment regimens make use of this research design. In this paper, it was found that this is one of the reasons why Rai et al. opted for this methodology in their study. As observed by Ranjith (2005), the absence of bias in RTC is advantageous in the sense that it improves the credibility of the results. The randomisation associated with the research design prevents any form of interference, improving the accuracy of the results. In this paper, it was found that Rai et al. exploit this advantage in their study. The comparison made between the different groups in RCTs allows one to understand the positive or negative effects of a given medication. The study by Rai et al. (1997 p. 255) aptly exploits this feature of RCT to determine the preferred treatment for recurrent miscarriage. RCT is the preferred mode of research in medical studies given its use in such agencies as the F.D.A (Friedman et al., 2010). Its application in such organisations increases its credibility with regards to clinical trials. Rai et al. appear to be aware of this strength associated with the methodology. The major disadvantage of this method is the long duration it takes. The same is usually overcome by regulating the participants. The disadvantage is evident in the study by Rai et al., which takes a long time to complete. The author of this paper finds that RCT is an efficient research design in determining the efficacy of a given treatment. In the case of Rai et al., the method proved beneficial in determining that a combined dosage of heparin and aspirin helps reduce recurrent miscarriages. References American Dietetic Association Research Committee 2011, Randomised control trial , Web. Brody, T 2011, Clinical trials: study design, endpoints and biomarkers, drug safety and FDA and ICH guidelines, Academic Press, Michigan. Chess, L & Gagnier, J 2013, ‘Risk of bias of randomised controlled trials published in orthopaedic journals’, BMC Medical Research Methodology, vol. 20 no. 13, p. 76. Creswell, J 2008, Educational research: planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Feng, Z, Diehr, P, Peterson, A, & McLerran, D. 2001. ‘Selected statistical issues in group randomised trials’, Annual Review of Public Health , vol. 22, p. 167. Friedman, L, Furberg, C, & DeMets, D. 2010. Fundamentals of clinical trials, Springer, Boston. Gauch, H 2003, Scientific method in practice, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Kenneth, S 2007, ‘Statistical primer for cardiovascular research: evaluation of randomised controlled trials’, Circulation , vol. 115, pp. 1819-1822. Lord, J, Irwig, L, & Bossuyt, P. 2009. Using the principles of randomised controlled trial design to guide tst evaluation, NCBI, Web. Nezu, M & Nezu, C 2007, Evidence-based outcome research: a practical guide to conducting randomised control trials for psychosocial interventions, Oxford university Press, Oxford. O’Brien, K, Wright, J, & Mandall, N. 2003. ‘How to do a randomised controlled trial’, British Orthodontic Society , vol. 30 no. 4, pp. 337-341. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2002, Frascati manual: proposed standard practice for surveys on research and experimental development , Web. Phyllis, S, Cavanaugh, M, & Draine, J. 2009. Randomised trials: design and implementation for community based psychosocial interventions, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Rai, R, Cohen, H, Dave, M, & Regan, L. 1997. ‘Randomised controlled trial of aspirin and aspirin plus heparin in pregnant women with recurrent miscarriage associated with phospholipid antibodies’, BMJ, vol. 314, pp. 253-256. Ranjith, G. 2005, ‘Interferon-α-induced depression: when a randomised trial is not a randomised controlled trial’, Psychothera Psychosom, vol. 74 no. 6, p. 387. Rosenberger, F & Lachin, M. 2002, Randomisation in clinical trials: theory and practise, Wiley Interscience, New Jersey. Stolberg, O, Norman, G, & Trop, I. 2004. ‘Randomised controlled trials’, American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 183 no. 6, p. 1539. Stone, J, 2010, Conducting clinical research: a practical guide for physicians, nurses, study coordinators and investigators, Mountainside Press, Atlanta. Suresh, K & Chandrashekara, S 2012, ‘Sample size estimation and power analysis for clinical research studies’, Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences , vol. 5 no. 1, pp. 7-13. Zhang, D, Yin, P, Freemantle, N, Jordan, R, Zhong, N, & Cheng, K. 2008. ‘An assessment of the quality of randomised controlled trials conducted in China’, Trials , vol. 9, p. 22.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/randomised-controlled-trial-of-aspirin-and-aspirin-plus-heparin-an-analysis-of-randomised-control-trial-methodology/

Convert the following summary back into the original text: A rapid test for Thermophilic bacteria was developed using the BactiFlow system. The test is important because it can be used to monitor the growth of Thermophilic bacteria during the process of manufacturing milk powder.

A rapid test for Thermophilic bacteria was developed using the BactiFlow system. The test is important because it can be used to monitor the growth of Thermophilic bacteria during the process of manufacturing milk powder.

Rapid Flow Cytometer Test Importance Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Materials and method 3. Validation 4. Uses, Advantages and Limitations 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Introduction The growth of Thermophilic bacteria increases during the process of manufacturing milk powder (Murphy 42-50). There is no health hazard posed by the Thermophilic bacteria responsible for the formation of spores. Nevertheless, when milk powder contains them in numerous numbers, it does not only point to poor methods of manufacturing, but can also result in deterioration of the product’s enzymes. This may lead to changes in both organoleptic properties and the composition of the product. Thus, during the manufacture of milk powder, it is important to carry out a test for Thermophilic bacteria (Flint Para.5). This essay is a description of the use of the BactiFlow system to develop a rapid test for Thermophilic bacteria. Thermophilic bacteria refers to the bacteria whose optimum temperature of growth is about 55 0 C. Materials and method Protocol T is the test method used. Its basis is the milk powder protocol which is useful in enumerating all bacteria present in milk powder. The protocol was modified in four ways to be able to particularly detect Thermophilic bacteria. The first modification entailed heat treatment of the sample for 10 minutes at a temperature of about 62.8 0 C. The heat treatment was based on the fact that the heat tolerance for mesophilic bacilli is less than that of thermophilic bacilli. Second, the protocol was modified by raising the temperature required for labeling the bacterial cells. “The third modification was the addition of 0·8% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to the A31 buffer (Chemunex SA) used in the pretreatment of milk powder reconstituted in 0·1% peptone” (Flint para.13). Hydrolysis of the substrate used will occur at temperatures above 30 0 C. After being hydrolyzed, it links itself to the casein micelles found in milk powder that’s reconstituted. This makes the test unreadable due to the BackFlow’s high background readings. Casein micelles are dissociated by EDTA (Ward 495-504). The fourth modification was that the Chemunex CSR reagent was optimized. This was done to minimize the sample’s nonspecific labeling. A vortex mixer rather than gentle mixing was used to mix the sample with the reagent. This did not only minimize background staining but also ensured that the contact between the test solution and the reagent was rapid. Validation Different milk powders were obtained from several dairy manufacturing plants in New Zealand. “These were dissolved in 0·1% peptone (10% w/v) and mixed in a peristaltic blender” (Flint para.17). To come up with numerous thermophilic bacteria required for validation, there was the incubation of milk powders at 55 o C for about two to three hours. During validation, 36 samples of fresh milk powder were tested in triplicate to find the total count of thermophilic bacteria present in them. Uses, Advantages and Limitations Results from this test are applicable in effectively detecting problems, being able to monitor the process of manufacturing and instilling confidence in the manufacture of dairy products. “The key advantage of protocol T over the standard agar plating method is the ability to take action on results obtained within 1–2 h compared with 48 h for the plate count assay” (Flint Para.33). On the other hand, a possible shortcoming of protocol T is that mesophilic spores present in the milk powder can be labeled during the step of pre-treatment. Conclusion The BactiFlow cytometer can be used to enumerate thermophilic bacteria in milk powder within one hour. Works Cited Flint, Steve, et al. Description and validation of a rapid (1 h) flow cytometry test for Enumerating thermophilic bacteria in milk powders. Journal of Applied microbiology. Volume 102 (4), 2006. Murphy, Patrick, et al. Growth of thermophilic spore forming bacilli in milk during the manufacture of low heat powders . International Journal of Dairy Technology Volume 52 (2), 1999. Ward, Brent, et al. EDTA-induced dissociation of casein micelles and its effect on foaming properties of milk . Journal of Dairy Research. Volume 64 (4) , 1997.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/rapid-flow-cytometer-test-importance/

Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The Wall Street Journal essay discusses how the journal has helped students to be unique and get more opportunities. The journal has also assisted many students and that is why its efficiency can not be disputed. As a matter of fact, it is ideal for all students who major in business and economic courses.

The Wall Street Journal essay discusses how the journal has helped students to be unique and get more opportunities. The journal has also assisted many students and that is why its efficiency can not be disputed. As a matter of fact, it is ideal for all students who major in business and economic courses.

Reading the Wall Street Journal Essay Introduction The wall street journal has enabled students to be unique and thereby get more opportunities. In this case they are able to maximize their knowledge which is necessary to survive in a competitive environment. The journal has assisted many students and that is why its efficiency can not be disputed. As a matter of fact, it is ideal for all students who major in business and economic courses (Wall Street Journal 2). Students are encouraged to read this journal because it enables them to know what is going on in the business world. This could be as far as events and people who matter most are concerned. Students who have been using the journal have been known to enhance their confidence in class by relating well with what they are learning. As time goes by they are even prepared on what to expect in the outside world. This can be either in interviews or company events. The journal covers a lot of areas and this makes it ideal for all students because they will ultimately find something that they can relate with. As far as my opinion is concerned, the journal is affordable to all students. In this case, this is what they need to continue being competitive (Wall Street Journal 4). Apart from classroom work, students are supposed to gain practical knowledge on what is happening in the business world and there is no better opportunity for this than the wall street journal. Discussion Article Stocks and financial markets have been affected negatively in the past week because of bad news about the economy. This has been brought about by a slow down in the activities of the factory sector. In this case, they have slowed down on their hiring and production. On the other hand, the private sector has also slowed down activities thereby prompting economists to review their expectations. While yields were moving in the opposite direction, the Dow Jones dropped to its lowest since last year. Businesses have not added any jobs which is a worrying trend. This is not good news for the president going into an election year based on unemployment and economic growth rates. This sluggishness in the economy has got everybody worried which will particularly shift sentiments. Stock investors have been the most affected by these economic weaknesses which should be looked into. Companies are not expected to earn any profits based on these grim figures. These figures relate well with international manufacturing reports that have been disappointing. Problems that have been witnessed as far as economic performance is concerned are expected to continue based on various indicators and prevailing market condition. This news and the ominous situation will lead to a slowdown that has got economists worried. The performance of the economy will lead to a heated debate with Republicans who might make gains through the administrations’ measures. The administration has blamed the slowdown on external shocks that are beyond the country’s control like the Tsunami in Japan. Investors are arguing that stocks are worse off than they were some year ago. Conclusion This article gives us an insight on what is happening in the US. This is as far as the country’s sluggish economy is concerned. By reading this article, business and economics students can find something that they will easily relate with without any problem. This is because it is wholesome and has touched on various areas courtesy of the wall street journal. The wall street journal therefore offers students a good platform where they can gain information that relates with what they are learning in class. As much as students are required to gain academic knowledge in class, it will be better if they combine this with practical business issues (Wall Street Journal 6). Frequent updates on what is happening in the business world can enable students to review what is necessary for them to advance their studies. Works Cited Wall Street Journal. Student Journal . 2011. Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/reading-the-wall-street-journal/

Convert the following summary back into the original text: The housing market and house values are prone to fluctuations but the value is declining and the commercial or residential property tax is related to the assessed value of the property.The housing market and house values are prone to fluctuations but the value is declining and the commercial or residential property tax is related to the assessed value of the property.

The housing market and house values are prone to fluctuations but the value is declining and the commercial or residential property tax is related to the assessed value of the property. The housing market and house values are prone to fluctuations but the value is declining and the commercial or residential property tax is related to the assessed value of the property.

Real Estate Management – Analysis and Valuation Report Macroeconomic Dynamics The effect of the recent financial crisis was felt in mid-2007 and in 2008; as a result, the financial institutions collapsed and others were acquired by other institutions causing a huge crisis in the stock market which drastically fell in large numbers (globalissues.org). The developed countries like the United States came up with bailout policies to rescue their monetary institutions. The financial bubble followed the economic boom and the bubble busted when the United States financial system failed, this led to the collapse of the mortgage market and a turnaround of the home boom in almost all developed nations which caused a wave-like effect around the globe (globalissues.org). Securitization was the 20 th Century innovation; the bank off-loaded the risk from the mortgage owners and they received regular payment. The rating agencies were paid a price to rate the bank’s product leading to interest divergence; this led to more borrowing by the bank which caused even more securitization which eventually triggered the financial crisis (globalissues.org). The housing crisis is over and the negligence issues that caused it have been addressed, at least according to the real estate reports which have been boosting confidence amongst the bankers. In the first quarter of the year 2010 for instance, the prices for many homes on average fell by 46% as a result of foreclosure problems that had crushed home prices (Money.cnn.com). RISMedia.com on May 21, 2011, reported that based on their closing and opening home prices contract information from its businesses and brokerage operations, it expected that the adjusted annual seasonal rate of built home auction on a nationwide basis will remain within the range of 5.0 to 5.2 million in April 2011 and May 2011 (RISMedia.com); a clear indication that the worst part of the financial crisis is now over. Microeconomic of real estate industry Houston Texas Houston is an habitant to a gigantic 24 Fortune 500 head offices which surpasses even those found in New York. In the last decade, 1.23 million people were added to the population statistics of the city, making it the eighth position in terms of population increase (Money.cnn.com). It is also a resident of an “Energy corridor” which employs more than 70,000 people and is the home of Continental Airlines and Sysco (Money.cnn.com). Insurance Insurance over Texas is the company that covers the whole of Texas State; the insurance offers an insurance discount of 20% when purchases of at least 2 policies have been made (Insuranceovertexas.com). These policies are designed to cover disasters that may prevail; the insurance policies include; Houston homeowners insurance, and liability insurance (Insuranceovertexas.com). Property taxes and related fees The housing market and house values are prone to fluctuations but the value is declining and the commercial or residential property has been examined and the likelihood is that it will cost more in property taxes than the actual amount that is supposed to be paid. However, due to lower house values the property taxes rates have been protested and the tax is then reduced every year according to the property valuation figure. The RPT (Republic Property Taxes) gives consultations services to the client at no fees and also at no upfront charges (Republicpropertytax.com). Maintenance and repair expenses It is very costly to maintain and repair a house but door-to-door bargain rates can be cheap. A professional house should be hired and confirmation of license and insurance to confirm if it is still effective. Any unlicensed person will not be allowed to carry out maintenance and repairs on the home, as this will increase liabilities. Deposits will be paid to the work in progress and the remaining amount when the work is complete (Homesandland.com). The real estate agent will explain the procedure to follow when maintaining the house before I move in. This means that copies of service and warranty agreements will have to be obtained and included in the contact address in case of any problem and also set up preventive measures and records for the home useful life (Homesandland.com). Rentals Globally rental properties are abundant and range in sizes and shapes from large mansions to small rooms. But even then locating a rental property in the region and size of interest can be problematic even if there is plenty of property to be rented since it might not satisfy all the conditions. This therefore calls for thorough research, if you want a house and location that fits your lifestyle it means extensive research will have to be done. In making the final decision multiple factors to consider are analyzed and the final decision is made regarding the home of choice (Buyingpropertyinusa.net). Texas price to rental ratio is $12.16 which is obtained by dividing the price of the property by the annual rent; this means that the median monthly payment is $474 and the property median price is $69,100 (Buyingpropertyinusa.net). Rental in Texas can yield an income of 8.2% to the owner of the house when compared to other States. This is because the rent may be approximated on average when compared to other States as of September 2010 (Buyingpropertyinusa.net). In Houston TX the comparable rental can be as indicated on the spreadsheet. This means that the rent range between $349 to a high of $2,970 in the same region. Compared to the mortgage monthly payment of $793 this means that it is approximate to the average monthly rent in the region. Single-Family Home The house was built in 2007 and is a 3 bedroomed house, with 2 full bathrooms and 1 partial; it has a square footage of 2040 square feet and a lot size of 4951 square feet (cnnmoney.trulia.com). It also has central air conditioning and a built-in garage, one fire place and a swimming pool at the backyard. One square foot cost $66 and the house can be bought at $134,900, with an estimated payment of $793 payable each month. The property is located in Houston, TX and the nearby school is Community Evening; this information was added on site one hundred and ten days ago and the total audiences who have visited the site total 137 as of May 22, 2011 (cnnmoney.trulia.com). Utilities Houston has both hot and cold seasons that generally involve mild winters and hot summers; as such a huge proportion of the expenditure can be from utility bills (cnnmoney.trulia.com). In summer more electricity is used in air conditioning which is from May to September. This factor should be considered before buying this house in Houston. Zthe company that supplies electricity in Houston is Reliant Energy and is ranked 10 th in the US in terms of Kilowatts sales (cnnmoney.trulia.com). Southwestern Bell also provides telephone services to the Houston region (cnnmoney.trulia.com). Other details Comparable sales price in the region Houston Suburban Real Estate trend The selling price for 4114 Dogwood Hill is $134,900. Similar houses or home in Houston Suburban are worth $135,303 with a 0% above the selling price, while an average sale price for a related house or home is $121,035 with a trend of 11% below the selling price (cnnmoney.trulia.com). Finally, the average catalogue price for houses in Houston Suburban is $132,121 with a trend of 2% lower than the selling price (cnnmoney.trulia.com). Homes sold in Houston Suburban The already sold houses have price ranging from $109,910 to $142,246 and entire selling transactions taking place in the current year 2011 as shown by the spreadsheet (Houses sold in the past). Similar Single-Family home or houses for sale with 3 bedrooms as shown in the excel indicates (comparable prices) that the price range is between $ 106,900 to $163,900 Testimony In the neighborhood (Deer park) lives Mr. and Mrs. Clean, theirs is a traditional single-Family in a replica condition; the house is wonderful with huge living room and roomy dining place which is joined to a span kitchen as well as a good sized master bedroom and Jacuzzi tub (cnnmoney.trulia.com). The house also contains a 13×13 game room, 3 bedrooms and utility room, a sized backyard and huge Lots of square footage that goes at a favorable price. In the neighborhood there are great schools and subdivisions and the area has a well kept and attractive garage (cnnmoney.trulia.com). Property Valuation Cost approach Using cost method valuation of the house, the value will be the price of the land plus any development or improvement in that piece of land such as built house, swimming pools, perimeter and a flower garden. The cost of the property cannot be more than the selling price of the property which is $134,900; this amount includes the cost incurred in putting up the structures and any other improvement and also includes the profit that the seller makes. Therefore, the value of the house is less than $134,900. Revenue approach This method is used to value investment and commercial property, the present value of future cash flow is used to determine the property value. Since the intention is to purchase a single-Family home this approach method will not apply in this case. Market approach Similar homes or houses cost the homeowner on average $349 to $2,970 per month while the price of the house ranges between $106,900 to 169,900, whereas the target property monthly payment is $793 with a price of $134,900 (cnnmoney.trulia.com). This means that the value of the property is between $106,900 and $134,900 considering that there is a profit allowance to be made. From the Buyingpropertyinusa.net the rental yield from the real estate in Texas is 8.2%. Assume that the owner of the property earns 8.2% as profit therefore the property value will as shown below; Profit =$134,900 x 8.2%= $11,061.80 Value = $134,900 – $11,061.80 = $123,838.20 Legal Forms Before buying a piece of land one should make sure that the piece of land has a marketable title; this is the first thing to do when purchasing any property on that piece of land as this avoids the legal hassles (Propertybyte.com). The buyer should have knowledge on the following documents which are readily available as they are produced by the seller or the registered office or the lawyer. Title deed The title deed is usually obtained from the seller and should be produced when selling the property; the buyer confirms the name of the seller and whether he/she has the selling rights and that he is the sole owner of that land (Propertybyte.com). The original deed should be examined by the lawyer to determine its authentication and also investigate to determine whether there is another owner of the same property (Propertybyte.com). Conveyance Deed or Sale Deed It is a document that passes to the buyer after the ownership is transferred to the buyer; the conveyance deed help the buyer to determine whether the property he/she is buying is on piece of land owned by the builder, society or development authority in that region (Propertybyte.com). Tax receipt and bills and Encumbrances Certificate Property taxes and bills charged by the government on the property should be assessed to determine whether there is any liability associated with it (Propertybyte.com). The buyer should confirm that the piece of land does not have any legal charges outstanding; this can be done by obtaining Encumbrance certificate from the sub-registrar office (Propertybyte.com). Works Cited Buyingpropertyinusa.net. “ Buying property in USA ”, 2010. Web. Cnnmoney.trulia.com. “For sale” , 2011. Web. Homesandland.com. “ Home maintenance and upkeep ”, 2011. Web. Insuranceovertexas.com. “ Get Free Texas Home Insurance, Texas Insurance, Houston Car Insurance and Houston Business Owners Quotes ”, 2011. Web. Propertybyte.com. “ Purchase of land-legal checklists ”, 2011, Web. Rentals.com. “ Spotlight ” 2011, Web. Republicpropertytax.com. “ Property Tax protest in Houston ”, 2011, Web. Rismedia.com. “ Realogy expects continued improvement in National existing home Sale Data ”, 2011, Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/real-estate-management-analysis-and-valuation/

Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The essay discusses the importance of having basic knowledge in arithmetic and geometric sequences as they are applicable in a number of day to day activities. These include in the construction industry, where workers need to know how much they should be paid, and in the investment industry, where people need to know how much they can expect to earn from their investments.

The essay discusses the importance of having basic knowledge in arithmetic and geometric sequences as they are applicable in a number of day to day activities. These include in the construction industry, where workers need to know how much they should be paid, and in the investment industry, where people need to know how much they can expect to earn from their investments.

Real-World Applications of Mathematics Coursework Introduction The world of mathematics is much diversified with the two common and simplest sequences to work with being the arithmetic and geographic sequences. The arithmetic sequence simply entails adding or subtracting the same value to the term therefore coming up with a new one (Russell, 2011, p. 1). This number that is either added or subtracted is referred to as the common difference. A geometric sequence on the other hand involves multiplying or dividing the term with the same value. Subsequently, the number used in the division or multiplication is termed as common ratio. Below are some problems on arithmetic and geometric sequences. Question A person hired a firm to build a CB radio tower. The firm charges $100 for labor for the first 10 feet. After that, the cost of the labor for each succeeding 10 feet is $25 more than the preceding 10 feet. That is, the next 10 feet will cost $125, the next 10 feet will cost $150, etc. How much will it cost to build a 90-foot tower? Solution This is an arithmetic sequence whereby $25 is being added to every term up to the 90 th feet. * 10 th ft. = $ 100 * 20 th ft. = $ 125 * 30 th ft. = $ 150 * 40 th ft. = $175 * 50 th ft. = $ 200 * 60 th ft. = $ 225 * 70 th ft. = $ 250 * 80 th ft. = $ 275 * 90 th ft. = $ 300 * Total cost = $ 1800 Question A person deposited $500 in a savings account that pays 5% annual interest that is compounded yearly. At the end of 10 years, how much money will be in the savings account? Solution This is a geometric sequence as the money deposited increases at a certain common ratio. The total sum accumulated after the 10 years will thus be calculated as follows (Bluman, 2005, p. 87); A = P (1 + r) n Where * A= This is the total money accumulated after n years. * P= It is the initial amount of money deposited into the account. * r= Is the annual interest as a decimal. * n= Is the number of years the money is invested in the bank. Therefore: A = P (1 + r) n * = 500(1 + (5/100) 10 * = 500(1+0.05) 10 * = 500(1.05) 10 * =500x 1.63 * = $ 814.45 The interest will therefore be the accumulated funds less the initial deposit. That is; ($814.45- $500) = $314.45. Conclusion From the above computations, it can be clearly seen that both arithmetic and geometric sequences are applicable in real-life situations. For instance, the first example of the construction industry shows how it is important to have basic knowledge in arithmetic sequences (Russell, 2011, p. 1). This is because without such information, workers will be oppressed in terms of their payment dues. As for the case of the compound interest, it helps the investor to know how much to expect after a certain duration of time (Bluman, 2005, p. 102). The knowledge of this information is of great essentiality as it is applicable in a number of day to day activities. Some of the common places and situations applicable include in the pension computation, insurance compensation, and financial securities such as share computation just to mention but a few. Reference List Bluman, A. G. (2005). Mathematics in our world (1st ed. Ashford University Custom). United States: McGraw-Hill. Russell, D. (2011). Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences. Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/real-world-applications-of-mathematics/

Write the original essay for the following summary: The reasons for cleavage of protein after His-tag purification are important as they provide a way of getting rid of extra proteins that may alter the purity of the resultant protein, generate different active proteins that can be used for different purposes, and remove inactive or toxic residues from the protein of interest.

The reasons for cleavage of protein after His-tag purification are important as they provide a way of getting rid of extra proteins that may alter the purity of the resultant protein, generate different active proteins that can be used for different purposes, and remove inactive or toxic residues from the protein of interest.

Reasons for Cleavage of Protein His-Tag Purification Essay Reasons for cleavage of protein after His-tag purification It is important to carry out the cleavage of the resultant protein after a process of His-tag purification as the product may be having a myriad of proteins including raw lysate that originates from the bacterial host. These extra proteins may alter the purity of the resultant protein and affect any experimental procedures carried on the protein thereafter. In addition, some proteins may not have been denatured and as such, cleavage provides a way of getting rid of such resistant proteins. Some proteins possess activity that may, in turn, interfere with the proper application of the purified protein of interest. Cleavage generates different active proteins that can be utilized for different purposes. Furthermore, it acts to remove inactive or toxic residues from the protein of interest creating a pure utilizable protein or enzyme residue. Consequently, the by-products of cleavage may be utilized for different purposes in various industries be it biopharmaceuticals or the sugar industry. Different sizes of proteins after His-tag purification The process of His-tag purification may yield different sizes of pure proteins depending on the concentration of the salt used during the purification processes. High salt concentrations may result in low size proteins while low salt concentration yields proteins with higher sizes than expected. The type of salt also determines the size of the resultant purified proteins. Salts with more divalent cations may result in low-sized proteins. Some purified proteins are held in the flow-through and wash resulting in low-sized purified proteins while an overused or old matrix may result in incomplete purification leading to proteins with a bigger size than expected. Reasons for using cell line BL21 DE3 for expression of protein better than cell line bl21 codon plus The cell line BL21 DE3 has been employed in many purification processes of various forms of proteins. BL21 DE3 cell line is preferred to the cell line BL21 codon plus since it is a very versatile cell line and acts as an all-purpose cell line. In addition, it can be used in processes that entail the purification of advanced-level proteins as it provides an uncomplicated method of initiation of induction. The inductive process when using the BL21 codon plus is tedious and as such, unfavorable during purification of proteins using the His-tag technique. BL21 DE3 cell lines are highly compatible with numerous vector systems. Vector systems such as the pET vector system can be used with ease with this cell line as compared to the BL21 codon plus cell line. Consequently, the BL21 DE3 cell line provides a custom expression of the T7 vectors as compared to the BL21 codon plus cell line that provides for custom expression of non-T7 vectors. Because of these differences, the former is preferred in situations where His-tagging purification is required as a wide variety of vector systems can be employed. 2 There is tighter control of some types of proteins that may be toxic when utilizing the BL21 DE3 cell line. In addition, the cell line can be modified to increase resistance to some types of antibiotics such as chloramphenicol. Expression protein at 20 cº better on 37 cº During the purification process using the His-tag method, expression is usually done at different temperatures depending on various factors. It is usually preferred to carry out the expression at lower temperatures around 20 0 C rather than at 37 0 C to prevent hydrolysis of the antibiotic present. Hydrolysis mainly occurs in antibiotics of the penicillin group such as ampicillin resulting in loss of antimicrobial activity. The loss in activity in turn results in proliferation and unregulated growth of cells that are devoid of plasmids. These cells proliferate in a manner such that they eventually overgrow the culture. In addition, lower temperatures foster increased solubility during purification facilitating effortless elution of the products of interest. Low temperatures offer protection to the reagents used as it prevents denaturation of the biomolecules used in the whole process of His-tag purification. Concentration IPTG 0.1Mm better than 1 Mm TPTG In the expression of proteins, there may be circumstances when a specific concentration of a particular reagent is required. In His-tag purification, it is usually better to use IPTG at a concentration of 0.1Mm rather than a concentration of 1Mm to prevent the formation of toxic protein residues in the host cells. In addition, higher concentrations of IPTG may lead to unwanted proteolysis of the various residues, and as such it is essential to use IPTG at a concentration of 0.1Mm rather than at a concentration of 1Mm. Consequently, there is a risk of the formation of inclusion bodies when IPTG is used at high concentrations. The inclusion bodies may result in isolation and collection of impure proteins and as such, interfere with the validity of the whole purification process. Disadvantages of His-tag purification Batch chromatography Batch chromatography is one of the chromatographic techniques employed in the protein purification process. This technique has some limitations that have curtailed its use. The binding of the protein of interest to the resin used is sometimes incomplete due to inefficient resin utilization, as a small portion of the resin is involved in the actual binding of the purified protein. Consequently, the rate of protein binding is altered due to sporadic injection of the feed and the whole process. Washing of proteins off the residue presents a problem since there is underutilization of the adsorbent. Elution of the protein of interest is problematic in batch chromatography as the whole product is in most cases highly diluted. Furthermore, the elution process requires large quantities of water to be effective. Batch chromatography offers low efficiency in advanced separating procedures such as the three-phase component separation process. Due to low loading factors, batch chromatography has limited productivity as compared to other forms of His-tag chromatographic techniques. Advantages of His-tag purification FPLC His-tag purification FPLC is advantageous, as it provides for highly purified protein residues compared to other forms of purification methods. FPLC has columns that provide for high-resolution separation of protein constituents. FPLC is a versatile method that can incorporate various buffers facilitating easier elution of the separated components. Posttranslational modifications Posttranslational modifications entail a transformation of a section or part of a purified protein by the use of special chemical reagents. In His-tag purification methods, post-translation modification entails the removal of glycoprotein remnants from the N and C-terminals of the histidine moiety to achieve the desired protein entity. This entails hydrolysis of amide bonds that link the glycoprotein to the core protein structure at the C-terminal of the histidine moiety. The products of post-translational modifications are detected using various spectrophotometric techniques such as mass spectrophotometry. References Tropp, B & D Freifelder, Molecular biology: Genes to proteins . Jones & Bartlett Learning, Sudbury, 2007. Ghenassia, F, Transaction-level modeling with System C: TLM concepts and applications for embedded systems . Springer, Berlin, 2005. Sussman, J & I Silman, Structural proteomics and its impact on the life sciences . World Scientific, Singapore, 2008. Doublié, S, Methods in molecular biology. Humana Press, New York, 2007. Roe, S, Protein purification applications: A practical approach . Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/reasons-for-cleavage-of-protein-his-tag-purification/

Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The text discusses food security in terms of transportation, warehouses and food handling. It concludes by making recommendations for food security.

The text discusses food security in terms of transportation, warehouses and food handling. It concludes by making recommendations for food security.

Recommendations for Food Security Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Transportation 3. Warehouses 4. Food handling 5. Recommendations 6. References Introduction Any type of food regardless of how it is grown or processed has to pass through several channels during transportation from the point of origin to its point of consumption or storage. Foodstuffs are usually transported either in form of bushels, bouquets, bundles, buckets, in small packages, poly-line up barrels or baskets. Transportation of food can either be through road, air or water means and thus different precautions should be used for the different means. Without proper mechanisms put in place while handling food and food ingredients, these foodstuffs become vulnerable to contamination at some point either during transportation or storage, thus these processes should be cared out carefully (Bachelard & Baker 2007). Transportation During transportation, the quality of food products especially consumer goods can gradually depreciate in quality if not properly stored. In most cases, the food end up having microorganisms but is dependant on various factors such as temperatures and other factors like; availability of nutrients in the foodstuff, oxygen, water or preservatives used. As a result, proper transportation ways should be used and other preservation measures taken to prevent food contamination (Vorvick 2011). Warehouses Warehouses are common storage facilities for foods which if not properly maintained may cause food poisoning. Warehouses storing foodstuffs if not well managed are vulnerable to attracts from various insects, rodents and birds which can contaminate the food stored through their excretions or infections (NSW Food Authority 2011). Especially considering the temperature changes in Melbourne, which have led to a rat plague so, precautions should be increased against rodent /animal plagues. Warehouses also can lead to cross contamination especially if there are different types of foods that have been stored together. For instance, vegetables with traces of bacteria’s can contaminate meat and grain products if stored or transported together. Additionally, food contamination may take place during food packaging where the materials used are found to be contaminated. The World Health Organization (2007) advices that, “mold and bacteria can ardently live in food containers especially those made of cardboard. Thus, persistent cardboard recycling often causes presence of toxic chemicals on the cardboard which may contaminate the food stored in these recycled apparatus.” Food handling Bacteria propagate rapidly in warm and moist conditions with a source of oxygen, especially given the drastic climatic changes and global warming, which make bacteria thrive in foodstuffs. Therefore, proper handling of food is necessary in food preparation (Landon 2010). Contaminating foods or drinks is a potential route for exposing toxic substances in the food. Additionally, touching foodstuffs with bare hands usually transfers germs into the food. Nevertheless, the increase in the importance of food hygiene brought a realization that it is difficult to act decisively while dealing with food production which have long posed serious health risks. Since 1970s many organizations concerned with food legislation continued to push for its amendment until in 1990 when the food safety act was passed. When the biological environment of food is tampered with by introduction of harmful bacteria into the food, then food poisoning occurs since the food becomes contaminated. There is an economic impact that occurs due to food poisoning since for proper food handling technological aspects have to be put in place so as to curb food poisoning. It is also helpful for one to be aware of environmental issues related to food poisoning as the impact of food poisoning is negative to both the humans and the environment. These negative environmental issues include food wastage since the spoilt food has to be thrown away hence when disposed into the environment it has the ability to decompose emitting greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, transportation of these foods causes the emissions of green house gases through transport vessels and some of the materials used for packaging are harmful to the physical environment since they don’t decompose like polythene. Political environmental aspects have really boosted food handling process since the strict regulations have been put in place to reduce the rate of food poisoning such as it is in Australia. An environmental issue that arises in food poisoning is that of both social and psychosocial influences. For example during the summer, many Australians gather to eat and socialize and during this season the climatic conditions are warm increasing the chances of food poisoning hence it is an environmental issue. Globalization is a factor that affects the environment adversely and it makes many people more susceptible to food poisoning due to the warm climatic conditions that come about thus providing favorable conditions for bacteria. Recommendations Food security can be improved from effects of microbiological and other hazards organisms through use of preventive methods such as hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP). Industries and companies are advised to follow and adhere with the regulations and codes stipulated by the occupational health and safety act (OH&S) for the sake of its employee’s safety as they go on carrying out their duties. It can also be improved by ensuring that good manufacturing and sanitation practices are in place and food safety performance standards are appropriate throughout food production processes and distribution chain. In order to maintain proper food security, the chemical environment of food should be examined so as to have adequate knowledge on the chemicals to avoid when preserving food. This is because chemicals produced which can be either synthetic or natural produce microbes which have the ability to kill other harmful bacteria and such a chemical is penicillin. If food needs to be transported from one place to another, it should be kept well covered and under adequate temperature controls. Transporters must use refrigerated mediums or insulated containers to keep hot foods hot (above 60 degrees) and cold foods cold (below 5 degrees). In addition, there should be regular forms of cleaning the transportation vessels to ensure that food is being transported in a clean and safe environment. While handling food, direct hand contact should be avoided at all times especially when handling raw foods ready to be served therefore, it is advisable to use disposable gloves, tongs, clean napkins or other tools while handling any type of food or drinks. References Bachelard, E. & Baker M., 2007. What on earth have you been eating? The age online . Web. Landon, M., 2010. Environment, health and sustainable development. Berkshire: Open University Press. NSW Food Authority, 2011. Food poisoning. NSW government . Web. Vorvick, L., 2011. Food poisoning. Pub Med Health . Web. World Health Organization., 2007. Food safety and foodborne illness. World Health Organization. Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/recommendations-for-food-security/

Write the original essay for the following summary: The Black-eared Miner, Manorina melanotis, is a honey eating bird species native to the mallee woodland in southeastern Australia. The species has been declared as an endangered species under the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Researchers have disagreed over the taxonomy of this bird with some considering it a variant of M. flavigula. The birds are co-operative breeders (individuals

The Black-eared Miner, Manorina melanotis, is a honey eating bird species native to the mallee woodland in southeastern Australia. The species has been declared as an endangered species under the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Researchers have disagreed over the taxonomy of this bird with some considering it a variant of M. flavigula. The birds are co-operative breeders (individuals

Recovery Plan For Manorina Melanotis — Black-Eared Miner Report (Assessment) Table of Contents 1. Background 2. Habitat and Breeding 3. Threats 4. Objectives of the Recovery Plan 5. Recovery Plan 6. Evaluating the Efficacy of the Recovery Plan 7. Conclusion 8. References Background The Black-eared Miner, Manorina melanotis, is a honey eating bird species native to the mallee woodland in southeastern Australia. Due to a decline in number in the 1980s, the bird was declared as an endangered species under the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Manorina melanotis closely resembles the much more common Yellow-throated Miner, Manorina flavigula (Australian Government, 2010, para. 2). Several conservation efforts have been undertaken but these have not been adequate and the bird continues to listed as endangered more than 20 years after the first studies were made. Habitat and Breeding M. melanotis lives mainly in the Murray Mallee region in Southern Australia (Threatened Species, 2005, para. 2). A few birds can be found in the northwestern Victoria with the greatest numbers found in the Murray Sunset, NP. In NSW, it lives in the mallee in the Scotia region. Before the reduction in number, the species might have been present in the mallee region throughout southwest NSW. Black-eared Miners are mainly found in large tracts of mature mallee with a post fire age greater than 25 years although they prefer a mallee vegetation that has not been burned for the past 50 years. They feed mainly on arthropods such as grasshoppers, weevils, spiders, ants, and flies. During breeding periods, the birds live in colonies of between 8 and 40. Breeding is usually opportunistic and may occur when conditions are fitting, however, highest breeding rates occur between September and December. Researchers have disagreed over the taxonomy of this bird with some considering it a variant of M. flavigula. The birds are co-operative breeders (individuals assist in caring for the young that are not their own), live in large flocks during the breeding season, and separate during non-breeding periods. Threats The main reason for the decline in the number of birds stems from the clearance of their mallee habitat. Although settlers arrived at the Murray Mallee in the mid 19 th century, it was not until the start of the 20 th century that extensive clearance of these habitats for agricultural purposes began. This increased in the 1930s when the settlers dug dams and channels to improve water flow. This has led to encroachment and subsequent displacement of the bird with the Yellow-throated species that lives in open lands. The number has further reduced due to interbreeding between the two Miner species, this poses the greatest risk to the survival of M. melanotis . A study of the two bird species from different areas of the world show a significant increase in hybridization around the mid-20 th century as dam construction and clearance of habitats increased (Bird Life, N. d., para. 7). Another cause of decline in numbers is due to wildfires. The bird species prefers mallee vegetation that has not burnt for at least 50 years, however, such a habitat is difficult to find in Australia as wild fires are a common phenomenon. Wildfires cause direct deaths of birds and long-term changes to the structure of the flora. Fires also increase leaf litter that is unfavorable for the species and may boost predation, such ecosystems may not sustain a viable population of the Black-eared Miner. For example, a fire in Bookmark BR towards the end of 2006 burnt 115,000 ha of the Black-eared Miner’s mallee habitat. The fire reduced the bird’s habitat to a third of the original area, however, it also created a natural extinguisher for the unburnt areas. The present ability of the habitat to put off fires has certainly led to a drop in the number of wildfires, however, this has led to a reduction in the habitat area for the species (Threatened Species, 2005, para. 4). The final threat to the survival of M. melanotis is climate change. The species is thought to be easily affected by variations in climatic conditions with long periods of drought hindering breeding and long rains promoting breeding. Harsh climatic conditions have altered specific parts of Australia that were previously inhabited by the Black-eared Miner in such a way that these regions can no longer sustain viable populations. In developing a recovery plan, all these threats must be taken into consideration, the plan must design ways of abating or reversing the threats. Objectives of the Recovery Plan The short-term aim of this plan is to increase the present range and numbers of the species in habitats around Australia and to improve the quality of chosen colonies. Achieving this goal will stabilize bird populations and increase their breeding activities. This will mainly include translocation of bird species to other habitats and reducing the threats that they face as discussed above. The long-term objectives of the plan is to attain and keep a viable population of pure breeds of Black-eared Miners in at least five selected habitats in Australia. This will increase the birds’ population to more than 5,000 mature individuals ten years from today across the country, a big jump from the current number estimated at 500 (Bird Life, N. d., para. 4). Recovery Plan The recovery plan is drawn from past conservation efforts and from the threats that the Black-eared Miner faces. Past conservation efforts have included survey and monitoring of individual bird species by Birds Australia staff and volunteers and lately by La Trobe University. Other efforts have centered on finding the most suitable habitats for the bird, habitat protection, translocations, and studies into the biology and ecology of the bird. Major activities for achieving the recovery plan objectives are outlined below: * Effective control of fire outbreaks in the mallee habitat. This entails regular patrols by staff on foot and from the air, this enables early detection and putting of fires. These patrols will be more frequent during long periods of drought as fire outbreaks tend to be more common during such periods. To ensure that the plan is effective, adequate fire fighting equipment will be supplied in all surveillance points at habitat areas. The staff will be trained on fire fighting skills , with mock fire outbreaks carried out twice or thrice a year to check on the readiness of the fire-fighting staff (IUCN Red List, 2010, para. 6). * Studies on the possibility of a translocation process of birds to habitats with suitable conditions for breeding have been undertaken previously and have proved that such a move can bird populations. Birds will be moved from areas with unfavorable climatic conditions and those that have been encroached by the Yellow-throated Miners. Since suitable climatic conditions enhance breeding among the birds, translocation will increase their number, besides, interbreeding with the Yellow-throated Miners will be eliminated, ensuring high-quality (pure) offspring. A translocation exercise must take into consideration the impacts on the source population and other operational management issues, such as habitat suitability and contact with Yellow-throated Miners at the destination habitat. * M. melanotis requires a mallee vegetation that has not been burnt for at least 50 years, this requires that current mallee vegetation in various parts of the country must be maintained. In addition, we shall plant more mallee vegetation for our long-term strategy. * Another recovery plan involves the identification of man-made water points within M. melanotis habitats that may pose a threat to the birds. These water points will either be closed or rehabilitated. In case the water point is the major source of water for the neighboring human populations, the birds may be moved to other areas. Other actions may include banning of pastoral activities in areas with mallee vegetation. * To realize the goals of the recovery plan, we will include major landowners and residents around NSW and other major M. melanotis habitat areas. The landowners will promote our conservational efforts at community level due to their influence. * We will integrate all information relating to M. melanotis from all habitats around the country and enter it into a common database such that it will be easier to access information on the progress of conservation efforts being undertaken in these places. This information will include bird population, area of habitat, and all translocation activities. Evaluating the Efficacy of the Recovery Plan Effective management practices, funding from relevant institutions and co-ordination between implementation should ensure success of the recovery strategy. However, due to the importance and intricacy of this activity, the progress of the conservation process must be assessed periodically to ensure the efficacy of the plan. Assessments will be carried out in the following ways: * Every three years, a bird count exercise will be carried out. The process will not just record the number of birds, it will include male birds, female birds, offspring within the last three years, mature members of the population, number of birds per square kilometer, and other information relating to the mallee vegetation. Other information such as the number of fires within the last three years will also be recorded. The information will assist in identifying areas that need more resources, habitats that are overpopulated, and those that require translocation. * To ensure that the long-term goals of the recovery plan are achieved, the area occupied by mallee vegetation will be calculated. This will give the area of land capable of supporting the Black-eared Miner population and the level of success in the maintenance of the current vegetation and planting new trees. Conclusion Current conservation efforts for the Black-eared Miner are not adequate, moreover, such efforts have not adequately addressed the issues that have led to the reduction in the number of the birds, such as wildfires, encroachment of human into its habitat, and interbreeding with the Yellow-throated Miner. As a result, the bird continues to be listed as an endangered species more than two decades after the first studies on the bird were made (IUCN Red List, 2010, Para. 2). Studies have shown that the species is doomed to genetic swamping and extinction unless elaborate efforts are put in place. On a positive note, the bird has the ability to recover, therefore, adoption of this recovery plan will ensure that the Black-eared Miner will survive for hundreds of years to come. References Australian Government. (2010). Manorina melanotis – Black-eared Miner . Web. Bird Life. (N. d.). Black-eared Miner , Manorina melanotis. Web. IUCN Red List. (2010). Manorina melanotis. Web. Threatened Species. (2005). Black-eared Miner- Profile. Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/recovery-plan-for-manorina-melanotis-black-eared-miner/

Convert the following summary back into the original text: Redondo Nursing Home provides above average care by offering residents several nutritional plans and support to family members. The facility offers friendly staff, several types of rooms, and support to family members to make the transition from independent living to assisted living bearable.

Redondo Nursing Home provides above average care by offering residents several nutritional plans and support to family members. The facility offers friendly staff, several types of rooms, and support to family members to make the transition from independent living to assisted living bearable.

Redondo Nursing Home: Providing Above Average Care Research Paper Abstract The elements of a good nursing home are numerous. Among basic procedures in care, Healthy Digest reports that the “overall cleanliness of the home is important” (Seniors Nursing Home Essentials 2011). While most individuals search for a facility that is clean and friendly, quality nursing facilities should offer residents more than a clean restroom and friendly staff. In addition to providing the standard atmosphere, Redondo Nursing Home aspires to exceed average expectations through accessibility and transparency. The nursing center will offer friendly staff, several nutritional plans, and support to family members to make the transition from independent living to assisted living bearable. The Facility Redondo Nursing Home is a small facility located in Fremont, California. Certified as a Medicare and Medicaid facility, Redondo has thirty residential rooms and one dining hall. The facility was donated by Sherri and Brandon Richardson upon the death of Aunt Matie Richardson. While half of the residential rooms are reserved for single living, the other half is for double occupancy. Triple occupancy is not available since such living conditions have the potential to lead to sanitation problems. The rooms consist of a living area and restroom. Living areas are composed of bedrooms, televisions, dressers, and lamps. A limited number of hand and bath towels are provided to residents by the facility. Furnishings and towels are provided by a company called Resident Essentials who specialize in nursing home furniture and offers “a variety of nursing home furniture and room furnishings perfect for any nursing home”. While there is no rent or mortgage associated with the building, commercial insurance averages around $1,200 per year. Additional liability insurance for residents costs $2,000 per month. Whereas commercial insurance covers damages to the building associated with natural and human disasters, liability insurance enables Redondo to pay for financial costs associated with a resident falling or choking on food. Redondo Nursing Home strives to provide a safe atmosphere that is both welcoming and cozy. The Position of the Planner Living in an assisted living facility is difficult for many elderly individuals. According to the University Hospitals of Columbia and Cornell. “for many older adults, planning to live in a nursing home can be too difficult to even think about. It may conjure up many emotions–helplessness because you no longer can care for yourself, possibly having to leave your home and security, or fear due to an uncertain future” (Planning for Nursing Home Care 2006). Many individuals choose not to plan for assisted living even when their health deteriorates to the point of needing special care. While they are fully aware of their medical situation, such individuals would rather stay in the comfort zone that is their home than explore alternative ways of living that may prove disastrous. With complete awareness of the emotions involved with relocating, Redondo aspires to make the transition easier with a specialized planner. The planner essentially consults with potential residents and family members to discuss care plans and other options available to seniors and their families. On average, a meeting between the planner and family will be one to two hours and cover everything from room selections to meal plans. While the potential resident and family members are expected to disclose all information pertaining to medical conditions, the planner is required to provide a complete description of the home. Such description should include information pertaining to staffing, nutritional menus, and the overall atmosphere of the home. Potential residents and family members should essentially leave the center with a complete understanding of daily practices. Providing such transparency is the key element that sets Redondo apart from other nursing homes in the business. Since the planner is essentially the first professional contact that the potential resident will meet, it is important that this individual be formally educated and have strong customer service skills. Planners are therefore required to furnish proof of a masters degree in psychology from a regionally accredited university before being hired. In addition, individuals must have experience working with the public in the realm of social worker or a closely related field. Persons having extensive experience working in a nursing home as a receptionist or administrative assistant are considered; the experience, however, must be for at least five years. Establishing such stringent employment qualifications ensures that an educated individual is selected who is capable of properly executing the job. A high level of skill expectation inevitably warrants a large salary. While the planner is not given six figures, he or she is compensated through a combination of salary and incentives. The planner position pays $40,000 per year plus medical benefits, thirteen days paid vacation, and ten days paid sick leave. The planner works along with the administrator to make daily operations successful. He or she essentially serves as second in command in the absence of the administrator. Planners also organize activities as well as physician and dental visits. Other Positions The administrator is responsible for all business and residential activities throughout the day. Although the planner is the central contact with families, potential residents, and business professionals, the administrator is responsible for approving all activities and changes within the nursing home. Prior to admitting an individual, the administrator must review the file and determine if the candidate would be a good fit for Redondo and vice versa. After admitting the person, the administrator must ensure that payment is secure through installments or full restitution of debt. He or she is also responsible for maintaining the budget and ensuring that all bills are paid in a timely manner. Since a lot of time and effort is required, the administrator is compensated with $60,000 annually. He or she is also given medical benefits as well as sick leave and paid vacation. The administrator is expected to be accessible twenty four hours per day by telephone or email in the instance that an emergency arises that the nurses and other staff are unable to resolve. The administrative position requires a masters degree in business administration and at least seven years of experience in an authoritative role. At least five of those seven years must have been in a nursing home or similar facility and two of those years must have been in management. The administrator is a vital role at Redondo and individuals filling it must be capable of handling various tasks. Aside from administrative and planning positions, other staff include nurses, nursing assistants, receptionists, cooks, and maintenance personnel. The facility has three nurses with five assistants, and two receptionists. While nurses and maintenance personnel are full time employees with benefits, nursing assistants and receptionists are part time employees who do not receive additional incentives outside of financial compensation. Kitchen cooks are employed on a temporary basis and are scheduled to work less than twenty hours per week. Similar to receptionists, kitchen workers do not receive incentives outside of hourly compensation. There are two kitchen cooks and three maintenance personnel. All positions outside of administrator and planner are hourly positions. Since hiring the right employee is vital to the survival of a company, Redondo is the sole employer of all employees. The facility does not utilize temporary agencies or other staffing solutions during the employment process. Although they are not given a salary, support staff are provided with fair compensation. Receptionists are given $12.00 per hour, and kitchen staff are compensated with an hourly rate of $9.00. Nurses are paid $27.00 per hour and their assistants are given $15.00 hourly. Maintenance staff are paid $10.00 per hour. Residential costs and payment plans Forbes magazine reports that the average nursing home facility “will eat $130,000 to $145,000 per room in start-up costs-or about $11 million for an average-sized location with 80 units” (Fundamentals of Running a Senior Living Home 2007). In order to balance annual budgets, these facilities typically charge high residential rates and do not provide additional assistance or care without additional financing. Since Redondo is smaller than the average nursing home facility, it is enabled to provide specialized care at a reasonable cost. Residential rooms at Redondo cost $3,000 per month for single occupancy and $1,500 for double occupancy. Included in this price are nutritional meals and medical care. Bed-ridden individuals who require twenty four hour personalized assistance will be billed an additional $500 per month. At Redondo, personalized assistance is defined as individuals who requires help when using the restroom, eating, and clothing themselves. Such persons would essentially need a staff member in their room all day. Double occupancy is not available to individuals needing personalized assistance. Although $1,500 to $3,000 per month sounds expensive, Redondo accepts several methods of payment that can substantially reduce or even eliminate out of pocket expenses. As a certified Medicare and Medicaid facility, Redondo accepts government insurance policies as a method of payment. Instead of being expected to pay the entire $3,000 per month, an individual living in a single occupancy room may only be charged a quarter of the rent while the government covers the remaining debt. Redondo also accepts private insurance policies that may cover some or all costs associated with residency. While family contributions are common among most residents, there are several ways for individuals to pay. Aside from making an annual payment of $36,000 for single occupancy and $18,000 for double, individuals can make monthly installments to cover the balance. While information pertaining to one’s financial institution is not required when making an annual payment, registering for installment plans require electronic checks. Individuals may select the day that they would like to make payment and Redondo will withdraw the rental amount from the bank account. If the insurance company has paid for a fraction of the room, Redondo will withdraw the remaining balance. Even though Redondo is known for its friendly atmosphere, individuals failing to pay monthly rates will be subject to eviction. Prior to evicting a tenant, the administrator must do everything within his or her authority to rectify debt. This often means contacting family members and informing residents of government programs that they may be eligible for. All residents are given thirty days notice before official eviction, and an additional fifteen days to vacate the premises after eviction has taken place. Prior to receiving a thirty day notice, a tenant in danger of being evicted will be notified of default. It is then dependent on the tenant to respond or vacate. Individuals who respond to default notices in a timely manner are typically spared the embarrassment of eviction, while persons procrastinating are asked to leave. Redondo Nursing Home does everything within its power to prevent evictions but requires the cooperation of all residents and family members in preventing such action. References Cloutier, Lise. (2011). Seniors Nursing Home Essentials. Health News Digest . Web. Nelson, Brett. (2007). The Fundamentals of Running a Senior Living Home . Forbes.com .Web. New York-Presbyterian Hospital. (2006). Planning for Nursing Home Care . Web. Annual Budget Monthly Budget Employee Data Employment Title Salary Hours Per Week Administrator $60,000 annually 40+ Planner $40,000 annually 40 Registered Nurse $27.00/hr. 40 Certified Nurses Assistant $15.00/hr. 20 Receptionist 12.00/hr. 20 Kitchen Worker $9.00/hr. 15 Maintenance Worker $10.00/hr. 40

https://ivypanda.com/essays/redondo-nursing-home-providing-above-average-care/

Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The essay discusses the problem of reduced flow of stream water during summer and how it can be addressed. It also talks about the procedures used to solve the problem and the fields of science consulted. Reduced flow of stream water during summer can be a result of global warming or the introduction of chemicals from factories. The essay also talks about the methods of solving the problem and the references.

The essay discusses the problem of reduced flow of stream water during summer and how it can be addressed. It also talks about the procedures used to solve the problem and the fields of science consulted. Reduced flow of stream water during summer can be a result of global warming or the introduction of chemicals from factories. The essay also talks about the methods of solving the problem and the references.

Reduced Flow of Stream Water Report (Assessment) Table of Contents 1. Problem outline 2. Procedure used 3. Methods of solving the problem 4. Fields of science consulted 5. References Problem outline The stream water levels reduce during summer mainly due to the climatic changes that have taken toll in the environment. Pernetta (1994) states that, the global warming is affecting most climates and resulting to droughts that occur frequently. The observation made is that some droughts, which have been occurring since the early 1970’s, are to blame for the declining ground water levels. These have led to problems with water shortage with some area experiencing major problems. The scum observed in the stream can be because of two things as will be shown. One of them is that maybe the introduction of chemicals from factories has polluted the stream leading to the scum formation. Zhen-Gang (2008) found that, the second reason could be due to the free-floating algae in the stream that thrive during the warm temperatures of summer and the ideal sunlight. The algae will flourish almost to the surface of the stream and this may appear like scum that is easy to notice. Approximately one week later, a reddish film formed towards the surface of the stream and it affected a large area. Sheath and Cole (1990) have shown that, as bloom of the algae continues the water may appear to develop a reddish film. This is mainly because the algae have reached the required population where some may begin to collapse. As they die, the cells settle to the bottom of the stream and release organic nitrogen and phosphorous and the former appears reddish in the water. The water from this stream turns toxic to animals and the Green pond solutions have explained this situation, which points out that the algae, competes for oxygen with the organisms beneath them such as the fish (Zhen-Gang, 2008). This is harmful and may lead to death of the fish in the stream. The algae in this case as explained by Sheath and Cole (1990), is the species of algae that is toxic to animals than it is to human beings, wildlife and even the livestock that may drink water from the pond. Procedure used The main procedure that helped to explain the problem is through the thorough reading of scientific material to draw the knowledge behind some of the occurrences in the stream. The information originated from articles that point out similar occurrences in the water stream and hence derived the relationships. The second procedure was to visit streams around the area and interview people about the various changes that they may observe in the water streams when summer occurs. The various observations made from the different people is collected and the conclusions begin to be drawn relating to the problem at hand. Most of the people gave valid information that is useful and reliable with no bias. The other most important procedure was that, after establishing a water stream that exhibited most of the signs as those in our problem after summer, samples collected from the stream were for laboratory use for further investigation to produce the findings that the problem is based upon. The procedure to establish various ways of tackling this problem was the next to be undertaken and part of the solution was found with some environmental scientists who offered to provide some of their mechanisms to be used in the water stream as a way of assisting the study of this problem. This solved the problem of the dying fish in the water stream considerably and there were no chances of experiencing the same problem later. Methods of solving the problem The only way to control the water levels of the water stream is simply by countering effects the global warming brings. It is advisable to plant trees near the water stream to prevent excess evaporation of the water during summer and to serve as rain attractors. The control of free-floating algae can be through the establishment of a shadow such as the one that the trees in the water stream forms. Other methods apply such as the use of pond algaecides in extreme cases though control is necessary to ensure that there in minimal pollution in the water. Using advanced technologies, a sterilizer that uses ultra-violet rays help to eliminate the algae. According to News-USA, Inc (2011), the death of organisms in the water stream, especially the fish that the overlying scum causes living filters in the water stream can help to reduce it. The system aims at treating the water in the case of chemical pollution by increasing the microbial activities beneath the water. The introduction of a particular moss helps to do this, which creates the favorable conditions for the organisms to carry out the microbial activities and continue living. Fields of science consulted The various fields consulted were the aquatic science that explained the death of the fish, agricultural science that showed the various ways that the planting of trees might be effective in solving the problem and the field of biology that explained the microbial activities and their relation to life continuity. References A History Lesson for the World, Artificial Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment (AWTS), News-USA, Inc, Web. Pernetta, J., 1994. Impact of climate change on ecosystems and species. IUCN: Gland. Sheath, R. and Cole, K., 1990. Biology of the red algae. Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. Zhen-Gang, J., 2008. Hydrodynamics and water quality: modeling rivers, lakes, and estuaries. Hoboken: John Wiley &Sons, Inc.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/reduced-flow-of-stream-water/

Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The essay discusses the origins of the classical theory of crime and how it has evolved over time.The classical theory of crime is based on the idea that people commit crimes because they have free will. The theory has evolved over time to include the idea that people may also commit crimes because they are influenced by their environment or upbringing.

The essay discusses the origins of the classical theory of crime and how it has evolved over time. The classical theory of crime is based on the idea that people commit crimes because they have free will. The theory has evolved over time to include the idea that people may also commit crimes because they are influenced by their environment or upbringing.

Reducing Crime Rates by Analyzing Its Causes Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Definitions of Crime 3. Causes of Crime 4. Literature review on the causes of crime 5. The classical theory 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction The occurrence of a crime dictates that a given law has been broken and someone has been affected directly or indirectly. This study aims at establishing the causes that motivate people to commit crimes. After establishing the causes of crime, the study aims at establishing whether understanding the causes of crime can help in reversing this vice. It is clear that crime in the US is a major problem that requires to be addressed. From the research conducted on the crime trends in the US, it was found out that the rate of property crime in the country has reduced tremendously in comparison to the United Kingdom, Canada, and other Western European countries. However, in comparison to violent crimes, crime rates are relatively higher in the country than in the other western democracies which prompts the studies to evaluate the root causes of this problem. Definitions of Crime The lexical definition of crime defines it as any act or failure to act as one had been requested or is obliged. This failure to act constitutes an offense if it hurts directly or indirectly any interested party. This offense can be punished in a state using the state’s statutory regulations. Crime can be defined using the legal fraternity dictionary as the absolute violation of the laws of a country. This violation results in hurting the public or an individual and thus is punishable as per the stipulated laws Causes of Crime The reasons why people commit crimes is a complex topic to evaluate because of the diversity in the world socio-cultural and socio-economic differences displayed by the various societies. In order that we may understand this better, the classical theory will be used to illustrate what really motivates people to commit a crime. It is also important to note that many countries in the world have been experiencing drastic increases in crime rates. The lash and secure neighborhoods in the country are no longer safe and serene places to live anymore. The global rise in crime necessitates that criminal justice experts come up with mitigating measures to ensure that the issue of rising crime rates is addressed. Crime trends should also be used to evaluate the possible causes of increasing crime rates. For instance, in the United Kingdom, home invasions and burglary have hit a higher recorded mark than in the US. There is a need for criminal justice experts to come up with solutions that are tailored to address the issue of crime in their localities. Literature review on the causes of crime The study of the possible causes of crime can be traced from 3700 years before Christ were the Babylonians tried to explain the reasons that motivated people to commit crimes (Fitzgerald, 2001). Later on, in the early 18th century, European missionaries and colonialists are recorded to have stated that crime and sins as per their religious orientation are one and the same thing. To the early missionaries, crimes were motivated by evil spirits that possessed the offenders. These evil spirits made them defy rules that govern social order and thus negating their social obligations. Therefore, they were to be dealt with promptly and harshly so as to correct them before it was too late (Fitzgerald, 2001). The development of man over the centuries and the sophistication in the way he lives has influenced the crime trends, which have also evolved alongside man. The complexity in crime and the motive of committing crime led to the constitutional criminology department to deal with the understanding of crime in society. Criminologists have identified the possible factors that can be attributed to criminal activities. The factors have been classified into the following broad spectrums; biological factors, psychological factors, social factors, and economic factors (Siegel, 2011). Criminologists argue that a combination of all these factors instigates people to commit a crime. Biological factors such as a physical structure of an individual play a key role in determining whether a person commits a certain crime or not. For instance, being a male person is a predisposing factor that influences a person to commit an offense such as wife battering, assault among others (Newman& Rothberg, 2002). On the other hand, some crimes such as prostitution are more likely to be associated with women. The IQ of a person is yet another biological factor that influences whether a person may commit a specific crime or not. People who perform poorly in intelligence tests and could not keep up with the country’s school curriculum and with their fellow students are resentful of their failures. Due to their poor education, they become frustrated, and anger sets in. They become rebellious and tend to deviate from society’s set norms. Sooner after these changes, they start indulging in criminal activities such as rape, property crimes among others (Newman& Rothberg, 2002). Some of these crimes are motivated by the need for survival while some are motivated by internal resentment that is associated with such kinds of persons. The social factors do not influence crime directly, but they act as catalysts of crime. Issues such as poverty, racism, discrimination, abuse, unemployment, and illiteracy are some of the social factors that have been cited as major catalysts of crime. Records have shown that countries that have social problems as those highlighted above always have high crime rates. Poor people will commit property crimes such as burglary so that they can afford general necessities that satisfy the fundamental human utilities (Robinson, 2009). Persons who have been assaulted will tend to act violently towards the abuser or the gender that inflicted the pain to them or towards a certain group in the society that they feel resentment towards. Areas in the country that lack the government’s support for instance the inner cores of ghettos have organized gangs who team up with the promise of providing security for the society members and to give a sense of belonging to the residents due to neglect by the central government. These gangs end up extorting the residents. They are ruthless and they punish victims to set them as an example for any other person who tries to defy their orders. These areas become drugs and illegal arms encroachment territories. The factors highlighted above influence the probability of people living in these areas taking part in criminal activities. As the social neglects rise, rates of crime also rise and the opposite is always true (Fitzgerald, 2001). Another sociological factor that has played a key role in propagating crime in the US is fatherlessness. The father figure in the family brings a sense of defined family configuration where the father takes the lead role as the head of the family. According to research carried out by the Department of Health and Human Services in the US, in 1999 alone, there were over 60% of child abuses had been inflicted on the children by their mothers who held the parental custody of their children. The remaining percentage was contributed by the boyfriends or stepfathers. These children lacked a father who would have made sure that they receive good care from their mothers. To further illustrate how the concept of fatherlessness contributes to crime, research has indicated that over 90% of the runaways from home are occasioned by causes that go back to lack of a father figure. Many children from fatherless homes are depressed and thus are prone to crime. Such children end up committing crimes either by committing suicide, becoming thieves so as to survive, being rapists, dropping out of school, being drug addicts among other social evils. The above are just a few of the facts that are available to illustrate the effects of fatherlessness on children (Kender, 2001). Some crimes are also caused by psychological issues. Many of the crimes that are committed are motivated by greed, anger, jealousy, revenge, and at times, arrogance from the offenders. Kender, (2001) notes that some people commit a crime with one sole aim, to hurt the other party. Such people get a psychological reward in inflicting pain and suffering on other people. Crimes motivated by psychic disorders are carefully planned to reduce the chances of being caught while executing the crime. People who commit this category of crime are always conscious of their behavior, but the urge to satisfy their urge overtakes their consciousness. It gives them the pleasure to feel in control and this adrenaline rush pushes them to commit a crime. This can be done out of rage, one is angry and they want to release their anger through their victims. To others, it is the fear of being seen as powerless. Some people may feel powerless and insecure, and the only way to ensure that they are safe is by committing an offense (Schmalleger, 2009). Another psychological factor that has been connected to the increase in crime rates is fundamentalism. Many young people are becoming hardliners of varying opinions. One of the most notorious fundamentalisms is the one associated with Islamic terrorism that originates from hardliner Islamists who take pride in killing people who do not profess the Islamic faith. Such people use their religious orientation as the stepping stone to indulge in criminal activities such as terrorism. For instance, Islamic fundamentalism has contributed to the committing of grave and horrendous crimes against humanity such as the 11th September attack. Fundamentalism is the motivating factor of some of the mysteries of the serial killings in the country (Schmalleger, 2009). The study has made it clear that economic factors have also played a pivotal role in propagating crimes in the country. This knowledge should act as an incentive to the central government to begin funding these areas. It should come up with finance packages that are friendlier so as to stimulate residents’ loaning. This will enhance the self-employment and independence of families. The federal government with the help of the central government should come up with subsidized daycare services among other programs that will improve the well-being of its citizens (Fitzgerald, 2001). On the other hand, a good number of people commit crimes for monetary or material gain. Crime committed for monetary gain is classified as economic or property crime and may include burglaries, robberies, and white-collar crimes like fraud. These crimes are committed with the main intention of having some material gain. Violent crimes like murder and rape are instigated by the desire to control. Some crimes in this category are motivated by impulse and are not premeditated by the offender. For instance, manslaughter is a crime that occurs due to a rash reaction whereby the person kills without a prior plan to kill. Why the study of crime? The study of crime is essential for any progress to be made in curbing this vice. For instance, criminologists have found out that punishing criminals and putting crime mitigating measures in place reduces the number of crimes. This is because a punishment like death makes people who desire to kill think twice. On the other hand, crime preventive measures like proper lighting of streets and alleys in big shanties reduce the number of criminals who are willing to commit crimes for fear of being seen committing an offense. Another measure is putting more police officers on patrol in crime volatile areas as their presence instills the essence of maintaining law and order (Fitzgerald, 2001). The classical theory The proponents of this theory with relation to the study of crime in society hold that people should always be guided by their own free will. According to these proponents, people have the right to decide on what is the best thing to do. It is inherent that every human wants to derive pleasure in every action executed. Therefore, every human being avoids anything that will inflict pain on them. This theory involves evaluating all the possible outcomes that will result from undertaking a certain action. According to the theory, a person takes a cognitive assessment of rewards and punishment before executing a specified act. The person looks at the benefits that will be derived when they act as required and also at the consequences that will be suffered if the action is undertaken. The classical theory seeks to evade unreasoning and unconsciousness as the driving factors towards specific actions, but it stresses the importance of using rationale before doing anything (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 2005). With this in mind, the classical theory seeks to explain why many people do not want to engage in criminal activities. Punishment takes a dominant place in this theory. People will evaluate the benefits they will gain if they engage in illegal activity and the possible consequences that will be suffered for taking an action that is prohibited by the law or the rules of natural justice. For instance, people may keep away from crime to avoid imprisonment, being fined among other legal actions that are carried against offenders. If the benefit of an action outweighs the consequences, the individual is at free will to undertake the action out of reasoning, but if the consequences are more eminent, it deters them from executing such actions. This theory is very viable to American society because the country is a free democracy that is governed by the free will of its citizens. All American citizens are guided by the founding principles of the United States of America that stipulate every American is of free will to do what they want. However, this independence philosophy has been misused to mean that every person is free to do whatever they please including committing a crime. Gottfredson and Hirschi, (2005) argue that the recent trends in an American’s way of life seem to hold that indulging in criminal activities is rewarding as neighborhood gangsters are a guarantee to stardom. He further asserts that Hollywood heroism has been etched into the minds of the Americans hence propelling the commitment of a crime. The Hollywood actors who for the purpose of acting emulate criminals are now being imitated in the streets which results in torrents of crimes being made every day with the number escalating at an alarming rate. More and more violent crimes are being made every day. This has negated the American dream of free will to one that is governed by the free will to commit a crime with full knowledge of the outcomes and the possible consequences. Conclusion It is evident that the study has come up with the causes of crime and related the widespread rates in crime to the classical theory. Understanding the causes of crime can help in formulating measures that can curb the vice. The American way of living has been greatly influenced by the demographic differences that exist in American society and also the American notion of an absolute life as portrayed by Hollywood actors and therefore, the nation is working towards achieving that dream. References Fitzgerald, M. (2001). Crime and society: readings in history and theory . London: Routledge. Gottfredson, M., R &. Hirschi.(2005). A general theory of crime. Chicago: Stanford University Press. Kender, S. E. (2001). Crime in America . New York: H.W. Wilson Company. Newman, J. & Rothberg, D. (2002). Crime in America: causes and cures . Washington: U.S. News & World Report Robinson. (2009). Justice Blind? Ideals and realities of American criminal justice: Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. Schmalleger, F. (2009 ). Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the twenty-first century . Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. Siegel, L., J. (2011). Criminology. Connecticut: Cengage learning.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/reducing-crime-rates-by-analyzing-its-causes/

Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America (2005) defines pressure ulcers as lesions that appear due to unrelieved pressure that damages the underlying tissues. The author states that they result from the compression of soft tissues on bony regions or external surfaces. Whittington and Briones (2004), articulate that more than 1.5 million cases of pressure ulcers are reported annually in America. As a result, governments and health care providers have in the recent past acknowledged the fact that

The Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America (2005) defines pressure ulcers as lesions that appear due to unrelieved pressure that damages the underlying tissues. The author states that they result from the compression of soft tissues on bony regions or external surfaces. Whittington and Briones (2004), articulate that more than 1.5 million cases of pressure ulcers are reported annually in America. As a result, governments and health care providers have in the recent past acknowledged the fact that

Reduction of Pressure Ulcers Prevalence Among Hospitalized Patients Essay The Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America (2005) defines pressure ulcers as lesions that appear due to unrelieved pressure that damages the underlying tissues. The author states that they result from the compression of soft tissues on bony regions or external surfaces. Whittington and Briones (2004), articulate that more than 1.5 million cases of pressure ulcers are reported annually in America. As a result, governments and health care providers have in the recent past acknowledged the fact that addressing and managing this ailment is not only necessary, but also important. However, despite the increased awareness campaigns, interest, and medical advancements in medicine, surgery, and nursing care, pressure ulcers have been declared as being among the major cause of mortality and morbidity. This is especially so in situations whereby patients are hospitalized for long periods or are in need of long-term care. A study conducted indicated that pressure ulcers have an incidence rate of between 2.7% to 26% and a prevalence range of 3.5% to 69% among hospitalized patients. In regard to patients in the critical care units, the results showed that they were at risk with a 33% incidence rate and a 41% prevalence rate. Elderly patients admitted in hospitals after surgery had the highest risk as evidenced by the 66% incidence rate. Similarly, another study conducted in order to determine the prevalence rate of pressure ulcers in patients with spinal cord injuries and related conditions indicated that such persons were at a greater risk of getting pressure ulcers with an incidence rate of 25% to 66% (Whittington & Briones, 2004). Economically, a study seeking to evaluate the hospital billing codes associated with pressure ulcers indicated that from 1993 to 2005, the number of people admitted due to these lesions had increased by 80% (Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America, 2005). Another study conducted in the United States indicated that pressure ulcers increased a financial burden of close to $1 billion in terms of expenditure and more than 2.2 million bed days in the Medicare program. The results also indicated that the treatment of a single ulcer costs $2000 to $40,000, and a reconstructive surgery to correct the damage caused by these ulcers amounted to an estimated $25, 000 per patient (Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America, 2005). Despite the evidence provided by numerous evident-based researches, little has been done to counter and/or mitigate the prevalence and incidence of these life threatening ulcers. Proposed solutions and rationale Arguably, the best solution for these ulcers is prevention. There are various interventions that can be implemented to achieve this goal. According to Whittington and Briones (2004), skin care is a viable preventive measure as it enables practitioners to maintain and improve the tolerance level of the skin of patients that have been identified as being at risk of getting these lesions. In addition, mechanical loading is also a good measure. Mechanical loading includes preventive interventions such as hourly repositioning of hospitalized patients at risk of getting pressure ulcers and placement of pillows and wedges in bony prominence areas to avoid friction (Clark, Hiskett and Russell, 2005). These measures will reduce the probability o an individual getting these ulcers. Similarly, Clark, Hiskett and Russell (2005) recommend that people who have been identified as being at risk of getting these ulcers should be provided with support surfaces such as foam, gel, water and air bags, which act as effective pressure-reduction devices. In addition, the authors contend that health care providers should invest in creating awareness regarding the cause, impacts and prevention of pressure ulcers within and outside the hospital setting. This can be done by initiating training and retraining programs regarding these ulcers, distributing pamphlets and booklets that contain adequate and comprehensive information on pressure ulcers. These interventions will go a long way in promoting awareness and imparting knowledge on pressure ulcers, thereby enabling people to prevent and identify them before they get serious. References Clark, M., Hiskett, G., & Russell L. (2005). Evidence-based practice and support surfaces: are we throwing the baby out with the bath water? Journal of Wound Care, 14 (10): 455-8. Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. (2005). Infection control and hospital epidemiology. Sydney: SLACK. Whittington, K. T., & Briones R. (2004). National Prevalence and Incidence Study: 6-year sequential acute care data. Adv Skin Wound Care , 17 (9):490-4.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/reduction-of-pressure-ulcers-prevalence-among-hospitalized-patients/

Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The Australian government has put in place various regulatory bodies to safeguard the public; they include the Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC), which is charged with the responsibility of advising the government on drug safety issues; The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), which can be compared to the American equivalent of (USA s, FDA), the body has played a vital role in Australia s drug regulatory system (Australia 2010).

The Australian government has put in place various regulatory bodies to safeguard the public; they include the Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC), which is charged with the responsibility of advising the government on drug safety issues; The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), which can be compared to the American equivalent of (USA s, FDA), the body has played a vital role in Australia s drug regulatory system (Australia 2010).

Regulatory Authorities in Healthcare in Australia Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction and a list of Regulatory bodies 2. The Therapeutic Goods Administration Agency (TGA) 3. The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) 4. References Introduction and a list of Regulatory bodies Regulation and control of various toxic substances and foodstuff are important in every country therefore, governments usually set up regulatory bodies to secure the safety of food and other substances. Food, drugs and other substances that are consumed by humans and animals need to be tested and ascertained to ensure that they are fit for consumption and not harmful to health (Bryant & Knights 2010, 34). Additionally, the government must develop mechanisms to protect national resources such as soil which is essential in the production of food substances since the contamination of natural resources by certain chemicals may end up compromising the entire food chain. Thus, the government through various federal agencies, research facilities, state and territorial governments should ensure that toxic substances are controlled and kept out of the food chain. The Australian government has put in place various regulatory bodies to safeguard the public; they include the Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC), which is charged with the responsibility of advising the government on drug safety issues; The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), which can be compared to the American equivalent of (USA’s, FDA), the body has played a vital role in Australia’s drug regulatory system (Australia 2010). Others include the Australian Mesothelioma Surveillance Program which regulates the mining of toxic and potential health dangerous substances (Environmental Protection and Heritage Council 2010). The Centre for Applied and Nutritional Toxicology is a regulatory body that is responsible for toxicology research. National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) is a regulatory body that controls medical research in Australia. The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (NRCET) is a regulatory body that works in tandem with other agencies to take care of environmental and ecological concerns in Australia. The Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) is a government agency that regulates the use of pesticides and veterinary medicine ensuring that they are safe. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) is a regulatory body that ensures health welfare issues within Australia are up to date and medical services are accessible. The Environment Protection and Heritage Council (EPHC) is a government agency that ensures the environmental concerns are well taken care of and the environment is not abused within Australia, while the Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) is an agency that assists in the regulation of foodstuffs within the industry ensuring that it is good for human consumption (Environmental Protection and Heritage Council 2010). Lastly, the Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment is charged with the responsibility of overseeing that water for human consumption meets high hygiene standards. The Therapeutic Goods Administration Agency (TGA) Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) is a regulatory body charged with the responsibility of assessing and monitoring activities to ensure that therapeutic goods (medicine, medical equipment and blood-related products) available in Australia are of an acceptable standard and pose no threat to the health of individuals within the country (Bryant & Knights 2010, 90-100). The TGA ensures that no citizens are harmed as a result of substandard and unscrupulous therapeutic products. According to the government website, the Agency is divided into the following committees; the “ Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee (ADRAC), Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC), National Drugs and Poisons Schedule Committee (NDPSC), Complementary Medicines (regulated by TGA), National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS), the Office of Chemical Safety (OCS ), Over-the-counter Medicines and finally Prescription Medicines ”. The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) NHRMC is a medical research agency that is funded with almost $1 billion annually to set up and maintain health standards. It also ensures that the “National Health and Medical Research Council Act 1992” that was passed by the Australian parliament back in 1992 to guarantee health and medical policies and legislation is fully implemented. This agency is the chief controller and regulator of all health and medical related issues affecting the citizens of Australia. The NHMRC coordinates its activities with other agencies in order to maintain high health and medical standards in Australia (NHMRC, 2011). References Australia, 2010. “Toxicity”. toxipedia.org. Web. Bryant, B. J. & Knights, K. M., 2010 . Pharmacology for Health Professionals. 3 rd edn. Melbourne: Elsevier Australia. Environmental Protection and Heritage Council, 2010. “Australian Environment Agencies.” Environmental Protection and Heritage Council. Web. NHMRC, 2011. “Australian health.” NHMRC . Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/regulatory-authorities-in-healthcare-in-australia/

Write an essay about: The Reinsurance Group of America is a publicly traded company that provides reinsurance services. The company's annual consolidated premiums net increase attracts the attention of every investor. The increase in the net premiums boosts by other options and average investment assets amidst the fluctuating dollar value is a unique fact in the economic point of view. The management of capital and credit market condition by the RGA forms an interesting and unique fact in the performance and design analysis.

The Reinsurance Group of America is a publicly traded company that provides reinsurance services. The company's annual consolidated premiums net increase attracts the attention of every investor. The increase in the net premiums boosts by other options and average investment assets amidst the fluctuating dollar value is a unique fact in the economic point of view. The management of capital and credit market condition by the RGA forms an interesting and unique fact in the performance and design analysis.

Reinsurance Group of America Report The participation of a publicly traded company forms an integral role in any world economy. A publicly traded company is that which provided financial and investment security services that may include shares, stocks, bonds and even loans. This economic involvement occurs through the stock exchange process, aided by the participation of willing investors and shareholders. The financial reports of such companies are governed by the Securities Exchange Act. In making reports, the publicly managed companies attract more financial pool, propelled by the acquisition of promising prospects at the time of its initial public offering. One of such publicly traded companies includes the Reinsurance Group of America, which offers a wide range of financial services and products through its market capitalization. (Powers, 2006) The Reinsurance Group of America (RGA) is instrumental in the provision of reinsurance services. It undertakes the process of policy and facultative underwriting, the management of risk, reinsurance product development and other capital oriented reinsurance services. The unique annual consolidated premiums net increase in the RGA captures the attention of every investor. The increase in the net premiums boosted by other options and average investment assets amidst the fluctuating dollar value is a unique fact in the economic point of view. In the management design forward-looking statements that are subjects to risks and uncertainties are used to incorporate future events and actual results in amore proactive manner. The provision of Pareto efficient capital and credit conditions area also vital management design strategy fact in the RGA. In addition to this, the maintenance of appropriate collateral and payment procedures that enable the determination of employees’ allowances and the economic balance between lapsation and claim is also an important design. (Powers, 2006) The management of capital and credit market condition by the RGA forms an interesting and unique fact in the performance and design analysis. The RGA incorporates a unique portfolio balance that ensures the maximization of returns in the long run. This strategy ensures proper risk management and keeps off adverse fluctuations from profit margins. The strategy manages the possible fluctuations due to the fluctuations in the US currency against other word currencies. This therefore prevents arbitration financial results of the RGA or unfavorable litigation. As a result, there is the maintained performance in the economies with improved competitive factors and comparative advantage, hence the acquisition of adequate financial reserves and economic resources. (Powers, 2006). Furthermore, the use of operating income by the RGA as a basis of analyzing the company’s financial performance has established efficient investment target levels that are critical in the management of traditional group life, assets base and other financial reinsurance factors. In this management strategy, the assumption is that a better profitability and pretax and after tax base is feasible, and eliminates the net effects of the operation externalities. In addition to this, the accumulative effect of any change in accounting process is excluded, giving an economically efficient condition of profit maximization (Powers, 2006). This strategy gives potential growth to the Reinsurance Group of America, due to the proper management of uncertainties and the development of new insurance products and successful implementation of efficient facilities. This in effect maximizes the performance economies of scale, hence increasing the opportunity set and the resource endowments that pool more premiums and financial securities like shares, bonds and other tradable offers. In this effect, the portfolio of the RGA is kept at efficient level, hence operation efficiency. Reference Powers, R. (2006), “A ‘Square-Root Rule’ for Reinsurance .’ Journal of Risk Finance , 6, 4, 319-334.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/reinsurance-group-of-america/

Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The essay discusses how a relational database can be used to take care of the student course coordination requirements at the University of London. The relational database for this university includes students and tutors among other users. This study is going to focus on the tutor as one of the user groups found within the university database. The tutor in this setup will also double up as a module coordinator and will therefore need information relating to a module, degree, student, schedule, and campus.

The essay discusses how a relational database can be used to take care of the student course coordination requirements at the University of London. The relational database for this university includes students and tutors among other users. This study is going to focus on the tutor as one of the user groups found within the university database. The tutor in this setup will also double up as a module coordinator and will therefore need information relating to a module, degree, student, schedule, and campus.

Relational Database: The University Database Coursework Table of Contents 1. Application 2. Table structure documentation 3. Relationships 4. User Guide 5. Modules overview A tutor represents one of the entities within this database. The tutor as an entity has been defined using a Tutor table that consists of the following fields: Field Data type Size ModCoord Text 50 StudentID Number Long integer Room Text 50 Campus Text 50 The Modcoord and StudentID fields are the primary and secondary keys respectively for this Tutors table. The tutor and student tables are related via the module coordinator table. A tutor also qualifies as a module coordinator and hence the primary key (unique identifier) of any of the tutors is the ModCoord. The primary key in the module coordinator table is ModCoord . From this setup, we can identify that the student, module coordinator, and tutors tables are related. The association between the module coordinator and the student table is a one-to-many type. This implies that a module coordinator has one or more students to handle for a particular module. Similarly, the relationship between the module coordinator and tutor is a one-to-many type that implies that one module can be coordinated by one or more tutors. The screenprint below shows these relationships: Tutors require information related to the student as well as the module. Typical information required will include the StudentID, ModCode, Name, Address, County , Postcode, Email, Telephone number and G roup . The tutor details form captures the tutor details. Typical fields available on the tutorial details form include ModCoord , StudentID, and Name . The tutors may also want to know the performance of their students for assessment purposes. Button and macro actions have been utilized to link the tutorials form to the student and coordinator forms. This further illustrates the relationship that exists between the tutors, students, and module coordinator tables. The University of London is one of the reputable academic institutions that seek to benefit from integrating a relational database application to take care of the student course coordination requirements. The relational database for this university includes; students and tutors among other users. This study is going to focus on the tutor as one of the user groups found within the university database. The tutor in this setup will also double up as a module coordinator and will therefore need information relating to a module, degree, student, schedule, and campus. The university students undertake various modules for their degree program. These courses may be offered at different campuses and therefore a proper lecture schedule is necessary to cater to these student requirements. The tutor should therefore know those students taking the respective courses for which they are module coordinators. This requires that a student is assigned to a course or module by the module coordinator. It may be important to understand that the tutors are the module coordinators. Looking at the student-tutor query, we can see the details of the students assigned to various tutors. The two main entities student and the tutor are used by the queries. The two entities have one to an association. The student_tutor query furnishes the tutor with the details of students assigned to them. Alternatively, the students identify their tutors using these queries. In Microsoft Access, the form object can provide an interaction point for the user with the tables. This form object enables a user to update the tables containing data used by both queries and reports. Based on the tutor as one of the user groups, we can describe their interface based on the tutorial details form. The form is divided into three sections; the schedule section which indicates the module coordinator, student identification, name, room, and campus. The next part of the form covers the other entities related to the tutor. These are the schedule, student, and coordinator each of which has a form that can be opened by clicking the respective button. Subsequently, the third section of the form contains the buttons that activate the reports related to the entities defined in the middle section of the interface. The menu design is such that all associated entity details can be accessed from any of the main forms. While at the tutor details interface, the schedule, coordinator, and student interfaces can be easily accessed just by clicking on the respective buttons to open the forms via macro actions. The menu structure is simple and centralized allowing a user to access all the information from one location. This is an important and fundamental interface design principle, proposing that the menu should make available to the user all the options and a simple navigation method back and forth between the various interfaces. The menu structure remains consistent in the naming and navigation to ensure the user is not confused. The diagram below shows the general menu structure of this application Application The GetDay query as one of the parameter queries accepts a day of the week as input at the prompt to display the records of all the modules undertaken during that day of the week. The screens below show this query when it is run. After submitting a parameter as M, for Monday as one of the days of the week and clicking on the modules for the day button, the following screen in displayed: Other queries include the Student and Student campus parameter queries added to the database based on the requirements. A parameter query is a select query type that retrieves data from the database based on a user-defined parameter. This exercise demonstrates two parameter queries created based on student and campus data. The student parameter query is a simple query that will return the details of a specified student whose details are submitted in the ‘enter StudentID ‘ prompt box as shown in the screens below. The student parameter query design is shown below. Running this query results in the details of the student whose ID was submitted as the parameter. The following screen shows the prompt box with a valid StudentID (12456) On clicking the ok button, the student parameter query will retrieve the details of StudentID (12456) as shown below: It is therefore possible to quickly retrieve the name and module coordinator for any of the thirteen students in the university database using the student parameter query by simply submitting a valid student ID. It may be necessary to know which campus each of the students is at and this can be achieved by running the Student_campus parameter query. The search criterion is based on the StudentID submitted in a prompt box. The Student_campus parameter query design is shown below. The tables used here are the Module coordinator, Student and Tutors. The defined relationship between the three tables student, module coordinator, and tutor enables the query to pick data from the three tables at the same time. When this query is run with StudentID 12456, the result is shown below. Table structure documentation This university database has a number of tables. They include Campus, Degree, Student, Tutor, Module Coordinator, Room Number, and Schedule. The Campus table consists of the campus name, county, postcode, address, and telephone. The primary key is the field Campus. The Degree table consists of ModCode , Campus, SingleHons, and Combined as the fields. The primary key for this table is the ModCode. The Student table consists of StudentID , Name, Address, County, Postcode, Email, Telephone Number, Group, ModCoord, and ModCode. The Tutor table consists of CoordID , ModCoord, StudentID, Name, Room, and Campus. The Module coordinator table consists of ModCoord , Email, Room, Telephone, Campus, and ModCode. The Room Number table consists of ModCode, Module, Semester, Type, Group, Campus, Room, and RoomID . The Schedule table consists of ModCode, ModCoord, Semester, Day, Type, Group, StTime, EndTime, RoomID, Campus, and ScheduleID: The student_degree query has an inner join as indicated in the SQL statements below: * SELECT Student. [Student ID], Student.Name, Degree.ModCode, Degree.Combined * FROM Degree INNER JOIN Student ON Degree.ModCode = Student.ModCode; The following is the data in each of the tables captured in the datasheet view: Relationships Access and other relational databases have a way of connecting the various tables in the database to enable other database objects like the queries and reports to retrieve consolidated data from these different tables. The simplest database relationship is a one –to –one relationship meaning that each record in one of the tables has only one related record in another table. Alternatively, a one –to – many relationships is where a record in one table has one or more associated records in another table. In order to enable the retrieval and consolidation of data to be meaningful, on how data will be added, updated, and deleted. This process involves setting rules from these tables. The university database has a number of tables that are related with some having enforced referential integrity. The relationship between the module coordinator student and module coordinator tutor and is a one- to – many relationship meaning that one record in the module coordinator table refers to one or more records in the student and tutor tables respectively. The Campus and Degree tables have a one –to – many relationship between them as well with referential integrity enforced. The relationship between Degree and Student and Schedule and Room Number is indeterminate with the join property along rows where the joined fields from the two tables are equal. The relationship between the Tutors and Room Number is indeterminate with the join property including all records from Tutors and only those from Room Number where the fields are equal. User Guide This application has been developed in the Microsoft Access 2003 and later environment and therefore will run in this environment. The application requires the following to successfully run A windows operating system platform. The Microsoft Office 2003 or later suite that includes the Microsoft Access application. The application also requires a minimum hard disk capacity of 45 Mb. The application will run well using RAM of 256Mb and above. On opening the application, the main switchboard is activated from where the user can call and run other modules of the application. The screen below illustrates the main switchboard with the following options: * Student details: Used to open a student form in edit or add mode * Tutor details: Used to open a Tutor form in edit or add mode * Schedule details: Used to open a Schedule form in add or edit mode * Coordinator details: Used to open the Module coordinator form in add or edit mode * Exit database: Used to exit from the application Modules overview This application consists of a number of modules. The main one are described here below: Tutor: This module handles all the tutor details in this application. A typical screen for this module is shown below: Schedule: This module handles all the schedule details in this application. A typical screen for this module is shown below: Coordinator: This module handles all the module coordinator details in this application. A typical screen for this module is shown below: The application also contains four main reports namely: * Module coordinator report * Student report * Tutor report * Schedule report An entity relationship diagram (E-R) of the University of London Relational database. The summary of the attributes for the ER diagram above are shown in the table below: ENTITY ATTRIBUTES Tutor CoordID, ModCoord, StudentID, Name, RoomID, Campus. Student StudentID, Name, Address, County, Postcode, Email, Telephone number, Group, ModCoord, ModCode. Schedule ScheduleID, ModCode, ModCoord, Semester, Day, Type, Group, StTime, EndTime, RoomID, Campus, Room. Room number RoomID, Campus, ModCode, Module, Semester, Type, Group, Campus, Room. Module coordinator RoomID, ModCoord, Email, Room, Telephone, Campus. Degree ModCode, ModCoord, SingleHons, Combined. Campus Campus, Address, County, Postcode, Telephone.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/relational-database-the-university-database/

Write the full essay for the following summary: The present report is a summary of the solution proposed to the New Castle Australian Theatre in response to the venue's identified problems of the lack of customer's awareness, low revenues, the absence of a unique selling point, and others. The report proposes the implementation of such an IT solution as a corporate portal.The report offers the overall structure of implementation, the main tasks, time schedule, and the project's risk assessment.

The present report is a summary of the solution proposed to the New Castle Australian Theatre in response to the venue's identified problems of the lack of customer's awareness, low revenues, the absence of a unique selling point, and others. The report proposes the implementation of such an IT solution as a corporate portal. The report offers the overall structure of implementation, the main tasks, time schedule, and the project's risk assessment.

E-Business Strategies: Corporate Portal Implementation Report Executive Summary The present report is a summary of the solution proposed to the New Castle Australian Theatre in response to the venue’s identified problems of the lack of customer’s awareness, low revenues, the absence of a unique selling point, and others. The report proposes the implementation of such an IT solution as a corporate portal. Corporate portals are unified interfaces for users, employees and partners that provide access to various applications. The incorporation of the portal addresses each of the identified problems of the theatre, the most important of which is the lack of awareness. The implementation of the portal through the stages from initiation to implementation is estimated to take 6 months, considering the risks that might occur during the project. The report provides the overall structure of implementation, the main tasks, time schedule, and the project’s risk assessment. Project Outline The incorporation of Information Technology (IT) can be seen as an essential part of business in the contemporary world today. From small shops to large corporations the role of IT can vary, including enabling roles, i.e. tools that offer capabilities that were not present in the initial form of the organization or as process restructurers, where IT eliminates excessive layers of management (Dedrick and Kraemer, 2005, Fulk and DeSanctis, 1995). Along with the variations in the role of IT vary the types of organizations in which IT can be implemented. For the New Castle Australian Theatre, a small entertainment venue with 12 full-time actors, the implementation of IT is proposed to solve the problem of low market awareness and the absence of a unique selling point, all of which result in low revenues. In that regard, the present report proposes the implementation of a corporate portal, as an integrated solution that will target the strategic objectives of the theatre on many levels, including * Internet Presence * Customer Relations Management * Electronic collaboration. * Electronic accounting system. * Integrated Electronic Resource Planning (ERP) solution. A corporate portal, also known as an enterprise information portal, is an IT solution that can be defined as “applications that enable companies to unlock internally and externally stored information, and provide users a single gateway to personalized information needed to make informed business decisions” (Finkelstein, 2009). The proposed solution for the portal and its functions can be seen in the following figure. The portal will be simply represented as a unified web interface that will provide different users with different sets of functions (Corporate Portal, n.d.). The users and the functions can be categorized as follows (Collins, 2001): * Clients –will have access to the website of the theatre, in which they will have the ability to learn about new shows, make reservations, buy tickets, and leave requests and feedback. * The employees of the theatre – through a system of authorization, such user group will be able to have access to the accounting system, CRM tasks, and ERP tasks, all unified through a single integrated interface, with different policies to each user from this group. Collaboration of CRM processes can be facilitated through the usage of corporate portals (Edwards, 2007). * Partners – the partners can be seen through schools and universities, who can make corporate orders on the portal, supply partners, etc. * Other – different groups and functionalities can be added later to the portal. The main aim of the implementation of the portal is effective knowledge management, which can achieve various goals for the theatre, through bringing all the stakeholders into one place, i.e. customers, employees and partners. Examples of knowledge management can be seen through tracking comments, information left by customers on the website, and adding to other vital statistics, such as group characteristics, sales numbers, and theatre visitors, and transferring them within the same interface into CRM activities, such as reports, online marketing, newsletters, etc. The steps involved in the project are specific: 1. Determining the characteristics of the portal. 2. Designing the portal, and its separate applications. 3. Purchase the technical equipment and the software for implementation. 4. Rent a low-cost web server that will host the portal. 5. Train personnel. 6. Launch the portal. 7. Track the results. 8. Evaluate. Accordingly, the objectives that the portal aims for are measurable through such indicators as * Sales * The number of visitors on the website. * The costs were reduced. * The level of satisfaction of customers. The deadline for the project is established to 6 months, at the end of which the portal will be launched. Justification The Justification for launching the company’s corporate portal can be seen on many dimensions. First of all, the results of SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis can be seen as a good indicator of the appropriateness of the proposed solution (see appendix 1). The incorporation of the portal can leverage such a company’s strength as the characteristics of the population, i.e. educated, young, with an interest in arts, and who would like to capitalize on the long theatre tradition of New Castle. Such a population will form a large group of internet-educated users who check the shows on the internet before going. The same can be said about tourists, who will like to learn about the play and the reviews before making a reservation. In that regard, the use of social networks and youtube to promote theatres can be seen as one way of leveraging the strength indicated in SWOT (Horlyk, 2010). At the same time, such a solution minimizes the weakness outlined through the lack of internet presence. The importance of web presence for organizations can be seen through utilizing the web “as a channel through which an organization can tell the outside environment about what it is doing, why it is doing it, and what it can do to help satisfy the needs of its constituency” (Traunmüller, 2002). The web presence in the regional context and for tourist purposes, the web is an ideal platform for marketing provided services on a global market (Tschanz and Klein, 1996). The lack of such presence means that the company either does not provide information about its activities, making potential customers unaware, or uses other methods which have a lower target audience, higher costs, and lower effectiveness, e.g. street ads and newspaper advertisements. Accordingly, such a solution can be justified by eliminating such weaknesses as a low number of visitors. The incorporation of corporate portals, in particular, can be a strong factor for the employees of the theatre through knowledge management and IT acceptance by staff. The solution counters such weaknesses as the absence of IT knowledge in the staff and eliminating the threats of funding cuts and knowledge management. Portals are known for their ease of use, which does not require special technical knowledge, and at the same time can cut the costs of training (Osborn, 2000). Accordingly, the use of a portal will create a base of knowledge that will not be dependable on specific employees, with the accounting system being integrated into a knowledge management system (MUNTEAN, 2009, Elangovan, 2009). In that regard, the justification for the proposed solution can be summarized the following table which will represent the costs and the benefits involved in the project. Benefits Costs * Increasing the awareness of the theatre and the plays. * Acknowledgement of customers’ preferences and targeting specific audiences, and accordingly, better service quality and tailoring the shows to their needs. * The cost of developing portal solution. * Shared knowledge base between the employees, which will reduce the costs of training and the dependency on particular employees. * The costs of maintaining the infrastructure (internet traffic, servers). * Better cooperation between the theatre and its partners. * The initial costs of purchasing PCs for the company. * A platform for announcements and recruitments, providing the possibility for expanding the troupe in the future. * The need for staff for functions that were initially absent in the company. * Increasing revenues through attracting tourists and customers. Thus, it can be concluded that the implementation of a corporate portal might seem like a feasible solution for the current strategic position of the New Castle Australian Theatre. Plan and Risks The plan of the current project is outlined through the stages of developing an e-business solution explained in Chaffey (2009). The overall structure of the stages can be seen in the following graph. The duration of the projects tasks can be seen through a PERT table, in which estimation was made based on pessimistic and optimistic values. It should be noted that the actual; duration of the project is lower than the estimated six months period. The rationale of the latter can be seen through making a buffer period for managing any unexpected risks, as it will be shown in the risk section of the report. Task No Activity Pess. Most likely Opt. Estimated Duration (days) Predecessors Initiation 1 Forming Objectives. 7 5 4 5 2 Identifying requirements and costs. 5 3 2 3 1 3 Conducting a feasibility analysis. 5 2 4 3 2 4 Determining the deadline and milestones 5 4 3 4 2 5 Devising a plan (graphs, charts, etc) 14 12 7 12 4 6 Identifying risks and developing contingency plans. 5 4 3 4 5 Prototyping 7 Research and review the functional requirements of the portal. 10 7 4 7 6 8 Identifying and revising the profiles of the users. 10 7 5 7 7 9 Describe the skeleton of the applications 7 5 4 5 7 10 Draw the architectural relations in the system. 7 5 4 5 9 11 Develop use case scenarios for each user profile. 15 10 7 10 8 12 Design a user interface for the system. 20 14 12 15 10 13 Consider identified bugs. 5 3 2 3 7 14 Implement basic functionality for each application. 14 12 10 12 11;13 15 Write the software code for the program. 20 14 12 15 14 16 Apply security policies and measures for each part. 7 5 3 5 15 17 Integrate applications into a single interface. 21 17 14 17 16 18 Form beta testing groups for various users. 5 3 2 3 17 19 Identify bugs and functionality deficiencies. 20 14 12 15 18 20 Report needed modifications. 2 1 1 1 19 Final Implementation 21 Upload the portal on a hosted server. 4 3 2 3 20 22 Transfer data. 7 5 3 5 21 23 Final testing. 14 10 7 10 22 24 Launch the system 1 1 23 A corresponding Gantt chart of the assigned tasks can be seen in the following graph: Gantt chart Gantt chart (Critical Path and Slack Time) The risks in IT projects can be seen as a common aspect, for which those risks should be identified and a proper contingency plan should be developed. There are many external factors that might influence the occurrence of risks (Murch, 2001). Such factors might be seen through the prices of hardware, economic conditions, etc. Risk assessment of the present project is concerned with technological, organizational, and managerial aspects, which can be seen in the following table. Type of risk Probability Impact Risk management plan (1-10) (1-10) HR problems –organizational programs that can be found through recruitment, absenteeism, retention, and motivation. 6 6 Incorporate risk assessment into hiring decisions. Team building and selection strategies can be helpful inefficient distribution of responsibilities during the project (Frederickson, 2008). Underestimated deadlines – underestimation of the deadlines, which can lead to the overall extension of the project’s duration. 7 3 The incorporation of buffer periods can be helpful in mitigating such risk. Missed requirements – incorrect estimation of the requirement of the projects and or their costs. 6 3 The incorporation of buffer periods can be helpful in mitigating such risk. Establishing reviews and workshops will enable timely responses. Changes in specifications – changes in the specifications of the project midway through the project. 2 2 The incorporation of buffer periods can be helpful in mitigating such risk. Establishing reviews and workshops will enable timely responses. Loss of project information, through a hardware or software failure during any of the stages of implementation, and which is required for the project to be completed. 5 9 Backup servers and the autonomy of hardware can be seen as an effective way to mitigate such risks. Timely updates and recent versions of security software. Storage of sensitive data in the cloud, through web storage services (Lee, 2010). Insufficient time for system review 2 4 The incorporation of buffer periods can be helpful in mitigating such risk. Establishing reviews and workshops will enable timely responses. References CHAFFEY, D. 2009. E-business and e-commerce management: strategy, implementation, and practice, New York, FT Prentice Hall. COLLINS, H. 2001. Corporate portals: revolutionizing information access to increase productivity and drive the bottom line, New York, AMACOM. CORPORATE PORTAL. n.d. Corporate portals: technology and business. Web. DEDRICK, J. & KRAEMER, K. L. 2005. The Impacts of IT on Firm and Industry Structure: THE PERSONAL COMPUTER INDUSTRY. California Management Review, 47 , 122-142. EDWARDS, J. 2007. Get It Together with Collaborative CRM. Web. ELANGOVAN, N. 2009. INTENTION TO SHARE KNOWLEDGE IN CORPORATE PORTAL. Web. FINKELSTEIN, C. 2009. CORPORATE PORTALS FOR BUSINESS. Web. FREDERICKSON, V. 2008. Risk Management and the HR Executive. Web. FULK, J. & DESANCTIS, G. 1995. Electronic Communication and Changing Organizational Forms. Organization Science, 6 , 337-349. HORLYK, E. 2010. Community theater use YouTube to promote play . Sioux City Journal. Web. LEE, E. 2010. Storing Your Data in the Cloud . Intuit, Inc. Web. MUNTEAN, M. I. 2009. Knowledge Management Approaches in Portal-Based Collaborative Enterprises. Informatica Economica. Web. MURCH, R. 2001. Project management: best practices for IT professionals, Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall. OSBORN, M. 2000. Interview with Portal Wave?s vice president of corporate marketing, Chuck Kao . Tech Republic. Web. TRAUNMÜLLER, R. 2002. Information systems: the e-business challenge, Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers. TSCHANZ, N. & KLEIN, S. 1996. Internet Strategy Development in Tourism – Concept and Case Study . SISnet Research Workshop ‘Internet and Business’. Web. Appendices Appendix A: SWOT Analysis Strengths Weaknesses * No Internet presence * Group of helpers * Low number of visitors * State funding (i.e. $200,000 annual grant from Council for Arts) * No IT knowledge * Wealthy, educated and young population = possible audience * Not enough staff to maintain IT * Culturally interested population & tourists * Unused capacities * Other facilities available * Bad management/coordination * Only one program at a time Opportunities Threats * Focus on target groups * Bankruptcy looming * Set up a web site * Highly competitive environment * Lease the additional spaces * Competition steals customers * Attract more volunteers * Loss of knowledge when accountant leaves * Integrated workflow system * State funding might be cut

https://ivypanda.com/essays/report-e-business-strategies/

Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The paper discusses the importance of communication in requirements elicitation and outlines a number of techniques for improving it.The paper discusses the importance of communication in requirements elicitation and outlines a number of techniques for improving it.

The paper discusses the importance of communication in requirements elicitation and outlines a number of techniques for improving it. The paper discusses the importance of communication in requirements elicitation and outlines a number of techniques for improving it.

Requirements Elicitation in the Software Projects Research Paper Christel, GM & Kang, KC 1992, ‘Issues in Requirements Elicitation’, Software Engineering Institute , Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Motivation. Christel, GM & Kang (1992) provide a short outline of the process of requirements elicitation and divide the problems of requirements elicitation into 3 groups from the point of view of the scope, understanding, and volatility. In addition, they provide a more detailed description of the basic elicitation techniques, e.g. Interviews, Team Approach, Use of Domain and Architectural Models (Christel & Kang 1992). Proposed Solution. The authors suggest the use of a number of methods for requirement elicitation instead of one specific technique They analyze the factors that influence the evaluation of the described methods, create a new system of methodology, and define its benefits, namely, the focus on problem areas of requirements elicitation that derive from the issue of scope, communication, and requirements volatility (Christel & Kang 1992). Evaluation of the Proposed Solution. Christel, GM & Kang (1992) proposed the system integrated of techniques, namely Fact-finding, Evaluation, Prioritization, and Integration which address to a wide range of the issues connected with the requirements elicitation (Christel & Kang 1992). Contributions. The system of integrated techniques suggested by Christel, GM & Kang (1992) took on the advantages of separate methods and helped to overcome the problem of poor requirements elicitation or unsatisfactory development of software projects. Directions for the Future Research. The paper laid the basis for a further requirements analysis process to understand better the problems of elicitation. Davey, B & Cope, C 2008, ‘Requirements Elicitation – What’s Missing?’ , Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology , vol. 5, Web. Motivation. The authors of the paper classify the problems connected with poor requirements elicitation resulting in the failure of numerous software projects. While some researchers think that the requirements are stable, Davey & Cope (2008) have the opposite opinion. They claim that the difficulties with the requirements elicitation occur because of the factor of communication between people as an essential part of the requirements elicitation. (Davey & Cope 2008) Proposed Solution. Davey & Cope (2008)The researchers analyzed a wide array of elicitation techniques, namely Observation, Unstructured Interviews, Structured Interviews, Protocol Analysis, Card Sorting, Laddering, Ethnographic methods and chose interviews to be the most suitable of them. Additionally, a number of theories were applied to prove that the poor requirements elicitation is closely connected with communication challenges. (Davey & Cope 2008) Evaluation of the Proposed Solution. Indeed, overcoming language difficulties increases conversational performance and the elicitation outcomes in a more constructive way to meet customer’s needs. Contributions. The researchers defined the interview as the best technique of requirements elicitation, suggested methods to improve conversation, and conducted experiments to show all possible variants of improved requirements elicitation performance. Directions for the Future Research. The results of this paper suggested conducting the phenomenographical research of the critical aspects of the requirements elicitation for the further advancement in the field of software engineering. Hickey, AA & Davis, AM 2002, ‘Requirements Elicitation and Elicitation Technique Selection: A Model for Two Knowledge-Intensive Software Development Processes’, Proceedings of the 36th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences , Web. Motivation. The authors of this work were concerned with the creation of a new model with the purpose of finding ways for better technique selection. They claimed that it would advance the requirements elicitation process and ensure a quicker and easier completion of IT- and software engineering-related processes (Hickey & Davis 2002, p. 4). For this purpose, the authors divided various models documented in this paper into two classes depending on the applied technique. The analysis of classified models clearly shows the inefficiency of the first- and second-class models for the elicitation or the choice of elicitation techniques (Hickey & Davis 2002). Proposed Solution. Hickey and Davis developed a new model of requirements elicitation. The proposed model is different from the traditional models documented in the paper (Hickey & Davis 2002) in the use of generalized techniques of the requirements elicitation used as a series of mathematical functions. Evaluation of the Proposed Solution. From the point of view of the practical application, the model proved its viability as the researchers could apply it to better understand their own methodology. Analysis of the model itself enabled the researchers to analyze their innovation critically, and to detect the pitfalls for future improvement. Contributions. It is appropriate to suggest that the widespread use of the model will help less experienced analysts to perform elicitation easily to meet the customers’ needs. Directions for the Future Research. In this paper, the authors define the future research directions based on the new model of the requirements elicitation technique selection. They suggest Taxonomy of Problem, Solution, and Project Characteristics (Hickey & Davis 2002, p.8). They voice their confidence in the optimistic future of that model, and it is quite likely that the model will succeed in the field of software engineering, offering innovative and optimized procedures for the area. References Christel, GM & Kang, KC 1992, ‘Issues in Requirements Elicitation’, Software Engineering Institute , Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Web. Davey, B & Cope, C 2008, ‘Requirements Elicitation – What’s Missing?’ , Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology , vol. 5. Hickey, AA & Davis, AM 2002, ‘Requirements Elicitation and Elicitation Technique Selection: A Model for Two Knowledge-Intensive Software Development Processes’, Proceedings of the 36th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/requirements-elicitation-in-the-software-projects/

Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The study found that some CNV's within some duplicated segments of the 7q11.23 region can predispose the carriers to the development of WBS.

The study found that some CNV's within some duplicated segments of the 7q11.23 region can predispose the carriers to the development of WBS.

Experimental Studies on Williams Syndrome Disease Synthesis Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Method 3. Results/Observations 4. Discussions 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Introduction Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) or Williams’ syndrome is a neuro-developmental genetic disorder affecting the central nervous system and most connective tissues. WBS is caused by hemizygous deletions within the critical region of chromosome 7q11.23 including the GTF2IRD1 gene (Ewart 11). Moreover, insufficient levels of the dosage-sensitive genes within the 7q11.23 region have also been implicated in the genesis of WBS. Additionally, reduced levels of elastin, which occurs as a result of deletion of ELN, lead to a prominent feature of WBS known to as supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS). Accordingly, human genomic studies show that the GTF2IRD1 and GTF2I genes play a pivotal role in the occurrence of certain features of WBS such as craniofacial dysmorphology, visuospatial deficits, and hypersociability among others (Ewart 12). In this paper, we are going to review three experimental studies regarding WBS to highlight the major DNA, protein, and phenotypic alterations implicated in this genetic disorder. Here, it is expected that the results of the three experimental studies will point out the major predisposing factors in the development of WBS particularly the gene deletions involving the 7q11.23 critical region. Method To identify the most appropriate research materials for this paper, the PubMed internet search engine was used. Therefore, some key words such as Williams’ syndrome, phenotypic alterations, and chromosome 7q11.23 were used to locate scholarly and peer reviewed journal articles published in 2003-2011. Results/Observations Using the above-mentioned approach, three scholarly and peer reviewed articles highlighting different experiments on WBS were identified and used in the discussions provided below. Here, it is worth noting that all the experiments are centered on chromosome 7q11.23, and thus, there is evidence to suggest that most complications associated with WBS relate to major alterations or deletions in the critical region of the chromosome. Discussions Experimental studies show that some of the copy number variants (CNVs) within some duplicated segments of the 7q11.23 region predispose the carriers to the development of WBS (Cusco et al. 683). To determine this factor, the authors studied samples from 180 WBS patients who had been diagnosed of 7q11.23 deletions. Moreover, the study involved 420 blood donors and 180 non-WBS-transmitting progenitors, as the controls. The study entails extraction of genomic DNA from the peripheral blood samples of the participants. Subsequently, the genomic DNA was analyzed relative to various parameters such as quantification of copy number variants (CNVs), quantification of multicopy microsatellite markers, and sequence analyses (Cusco et al. 684). In this study, the experimental results show that there is a significant enrichment of the CNVs within the duplicated segments of 7q11.23 and also within regions containing low-copy repeats (LCRs). Moreover, the study shows that some heterozygous deletions within the critical region of 7q11.23 entail a process mediated by homologous recombination (NAHR) of large flanking regions containing low-copy repeats and other structural variants occurring within major inversions mainly in 20-25% of the transmitting progenitors. Additionally, the study shows that 4.44% of the transmitting progenitors were carriers of some CNVs, which contain huge deletions of the low-copy repeats (LCRs). On the other hand, there were less than 1% of the blood donors and non-transmitting progenitors showing large deletions of LCRs within the CNVs. As a result, the authors concluded that large deletions within the CNVs predispose the carriers to the development of WBS (Cusco et al. 693). On the other hand, Makeyev et al. (11052) note that the 7q11.23 critical region contains the GTF2IRD2 gene, which encodes products containing two helix-loop-helix repeats which resemble TFII-I family of proteins. Moreover, Makeyev et al. (11053) posit that the large deletions within the critical region of 7q11.23 include the GTF2IRD1 and GTF2I genes. These two genes encode the TFII-I proteins containing several regions referred to as I-repeats. Conversely, the study utilizes the NCBI database to characterize the GTF2IRD2 gene, which resembles the GTF2IRD1 and GTF2I genes. Here, the authors utilized the exon-by-exon analysis approach in which case they discovered that besides the GTF2IRD2 gene resembling the two paralogs; it is certainly a derivative of the GTF2I gene sequence (Makeyev et al. 11056). Moreover, the authors compared the gene sequences surrounding the GTF2IRD2 gene derived from humans and mice to show that there is a centromeric breakpoint within the 7q11.23 critical region of WBS patients. Consequently, gene deletions within sequences surrounding the GTF2IRD2 gene are also involved in the development of WBS (Makeyev et al. 11057). Accordingly, additional experiments show that there is a novel DNA-binding mechanism that triggers negative auto-regulation of the GTF2IRD1 gene in patients with WBS (Palmer et al. 4715). The experiment utilizes knock-out mice and human cells from WBS patients and their relatives to carry out protein expression analyses, cell line analyses and immunofluorescence, RNA expression analyses, electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), and bioinformatics. The experimental results show that mice with Gtf2ird1 allele mutations demonstrate behavioral changes and craniofacial abnormalities similar to those found in human WBS patients. Conversely, the study shows that there is a negative Autoregulation mechanism, which plays a pivotal role in compensating for the dosage-sensitive genes in WBS patients. This Autoregulation mechanism entails binding of the gene protein to certain promoter regions containing three binding sites. Here, the GTF2IRD1 gene protein binds to its promoter region in DNA to control the level of the gene in the body through gene transcription. However, if the Autoregulation mechanism fails, there is no compensation for the lost GTF2IRD1 genes lost in WBS patients (Palmer et al. 4720). Conclusion This research paper presents an elaborate discussion on Williams’ syndrome, which is a neuro-developmental genetic disorder that affects the central nervous system and the connective tissues. The discussions above show that this genetic disorder occurs as a result of gene deletions involving the 7q11.23 critical region, which contains additional genes such as GTF2IRD1, GTF2IRD2, and GTF2I. The three genes are critical to the body because they take part in the production of a family of proteins known as TFII-I, which are regulatory factors. Works Cited Cusco, Ivon et al. “Copy number variation at the 7q11.23 segmental duplications is a susceptibility factor for the Williams-Beuren syndrome deletion.” Genome Res. 18 (2008): 683-694. Ewart, Amanda V. et al. “Hemizygosity at the elastin locus in a developmental disorder, Williams syndrome.” Nature Genetics 5 (2003): 11-16. Makeyev, Aleksandra V. et al. “GTF2IRD2 is located in the Williams-Beuren syndrome critical region 7q11.23 and encodes a protein with two TFII-I-like helix-loop-helix repeats.” PNA, 101.30 (2004): 11052-11057. Palmer, Joseph J. et al. “Negative Autoregulation of GTF2IRDI in Williams-Beuren syndrome via a novel DNA binding mechanism.” Journal of Biological Chemistry 285 (2010): 4715-4724.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/research-of-williams-syndrome-disease/

Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay discusses whether or not the cost of meals Ralph and Cindy purchased while on their usual rounds are deductible. The conclusion is that they are, because they have a negative accumulated and current E&P, as well as a substantial basis of the stock which amounts to $300,000.

The essay discusses whether or not the cost of meals Ralph and Cindy purchased while on their usual rounds are deductible. The conclusion is that they are, because they have a negative accumulated and current E&P, as well as a substantial basis of the stock which amounts to $300,000.

Federal Income Taxation: Tax File Memorandum Case Study Facts Tracey is employed as a salesperson by a renowned company that supplies pharmaceuticals. The region she handles is very vast and thus she uses the company automobile to reach out to the customers. It takes her over 16-19 hours every day and sometimes it is required to be done a couple of times a week. While on such trips, she usually pulls over to a selected area like a rest point to take a brief nap in her automobile. Issue The issue which arises from this fact is the cost of meals Tracy purchased while on her usual rounds deductible? Conclusion No, the cost of meals Tracy purchased while on her usual rounds is not deductible. Analysis According to Section 162, (2) of the Internal Revenue Code, any traveling expense incurred while an employee is away from home is subjected to taxation (Davis, 2011). As per the facts on the table, there is no provision by the company which requires that Tracey rests while executing her duties. This implies that the overnight rule is not applicable in this particular case. In addition to this fact, according to the situation issued, Tracey was not away from her home as Sec. 162(a) (2) fully provides. The Supreme Court seems to have constricted the issue to business trips that only require a brief moment of rest, just like in Tracey’s case. Based on this assumption, this should not be the case. Facts Mark is a captain of a certain boat that ferries tourists on their trip from Seattle to Victoria and back. Every round takes 15-17 hours, with a provision of 6-7 layover hours on arrival in Victoria. It is within this layover moment that Mark takes a 4-hour nap in the ferryboat Issue Is the cost of meals Mark purchased while on his usual rounds deductible? Conclusion Yes, the cost of meals Mark purchased while on his usual rounds is deductible. Analysis Code 162(a) (2) provides rest and sleep as a standard rule which gauges if a taxpayer is “away from home” (Davis, 2011). When applying this to Mark’s case, we come to a conclusion that he is not warranted by his work/employer to be absent from his home overnight. Secondly, Mark’s nature of work requires that he get some sleep when he is far away from his home and when he is released. This rest is necessary for him to be able to properly dispense his duties. This is as per the stipulation that all expenditures by the employee which comprise expenses that are incidental like tips for sleep or rest taking purposes are deductible. Mark can hence deduct his meals expenses that he claimed are between every trip. Facts According to the issue of Ralph and Cindy who own TidyCo. Inc, as per my records, they have a negative accumulated and current E&P, as well as a substantial basis of the stock which amounts to $300,000 (Anonymous, 2009). The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has revealed that the two have $200,000 of income that is unaccounted for both by the company and IRS. This amount is said to have been hidden in shoe boxes and taken to their home instead of being deposited to the bank account of the company’s rules. Therefore, the Internal Revenue Service is planning to take them to court and make criminal charges against them for allegedly defrauding the government (Anonymous, 2009). Issue Do these facts have any dire consequences related to the fraudulent activities, as well as evasion charges the Internal Revenue Service is seeking to file in court against the two? Conclusion Yes, this issue has dire consequences related to fraudulent activities. However, this issue appears to be hanging on the fence, as sources below reveal, two separate but very similar scenarios yielded two quite different conclusions. Analysis In reality, Internal Revenue Service has not substantially proved the diversion of TidyCo. Inc.’s $200,000 by the Edmonds is against the law, as Section 7201 of the Internal Revenue Code stipulates. The company, in both its current E&P and accumulated accounts, has a negative E&P that was not reported as a constructive dividend (Davis, 2011). The IRS thus can not allege that the two have intentions to evade payment of taxes. Besides, the same exercise of tax payment is not yet due. As per the authorities, however, there is a disparity in whether these affidavits are substantial to stir up an argument against tax evasion charges that are pursuant to Sec. 7201 (Anonymous, 2009). Therefore, such income is only taxable to the extent that the company has E&P. In addition, because no tax was due and no given income subjective to taxation was reported, then no tax evasion charges should be held (Anonymous, 2009). The court argued that there must be some evidence that proves beyond reasonable doubt that there willingness and incident was affirming indeed there was an attempt to evade taxes. As opposed to this, in the William’s case, the U.S. court of appeal purported that the government ought not to prove that the company’s distributions as per the issue were subject to taxation. The idea that the shareholder has a control over the company’s funds is sufficient to give the way for the tax evasion charges to hold. What is a controversy? In the current economic climate of the United States, publicly traded companies normally pay dividends on a regular basis and in a fixed manner, but they always declare availability of dividends for members at any given time. Such abrupt dividends are referred to as special dividends , so called to differentiate them from the regular dividends (Dividends explained, 2013). On the other hand, closely held corporations issue and align dividends based on the activities undertaken by each member. This makes such dividends to be considered as expenses that are pre-taxed. No matter what the type of corporation is, dividends are paid in various forms. The most common ones are: * Cash dividends; it is the most preferred form of dividend payment. The shareholders receive them to inform of currency and hence they are considered as income to the recipient. As such, the shareholders are taxed during the year in which such payments are made. The approach is simple: a given amount is allocated to every shareholder by a member. This means that the more shares a shareholder owns, the more s/he earns. * Stock dividends; in this case, extra shares of the stock are distributed to shareholders (Dividends explained, 2013). As a result, the total share a member owns increases. * Interim dividends; when using this method, shareholders receive their dividends just before the Annual General Meeting of the company. In most cases, such dividends come together with financial statements of the corporation or company. In most cases, closely held corporations are managed by family members. These entities have a nature whereby only few persons are both crucial employees and stakeholders and thus, providing keen scrutiny by IRS as far as compensating members reasonably is concerned (Englebrecht, Mitchell, & Martinson, 1998). This makes them consider the business as a family property. Dividend payment in such cases becomes rare as all members have a sense of belonging and thus work towards strengthening the family’s financial base (Merino, 1981). When it comes to taxation, closely held corporations do the following to ensure that IRS does not reclassify the compensation they do to their members: all members’ salaries are within the bracket of provisions of the industry standards, the compensation of members is based on a fraction of employee’s gross income, and finally, ensure that overall salaries are not too large to do away with taxable income. There is generally no specific formula used in order to determine the amount of compensation awarded to employees (Theisen & Kleiman, 1991). On the other hand, dividends in publicly-traded companies are solely announced by the board of directors. Resolutions by shareholders concerning dividends are highly forbidden. To minimize double or over taxation in publicly-held companies, most of the dividends are ploughed back to the business. References Anonymous. (2009). Internal Revenue Service. Standard Federal Tax Reports , 96(12), 7. Davis, G.T. (2011). S Corporation Reasonable Compensation. The Tax Adviser, 42(5), 308. Dividends explained (2013). Money City Direct. Web. Englebrecht, T.D., Mitchell, C., & Martinson, O. (1998). What is reasonable compensation in closely held corporations? Management Accounting , 79(9), 38. Merino, B.D. (1981). United States Government Internal Revenue Service Field Agents’ Income Tax Auditing Manual. Journal of Accountancy (pre-1986), 151(6), 114. Theisen, B.A., & Kleiman, R.T. (1991). Employee Stock Ownership Plans: The Right Choice for Closely Held Corporations? The Tax Adviser , 22(1), 40.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/research-paper-for-federal-income-taxation-tax-file-memorandum-case-studies/

Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The text discusses the importance of research for the identification of some issues, such as the propensity for criminal behavior. It also mentions that well-planned research applied to practice can help to prove or refute a theory, claim, or assumption.

The text discusses the importance of research for the identification of some issues, such as the propensity for criminal behavior. It also mentions that well-planned research applied to practice can help to prove or refute a theory, claim, or assumption.

Research Process and Terminology: Criminal Justice Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Stages of a Research 3. Statistical Data 4. Research Methods 5. Terminology 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction Research is one of the means for identifying if something is true or not if it applies to a certain field or category of people if it works under specific conditions. Research enables the person interested in some issues to investigate those issues explore the world and share information with others. In other words, examination of the topic can be carried out through the profound research conducted on the issue that concerns the researcher. For instance, if a researcher wants to identify the relevance of the statistical data to the analysis of population in terms of the propensity for criminal behavior, he/she should conduct research and apply the research question that bothers him/her to the actual situation. The importance of research for the identification of some issues is great due to the possibility of sharing information for optimization of further research and investigations. The educational value of research is great as well because it provides a background for further work and investigation from the scientific and educational points of view contrasted to a merely scientific approach. As claimed by Junger-Tas (2005), “there was a time in the Netherlands when all-important research was done by universities (p. 143). This means that well-planned research applied to practice can help to prove or refute a theory, claim, or assumption. At the same time, it was more appropriate to use a research to persuade someone in the correctness of ideas and the necessity of further investigations. When implemented for criminal justice, research may comprise a merely theoretical aspect as well as the practical application of ideas and concepts using surveys and statistical data and different types of research methods. Stages of a Research Every research process should be divided into several stages that pertain to a well-thought plan. Criminal justice as well as all other sciences and areas of their application require a research that contains relevant methods, credible sources, appropriate techniques, and literature reviewed. In other words, a scheme of the research process should be followed. As a rule, a research is divided into the following stages depending on the research question and methods: determine the issue to be investigated (a hypothesis, theory, or a question to be answered); conduct a review of relevant literature; identify the variables (define them and indicate the way the dependent variables are influenced and the independent variables). In addition, it is necessary to edit the research question/hypothesis after reviewing the literature and determining variables; select the research method; sampling methods and control of variables should be thoroughly explained as well; description of the investigation itself; analysis of results; discussion of results indicating the limitations and possible ways of improvement and optimization; determine the significance of research findings; comparison of the results with other researches in the same field; share the information received from the research. As suggested by Heffner (2004), replication of a search can be carried out by another researcher; besides, the replication of research is often considered one of the factors that add validity to the research. The first stage of the research comprises a hypothesis to be formulated. As such, the first stage of any research process includes a problem statement or a hypothesis that would be investigated in the research itself. As suggested by Heffner (2004), the theory guess should be determined at the first stage of the research process as it shapes the entire procedure. When a question is selected, it is necessary to review relevant literary sources. A literature review is usually a second stage of the research as it enables the researcher to see what has already been done in the field and what innovative practices may be applied during the investigation. The next stage is based on the identification and analysis of variables that can affect the results. After receiving the information about the current situation concerning the issue to be investigated, the hypothesis can be edited with regard to the next stage of the research where a relevant research method should be applied. Sampling, protocols, investigation, analysis, and discussion of results are the same for all types of research; these stages should be carried out regardless of the research method and experience of the researcher. Ethical considerations can be discussed in the introductory part of the research when the relevance and scope of research are examined or in the discussion section of the research. As Goodman & Miller (2000) state, “Ethics offers conceptual tools to evaluate and guide moral decision making. Ethical considerations apply in attempts to determine what is good or meritorious and which behaviors are desirable or correct in accordance with higher principles” (pp. 370-402). In addition, it is necessary to remember that stages can be carried out in the order relevant for a research unless the order influences validity of the outcomes. At the same time, sharing information with other stakeholders may help optimization of further attempts as well as comparison of findings with results of other related investigations. Statistical Data Though market research and consumer behavior are considered to be the most popular areas of application of statistical research, they can be effectively used for investigations in criminal justice. The importance of statistical thinking becomes apparent when it comes to the analysis of relevance of some terms to issues or frequency of some events. As claimed by H. G. Wells, “Statistical thinking will one day be as necessary for efficient citizenship as the ability to read and write” (as cited in Bennett, Briggs, & Triola, 2009). In this respect, statistical research when applied to criminal justice is aimed at demonstrating the data that can be received using statistics. Different types of surveys and sampling methods can be found to address any issue about the data available or unavailable. The statistical data applied to criminal justice should be credible so that a researcher could use it for research that can further influence the way criminals are punished. For instance, if a researcher finds out that drug addicts become aggressive and predisposed to crime-committing after being imprisoned, he/she may suggest that these people should be rehabilitated instead of incarcerated. Further research should be conducted investigating the behavior of drug addicts after rehabilitation and comparison with the results of the previous approach when these individuals were imprisoned. As such, the results of a research may impact the methods applied by a correctional system to this or that person shaping the perception of this individual and his/her further life. Research Methods Research methods often shape the entire research and influence its validity. The importance of selecting the right research method has been actively explored by comparing the results of different investigations. As stated by Hagan (2010), people may use research methods in everyday lives though they “simply lack conceptual frameworks, scientifically acceptable tags, or sufficient knowledge of the language of research methods to defend their views in an appropriate manner” (p. 5). At the same time, it is necessary to define the research method and use tools applied in the framework of a particular method whereas different methods may be used due to the complexity of the hypothesis that involves statistics and observation. In this case, quantitative and qualitative research tools (Sanchez, 2008) may be applied to investigate the frequency of some events and the reasons for their occurrence. A research method applied to criminal justice can be a borrowing, in terms of the tools and techniques, from other social sciences. In this respect, the process of sharing information about the research is essential for gaining knowledge and experience and applying the methods effectively used in social sciences to criminology and criminal justice. The method applied to research can alter the results and lead to the ineffective interpretation of data received before. As such, a criminologist should select a research method after determining a hypothesis, reviewing relevant literature, identifying variables, and editing the research question so that the method applied was effectively adding to the validity of the research. Terminology Terminology is one of the essential aspects of effective research conducted. As such, it is necessary to consider this as one of the stages of a research process because such a procedure should allow no ambiguity whereas inappropriate wording can result in inappropriate or even opposite meaning. At the same time, irrelevant terminology can make the most efficient and profound research look like a school report. In this respect, the terminology should be considered with regard to the target audience of the research. When research is designed and conducted and the results are shared between scholars with the help of scholarly articles published in respectable journals, the terminology should be appropriate whereas oversimplification may lead to the inadequate perception of the information. A career in criminal justice depends directly on the terminology used in professional cases as well as in research documentation. So, when you conduct criminal justice research, it is necessary to use proper terminology that does not allow ambiguity and leads to no misunderstandings occurring. Knowing the terms relevant to the criminal justice field can be an asset when evaluating and analyzing research studies or data because understanding the wordings properly would save time for finding out what this or that expression means. Conclusion To conclude, the research process is as interesting and effective as difficult and requires attention and specific knowledge. Knowing the obligatory stages of a research process would save time and make the procedure better planned and more profound. Validity of the reach can be improved by replication whereas sharing information about the research is essential due to gaining experience possible through analysis of other studies in the same area and related ones. Statistical data used during the research can influence the results of the research about its relevance and credibility. Appropriate terminology is one of the assets used in the process of conducting research related to criminal justice. References Bennett, J. O., Briggs, W. L., & Triola, M. F. (2009). Statistical reasoning for everyday life (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson/Addison Wesley. Goodman, K. W., & Miller, R. A. (2000). Ethics and Health Informatics: Users, Standards, and Outcomes. In E.H. Shortliffe & L. E. Perrault (Eds.), Medical Informatics: Computer Applications in Health Care and Biomedicine (pp. 379–402). New York, NY: Springer. Hagan, F. E. (2010). Research methods in criminal justice and criminology (8 th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Heffner, C. (2004). Research methods: Chapter one: Introduction to research. AllPsychOnline . Web. Junger-Tas, J. (2005). The scientific integrity of applied research. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 11 (2), 143. Sanchez, A. (2008). The difference between qualitative and quantitative research . Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/research-process-and-terminology-criminal-justice/

Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: Proctoeces maculates is a trematode from the Proctoeces genus. The parasite affects different types of marine mussels and initiates a host-parasite relationship. In addition, the parasite has been isolated from mollusks such as Scrobicularia spana suggesting that parasite has both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts.

Proctoeces maculates is a trematode from the Proctoeces genus. The parasite affects different types of marine mussels and initiates a host-parasite relationship. In addition, the parasite has been isolated from mollusks such as Scrobicularia spana suggesting that parasite has both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts.

Researches of Proctoeces Maculatus Research Paper Proctoeces maculatus is a trematode from the Proctoeces genus. The parasite affects different types of marine mussels and initiates a host-parasite relationship. In addition, the parasite has been isolated from mollusks such as Scrobicularia spana suggesting that parasite has both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts (White 457). Proctoeces maculatus was first described in the year 1901 as a distinct species by Loos as a trematode that causes parasitic infection in the marine fish families like Sparidae and Labridae (Stunkard and Uzmann 184). In addition it was isolated from the marine fish species Mytilus edulis . For a long time classification of the trematode has been a controversy among the research community due to the various morphological forms of the species that have been identified. Regardless of this, researchers have come to identify characteristic morphological patterns that have led to clear identification of the Proctoeces maculates as a distinct species in the Proctoeces genus (Shigeru and Egusa 1250). Studies have elaborated the morphology of the trematode. It was observed that Proctoeces maculates a cuticula that is devoid of any fortifications. It has dominant and massive suckers. At the position of the exterior testis, there is a distinct dual morphology (bifurcation) of the vessels involved in excretion processes. The crura and the stem have on their outer surfaces, a thin lining composed of epithelial cells. The epithelium has a characteristic even appearance when the wall is bloated. Proctoeces maculates ’ genital pore occurs at the position lying between the pharynx and the acetabulum. The genital pore has a characteristic lateral orientation. The testes occur together with varying orientations (Lang and Dennis 70). They occur obliquely, contiguously or completely delineated from each other. The sperm ducts are connected to the cirrus sac and they originate from the anterior location from which they stretch resulting in a common canal that then feeds into the cirrus sac. The canal exits at the posterior end of the cirrus sac as spiraled seminal vesicle that has spermatozoa. The canal is then channeled into another canal that is reinforced with a broad muscular wall. Highly specialized cells involved in secretion occur throughout the whole structure. These have chromatic granules at the end of the canal which is connected to the cirrus sac. After the cirrus sac there is a protrusion of the canal into an extended duct commonly called the hermaphroditic atrial canal (Lang and Dennis 69). There is a thin lumen between the cirrus sac and the canal with thick walls. This lumen acts as a collector of discharges from the secretory cells. Proctoeces maculates has an ovary that is located just before the testis. It is located in the posterior end of the parasite specifically in the anterior portion. The posterior face is the site of origin of the oviduct. The oviduct has a characteristic ventral-medial orientation as it joins the fertilization area. Laurer’s canal protrudes from the region of fertilization in a dorsal-anterior manner and ends just above the ovary. The Mehlis’ gland has a connection to the ovary via the universal vitelline canal. To allow for egg formation, the oviduct enlarges at the end of the vitelline canal to form the ootype, the site for formation of the eggs (Lang and Dennis 67). The uterus is posterior to the termination of the body. At this position there are spiraling ducts on both sides in tandem with the median trunk that lines the underside of the cirrus sac and empties into the central position of the hermaphroditic duct just before the genital pore. The eggs have a myriad of appearances either due to malformations or natural variation in sizes (La Rue 307). The life cycle of Proctoeces maculates has been studied but with conflicting outcomes of the final host of the trematode. Some studies have shown that the final host of the parasite is the marine fishes while others show that the final host is the bivalve organisms such as Scrobicularia spana. Despite these findings, there is a consensus that Proctoeces maculates establish itself as a parasite in the fish species Mytilus edulis , where it results in infection that may eventually lead to death. The life cycle starts with eggs being produced by adult trematodes all through winter after which the adults succumb to death. The eggs hatch releasing miracidia. The miracidia in turn develop to form sporocysts. The sporocysts are mainly found in large mussels and little or no sporocysts are found in the small mussels and this has been attributed to sexual immaturity of these small mussels. The sporocysts develop into the Cercariae in the first intermediate host. The Cercariae represents the larval stage of Proctoeces maculates. At this stage the parasite is unable to infect as it is immature. This stage occurs mainly during winter and is responsible for the low rates of infection observed during this period (Oliva, Valdivia and Cárdenas 737). Reproduction of Proctoeces maculatus is greatly affected by its location in terms of tidal positions namely high, low, and floating subtidal locations. Production of Cercariae occurs mostly in the intertidal and subtidal periods. The cercarie at this point may either remain in the same host or migrate to a different host where it develops into an adult. The adult release the eggs completing the cycle. The purpose of the research is to find out the prevalence (absent or present) and intensity of the parasite infecting Mytilus edulis from the different locations. Works Cited La Rue, Gregory. “The classification of digenetic Trematoda: A review and new system. Experimental Parasitology 6.1 (1957): 306-309. Lang, William and Emmet, Dennis. “Morphology and seasonal incidence of infection of Proctoeces maculatus (Looss, 1901) Odhner, 1911 (Trematoda) in Mytilus edulis. ” OPHELIA 15.1 (1976): 65-75. Oliva, Marcelo, Valdivia, Isabel and Cárdenas, Leyla. “Molecular and experimental evidence refuse the life cycle of Proctoeces lintoni (Fellodistomidae) in Chile.” Parasitology Research 106.1 (2010):737–740. Shigeru, Shimura and Syuzo, Egusa. “A new digenetic trematode Proctoeces ichiharai. ” Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 45.10 (1979): 1249-1253. Stunkard, Horace and Uzmann, Joseph. “The life-cycle of the digenetic trematode, Proctoeces maculatus (Looss, 1901) Odhner, 1911 [Syn. P. subtenuis (Linton, 1907) Hanson, 1950], and description of Cercaria adranocerca n. Sp.” Ibid 116.1 (1959): 184-193. White, Carrey. “On the ecology of the adult digenetic trematode Proctoeces subtenuis from a lamellibranch host Scrobicularia spana .’’ Journal of Marine Biology 52.2 (1972): 457-467.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/researches-of-proctoeces-maculatus/

Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: Salmonella is a food borne bacterial infection that is caused by Salmonella bacteria. The infection is a major public health concern and a significant amount of government spending is spent as an effort to help contain it. A substantive percentage of population succumbs to the effects of Salmonellosis. Some government institutions have so far been very successful in containing human Salmonellosis whereas others are still grappling with its effects on human population.

Salmonella is a food borne bacterial infection that is caused by Salmonella bacteria. The infection is a major public health concern and a significant amount of government spending is spent as an effort to help contain it. A substantive percentage of population succumbs to the effects of Salmonellosis. Some government institutions have so far been very successful in containing human Salmonellosis whereas others are still grappling with its effects on human population.

Resistant Salmonella: Analysis and Cause of the Disease Essay General Background Salmonellosis, a food borne bacterial infection is caused by genera of bacteria called Salmonella . This food borne infection is a major public health concern and a significant amount of government spending is spent as an effort to help contain it. A substantive percentage of population succumbs to the effects of Salmonellosis. Some government institutions have so far been very successful in containing human Salmonellosis whereas others are still grappling with its effects on human population. Presently, there are at least 2500 known serotypes of Salmonella . In the last decade of the 20 th Century, there emerged strains of Salmonella , which exhibited signs of resistance to a range of antibiotics. This has up to date remained a public health concern. The resistance has been attributed to use of the antibiotics in humans and animals where it is principally used in human husbandry. Human Salmonellosis has developed resistance to a variety of antimicrobials (Falkow and Kennedy, 2001). This is a real health scare because antibiotics that were considered as first choice agents can no longer be relied on. Human Salmonellosis is primarily contracted after consumption of contaminated food from animal origin. However, green vegetables that have been contaminated by manure can also aid in its transmission. Serotypes that have specific host spectrum can be very invasive and life threatening when they cause disease in humans. However, most serotypes boast a broad host spectrum. These cause gastroenteritis, a condition that can be very critical to those with weakened immunity. Human Salmonellosis can also cause blood stream infection. Control Strategies Human Salmonellosis can be treated by using a group of antimicrobials known as fluoroquinolones. However, they are only used for optimal treatment purposes. These antimicrobials are fairly inexpensive, are effective and are easily absorbed. Cephalosporin that is administered through injection is used with children having severe human Salmonellosis as opposed to quinolones. As substitutes, ampicillin and chloramphenicol can be used sometimes. Resistance to Drugs Over the years, Salmonella has developed resistance to antimicrobials and this has been caused by mutations in the bacteria’s DNA. This resistance is transferred to other bacterial strains by transfer of bacterial DNA. Multidrug resistance is normally transferred through bacterial plasmid. Resistance was not witnessed when fluoroquinolones were first administered to humans. However, upon administration to animals, resistant was encountered. This subsequently spread to humans (WHO, 1998). Evolution of serotypes Evolution of Salmonella serotypes has been seen for the past 30 years. The most recent epidemic has been caused by Salmonella enteritidis . This caused health scare in many European countries (Ewald, 1994). It has since slightly declined. However, Salmonella typhimurium has re-emerged as the principal serotype of human Salmonellosis. The consequences of resistance in terms of human health Antimicrobial agents that are used to treat human Salmonellosis affect the intestines and expose them to hosts of infections. Antimicrobial agents used in treating upper respiratory tract infections expose users to risk of Salmonella infection. To control drug resistant Salmonella , it is advisable that the use of antimicrobial agents is reduced. This curbs further contamination by drug resistant Salmonella . Steps that can be taken slow down evolution of antibiotic resistance It is advisable that people only use antibiotics when they have to. Antibiotics should not be used in infections that are not bacterial. The course of treatment has to be completed. In essence, all antimicrobials given by the physician must be used as directed. Livestock should not be fed with antibiotics if the war on antibiotic resistance is to be won. Reference List Ewald, P.W. (1994). Evolution of Infectious Disease . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Falkow, S. and Kennedy, D. (2001). Antibiotics, Animals, and People—Again! Science , 291: 397. WHO (World Health Organization). (1998). Use of Quinolones in Food animals and Potential Impact on Human Health . Geneva, Switzerland: W.H.O.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/resistant-salmonella-analysis-and-cause-of-the-disease/

Write the original essay that generated the following summary: In medical practice nurses play a very important role in that they are always responsible for the continuous assessment of the patients and clinical surveillance. Research has however found that adverse outcomes in health facilities are in most cases preceded by unusual physiological results for instance heart attacks.

In medical practice nurses play a very important role in that they are always responsible for the continuous assessment of the patients and clinical surveillance. Research has however found that adverse outcomes in health facilities are in most cases preceded by unusual physiological results for instance heart attacks.

Responding To Clinical Deterioration Annotated Bibliography Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Annotated Bibliography 3. How these Studies inform Nursing Practice 4. Conclusion 5. Reference List Introduction In medical practice nurses play a very important role in that they are always responsible for the continuous assessment of the patients and clinical surveillance. Research has however found that adverse outcomes in health facilities are in most cases preceded by unusual physiological results for instance heart attacks. Annotated Bibliography Odell, M., Victor, C., & Oliver, D. (2009). Nurses’ Role in Detecting Deteriorating In Ward Patients: Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Advanced Nursing , 65(10). This is a report about a review carried out to categorize and decisively assess research investigating nursing practice in the area of identifying and managing deteriorating general ward patients. The paper is based on the premise that failing to recognize and act on the deteriorating condition in the general wads was becoming a major problem in health facilities. This has called for implementation of early warning model of scoring and acute care outreach work group and the evidence of efficiency of these systems is indistinct. 14 studies met the threshold to be included for review and were classified in four groups; identification, recording and review, reporting and reaction or response. The review concluded that there is greater understanding of the context in which deteriorating is recorded. This means that there is possible designing of efficient strategy to educate nurses and design support systems. The challenge of the responding program is because of inexperience and limited knowledge of the bedside nurses and the relationship they have with other medical staff. Preston, R., & Flynn, D. (2010). Observation in Acute Care: Evidence-Based Approach to Patient Safety. British Journal of Nursing , 19(7), 442- 447. Nurses are required to competently execute functions of observing, accurately interpreting data and making rational decisions based on critical thought after meticulous assessment of data. This will go a long way in reducing the number of deaths in hospitals as the National Institute for clinical excellence recommends. This paper is a review of the skills, knowledge and practices that nurses currently possess and use in their duty of making observation and recording the situation in critical care setting. Some of the important measures include blood oxygen saturation level, blood pressure, and blood sugar among others. Several of the studies researched show that respiration rate was specifically very sensitive indicator of clinical deterioration; nonetheless it was one of the variables that are never done or poorly conducted in critical care. Electronic devices and early warning system are available to help recognize risk of deterioration among patients. The paper also provides what knowledge nurses need to have in physiological compensation to be able to accurately detect and report clinical deterioration in acute care. Several recommendations have been made which include training in Acute Life Threatening Events and Recognition Treatment (ALERT) for nurses who qualify to work in acute care section and also do exercises in simulation of best practices in acute care services. Thomas, T., Force, M.V., Rasmussen, D., Dodd, D., & Whildin, S. (2007). Rapid Response Team: Challenges, Solutions, Benefits. Crit Care Nurse, Vol. 27 No. 1, Pp. 20-27. This study was centred on the fact that many hospital administrators are facing problems of managing human resources (workers) and other resources capital resources to attain the best possible results. The challenge of this has been the faster admission rates and discharge processes, shortage of nurses and high acuity levels of patients. Response to clinical deterioration is sometime not effective and patients develop critical complications such as death, and this is described as failure to rescue. This phrase does not depict negligence or any misconduct rather it portrays the general performance of a health facility with regard to the nurses’ abilities to identify and respond autonomously to complications. Sign of deterioration may not be recognized early enough by the nurses or they could be responded to very late to reverse the patients outcome. This report has identified major problems that fail to rescue, the challenges of setting up a rapid response team and the benefits of the rapid response groups in service delivery. Benefits of rapid responders include increased patient safety, shorter stay in hospital, reduced cases in ICU and increased attentiveness of identification of deterioration. Tait, D. (2010). Nursing Recognition And Response To Signs Of Clinical Deterioration. Nursing Management,17(6), 31-37. The insufficient or suboptimal care which has resulted in admittance of critically sick patients to the intensive care units was noted over ten years ago as being available in most instances. The subject of insufficient care and clinical deterioration has also been identified as being a serious problem on global scale in terms of care delivery. It’s on this basis that this research was developed. There are possible solutions, for instance using physiological track-and-trigger tools in the assessment of risk of deterioration among patients. These solutions have been implemented as part of the modified response to the changes in the healthcare situation. Outreach teams or rapid response are also usually set up to support the reaction as part of the approach of decreasing suboptimal care and encouraging patient safety for instance management and prevention of sepsis. Track and trigger instruments are sometimes inadequate in offering optimal care because of several patient factors that affect their progress. Clinical knowledge and skills which caregivers possess are pertinent to this process and attainment of safe patient care. Moldenhauer, K., Sabel, A., Chu, E.S., & Mehler, P.S. (2009). Clinical Triggers: An Alternative to A Rapid Response Team. J Comm. J Qual Saf, 35(3),164-167. There are a number of alternatives that have been proposed as alternatives to the Medical Emergency Team (MET) and are based on clinical triggers which instigate rapid response. The clinical triggers approach has been found to surmount the characteristic constraint of the MET system, as related to excessive use of resources and division of patient care. There is an archetypal clinical triggers program that can be referred to when addressing response to deteriorating clinical service. This is well-known at Denver Health Medical Centre and it entails standardized ‘afferent’ branch of patient recognition based on objective physiological response for rapid response intensification. This ‘efferent’ limb is offered by assigned primary house employee team taking care of individual patients. The DHMC is a promising approach addressing unmet patient needs. It has brought dramatic decline of cardiac arrests outside ICU and lesser bounce back rates to ICU. The RRT’s form the main means of preventing unobserved patient deterioration and can offer benefits like DHMC. The goal of this system is to prevent premature deaths hospitalized patient therefore improving their safety. How these Studies inform Nursing Practice From the research studies reviewed, the investigator can draw important insights that address the current standard of the important symptoms recording and how the nurses respond (Guyton & Hall, 2010, p. 67). These researches inspire strong concerns and support from nurses to the new strategies of ensuring timely realization of clinical deterioration. The outcomes are a benchmark and assist in assessing changes to the current hospital response systems and policies (Hall 2010, p. 74). There are a number of themes that are addressed in these studies and are very relevant to judicious recognition and response to clinical deterioration in healthcare facilities (Elliott et al, 2007, p. 58). The main theme of concern to this paper is the human barriers that prevent timely recognition and response. From this, it’s easy to deduce that any system established to enhance the process of recognizing and responding to the clinical deterioration has to take into account the human obstacles some that have existed for many years (Urden et al, 2006, p. 123). Being able to offer patient with proper and timely care when their health deteriorates is very important in ensuring their safety and quality care (Morton et al, 2009, p. 82). The above researches consistently show that there are observable physiological symptoms that come before adverse effects of deterioration are experienced like cardiac arrest and emergency admission in the ICUs (Curtis et al, 2007, p. 102). Because there has been increased awareness of the matter, there are consequently significant types of initiatives that are employed in certain health systems even to international level. Being able to recognize and respond to health emergencies is one of the major roles of the nurses in patient care (Pierce, 2007, p. 71). The objective of the recognition and response programs in healthcare facilities are identified by these researches as seeking to save lives decrease damage to the patients by improving health monitoring and surveillance systems as well as practices that allow recognition and response to clinical deterioration in critical care facilities (Iyengar et al, 2009, p. 130). Several models have also been highlighted as being effective in identifying deterioration symptoms. Several models are often applied for the same purpose of rapid response. These models have great variation in terms of their makeup of the teams involved when responding to patients who are indicated to be deteriorating led by doctors or RN’s (Woods et al, 2010, p. 104). There is also need to apply relevant skills by the responding team like intubation and the team should be well managed for instance having a structured educative duty and reacting methodically to immediate medical need. Currently, there are no studies that have demonstrated differing result of different approaches used to address the problem (Simmonds, 2005, p. 143). However the different models that are employed are mostly a reflection of the differing situations in organization, especially in terms of the issues that they have to deal with which could be workforce mix and staffing. Some facilities use rapid response team and medical emergency team interchangeably like in Australia but the US the RRT tend to refer to nurse-led teams. The UK has critical care outreach teams for the same reason (Sirio, 2009, p. 163). These studies show that it is practically impossible to develop a robust model of recognizing and responding to clinical deterioration without spirited organizational support. Conclusion The main problem has been to find out why nurse is not able to identify and respond to the problems by taking appropriate measures towards clinical deterioration. This has become an ongoing problem where there is failure to collect relevant and accurate information, problem in detecting the problem or reluctance in reporting unusual data and failing to react to clinical deterioration even when abnormal results are noted. Reference List Curtis, K., Ramsden, C. & Friendship, J. (2007). Emergency and Trauma Nursing , Sydney: Mosby Elsevier. Elliott, D., Aitken, L. & Chaboyer, W. (2007). ACCCNs Critical Care Nursing, Sydney: Mosby Elsevier. Guyton, A.C. & Hall, J.E. (2010). Textbook Of Medical Physiology (12 th Ed.). St Louis, Mo: Saunders Elsevier. Hall, J.E., (2010). Pocket Companion to Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology (12 th Edn.) St Louis, Mo: Saunders Elsevier. Iyengar, A., Baxter, A., & Forster, A.J. (2009). Using Medical Emergency Teams to Detect Preventable Adverse Events. Crit Care , 13:R126. Moldenhauer, K., Sabel, A., Chu, E.S., & Mehler, P.S. (2009). Clinical Triggers: An Alternative to A Rapid Response Team. J Comm. J Qual Saf, 35(3),164-167. Morton, P., Fontaine, P., Hudak, C., & Gallo, B.,(2009). Critical Care Nursing: A Holistic Approach. (9 th Edn). Philadelphia: Lippincott. Odell, M., Victor, C., & Oliver, D. (2009). Nurses’ Role in Detecting Deteriorating In Ward Patients: Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Advanced Nursing , 65(10). Pierce, L. (2007). Management of the Mechanically Ventilated Patient (2 nd Edn.). St. Louis, MO. Elsevier Saunders. Preston, R., & Flynn, D. (2010). Observation in Acute Care: Evidence-Based Approach to Patient Safety. British Journal of Nursing , 19(7), 442- 447. Simmonds, T. (2005). Best Practice Protocols: Implementing A Rapid Response System of Care. Nurs Manage, 36:41–59. Sirio, C.A. (2009). Clinical Triggers Or Rapid Response Teams: Do The Emperor Need “New” Clothes? J Comm. J Qual Patient Saf , 35(3), 162-163. Tait, D. (2010). Nursing Recognition And Response To Signs Of Clinical Deterioration. Nursing Management , 17(6), 31-37. Thomas, T., Force, M.V., Rasmussen, D., Dodd, D., & Whildin, S. (2007). Rapid Response Team: Challenges, Solutions, Benefits. Crit Care Nurse, 27(1), 20-27. Urden, L., Stacy, K. & Lough, M. (2006). Thelan’s Critical Care Nursing: Diagnosis And Management. (5 th Edn). St Louis, Mo: Saunders Elsevier. Woods, S., Froelicher, E., Underhill Motzer, S., & Bridges, E. (Eds) (2010). Cardiac Nursing , Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/responding-to-clinical-deterioration/

Write an essay about: The Federal Aviation Administration Research Paper discusses the responsibilities of air carriers as they pertain to aircraft safety. The paper also talks about the Commuter Rule, which is a 1995 initiative that required all turbo jets operated for passenger service and all airplanes designed to carry 10 or more passengers to operate in accordance to certain conditions specified in the Federal Aviations Regulations (FAR) Part 121.

The Federal Aviation Administration Research Paper discusses the responsibilities of air carriers as they pertain to aircraft safety. The paper also talks about the Commuter Rule, which is a 1995 initiative that required all turbo jets operated for passenger service and all airplanes designed to carry 10 or more passengers to operate in accordance to certain conditions specified in the Federal Aviations Regulations (FAR) Part 121.

Responsibilities of Air Carriers: Federal Aviation Administration Research Paper Responsibilities of air carriers Section 601 (b) of the Federal Aviation act (FA Act) charges the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA ) with the responsibility for enforcing and promulgating adequate standards and regulations towards aircraft safety and also recognizes that holders of air carrier certificates have a direct responsibility of providing transportation by air with the highest possible degree of safety (Elias, 2010). This act implies that the aforementioned responsibility rests directly with the air carrier, irrespective of any action that may or may not be taken by an FAA inspector or the FAA. Given that it is almost impossible for the FAA to inspect all the airplanes around the world, it incapable of efficiently carrying out the responsibility of checking if all the airplanes operating around the world have adhered to the highest safety standards. Air carriers have to therefore carry out self inspections to ensure their aircraft have the highest safety standards before being certified to operate by the FAA. Moreover, before certification to operate, all the air carriers are required to indicate to the FAA that they are willing to carry out the safety specifications listed in the FA Act. Should an air carrier fail in its responsibility to ensure the highest standards of safety, Section 609 of the FA Act specifies certain actions that may be taken against the air carrier. There are a number of situations and conditions that the FAA uses to judge an air career’s inability to comply with the conditions specified in the FA act namely an air career’s repetitive noncompliance with the minimum regulations and standards of the act, lack of sufficient training programs and guidance, lack of concern for compliance with the FA act, lack of operational control of aircraft, lack of ensuring the airworthiness of aircraft, and inaccurate record-keeping procedures. Purpose of commuter safety initiative (1995) The commuter safety initiative came into effect in December 1995 and required of all turbo jets operated for passenger service and all airplanes designed to carry 10 or more passengers to operate in accordance to certain conditions specified in the Federal Aviations Regulations (FAR) Part 121 which states that operators of such aircraft must dispatch certificate and requirements dispatchers, retire a pilot upon attaining 60 years of age, must have procedures and manuals for both their ground and flight personnel, have cabin crew for airplanes with more than 20 passenger seats, maintain duty limits, and must comply to the new training rule (Wolfe & NewMyer, 1985). The FAR part 119 is applies with the Commuter Rule and it consolidates air career certification procedures, provides new definitions, and requires new management and safety officer positions for FAR Part 121 operators. With some exceptions for planes with 10-19 passenger seats, the Commuter Rule requires compliance with a number of equipment standards including exterior emergency exit markings, first aid and emergency medical kits, wing ice lights, weather radar, protective breathing equipment, distance measuring equipment, additional life rafts, additional flashlights, lavatory fire protection, Pitot heat indication system, and for air planes with 200-30 passenger seats, locking cockpit doors. For aircraft with 10-19 passenger seats, some equipment requirements were exempted if the systems were functionally equivalent to FAR Part 121. For instance, for airplanes with 10-19 seats, passengers are usually positioned not more than four feet away from any exit; consequently, floor proximity lighting is not required. Also, since no flight attendant is required for a 10-19 seat airplane, the requirement for a locking door cockpit was exempted to enable the crew members conduct safety briefings and oversee the safety of the passengers. Other exceptions included no crash ax and other cabin safety equipment and airplane certification that would have either required a redesign of the aircraft or extensive engineering to retrofit. Importance of the ASRS The Aviation Safety Reporting system (ASRS) is the most useful tool in dealing with human factor issues because it helps to shade light on crucial information that can be used to assist accident prevention efforts by receiving, processing and analyzing voluntarily submitted aviation safety reports. By using the data from the ASRS, the aviation industry is able to learn important and valuable lessons about past accidents in the dynamic environments in which aircraft and their crew members fly. The ASRS carries out its duties to serve the purpose of identifying discrepancies and deficiencies in the National Aviation System and by providing data for planning and improvements to the National Aviation System by enhancing the basics for the research about human factors (Wells & Rodrigues, 2004). It also makes recommendations for future aviation procedures, facilities, operations, and equipment. One of the main strengths of the ASRS is found in its pilot reporting form that has a section in which the second airplane that was involved in a certain incident is described. Its other strengths is that it overtly inquires about the sequence of events that preceded an incidence and also that it makes inquiries about any errors of commission or omission that may have contributed to the incident. These strengths enable the ASRS examine the causes of an incidence from all possible angles. The major weakness of the ASRS is that nearly all the data it collects relating to human errors is preserved in the form of texts and this means that one may have to go through the whole narrative to find specific information. Investigations by the NTSB The main goal of the National Transportation and Safety Board (NTSB) is to eliminate the possibility of future accidents occurring especially if they resemble accidents that have already taken place. The NTSB is autonomous and consists of five members appointed by the president and approved by the Senate to operate for five-year terms. As its name suggests, the boards mostly concerns itself with transportation safety and not with aviation accidents even though they derive most of the information they need from examining aircraft accidents. The board carries out its functions by establishing and maintaining discrete and properly staffed divisions, offices, or bureaus that investigate and report on accidents involving the four major modes of transportation namely aviation, pipeline, highway and motor vehicle, and railroad and tracked vehicles (Wensveen, 2007). With regards to aviation, the board has the duty of investigating or causing investigations to begin covering the facts, circumstances, or conditions that may have contributed to the occurrence of the accident. This implies that should a civilian aircraft accident occur, the NTSB can either carry out the investigations into the accident itself or delegate the investigation to the FAA. Even in the instances where it delegates the actual investigation, the NTSB is still the body that is charged with determining the official probable cause of the accident. This role of investigation the cause of an aircraft accident has however changed in the recent times as most of the investigations into aircraft accidents are being done by the Office of Aviation Safety. The board is now left with the role of supervising the investigations and discussing and approving, in a public meeting, the analysis of the results of the probable cause of the said accident. Limits to the productive life of a damage-tolerant-designed airplane As noted by Atluri et al, 1991, the service or productive life of a damage-tolerant-designed airplane structure, also known as the fail-safe structure, has no limit but this statement only applies when the aircraft is taken through all the essential inspections and repairs that are to be carried out in a timely manner together with all the programs designed to prevent corrosion. However, the frequency and cost of the routine repairs affect an aircraft’s operational efficiency and as such, the durability of the materials used to construct the plane may be the limiting factor to the aircraft’s productive life and may compromise the aircraft’s degree of safety. The major player in the aircraft’s structural safety process therefore has the role of determining its damage tolerance which is used to tell the period of time that the plane can be safely used. The desired degree of safety of a damage-tolerant-designed airplane is found by determining the airplane’s damage tolerance which entails finding out the airplane’s damage limit, damage growth and inspection program. The damage limit is defined as the maximum damage, inclusive of any secondary cracks, that the airplane’s structure can sustain under a certain pre-determined load. The aircraft’s damage growth is time period the aircraft’s structure takes to deteriorate from the time damage is detected on it to the time it reaches the damage limit. The airplane inspection program is the series of inspections carried out in a fleet to enable aircraft inspectors to promptly detect any damages in the planes structure. Purpose of data flight recorders (FDR) The data flight recorder’s purpose, as it name suggests, it to record data from a myriad of sensors that monitor the performance of different parts of the airplane. The FDR is usually designed to survive damage should the plane crash and depending on when the airplane was manufactured, the FDR may consist of either a digital or analogue data recording system. The usefulness of the FDR goes beyond merely helping investigators determine the course of an aircraft’s crash. They have also become important tools of assessing a pilot’s performance and are also very useful as aids during training programs. They record a number of functions that can be used to tell the performance of the plane’s engine, the airplane’s degree of safety and material degradation, and in the monitoring of service loads that helps in the determination of the airframe’s fatigue life consumption (McCormick & Papadakis, 2003). By analyzing the performance data recorded in the FDR, appropriate measures can be taken to correct any abnormalities in the plane’s performance, or in the pilot’s performance and therefore improve the overall safety of the airplane. In situations where it is retrieved from an already crashed airplane, the FDR can provide crucial data that will point at the factors responsible for the crash. Appropriate measures can then be adopted to prevent future crashes under similar conditions. Meanwhile, the purpose of cockpit voice recorder is to record any conversations that take place in the aircraft’s cockpit. In the event of an accident, the combined information derived from the CVR and the FDR makes it easier to determine the precise cause of the accident. Roles of management and employees in improving human performance Both employees and the management must get involved and perform their respective roles if the human performance in an organization is to improve. The management has numerous roles in relation to human performance improvement among them being putting in place measures that would see an increase in allocation of resources towards the training of personnel, and the systems and equipment used by employees. The management should also open good communication channels between themselves and the employees as this will enable them share ideas on how to improve performance. The management also have the role of showing the employees that the organization values them as important assets and this could improve employee motivation levels in turn improving their performance at the workplace (Hiam, 1999). It is also very important for the management to put in place measures that will make the employees feel like they are an integral part of the organization. Such a move would encourage employees to be more engaged in the daily operations of the organization and also improve their motivation and hence performance at the workplace. Meanwhile, the employees also have roles in improving human performance including carrying out their respective duties to the best of their abilities. The employees also have the duty to comply with resolutions made by the management that seek to improve not only the human performance but also that of the whole organization. Role of the FAA during aircraft accident investigation The responsibility of investigating aircraft accidents largely lies with each FAA Flight Standards District Office (FSDO), which has the role of maintaining a pre-accident plan that is tailored to that office’s specific requirements (Ellis, Miller & Ramsden, 1984). The responsibilities of the FAA during an accident are specified in the FA Act (1958) and are illustrated in the FAA Order 8020.11A. The main role of the FAA during the investigations is to evaluate and document the series of events that led to the accident and from their findings, make recommendations on how similar accidents can be prevented in the future. Moreover, the FAA must also establish if any of its nine responsibilities within the airline industry played a role in causing the accident. Some of FAA’s roles during an accident include ensuring that all facts and circumstances leading to the accident are recorded and evaluated and that actions are taken to prevent similar accidents from occurring in future. The FAA determines if there was any violation of the FAA regulations, the airworthiness of the aircraft was a factor, the FAR were adequate, the competency or the aircrew, air agencies, air carriers, or airports was a factor ,and if the air carrier or airport security standards of operations were involved in the accident, to mention but few. After completing their investigations, the FAA submits its factual reports to the NTSB. References Atluri, S.N., Sampath, S. G., Tong,P. Georgia Institute of Technology. Center for Computational Mechanics, Transportation Systems Center. (1991). Structural intergrity of ageing airplanes. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. Elias, B. (2010). Federal Aviation Administration Reauthorization: an overview of legislative action in the 111 th Congress . New York, NY: Diane Publishing. Ellis, G., Miller, C.O. & Ramsden, J.M. (1984). Air crash investigation of general aviation aircraft: with emphasis on the crash scene aspects of the investigation . Indiana, In: Capstan Publications. Hiam, A. (1999). Streetwise motivating & rewarding employees: new and better ways to inspire your people. Avon, MA: Adams Media. McCormick, B.W. & Papadakis, M.P. (2003). Aircraft accident reconstruction and litigation . Tucson, AZ: Lawyers & Judges Publishing Company. Wells, A.T. & Rodrigues, C.C. (2004). Commercial Aviation Safety . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional. Wensveen, J.G. (2007). Air Transportation: a management perspective . Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Wolfe, H.P. & NewMyer, D.A. (1985). Aviation industry regulation . Illinois, IL: SIU Press.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/responsibilities-of-air-carriers-federal-aviation-administration/

Write the original essay for the following summary: A restriction enzyme is a protein that cuts DNA at a point or location near the restriction site. Restriction sites refer to a specific nucleotide sequence found in a DNA molecule. The restriction site is used for the purposes of recognizing a particular DNA molecule.

A restriction enzyme is a protein that cuts DNA at a point or location near the restriction site. Restriction sites refer to a specific nucleotide sequence found in a DNA molecule. The restriction site is used for the purposes of recognizing a particular DNA molecule.

Restriction of Lambda DNA in the Laboratory Essay (Critical Writing) Introduction Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is an important biological molecule. It contains a set of coded genetic instructions. It is one of the most important molecules as far as living organisms are concerned. It is noted that the molecule has a double stranded helix structure. The set of instructions contained in the DNA molecule are important for various reasons. One of them is controlling the functioning and development of all living organisms. 1[1662] DNA is also responsible for controlling the function of many viruses, both beneficial and harmful to living organisms. As such, one can argue that the DNA is a crucial molecule in sustaining life on the planet. It is an important subject of study, with many scholars and scientists seeking to carry out further research on it. Scholars and researchers apply new techniques in studying the molecule with the aim of gathering more information on how it works. There are many bacterial viruses discovered by researchers and scholars specializing in the study of DNA. Bacteriophage lambda is one such bacterial virus discovered through these studies. The virus commonly infects the Escherichia coli bacteria species. Just like any other virus out there, the structure of lambda phage consists of various basic components. They include, among others, a capsid, a tail, as well as a tail fibre. The DNA in the head of the virus has a unique structure. It has a double strand and is circular in shape. The virus binds to its host, usually the Escherichia coli bacteria. It infects the host by injecting the DNA contained in its head into the bacteria’s cytoplasm. The injection is achieved through the use of its tail. 2[20706] The lambda DNA undergoes a series of replications inside the bacterial cell. The serial replications have a number of effects on both the host and the virus. For example, the replication leads to the formation of many particles of the virus. In rare situations, the phage DNA can exhibit unique characteristics. For example, it can embed itself onto the chromosomal structure of the host cell. The DNA that is already integrated within the host cell is referred to as the prophage. When it is in this form, the DNA poses no harm to the host cell. A restriction enzyme is used for various purposes as far as the DNA is concerned. For example, it is used for the purposes of cutting DNA at a point or location near the restriction site. Restriction sites refer to a specific nucleotide sequence found in a DNA molecule. The restriction site is used for the purposes of recognizing a particular DNA molecule. 3[1050] The restriction enzymes are commonly found in bacteria and archaea species. To date, scholars and researchers working in this field have discovered and documented over 3000 restriction enzymes. Advances in biotechnology have enabled scientists around the world to synthesize over 600 enzymes in laboratories under a controlled environment. Such technological advances have made the commercial production of the enzymes a viable venture. The enzymes form part of the organism’s defense mechanism, helping it wage war against viruses attempting to invade it. The process through which the restrictive enzyme selectively cuts up a foreign DNA molecule is referred to as restriction. Gel electrophoresis, on the other hand, refers to a technique used for the purposes of separating and analyzing macromolecules. In addition to the macromolecules, the technique is used to separate and analyze macro fragments. 4 A set of criteria informs the separation of these macromolecules. For example, the separation may be carried out on the basis of the macromolecule’s size, as well as the charge that they contain. A number of macromolecules are analyzed using this technique. They include DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and proteins. The technique, for instance, plays an important role in the separation of DNA fragments from a population based on their length. 4[225] In most cases, an electric field is applied on the target macromolecule. The aim is to move molecules with a negative charge. The molecules are moved through an easily cast gel. The shorter molecules are observed to move faster than the longer ones. As a result of this difference in speed, the former move further compared to the latter. The reason is that the shorter molecules find it easy to pass through the spaces in the gel. Materials and Methodology The following are the materials used and the methodology adopted for this project: Materials 15 sets of materials were used in this procedure. They included 0.8% agarose solution and 125ml Erlenmeyer flask. In addition, 50X TAE, a microwave, a stop watch, and 50ml graduated cylinder were used. Other materials included 1l/ml of ethidium bromide, distilled water, 1 × EDTA, and λ DNA (0.1 µg/µl). A loading dye, 2× restriction buffer, and restriction enzymes from Escherichia coli , BamH1, and Hind111 were also used. Finally, dH 2 O and 4 1ml tubes were used. Methodology The procedure was carried out systematically as follows: Setting up a restriction digest 4 1.5ml tubes were labeled B, E, H, and -. After the labeling, the tubes were placed on a test tube rack. 4 µl of λ DNA was added into each reaction tube. 1 µl of the Escherichia coli was added into the tube labeled E. Further, BamHI was added into tube B and HindIII into tube H. The tubes were then closed and put inside a microwave. The bacteria were then put in a water bath for about 20mns. Freezing was carried out after incubation. Casting an agarose gel Prior to the preparation of the gel, the casting tray was inserted into the electrophoresis chamber. The tray was put into the chamber with the orange gaskets against the side walls. The comb was placed into the first set of slots. The slots are located at the top of the tray. During these procedures, the researcher made sure that one can clearly read 1.5 on the left side of the comb when placed properly in the tray. 40 ml was the volume of agarose gel solution needed for the purposes of this procedure. The right quantity of agarose to make a 0.8% solution was measured out and placed in a 125ml Erlenmeyer flask. During the measurement, it was determined that agarose gels are cast as a percent weight per volume solutions (%w/v). For example, 100 mls of a 2% (w/v) solution is 2g/100ml. An appropriate amount of 50X TAE was added into the flask so that the final concentration was 1X. 35ml dH 2 O was then added into the flask and the contents swirled gently. The flask was then placed in the microwave and heated for 1 minute. After heating, the flask was removed, swirled gently, and put back into the microwave for an additional 30 seconds. After heating, the flask was allowed to cool for 2 minutes before its contents were poured into a 50ml graduated cylinder. The volume of the flask was brought to 40mls through the addition of dH 2 O. The gel solution was returned back into the flask. 1µl of ethidium bromide was added into the combination. The researcher took caution when handling ethidium bromide as it is a hazardous substance. For example, the substance is a known mutagen and a suspected carcinogen. As a result of this, gloves were worn when handling it. The gel solution was then poured into the casting tray and allowed to sit for 15 minutes for it to solidify. The gel turned opaque with a slight blue hue when it was ready. Cast 0.8% agarose gel The openings of the tray were sealed using a tape. After this, a comb was inserted. Agarose solution was then added into the casting tray. The added solution was the right quantity to fill the depth of about 5mm. The solution was then allowed to set. After this, the tape sealing the tray was broken. The tray was placed on the platform created using the gel box. Caution was taken to ensure that the comb was placed on the cathode. The comb was then gently removed, taking caution to ensure that the walls were submerged. The box was then covered. Load gel and separate by electrophoresis 1 µl of the loading dye was added into each of the reaction tubes. The loading dye was then mixed with the contents of the reaction tubes. 10 ml of the content from each of the reaction tubes was then loaded into a separate well in the gel. The openings of the electric boxes were sealed. The lids were then connected to power. After this, power was released for 1hr at 100 volts. Power was then turned off and the whole arrangement disconnected. After this, the tray was taken out of the electric box. The gel was slid into a disposable weight boat and the tray labeled. The trays were then stained and viewed. Results Below is a diagram showing the results obtained from the experiment: Diagram 1. Results obtained from the experiment. Source: Author. HindIII=23130bps Lane 1 shows the results obtained from the tube containing DNA without an enzyme. The lane shows results for DNA at around 23000 base pairs (bps) and greater. Lane 2 contains BamHI. 5 bands are observed at just under 20000bps. Based on HindIII tube, the bands are between 9416bps and 6557bps. The other one is at around 6557bps, while the 4th is less than 6557bps and closer to 5000bps. Lane 3 contains E. Cori and has 5 bands. One band is located roughly at 23000bps and another between 9416bps and 6557bps. A third one is located just under 6557bps and a fourth one just below the third. The fifth band is less than 4361bps, but greater than 2322bps. Lane 4 shows the results for the tube containing HinDIII. There were 8 cuts made at 23130bps, 9416bps, 6557bps, 4361bps, 2322bps, 2027bps, and 564bps. Lane 5 is the test enzyme and appears similar to lane 2. The two lanes (5 and 2) have the same number of cuts of similar sizes and at similar positions. The bands are spaced differently, showing the inverse log scale that they follow. In addition, the large sized enzymes are brighter than the small sized ones. Two dark regions are observed on the diagram where the loading die was located. Lastly, lane 6 contains 3 regions, one close to 21000bps, another right below it, and the last one located around 6000bps. Discussion Lane 4, which contained HindIII, acted as the guide for the sizes of DNA cut. HindIII is normally consistent and acts as a reliable guide when comparing results obtained from different procedures. It is noted that in the lane, it is only seven bands that are observed clearly as the other one is too small and most probably run off the gel. 4[228] Because of the inverse log scale of the cuts and the percentage of agarose used, it is hard to separate the two large cuts. As a result of the consistency achieved from HindIII lane, it is easy to determine where the cuts by the other enzymes were made. The first lane contains uncut lambda DNA. It is easy to determine this since only one band is observed in the lane. The lane contained no enzyme to act on the DNA. In the case of lane 2, BamHI was expected to have six bands, but only five are shown in the results. The results may be due to the fact that two pairs of the expected cuts, 5505bps and 5626bps, as well as 6527bps and 6770bps, are so close to each other. The proximity of the cuts to each other makes them appear as one. The results are similar to those observed in the mystery enzyme. Therefore, a conclusion is made that the enzyme is BamHI. For lane 2 that contains E Cori , the expected number of fragments is 6, but only 5 are showing. 3[1049] The two bands located at 5643bps and 5804bps are viewed as one big and bright band located just below the 6557bps point of HindIII. The last lane contains the experimental enzyme used in the experiment. Three bands are observed, the first at roughly between 23130bps and 48502bps. The second one is located just below 20000bps and above 9416bps. The last band is observed at just below 6557bps at around 5500bps. The enzyme matches the action of BSa1, which produces fragments at 31291bps, 11418bps, and 5793bps. 4[241] There are two reasons as to why some bands are darker than others. The first reason is that the larger fragments contained more ethidium bromide than the smaller ones because there were more places for it to be inserted. 3[1053] As a result, the larger fragments are brighter compared to the smaller ones. The second reason is that the dark regions were produced by the loading dye, which bleached out some of the florescence of the ethidium bromide. Conclusion Biotechnology has enabled researchers across the globe to identify a number of enzymes based on their actions on DNA. The gel electrophoresis technique plays an important role in conducting these studies as shown in the current experiment. The test enzyme in the experiment shows results that are similar to those observed in BamHI. The results are similar to those observed following the application of BSa1, which produces fragments at 31291bps, 11418bps, and 5793bps. 4[241] The conclusion made is that the enzyme under investigation is BSa1. References Kitano R. Systems biology: a brief overview . Science . 2008; 295: 1662–1664. St-Pierre F, Endy D. Determination of cell fate selection during phage lambda infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2008; 105: 20705–20710. Bourniquel AA, Bickle TA. Complex restriction enzymes: NTP-driven molecular motors. Biochimie . 2002; 84: 1047–1059. Williams RJ. Restriction endonucleases: classification, properties, and applications. Mol Biotechnol. 2003; 23: 225–43.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/restriction-of-lambda-dna-in-the-laboratory/

Convert the following summary back into the original text: The retail industries in Saudi Arabia are affected by almost the same issues they are all located in the same political, economical and social environment. These issues include the oil price, competition and online presence.

The retail industries in Saudi Arabia are affected by almost the same issues they are all located in the same political, economical and social environment. These issues include the oil price, competition and online presence.

Retail Industries in Saudi Arabia Report In Saudi Arabia, there are several retail industries. These retail industries are specialized in different areas. There are several key issues that affect these industries but the dominant issue is the oil price (Ramady, 2010). This is because the economy of Saudi Arabia and most countries in Middle-East mainly relies on oil to support their economy. This means that a fall in the oil industry would result to an economic recession in the country. In this study, our focus shall be on four retail industries which include: Abdullah Al Othaim Markets Company, Aldrees Petroleum and Transport Services Company, National Agricultural Marketing Company and the Saudi Automotive Services Company. As we shall notice in our study, these companies are affected by almost the same issues they are all located in the same political, economical and social environment. Abdullah Al Othaim Markets Company According to Tadawul (2010), “Abdullah Al Othaim Markets Company is a company that specializes in selling foodstuff and other consumer products both in retail and wholesale.” According to Johany et al (1986), “this company was established by Suleh Al-Othaim trading in the year 1956 and the company is located in a city called Riyadh in Saudi Arabia.” This company has several supermarkets from where food stuffs and other consumer products are distributed from. The company has several stores too. According to Johany et al (1986), “other services offered by Abdullah Al Othaim Markets Company include catering, mechanics, electronics repair, computer maintenance, storage services and building.” Macro Analysis of the Company Macro-analysis of industry is carried out using the five forces in the Porter’s model. They determine not only the attractiveness, but also the profitability of a given industry. They are therefore very important to an aspiring entrepreneur. The five forces include: the supplier power, buyer power, threat of entry, threat of substitutes and competitive rivalry. To start with, the company has a favorable buyer power. This is so because Saudi Arabia has a large population hence a higher demand for products in the company. Moreover, the company gets more customers during the month of Ramadan. This is because the Saudi people’s expenditure tends to rise during this month due to the fact that most people spend a lot on food compared to other times of the year. Given the high demand for food, food prices increase during this time. Spending on food by most customers increases double during the Ramadan month. Thus, Abdullah Al Othaim Markets Company in Saudi buyer’s power is increased during this period. Secondly, Abdullah Al Othaim Markets Company has great supply power. This has been achieved by the expansion of its stores and good pricing. At the same time, the company makes use of the retail industry’s online website www.souq.com to make most of its supplies. Thus, most customers are able to pay for products by use of credit cards. Thirdly, the threat of entry into the company is high. It is possible to penetrate into the company because in Saudi market, monopolistic tendencies are not encouraged. Besides, the differences between conventional and Islamic fiscal practices continue to become slim and as such barriers to new entries into the retail business are reducing. Fourthly, the threat of substitutes in the company is high. This is because there is much importation of software programs, electrical appliances as well as food by other companies. The importation of various substitute goods has a way of reducing the prices for the local products especially when they come at low costs making consumers to prefer them. The domestic retailers will thus be forced to adjust their prices so as to compete effectively. Finally, there is much competition rivalry. The Abdullah Al Othaim Markets Company faces much competition from the National Agricultural Marketing Company, Saudi Fisheries Company and Penn Traffic Company. This is so because these companies provide the same commodities as the Abdullah Al Othaim Markets Company hence competes for the same customers. Apart from the five forces explained by Porter’s model, we have other key issues that affect the company. These issues include: oil prices, the political and environmental concern, the economic concern at the local and global level, sentiments from investors, influence of the US dollar and the new laws and policies. First, we have oil prices. Since Saudi Arabia leads in the production and exportation of oil, the Saudi economy is largely affected by any fluctuations in oil prices. Apart from affecting the nation’s economic growth, the effect is also experienced at the Stock market. The stock prices in the country rise and fall when oil prices increase and decline respectively. What may result to these fluctuations in price are basically two aspects. First is because the Saudi Stock Market has a bi-directional causal or mutual predictive relationship with daily changes in the oil prices. Second, there is global demand for oil. The oil prices in Saudi Arabia affects the stock prices of the Abdullah Al Othaim Markets Company to a large extent. Secondly, there are political and environmental concerns in Saudi Arabia and the world at large. Any changes either politically or environmentally easily affects Abdullah Al Othaim Markets Company. The thirdly, economic concern at both the local and global level the company. Any major shock or incident in the world wide market will have a great impact on the price of the products. How the global market perms and grows greatly affects and relates to the growth of the Saudi Stock market thus affects the Abdullah Al Othaim Markets Company. Fourthly, sentiments from investors can also affect the stock market performance, thus directly affecting the Abdullah Al Othaim Markets Company. Therefore, it is important for the investors in the Saudi economy to exercise caution with regard to the stock market. The market value can easily be propelled above our fair value estimate due to an investor’s sudden shift in sentiments. Consequently, the influence of the US dollar has much impact on Abdullah Al Othaim Markets Company. Related to this is the US short term interest rate, the strength of the dollar, the global capital market and their impact to the domestic interest rate. Both local liquidity conditions and global prices of products are greatly affected by the US interest rates. The Abdullah Al Othaim Markets Company raises or lowers its prices depending on the interest rates of the US Dollar. Finally, the new laws and policies also affect the Abdullah Al Othaim Markets Company. Three years ago, foreign investors could utilize the Saudi Stock through the swap agreement. However, the inflows that foreign investors brought were below the expectations. Within a period of about one year, foreign investors had purchased approximately 2.3 % of the total market capitalization. This was partly caused by improper timing following the crash of most global markets in 2008 as a result of a global economic depression. Another reason is due to lack of interest by foreign investors in the market access method. This is because it does not guarantee them the rights to profits or losses due to their own transactions. Micro Analysis The stock price for the company can be found using the following formula: P= D/(k-g), whereby p is the estimated stock price, D is the last dividend paid , k is the discount rate and g is the growth rate of the dividend as follows: * P=$19.93 * D=$2.5 * g=3.85%. This implies that, $19.93=$2.5/k%-3.85%. From this, K=3.98%. The last dividend paid was $3. So, P (estimated stock price) will be $3/3.98%-3.85%= $23. Assumption * k (discount rate) is constant. * G (growth rate of the dividend) will be consistent, hence little or no change. Comparing this value ($23) with the theoretical value which is 19.93, we see that there is an increase in the estimated stock value, hence it is overweight. Recommendation Since the estimated stock sale is overweight, stocks are supposed to be sold with the assumption that these stocks will fall. Aldrees Petroleum & Transport Services Company According to Johany et al (1986), “Aldrees Petroleum & Transport Services Company was founded in the year 1957 and the company deals with retailing petroleum and providing transport services.” The company has several petrol stations and vehicles that serve both the public and private sector. The company is situated in the city of Riyadh in Saudi Arabia. Over the years, the company has experienced rampant growth and has managed to gain a lot of customers. Macro Analysis As stated earlier, macro-analysis of industry is carried out using the five forces in the Porter’s model. They determine not only the attractiveness, but also the profitability of a given industry. They are therefore very important to an aspiring entrepreneur. The five forces include: the supplier power, buyer power, threat of entry, threat of substitutes and competitive rivalry. To start with, the company has a favorable buyer power. This is so because Saudi Arabia has a large population hence a higher demand for petroleum and transport services that are provided by the Aldrees Petroleum & Transport Services Company. Secondly, Aldrees Petroleum Transport and Services Company have great supply power. This has been achieved by the availability of well distributed petrol filling stations and many tractor heads with cargo careers to offer transport services. At the same time, the company makes use of the retail industry’s online website www.souq.com to make most of its supplies. Thus, most customers are able to pay for products and services by use of credit cards. Thirdly, the threat of entry into the company is high. This is because it is possible to penetrate into the company because in Saudi market, monopolistic tendencies are not encouraged. Besides, the differences between conventional and Islamic fiscal practices continue to become slim and as such barriers to new entries into the retail business are reducing. Fourthly, the threat of substitutes in the company is high. This is because there are other companies that have come up with substitutes for gas and diesel. There is also a possibility that other means of transporting cargos rather than use of tractors could be invented. Finally, there is much competition rivalry. Aldrees Petroleum Transport and Services Company face much competition from the National Gas and Industrialization Company and the United International Transportation Company. These companies provide the same commodities as the Aldrees Petroleum Transport and Services Company hence competes for the same customers. It is also worth noting that currently, oil with low production costs in Saudi Arabia is being put to question by some geologists (Cooper, 2011). Apart from the five forces explained by Porter’s model, we have other key issues that affect the company. These issues include: the political and environmental concern, the economic concern at the local and global level, sentiments from investors, influence of the US dollar and the new laws and policies. First, there are political and environmental concerns in Saudi Arabia and the world at large. These changes could be due to diplomatic issues. Any changes either politically or environmentally easily affects Aldrees Petroleum & Transport Services Company. Secondly, the economic concern at both the local and global level affects Aldrees Petroleum Transport and Services Company in Saudi Arabia is. Any major shock or incident in the world wide market will have a great impact on the price of the products. How the global market perms and grows greatly affects and relates to the growth of the Saudi Stock market thus affects the Aldrees Petroleum & Transport Services Company. Thirdly, sentiments from investors will also affect the stock market performance, thus directly affecting the Aldrees Petroleum & Transport Services Company. Therefore, it is important for the investors in the Saudi economy to exercise caution with regard to the stock market. The market value can easily be propelled above our fair value estimate due to an investor’s sudden shift in sentiments. Consequently, the influence of the US dollar has much impact on Abdullah Al Othaim Markets Company. Related to this is the US short term interest rate, the strength of the dollar, the global capital market and their impact to the domestic interest rate. Both local liquidity conditions and global prices of products are greatly affected by the US interest rates. The Aldrees Petroleum & Transport Services Company raises or lowers its prices depending on the interest rates of the US Dollar. Finally, the new policies and regulations are another key aspect that affect Aldrees Petroleum & Transport Services Company. Three years ago, foreign investors could utilize the Saudi Stock through the swap agreement. However, the inflows that foreign investors brought were below the expectations. Within a period of about one year, foreign investors had purchased approximately 2.3 % of the total market capitalization. This was partly caused by improper timing following the crash of most global markets in 2008 as a result of a global economic depression and due to lack of interest by foreign investors in the market access method. This is because it did not guarantee them the rights to profits or losses due to their own transactions. It is worth noting that most developed nations are experiencing an economic slowdown as a result of high oil prices. Therefore, while supplies are fluctuating, the demand for oil is rising signaling high oil prices. Studies from economic experts show that the cost of oil per barrel may not stop climbing. The world may need to be prepared for a third oil shock. The economy of most industrialized countries is weakening though there is not yet an outright recession. It may therefore be worth drawing the conclusion that unless the industrialized nations run into trouble, Saudi Arabia and the rest of the Middle East will continue experiencing good economic times as a result of success of Aldrees Petroleum Transport and Services Company as well as other retail industries that deal with oil and products. Micro Analysis The stock price for the company can be found using the following formula: P= D/(k-g), whereby p is the estimated stock price, D is the last dividend paid , k is the discount rate and g is the growth rate of the dividend as follows: * P=$15.74 * D=$ 2.0 * g=4.18 % From this, K=4.31%. The last dividend paid was $1.5 So, P (estimated stock price) will be $1.5/4.31%-4.18%= $11.54. Comparing this value ($11.54) with the theoretical value which is $15.74, the estimated stock price went down. Thus, the estimated stock was underweight. Recommendation Since the estimated stock sale is underweight, stocks are supposed to be bought with the assumption that these stocks will rise. National Agriculture Marketing Company According to Ramady (2010). “this company is also known as Thimar.” Tadawul (2010) notes that, “The National Agriculture Marketing Company was established in the year 1987 and that the company’s activities involve marketing products of agriculture as well as service provision in agriculture project management and market maintenance.” This company is situated in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Macro Analysis of the Company As stated earlier, macro-analysis of an industry is carried out using the five forces in the Porter’s model. They determine not only the attractiveness, but also the profitability of a given industry. They are therefore very important to an aspiring entrepreneur. The five forces include: the supplier power, buyer power, threat of entry, threat of substitutes and competitive rivalry. To start with, the company has a favorable buyer power. This is so because Saudi Arabia has a large population hence a higher demand for products in the company. Moreover, the company gets more customers during the month of Ramadan. This is because the Saudi Arabia people tend to buy a lot of agricultural products during the month of Ramadan, hence the need to create more marketing on agricultural products. Secondly, the National Agriculture Marketing Company has great supply power. This has been achieved by strategic distribution of its accessories. At the same time, the company makes use of the retail industry’s online websitewww.souq.com to make most of its supplies. Thus, most customers are able to pay for products by use of credit cards. Thirdly, the threat of entry into the company is high. This is so because in Saudi market, monopolistic tendencies are not encouraged. Besides, the differences between conventional and Islamic fiscal practices continue to become slim and as such barriers to new entries into the retail business are reducing. Fourthly, the threat of substitutes in the company is high. This is because there are several other agricultural and marketing companies that are coming up. At the same time, the importation of various substitute goods has a way of reducing the prices for the local products especially when they come at low costs making consumers to prefer them. The domestic retailers will thus be forced to adjust their prices so as to compete effectively. Finally, there is much competition rivalry. The National Agriculture Marketing Company. face competition from: Abdullah Al Othaim Markets Company, Qassim Agricultural Company and Saudi Research and Marketing group. This is so because these companies provide the same commodities as the National Agriculture Marketing Company hence competes for the same customers. Apart from the five forces explained by Porter’s model, we have other key issues that affect the National Agriculture Marketing Company. These issues include: oil prices, the political and environmental concern, the economic concern at the local and global level, sentiments from investors, influence of the US dollar and the new laws and policies. First, we have oil prices. Since Saudi Arabia leads in the production and exportation of oil, the Saudi economy in general and the National Agriculture Marketing Company is largely affected by any fluctuations in oil prices. Apart from affecting the nation’s economic growth, the effect is also experienced at the Stock market. The stock prices in the country rise and fall when oil prices increase and decline respectively. What may result to these fluctuations in price are basically two aspects. This is because the Saudi Stock Market has a bi-directional causal or mutual predictive relationship with daily changes in the oil prices and the global demand for oil. The oil prices in Saudi Arabia affect the stocks prices of the National Agriculture Marketing Company. Secondly, there are political and environmental concerns in Saudi Arabia and the world at large. Any changes either politically or environmentally easily affects the National Agriculture Marketing Company. Thirdly, the economic concern at both the local and global level affects the National Agriculture Marketing Company. Any major shock or incident in the world wide market will have a great impact on the price of the products. How the global market perms and grows greatly affects and relates to the growth of the Saudi Stock market thus affects the National Agriculture Marketing Company. Fourthly, sentiments from investors can also affect the stock market performance, thus directly affecting the National Agriculture Marketing Company. Therefore, it is important for the investors in the Saudi economy to exercise caution with regard to the stock market. The market value can easily be propelled above our fair value estimate due to an investor’s sudden shift in sentiments. Consequently, the influence of the US dollar has much impact on the National Agriculture Marketing Company. Related to this is the US short term interest rate, the strength of the dollar, the global capital market and their impact to the domestic interest rate. Both local liquidity conditions and global prices of products are greatly affected by the US interest rates. The National Agriculture Marketing Company raises or lowers its prices depending on the interest rates of the US Dollar. Finally, the new laws and policies also affect the National Agriculture Marketing Company. Three years ago, foreign investors could utilize the Saudi Stock through the swap agreement. However, the inflows that foreign investors brought were below the expectations. Within a period of about one year, foreign investors had purchased approximately 2.3 % of the total market capitalization. This was partly caused by improper timing following the crash of most global markets in 2008 as a result of a global economic depression. Another reason is due to lack of interest by foreign investors in the market access method. This is because it does not guarantee them the rights to profits or losses due to their own transactions. Micro Analysis The stock price for the company can be found using the following formula: P= D/(k-g), whereby p is the estimated stock price, D is the last dividend paid , k is the discount rate and g is the growth rate of the dividend as follows: * P=$3.35 * D=$ 0 * g=0 % From this, K=0 %. The last dividend paid was $ 0.5 So, P (estimated stock price) will be $ 0.5/0 %-0%= $0.5. Comparing this value ($0.5) with the theoritical value which is $ 3.35, the estimated stock price went down. Thus, the estimated stock was underweight. Recommendation Since the estimated stock sale is underweight, stocks are supposed to be bought with the assumption that these stocks will rise. Saudi Automotive Services Company According to Johany et al (1986), “Saudi Automotive Services Company was established in the year 1988 and this was done in accordance to a previous ministerial decree. Tadawul (2011) states that, “this company offers car services, restaurant services and beverages.’’ According to Ramady (2010), “other services offered by the company include: fuel transportation, sale of construction materials as well as purchasing and leasing of real estate.” Johany et al (1986) also notes that, “the company also owns an international automobile association which offers international driving licenses custom transit books.” The Saudi Automotive Services Company is a public shareholding company located in Saudi Arabia. Macro Analysis of the Company As stated earlier, macro-analysis of industry is carried out using the five forces in the Porter’s model. They determine not only the attractiveness, but also the profitability of a given industry. They are therefore very important to an aspiring entrepreneur. The five forces include: the supplier power, buyer power, threat of entry, threat of substitutes and competitive rivalry. To start with, the company has a favorable buyer power. This is so because Saudi Arabia has a large population hence a higher demand for products in the company. Moreover, the company gets more customers during the month of Ramadan. This is because the Saudi people’s expenditure tends to rise during this month due to the fact that most people spend a lot on food, leisure and recreation as compared to other times of the year. People are also frequently in need of car services as they tour many places. Given the high demand for these products, prices increase during this time. Thus, the buying power of Saudi Automotive Services Company increases during this time. Secondly, Saudi Automotive Services Company has great supply power. This has been achieved by providing all the needs for travelers, building many motels at strategic places, and offering frequent workshop services. At the same time, the company makes use of the retail industry’s online websitewww.souq.com to make most of its supplies. Thus, most customers are able to pay for products by use of credit cards. Thirdly, the threat of entry into the company is high. This is because it is possible to penetrate into Saudi Automotive Services Company because in Saudi market, monopolistic tendencies are not encouraged. Besides, the differences between conventional and Islamic fiscal practices continue to become slim and as such barriers to new entries into the retail business are reducing. Fourthly, the threat of substitutes in the company is high. This is because there is much competition by other companies; hence these companies may introduce substitute products. There is also much importation of substitute products. The importation of various substitute goods has a way of reducing the prices for the local products especially when they come at low costs making consumers to prefer them. The domestic retailers will thus be forced to adjust their prices so as to compete effectively. Finally, there is much competition rivalry. The Saudi Automotive Services Company faces much competition from the Food Products Company and Red Sea Housing Company. This is so because these companies provide some common commodities as the Saudi Automotive Services Company hence competes for the same customers. Apart from the five forces explained by Porter’s model, we have other key issues that affect the company. These issues include: oil prices, the political and environmental concern, the economic concern at the local and global level, sentiments from investors, influence of the US dollar and the new laws and policies. First, we have oil prices. Since Saudi Arabia leads in the production and exportation of oil, the Saudi economy is largely affected by any fluctuations in oil prices. Apart from affecting the nation’s economic growth, the effect is also experienced at the Stock market. The stock prices in the country rise and fall when oil prices increase and decline respectively. What may result to these fluctuations in price are basically two aspects. First is because the Saudi Stock Market has a bi-directional causal or mutual predictive relationship with daily changes in the oil prices. Second, there is global demand for oil. The oil prices in Saudi Arabia affects the stock prices of the Saudi Automotive Services Company. Secondly, there are political and environmental concerns in Saudi Arabia and the world at large. Any changes either politically or environmentally easily affects the Saudi Automotive Services Company. Thirdly, economic concern at both the local and global level affects the Saudi Automotive Services Company. Any major shock or incident in the world wide market will have a great impact on the price of the products. How the global market perms and grows greatly affects and relates to the growth of the Saudi Stock market thus affects the Saudi Automotive Services Company. Fourthly, sentiments from investors can also affect the stock market performance, thus directly affecting the Saudi Automotive Services Company. Therefore, it is important for the investors in the Saudi economy to exercise caution with regard to the stock market. The market value can easily be propelled above our fair value estimate due to an investor’s sudden shift in sentiments. Consequently, the influence of the US dollar has much impact on Saudi Automotive Services Company. Related to this is the US short term interest rate, the strength of the dollar, the global capital market and their impact to the domestic interest rate. Both local liquidity conditions and global prices of products are greatly affected by the US interest rates. The Saudi Automotive Services Company raises or lowers its prices depending on the interest rates of the US Dollar. Finally, the new laws and policies also affect the Abdullah Saudi Automotive Services Company. Three years ago, foreign investors could utilize the Saudi Stock through the swap agreement. However, the inflows that foreign investors brought were below the expectations. Within a period of about one year, foreign investors had purchased approximately 2.3 % of the total market capitalization. This was partly caused by improper timing following the crash of most global markets in 2008 as a result of a global economic depression. Another reason is due to lack of interest by foreign investors in the market access method. This is because it does not guarantee them the rights to profits or losses due to their own transactions. Micro Analysis The stock price for the company can be found using the following formula: P= D/(k-g), whereby p is the estimated stock price, D is the last dividend paid , k is the discount rate and g is the growth rate of the dividend as follows: * P=$11.39 * D=$ 0.5 * g=3.82 % From this, K=1.97 %. The last dividend paid was $ 1.0 So, P (estimated stock price) will be $1.0 /1.91 %-3.82%= -$0.52. Comparing this value (-$0.52) with the theoretical value which is $ 11.39, the estimated stock price went down. Thus, the estimated stock was underweight. Recommendation Since the estimated stock sale is underweight, stocks are supposed to be bought with the assumption that these stocks will rise. In conclusion, the key issues that affect retail industries in Saudi Arabia revolve around the porter’s model as well as the oil prices, the political and environmental concern, the economic concern at the local and global level, sentiments from investors, influence of the US dollar and the new laws and policies. Oil industries are the key determinant’s of Saudi Arabia’s economy. Thus, success in these industries means that there will be economic growth in the country while their decline will result to the country’s economic recession. Any changes in the political and environmental concern will impact retail industries in Saudi Arabia. On the other hand, the economic concern at both the local and global level means that any major shock or incident in the world wide market will have a great impact on the stock price. How the global market perms and grows greatly affects and relates to the growth of the Saudi Stock market. Sentiments from investors can lead to the market value being propelled against Saudi Arabia’s retail industries fair value. The value of the US dollar also affects the stock price of retail industries in Saudi Arabia. Policies and regulations also affect the stock price of retail industries in Saudi Arabia. In this study, three companies namely; Aldrees Petroleum Transport and Services Company, National Agricultural Marketing Company and Saudi Automotive Services Company estimated stocks value was found to be underweight while Abdullah Al Othaim Markets Company estimated stock value was found to be overweight. References Cooper, P.J. (2011). Just where is the Middle East Business Cycle? Johany, A. Berne, M. & Mixon, J. (1986). The Saudi Arabian economy . London: Taylor & Francis. Ramady, M. (2010). The Saudi Arabian economy: policies, achievements and challenges . London: Springer. Tadawul (2011).Saudi Arabian retail industries.Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/retail-industries-in-saudi-arabia/

Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The essay discusses the importance of reformatory houses in changing the behavior of delinquents and how these houses are positively beneficial to the society.

The essay discusses the importance of reformatory houses in changing the behavior of delinquents and how these houses are positively beneficial to the society.

Return of Delinquent Juveniles in Saudi Community Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Rationale of the Study 3. Problem of Study 4. Importance of the Study 5. Objectives of study 6. Methodology 7. References List 8. Footnotes Introduction Reformatory houses are very important in changing behavior because they help to prepare delinquents to be able to adapt to the society and live straight lives once again. Because of its important to the society, reformatory aspect is very important in the society because sometimes the delinquents are usually overexposed as these program help in protecting them from that influence like, keeping them away from street gangs or individuals with tainted character. A number of researches have been conducted over the same and the outcomes have been quite consistent and most suppose that children were satisfied with the services they got from the reformatory institutions. The support cited as being very beneficial is the social support, psychological, and legal perception. Consequently, the delinquents who go through these places come back to the society as reformed members who are ready to work hard and earn an honest living which will guarantee that they would not fall back to the aggression and dishonest life. The houses are positively beneficial as they offer services to a group of people that are deemed as very dangerous to the community. Being able to manage delinquent and change their perception of life and their effort and contribution to support themselves is a high merit thing to do because it emphasizes human values 1 . In Saudi Arabia, therefore, the program is doing considerably well in training delinquent on how adapt and interact with the society that had probably labeled them as criminals 2 . When these delinquents can execute acceptable behavior, then they will be producing members of the society and not the crooks they used to be. The Rationale of the Study Despite the fact that many youth appreciate that the help and support they get from reformatory houses is very beneficial in guiding their adaptation and survival in the society after they leave these house, some of them fall back into crime life 3 . This study therefore finds it pertinent to determine how the delinquents are satisfied, which facts they based their opinions on and which aspects of life were not satisfied. It’s believed that the recidivism to crime is mainly because of lack of adequate support in the cultural and educational program of the reformatory houses. The young constitute a greater percentage of the Saudi Arabia and taking care of them is a responsible thing to do. Problem of Study As much as reformatory houses have programs that help to train youths to change this behavior from offenders to law abiding citizens, several social drawbacks face these programs. These drawbacks range from social to cultural to economic problems and as a result, the delinquents fail to cope well when they come face to face with the society that stigmatized them. In this study, being able to identify these setbacks to the reformatory house programs will offer implementers of the behavior change program basis to develop solutions. Importance of the Study Based on the fact that the youths who are categorized as juvenile offender need more care in the society, reformatory program success is pertinent hence this investigation 4 . The childhood development and experiences determine the character of an individual. Any of the programs that are set to address the character of the youth and protect them from crime is deemed important effort to secure their future and that of the community at large 5 . This research is important to program implementer and the society in that it provides crucial information especially the factors that lead to these juvenile offenders returning to delinquency. This means the administration of the reformatory house in addressing the problem of having the juvenile go back to old habits of crime. The program administrators will be able to use the information to address the setbacks and to devise solutions to them. Simply, this study will offer basis for developing a framework of dealing with juvenile delinquents in a way they would not do back to committing crimes and curbing its spread. Objectives of study * To determine the factor that results in juveniles returning to delinquency after coming out from reformatory houses * Address the obstacles that face reformatories in addressing cases of the corrupt individuals and the qualifying program * Addressing the qualifying program before leaving a reformatory. * Developing programs that would greatly reduce possibility of going back to crime Methodology This would be a descriptive study and will employ survey method of research to collect data. That participant in the survey will be drawn from social workers and supervisor working in reformatory houses in the kingdom Saudi Arabia. These participants will give insightful responses about the program at reformatories because these are the people who deal with the delinquent juveniles directly. Besides, they could be perceptive of very important information that could be causing the return to crime as they are the ones who evaluate the needs of the juveniles and design program to address these needs. Specifically, semi-structured questionnaires will be developed for data collection. Two questionnaires will be prepared for the two groups of responders, one for the social workers at the reformatories and their supervisors and another questionnaire for the juveniles who returned to crime then to reformatories. Based on the variable in this research analysis of data will be done by the use of SPSS following which planning indicators would be developed. References List Al-Amri Study (1996): Returning to Delinquency In Light of Social Factors – A Social Study of the Delinquency of Some Juveniles at Reformatory Houses in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Al-Garni Abdulaziz, (2002): This research studies how far the delinquent juveniles are satisfied with the social care services presented to them at the social reformatory houses in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Non published master degree thesis, Naif Arab Academy for Security Sciences in Riyadh. Al-Ghareeb, A. University Student Attitude towards Social and Political Reform in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Field Study, Journal of Social Sciences , Vol. 2, (1), pp 123-45. Al-Maiz, Mohammad Abdullah, (2003): Tendencies of Juveniles at Reformatory Institutions towards Workers at These Institutions, Master thesis, Naif Arab Academy for Security Sciences in Riyadh. Al-Qarni Study (2002). Al-Rashoudi Study (1993). Al-Rauji, Abdullah Turki Mohammad, (2004): Assessing Vocational Qualification Programs in Reformatory Institutions, non published master thesis, Naif Academy for Security Sciences in Riyadh. Al-Rumaih, Saleh bin Rumaih, (2004) Social Programs for Categories Exposed to Risks, Debate of Security in Risk Society during 13-15/4/1423H, Alsharqa, United Arab Emirates. Al-Sadhan, Abdullah, (2002), Care for Delinquent in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Basics of their care and ways of treating them, Debate of ” Juvenile Care in Islamic Culture and Muslim Society, Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, Deputy Ministry for Social Affairs, Riyadh. Al-Shihri, Nassir (2001): about tendencies of the delinquent juveniles towards the programs presented to them at the social care house in Riyadh. This is a survey study about the juveniles at the social reformatory house in Riyadh. Non published master degree thesis, Naif Arab Academy for Security Sciences in Riyadh. Bencomo, C. 2008. The last holdouts: ending the juvenile death penalty in Iran, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Yemen, New York: Human Rights Watch Organization. Dammer, H.R., & Albanese, J.S., (2010), Comparative Criminal Justice Systems , Boston: Cengage Learning, p. 210 -12. Friday, P.C., & Ren, X. (eds). (2006). Delinquency and Juvenile Justice Systems in the Non-Western World. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. Footnotes 1. Friday, P.C., & Ren, X. (eds). (2006). Delinquency and Juvenile Justice Systems in the Non-Western World. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. 2. Al-Ghareeb, A. University Student Attitude towards Social and Political Reform in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Field Study, Journal of Social Sciences , Vol. 2, (1),pp 123-45. 3. Dammer, H.R., & Albanese, J.S., (2010), Comparative Criminal Justice Systems, Boston: Cengage Learning, p. 210 -12. 4. Bencomo, C. 2008. The last holdouts: ending the juvenile death penalty in Iran, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Yemen, New York: Human Rights Watch Organization. 5. Ibid., p.5.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/return-of-delinquent-juveniles-in-saudi-community/

Write the full essay for the following summary: Analyzing Returns on Investments (ROI) it can be stated that largely ROI remains in reality a tool for justification, not for measuring actual value, and that the role of the CIO is in identifying those that do.

Analyzing Returns on Investments (ROI) it can be stated that largely ROI remains in reality a tool for justification, not for measuring actual value, and that the role of the CIO is in identifying those that do.

Returns on Investments (ROI) Essay Analyzing Returns on Investments (ROI), it can be stated that basically it is an estimation of costs and benefits. The uniqueness of ROI in Information Technology (IT) investments is that unlike the costs, the benefits might be harder to estimate. It is agreed upon that the estimation on ROI is at the proposal stage, in which ROI is one of the deliverables of project proposals (Hugos & Stenzel, 2007, p. 329). In that regard, it can be stated that largely ROI remains in reality “a tool for justification, not for measuring actual value” (Alter, 2004). One of the reasons for the fact that ROI is underused at post-implementation stages, according to a survey conducted by CIO Insight, CEOs do not believe in the projections provided by the business case prior to the implementation. Thus, such CEOs have fewer reasons to believe those projections afterwards. In that regard, it can be stated that part of the difficulties associated with measuring ROI, which play a role in the way such tool is assessed is the measurement of intangible assets. When measuring intangible ROI, it is all about translating what might seem as an intangible aspect into quantifiable values, which can be translated into dollar equivalents. The elimination of abstracts is what intangible ROI is all about, as indicated by Greg Walton, CIO at Carilion Health System, Roanoke, VA (Gillespie, 2002). Although some elements might be harder to quantify than others, they are all can be estimated on a monetary basis. The point is that not all intangibles are worth measuring, and the role of the CIO is in identifying those that do. Those identified can be investigated in terms of aspects that are expected to change, and the monetary values assigned to those aspects. The problem is that in many cases there is no baseline measurement calculated and attached to ROI in many aspects imposed by architecture for IT intangibles (Hugos & Stenzel, 2007). Thus, on the one hand, there are many cases when the benefits are merely estimated, and even when the estimation does not clear the expected standard value, e.g. hurdle rate of 13% CIOs might rely on a gut feeling (Gillespie, 2002). On the other hand, many Managers abandon ROI after implementation, due to the fear of being embarrassed by not reaching projected numbers. Thus, it can be seen that at large is ROI is about having the executives support (Getronics, IDG Research, & CIO Magazine, 2002). Thus, it is recommended that for ROI to become a real indicator for success is to rely on experience-based’ ROI calculations, where the reliance is on both the judgment and the numbers (Gillespie, 2002). If a certain intangible benefit is difficult to assign e numerical value, but such benefit is nevertheless important for the business case of a specific IT investment, the goals of the investment should be clarified further, specifically if the unquantifiable benefits are important for the case in outweighing the costs. For other benefits, CIOs should rely on tangible benefits, clear, articulated, and isolated from the intangibles, so that the management is first convinced before moving to the intangibles. When it comes to arguing for the benefits of ROI investments, a clear relationship can be seen between the failure of IT investments, costs overruns, and the basis of the executive decision upon which the investment was decided to be funded. The question that can be asked in that matter is whether the costs of failed projects could have been saved, if ROI was appropriately used prior to the implementation. Can ROI be used as a justification for an investment as well as a protection vest against project which serve as costs centers in the future? Considering the many factors involved in the way ROI is conducted, there is no clear answer to such question. There are, however, means for making ROI analysis more credible and a more useful indication for the success of an investment. The main point of those means is simplification. Instead of using numerous and abstract measures of intangibles, the people in the enterprise should be able to think tangibly about intangible aspects. In cases such goal is unachievable for a specific intangible; such intangible should not be used as an argument. The simplification does not imply that intangibles which are important the organization is not worth measuring, rather than they should not be used in ROI unless they are quantifiable through experience based measures. In that regard, important intangibles can be measured, e.g. the intangibles which are consistent with the enterprise strategy, in case a project was approved, where the assessment and the comparison to those measures in post implementation stages, will allow incorporating them in future IT developments. Such comparison will serve at the same time as an argument for conducting post-implementation evaluation of ROI, regardless of the resistance that might be met. In that regard, it can be concluded that despite the importance of intangibles in the case of IT investments, the consideration for ROI should be built on quantifiable aspects. Intangibles can be included as arguments, but they should be clearly distinguished and articulated separately, with consideration to the risks they might carry. References Alter, A. (2004). ROI: Why Don’t More CIOs Measure ROI After a Project Is Up and Running? CIO Insight . Web. Getronics, IDG Research, & CIO Magazine. (2002). Where’s the ROI in IT? Blue Canopy, LLC . Web. Gillespie, G. (2002). CIOs Making Soft Sell When Calculating ROI. Health Data Management Magazine . Web. Hugos, M., & Stenzel, J. (2007). Managing for Returns for IT Investments. In J. Stenzel (Ed.), CIO best practices: enabling strategic value with information technology . New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/returns-on-investments-roi/

Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Insider Trading: Walt Disney Company Proprietary InformationOverall the severity of the crime is rather minimal compared to other activities of white-collar crime such as the Ponzi scheme conducted by Bernard Madoff. In this particular case, the only possible ramification would have been the effect the insider trading scheme would have had on the future profit margins of Disney however in terms of affecting other companies or individuals the overall ramification is rather minimal.

Insider Trading: Walt Disney Company Proprietary Information Overall the severity of the crime is rather minimal compared to other activities of white-collar crime such as the Ponzi scheme conducted by Bernard Madoff. In this particular case, the only possible ramification would have been the effect the insider trading scheme would have had on the future profit margins of Disney however in terms of affecting other companies or individuals the overall ramification is rather minimal.

White-Collar Crime: An Overview Essay (Article Review) Insider Trading: Walt Disney Company Proprietary Information In this particular case the accused, Yonni Sebbag, was able to obtain insider information pertaining to the quarterly earnings of Disney Land through his co-conspirator Bonnie Hoxie. He intended to sell the information to various hedge funds/ trading firms with the intent of facilitating the illegal act of insider trading. Overall the severity of the crime is rather minimal compared to other activities of white-collar crime such as the Ponzi scheme conducted by Bernard Madoff. In this particular case, the only possible ramification would have been the effect the insider trading scheme would have had on the future profit margins of Disney however in terms of affecting other companies or individuals the overall ramification is rather minimal. It must be noted though such a view is not isolated to my own personal opinion but is also reflected in the prison term of the Sebbag himself which consists of only 27 months in prison with 2 years of supervised release. All in all such a prison sentence can be considered rather light which is a reflection of what the courts perceived as a rather minor crime. The inherent problem though in such a case is that due to the light prison term it might encourage other individuals to pursue similar white-collar crimes since the perceived benefits greatly outweigh the costs which can be considered rather minimal. Health Fraud Takedown In summary, this article details the various cases of medical insurance fraud wherein various individuals to pose as legitimate medical health providers in an attempt to defraud Medicare out of millions of dollars in false claims. Overall the scheme itself does seem rather sophisticated since not only do the people involved have to know the proper procedures necessary to file false billing claims to Medicare but they also have to ensure that for all intents and purposes they appear as legitimate medical health providers, at least on paper. Such a scheme is not limited to people posing as medical health practitioners but can also involve the practitioners themselves since additional research into this particular article reveals that various medical clinics are themselves guilty of repetitively filing false claims in order to increase their rate of revenue. The inherent problem with such a scheme is that the U.S. is already suffering from problems involving its ability to provide affordable medical assistance to its citizens. As such, not only does this particular scheme affect Medicare but it also affects various individuals who are in need of medical assistance since these false claims directly affect the ability of the company to properly sustain its current method of operations. Bribery Aimed at Controlling the Taxicab Industry of the District of Columbia In this particular case the accused, Yitbarek Syume, pleaded guilty to charges involving his attempt to dominate the taxicab industry of the District of Columbia through $360,000 in bribes handed out to various public officials within the district. In this particular case while there is little impact to the general public in terms of lost revenue the crime is still considered severe since it involved various public officials who were supposed to uphold a certain measure of integrity regarding their positions. What must be understood though is that this is not an isolated case rather it is one where the public officials were actually caught. Various studies examining the degree of corruption in certain sectors of the government reveal that there is indeed corruption however the people responsible are rarely caught or prosecuted due to the power of their positions. As such this particular case should be made into an example wherein the prosecution should levy the heaviest possible punishment applicable to deter and prevent people in public office from committing similar crimes in the future. Denial of Service Attacks on Websites For this case, the accused, Bruce Raisley, was charged with committing several denials of service attacks on various websites as a result of malicious articles being distributed which portray him in a negative light. While it is understandable that Raisley would want to prevent such articles from being distributed further maligning his name the fact remains that he resorted to the use of an illegal activity that compromised nearly 100,000 computers around the world. The crime itself was definitely sophisticated since it involved the creation of a computer virus capable of penetrating 100,000 systems and using all those systems at once in order to commit denial of service attacks on various websites. The inherent problem with this case is that the main problem was not solved at all, while it may be true that Raisley was arrested and put into jail for a number of years the fact remains that a certain level of resentment does remain between Raisley and Von Erck. What the prosecutors and even the judge in this particular case failed to take note of is the potential for this particular type of resentment to escalate well into the future possibly leading to a case of violent crime. Based on this assumption not only has the judgment, in this case, avoiding the main issue but it has in effect created a greater impetus for Raisley to commit a violent crime against Von Erck in the future as revenge. A New York Senator Embezzling Funds The details of this particular case involved a New York State Senator, Pedro Espada Jr. and his son Pedro Gautier Espada, who collectively embezzled $500,000 from the not for profit Soundview Healthcare center which Espada Jr. had established in 1978. An examination of the case proceedings reveal that the funds embezzled from the clinic went into paying for the lavish lifestyle enjoyed by the father and son as well as other family members and friends who directly benefitted from their actions. It must be noted that due to its location in the Bronx, an area in New York known for having a large population of urban poor, the clinic was directly responsible for providing many within the area with an affordable means of healthcare. Not only that the Soundview center also happened to receive up to $1,000,000 in annual federally mandated aid in order to help sustain its operations. While there is no inherent sophistication to the crime it can be considered severe since not only did the Senator and his son embezzle funds from a clinic that was not for profit but in effect denied essential services to various members of the Bronx community since the money that was embezzled could have gone to providing better medical equipment or services that the community needed. While the 10 year imprisonment and the subsequent fine of $250,000 per conviction seems to be a fair punishment for the crime committed it must be questioned whether other similar incidences are happening with not for profit clinics that are also receiving federally mandated aid. Ponzi Scheme Involving a Fake Grocery Business The accused in this case, Nevin Shapiro, was convicted of creating a Ponzi scheme wherein he tricked investors through the use of his company, Capitol Investments USA Inc., into investing into a fraudulent wholesale grocery distribution business which was actually nothing more than a Ponzi scheme. The severity of the crime can be seen in the fact that nearly $880 million dollars was tricked out of 60 investors which may be lost forever. One insight I gained from this particular case is the fact that Shapiro was easily able to dupe supposedly intelligent investors into thinking that he had a whole sale grocery business when in fact he didn’t. While this particular fraud involved $880 million dollars in potentially lost assets it did however only affect 60 people. This is an indication that most if not all of those 60 were very wealthy investors who had invested into project based on the facts and figures Shapiro showed to them. This is an indication that a proper system needs to be put into place wherein corporations are properly investigated and listed by a third party or government mandated agency as being acceptable recipients of investments. Based on past precedents such as the case of Bernard Madoff involving a similar type of Ponzi scheme albeit to a lesser degree it is possible that the prosecution in this particular case will implement a similar style of sentencing wherein Shapiro will probably receive a lifetime sentence for his actions. What must be understood is that unlike cases of street crime various types of white collar crime have distinct economic impacts since they affect the level of spending and amount of assets that enter into the public market. Such cases when they do occur are usually followed by periods of economic stagnation where people are reluctant to invest into anything in particular due to the possibility of fraud or loss of assets. As such in terms of the prosecution of this offense I would have to say that the harshest possible punishment be implemented in order to prevent future actions in the same category.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/review-of-articles-about-white-collar-crimes/

Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The Gauchito Project Plan is an approved document which had been written so as to give the guidance in the control and execution of the 7/8 Scale Ansari X Gauchito Rocket project. This project kicked off on the 22nd of May 2006 and ended on the 26th of July the same year. The project's approximate cost was $63,000.00 as per the budget that had been earlier prepared.

The Gauchito Project Plan is an approved document which had been written so as to give the guidance in the control and execution of the 7/8 Scale Ansari X Gauchito Rocket project. This project kicked off on the 22nd of May 2006 and ended on the 26th of July the same year. The project's approximate cost was $63,000.00 as per the budget that had been earlier prepared.

Review of Gauchito Project Plan Coursework A project plan in the layman’s point of view is a formal document that has been approved and mainly used to give guidance to the control and execution of any project. Therefore, from the above view, the Gauchito Project Plan is an approved document which had been written so as to give the guidance in the control and execution of the 7/8 Scale Ansari X Gauchito Rocket project. This project kicked off on the 22 nd of May 2006 and ended on 26 th July the same year. The project’s approximate cost was $63,000.00 as per the budget that had been earlier prepared. The Gauchito Project Plan has answered some of the basic questions about the 7/8 Scale Ansari X Gauchito Rocket project. It has explained why the 7/8 Scale Ansari X Gauchito Rocket project is being sponsored and why the problem that is there is to be addressed by the 7/8 Scale Ansari X Gauchito Rocket project. The project plan has also effectively given an explanation of the type of work that is going to be done on the project. This plan of the project has also clearly stipulated the key stakeholders in this project and their key responsibilities until the completion of the project. The project plan has given a rough estimate of the total time that the whole project together with its milestones was to take to be fully completed. According to the standards of the industry, PMBOK, the project plan has clearly given a description of how the execution of the project, its full management and its control were to be done. This has made the Gauchito Project Plan to qualify as a totally complete project (Heldman, 2009). The main purpose of the Gauchito Project Plan to make sure that the building of the rocket was done according to the specifications that had been provided by the customer. The satisfaction of the customer concerning the costs, the workmanship and the delivery of the product which was the rocket were very important in making sure that the goals that the project had were achieved. The customer chose the material that he wanted used in the construction work in the project. The only thing that was done on the materials was the damage inspection which could have occurred during the shipping process. The process of constructing the rocket was also written by the customer, and therefore, the project quality involved the ensuring that every process that was to be followed during construction had been adhered to, to the later. The project mainly considered the way the Gauchito Rocket was to be designed. The design, the results of the test and the launch were all checked by the use of the scale of 7/8 of the rocket that is full size, an approach which measured the success of the rocket validly with no expenses and time that could be used on a rocket that was full-sized. This greatly assisted in identifying, mitigating and risk avoidance to the development program of space (Heldman, 2007). Risk events to this project Like any other project, the 7/8 Scale Ansari X Gauchito Rocket project had some risks that were taken for the achievement to be realized. It is usually not easy to take risks but many times, they can never be avoided no matter how one may try to avoid them. Risk taking usually bears positive results in the project. The risk events that were experienced by the Gauchito project were: unavailability of the personnel that was very key, delayed delivery of equipment and material, the weather, shortage of material, the damage of the original parts that had been provided in the kit, mechanical breakdown to the key machines that were to be used, theft in construction site, quitting of key team players, disappointment from the contractors and epidemics. These risks are as shown in the table in appendix A and the probability and impact matrix is provided below. Probability and Impact Matrix Probability and Impact Matrix Probability 0.5 0.1 Risk 5 Risk 8 Risk 1 Risk 10 Risk 3 Risk 2 Risk 9 0.01 Risk 4 Risk 7 Risk 6 Impact 0.1 0.3 0.5 = High Level Risk – Resolve immediately = Moderate Risk – Track through the life of the project = Minimal Risk – Be aware of it, but no tracking necessary As reflected on the probability and impact matrix, the risks are categorized into three groups: High level, moderate and minimal risks. The high level risks need to be immediately resolved while the moderate risk needs to only be tracked through the project’s entire life. On the other hand, the minimal risk needs to be only known but tracking is not any necessary. Among the risks that were identified, there were no high level risks and therefore there was no course of alarm since none of the risks needed to be immediately resolved. This meant that the other risks could only be known or tracked as the project was being implemented, as the course of action. This outcome from the probability and impact matrix implied that there would be no great impact of the risks on the expected monetary value of the project. The occurrence of the unavailability of the personnel, delayed delivery of equipment and material, and that of disappointment from the contractors would greatly affect the schedule that had been laid down as per the plan of the project. These risks will nullify the assumptions that had been made when the schedule was being put in place. The schedule plan had assumed that the materials and equipment would all be available one week before the actual date of the start of the project. It had also assumed that all the necessary personnel that were needed in the project implementations would be available at the time the project was starting. The project had also assumed that the contracts would actually be followed as it had been agreed without any delays. The nullification of these assumptions would therefore, mean that there will be a distortion on the already laid down schedule. This will call for another schedule to be made, which will greatly delay the implementation of the rocket project since making another schedule will consume a lot of time that would otherwise have been used in the actual implementation of the project plan. The making of another schedule will also raise the initial approximated budget hence calling for extra funding, which may be actually tricky (Stackpole, 2008). The risks will also compromise on the quality of the final product of the project. For instance, shortage of material, the damage of the original provided in the kit, mechanical breakdown to the key machines, theft in the construction site, quitting of key team players and epidemics would greatly compromise the quality that was expected on the rocket. This is because there is a high probability of not building the rocket to the specifications that were desired by the customer. Therefore, the customer may not be satisfied by the final product of the rocket. If some of the materials delivered for construction are stolen or damaged before construction begins, there will definitely be a low quality of the final product. The quitting of the key personnel will also make the project implementation to delay or be more expensive as other personnel are searched for. Therefore, in as much as the risks that are likely to happen may be handled, they need to be monitored with a lot of seriousness so as to avoid or limit their actual occurrence and hence prevent the resultant effects. References Heldman, K. (2007). Microsoft Office Excel 2007 for Project Management . New York: Wiley Publishing. Heldman, K. (2009). Project Management Professional Exam Study Guide . New York: Wiley Publishing. Stackpole, C. (2008). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide) . London: Project Management Institute. Appendix A Key Risks Activity Probability of Risk Magnitude of Damage Planned Action Rank Low/0.01 Med./0.1 High/0.5 Low/0.1 Med./ 0.3 High/0.5 Total Rating Type of Action Key Personnel Un-available 3 X X 0.05 Insure contractors are available if necessary. Delayed delivery of materials and equipment 1 X X 0.05 Make delivery a requirement in supplier contracts. Weather 5 X X 0.01 Change Schedule if necessary Materials Shortages 4 X X 0.03 Contract with current supplier, and Identify alternate suppliers if needed. Damage to original parts provided in kit. 2 X X 0.03 Insurance & Liability Waiver Mechanical breakdown of the key Machines in Use 6 X X 0.03 Insurance and repair works Theft at the construction site 8 X X 0.02 employment of guards & Insurance key Team Players quitting 10 X X 0.02 use of incentives Disappointment by contractors 9 X X 0.05 Agreement writing overseen by an advocate Epidemics like fire and floods 7 X X 0.01 Insurance& caution

https://ivypanda.com/essays/review-of-gauchito-project-plan/

Write the full essay for the following summary: The Warren Hospital located in Philipsburg New Jersey has five radiologist staff in the hospital performing 100,000 and more procedures per year. They utilize a wide range of modalities to acquire images.

The Warren Hospital located in Philipsburg New Jersey has five radiologist staff in the hospital performing 100,000 and more procedures per year. They utilize a wide range of modalities to acquire images.

Review of Health Information Standards Report Table of Contents 1. Key features 2. Implementation Example in an organization 3. Current issues 4. References Key features Information standards in the health care sector are paramount in the standardization of medical care applications in the world. The aim of health Information Standards is to promote and support interoperability of health care systems globally increasing health care efficiency (Benson 14). The HL7V3 RIM, CDA, DICOM, Structured Reports, HIE, or IHE are some of the major health information standards that have been developed and used in the United States and the world at large. This report critically reviews the Integrating Health Enterprise (IHE) health care information standards by reviewing the application and issues with it. The IHE was founded in 1997 by the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) and Health Care Information and Management System Society (Siemens 2). It entails achieving practical interoperability by the health care providers. The IHE enables standards interoperability and implements harmonized standard specifications referred to as the IHE profiles. It applies HL7 and DICOM standards to specific interoperability needs in medical care (IHEa 8). The IHE technical framework integrates heterogeneous information systems that consist of vocabularies, which people use unequivocally. In addition, the framework contains common standard-based solutions that are used to exchange medical information (IHEa 4). The IHE framework is process-oriented. It refers to each process (problem or solution) and set of an integrated system’s capabilities – IHE integrated profile. The IHE profile is used to organize the process of addressing information that is patient-specific. In addition, it conveniently references the functionalities specified in the Technical Frameworks. For instance, version 5.5 of the IHE Radiology has 12 integrated profiles. These include Basic security, key image notes, consistent presentation images, evidence documents, simple images and numerical reports, access to radiology, presentation of grouped procedures, scheduled workflow, post-processing workflow, charge posting, reporting workflow, and patient information reconciliation (IHEa 8). The technical framework identifies the product produced and manages the operational process in the enterprise. Radiology has an Image acquirer as a visualization modality actor, Order Filler as radiology information actor, and Order Placer as the health care system. Finally, the IHE framework uses standard-based interactions in the process. This integrates the information flow between different information systems to accomplish specific tasks. Implementation Example in an organization The Warren Hospital located in Philipsburg New Jersey has five radiologist staff in the hospital performing 100,000 and more procedures per year (IHEb par. 1). They utilize a wide range of modalities to acquire images. The hospital implementing the IHE scheduled workflow and patient information reconciliation integration profiles in Warren Hospital. In addition, they also utilize access to radiology image profiles in sharing “radiographic images the PACS system and other image viewing workstations” (IHEb par. 1). These IHE technical frameworks are utilized to provide and enhance efficiency in its radiological operations workflow. The hospital integrated RIS and PACS, Siemens Noviuos RIS, and INFINITT’s STARPACS for PACS respectively (IHEb par. 2). This integration was specified by the IHE. The system was implemented and had profound impacts such as web access of reports and images, the process of getting film copies were shortened and traffic for referring doctors was cut to less than 10 percent (IHEb par. 5) Current issues The IHE organized its first-ever IHE world summit in May 2013 that discussed the challenge of using digital care in advancing patient care. Twenty-two countries attended the summit (European Hospital par. 1). Key issues discussed were how interoperability would ensure the exchange of patient information in more effective ways. It was noted that systems that use the IHE technical frameworks and standard-based solutions are able to seamlessly exchange data (European Hospital par. 3). It is good to note that more nations, regions, and hospitals in the world today are using the IHE interoperability profiles and technical frameworks. References Benson, Tim. Principles of Health Interoperability Hl7 and Snomed . London: Springer, 2012. Print. European Hospital . Health IT connects global as more nations integrate with ‘IHE Inside 2013. Web. IHEa . “IHE Radiology (RAD) Technical Framework” . IHE Radiology Technical Framework 2013. Web. IHEb . Warren Hospital – IHE 2013. Web. Siemens . IHE – Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise 2013. Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/review-of-health-information-standards/

Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : Lee Iacocca, a world-renowned business leader and author, tells the story of his life and the lessons he learned along the way in his autobiography.In his autobiography, Lee Iacocca tells the story of his life and the lessons he learned along the way. He talks about his early years and how he overcame adversity to achieve success, and he talks about his later years and how he turned around a struggling company to make it successful.

Lee Iacocca, a world-renowned business leader and author, tells the story of his life and the lessons he learned along the way in his autobiography. In his autobiography, Lee Iacocca tells the story of his life and the lessons he learned along the way. He talks about his early years and how he overcame adversity to achieve success, and he talks about his later years and how he turned around a struggling company to make it successful.

Review of Iacocca: An Autobiography Essay (Book Review) Introduction Lee Iacocca, formerly Lido Anthony Iacocca was born on October 25th, 1924 in Pennsylvania to Italian immigrants Nicola and Antoinette. He changed his name to Lee when he joined Ford because he felt that clients and contacts would familiarize themselves with Lee much easier. Lee failed to be enlisted as a soldier for WWII because of his health condition, as he had a Rheumatic Fever, which he had suffered from since his childhood. The alternative he took was joining Lehigh University where he got a degree in engineering. He was then awarded a scholarship to Princeton for his masters, and he set aside Ford to pursue this. When he completed his masters in 1946, he joined Ford as a student engineer (Chin Para.3), where he lasted until July 1978 when a personal conflict drove Henry Ford II to fire him. By then, he was the president at Ford. He joined Chrysler in November 1978 assuming the position of Chief Executive Officer. He then proceeded to pull Chrysler out of the disaster it was in a record five years and pay off his debtors and creditors seven years earlier. He became so popular then, and many people considered him a worthy presidential candidate. The book has invaluable information on leadership qualities and skills. Therefore, it would be very insightful for anybody seeking to succeed against odds. It talks of priorities, time management, integrity, and success. However, it has been criticized widely for Iacocca’s derisive reference to Henry Ford II; many readers feel that he sounds more like a disgruntled former employee who is bitter at his boss. This has colored their view of the entire book, choosing to see it as a slanderous depiction of Ford II that is to avenge his sacking of Iacocca. Nevertheless, even those who have this opinion do acknowledge Iacocca’s knack for successful leadership. The primary elements of Iacocca’s leadership style as expressed in his book Iacocca’s love for work or work ethic is prevalent throughout his autobiography. He was always a hard worker, right from childhood, when he would transport people’s groceries for a tip, up until Chrysler where he worked so hard with only $1.00 a year to show for it. That leads to show that he was also very noble. He had mastered the art of sacrifice. Every leader should be able to practice sacrifice, which is just self-restraint/discipline, in a bid to achieve a greater goal. Moreover, at the time, Iacocca needed his employees’ wage concessions to redeem Chrysler back to glory, and there was no way they were going to be charitable if he continued earning millions. This was a wise move on his part. Iacocca’s ability to work with a team or to listen as much as he talked was the key to his leadership agenda. A good example is the Fairlane Committee, which was responsible for collecting research data on demographics. This information was then to be used to predict the nature of the future market and project their needs. It would then manufacture a vehicle that was guaranteed to satisfy those needs. The result of Iacocca’s cooperation with Fairlane was the monumental Ford Mustang in the model year 1964. More than four hundred thousand vehicles of this make were sold that year alone, and soon other paraphernalia such as hats and key holders could be spotted everywhere in the country. Adaptability to varying circumstances was another trait Iacocca possessed. For instance, he writes that when he was made President of the Ford Motor Company in 1970, he realized that he no longer needed to focus on marketing and sales; instead, his focus shifted to cutting costs and increasing profits. He, therefore, came up with a program called ‘Shuck The Losers’, where every departmental manager had three years to increase the profits of their department or be forced to sell out. Another time, he needed to make a sales presentation in the South, and knowing how weary they were of strangers; he introduced himself as Iacocca Lee. With Lee as his surname, he fit right in with his audience. This man named ‘Decisiveness’ as the must-have quality of any successful manager. For instance, when he joined Chrysler as CEO, he soon laid off 31 of the former 32 executives when he realized that they needed to downsize (Chin Para. 3). He was also major in prioritization, time management, problem-solving, concentrating on important projects, and risk-taking as necessary ingredients for a successful business. How family influences and adversity shaped his views Iacocca was born to working-class parents who were Italian immigrants in America. His father Nicola was big on work, and he believed that America was a place where one could succeed. He went on to do just that, cutting a niche for his family in the competitive society through hard work. This hard work is what informs Iacocca’s work ethic. Iacocca’s materialistic inclination was probably a direct result of the Great Depression, which made him realize that disaster could strike when least expected. Consequently, he made very conservative investments and sought to preserve whatever little resources he had, while saving up for future endeavors. This mentality led him to detest any kind of waste, be it food, clothing, or resources. Being an Italian, he was subjected to ethnic discrimination in school, where he and two Jewish boys were treated very poorly by their classmates, even though they were top of the class. This taught him the importance of judging people by their contributions, abilities, and characters instead of paying attention to stereotypes about them or outrightly dismissing them based on their ethnicity, race, or nationality. He was later to appoint Gerald Greenwald as Vice President of Chrysler, the first Jew to hold such a high position in the automotive industry. From the event of being fired by Henry Ford II after a lengthened power struggle and private personal conflict, Iacocca notes that he remembered his father telling him “that if when you die you can name five people as true friends, then that shows you led a great life” (Iacocca, and Novak 61). He narrates how his daughter Lia called him from Tennis Camp in tears, after hearing it over the radio that he had been fired, and how a shy three months later, his wife, Mary McCleary had her first heart attack. He then goes ahead to explain the hardships his family went through at this crucial time when Ford and his executives had betrayed him, then bridges the story over to his re-emergence as CEO in Chrysler, Ford’s competition (Chin Para. 5). He got even with Ford when he introduced into the market a minivan. Ironically, he had pitched this idea to Ford, only to have it trashed by the chairperson. Minivans earned Chrysler a fortune. His leadership experience in Ford, a successful motor company made him recognize Chrysler’s problems easily. He identified the lack of communication and teamwork that was prevalent at Chrysler and went ahead to solve these. He then laid off executives and got a loan from the government, humiliating as it was at the time. All these endeavors were critical in salvaging Chrysler from the verge of bankruptcy. What I found valuable and why The entire book was a goldmine in my opinion. Iacocca’s is a success story that teaches one how to make lemonade when presented with lemons in life. This icon managed to turn the least promising of situations into potential opportunities. He became a newsmaker, a ‘preferred’ presidential candidate, and a noble citizen all at once. As a leader, he was charming, full of integrity, knowledge, and courage. His is a success story. However, one thing in the book caught my attention. It is on page 61 and has popularly been termed as “Iacocca’s ‘Kiss of Death’ line”. He writes; “Now there’s one phrase that I hate to see on any executive’s evaluation… ‘He has trouble getting along with other people.’ …I always think ‘He can’t get along with people? Then he has a real problem because that is all we have got around here. No dogs, no apes – only people” (Iacocca, and Novak 61). This and many more parts of the book contain Iacocca’s plea for management to work with people. Communication and teamwork are vital for this to happen, as is the rightful allocation of opportunities to the rightful personnel. This can only be achieved through studying each person’s strengths and weaknesses, then assigning them responsibilities that will draw on their strengths, making them make profits for themselves, and the organization simultaneously. This passage is valuable to me because it applies to every situation in life, not only business or leadership. Even as an individual, success can only be achieved when one focuses on his strengths, to maximize on his potential while trying to strengthen his weaknesses. If you choose a field that you are weak in, to try to alleviate yourself in life, the best you can do is bring yourself to the level of your other strengths. However, choosing to work on your strengths, while improving on your weaknesses, is guaranteed to propel you further in life than the first option. I enjoyed reading this book. I would thus encourage everybody to look into it for solutions to everyday problems. Conclusion Lee Iacocca: An Autobiography is a book worth reading. The book relates the life of Lido Anthony Iacocca and while doing this, it imparts priceless insight on how to handle various crises one may find himself/herself in during life. The book is a package, so nice for anyone seeking to become an effective leader: be it in an organization, family set-up, or at the community level. It touches on ethics, time management, prioritization, concentration, and decision-making. It imparts valuable lessons on risk-taking and Iacocca’s wisdom is evident throughout the literature. Work cited Chin, Wiley. Lee Iacocca: An Autobiography, 2005. Web. Iacocca, Lee, and Novak, William. Iacocca: An Autobiography . New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/review-of-iacocca-an-autobiography-critical-writing/

Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The paper seeks to offer a review of the biography of Anthony Iacocca. The paper will offer a summary of the biography and discuss leadership styles as realized by Iacocca and expressed in his biography.

The paper seeks to offer a review of the biography of Anthony Iacocca. The paper will offer a summary of the biography and discuss leadership styles as realized by Iacocca and expressed in his biography.

Review of Iacocca: An Autobiography Essay (Critical Writing) Introduction Iacocca is a recognized American businessman whose input in the commercial sector has been significantly realized in the past decades. He has been significant in the motor vehicle industry both in the capacities of management and entrepreneurship. This paper seeks to offer a review of the biography of Anthony Iacocca. The paper will offer a summary of the biography and discuss leadership styles as realized by Iacocca and expressed in his biography. The paper will also look into the impacts of family and adversity on his opinions. Review of the Autobiography Early Life Anthony Iacocca was born in the year 1924 in the state of Pennsylvania, the United States. He has an Italian origin. He was born to Nicola (Iacocca and Novak 4). His father who was an outstanding entrepreneur was presumably an influential figure in his life as he made a foundation upon which Anthony grew up to be an outstanding entrepreneur. Nicola is reported to have been actively involved in several business ventures that provided a business and innovative atmosphere for his son. Some of Nicola’s business engagements included being a “cobbler, hot dog restaurant owner and a theater owner” (Ho Jo 1). As much as his father’s economic activities influenced and molded him, Anthony was keen on his academics with a focused mentality that was since his child age aimed at being an executive of an automobile company (Iacocca and Novak 10). He did his undergraduate degree in industrial engineering and then his master’s degree before settling to work with the Ford automobiles company (Ho Jo 1). In Ford The life of Anthony in the automobile industry was a fairly humbling one owing to how he joined the company. With his master’s degree, he joined Ford as a trainee. His work was recognized in the company which led to his long-time retention in the organization that was occasionally coupled with promotions. After fourteen years of his stay with the Ford company, Anthony had been duly promoted to managerial positions in the company to ultimately have the post of the vice presidency of the company. Four years later, he was leading a team of the company into launching the introduction and marketing of a new motor vehicle brand which was also similarly well received in the market. This particular product together with its marketing was outstanding and set the record of attaining the highest new sales of production. His promotions were further realized to rise from the position of the organization’s vice president to finally become the company’s top official (Iacocca and Novak 91). His appointment further made him be a recognized figure in the United States who could at any time be able to sell his “products, ideas or himself”, a potential that he used to drive the sales of Ford Mustang that he helped to develop (Ho Jo 1). Moving from Ford His life in the Ford company was however to be cut short as he was dismissed in the year 1978. Though disappointed by the dismissal, Anthony was to within a year return to the same industry to work for Chrysler Company as its president (Iacocca and Novak 160). He only required five years to make a mark in his new office. While the company was struggling to make profits on his arrival, he improved the firm’s profitability to the extent that in the year 1984 it realized a profit that exceeded the company’s cumulative past six-decade profit. Iacocca’s innovativeness was similarly realized in Chrysler as he led the introduction of a new car brand for the company. K-car, his newly introduced brand for the company at the beginning of the 1980 decade also became a brand car (Iacocca and Novak 264). Social Life Anthony became a public figure who was even globally recognized due to his effective work that was appreciated for his production. His popularity also led to his autobiography’s record selling in the decade in which it was produced, the 1980s. Sales proceeds from the book were donated for medical research. He was formerly married to Mary with whom he had two children. His wife however died in the year 1983 and his further attempts to settle have not been successful. He has since then tried two marriages that never worked out having been forced into divorce (Ho Jo 1). Elements of Iacocca’s Leadership Styles One of the leadership styles that can be directly identified with Iacocca is democratic leadership. Democratic leadership is one in which the participation of all the individuals is enlisted before a step can be taken by the leader. Though all inputs are necessary before a course of decision into action is taken, the democratic leader remains the decision-maker in the process that is supposed to be done under consensus. Democratic leadership is based on the active participation of all members of the group to a uniform conclusion. One of the key elements of democratic leadership is the empowerment and encouragement of the team members into exploiting their potential into processes under the leadership. Another concept of democratic leadership is the free flow of information among team members facilitating consultations and taking care of the interest of the individual team members. It ensures that the responsibility of the members to find a solution to an issue is shared and issues sorted out in a collective approach. This type of leadership at the same time depends on values such as “cooperation, team spirit, and high morale” (Un 17) among others. It is also normally characterized by a high level of success. The features of a democratic leader which at the same time include factors such as allowing the team members to establish their targets and at the same time allowing them to pursue the targets, promotion of development among the team members through motivation among the use of other incentives that can help the staff to develop a sense of belonging in the processes of decision making. The nature of the work as illustrated by a biography of Iacocca reveals traits of a democratic leader. The fact that the launch of his products is released with the notion of a teams’ work rather than his own making for instance reveals the approach of including all his team members in his leadership. The adoption of an idea by a team for implementation also illustrates high chances that the process into such a decision was an all-inclusive one in which the team members are satisfied with the decision. Such was the leadership approach that he demonstrated in the introduction of the Ford Mustang for the Ford Company. Antony can at the same time be viewed to be a transformational leader. Transformational leadership is one in which the leader is keen to initiate positive changes in the processes of an organization or a team. A transformational leader will always be interested in initiating and implementing changes in processes. Such changes may be directly or indirectly directed towards individual team members, other parties outside the leader’s jurisdiction, the entire team, or even the entire firm. This form of leadership is based on pure influence with extreme dependence on oratory skills. The nature of changes that Iacocca induced in the two motor vehicle industries that he worked with illustrates his property to be a transformational leader. He was also particularly able to transform Chrysler Company into a profit-making organization. His leadership at the same time reveals some aspects of creative leadership. This is particularly true because his leadership was identified with innovations into new products, both in the Ford Company and Chrysler Company. His leadership also illustrates skills such as “corrective leadership, change leadership” (Un 31) among others. Impacts of family and adversity on his views The biography of Iacocca at the same time reveals how emotional setbacks are a threat to him. A case review of his bitterness when he was forced out of Ford and his inability to settle down into another marriage following his wife’s death supports the opinion that emotional setbacks are a hindrance to Iacocca. He thus perceives the two elements critical in his life (Ho Jo 1). Conclusion The biography of Iacocca reveals a life that was molded from a tender age into the business world. This forms the most valuable part of the book for me because an instilled concept into a child develops to a part of him or her and will most likely be utilized when the child grows up, just like in Iacocca’s case. This concept proved right concerning Iacocca who made success in his corporate leadership. Works Cited Iacocca, Lee and Novak, William. Iacocca: an autobiography. New York: Bantam Books, 1986. Print. Ho Jo. Lee Iacocca biography . Encyclopedia of world biography, 2011. Web. Un. Leadership styles. Unpan, n.d. Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/review-of-iacocca-an-autobiography/

Write the original essay for the following summary: The essay discusses the rheology of engine oils, testing engine oil types. It also talks about how internal combustion engines operate on valves by pushing on the stems with cams and cam followers.

The essay discusses the rheology of engine oils, testing engine oil types. It also talks about how internal combustion engines operate on valves by pushing on the stems with cams and cam followers.

Rheology of Engine Oils: Testing Engine Oil Types Essay Internal combustion engine Internal combustion engines operate on valves by pushing on the stems with cams and cam followers. This motion is coupled to the crankshaft generating the motion of the vehicle or machine parts. In earlier designs of engines, the valves were made parallel to the cylinders in a design that was referred to as the L-head engine due to the cylinder’s shape. Despite this design being cheap to construct, it has two main disadvantages which are; limited airflow limitation of the maximum speed. The design evolved to F-head, which has an intake valve in the block while its exhaust valve lies in the head; later on, both these valves were pushed to the head (Basshuysen and Schaefer 10). Applications of Lubricants in an internal combustion engine: Cold starts or lack of lubricants are the main cause of wear out in engines. In these internal combustion engines, there are numerous ways of oil circulation within them. Here the key point is to make sure that the efficiency of the crankshaft motion within the walls of the cylinder is enhanced. This offers protection to the piston and its cylinder walls from friction between the two of them, which normally cause wear out hence damaging the engine in the long term. This dramatically prolongs the overall life expectancy of the entire engine and enhances its performance. Internal combustion engines have and will always need lubrication which is meant to keep the part together and working with minimal noise and reduced wear and tear. In so doing, the life of the engine is highly prolonged. Lubrication can therefore be termed as being inevitable in running the machinery of any form for as long as they have movable parts. It is really important to have every movable part of machinery lubricated. Below is a representation in diagram form of an engine showing the movable parts (“Poppet Valve” 1). Figure1. Cylinder ICT The components above are typical of a four-stroke cycle DOHC piston engine where; (E) is the Exhaust camshaft, (I) the Intake camshaft, (S) the Spark plug, (V) the Valves, (P) the Piston, (R) the Connecting rod, (C) the Crankshaft and (W) the Water jacket for coolant flow. Lubricants Lubrication is an old affair dating back to the year 1650 B.C. In those days, olive oil, as well as animal fat, was used for lubrication as opposed to oil and grease in modern-day science. The use of oil came into existence when oil was first drilled in the year 1859 by scientists of that time. Immediately petroleum-based lubricants took center stage in the protection of movable parts, it was discovered that viscosity was one of the most important considerations to make when considering a lubricant (Mang and Dresel). With all this important in the functioning of any machinery, most lubricants face great setbacks in their operation in the respective machinery like the engines. This is due to the fact that the conditions always change with every new place of operation. These conditions should be analyzed and the eventual analysis be performed to check if there are any improvements that can be made on them. For the eventual good of the operation of the various machines that make use of such lubricants, this project seeks to find out a number of important facts pertaining to engine oils and analyze them in relation to the various environmental conditions. One such important consideration is the viscosity which is immensely affected by temperature variations (Neale 86). In this conditions of high temperatures and high shear conditions, it is possible that engine oil loses its lubricating capability much faster and thus may need replacement at least once in an operating year. Rheology is generally termed as the scientific study of deformation together with the flow of various materials. Lubricants rheology will identify the factors which affect the viscosity of the lubricant in order to help maintain stable viscosity regardless of the outside factors. Engine Oil Grades There is a significant growth in variety of cars and their manufactures, there is an increasing demand for having many types of oils that could be used for the various forms of engines and that perfectly suit each one of them in their operating conditions. In an attempt to reduce the range within which viscosity varies, there has been the development of viscosity stabilizers to ensure that the range is minimized. Additives are made up of long chained polymers basically polymethacrylates, polyolefins, or polystyrenes. They however have the problem of compromising other properties of the respective lubricant which include; stability, oxidation, and resistance shear breakdown. In other words, oil additives may end up reducing the life time of the lubricant. Since oil may operate in cold or hot conditions, it subjected to grading to obtain the best forms for each condition in order to keep the viscosity and enhance protection of the engine parts. Viscosity index in modern day oils is clearly stated on its packaging to ensure that the buyer gets the correct type. Some grading is clearly labeled for cold weather conditions and suits the user mainly in winter. The viscosity of normal multi-grade lubricating oil is divided into two parts; these are for the normal conditions and the extreme cold conditions. There is normally a letter ‘W’ which is there represent winter in the event of starting in cold places to allow for quick flow in such conditions. Along with this letter comes what is referred to as the viscosity rating of the given oil (a number). It generally offers information on the thickness of the oil. Thick oils may face challenges circulating in the engines. In other words, that number is simply the measurement of viscosity, that is, the measurement of the oil’s restriction to flow. An example is oil labeled 5W/40 where 5 is the oil’s viscosity at a temperature of 20 degrees while 40 is its viscosity at a temperature of 60 degrees. After the invention of measuring tools for viscosity, the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) came up with various classes in use even today. These classes can be listed as; SAE 5W, SAE 0W, SAE 15W, SAE 10W, SAE 25W, SAE 20W, SAE 30, SAE 20, SAE 50, SAE 40, and SAE 60. Those with ‘W’ as earlier stated were formulated for cold temperature while those without it were suited for high temperature surrounding operations as lubricants. In lower temperature countries, it is better to make use of oil with a low cold viscosity rate and hence with much ease of circulating in the engine. The engine therefore has a chance of starting better due to less friction. In some other condition, additives are applied to the lubricant in question. Today’s engine oils have additives with the sole purpose of enhancing the viscosity verses temperature behavior of the oil. Eventually, it makes the viscosity of the oil stable changing much more gradually than in the event of it being plain. M ineral oil which also goes by the name of liquid petroleum comes as a by-product whenever crude oil goes through distillation to obtain gasoline. It is a transparent kind of oil made up of alkanes together with cyclic paraffins. Mineral oil is produced at a lower cost making it much cheaper and available in large quantities. This oil has two grades, that is, the light and the heavy grades. Synthetic oil on the hand is used mainly to do the tasks of a lubricant. It is much more preferable since it can be assigned specific needs within the engine. Though they are a bit costlier to produce and thus more expensive, it offers significant performance advantages due to their stability especially at high temperatures (“Synthetic Oil” 1). This makes them preferable in solving our challenge here. As every aspect of technology slowly but steadily transforms, so does the engine oil technology. To address these changing conditions there has been a constant growth eventually this project comes in. It seeks to test six different engine oil types using the rheometer (Anton paar rheometer) in relation to shear rate of viscosity and the operation temperature. Rheology Rheology can be said to be the study of how mater flows. This is done primarily in liquids but sometimes also in soft solids. In solids however, the flow is plastic rather than deformation responding to the force applied (Alexander and Isayev 50). Due to the increase of harsh /extreme environment which machines are required to operate in, there has been an increase in the number of complex rheological lubricants. There are many factors that can affect the performance of the lubricant inside an engine ranging from the shear rate to the outside temperature. In general terms, rheology has been called the study involving deformation together with the flow of materials (Tanner 50). Lubricants rheology will identify the factors which affect the viscosity of the lubricant, in order to help maintain stable viscosity regardless of the outside factors. The flow of the various liquid is heavily dependent on the viscosity of the given material. The viscosity of the various fluids in turn depends on a number of factors some of them being external to themselves like temperature and the shear stress. All these factors looked at together amount to rheology. Fluids are generally categorized into two main categories; non-Newtonian as well as Newtonian fluids. The idea of viscosity having been founded and greatly associated to Sir Isaac Newton, the study of variation in this particular viscosity has often been called non-Newton fluid mechanics. Newtonian Fluids A Newtonian fluid is a fluid which regardless to the forces applied to it will have the same viscosity as long as the ambient conditions are the unaltered. Therefore, the curve of shear stress against shear rate of any fluid in this category is linear and goes through the origin; this is illustrated in Figure 2. A basic example of a Newtonian substance is the water we encounter on daily basis since its viscosity is constant. Non-Newtonian Fluids Non-Newtonian fluids viscosities changes by the kind of forces that act on the fluid regardless to whether or not the ambient conditions are constant. In addition to this, they are also influenced also by the environmental temperature where operate and the time of the operation (Schowalter 23). There are two categories of non-Newtonian fluids namely: * Shear thickening non-Newtonian fluids * Shear thinning non-Newtonian fluids * Shear thickening of Non-Newtonian fluids: When shear force is imposed to a shear thickening liquid, the atoms reorder themselves so as to have the fluid acting like a solid. Thus, with the increase of shear the viscosity of the fluid increases. An example of shear thickening fluid is when cornstarch is added to water, when applying high shear with a hammer it will act as a solid, but when a relatively small amount of shear is applied it will act as a normal fluid. Shear thinning of Non-Newtonian fluids Most shear thinning fluids have a relatively high viscosity, and when shear is applied it becomes thinner thus, viscosity of the material decreases (Owens and Phillips 120). Example of a fluid that brings out shear thinning is the toothpaste we use, should stress be applied, the toothpaste thinners thus reducing viscosity. Figure2. Shear stress against Shear rate Rheology has been a serious part of science since its coinage by Eugene Bingham in 1920 at Lafayette College. Since then, the characterization of materials’ rheometrical behavior has been referred to as rheometry. In actual sense it is conducted on materials that cannot be analyzed using classical mechanics or elasticity. Rheology majorly looks at the classical parameters pertaining to elasticity together with fluid mechanics to those fluids that are hard to describe by use of classical theories and offering them a description. Such liquids as oil flow whenever they are under some form of stress. The stress in question could be either torsion stress or shear stress. To this particular stresses, the materials respond in different ways (Morrison 100). The external forces and conditions result in internal strains thus resulting in to flow in various ways. The study of extension of material is basically termed as extensional rheology. Under normal circumstances, it is far much easier to experiment on and thus much more data is available regarding it in relation to extensional flows. Liquids are generally looked at in relation to viscosity (thick oil is actually viscous) and solids with are looked at in relation to elasticity. Testing In order for analysis and inferences to be made not only in reference to this project but also in the development of the current state of lubricants, there was need to develop instruments that could be used to measure the rheometric parameters of the given materials. The instruments put in use to measure the various rheometric parameters of materials are generally referred to as rheometers. They impose a given amount of stress on the material under test and observe the behavior of the material in relation to it. They have the ability to operate in extension stresses as well as in shear stresses considering either oscillatory flows or steady flows. Despite the fact that there are many types of rheometers, the most prevalent ones are; the capillary rheometers and the stress or strain rheometers. In the actual measurement of parameters like viscosity with consideration of the shear rate in order to obtain non-Newtonian behavior, or in measurement of detailed rheological properties for example visco-elasticity or much more the environmental temperature, Malvern’s rheometers are preferred world over to help apply rheology solutions to many industries. In total, six types of engine lubricants where used to simulate how multi-grade oils behave in a car engine. In addition, the difference between mineral and part-synthetic oils will be discussed and observed. The rheometer that was used in this test is the Anton Paarphysica MCR 301 rheometer. The temperature range of this rheometer temperature control is from -10 degrees Celsius to 200 degrees Celsius. Figure3: Anton Paar Rheometer Two tools where used to test the lubricants which are CP50-1 and CC27. The cp50-1 is a simple cone and plate with the cone having an angle of 1 degree and the plate is flat. The CC27 is cup and bob which are specifically the design of the engine piston together with the cylinder. Both tools are manufactured from stainless steel, and were thus not handled with another stainless steel object in order not to damage the tool, only brass should be used if necessary. The tool was cleaned using acetone solution to remove any residue that may influence the next material to be tested by the rheometer. For this project, engine oils will be looked at closer through identifying the major outside conditions that affect the viscosity of the lubricant of different grades and different types. The car engine oil in an ideal case should be changed once every year, preventing wear to the cylinder wall and the piston. The wear occurs when the oil starts gradually degrade due to the oil be burnt out or operating in high temperatures and high shear rates. In most of today’s cars the oil is held up in the crankcase and then squirted on the cylinder walls by the oil pump. In a two stroke engine the oil is circulated around the cylinder, this can decrease the efficiency of the lubricant, because the lubricant gets burnt with the fuel. Test types Oscillation test is where the tool taking the cone and plate for an example, the con just oscillates back and forth whereas the plate is still. This test can be used for all materials this includes solids and liquids. Rotational test are put in practice only for testing liquids. The cone here rotates around itself with the required shear rate or shear stress, whereas the plate is still. The rotational test has two tests under it namely; the Controlled Shear Rate test CSR and the Controlled Shear Stress CSS. CSR involves the control of the shear rate by the rheometer as it measures the associated shear stress. On the other hand, CSS involves shear stress being controlled by the rheometer as the associated shear rate is monitored and measured. Works Cited Alexander, Aleksander, and Avraam Isayev. Rheology: Concepts, methods and applications . Akron: Chemtech publixhing, 2006. Print. Basshuysen, Richard, and Fred Schaefer. Internal Combustion Engine Handbook . New York: SAE International and Professional Engineering Publishing, 2004. Print. Mang, Theo and Wilfried Dresel. Lubricants and Lubrication. New York: Wiley-VCH, 2007. Print. Morrison, Faith A. Understanding rheology . Oxford: Oxford University press, 2001. Print. Neale, Michael. Lubrication and reliability handbook. New York: Newnes, 2001. print. Owens, Robert, and Timothy Phillips. Computational rheology . Oxford: Imperial College press, 2002. Print. “Poppet Valve.” WoI , 2009. Web. Schowalter, Choi. Mechanics of Non-Newtonian Fluids Pergamon . New York: Pergamon, 1978. Print. “Synthetic oil.” Castrol , 2011. Web. Tanner, Roger. Engineering rheology . Oxford : Oxford University press, 2000. Print.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/rheology-of-engine-oils-testing-engine-oil-types/

Write the original essay that generated the following summary: This paper assesses the research article written by Istvan Juhos and Jano van Hemert who propose a new solution to graph coloring problem. In particular, they propose the so-called Integer Merge Model (IMM) which can simplify graph coloring algorithms. The study is divided into four parts: contribution, methodology, and writing style.The study presents a significant contribution at to this solution of this problem. Traditional models require V 2 while IMM needs V- k number of checks. The study can provide an incentive to further research. The key limitation of this study is that Integer Merge Model was tested only on three types of algorithms, and this sampling is not quite sufficient. However, one should not assume that these limitations completely diminish the significance of this study. The use of heuristic models for graph coloring still remains an open question for mathematicians and computer scientists, and this research throws a new light on this problem. Additionally, these findings can be used in different applications, such as scheduling or register allocation.

This paper assesses the research article written by Istvan Juhos and Jano van Hemert who propose a new solution to graph coloring problem. In particular, they propose the so-called Integer Merge Model (IMM) which can simplify graph coloring algorithms. The study is divided into four parts: contribution, methodology, and writing style. The study presents a significant contribution at to this solution of this problem. Traditional models require V 2 while IMM needs V- k number of checks. The study can provide an incentive to further research. The key limitation of this study is that Integer Merge Model was tested only on three types of algorithms, and this sampling is not quite sufficient. However, one should not assume that these limitations completely diminish the significance of this study. The use of heuristic models for graph coloring still remains an open question for mathematicians and computer scientists, and this research throws a new light on this problem. Additionally, these findings can be used in different applications, such as scheduling or register allocation.

Rigor of Methodology and Sampling Essay (Critical Writing) This paper aims to evaluate the research article written by Istvan Juhos and Jano van Hemert who propose a new solution to graph coloring problem. In particular, they propose the so-called Integer Merge Model (IMM) which can simplify graph coloring algorithms. It is necessary to assess this study in terms of contribution, methodology, and writing style. Overall, one can argue that this study presents a significant contribution at to this solution of this problem. At the time when this paper was published the most common solutions to graph coloring problem (GCP) were greedy algorithms, contractions, polymonial time etc (Golumbic & Hartman, p 165). Unlike integer merge model, these methods do not heavily rely on heuristic approach which can significantly reduce the number of constraint and adjacency checks. According to the authors, traditional models require V 2 while IMM needs V- k number of checks (Juhos & Hemert, 2005, p 26). The authors have discussed this model in connection DSATUR algorithm, but this method can be incorporated into other algorithms. This study can provide an incentive to further research. From this perspective, one can assign rating 5 to this study on the scale of 1 to 5. Yet, the key limitation of this study is that Integer Merge Model was tested only on three types of algorithms, and this sampling is not quite sufficient. Certainly, this limitation does not invalidate their findings, but it makes them narrower. Moreover, they do not tell very much about the types of graphs on which the new model were tested. This is another shortcoming that one should not overlook. The authors accept the point that there are some graphs which are either too easy or too difficult for DSATUR to solve and the use of IMM does not make much difference (Juhos & Hemert, 2005, 31). It might have been necessary to test IMM on a large number of graphs and probably it was not done. So, if we are speaking about the rigor of research methodology and sampling, we can assign rating 4 to this study. Nevertheless, one should not assume that these limitations completely diminish the significance of this study. The use of heuristic models for graph coloring still remains an open question for mathematicians and computer scientists, and this research throws a new light on this problem. Additionally, these findings can be used in different applications, such as scheduling or register allocation (Hansen & Marcotte, p 135; Appel & Ginsburg, p 260). Thus, this research serves both theoretical and practical purposes. From this point of view, this study deserves rating 4, 5. It should be noted that this study has not been written by native speakers of English. However, this fact does not prevent the authors from expressing their thoughts and ideas quite clearly. Certainly, there are some misprints like “iff” and omissions of prepositions in some cases, but they do not distort the meaning of the sentence. Additionally, one can argue that occasionally the authors misuse punctuation marks. Still, their writing style is generally fluent and one can give these scholars 4.5 grade for their use of English. Overall, the findings presented in this research article can be of great use of computer scientists who are working on graph coloring problem because in theory, Integer Merge Model can make already-existing applications more efficient. Works Cited Appel Andrew and Ginsburg Maia. Modern compiler implementation in C. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Print. Golumbic. Martin, and Hartman. Irith. Graph theory, combinatorics, and algorithms: interdisciplinary applications. Munich Birkhäuser, 2005. Print. Juhos Istwan and Hemert Jano. “Increasing the efficiency of graph colouring algorithms with a representation based on vector operations”. Journal of Software 2006 1 (2), p 24- 33. Hansen Pierre and Marcotte Odile. Graph colouring and applications . London: AMS Bookstore, 1999. Print.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/rigor-of-methodology-and-sampling/

Convert the following summary back into the original text: The roles of government and non-governmental organizations that assure health coursework.The roles of government and non-governmental organizations that assure health coursework include providing health information, control of contagious diseases, immunization of children, discouraging negative behaviors that are cost effective and of negative externalities as well as encouraging beneficial behavioral patterns. In addition, the government offers affordable health services to the poor.

The roles of government and non-governmental organizations that assure health coursework. The roles of government and non-governmental organizations that assure health coursework include providing health information, control of contagious diseases, immunization of children, discouraging negative behaviors that are cost effective and of negative externalities as well as encouraging beneficial behavioral patterns. In addition, the government offers affordable health services to the poor.

Roles of Government and Non-governmental Organizations that Assure Health Coursework As it is with many other nations, the reforms in the health care system in America undoubtedly ensure that citizens live more productively, healthy and longer lives. It is against this reason that the government has made it a priority to issue many health related services to the public. These include health information, control of contagious diseases, immunization of children, discouraging negative behaviors that are cost effective and of negative externalities as well as encouraging beneficial behavioral patterns. In addition, the government offers affordable health services to the poor (Anon., 2001). Through financing of health sector, the public is able to access medical health and pay medical bills that the government subsidizes. However, there are instances where issues of fraud have found their way in the health care market (Cascardo, 2009). This essay will compare and contrast the roles of the General Accounting office (GAO), the Office of Inspector General (OIG) and the Quality Improvement Organization (QIO). Quality improvement organizations are private organizations of the federal government that monitor the effectiveness, quality and appropriateness of health care that is provided to the beneficiaries of the health system (Lanier et al., 2003). Quality Improvement Organization works under the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) (Anon., 2001). Through QIO, there has been great improvement in the health care services. It has been able to audit and inspect Medicare activities (Lanier et al., 2003). In addition, it is concerned with quality assurance and transformational change in the health sector. According to the organisation, this can be attained by raising the standards of performance, incorporating technology in health information and accelerating health improvement rates. Apparently, this organisation is the most important of the three since it performs the overall responsibility of ensuring that health standards are up to date. Besides, its activities are spread across the board and affect the other two organizations. Moreover, QIO has improved quality Medicare by the adoption of information technology and electronic health record systems through the federal Doctors Office Quality Information Technology initiative (DOQ-IT) (Lanier et al., 2003).This is aimed at making it easy for the hospital to access patient’s information, reference data and information on decision support. The information regarding the patient in the hospital will also help improve the relationship between the patient and the clinical officer (Ogrosky & Kracov, 2010). Moreover, while working under the CMS, QIO has come up with a project that aims at lowering deadly results that would come after a surgical operation (Ogrosky & Kracov, 2010). The project is referred to as Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP) and it has received support from the American College of Surgeons (ACS), American Hospital Association (AHA) and Center for Disease Control (CDC) and many other societies (Cascardo, 2009). Government Accountability Office (GAO) is the arm of United States Congress that investigates, evaluates and audit all matters in the government relating to public funds, and its use after it has been disbursed (Anon., 2001). It is lead by the Controller General of the United States and it investigates the spending of money paid by the taxpayer. It does this by determining whether funds have been spent properly and efficiently through audits (Ogrosky & Kracov, 2010). Also it investigates activities that are improper and illegal. In the course of its duties, it gives reports on the progress and achievements of government programs as well as issuing agency rules, opinions and legal decisions. Lastly, the Office of Inspector General (OIG) has come up with a compliance plan to combat abuse and fraud in Medicare. It works to ensure that all physicians do the right things by giving them guidelines to assist them monitor their daily activities, correct their errors, and get their documents and coding faster. The OIG does the role of monitoring the activities of physicians (Ogrosky & Kracov, 2010). OIG has enforced HIPAA to prosecute health providers and employees who for personal reasons are inappropriately using confidential information from medical records (Cascardo, 2009). The employees are prohibited from disclosing personal health information of a patient for malicious intent or personal gain. OIG has come up with a compliance plan which is a medical practice’s defense against ethical and legal misconduct (Ogrosky & Kracov, 2010). Every health officer or employee has the responsibility to stop fraud through adhering to certain codes of conduct. In summing up, these institutions are important in running of Medicare in United States. They ensure accountability and also control the activities of the medical staff as well as the federal spending of taxpayer’s money. They offer rules and codes of conduct and protects against fraud. However, it is important to note that the GAO performs functions that cover parts of the OIG and QIO (Lanier et al., 2003). In addition to this, its borders of work extends to advising the heads of executive agencies and the congress on how the government can be made responsive, ethical, equitable, more effective and efficient (Ogrosky & Kracov, 2010). This ensures that government operations are improved, saving both the taxpayer and the government billions of dollars. References Anon. (2001). GAO recommends improving management of NPDB. Healthcare Financial Management. 55 (1), 11. Cascardo, D. (2009). OIG Demands Transparency for Physicians and Staff in 2010: Welcome to the Modern Era of Compliance. The Journal of Medical Practice Management : MPM. 25(3), 156-159. Lanier, C. et al. (2003). Doctor performance and public accountability. The Lancet , 362(9393), 1404-1408. Ogrosky, K., & Kracov, D. (2010). The impact of reform on health care fraud enforcement. The Brief . 40(1), 45-51.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/roles-of-government-and-non-governmental-organizations-that-assure-health/

Convert the following summary back into the original text: The Cyperaceae species are mainly found in the regions of south-western Australia where soil phosphorus content is very low. The soils in this region are severely impoverished of nitrogen and phosphorus. It is for this reason that Cyperaceae plants have their roots modified in structure and function. The adaptive response ensures that the external nutrients are acquired maximally while the internal nutrients are maximally allocated. Instead of developing the largely known mycorrhizal and root nodules sym

The Cyperaceae species are mainly found in the regions of south-western Australia where soil phosphorus content is very low. The soils in this region are severely impoverished of nitrogen and phosphorus. It is for this reason that Cyperaceae plants have their roots modified in structure and function. The adaptive response ensures that the external nutrients are acquired maximally while the internal nutrients are maximally allocated. Instead of developing the largely known mycorrhizal and root nodules sym

Root Modifications in Cyperaceae Species Essay Cyperaceae species are mainly found in the regions of south-western Australia where soil phosphorus content is very low. The soils in this region are severely impoverished of nitrogen and phosphorus. It is for this reason that Cyperaceae plants have their roots modified in structure and function. The adaptive response ensures that the external nutrients are acquired maximally while the internal nutrients are maximally allocated. Instead of developing the largely known mycorrhizal and root nodules symbiosis for nutrient-poor soils, the south-western Australia Cyperaceae have a different root adaptation. In specific, these plants produce “cluster and dauciform roots” (Miller, 2005, p. 655) which increase the capability of mobilizing nutrients from the poor nutrient-containing soils. The soils of South Africa also have very low phosphorus levels and hence they are also predominantly inhabited by non-mycorrhizal plants such as Cyperaceae species. The cluster roots that develop on these plants release citrate into the scarcely available particles of phosphorus in the soil, leading to the release of the phosphorus for plant use (White & Hammond, 2008). Cyperaceae species have their dauciform roots mainly composed of carrot-like structures which attain a lateral swelling. These carrot-like modifications are further characterized by “rather ephemeral, dense clusters of long root hairs” (Miller, 2005, p. 655). Dauciform root modifications are known to thrive in soils that have a low supply of phosphorus. In fact, low phosphorus and nitrogen supply in soils initiates the formation of these structures; with increase in supply of phosphorus and nitrogen leading to suppression in dauciform root formation. The Rhynchosporeae tribe of the Cyperaceae is particularly known to adapt to low phosphorus and nitrogen soils by forming dauciform roots. With the long and dense root hairs (which are also fine in nature), these plants are able to scavenge for the scarce soil phosphorus thus suitably adapting Cyperaceae to phosphorus-poor soils. It is important to note that in phosphorus impoverished soils, phosphorus is hidden within the soil particles and hence there is need for a mechanism that can “mine” the scarce phosphorous in an effective way. Cluster roots in Cyperaceae are well suited in their structure for this function as the roots exude enough carboxylates for this function. This act is synonymous to the “scavenging” strategy employed by mycorrhizal plants (Lambers et al. , 2008). It is notable that growth of root clusters of the Cyperaceae become stimulated once these plants sense low phosphorus supply in the soil. The life of these modified roots is very short; nevertheless, they are able to exude carboxylates at a very fast rate (compared to roots that are not specialized for this function) in the root development process. Plants that are found in phosphorus-malnourished soils are incapable of having a symbiotic association with the fungi of mycorrhizal type, thus the plants result into having root clusters (Lambers & Shane, 2006). Caustis blakei is one of the Cyperaceae species that has been studied to show dauciform root formation in phosphorus-deficient soils. According to Playsted et al . (2006), growth of C. blakei in phosphorus-starved conditions has been characterized by formation of dauciform roots, and the mass of the roots is inversely proportional to phosphorus availability. In a nutshell, dauciform roots in Cyperaceae are highly prolific and widely distributed in phosphorus deficient soils. This leads to an increase in release of carboxylates as well as increasing chances of acquiring the scarce phosphorus. References Lambers, H. & Shane, M. W. (2006). Role of root clusters in phosphorus acquisition and increasing biological diversity in agriculture. Wageningen UR Frontis Series , 21. Scale and Complexity in Plant Systems Research: Gene-Plant-Crop Relations . Lambers, H., Chapin (III.), F. S., Chapin, F. S. and Pons, T. L. (2008). Plant physiological ecology, second edition. New York, NY: Springer. Miller, M. R. (2005). The nonmycorrhizal root- a strategy for survival in nutrient-impoverished soils. New Phytologist, 165 : 655-658 Playsted, C. W. S., Johnston, M. E., Ramage, C. M., Edwards, D. G., Cawthray, G. R. & Lamber, H. (2006). Functional significance of dauciform roots: exudation of carboxylates and acid phosphatase under phosphorus deficiency in Caustis blakei (Cyperaceae). New Phytologist, 170 : 491-500. White, P. J. & Hammond, J. (2008). The ecophysiology of plant-phosphorus interactions . New York, NY: Springer.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/root-modifications-in-cyperaceae-species/

Write an essay about: The paper examines the routes of HIV transmission in India and finds that the primary drivers of the HIV epidemic in India are commercial female sex workers, drug use and unprotected sex between homosexuals and heterosexuals. It is recommended that condom use become more prevalent in order to reduce the number of cases per year of HIV in India.

The paper examines the routes of HIV transmission in India and finds that the primary drivers of the HIV epidemic in India are commercial female sex workers, drug use and unprotected sex between homosexuals and heterosexuals. It is recommended that condom use become more prevalent in order to reduce the number of cases per year of HIV in India.

Routes of HIV Transmission Report (Assessment) Table of Contents 1. Prevalence among Different Risk Groups 2. Prevalence among Pregnant Women 3. Conclusion 4. Reference List Based on the NACO annual report, it can be seen that the primary drivers of the HIV epidemic in India are commercial female sex workers, drug use and unprotected sex between homosexuals and heterosexuals (NACO 2011). From this alone, one immediate assumption that can be made is that one of the primary routes of HIV transmission in India is through sexual activity. However there are other factors that should be taken into consideration in order to understand the full gamut of possible instances where HIV can be transferred. While heterosexual sex accounts for 87.4% of all instances of HIV transmission, other cases include transmission between parent and child during pregnancy which constitutes 5.4% of all cases, homosexual/bisexual sex which comprises 1.3%, drug use which is 1.6%, blood donation (i.e. through transfusions) 1% and other unknown factors which constitute the remaining 3.3% of HIV transmission rates (NACO 2011). When taking all these factors into consideration, the best possible way of reducing the number of cases per year of HIV in India is simply to convince people to use condoms when they have sex (United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS 2013). Should condom use become prevalent, it is likely that 88.7% of all cases of HIV transmission in India could be reduced by 50% or more. Prevalence among Different Risk Groups There are currently four “at risk” groups within India that represent the majority of individuals who either have HIV or will most likely get it as a result of their activities. The first risk group is the commercial female sex workers that have unprotected sex with their male clients (United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS 2013). Due to the lack of condom use within India’s sex workers, with a current population of 1,263,000 (i.e. the number of female sex workers, and a prevalence rate of 9.19% for high risk groups), nearly 113,670 female sex workers possibly have HIV (NACO 2011). Other risk group includes 350,000 identified members of India’s male homosexual population that potentially has 32,165 infected individuals due to lack of condom use. The last risk segment constitutes India’s injecting drug users, with a current estimated population of 186,000. This population has the potential to have 17,093 individuals infected with HIV as a result of sharing needles that are laced with HIV infected blood (NACO 2011). Prevalence among Pregnant Women Based on an examination of the NACO report, it was noted that nearly 12,428 pregnant women in India were tested positive for HIV (NACO 2011). Considering the data mentioned earlier where one of the transmission rates for HIV was between parent and child (5.4%), the sheer amount of identified cases is not surprising. Conclusion Through the data that has been provided in this paper it can be seen that India has a long way to go in terms of being able to successfully stamp out its HIV epidemic. While it may be true that considerable efforts are being made in helping to address the issue, the fact remains that so long as early education involving safe sex practices and HIV awareness are not implemented, it is likely that the problem will remain for many generations as the number of cases continues to increase due to ignorance and lack of sufficient political will to go against conservative cultural norms. Reference List NACO 2011, Annual AIDS report 2010-2011 , Web. United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS 2013, UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2013.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/routes-of-hiv-transmission/

Write an essay about: The essay discusses a ruling delivered in the case of Morse v. Frederick, which found that the principal's decision to suspend a student for having a banner that read "Bong Hits 4 Jesus" was within the law. The essay notes that while the court did not rule specifically on the legality of marijuana use, it did find that the principal's decision was based on a good faith interpretation of the school's drug policy.

The essay discusses a ruling delivered in the case of Morse v. Frederick, which found that the principal's decision to suspend a student for having a banner that read "Bong Hits 4 Jesus" was within the law. The essay notes that while the court did not rule specifically on the legality of marijuana use, it did find that the principal's decision was based on a good faith interpretation of the school's drug policy.

Ruling Delivered In The Case Of Morse v. Frederick Essay Table of Contents 1. Facts 2. Arguments presented 3. Ruling 4. References Facts The Appellant, Mr. Frederick a student at Juneau High School in Alaska was suspended by the Respondent, Mrs. Morse from school for allegedly promoting the use of marijuana drugs during an event. The appellant is alleged to have in his possession a large banner that read ‘BONG HITS 4 JESUS’ to which the Respondent claimed that it was against the school’s drug policy. She argued inter alia that by the appellant flashing the banner at such an event, it would be implied that he was advocating for the use of Marijuana drugs to other students hence violating the school’s drug policy. The appellant filed a lawsuit against this decision on the ground that his freedom of speech had been violated. The court dismissed his suit hence this appeal before me. Arguments presented The Appellant argued that he had no ill intentions of encouraging the use of drugs and that the wordings on the banner were from a sticker he had seen and thought them funny. He further argued that suspending him, violated his constitutional rights and in particular his freedom of speech. The Respondent on the other hand argued that she acted in good faith as she believed that the banner violated the school’s drug policy. She further argued that she acted in her capacity as a custodian of the school to protect other students to whom she had been entrusted from the illegal use of drugs advocated by the banner. Ruling The two arguments form a solid base and the court had a hard time trying to deliberate on these issues. When is the right of a student said to be violated by the school officials? I shall refer to the decided cases presented to me during the trial and which, I must say played a significant role in my ruling. In Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School Dist. (1969), the court held that the school would be right in upholding the policy that prohibited students to wear antiwar armbands only if they proved that by doing so, the students would be disrupting the running policy of the school. In Hazelwood Schoool Dist. V. Kuhlmeier (1988) , the court granted the school permission to refuse to publish any articles by the students if they felt the speech negated the principles of the school so long as they proved that the declined speech was capable of causing a disciplinary disruption in the school. In the case of the Board of Ed. Of Independent School District No.92 of Pottawatomie County v. Lindsay Earls (2002) , the court held that the burden of proof lay with the school to determine the need for the drug-testing program. Under the above-decided decisions, it is in my opinion that the principal in her view acted within the law. In her interpretation, she deemed the wordings on the banner to be a danger to other students and acted within her capacity to take the necessary action. The trial court supported her decision and held that she did not violate any freedom of speech. However, this decision seems to negate the cardinal principles set in the precedence decisions before me which state that the principal should first demonstrate the danger posed by the speech to uphold the judgment. In this case, the school violated the first amendment rule by failing to show how the speech would have disrupted the school’s work and discipline of the school. I, therefore, order the decision to be reversed and remanded. References Board of Ed. Of Independent School District No.92 of Pottawatomie County v. Lindsay Earls 536 U.S 822 (2002) Hazelwood School Dist. V. Kuhlmeier 484 U.S 260 (1988) Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School Dist. 393 U.S 503 (1969)

https://ivypanda.com/essays/ruling-delivered-in-the-case-of-morse-v-frederick/

Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The contemporary Russian political regime cannot be qualified as democratic despite the fact that the formal rules of the Russian political apparatus clearly provide the foundations for solid democratic institutional structures. The paper address the impact of the 1993 Russian constitution on democratic development of post-soviet Russia. It argues that the constitutional powers allocated to the presidency have significantly undermined the democratic consolidation as reflected under Putin's leadership.

The contemporary Russian political regime cannot be qualified as democratic despite the fact that the formal rules of the Russian political apparatus clearly provide the foundations for solid democratic institutional structures. The paper address the impact of the 1993 Russian constitution on democratic development of post-soviet Russia. It argues that the constitutional powers allocated to the presidency have significantly undermined the democratic consolidation as reflected under Putin's leadership.

Russia’s Contemporary Political Regime not Democratic Essay The contemporary Russian political regime cannot be qualified as democratic despite the fact that the formal rules of the Russian political apparatus clearly provide the foundations for solid democratic institutional structures. Indeed, the Russian constitution is grounded on many established liberal democratic premises viz. competitive elections within a multiparty environment, separation of powers, an independent judiciary, federalism, and protection of individual civil liberties. This paradoxical mode of governance is precisely what Alan Siaroff brands “semi-liberal-autocracy.” Most of the available literature on the post-soviet Russian state deals with traditional arguments such as the democratic transition paradigm or the impact of communism on Russia’s development. However, there is a conspicuous lack of literature addressing the power of institutions and how they can shape political decisions. This paper addresses the impact of the 1993 Russian constitution on democratic development of post-soviet Russia. More precisely, I will argue that the constitutional powers allocated to the presidency have significantly undermined the democratic consolidation as reflected under Putin’s leadership. The primary intention of creating the Russian constitution was to allow the executive office to dominate politics; not to foster compromises. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Boris Yeltsin was elected the first president of the Russian Federation on the 12 th in June 1991. For a brief period, the triumphant democrats and their nationalist politics led to a substantial unification of the Russian institutions. Regrettably, when they started to formulate their policy agenda, the political debate gradually changed from issues of statehood towards those of economic and institutional reforms. At that point, various diverging opinions and interests started to emerged, which led to a decrease in parliamentary support for the president. In 1991, hard-liners of the Communist Party rallied behind Mikhail Gorbachev and plotted a coup against Boris Yeltsin in an attempt to seize control over the political institutions. Resisting against the maneuver, Boris Yeltsin assumed dictatorial powers and proclaimed himself as the defender of the democrats. The opening stage in a democracy is usually characterized by intense political debates between hardliners and soft-liners. As Thomas Carothers puts it, “the opening period of democratic is ferment and political liberalization in which cracks appear in the ruling dictatorial regime, with the most prominent fault line being that between hardliners and soft-liners.” 1 The April 1992 meeting of the Congress of People’s Deputies unveiled that the parliament was divided into three main groups: soft-liners committed reformists; hard-liners committed Communists, and a determined bloc without any specific ideology. When Yeltsin began to expand his power over the institutions of the state trough personal appointments of governors in the country’s eighty-nine regions and through the accumulation of institutional devices, the executive increasingly dominated the legislative. This situation ultimately degenerated into a political crisis between the president and the parliament from early December 1992 through early October 1993. On the verge of a civil war, the two branches negotiated to hold a referendum in April 1993 in order to determine which branch would dominate Russian politics. Yeltsin obtained a majority and ordered the dissolution of the parliament as well as the creation of a new constitution. The new constitutional arrangement gave the president considerable powers that would ensure his control over the decision-making process. The following principles from the Russian constitution particulate illustrate the supremacy of the president over the state and the consequent gagging of democracy: the president can dissolve the State Duma if it refuses to confirm the president’s choice for prime minister three times, or votes no confidence in the government twice; president has the right to issue presidential decrees with the force of law, as long as they do not conflict with existing legislation; plenary powers to the president to form and alter the composition of the government, including the prime minister and the cabinet’s structure; president’s right to veto a delay veto on laws passed by the parliament and on the publication of their own normative legal acts; the judges of the three highest courts – Constitutional, Supreme, and Arbitrage – are proposed by the president and the other federal judges are appointed by him. Furthermore, the constitution provides the president with other considerable power such as the direct command of the armed forces. Although the executive decisions still depended on the approval of the legislature, the constitution literally created a fault line between two popularly elected political constitutions: the parliament and the president; therefore, instead of a system designed to foster political accommodation in a very polarized society, the new political elite opted for a highly personalized political regime. The president has authority over the Government, the parliament and courts. Similar as the tsars and the communist party, the president symbolized the supreme authority that would shape the central domestic and international political goals of the state. The creation of a new institutional environment represented the first step in the democratic revolution for the reformers. Nevertheless, conscious that the state could not be stable without compromises, the new ruling elite also gave substantial power to the legislature. From a realist perspective, power and control over the institutions of post-soviet Russia state was the main goal. In the words of Guillermo O’Donnell, “on the premises that whoever wins election to the presidency is thereby entitled to govern as he or she sees fit, constrained by only the hard facts of existing power relations and by a constitutionally limited term in office” 2 (34). Some argue that the idea of politics as a mean for power is characteristic of Russian political culture. Indeed, if we analyze the historical political development of Russia, we immediately notice that strong political leadership has prevailed. From despotism during Tsarist times to totalitarianism under the communist rule, it appears that the state has always been autonomous and dominant over the society. One would find it very difficult to find any signs of democratic culture. Furthermore, cultural features are particularly resistant to change over time. Indeed, after the fall of the imperial system, the communist period also proved to be highly centralized with strong authoritarian leaders who literally dominated every single aspect of the society. Moreover, most of the post-soviet Russian leaders had acquired their skills under an authoritarian regime and had been taught the values of authoritarianism; a regime strongly opposed to compromises but tends to favor personal rather than legal rule. Thus, the establishment of a strong executive in 1993 could be described as a confirmation of a Russian predilection for tailor-made political authority. Continuity rather than change would perhaps be more appropriate to describe the new institutions of the Russian Federation. Consequently, we could suggest that Russians leaders perceived the concept of constitutional democracy merely as an instrument of power consolidation rather than as an institution designed to foster political accommodation and consensus. To some extent, the rise of the reformers to power was more a tactic rather than a strategy. Reformists were more concerned with establishing a strong leadership against the growing oppositions that had been released by the collapse of Communism. As a result, not only did they fail to institute discipline through a rational political hierarchy within government institutions, but they also lacked any solid political program. Therefore, the relatively independent new autocratic executive clearly did not build solid structures over which a stable democratic state could evolve. In addition, although liberalization occurred, the constitution preserved some authoritarian characteristics inherent to Russian political tradition. The constitutional organization of Russia compromised the efficacy of the state throughout the 1990s and subsequently undermined the democratic consolidation. I believe that post-soviet Russia’s political features underscored more of a semi-liberal autocracy rather than a liberal democracy. According to Alan Siaroff, in a semi-liberal autocracy, the authority is “constrained only somewhat (if at all) by the constitution, courts, the rule of law, and/or the bureaucracy, constrained more by socio-political pluralism, especially the independent media” 3 (75). In Russia, this refers to the president, who literally incarnates the nation and holds considerable political power. Typically, the level of accountability between the institutions is minimal as opposed to the standard domestic hierarchy that we observe in contemporary western representative democracies. Alan Siaroff even argues that there is “no true political accountability” 4 (75). The constitution clearly illustrates this assumption given the absence of a formal ‘checks and balances’ procedures that would control the legislative process or that could supervise the executive power. In addition, these autocratic regimes tend to function according to rule by decree rather than to the rule of law. Scholars often use this term to refer to states that have failed to achieve institutional progress and governmental effectiveness after transition to democracy. As a result, social and economic problems inherited from the past regimes persist, which might provoke a return to authoritarianism. In Russia, the consolidation of democracy required an entirely new political framework. The collapse of the Soviet Union along with the disintegration of the communist party had many uneven repercussions throughout the territory. During the dismantling of the USSR, local elites immediately seized the resources that were available to them to secure power to avoid marginalization under the new regime. Since the federal system under the USSR was composed of regions and republics, the repartition of these resources turned out to be very uneven. Instead of rebuilding the foundations of the system on the basis of equality, Yeltsin fostered these differences between the federal units. With his constitutional right of personal appointments, he assigned representatives to every federal constituent. Tactically, this was optimal because it did not require tremendous efforts and it did not go against any legal principles; consequently, his power became more fortified and its legitimacy remained intact. Nevertheless, the old regional elites demonstrated reluctance to this subordination. However, Yeltsin could not fall back upon the support of the parliament because the two constitutional branches were unable to make compromises. In the end, Yeltsin opted for informal politics, which did not present serious difficulties as the president holds considerable influence over the federal courts. Thus, Yeltsin managed to establish a series of treaties with these local units without any substantial opposition. The agreements ensured political and economic autonomy from the government in exchange for electoral support. Therefore, the constitution enabled him to reinforce his power by presenting him with numerous opportunities to bypass formal politics without raising suspicions. But above all, it set in motion a political machine where center-periphery relations were henceforth built on a patrimonial basis. At that point, Russia engaged in a direction opposed to democratic principles and there was no going back unless a major transformation came from above. Indeed, by allowing greater autonomy to these local elites, the state experienced a proliferation of autonomous local regimes nearly independent. Rapidly, the environment evolved from small marginal authorities into influential sub-national authoritarian regimes. Sub-national authoritarianism stands for the localization of politics coupled with the monopolization of resources by local elites. With no legal interaction with the central authority, the government usually faces many principal agent-problems. As these local elites became more powerful economically and politically, they subsequently increased their lobbying power towards the governmental authorities. By the end of the 1990s, these sub-national authorities became major actors at the national level, dramatically reducing the coercive as well as the distributive capacities of the center. Since economic performances merely echo the relative capacity of the state, it is unsurprising that economic reforms have failed to deliver most of their promises. Similarly to democracy, a high level of consensus and accredited legal machinery connotes a stable economic environment. However, to neglect a constitutionally law-based state within a polarized society presupposes the failure of reforms. As in post-soviet Russia, corruption usually stems from the institutions until the state becomes incapable to develop sound economic programs through which it would access the resources necessary to provide social welfare. Above all, the lack of local administrative capacity encouraged by the constitutional features protracted the Russian transition from a planned-economy to a market economy. General social conditions deteriorated by the end of the 1990s with a life expectancy rate for women of 59.8 years in 1999. Some might argue that the Russian constitutional principles are not against democracy and that Russia’s democratic deficit cannot be ascribed to the constitution. By contrast, the consolidation of democracy requires a strong leadership and that an equally powerful legislature would only worsen the situation. Indeed, we could argue that Russia experimented with some sort of balanced ‘semi-presidentialism’ between the phases of the Soviet Union’s dissolution and the late 1993, when the new constitution was adopted through referendum. During this period, the legislature had reasonable powers but the upshot was unappeasable inter-branch conflict, climaxing in the violent clash of October 1993 between Yeltsin and the Parliament. I do not reject the argument that strong leadership is necessary for the consolidation of democracy; however, I believe that a strong independent executive prevented Russia from breaking with its authoritarian past experiences because having a reasonably powerful legislature is the key to democratic consolidation and it should be pointed out that, the impact of constitutional choices can only be fully understood in the context of each country’s political experience. Indeed, the historical tendency for Russia to appeal to strong symbolic personalities in period of dramatic changes usually led the people to associate change with one person. Consequently, once the cracks appeared within Yeltsin leadership, the corrosion of legitimacy automatically implied a decline in popular support for democratic values. Thus, the constitution has compromised the legitimacy of the post-Soviet regime in Russia by identifying democracy itself with a single person. Had Yeltsin been a very competent politician and had social and economic circumstances been more favorable, the association of president and political regime might not have undermined the legitimacy of democracy. Semi-presidential constitutions that provide for real shared authority over the government and the centers of real power are different; the president and the Parliament usually criticize one another for their actions but they do that without damaging the political system. As Yeltsin declined in popularity, democratic values appeared to loose legitimacy. The direct and indirect constitutional legacies inherited from the first decade of the Russian Federation caused a return towards authoritarianism under the leadership of Vladimir Putin. A democracy is a mode of government by the whole population or all the suitable members of the state typically through elected representatives. As Schumpeter puts it, “the democratic method is that institutional arrangement for arriving at political decisions in which individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the people’s vote” 5 (63). In other words, democracy includes competition and elections, which then provide for vertical accountability. On the other hand, a political system in which there is no true competition and accountability is called an autocracy: a system of government by one with absolute power; talk of absolutism. According to Alan Siaroff, under the classifications of political regimes, Russia falls in the category of semi-liberal autocracies or semi-authoritarian regimes. In the words of Ottaway, “the most important characteristics of semi-authoritarian regimes is the existence and persistence of mechanisms that effectively prevent the transfer of power through elections from the hands of the incumbent leaders or party to a new political elite or organization” 6 (78). As opposed to democratic regimes, the term semi-liberal autocracies entails that elections are not the true source of the government’s power, and thus voters cannot transfer power to a new leadership. I believe that the alternation of power in Russia since 2000 has been prevented by certain mechanisms directly and indirectly inherited from the constitution of 1993. Following his election to the presidency in 2000, Putin promoted an agenda that aimed at establishing the government’s supremacy over all scopes of political and civil life. Many scholars have debated on the question whether Russia can be qualified as a dominant power system. Thomas Carothers argues that Russia and South Africa fall just to the side of this syndrome: “They have a fair amount of political freedom and have held competitive elections of some legitimacy. Yet they are ruled by political forces that appear to have long-term hold on power, and it is hard to imagine any of the existing opposition parties coming to power for many years to come” 7 (13). Others consider the term “superpresidentialism” as more appropriate to describe the contemporary Russia’s parliamentary system. The suppression of many democratic principles such as the freedom of media, the ability to form or join interest groups, and the absence of civil liberties typified this environment. It guaranteed a complete control over elections while corruption gradually became normalized. Indeed, two legal initiatives were instituted in 2001 under Putin supervision, which severely reduced the number of competing parties. The executive also reinforced itself with the exclusion of regional elections and also through direct appointments of the governors by the President, centralizing the political authority. Former KGB bureaucrats began to direct both federal and regional governments, seizing strategic political positions. National television and media as well as numerous television channels and popular newspapers were swallowed up by state-controlled organizations. Furthermore, corruption was present in many different areas ranging from medical facilities, law enforcement, schools and education. The Disastrous reforms of the 1990s fueled the demand for a strong leadership and the constitution subsequently enabled the government under Putin to acquire an extensive control over all political institutions in the process. More specifically, it allowed for the concentration of power in the hands of the majority party United Russia, denying any potential transfer of power to a new leadership. The political development of Russia as illustrated above clearly demonstrates that Russia fails to meet the central criteria of democracy proposed by Schumpeter. Indeed, the leading political party in current Russia (United Russia) supported by the President Putin has revised the formal rules of the State Duma elections in order to guarantee for itself the ascendant role in Russia’s political apparatus. United Russia’s jurisdiction of the Parliament enables the president to control the legislature. Furthermore, Putin’s domination of both branches strengthened his ability to appoint judges and coupled with his capacity to affect decisions; he really controlled the judiciary. However, a formalized division of powers between the executive, legislature and judiciary plays a vital function in keeping checks and balances that are perceived as an essential guarantee of a democracy. It is evident that Russia has been experienced a deterioration of this mechanism, with the legislative and judicial branches of government being subordinate to the executive. By directly appointing judges, it facilitated Putin’s efforts to influence decisions. The consequences of this development were exhibited in a report by Transparency International, in which it was observed that the Russia judicial system manifested outrageous abuse of civil liberties as well as the negligence of Russian legislation and the rule of law. Corruption in courts is also common, which provides incentives to judges to generate decisions sentences based on financial interests. To centralize power to such an extent gave Putin’s advisers considerable authority, which made government corruption even more widespread. Only by establishing a real democratic checks and balances mechanism, including freedom of the media, can accountability emerge and corruption or ineffectiveness removed. Regarding the fairness of political competition, a competitive and adamant striving for votes would never take place without the freedom of the media and the right to run for office. As long as the press cannot be insulated from government threats, the public cannot be assured of politically independent supplies of political information, which is considered as a necessary requirement in democratic societies. Therefore, the absence of a competitive multiparty environment, a truly independent legal system, and free media in Russia prevent us from defining Russia’s contemporary political regime as democratic. Works Cited Bova, Russel. “Political Dynamics of the Post-Communist Transition.” World Politics 44(1991) : 113-38. Print. Brown, Archie. Contemporary Russian Politics: a Reader . New York: Oxford UP, 2001. Print. Carothers, Thomas. “The End of the Transition Paradigm.” Journal of Democracy 13.1 (2002): 5-21. Print. Fish, M. Steven. Democracy Derailed in Russia: the Failure of Open Politics . New York, NY: Cambridge UP, 2005. Print. Kesselman, Mark. European Politics in Transition . 6th Ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2009. Print. Siaroff, Alan. Comparing Political Regimes: a Thematic Introduction to Comparative Politics . 2nd Ed. Toronto: University of Toronto, 2009. Print. Footnotes 1. Thomas Carothers, The End Of The Transition Paradigm. P. 7. 2. Archie Brown, Contemporary Russian politics. P. 34. 3. Comparing Political Regimes, Alan Siaroff P.75. 4. Comparing Political Regimes, Alan Siaroff P.75. 5. Alan Siaroff, Comparing Political Regimes P. 63. 6. Alan Siaroff, Comparing Political Regimes P. 78. 7. Thomas Carothers, The End Of The Transition Paradigm. P. 13.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/russias-contemporary-political-regime-not-democratic/

Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The text discusses the importance of Sao Paulo's airports as a gateway to South America, and how their physical design and capacity limits must be considered in order to meet the needs of passengers.The text discusses the importance of Sao Paulo's airports as a gateway to South America, and how their physical design and capacity limits must be considered in order to meet the needs of passengers.

The text discusses the importance of Sao Paulo's airports as a gateway to South America, and how their physical design and capacity limits must be considered in order to meet the needs of passengers. The text discusses the importance of Sao Paulo's airports as a gateway to South America, and how their physical design and capacity limits must be considered in order to meet the needs of passengers.

Sao Paulo Airport Operations Research Paper Introduction Sao Paulo is a state in Brazil. The city is the regarded as the business hub of Latin America since is the wealthiest state in the country (Sao Paulo Congaonhas Airport, 2011). Nonetheless, Brazil as a country has a federal state system of government where its administration is divided into three levels; federal, state and city but each has clear defined mandate as per the Brazilian constitution (Sao Paulo Congaonhas Airport). In respect to transport industry in Brazil, Sao Paulo Congaonhas Airport continue to affirm that 82 percent of the country’s accessibility is by road, 9.1 percent by railway transport, pipeline accounts for 2.1 percent, marine transport being at 6.5 percent while 0.1 percent accounting for air transport. Sao Paulo Airports: Congonhas, Guarulhos and Viracopos Sao Paulo city has three airports that serve both domestic and international clients. In relation to these airports, Congonhas handles domestic flights; Viracopos International airport handles mostly international airlines although it also serves some domestic flights. In addition, Viracopo is the second largest and busiest in Brazil airport in Brazil. Nonetheless, Viracopos also handles cargo transport. Furthermore, Guarulhos International Airport also serves both domestic and international airlines. Therefore, it is relatively important to acknowledge that these three airports in Sao Paulo are the cornerstone for economic activities of the city and Brazil as a whole. This is due to the fact that they are strategically positioned as the gateway of South America. Consequently, the airports act as linkage corridors of Brazil (Sao Paulo) to the rest of the world through international airlines that operate in these airports. Moreover, there has been increased demand of airport services since there has been tremendous increase in passenger inflow to these airports in the recent years. The table below provides statistical information of increase in passenger for three financial years of the three airports. Statistical Information Showing Increase in Number of Passengers Three Year Period (2008 to 2010) of Three Airports Financial Year 2008 2009 2010 Congonhas 13,672,301 13,699,657 15,499,462 Guarulhos 20,997,813 21,727,649 26,849,185 Viracopos 5,430,066 3,364,404 5,430,066 Physical Design Assessment and Capacity Limitation of San Paulo Congonhas According to Kasarda (2010) the physical design and capacity requirement of any airport must be put into consideration during the initial phases of airport planning to meet standards and requirements of international air industry. Nonetheless, it relevant from the beginning to come up with physical design and capacity requirements that will accommodate regional or international demands as per the use of the airport in question. However, to be able to do this, it is important to prioritize the needs of the market. Some of the important factors according to Kazda and Robert (2007) that should be put into consideration include economic factors, requirements of the airport capacity, statistics of the air traffic and the forecasted demand of the airport in future. Nonetheless Ashford, Martin and Clifton (2010) postulate that physical design and capacity requirement of the airport is primarily depended on whether the airport will be a domestic or international terminal or whether it will serve both purposes. Congonhas is therefore one of the airports of the Sao Paulo city that has its special features that are related to their physical design and capacity requirements. The airport is south of Sao Paulo eight kilometers from its central business district. It is the second largest after Guarulhos which is also based in the same city. As result of the city of Sao Paulo being regarded as the economic hub in the Latin America, the airport remains to be economically important for the entire region hence it is served by major airlines operating in Brazil. However, there exists several physical design and capacity limitations for airport which have impacted negatively to the performance of the airport that has indeed led to its under-utilization. The airport was designed to serve domestic flights. Therefore, it continues to serve some of air carriers of the Brazilian air industry such as Pantanal Linhas, OceanAir and Transportes Aereos (Sao Paulo Congaonhas Airport, 2011). Nevertheless, the airport meets some of the basic airport physical design requirement. For instance, it can be easily accessed from the neighboring locations of the city of Sao Paulo by bus services that serve it. In addition, the airport has supportive facilities around such as hotels and other catering facilities that provide services to clients. This facilitates airport operations. As a result, the airport is able to serve approximately 18 million travelers per a year (Sao Paulo Congaonhas Airport). Nonetheless, there are several physical design and capacity limitation for a San Paulo Congonhas airport that acts as hindrances to full operation of the airport given its market demands. For instance, there has been increased passenger traffic which has led to greater demand in respect to the airport operational capacity. Consequently, this has jeopardized efficiency of airport operations. Therefore, according to Ashford and Wright (1992), the physical design and capacity limitation of the airport did not adhere to the design principles of the air industry where future projections of the market demands need to be put into consideration. This will help to overcome stretching its capacity in future operations as it is the case currently. In addition, physical design limitations of Paulo Congonhas airport can be noted from its security inefficiencies. In respect to this, Demsey (2000) prioritize security to be a key component in airport operations. However, in relation to physical design of Congonhas airport security system, there are some crucial security mechanisms that were not considered in its design. For instance, Global Navigation Satellite and the Differential Global Navigation Satellite System technologies that are being used by the airport is quite different and backdated technology as compared to the current security systems that are in use in other airports of the developed world such as the United States and some of the European countries (Airport Cooperative Research Program, 2001). In this respect, this security gap normal keeps off other potential airlines and clients from using the airport since security issues are highly prioritized in the air industry. Furthermore, physical design and capacity of the airport must provide enough landside facilities for example access roads and enough car park that should be in a capacity to serve peak demands. Moreover, these facilities must be able to lessen delays and congestion to the departing and arriving passengers. In respect to Congonhas, these facilities are currently strained since congestions and delays are experienced during peak seasons of the airport operations. These are limitations that hinder effectiveness of this airport since its physical design and capacity did not put into consideration its future demands. Consequently, it is relative that these facilities be re-planned by putting in place new physical designs that are able to withstand present and future market demands especially during peak demands. Therefore, as a result of these limitations, the airport is not meeting its actual market demands. Sao Paulo offers good economic activities which need to be served by Congonhas airport and therefore it needs to be in its full operational capacity to serve economic needs of the region. For instance, the region boosts of tourism activities which range from traditional architecture, museums, beaches which form the bulk of its economy (Airport Cooperative Research Program, 2001). It is therefore imperative for Congonhas airport to be in full operational capacity to be able to serve peak seasons Sao Paulo and its environs. Strategy Assessment of Sao Paulo Airports: Congonhas, Guarulhos and Viracopos Growth in airport transport usually comes as a result of improvement of economic activities in the region since transport is a function of economy. Therefore, for any country to successfully steer its economic activities, it is imperative to have good transport strategies to be able to steer economic activities in the region. However, in respect to air transport, the industry has experienced numerous evolutions that have entirely transformed it. Sao Paulo in this respect has strategy in place that seeks to transform its airports of Congonhas, Guarulhos and Viracopos so as to be able to handle passenger traffic that is doubling every ten (Airport Cooperative Research Program, 2001). Therefore, strategy in place of Sao Paulo airports includes investment that seeks to increase airport capacity for the period spanning 2010 to 2014 for the tune of 2.6 billion U.S. dollars (Sao Paulo Congaonhas Airport, 2011). As a result, the forecasted investment needs to improve physical designs and capacity to meet market demands during peak seasons in future and to be in pace with the demand growth rate. As a result, several facilities have been identified to be improved while other new ones to be put up. Nonetheless, given the fact that Congonhas airport is the second busiest airport in Brazil and the third busiest in the world in its freight and cargo handling, it is expected to be expanded from its current carrying capacity of six million to 18 million as its carrying capacity in future (Sao Paulo Congaonhas Airport, 2011). This will improve its services efficiency and be able to meet market demands. In addition, in the efforts of improving service delivery and efficiency of these airports, there is strategy in place to put up new boarding lounges to cater for the increasing number of passengers. This is expected to lessen congestion to the few available boarding facilities and to improve their facilities to meet international standards. Moreover, there are other facilities that are in the strategic plans of the Sao Paulo airports. For example, there are plans to increase departure gates of the airports. Increase of additional gates is desired to lessen departure dilemma that currently govern these airports since there is a substantial time being lost in the queuing process during departure (Sao Paulo Congaonhas Airport, 2011). Furthermore, there is a strategic plan of expanding car parking lot that currently holds approximately 3,400 cars. The expansion plans is intended to increase capacity to be in conformity with the anticipated growth of passengers in these airport. Just as there is increase in passenger traffic, is the same way that car traffic is experienced at the airports. Therefore, the Sao Paulo airports are in strategic plans of increasing parking lots for its passengers to facilitate parking of taxis and personal cars that serve the airports fraternity. Furthermore, Sao Paulo airports have a strategic plan of putting up a tunnel that connects these airports (Congonhas, Guarulhos and Viracopos). In addition, a light rail line that integrates the Sao Paulo airports is in plans to improve its transport system. This plan seeks to lessen transport system between these airports since they symbiotically co-exist. In addition, the airport terminals is among the strategic plans and they are expected to be increased and be linked with railway line which is expected to connected to these airports and other related facilities such as booking areas, baggage carousels and several counters for check ins (Airport Cooperative Research Program, 2010). This is intended to revolutionize airport operations by bringing forth effectiveness in the airport services. Nonetheless, there is also a strategy to increase airlines that operates from the three airports. However, this is designed to be implemented along with the expansion of process of these airports. Currently, there are several airlines that serve the three airports which can be categorized into two major groups of domestic and international airlines. In addition, there are those that are regarded as Brazilian national carriers. These national carriers are Tam airlines and Gol airlines. Nonetheless, there are other domestic airline operators which include TAF airlines, OceanAir airlines and WebJet airlines that serve the three airports of Sao Paulo and other regional airports (Sao Paulo Congaonhas Airport, 2011). In addition to domestic airlines operating in Sao Paulo airports, there are several international airlines that have their presence in the city. These include Swiss International Airlines that has its operation in Guarulhos International airport and operates in other international airports of other countries hence connecting Sao Paulo with the rest of the world. In addition other giant international airlines such as British Airways, Air France, Aerolineas Argentinas, American Airlines, Air Canada and United Airlines are some of the international airlines that have their operations present in the Sao Paulo Airports (Sao Paulo Congaonhas Airport, 2011). However, in the effort to strengthen economic performance of the region and the country as a whole, there are strategic plans to increase the number of both domestic and international airlines that are serving Sao Paulo city. This so since air industry plays a central role in commercial activities and therefore to be able to enhance these activities, it is necessary to increase operational capacity of airports in the region. Furthermore, in relation to the destinations served from the three airports, there are strategic plans of increasing them from their standing point. However, the strategy recognizes the need to first increase the carrying capacity and the physical design of these airports before expansion of their destinations is done since this translates to increase in airline operations in airports. Nonetheless, current destinations are determined by airlines serving these airports since each and every airline has its own destinations that relates to their central countries of operations. For instance, Air Canada which has its base in Canada has its destination to Toronto which is a Canadian capital, Air China serves Beijing which is a Chinese capital and Madrid, Air France has its destination to Paris, American Airlines serves several American cities which include Dallas, New York and Miami, British Airways serves London, Emirates serves Dubai. On the other hand, domestic airline operators serve most of the Brazilian cities (). For instance, Gol Airlines serves approximately 26 destinations in Brazil while TAM Airlines serves approximately 34 destinations include both domestic and international airports. Access from catchment area is also under strategic plans of Sao Paulo airports. Given its strong catchment area of over 20 million people with strong and ever busy economic activities, the region provides beehive of activities to airport operations. For instance, the state is the industrial and cultural center of the country and it also serves as the transportation hub of other states. For example there are several foreign companies that are located in city which undertake international business that require airport services. These commercial activities provide a rich catchment area that provides business to these airports. In this respect, Sao Paulo airports have crafted strategies to meet service demands of its catchment area in future through expansion of their terminal, improvement of the carrying capacity, addition of airline operators and expansion of their destinations in effort of opening the state to the global market. Connectivity to the airports is also a key area where Sao Paulo’s airports have strategized to undertake their development. Currently, these airports are accessed through use of cars and buses. However, there are few rail connections that can be used to access these airports but there are strategic plans to put up both rail and road connections to make them more accessible. In doing so, passenger traffic that is usually witnessed during peak seasons will be reduced and it will also help these airports to reach their full operational capacity. Nonetheless, there are several strengths and weaknesses of operating three or more airports in one city as is the case of Sao Paulo. To begin with, strengths are usually motivating factors that inspire governments and other stakeholders to have several airports in the same city. One of the most adored reasons include business environment that airports attracts in the city. This is as a result of increase in network both domestic and international for goods and services produced or offered by the airport city to the rest of the world. Entrepreneurs usually like positioning their business to airport environs for proximity. Moreover, Sao Paulo is a cosmopolitan city with huge population of people. This population always is in dire need of job opportunities to be able to certain its basic needs. In relations to this, presence of three airports in the city provides employment opportunities which may be directly or indirectly from airport related activities. For instance, employment opportunities may be indirect from other supporting activities such as hotel and catering industry which flourish in airport environs hence providing employment opportunities. On the other hand, employment opportunities may also be created directly from direct airports operations. For instance, air crew, aeronautical engineers and other professionals are employed by airports management and airlines to help provide their professional services in airport operations. Furthermore, the three airports in the same city provide an integrated economic hub which turns the city as a major preferred business destination (Kaps, 2000). For example, apart from Sao Paulo city, other city with numerous airports is Amsterdam which has also emerged a major destination for business and commercial activities. Therefore, economic impact to the city with several airports is huge compared to disadvantages that may result from their multiple presences in the city. On the other hand, there are several weaknesses accrued from the fact of one city having three airports. These include several restrictions to other economical activities in favour of airports operations. For example, processing industry which include factory activities, trucking and warehousing are completely segregated from airports environs since industrial emissions are highly discouraged to facilitate smooth airports operations. Therefore, despite airport activities encouraging other economic activities, it also hinders other commercial activities that can impact positively to the economy of the region. In addition, it is also imperative to note that airport environs are devoid of residential settlements for intensive flight paths. This implies that bigger fallow areas of land must be spared for flight paths. As a result, settlement pressure is put to other parts of the city which results to overcrowding that strains other social amenities in these areas. Proposal of the Strategy for Sao Paulo Airports For Sao Paulo airports to have effective services and to achieve their operational capacity, it is imperative that airports craft sound, proactive and reactive strategies. However, these strategies need to be implemented intelligently by guarding against negative change effects that may result from the change of strategy. After a careful analysis of the three airport of Sao Paulo, the paper proposes following strategies to be implemented in order to attain effectiveness in their operations. To begin with, airport management should embrace information communication technologies (ICT) in all its operational activities. ICT should be incorporated in all airport activities to help connect airport stakeholders which include airline operators, customers and other business providers. Excellent adoption of ICT services by stakeholders is likely to promote effectiveness and efficiency in service delivery of these airports. In addition, airports growth are normally determined by airline firms that provides airways services, business entities that regularly use air transport and businesses that provides ancillary services to air passengers. Therefore, it is crucial for the all these stakeholders to have specific strategies that are aimed at achieving efficiency and effectiveness while meeting market demands in all seasons including peak periods. For this reason, it is important for airport management to enter into collaborations with other airlines that operate in other destinations in order to open Sao Paulo to more regions of the world. In terms of increasing revenue for these airports, the airports management needs to craft good marketing strategies that should use modern ICT services to be able to target both corporate and individual clients in order to guarantee its revenue inflow. In respect to businesses that provides ancillary services to customers, plans should be in place to improve and increase their services in order to cater for the increasing number of passengers. Moreover, it is relatively important for the airports management to engage in commercial developments that seek to support airports operations. For instance, ventures into catering and accommodation facilities will likely to make airports management to be self reliant. This will help reduce dependency on private players since they may hold airports operations hostage at some point due to uncertainties in their management. Nevertheless, business process re-engineering of the airport needs to take place to overhaul airports operations that are currently characterized with inefficiency (Ahern, Elisabeth, Ledus & Mary, 2009). However, this re-engineering should take place after physical re-designing of the airport that should take place first to meet the current and future operational capacity. The re-engineering process should be geared towards increasing revenue inflow so as these airports can be self reliant in addition of adding value to its business value. However, it is important to acknowledge that implementation of these strategies will experience several challenges that may be detrimental in their initial phases. For instance, in its initial stages, it will be difficult to meet optimum possible value derived from strategies such as business process re-engineering since their positive effects might take some while before they are reflected. It is therefore relevant that implementation efforts be emphasized throughout this phase to guarantee better results afterwards. In addition, due to business re-engineering and the desired increase in operational capacity, activities in these airports will tremendously increase and so variety of skills will be required. It therefore implies that there will be a challenge in skills development hence human resource developments of these airports need to be proactive in providing necessary skills needed in expansion and advancement process. Conclusion To wind up, it is evident that Sao Paulo airports; Congonhas, Guarulhos and Viracopos have some physical design and capacity issues that need to be addressed for them to achieve their operational capacity. Nonetheless, it is also important to note that these airports are not able to meet market demands during peak seasons and it is imperative that expansion process should be initiated that will enable them meet their market demands. Consequently, expansion and advancement of these airports will contribute to economic growth of Sao Paulo city and the entire Brazil. This is as a result of the region being open to more regions of the world hence acting as a recipe for commercial activities. Nevertheless, despite having several strategies in place that seek to engineer expansion process, there are several challenges that are likely to hamper the process. Therefore, it is advisable for the airports management to be keen on these challenges so to guard against their adverse effects in the restructuring process. Successful implementation of restructuring strategies and physical redesigning will guarantee full operational capacity that is important in meeting market demands especially during peak seasons. Therefore, it is imperative to implement these strategic plans with great care to avoid negative changes in the implementation process. However, skill development is also required to be prioritized in the restructuring processes since airports operations exists in dynamic environment and therefore skills also needs to be dynamic. However, implementation process need to be regularly reviewed to evaluate its performance and necessary correction measure made. This will ensure that implementation process achieve the desired results. References Ahern, J, Elisabeth, L & Mary, L. (2009). Biodiversity Planning and Design . Islands Press, Washington, DC. Airport Cooperative Research Program. (2001) Common Use Facilities and Equipment at Airports . Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences. Airport Cooperative Research Program. (2010) Airport Passenger Terminal Planning and Design . Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences. Ashford, N & Wright, P. (1992) Airport Engineering . Canada, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Ashford, N, Martin, S & Clifton, M. (2010) Airport Operations . New York, McGraw-Hill. Demsey, P. (2000) Airport Planning and Development Handbook . United States, McGraw-Hill. Kaps, R. (2000) Fiscal Aspects of Aviation Management . Unites States of America, Southern Illinois University Press. Kasarda, J. (2010) Global Airport Cities . United Kingdom, Insight Media. Kazda, A & Robert, C. (2007) Airport Design and Operation . United Kingdom, Elsevier. Sao Paulo Congaonhas Airport. (2011) Sao Paulo Congonhas International Airport Information Guide to Sao Paulo . Web. Vasich, B, Ken, F & Liam, M. (2010) Foundations of Airline Finance . England, Ashgate Publishing Ltd.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/sao-paulo-airport-operations/

Write the full essay for the following summary: The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is an important piece of legislation that was enacted in response to several accounting and corporate management scandals that tarnished the public's impression of the fairness of the representations listed in the financial statements. The law focuses on the punishment of corporate officers and external auditors found conspiring and plotting to defraud the investors and other stakeholders by presenting false income statements and balance sheets.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is an important piece of legislation that was enacted in response to several accounting and corporate management scandals that tarnished the public's impression of the fairness of the representations listed in the financial statements. The law focuses on the punishment of corporate officers and external auditors found conspiring and plotting to defraud the investors and other stakeholders by presenting false income statements and balance sheets.

Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Adoption as a Crucial Piece of Legislation Essay The implementation of the Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002 is an important piece of legislation. The research focuses on the punishment of corporate officers and external auditors found conniving and conspiring to defraud the investors and other stakeholders by presenting false income statements and balance sheets. The research focused on studying prior accountings scandals as triggering events precipitating the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The research focuses on the auditing oversight committee. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act aims to significantly decrease and stop the preparation of fraudulent financial statements. According to Debra de Vay (2006), the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 is an important piece of legislation. The law was crafted by United States Senator Paul Sarbanes (D –MD) and United States Representative Michael Oxley (R –OH). The law was approved and implemented in 2002. The accounting scandals that rocked the United States precipitated the compulsory creation of a law that would bring back the public’s trust in the financial statements, the external auditors, and the corporations. The law only focuses on companies offering their stocks within the United States stock exchanges. The law does not cover private companies not offering their stocks in the stock exchanges. According to Theodore Plette (2008), the 200 laws created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board or PCAOB. The board registers external auditors, inspects, and determines if the companies are complying with all the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Likewise, the Act makes it compulsory for senior managers of the corporations to be held directly liable for any fraudulent misrepresentation in the organization’s financial statements. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 increases the penalty for auditing firms and corporations found violating any section of the 2002 Act. The 2002 law punishes any person (corporate officers or external auditing staff) found burning, hiding, or damaging records that will prove the financial statements are fraudulent. Bernhard Kuschnik emphasized (2007) the law focuses on curtailing the fraudulent preparation of fraudulent financial statements. The law focuses on the prevention of companies listed in the stock exchanges from presenting intentionally misleading financial statements. The law includes the implementation of penalties on the officers of the corporations and the auditing firms found guilty of intentionally conniving to present false financial reports. Guy Lander (2003) theorized the law was created in response to several accounting and corporate management scandals that tarnished the public’s impression of the fairness of the representations listed in the financial statements. Enron was able to victimize several current and prospective investors to funnel their cash and other assets into Enron. The unsuspecting investor victims trusted the external auditor’s report stating the financial statements of Enron were fairly presented. In reality, the Enron officers and the external auditor, Arthur Andersen, connived to hide a significant portion of the company’s liabilities from the financial statement users’ scrutinizing eyes. As a result, the investors relied on fraudulent financial statements to invest in Enron. After the discovery of the fraud and true financial performance, Enron filed for bankruptcy. In the same manner, Arthur Andersen closed shop because its name as an unbiased auditing firm had been tarnished by a handful of fraudulent auditing staff. Likewise, Guy Lander (2003) stated they are no other companies that suffered the same fate as Enron. Tyco connived with its external auditors to present fraudulent financial statements. Another company, Worldcom, also connived with the external auditors to present false financial reports. Adelphia is another company that is brave enough to present false financial statements to entice hapless investors to put their money in the coffers of the company. Based on the above discussion, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 aims to reduce and prevent the falsification of financial statements. The law penalizes corporate officers and external auditors for conniving and conspiring to defraud the investors and other stakeholders by presenting false income statements and balance sheets. The accountings scandals tipped the balance towards creating and enforcing a more stringent law to punish the executive officers and the external auditing firm for conniving and conspiring to prepare false financial statements. The law creates an oversight board to monitor and punish erring corporate officers and auditing firms. Indeed, the adoption of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is an important law. References De_Vay, D. (2006). The Effectiveness of the Sarbanes-Oxey Act of 2002 in Preventing and Detecting Fraud in the Financial Statements. New York, University Press. Kuschnik, B. (2007). The U.S. Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 Corporate Governance. New York, Grin Press. Lander, G. (2003). What is Sarbanes-Oxley Act? New York, McGraw Hill Press. Plette, T. (2008). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. New York, Nova Press.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/sarbanes-oxley-act-of-2002-adoption-as-a-crucial-piece-of-legislation/

Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) has been found to be beneficial to companies in the first sample of companies studied. Through SOX, companies adopt conservatism by avoiding abnormal accruals. In addition, companies detect losses at their early stages and thus avoiding them altogether. With SOX, companies are able to increase their real-earnings management compared to prior accruals-based earnings management during the pre-SOX duration. Increased real-earnings management is possible through manipulation of decisions related to actual spending. Moreover, real earnings management is relatively undetectable. The increased benefits of real earnings management have resulted to convenience of time management because financial managers no longer meet frequently for financial forecasting.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) has been found to be beneficial to companies in the first sample of companies studied. Through SOX, companies adopt conservatism by avoiding abnormal accruals. In addition, companies detect losses at their early stages and thus avoiding them altogether. With SOX, companies are able to increase their real-earnings management compared to prior accruals-based earnings management during the pre-SOX duration. Increased real-earnings management is possible through manipulation of decisions related to actual spending. Moreover, real earnings management is relatively undetectable. The increased benefits of real earnings management have resulted to convenience of time management because financial managers no longer meet frequently for financial forecasting.

Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) : Review Essay From the studies conducted from the first sample of companies, it is evident that Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) is beneficial to companies. Through SOX, companies adopt conservatism by avoiding abnormal accruals. In addition, companies detect losses at their early stages and hence avoiding them altogether. With SOX, companies are able to increase their real-earnings management compared to prior accruals-based earnings management during the pre-SOX duration. Increased real-earnings management is possible through manipulation of decisions related to actual spending. Moreover, real earnings management is relatively undetectable. The increased benefits of real earnings management have resulted to convenience of time management because financial managers no longer meet frequently for financial forecasting. SOX have had a positive impact on financial companies conducting financial audit. The reliable nature of SOX especially in reporting accruals has lessened financial auditing practices. It is without doubt that SOX harness investors’ confidence through improved quality of audit practices. SOX have made it possible for independent auditors to take part in corporate auditing. SOX has given corporate shareholders confidence in financial management of their investments. SOX have been integral in improvement of corporate governance. Investors from previous poorly performing companies are able to avoid fraud through SOX. It is rare for companies to issue financial restatements after complying with SOX provisions. SOX encourage standardization of audit practices through inspections made by Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is beneficial from a comparability point of view. In this regard, companies are able to compare their financial management practices to those from other parts of the world. IFRS encourages cross-border investments and market integration. Eventually, the IFRS conversion provides companies with lower cost of capital. Companies complying with IFRS have a chance to experience market liquidity. On the other hand, IFRS is deemed as unreliable due to its high flexibility nature. Lack of guidelines and rules can be detrimental to financial management and loss of investor confidence. Diversity in accounting standards does not amount to a single global standard. In this respect, IFRS does not conform to a global standard. Diversity in IFRS results to various interpretations of IFRS that hinders the creation of a global standard. The economic implication of switching to IFRS is that the conversion is costly in terms of resources and time. Switching to IFRS takes time to implement and is viewed as a long-term investment. Switching to IFRS leads to reduced efforts in earnings management since financial managers and investors do not spend time trying to comply with national accounting regulations. The convenience and reliability of IFRS in reporting accurate financial statement information is evidence of the reducing earning management efforts. Moreover, investors are likely to anticipate financial statement from other sources and so save their time trying to get information from nationally-based accounts standards. In this regard, investors’ financial matters are serviced by better-informed accounting professionals. IFRS reduces the cost of processing financial statements, which is an indication that there are minimal efforts towards earning management. IFRS conversion is an accounting strategy to improve on efficiency and competitiveness in stock markets. Elimination of adjustments in financial statements during IFRS comparability is an indication that IFRS is improving on reducing information risk to investors. In this respect, investors and financial managers’ efforts, time and finances are reduced by adoption of IFRS.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/sarbanes-oxley-act-sox-review/

Provide the full text for the following summary: The Saudi Arabian real estate industry has been praised for its resilience in the face of the recent global economic recession. The sector accounts for 5.1% of Saudi Arabia's Gross Domestic Product, which is valued at SR55 billion (Lang, 2011, p. 1). As such, at this macroeconomic front, there is a strategic real estate expansion initiative projected to reach the SR2 trillion threshold investments in the whole nation. However, with the current real estate ventures amounting to SR 1 trillion, the Saudi Arabian mortgage division has ranked second at the global front, trending close to Shanghai China (Lang, 2011, p. 1).

The Saudi Arabian real estate industry has been praised for its resilience in the face of the recent global economic recession. The sector accounts for 5.1% of Saudi Arabia's Gross Domestic Product, which is valued at SR55 billion (Lang, 2011, p. 1). As such, at this macroeconomic front, there is a strategic real estate expansion initiative projected to reach the SR2 trillion threshold investments in the whole nation. However, with the current real estate ventures amounting to SR 1 trillion, the Saudi Arabian mortgage division has ranked second at the global front, trending close to Shanghai China (Lang, 2011, p. 1).

Saudi Arabian Real Estate Industry Analysis Report Global Acclaim of the Saudi Arabian Real Estate Industry Although the widespread global economic meltdown, in the recent global economic recession, did not spare the Saudi Arabian real estate market, the sector did not wane away but rather maintained its standing as one of the main revenue generators in the Saudi Arabian Republic. The kingdom’s real estate sector accounts for 5.1% of Saudi Arabia’s Gross Domestic Product, which is valued at SR55 billion (Lang, 2011, p. 1). As such, at this macroeconomic front, there is a strategic real estate expansion initiative projected to reach the SR2 trillion threshold investments in the whole nation. Nonetheless, with the current real estate ventures amounting to SR 1 trillion, the Saudi Arabian mortgage division has ranked second at the global front, trending close to Shanghai China (Lang, 2011, p. 1). The current fiscal stamina in the real estate market in Saudi Arabia can not only be attributed to the global rise in oil prices but also to the thriving business environment prior to the 2008 – 2009 economic boom. This encouraging move at the macroeconomic level has greatly been necessitated by the rising demand of residential units, noting the population growth rate which has been on the upward trend (approximated at 2.5% annually and a population of about 27 million people as at the end of 2009) in recent times. Statistical research approximated the occupied residential houses to be about 4.3 million in 2007 compared to the current projection of the 2015 housing unit’s demand of 5.8 million (Lang, 2011, p. 1). Saudi Arabia’s capital, Riyadh, has a yearly population increase of over 8%, its total population is expected to hit the 10 million scorelines by the year 2020 and this has qualified it as a viable target as a pioneer mega-metropolitan in the Gulf domain within the next ten years (Lang, 2011, p. 1). With statistics showing a 40% shortfall in the kingdom’s housing sector, it is unlikely that the kingdom would meet the residential real estate sector promptly (Lang, 2011, p. 1). In spite of this, the Riyadh convention, where the key players in the Saudi Arabian real estate market had a conference; highlighted the central role played by Housing Finance corporations in satisfying this looming residential house shortages. To supplement the public effort towards this goal of meeting residential demand, Saudi Arabia has fostered a welcoming outlook towards foreign investors in the real estate market, as such the Kingdom has realized a broad spectrum of not only splendid expertise but also heavy housing investments. The campaign for the implementation of equal rights policies in the foreign department has seen a rise in the number of investment licenses issued to foreign investors. In addition to favorable foreign investment laws, the kingdom has also provided attractive incentives to the targeted foreign investors both in lengthened lease periods and tax waivers. As such the Saudi Arabian real estate market has been strengthened to gain international appeal and has become one of the global entities in the global real estate front. Saudi Arabia hosting most of Islamic cultural and religious heritage is home to Muslim pilgrimage which attracts an innumerable number of Muslim faithful each year as they reverence the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. Such international tourists demand quality residence at the time of their pilgrimage thus state as well as private developers have and need further harness this golden treasure of demand in the real estate front, by providing housing facilities that meet the international standards, leading to higher gains in the kingdom. Stimulus package for holistic community development The stimulus package intervention measure does spell the commitment of the executive in prioritizing the real estate sector, this has not only triggered the realization of social equity in the form of job creation and community development but also has catalyzed infrastructural expansion. As such, the integration of infrastructural expansion initiatives has improved the connectivity in the Saudi Arabian transport sector enabling accessibility which is key to the economic stability of a nation. The general economic stability has cushioned the susceptible fronts of the real estate sector from collapsing, availing timely redemption to the feeble housing sectors in tough and rough fiscal climates, which has ultimately resulted in a thriving real estate market at all times. In this year (2011), for instance, in a bid to assure Saudi citizenry of good housing facilities, the executive custodian of the Holy Mosque has declared a supreme decree which has seen an improvement in the financial status of the Real Estate Development Fund from the minimum annual allocations of SR 300,000 to SR 500,000 and the overall capital investments rose to strike the SR 40 billion mark adequate for holistic community development in the housing sector (Lang, 2011, p. 1). This can best be illustrated by the 500,000 residential houses scheduled to be established under the watch of the Housing Commission in the current initiative amounting to SR 250 billion. The primary role of this project is to ease the uprising residential house demand by constructing and supplying modest and affordable residential units to the citizenry. In spite of the unpredictable microeconomic inflationary trends, residential unit investments would certainly better the community’s social fabric and living conditions in the long run. The Governments Strategic role in triggering and sustaining real estate ventures The legislation of new mortgage laws through the joint effort of the Council of Chambers, finance ministry, and trade and industry ministry has streamlined the real estate platform giving the citizenry not only the financial back up through loans, insurance cover, and home ownership rights but also by providing the necessary vetting systems and policies for proper construction personnel. The aforementioned stimulus package from the government and the monitory surveillance of the prevailing real estate market by the government is cross-cutting in impacting the housing sector of the economy. In a more direct way, such bodies as the National Guard, General Housing Authority, and GOSI have developed 17,000, 500,000, and 691residential housing units respectively (Lang, 2011, p. 1). Some benefits of the government’s intervention in the real estate market are indirect, for instance, the plight of the government to foster the establishment of civil institutions such as health centers, hospitals, schools, and business centers demand unreserved contribution and partnership of the private sector, and the end result of such partnerships would be again to each citizen of the kingdom. It is therefore apparent in this view that the government facilitates the growth of the real estate industry not only through the legislation of the governing policies, the provision of stimulus packages that catalyze real estate investments, the active integration of private partnerships in a broad spectrum of real estate industry platforms but also by providing the delicate balance of a fair playground through various surveillance and control mechanisms. The pivotal role of Infrastructure in the development of the real estate market At the international front the viability of real estate investments in a kingdom is gauged with respect to the level of its infrastructural status; especially the transport infrastructure in its trio perspective of the land, sea, and air effectiveness and connectivity. Saudi Arabia has made huge efforts in meeting these international expectations by initiating 6 ventures in the Airport domain valued at SR 25 billion, 2 ventures in the Port domain valued at SR 12 billion, and 23 projects in the Railway domain valued at SR 96 billion (Lang, 2011, p. 1). This has assured the kingdom of again in their competitive outlook at the international front, thus enjoying a better foreign real estate investment attraction over most nations in the world. In effect, the developed Saudi Arabian infrastructural facilities have provided the much-needed link between cities and towns revolving them into economic giants in which case job creation has heightened the housing demand both at the residential and industrial fronts. In addition to this, the improved connectivity in the wake of infrastructural enhancement has seen the emergence of new economic hubs coupled with the associated economic boom has raised the demand for real estate services thus necessitating immediate supply for the same. Proper property management for optimum profits The gain in long-term real estate investments is basically anchored on the quality of the mortgage and the proficiency in its management. To effectively optimize revenues, tap costs, and compress losses the current highly funded real estate projects need increased quality assurance oversight management personnel. Leasing programs must be dynamic and flexible to the current trends in the housing demand and supply chain, thus, it is only the tentative adjustment of lease charges as depended on supply-demand fluctuations which would ensure full estate occupancy and optimal gain. The purchase of land for residential purposes in Saudi Arabia is much higher now than it was in 2008, arising from the general trend of increased land prices all across the kingdom as evident in each elite suburb. This was triggered by the dwindling economic climate which was a precursor of the global economic slump by means of which the initial quarter of 2010 the purchase of residential plots went down by a 10% margin (Lang, 2011, p. 1). From the second quarter up till now, the demand for residential plots has been appreciating with the purchase price being approximately SR 1,700 per square meter, up by 13.5% compared to that of 2010. The elite neighborhoods of Khobar and Jeddah have registered the highest inflation of about 20% with the purchase price per square meter soaring to SR 3,000. In such other places as Dhahran, Dammam, Riyadh and Makkah the plot purchase price ranged between SR 500 to SR 2,000 per square meter (Lang, 2011, p. 1). The production cost in constructing residential units is also on the rise given the soaring prices of steel which was relatively steady two years ago but now stands at 37.9% higher than that of 2010. Electric cables are also up by 10%, nonetheless the price of bricks and cement has maintained a steady price (Lang, 2011, p. 1). It is anticipated that the cost of construction materials would heighten as the government and the private sector try to meet the national directive of putting up 500,000 residential homes before 2015 (Lang, 2011, p. 1). Moreover, energy and transport demands in the construction industry coupled with the utility requirements of water, sewer and gas has also heightened the production and maintenance cost in real estate market. Although underexploited, the industrial sector of real estate’s treasure is been tapped by the integration of research proposals of higher institutions of learning who are advocating for academia commercialization with the basic objectives of protecting intellectual assets, widening the labor market and propelling national economic status to higher heights, the net effect of which is to replenish, sustain and prosper the demand for both productive and commercial industrial real estates. The government is also advocating for the formation of community based non-profit institutions to foresee the construction and provision of affordable residential units to the vast majority of its populace. This system has realized its success in its differential approach, considering every subset of the whole kingdom for equitable distribution of available public resources. Local governments’ autonomy is thus greatly boosted in resolving regional trends and market variations. The emergence of Intermediate residential units Professional housing developers are currently eyeing to tap the emerging class of a middle income citizenry as opposed to the former micro-level outlook of real estate sector. With an estimate of 900 annual demands for mid-scale residential units in the market, the optimization of this ideal venture is being exploited by putting up such modest houses near the central business districts. Coupled with broad initiatives from the government, of according subsidized housing services the real estate developer is optimizing the uprising niche of middle income clients by providing modest residential units with purchase values ranging from SR 650,000 to SR 800,000 (Lang, 2011, p. 1). The varied preferences of this class of the well paid working public requires that their family autonomy be considered in providing able and spacious residential units under which state the purchase tag ranges from SR 200 to SR 250 per square foot. Although the residential front of real estate sector is fostered by the incentives from the government and infrastructural development, the provision of decent homes to the citizenry in a whole different story altogether; such social equity can only be realized through the concerted effort of all the stakeholders involved; the government, the private sector and the citizenry. The main stumbling block for both the government and private entities, in streamlining the real estate industry would be in bridging the gap poised by the diverse and widely varied range on the supply and demand fronts. With the youth (age 16 – 35) being the majority in Saudi Arabian population (about 60%) and most of them having joined the work force as novices (Cobb, 2010, p.1). Affordability should therefore be the center of attention given that many among the populace earn monthly wages of less than SR 8,000, in consequent, the current property market value is way too high beyond what they can manage to afford. Analysis Real Estate Market Dynamics The general trend of real estate market dynamics is cyclical in Saudi Arabia, with the prevailing real estate market fluctuations being the most accurate indicator of the state economic growth; population growth triggers a heightened demand for all the varied facets of real estate services, such as residential units, business/retail malls, official constructions and industrial premises (Cobb, 2010, p.1). In consequence, the corporate division and the government strive to meet the demand by investing heavily in the real estate sector, thus, pulling the cash flows from the promising demand basically through total transfer sale of real estates or through lease rental offers. Such a thriving market is usually short lived and more often than not, it is closely followed by oversupply which distorts the prevailing real estate cost status, resulting to staggering and reduced gains in this sector. At this moment the consumer is most favored by the declining rental cost, and in effect a lot of consumers are wooed into active spending thus raising demand, and thus does the cycle recur. The alternating real estate market fluctuations have an inherent economical function of maintaining a sustainable equilibrium between demand and supply ratio (Cobb, 2010, p.1). Such an economic equilibrium is indispensable in boosting investor confidence, for it cushions real estate investors against unforeseen risks and it also ensures healthy living environment thrives in the kingdom. Taxes Considering Saudi Arabia’s tax table; transfer taxes in the form of stamp duties for documentary purposes are not levied, sales tax has been offloaded, income tax is imposed on foreign investors who run various ventures in Saudi Arabia, and Zakat is imposed on the populace of Saudi Arabia who run varied corporations in the kingdom, Zakat is imposed at a fixed yearly rate of 2.5%, the inclusion of tax waivers and subsidies by the kingdom has proved to be one of the key strategic innovations in assuring affordability for Saudi Arabia’s populace (Cobb, 2010, p.1). Insurance and Maintenance Costs According to the afore mentioned research facts the purchase of a three bedroom single residential house with one storey- on a plot surface of 900 square meters, with a garage, three bathrooms, having electricity and water supply would necessarily need to be accompanied with a secure insurance cover. Insurance services provide an assurance to lending corporations and with such guarantee comes a reduced risk which avails the fiscal strength in securing higher loans at a minimal down payment. The actuarial estimates of the annual premium charges basically rests on the value of the residential unit and all that is within it, not overlooking the various types of potential risks which may befall the residence; for instance such uncertainties as security threats from robbers, fire incidents etcetera (Cobb, 2010, p.1). In effect therefore, it is of a paramount importance that one insures not only the standard household assets but also his/her personal belongings to avert situations of a claim being nullified or rejected by the insurance company. The current hi-tech community has also simplified the whole process of insurance, for one can gather relevant data concerning the most effective service provider of insurance services via on-line databases, otherwise, one can always network with online insurance brokers who would provide readily counsel on the optimal insurance providers at reduced prices (Ravi, 2011, p.1). The maintenance and repair expenses on the other hand, would be addressed by forming Homeowners’ Associations with the residents in my neighborhood. The homeowner’s association would be mandated with the responsibility of seeing to it that title deed restrictions, conditions and agreements are adhered to in a bid to sustaining decent residential services. It is compulsory for members of a particular neighborhood to join its homeowners’ association; such membership is basically associated with varied annual charges for meeting the multi-dimensional aspects of the estates needs (Ravi, 2011, p.1). Some of the services offered by homeowners’ association are the payment of joint insurance premium, carrying out repair and maintenance services, ensure conducive community landscaping, and provide recreational activities, security, social institutions for general social functions, ensure constant arrangement of street lighting at the expense of the revenue generated from the minimal annual charges of each member. It is also within the domain of homeowners’ mandate to ensure a timely supply of such utilities as water, gas and electricity, including also proper garbage disposal and sewer systems for its members. In view of the diverse multi-faceted functions of the home owners’ association it is advisable that they maintain an enormous reserve base with good reputation, this would ensure that they maintain a sustainable strength in meeting the varied issues for the neighborhood. Real Estate Capital; Sources Raising the much needed finances for such a project as the acquisition of residential house has to some measure proved to be challenging, nonetheless, the corporate division has collaborated with scholars in reaching the intended audience; investors and the citizenry of Saudi Arabia’s kingdom. Fresh initiatives and strategies are being formulated to sensitize and enlighten the whole society on the most effective ways of securing financial help from the corporate lending entities (Ravi, 2011, p.1). Although the financial institutions providing lending services are not limited to financing residential developments but also provide a wide spectrum of financial services to real estate sector; for instance in corporate office, retail, warehouse development, land acquisition and shopping mall development- they have greatly eased the financial burden off the shoulders of a vast majority of Saudi Arabia’s populace (Ravi, 2011, p.1). As such, Saudi Arabia’s real estate market has realized an increase in the number of credit facilities offered to its citizenry, the repayment interest rates of which are tentatively monitored by the financial regulatory authorities across the kingdom. In Saudi Arabia it is critical that one establishes and validates the credibility of the financial institution prior to securing a loan, key among the principles of inquiry are such concerns as to whether the financial institution does meet all the prescribed Sharia rules for the corporate division and whether the financial institution adheres to the Capital Market Authority’s stipulated guiding policies on corporate lending services. This would guarantee the client of receiving the best service from an accredited institution, and in effect, cushion the client against unforeseen risks of hiked interest rates. It goes without saying that the credit institutions have their fair share of uncertainties and challenges, this arises from the overall complexity of real estate initiatives; for real estate initiatives are loaded with various risks. These risks can be categorized into three broad perspectives; industry, developer and project risks (Ravi, 2011, p.1).The industrial risks are primarily governed by the afore mentioned cyclic real estate dynamics involving the tentative balance of demand and supply forces. The developer’s risk questions the developer’s proficiency in undertaking real estate enterprises; this comprise of but not limited to his ability to meet the threshold legal demands, past experience and his reputation in real estate development. The risks accompanying the project involve probable time overrun, financial shortfall, surplus expenses involved in after-sales settlement Presentation Bearing into considerations the afore named variables in the Saudi Arabian Real Estate market, and taking note of the applicable assumptions, for me to purchase a three bedroom single residential house with one storey – on a plot surface of 900 square meters, with a garage, three bathrooms, having electricity and water supply I would value the needed expenses at: SERVICE PRICE (SR) Purchase of the single residence 650,000 Annual insurance premium 5,000 Taxes and related fees 12,500 Annual utility expenses (water, gas, 10,000 Electricity and sewer) Homeowners’ Association fee (annual) 4,000 Legal fee on title deed transfer 3,500 Total 685,000 Therefore, according to the design of my preferred one storey residential unit, on a plot area of 900 square meters, with three bathrooms, a garage and having electricity and water supply, in light of the assigned value based on research I would secure a SR 700,000 loan at a fixed annual interest rate of 4.25% running for a period of 4 years payable in equal monthly installments. This would sum up the total expenses in carrying out the project to approximately SR 820,000. Consequently, each monthly loan repayment installment would be about SR 17,000. Preparation of Legal Documents Regarding the Purchase As my case study warrants, the purchase of a single family residence would follow after establishing the values of the residence, whereby after due considerations one identifies the seller and does invite witnesses, business personnel, law enforcement personnel to the purchase and transfer deal of the housing unit (Ravi, 2011, p.1). Some of the key personalities who must be present during the purchase are lawyers and land brokers who are always on the lookout about private land sales. Upon negotiating and settling at a fair agreement, I – the buyer accompanied by the seller would seek to establish from the local Sharia Court whether the seller truly owns the plot of land in question, where we also sign the documentary transfer of the plot of land in form of a title deed. The local Sharia Court embosses and stamps the title deed to authenticate a lawful transfer of ownership. The other front of legal settlements in the sale of single residential house is the formal mutual consensus on the rights, privileges and duties of both the real estate developer and the client which must of necessity be pinned down. The formal document should clearly define the nature of the contract that is, whether the settlement should be of a fixed price or whether it would be subject to fluctuations in material, manpower and miscellaneous costs. Assumptions The purchase of the single residential unit described above required several assumptions: 1. The residential density approximated approach a mean residential unit quantity of 900 square feet, which is in sync with the current neighborhood inclinations. 2. Employment density has been approximated at 360 square feet per worker. 3. A single parking garage is assumed to be included in the residential structure. 4. The community landscape is assumed to be a combination of both the residential and commercial real estate units in the ratio of 60% to 40% respectively (Ravi, 2011, p.1). 5. The annual utility expense estimate is subject to change within the course of the year due to the flexibility of market control which is subject to the prevailing economic climate. In this case, such fluctuations have been assumed to have a minimal impact on the projected value. 6. Assuming that all other real estate variables are invariant and within the limits of financial accuracy, I would purchase the single residential unit at SR 685,000 as established from the foregoing research. References Cobb, Michael. Saudi Arabia’s New Private Sector Investment Strategies (2010). Web. Lang, Jones. Top Trends for Saudi Arabia’s Real Estate in 2011. Web. Ravi, Dhushyanthi. Gulf Construction. (2011). Web. Group Evaluation Sheet NAME____________________________ DIRECTIONS: You are to complete this form by identifying all group members, including yourself. Evaluate each group member by describing what you perceive to be their strengths and weaknesses relevant to your group experience with them. Having identified strengths and weaknesses, then provide the individual with a 1-5 group effectiveness rating. REPORT TOPIC:____________________________________________________________ GROUP PARTICIPANTS: (including yourself) 1.____________________________________ – % Work 2.____________________________________ – % Work 3.____________________________________ – % Work 4.____________________________________ – % Work Individual Comments and Ratings 1.______________________________________________________(participant’s name) Strengths Weaknesses Low High Rating 1 2 3 4 5 2.______________________________________________________(participant’s name) Strengths Weaknesses Low High Rating 1 2 3 4 5 3.______________________________________________________(participant’s name) Strengths Weaknesses Low High Rating 1 2 3 4 5

https://ivypanda.com/essays/saudi-arabian-real-estate-industry-analysis/

Write the original essay for the following summary: The text discusses the desire of Saudi citizens to communicate with international visitors based on the experience of the researcher. The research design includes interviews with Saudi citizens living in Riyadh. The purpose of the study is to achieve a deeper understanding of the Saudis' desire to communicate with international visitors.

The text discusses the desire of Saudi citizens to communicate with international visitors based on the experience of the researcher. The research design includes interviews with Saudi citizens living in Riyadh. The purpose of the study is to achieve a deeper understanding of the Saudis' desire to communicate with international visitors.

Saudi Citizens’ Desire to Communicate with International Visitors Essay Research Design Interview procedure The purpose of this study is to achieve a deeper understanding of the Saudis’ desire to communicate with international visitors based on the researcher’s experience from the perspective of the selected interviewee living in Riyadh. The selected participants will be the point of departure for the researcher (Maykut & Morehouse, 1997, p.43; Creswell, 2003, p.179-183). For this reason, the interview procedure is critical to the collection of reliable data that the researcher can use to answer research questions. It is important to note that, even though, the main purpose of the interview is to help the researcher understand the viewpoints of the interviewee, the researcher should nevertheless, have adequate knowledge of issues he or she would like to hear deliberated upon (Lewis & Ritchie, 2003, p.144). S/he has a significant role in guiding the interview process. The researcher should therefore, be familiar with the various phases of an in-depth interview, comprehend terms of the agreement between him or her and the interviewee, and clarify the role of the interviewee during the actual process. In-depth interviewing is a multistage procedure. Throughout these stages, the main role of the researcher is to direct the participant from an everyday social perspective towards a deeper level of analysis at which they can jointly probe the social phenomenon of interest (Lewis & Ritchie, 2003, p.146). Question development or designing an interview guide, is the starting point of an in-depth interview. It is followed by actual staging of in-depth interviews and then interview analysis. A typical in-depth interview has six important stages in which the researcher is expected to guide the participant through them. The first stage is arrival where the researcher establishes a reliable relationship with the participant. At this point, the researcher should allow the participant to be at ease and feel in control of his or her territory. After the interviewee seems comfortable, the researcher introduces his or her research topic. At stage three, the interview starts whereby, the researcher starts interacting naturally through a question-and response arrangement (Maxwell, 2005, p.150). The fourth stage is essentially a continuation phase whereby; the researcher directs the participant through the main themes of the study. It is a very important stage because it enables the researcher to explore each subject deeply with a sequence of probes and follow up questions (Lewis & Ritchie, 2003, p.148). The fifth stage is the ending of the interview in which the researcher should signal approach to the end and ensure that the participant has not been left with any feelings of incomplete deal like a feeling of unmentioned information. The final stage is the after interview phase where, the researcher should warmly thank the participant and assure him/her the confidentiality and importance of his/her views in the study. In-depth interviews in this study will be conducted in natural settings within the Riyadh community where interviewees are comfortable and at ease. It is pertinent to remember that participant’s perception and experience of the topic of study hinges on the context of their daily lives (Maykut & Morehouse, 1997, p.45; Marshall & Rossman, 2010, p.93). In most cases, I will allow participants to choose their most convenient venue. This could be at their homes, places of work, market place or even in my house. Interview analysis The object of conducting an in-depth interview is to collect data from participants that can help the researcher to answer research questions. This study will use thematic analytic method. Thematic analysis is a method of setting aside, examining, and reporting themes in data sets (Braun & Clarke, 2006, p.79). It has many benefits such as flexibility and epistemological and ontological independence. Just like actual in-depth interview, thematic analytic method is a multistage and enables the researcher to create a rich and thick description of the reality out there (Braun & Clarke, 2006, p.87; Holloway, 1997, p.156). The first stage is orienting you with the data followed by establishing codes that set aside the aspects of the data. Then the researcher searches for themes by sorting the codes before reviewing and defining the themes. Finally, the researcher compiles a report and provides evidence of themes in the data collected (Braun & Clarke, 2006, p.87). Conclusion The topic of this study is relevant and timely in establishing challenges facing Saudi citizens who desire to communicate with international visitors. By conducting a qualitative research that deploys in-depth interviews, it will enable the researcher to achieve a deeper understanding of the phenomenon from the participants’ experience within a natural setting. Moreover, thematic analysis will enable the researcher to create a rich description of reality on the ground. References Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006).Using thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3. Web. Creswell, J. (2003). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches. New York, NY: SAGE. Holloway, I. (1997). Basic concepts for qualitative research. London: Wiley-Blackwell. Lewis, J., & Ritchie, J. (2003). Qualitative research practice: a guide for social science students and researchers. New York: SAGE. Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. (2010). Designing Qualitative Research . New York: SAGE. Maxwell, J. (2005). Qualitative research design: an interactive approach. New York: SAGE. Maykut ,P., & Morehouse, R. (1997). Beginning Qualitatative research:A philosophical and Practical Guide. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/saudi-citizens-desire-to-communicate-with-international-visitors/

Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The purpose of this study will be to gain insights into the smartphone apps development industry in Saudi Arabia. The study will also aim at identifying trends, problems and successes of the industry so that they can act as the basis of continued strong growth.

The purpose of this study will be to gain insights into the smartphone apps development industry in Saudi Arabia. The study will also aim at identifying trends, problems and successes of the industry so that they can act as the basis of continued strong growth.

Saudi Developers in Smartphone Applications Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Summary of the proposed study 2. Purpose of the proposed study 3. Relevant background literature 4. Research Questions or Hypotheses 5. Research methodology 6. Significance of the study 7. Ethical considerations 8. Anticipated problems and limitations 9. References Summary of the proposed study Throughout the 90’s and early 2000, the PC was the most sought after gadget for personal and business use. While it is still early to declare it outdated, its getting a lot of competition from the introduction of the smart phones. The blackberries, iphones, androids and the now popular tablets have considerably reduced the significance of the PC. In fact, it is estimated that smart phone sales will eclipse desktop computer sales by 2012. Many more people will be conducting business and paying bills besides performing many other tasks using smart phones. Numerous companies in the world manufacture the apps used in smart phones. There are many companies in the world involved in the development of the apps available in the market today (Ezine Articles, (N.d). These companies exist to serve national as well as international clientele. Saudi Arabia has a number of these companies. Though the development of these apps in the country is not badly off, these companies have faced a few challenges and successes that this paper will seek to discuss and possibly come up with some recommendations. Purpose of the proposed study The purpose of this study will be to gain insights into the smartphone apps development industry in Saudi Arabia. The study will also aim at identifying trends, problems and successes of the industry so that they can act as the basis of continued strong growth. Relevant background literature According to Business Intelligence (2011), the UAE controls about 60% of all smart phone applications in the Middle East. It’s closely followed by Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Growth in Saudi Arabia has been phenomenal with more companies including the national telecom company entering the foray in producing smart phone apps. The latest smart devise in the Saudi market is the Sam Sang galaxy (A1Saudi Arabia, 2010). According to MENAFN Arab news (2010), the kingdom has a larger Smartphone market than Europe. Many companies like Sam Sang are also entering the Arabia market with new smart devices and subsidiaries that produce their apps. In January 2011, KSU became the first university in Saudi Arabia to launch a mart phone application. There are numerous companies in Saudi Arabia like MibileSOFT, Nafithtech that produce smart phone apps for different smart devices such as iphones, ipad, Blackberry and symbian windows mobile. The companies which have been in business for over 40 years are diversifying there operations due to what they refer to as the growing market for smart phone applications. Current estimates show that over 60% of Saudi internet users access the net using their mobile phones. Smart phones users make up a large chunk of these. The RNCOS (2011) says that the number of these companies is growing signifying the potential that the country holds. According to Arabian Business (2011), the Middle East market is likely to grow by 39% by 2015. The above successes show the potential that Saudi Arabia has in the smart phone app development. There are however some challenges that these developers have faced. Lack of government support or unfriendly business decisions from the authorities threatens to impact negatively on the Smartphone apps development. According to the Daily Mail (2010), the UAE and Saudi Governments threatened to ban the use of e-mail, web access and instant message applications on Blackberry. The then intended action was because of unspecified security concerns. The Brighthub (2010), reported that the fears were as a result of terror concerns expressed by US. Though the ban did not take effect, the over one million users of blackberry and the companies that develop their apps were temporarily put off balance, something not good for business. According to Mobile Phone Industry Today (2011), there are suggestions that Smartphone companies should allow authorities to have access to five year calling records of smart phone users. Additionally, E-zine articles (n.d) say that the authorities may be considering DIU devises in smart devices. Any negative impact on the sale or use of smart phones is likely to have a ripple effect on developers hence presenting a significant challenge to the industry in Saudi Arabia. Research Questions or Hypotheses The study will be seeking to answer the following questions: * What are the successes that the industry has experienced? * How can they build on the successes to ensure steady growth of the industry? * What are the challenges the smart phone application makers face in the Saudi Market * Are the challenges industry related or they are external? * What is the role of the government and private sector in the growth of the industry? Research methodology The study will use information collected from a sample. The researchers will put together a sample representative of the target population in Saudi Arabia. The sample will be chosen randomly to eliminate the chances of bias. The data collected from the sample will be analyzed and the results will be generalized on the population. Significance of the study The findings of the study will be used by both government and other stakeholders in the smartphone application developers in the country to understand what ails the industry and how it can be improved. I will also be use to provide important statistics of the current Saudi market in terms of sectors control by different companies, government participation and the dominant trends as far as the use of smart phone apps is concerned. Ethical considerations The research will be carried out in Saudi Arabia. All respondents will participate on voluntary basis. The participants will not be coerced to reveal their identity nor will they be under obligation to complete the study. The participants will be informed of all their rights before the study begins and none will be forced to answer any question that he /she feels not comfortable with. The participants will be assured of a risk free research study. They will not be exposed in any way to risky content or situations. Anticipated problems and limitations Some of the anticipated problems include language barrier. Though many Saudis are educated, a good number of those that own smart devices and who will be eligible for the study may not be able to speak English. Also, given that many of the participants will be scattered around the country, there will be some difficulty in accessing them and that will also escalate transport costs. References Arabian Business. (2011) Mideast Smartphone market to grow by 39% by 2015. Web. A1 Saudi Arabia. (2010) Samsung Smartphone hits Saudi market A1SaudiArabia.com. Web. Business Intelligence. (2011) UAE controls 60 % of mobile apps development in Middle East, tops list of Arab countries . Web. Brighthub. (2010) BlackBerry Ban and Secrecy Issues. Web. Daily Mail. (2010) UAE and Saudi Arabia to ban Blackberry users from sending messages . Web. Ezine Articles. (N.d) DUI Checkpoint Challenges Ahead – Smart Phone Apps and Fewer Arrests . Web. MENAFN – Arab News. (2010) Saudi Arabia’s smart-phone market larger than Europe’s . Web. Mobile Phone Industry Today. (2011) Saudi Arabia Smartphone News. Web. RNCOS. (2011) Saudi Arabia ICT Market Forecast 2014. Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/saudi-developers-in-smartphone-applications/

Write the full essay for the following summary: A health care management needs appropriate scheduling systems. These lead to higher productivity, while poor scheduling systems lead to losses due to low productivity.Health care management needs appropriate scheduling systems. These lead to higher productivity, while poor scheduling systems lead to losses due to low productivity.

A health care management needs appropriate scheduling systems. These lead to higher productivity, while poor scheduling systems lead to losses due to low productivity. Health care management needs appropriate scheduling systems. These lead to higher productivity, while poor scheduling systems lead to losses due to low productivity.

Scheduling System for Productivity in Healthcare Report Health care management needs appropriate scheduling systems. Effective management takes care of employees, patients and the facilities which are provided in a particular health care. Good scheduling system leads to higher productivity, while poor scheduling system leads to losses due to low productivity. Patients, employees and facilities should be the main consideration while planning for a scheduling system. Failure to consider any of the above groups may lead to many disappointments and suffering to any of the group. Patients would have to wait for many hours before they are served and probably they would end up getting low quality services. Employees might also be overworked and thus lose their motivation (Wolper, 2011). Scheduling of patients can be challenging, and thus calls for good planning and organization. This is especially because one cannot predict the arrival time of the patients with precision. Though from research there is a pattern revealed which can be used to predict the time when patients go to health care providers; it is not always effective to predict their arrival (Wolper, 2011). People who had been scheduled for appointment may fail to turn up. Sometimes delays may be caused by traffic leading to lateness. The schedule should also be able to give room for emergencies (LaGanga & Lawrence, 2009). A management system should focus on serving the maximum number of patients while providing good services to them. This maximizes the use of facilities in hospitals and ensures that the workers’ potentials are well utilized and thus the patients will be served effectively. Poor scheduling of employees may cause the health care clinic to have excess employees. Having excess of employees will likely lead to realization of losses through the wages paid out. Having an efficient scheduling system takes care of such losses (Wolper, 2011). Scheduling work for employees goes together with communication. The management should ensure that they make it clear to employees on what they are supposed to do, why, and by what time they are supposed to complete their work. They should also be aware of what they are supposed to consider in various situations by making their priorities clear to the employees (Wolper, 2011). Scheduling system should also take care so as to even the work of employees. When demand of health care services (the number of patients) exceeds the number of employees, the hospital is vulnerable to underutilize their facilities. Working in shifts takes care of the high demand of health facilities. Initially those who were supposed to work for night shifts were meant to serve early in the morning. However, working hours set for different individuals should be assigned with caution. The health care should examine how to schedule their employees effectively so as to maximize utilization of facilities while meeting the needs of the patients (Wolper, 2011). When the clinic is concerned with maximum utilization of the health facility, it might take more patients. This helps to serve more patients. However, the patients may suffer by having to wait for more hours as well as the clinic employees having to work overtime (LaGanga & Lawrence, 2009). The two articles are important in that they bring out the need of having an effective scheduling system in a healthcare setting. The patients and health workers are important and they must be considered while making a healthcare schedule. They are focused towards maximum utility of the facilities. The main emphasis is on time management, communication and good quality services. They also shed light on the negative effects of a poorly managed schedule system. References LaGanga, L. R., & Lawrence, S. R. (2009). Demand Management in Health Care Clinics with Variable Service Needs . Web. Wolper, L. F. (2011). Health Care Administration: Managing Organized Delivery Systems. 5th Edition. MA, Massachusettes: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/scheduling-system-for-productivity-in-healthcare/

Convert the following summary back into the original text: The essay discusses the definition, significance, nature, and examples of scientific variables.Scientific variables are empirical phenomena that take on different values or intensities according to different factors. They are key to any research as they provide the data that is used to analyze behavioral patterns and, therefore, are very important for any research.

The essay discusses the definition, significance, nature, and examples of scientific variables. Scientific variables are empirical phenomena that take on different values or intensities according to different factors. They are key to any research as they provide the data that is used to analyze behavioral patterns and, therefore, are very important for any research.

Scientific Variable: Definition, Significance, Nature and Examples Essay The Phenomenon of a Scientific Variable: Definition An integral part of any research, a scientific variable is not that easy to define. Granted that there are many ways to explain its purpose in a research, the existing definitions are rather vague. For example, there is a description of a scientific variable provided by Ellis, Harley, and Walsh; according to the authors, the given phenomenon is the key to any research: “Variables are empirical phenomena that take on different values or intensities” (Ellis, Harley & Walsh, 2010, p. 27). In addition, the angle from which a scientific variable is defined form matters considerably. There are operational definitions, which focus on the functions of a variable; conceptual ones, which are based on its nature, etc. However, even as the definitions of general research components go, the given one is outstandingly vague. Much to Ellis, Harley, and Walsh’s credit, though, it should be mentioned that they do try to expand on the definition that they provide and give a better explanation of what a scientific variable is. For instance, it is remarkable that the researchers oppose the concept of the variable to that one of a constant, making it clear that the tendency to change depending on various factors is the key specifics of a variable. Therefore, the authors allow narrowing the definition down a bit by stating that a variable is linked to a particular set of factors, which predetermine its value. Furthermore, the study conducted by Ellis, Harley and Walsh reveals that, when applied to criminology specifically, a scientific variable is tied in with a range of social factors and, in fact, becomes a social variable. Thus, planting the tern in question into a particular environment, Ellis, Harley and Walsh help specify the details of a scientific variable. It must be admitted that in criminology, the seemingly vague phenomenon takes rather clear shapes, therefore, helping to coin an even more precise definition. From what Ellis, Harley and Walsh say, in criminology, a scientific variable is a particular characteristic, or a set of characteristics, of a certain person, which helps analyze the given person’s behavioral patterns and, therefore, acquire crucial information for a particular investigation. Nature of a Scientific Variable and Its Examples Much like the definition of a scientific variable, its nature is not that easy to nail down. Ellis, Harley and Walsh are quite vague on the nature of a scientific variable, much like they are vague on defining the phenomenon in general. However, judging by the explanations that the authors give, scientific variable stems from different aspects of people’s social. In other words, society defines scientific variables. The process of searching for the nature of a scientific variable is even more complicated by the fact that there are a number of types of variables used in research. According to what Ellis, Harley and Walsh say, variables fall into four key categories, which are social instructional, demographical, behavior and personality, and cognitive variables. However, the former falls into two categories, which are artifactual cultural variables and customary cultural variables. (Ellis, Harley & Walsh, 2010, p. 29). To display the full array of meanings that a scientific variable can take, one will have to provide an example to each of the types listed above. Demographic variables are related to the specifics of a particular group of people or a human population in general, as one might have guessed. These include such characteristics as age, gender, etc. For example, a particular group of people aged between 11 and 87 can be split into eight key categories, i.e., girls (aged 11–17), boys (aged 11–17), young men (aged 18–25), young women (aged 18–25), adult men (aged 26–50), adult women (aged 26–50), elderly women (aged 51–87) and elderly men (aged 51–87). In their turn, social instructional variables are related to the social status or background of a particular person or a group of people, as Ellis, Harley and Walsh explain. To find a good example of social instructional variables for a sociological research, one may take a look at the people that work or study at literally any school. In each of these schools, there will be at least one person that represents the lower class (e.g., a janitor) and middle class (e.g., the majority of students and teachers). Even the upper class will be, probably, represented by some of the students whose parents have excelled in their business career. Likewise, the staff of any company can be taken into account to have a full list of class oriented variables (Maxfield & Babbie, 2011, p. 83). The next kind of scientific variables on the list, social instructional ones fall into three key categories as stated above. Artifactual cultural variables can be defined as the materialistic elements of people’s culture, such as print forms of media. While created to represent objective opinions and provide honest descriptions of the world political and economical situation, media in each country bears distinct feature that allow locating its origin almost immediately. For instance, the political preferences and prejudices of the population of a particular country can define the specifics of the local media, which, in its turn, becomes an artifactual cultural variable. Customary cultural variables, in their turn, are related to non-materialistic elements of a particular culture; to be more exact, these are “values and practices” (Ellis, Harley & Walsh, 2010, p. 29), which are traditionally accepted in a particular society. To provide an example of the given type of variables, one should consider present-day industries. The theories and practical instructions on using a particular tool, from a hammer to a grain harvester combine, can be seen as the practices that people have mastered and, thus, perfect and pass them on to other generations to improve these theories ever since. The variable denoted as behavior and personality by Ellis, Harley and Walsh (Ellis, Harley & Walsh, 2010, p. 29) can be exemplified by considering the behavioral patterns that people may take in specific setting. For example, in a team of people that can be defined as business partners, the members can be assigned with such roles as the leader, the leader’s assistant, the person dealing with the financial aspects of the venture, etc. Finally, the cognitive variable must be mentioned as an important part of the set of scientific variables. According to what Ellis, Harley and Walsh say, cognitive variables are represented by the palette of emotions that people can feel. Therefore, the change in emotions of a particular person during the day can be considered an example of a cognitive variable. References Ellis, L., Hartley, R. & Walsh, A. (2010). Formulating scientific questions and locating background research. In Ellis, L., Hartley, R. & Walsh, A. (Eds.), ­­Research methods in criminal justice and criminology: An interdisciplinary approach (pp. 27–35). Plymouth, UK: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Maxfield, M. G. & Babbie, E. R. (2011). Basics of research methods for criminal justice and criminology (3 rd ed.) . Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/scientific-variable-definition-significance-nature-and-examples/

Write an essay about: The impact of cut-off points in screening for diseases as caution against potential infections can be seen in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. The cut-off point should possibly be put close to point A in order to increase the sensitivity while reducing the specificity of the tests.

The impact of cut-off points in screening for diseases as caution against potential infections can be seen in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. The cut-off point should possibly be put close to point A in order to increase the sensitivity while reducing the specificity of the tests.

Screening for Diseases as Caution Against Potential Infections Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Impact of cut-off points 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction Screening is one of the most important illness preventive procedures undertaken as caution against potential infections. It entails tests performed on persons without any clinical sign of disease, and although they do not diagnose illness, those who test positive are sent on further evaluation by a subsequent diagnostic test or procedure to determine whether they are infected with the disease. There are a variety of preventive measures used in curbing the onset and the overall spread of diseases. These include primary (actual prevention of disease before being able to occur), secondary (early detection of disease while its still curable, especially using the process of screening), and tertiary prevention, which limits disease spread (Hennekens, Buring, and Mayrent, 1987). The effectiveness of screening tests is defined in terms of sensitivity (the probability of possible positive result outcomes of any given test performed on a group of infected individuals), specificity (defines the probability of chances of the outcomes being negative obtained from a non-infected person) and predictive values (Anon, 2003). Impact of cut-off points Moving from point A to B, all those patients without HIV are correctly identified, resulting into perfect specificity of the test results. However, at point B, the proportion of infected patients with HIV is not correctly identified, that is, the proportion is missing, resulting into reduced sensitivity of the test. At point A, it is a compromise, while at point C, there is perfect sensitivity identifying all the infected patients with HIV; however, the specificity is poor because those healthy patients are incorrectly identified as part of the infected patients with HIV. Hence, moving the cut-off from A to C increases the sensitivity while reducing the specificity of the tests. For the test, the cut-off should possibly be put close to point A. This being a compromise point, it will label patients with HIV and mislabel other patients not infected with HIV, hence minimal error at this point. Sensitivity and specificity are inversely related in any given test because the degree of accuracy of one value increases while the other value decreases, depending on the choice of the cot-off point of any given test. Both sensitivity and specificity are used for determination of accuracy of screening tests (Grimes, Schulz, 2002). The Blood Bank Director has to put the cut-off point for screening at point B. This is because at this point, there will be perfect specificity in identification of healthy patients, that is, those whose blood does not have the HIV antibody. However, the potential problem here is that the proportion of infected patients with HIV will not be available, a ratio of true negative test (d) / all patients without disease (d + b), i.e. d / (d + b). An investigator enrolling high-risk patients will draw the cut-off at point C. This is because of the perfect sensitivity of the test results, which identifies the population of patients infected with HIV, using the ratio; true positive test results (a)/all patients with disease (a + c), i.e. (a)/ (a + c). However, the potential problem here is the identification of healthy patients, that is, there is poor specificity of the outcome results (Anon. n.d). Conclusion Screening involves procedural tests and examinations carried out on individuals who may be asymptomatic for classification purposes on the likelihood of having certain diseases. It falls under secondary prevention measures, and the effectiveness of screening is determined in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. References Anon. (2003). Screening for Antibody to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus . Web. Anon. (N.d). Epidemiology Glossary. University of Washington. Web. Grimes, A, D. and Schulz, F, K. (2002). Uses and Abuses of screening tests. The Lancet , Vol. 359, pp. 881-934. Hennekens, H. C., Buring, E, J. and Mayrent, L, S. (1987). Epidemiology in medicine . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/screening-for-diseases-as-caution-against-potential-infections/

Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The globalization initiatives have opened up a lot of international business opportunities that require business executives to extensively travel across the globe for business purposes. Business has to continue regardless of the security threats in some parts of the world. Security teams guarding the business executives should conduct a security threat assessment and risk analysis of the place of destination in advance before planning for security.

The globalization initiatives have opened up a lot of international business opportunities that require business executives to extensively travel across the globe for business purposes. Business has to continue regardless of the security threats in some parts of the world. Security teams guarding the business executives should conduct a security threat assessment and risk analysis of the place of destination in advance before planning for security.

Security Planning for Executives Essay The globalization initiatives have opened up a lot of international business opportunities that require business executives to extensively travel across the globe for business purposes. Business has to continue regardless of the security threats in some parts of the world. Business executives face security risks that can arise due to terrorist or political actions that can interfere with their lives and business activities. Because of the uncertainty in global security, most companies that do international business are taking precautionary measures to ensure their business executives are well prepared incase of any eventuality (Hunsicker, 2007). The security concerns are addressed by adequate planning by security teams guarding the business executives. Planning helps the security teams to make risk assessments for foreign trips and establish the relevant contingency procedures as a way of countering the potential effects of security threats. The details of security planning for executives will be discussed in this paper. Kurdistan is an autonomous region in Northern Iraq that is well known to be rich in natural sources especially oil. Its beauty and economic viability has attracted a lot of international companies to have a lot of business interests in the region (Reveron, 2006). Business executives from different parts of the world travel to Kurdistan to conduct business and taking into consideration the security threats in the ever volatile Middle East, the security of these executives should be well planned for in readiness for any eventuality that might occur. It is the responsibility of these security teams to conduct a security threat assessment and risk analysis of the place of destination in advance before planning for security (Reveron, 2006). Each region has its own security threats and a thorough risk analysis should be conducted by the security teams of these executives so that proper measures can be put in place. Despite Kurdistan being considered as one of the safest places in Iraq, there are some serious security threats and concerns that need to be highlighted. The first security threat is from Iran because of the rivalry in oil exports. Most European countries prefer to import oil and other petroleum products from Kurdistan compared to Iran. This has made the border region of between Kurdistan and Iran to be identified as one of the most dangerous places (Stanfields, 2007). Iraq has recently been experiencing many terror attacks from insurgent groups targeting foreigners especially those from the U.S. Suicide bombings and kidnap cases are very rampant and this call for adequate security plans for all foreign executives visiting any part of Iraq. Terror gangs target hotels and residences that host foreign visitor especially westerners. These attacks are mostly orchestrated by extremists who are always against the U.S and all its sympathizers. The threat of terrorist attacks puts all foreign visitors in Iraq at a great risk. Since the executive in this case study is supposed to conduct business in Erbil capital of Kurdistan, it is necessary to focus at some of the security threats in Kurdistan. The region is a potential target for insurgent groups because of the many visitors that visit the region (Stanfields, 2007). Foreign visitors that visit the region are to be weary of all the potential danger zones before visiting. Since the executive in this case is supposed to travel by air form Baghdad to Kurdistan, a serious analysis of the security between these to capitals is mandatory. To begin with, the airport road in Baghdad is notorious for attacks by insurgent groups. Baghdad is seriously ravaged by the many suicide bombings that take place in the city. Being a major transit point for this executive, the security team has to identify the Baghdad international airport as another danger zone for foreign visitors. Baghdad is a very risky city and visitors are advised to be more cautious about their security (Reveron, 2006). It takes only one hour to travel by air from Baghdad to Erbil but it always seems like eternity because of the security threat. The Erbil International Airport road winds through real estates built using American architecture. There is also an American school along the road that magnifies the threat even more. Since the extremists look for the slightest opportunity to harm the U.S, this area is another hotspot that needs to be marked the security detail of the executive. The power struggle between the two political parties in Kurdistan has always led to a series of violent riots that pose a great security threat to the visiting executives. The Kurdish authorities treat the demonstrators brutally which has led to an outcry by human rights groups. Both air and land transport means are vulnerable to attacks and therefore the security team in charge of executive protection should plan for both land and air transportation security for their subjects. The development of digital media has given the insurgent groups an extra weapon of intimidation (Stanfields, 2007). The groups use text messages and social media on the internet to threaten their potential targets. The ruling political party in Kurdistan has been under a lot of pressure from the Iranian government because of its failure to follow the Iranian policies. The Kurdistan authorities have in all the occasions refused to concede to this pressure. The Iranian Government has vowed to cause political problems for Kurdistan both form outside and within until they agree to follow their demands (Stanfields, 2007). This amounts to a serious security threat to the local citizens and visitors alike. The Iranian government has always been against the strong political and economic ties between Kurdistan and Turkey. Foreign visitors in Kurdistan can find themselves as victims of circumstances because of this ever growing animosity (Reveron, 2006). The Iranian Government has constantly issued warnings to American allies in Kurdistan and the entire Iraq. The struggle for complete independence by the Kurdistan region has constantly been resisted by the federal government based in Baghdad. This situation leads to political insecurity in the region. The neighboring city of Mosul is notorious for terrorist attacks making it a no go zone especially for visitors. Taxi drivers in Kurdistan and the rest of Iraq are known to be very reckless when driving. Most of the roads are unmarked posing a great threat to the safety of visitors (Stanfields, 2007). Visitors are advised to put on their safety belts whenever they use taxis for them to be protected incase of any eventuality. Despite these security threats, Kurdistan has remained relatively safe over the years thus surprising many security analysts. According to the security intelligence boss, Kurdistan has enjoyed some good security because of the collaboration between the local people and the security forces. The Kurdistan natives are believed to be against extremism ideologies and beliefs thus reducing the risk of attacks to both the local citizens and foreigners. The intelligence unit in Kurdistan is widely spread with informers in almost every corner (Stanfields, 2007). This makes it easy to detect any security threats and put the necessary measures in place. Since the security agents are aware of the fact that the region is frequently visited by international business executives who are at risk of being victims of attacks by insurgence groups, security is always heightened in all areas especially around the borders (Reveron, 2006). The strict security measures put in place by the security forces reduces the risk of attacks and gives foreign business executives visiting the region some confidence. The crime record of the Kurdistan region is quite impressive with only few incidences being reported in recent times. Law enforcement forces have however warned the local people and visitors not be complacent and ignore the standard security measures. Cases like pick pocketing and hijacking are common in most parts of the world and the executive’s security team should be weary of that risk when planning for the security of their clients (Reveron, 2006). There are many land mines scattered in the Kurdistan region which are very hazardous to the visitors. These mines can explode any time and visitors especially tourists who go for hiking are advised to only use the marked paths. The details of all security threats should be properly examined and appropriate preventive measures put in place by the security teams (Reveron, 2006). Being one of the members of the security team protecting the executive is a very challenging task that requires a trained professional. Most companies doing business in foreign countries are investing heavily in protecting their business executives especially when they travel to foreign countries to conduct business on behalf of the company. Since security threats can not stop business from going on, these executives are forced to travel to any part of the world regardless of the state of security in the region (June, 2007). Comprehensive executive security programs need to be put in place to ensure that the security of executives is guaranteed at all times. The security team needs to be well trained in modern intelligence and choreography. The ability to detect a security threat and put pro-active security measures in place is a very vital skill needed in executive protection (Mares, 1994). The security of executives and that of their families is not a thing to gamble with and calls for extreme professionalism to handle that. The company size and profile determines the level of risk the executives will face. The other thing is the individual profile of the travelling executive. The information the world knows about them the more risk they face in terms of security. Companies are advised to post very little information about their executives on the internet because of security reasons (Mares, 1994). The attackers can use this online information to attack the executives. This should also apply to their family members because they are also potential targets for attackers. The principles of protection are useful philosophies that can be used by security teams guarding travelling executives in the course of their duties. The fundamental tool in executive protection is the mind and not the sophisticated weapons. Good protection weapons with poor judgment can lead to devastating errors being committed by the security team (Oatman, 2006). The security team has the responsibility of analyzing the destination of travel early enough and conduct a threat assessment and risk analysis. This information is very useful in planning for an effective security strategy. Good communication and effective information systems are very important in any system including executive protection (Oatman, 2006). The security team should have efficient information channels that enable it to get in touch with other security providers and the security forces of the host nation. Overseas trips require early preparations by the security team for it to do all the necessary rehearsals in the actual place. This process is commonly known as destination shaping and makes the work of security teams vey easy during the actual visit. The main objective of the security team should be to get their subject out of trouble at all times. A good rapport between the executives and their security teams is very important in planning for security. The executives should always be informed by their security teams of the potential threats they face in the course of their trips (June, 2007). Trips to dangerous parts of the world require elaborate planning. The security team should focus their efforts in preventing an attack rather than dealing with the attack itself. The issue of trust is very crucial in executive protection. There should be absolute trust between the executives being guarded and their security details at all times. The team is supposed to reduce as much as possible the time their clients are exposed to danger. This is done by planning for evacuation channels in the hotels the executives are supposed to be accommodated and looking for alternative routes in case of danger in the initially designated routes (Oatman, 2006). These pro-active measures reduce the risk of attacks on the executives. When planning for an executive’s security, the security team should consider some fundamental factors that can help them assess the level of risk their subject is likely to face. Some of the factors to be considered include the history of threats against the executive, how often they travel to risky places and the type of attacks and dangerous situation they are likely to face during their trip. The security team guarding the executive should have a principle profile of the executive to guide them in their planning. The executives should be corporative enough to give out the required details about their private and public lives in order to give the security teams enough information to protect them in the best way possible (Hunsicker, 2007). Personal details of the executive should not be publicized because it exposes the executive to a lot of security risks. Security threats are never constant and keep on changing each and every day. The security team should constantly carry out a day to day security assessment of their destination to be updated on any new developments. The success of a security team guarding an executive depends on the research and preparations done and not just a show of muscles (Hunsicker, 2007). The dressing and physical presence of an executive protection team should mirror that of their subject. The travel logistics of the executive should be well planned for in advance and a contingency plan created. Advance work facilitates prevention of almost all anticipated threats (June, 2007). It takes a trained professional to detect a threat before it actually materializes. The health and security of the executive should be protected at all times without leaving anything to chance. Security should very much be heightened during transportation since the attackers are known to launch most of their attacks when their potential targets are moving. According to our case study, the business executive is supposed to travel by air from Baghdad to Erbil. Considering the security threat in this region, the security team guarding this executive needs to very vigilant while on the airport roads since the roads have been identified as potential areas of terrorist attacks (Reveron, 2006). The Baghdad International Airport and the Erbil International airport are known to have dangerous airport roads that require adequate security planning. The security teams should come up with measures to prevent both land and air attacks. The risk of attack increases when the presence of the executive in the area of visit is highly publicized. The arrival of the executives in dangerous regions should maintain a low profile to reduce the risk of being attacked (Stanfields, 2007). The security detail of the business executive travelling to Kurdistan should receive all the necessary security details from the airport security agents since they are not familiar with actual situation in the area. Coordination with the local security forces makes the work of the visiting security teams very easy. The security team of the visiting executive should extract some useful information from hotel and airport personnel and not to forget other security professionals in the region. The security team should train their subjects on basic security skills for easy cooperation. The team should have an efficient network of information system to help them in their investigations on security matters (Stanfields, 2007). This calls for them to be very persuasive and pleasing. The team should take seriously the security threats made against their subject and other executives and leave nothing untracked. Airport security checks are normally very strict in vulnerable areas and Baghdad and Erbil International airports are perfect examples of such airports (Reveron, 2006). There are elaborate security checking in these two airports since hijacking of planes and suicide bombings are common in this region. The search process for bombs and other explosive weapons is normally strict since they are the commonly used weapons of terror in the region. Before the introduction the strict screening procedures in airports, passengers were usually allowed to travel with some weapons but this privilege was abused by some passengers who used the weapons to hijack planes. This has since been abolished and no weapon however small is permitted (Reveron, 2006). The airport security officials use metal detectors to screen travelers for any kind of weapon that might be in their possession. Bombs and other explosive weapons are detected using explosive detection machines. The entire passenger luggage is checked using these hypersensitive machines to ensure no passenger boards the plane with weapons that are a security threat to other passengers in the plane (Reveron, 2006). Erbil and Baghdad international airports have many checkpoints due to the vulnerability of the region. The airport security agents are very strict on any sort of material that is explosive in nature including explosive gases. X-rays are also widely used to detect small weapons that may fail to be detected by metal detectors. The recent introduction of the scanning technology has simplified the matter since it allows the passengers to go through the detailed security checks without having to remove their shoes at each checkpoint (Reveron, 2006). The airports have got gate through detectors in all gates. Some airport areas like ramps and other operational areas are no go zones for non travelers. The security agents in airports are trained to use conversation with passengers to extract some information concerning security. In conclusion, executive protection requires a lot of professionalism and good judgment. Executives travelling to dangerous places face a lot of risks and thus require extra protection. Adequate research and early preparations are very essential requirement in protecting executives both at home and during foreign trips. Recent increase in cases of terrorism has forced executive protection teams to be more vigilant. References Hunsicker, A. (2007). The fine at of executive protection: Handbook for the executive protection . New York, NY: Universal Publishers. June, D.L. (2007). Introduction to executive protection . New York, NY: CRC Press. Mares, B. (1994). Executive protection: A professional’s guide to body guarding . New York, NY: Paladin Press. Oatman, R.L. (2006). Executive protection: New situations for a new era . New York, NY: Noble House. Reveron, D.S. et al. (2006). Flashpoints in the war on terrorism . New York, NY: Routledge. Stanfields, G.R. (2007). Iraq: People, history, politics . New York, NY: Polity Publishers.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/security-planning-for-executives/

Write an essay about: The paper discusses the security threats in mobile ad hoc networks research paperIt is argued that mobile ad hoc networks have high levels of security vulnerability compared to traditional wired and wireless networks. The paper examines the types of security attacks in mobile ad hoc networks, including attacks of modification, impersonation, fabrication, lack of cooperation and wormhole.

The paper discusses the security threats in mobile ad hoc networks research paper It is argued that mobile ad hoc networks have high levels of security vulnerability compared to traditional wired and wireless networks. The paper examines the types of security attacks in mobile ad hoc networks, including attacks of modification, impersonation, fabrication, lack of cooperation and wormhole.

Security Threats in Mobile Ad Hoc Network Research Paper Introduction An ad hoc network can be defined as a set of wireless mobile communication devices that can establish a temporary network without using a centralized network administration or available physical connections such as wired networks. An environment like this imposes the need for a single mobile node to enlist all the other hosts when the node is transmitting a packet to the required destination, because of the limitation imposed by the transmission range associated with wireless networks (Bulent & Wendi, 2010). This implies that each of the nodes in an ad hoc network does not only function as a host, but also plays the role of a router for packet forwarding to other mobile nodes within the ad hoc network (Meghanathan, 2010). Therefore, every node in the ad hoc network is involved in the routing protocol, which facilitates the detection of multi-hop paths in the network to other mobile nodes (Hoang, 2006). Background The use of the MANET for commercial purposes is gaining popularity due to the self-maintenance and self-configuration characteristics of the MANETs (Molva & MIchiardi, 2003). The initial design of the MANET emphasized on the problems associated with access by means of wireless channel and multi-hop routing. The security vulnerabilities of the MANET are a principal concern with respect to the provision of secure communication among the mobile nodes in a hostile environment. Current studies on wireless communication have revealed that the Wireless Mobile ad hoc network has high levels of security vulnerability compared to traditional wired and wireless networks (Khan, 2011). Types of Security Attacks in Manets The Mobile ad hoc networks that are presently used are vulnerable to various forms of attacks. Despite the fact that these vulnerabilities are also existent in wired networks, they are usually easy to address through fixing the network infrastructure. The two main types of security attacks in MANETs are passive and active attacks. An active attack is initiated when the node has to incur some extra energy costs when performing the threat, while passive attacks are mainly because of lack of cooperation with the objective of saving the energy costs at the node in a selfish manner. The main objective of active attacks is to inflict damages on other mobile nodes through causing outages in the network, and usually perceived as malicious. On the other hand, nodes that initiate passive attacks with the principal objective of saving energy to facilitate their own communication are viewed as being selfish. The main types of attacks that affect the Mobile ad hoc networks include attacks of modification impersonation, fabrication, lack of cooperation and wormhole (Meghanathan, 2010). An attack of modification occurs in instances whereby an unauthorized entity gains access to the network and interferes with the network. For instance, a malicious code can be used for the purposes of redirecting the traffic, initiate a Denial-of-Service attacks through a modification of the message fields, and transmission of false values for the routing message (Bulent & Wendi, 2010). Attacks of modification also affect the integrity of the computations used for routing purposes. The common effects of modification include network traffic dropping and redirection to an unintended destination and using longer routes, which results to unwanted delays in communication (Meghanathan, 2010). Impersonation attacks in ad hoc networks are primarily because there are no authentication strategies for the packets of data in the present architecture of ad hoc networks. Impersonation attacks are initiated when malicious codes pretend to be another node in the network through spoofing, which takes place when the identity of a malicious code in an ad hoc network is misrepresented, which in turn changes the destination of the network topology that a genuine node can collect. Spoofing can cause network partitioning and the formation of loops in the packets that are being used for routing (Meghanathan, 2010). Attacks of fabrication usually involve unauthorized access and insertion of counterfeit elements into a system (Hoang, 2006). In the case of MANETS, attacks of fabrication involves the generation of false messages for routing. Attacks of fabrication are usually difficult to detect because they present themselves as genuine constructs. In particular, fabrication causes error messages that block the access of an adjacent node. Routing error messages can initiate a Denial-of-Service attack through blocking communication between adjacent nodes in a mobile ad hoc network (Molva & MIchiardi, 2003). Wormholes attacks take place when more than one node works in partnership to encapsulate and exchange messages among themselves within the current data routes (Hoang, 2006). This offers an opportunity for a node to interrupt the normal flow of data messages through the creation of virtual vertex cut within the mobile ad hoc network that is under control by the scheming attackers (Pathan, 2010). The reliability of MANET is determined by the collaboration of all the nodes within the network. The basic argument is that, if more nodes collaborate for transferring traffic, then the MANET becomes extra powerful. Attacks associated with lack of cooperation results to one or more nodes exhibiting a selfish behavior. If a node becomes selfish, it jams its resources while at the same time it is consuming the resources of other nodes. This can hinder the proper operation of the network through failing to participate in the network operations or failing to forward the packets (Pathan, 2010). In general, the security of Mobile ad hoc networks is significantly dependent on a routing protocol that secure, the communication mechanism deployed by the active nodes and the transmission technologies. The following section discusses the threats that affect each of the layers in the protocol stack of the MANET and the solutions to address the attacks. Security Threats in Each of the Layers of the MANET Security threats that affect the physical layer of the MANET The security of the physical layer of the MANET is essential in eliminating any potential attacks that may be initiated at this layer. Therefore, the physical layer has to become accustomed to the swift changes concerning the characteristics of the links. The most common form of attacks that can be initiated at the physical layer includes Denial-of Service, interference, jamming and eavesdropping. The fact that the MANET makes use of radio signal increases its vulnerability to its signal being jammed or intercepted. In addition, a malicious attacker can easily disrupt the operations of a MANET physically. Using sufficient transmission power and adequate knowledge of MAC layer mechanisms, one can have access to the wireless MANETs (Prasant & Srikanth, 2005). Eavesdropping Eavesdropping refers to a situation whereby messages are read by unintended targets, who can initiate conversations in response to those messages. The nodes in mobile ad hoc networks normally share a wireless medium, implying that communication between the nodes makes use of the Radio Frequency spectrum and broadcast in a manner that it facilitates easy interception and then adjusted to proper frequency. The outcome of this is that the forwarded message can be overhead, or worse still, there can be cases of injection of fake data passages into the mobile network (Ranjan, 2010). Interference and Jamming Radio signals are susceptible to being jammed and interference, which can impose message losses or corruption. This usually takes place when a powerful transmitter overpowers the target signal and imposes communication disruptions. The most prevalent form of signal interference that affect the physical layer of the MANET include signal noise, which can be either random or pulse generated noise (Prasant & Srikanth, 2005). In general, the network topology of the MANET is extremely dynamic owing to the fact that nodes regularly depart or join the network. In addition, the communication channel deployed by the mobile ad hoc network is constrained by bandwidth that is shared between the various elements found in the network (University of Waterloo, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2008). This makes the communication channel susceptible to interferences and errors that result to bandwidth issues and delay. These volatile characteristics of the MANET are potential exploits for an attacker. Security threats that affect the Link layer of the MANET The network architecture of the MANET is based on an open P2P architecture that is multi-point, whereby the link layer protocols serve to maintain the connectivity with the adjacent nodes using one-hop. This architecture facilitates the launching of attacks in the link layer through a disruption of the collaboration of the protocols that function in the link layer. Wireless MAC protocols must be able to manage the transmission between the nodes found in the transmission medium for the MANET (University of Waterloo, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2008). The IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol deploys the distributed contention resolution mechanism that depends on dissimilar coordination functions; they include the Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and the Point Coordination Function-PCF (Pathan, 2010). The DCF is a fully distributed access protocol that makes use of the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance mechanism, while the PCF is a centralized access protocol. The following are the potential threats that can be initiated at the data link layer (Hoang, 2006). Potential Threats in IEEE 802.11 MAC This is usually susceptible to Denial of Service attacks. In order to initiate a Denial of Service attack, the attacker can make use of the binary exponential back-off algorithm. For example, the corruption of frames can be done by the addition of bits or simply ignoring a transmission process in progress. The binary exponential algorithm usually favors the last winner amongst the nodes that are contending, which results to capture effect, implying that the nodes that are heavily loaded have a tendency of capturing the communication channel through nonstop transmission of data (Molva & MIchiardi, 2003). This results to adjacent nodes that are loaded lightly to back-off. As a result, malicious node can exploit this concept of capture effect. In addition, it can result to a chain reaction within the protocols found in the upper level by making use of the backing off algorithm such as Transport Control Protocol window management. The Network Allocation Vector (NAV) is also a significant threat vulnerability of the IEEE 802.11 MAC that can facilitate the initiation of a Denial of Service attack (Bulent & Wendi, 2010). The NAV field is carried using the Ready to Send/Clear to send frames -RTS/CTS (University of Waterloo, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2008). This implies that an attacker in the MANET can overhear an ongoing transmission and its respective duration, and can make use of this vulnerability to send some bits because of the time duration allocated to him/her. Potential threats in the IEEE 802.11 WEP The Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is one of the security schemes that the IEEE 802.11 uses, and was established to offer security to Wide Local Area Network. However, there are significant design flaws and weaknesses depending on the manner in which the RC4 cipher is deployed in the WEP (Sudip & Subhas, 2009). It is arguably evident the WEP is susceptible to attacks associated with message privacy and integrity threats (Basagni, 2004). The following are the weakness associated with the WEP. 1. There is lack of specification of the key management in the WEP protocol, posing a probable exploit by attackers. 2. The initial vector (IV) that WEP uses is a 24-bit field that is transmitted as part of the RC4 and in clear, leading to its vulnerability to attacks associated with the recovery of the cipher key. 3. The fact that both non-cryptographic integrity algorithm and CRC 32 uses the same stream chipper presents security vulnerability for initiation of attacks associated with message integrity and message privacy. In general, most of the security attacks can be initiated at the link layer of the MANET can be eliminated by an enhancement of the current protocols or the establishment of new protocols to combat such attacks. This can be achieved by developing protocols that have high levels of cryptographic strength and security such as the development of the WPA and RSN/AESCCMP (Ritu & Lahta, 2008). Security threats that affect the Network Layer of the MANET In the network architecture of the MANET, the nodes are used for routing purposes, detection and maintenance of routes to other mobile nodes within the ad hoc network. The primary concern of the routing protocols deployed in the MANET architecture is to establish a proficient and optimal route that connects the various communication devices and entities in the network. Launching an attack during the process of routing can inflict a disruption in the entire communication process, implying that the functionality of the entire ad hoc network can be jeopardized by an attack on the network layer. This implies that security of the network layer is vital for the security of the entire network (Bulent & Wendi, 2010). The development of routing protocols in the MANET has the primary objective of fostering secure communication and elimination of the current protocols. The routing protocols are classified into table-driven and on-demand routing protocols. Table-driven routing protocols make use of the proactive scheme, implying that they have to maintain updated routing data from each of nodes found in the network. On-demand routing protocols make use of the reactive scheme, and they only establish routes when the source asks for it. Some of the routing protocols that rely on the on-demand scheme include the Admission Control enabled On Demand Routing (ACOR) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). Routing protocols can also make use of a mixture of proactive and reactive methods, usually referred to as Hybrid routing protocols (University of Waterloo, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2008). Attacks in the network layer can take various forms; such as, the absorption of the traffic, interception between the source and target, thereby controlling the traffic flow for the MANET. Attacks on the network layer of the MANET are broadly classified into routing and packet forwarding attacks. The following are some of the attacks that can be initiated in the network layer (Basagni, 2004). Routing Table Overflow Attack The Routing Table overflow attack takes place in routing algorithms that rely on proactive schemes (Aggelou, 2004), which are constantly updating the routing data. A routing table overflow attack is initiated by the creation of routes to nodes that do not exist in the network. An attacker can simply initiate this by sending more routing advertisements in order to create an overflow in the routing table of the target. The objective is to create more routes in order to inhibit the creation of any new routes; as a result, an overwhelming on the routing protocol takes place due to this type of attack (Basagni, 2004). Routing Cache Poisoning Attack This kind of attack exploits the vulnerability imposed the promiscuous mode associated with the update of the routing table in the MANET. This takes place when there is deletion, alteration or false injection of information in the routing table (Aggelou, 2004). In summary, the network layer of the mobile ad hoc network is invulnerable to threats compared to other layers. This is achieved by the implementation of secure routing algorithms. Since there is no distinctive algorithm that can be used to address all the threats, it is vital they should be implemented together in order to enhance the invulnerability of the network layer to potential threats (Bulent & Wendi, 2010). Security threats that affect the transport layer in the MANET The potential threats that may affect the transport layer includes issues related to authentication, security during end to end communications using data encryption, addressing communication delays and losses of data packets. The protocols found in the transport layer are used for facilitating end-to-end communication, controlling data flow, ensuring that there is guaranteed delivery of packets, controlling the congestion and finalizing end-to-end communication. The nodes in mobile ad hoc networks are susceptible to attacks associated with the SYN flooding and session hijacking. The following are some of the attacks that can be initiated in the transport layer of the MANET (Pathan, 2010). SYN flooding attacks This kind of attack is s form of a Denial-of-Service attack initiated by the creation of more TCP connections with the target node. The Transport Control Protocol connection between two communication elements in the network is established after the completion of the three-way handshake. During the initiation of a SYN flooding attack, a malicious code is used to send huge amounts of SYN packets to the destination node, and then it spoofs the return address of the SYN data packets. When the destination machine get the SYN data packets, it issues a SYN-ACK data packet to the source machine after which it waits for a response from the source, which is the ACK packet. The delayed connection requests pose vulnerability for an attack (Bulent & Wendi, 2010). Session Hijacking This attack is a form a critical error and provides an opportunity through which a malicious code is misrepresented as a genuine system in the network. In most cases, authentication takes place during the beginning of the session start up. As a result, the attacker can exploit this and initiate a session hijacking attack. Initially, the attacker performs a spoofing on the IP address of the destination machine and obtains the right sequence number. The attacker then initiates a Denial of Service attack on the victim node. The outcome of this is that the destination node is made unavailable for a given duration of time and the attacker poses as a legitimate system in the network and continues with the session (Boukerche, 2009). TCP ACK Storm In order to perform this kind of attack, a TCP session hijacking is launched during the onset of session set up, after which an injected session data is sent (University of Waterloo, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2008). In summary, there are high communication channel errors in mobile ad hoc networks compared to wired networks. This is because the TCL lacks an appropriate mechanism that can be used for differentiating the cause of the loss such as due to congestion malicious threats or instances of random errors (Aggelou, 2004). Security threats that affect the Application Layer of the MANET It is important that applications be designed so that they can cope with the constant connection and disconnection with other peer applications and the prevalent cases of communication delay and packet losses. This is primarily because the application layer stores users’ data and offers support for various protocols such as Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, TELNET and File Transfer Protocol, which have significant security vulnerabilities and offer access points for potential attackers. The principal kinds of attacks that can be initiated at the application layer include malicious code and repudiation attacks (Khan, 2011). Malicious Code attacks Malicious codes such as viruses, Trojan horses and worms serve as a threat because they can affect the functionality of the system software and the application software. In the case of MANETs, an attacker can initiate this kinds of attacks in order obtain network information and other user data from the communication devices in the network. Repudiation attacks Repudiation simply means the denial of involvement in the communication process. MANETs are vulnerable to attacks of repudiation because they authentication and non-repudiation measure implemented in the network and transport layer are not adequate to eliminate repudiation attacks. In summary, the principal issue of concern in the MANET is security in end-to-end communication. A heterogeneous network is vulnerable to numerous security threats that have a tendency of increasing the latency of packet delivery and increase loss of packets. Therefore, the principal security concern in application layer entails the detection and prevention of viruses, worms and malicious codes (Boukerche, 2009). Prevention Measures for the Security Threats in MANET Enhancing security in MANETs has the prime objective of fostering secure and effecting communication between the devices on the network. Therefore, security has to be implemented in the fundamental network operations such as routing and packet forwarding. The implication of this is that it is vital for countermeasures to be incorporated during the early phases of the design. The following are the two major countermeasures for enhancing the security of MANETs. Preventive mechanism This involves the use of conventional strategies such as access control, encryption and authentication to implement the first line of defensive strategies (Boukerche, 2009). Reactive mechanism This deploys the use of methods such as intrusion detection systems, Defense in depth and cooperation enforcement mechanisms to facilitate the detection of potential threats in mobile ad hoc networks and address them appropriately (Aggelou, 2004). The following are the security measures that can be deployed at the various layers of the MANET. Counter strategies that can implemented to curb the attacks at the physical layer The physical layer is prone to attacks associated with the jamming of the transmission signal, denial-of-service attacks and other forms of passive attacks. In order to curb signal jamming, the spread spectrum technology is deployed (Aggelou, 2004). The spread spectrum technology alters the transmission frequency randomly and makes use of a wide frequency spectrum making it difficult to detect, tune and capture the transmission signal. The spread spectrum technologies that can be implemented include the Frequency Hoping Spread Spectrum and the Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum, which helps in eliminating the interception of the radio signals used for data transmission (Basagni, 2004). Counter strategies that can be implemented to curb attacks at the link layer The significant security issue in the link layer involves the protection of the wireless MAC protocol and offering link-layer security support (Basagni, 2004). The most contributing security vulnerability at the link layer is the exponential back-off algorithm discussed earlier. This has been addressed by a security extension and the initial IEEE 802.11 back off algorithm has been adjusted so that the back-off timer at the destination is offered by the source (Prasant & Srikanth, 2005). Threats associated with the consumption of resources that are initiated using the NAV field are still a prevalent challenge, although strategies have been suggested to address the problems, for instance the ERA-802.11 (University of Waterloo, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2008). The weakness associated with the WEP has been addressed 802.11i/WPA. In addition, the RSN/AES CCMP also enhances the strength of security in wireless networks. Counter strategies that can be implemented to curb attacks on the network layer The first line of defense that ensures high levels of security in the network layer must entail the use of secure routing protocols. Active attacks such as the alteration of routing messages can be eliminated by use of source authentication strategies and mechanisms that can ensure there is message integrity. The available technologies for the implementation of this includes the Message Authentication Code, hashed Message Authentication Code, one-way hashed message authentication code and digital signatures (University of Waterloo, Dept, of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2008). The detection of a wormhole attack can be implemented using an unchangeable and independent physical metric, for example using time delay. Packet leashes can also be used in combating this kind of threat. IP security is used frequently in the network layer of the internet model and can be used in the MANET to enhance the security of the network layer (Basagni, 2004). Secure routing protocols such as the ARAN can also be used to prevent security threats associated with alteration of the sequence number, hop counts, source routes, spoofing and fabrication attacks. The principal objective is to ensure that messages from intermediate node are not replied; implying that all reply messages should originate from the target node (Pathan, 2010). Counter strategies that can be implemented to curb attacks at the transport layer The major security concern at the transport layer is ensuring that there is a secure point-to-point communication, which can be implemented using data encryption. TCP is used for ensuring that there is reliable connection in the internet model, however, it cannot effectively address the security issues in mobile ad hoc networks. Other technologies that have been implemented although they do not effectively eliminate security threats in the MANET include Transport Control Protocol feedback (TCP-F), Transport Control Protocol explicit failure notification (TCP-ELFN), ad-hoc transmission control protocol, and ad hoc transport protocol (University of Waterloo, Dept, of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2008). Some of the effective security measures that can be implemented in the transport layer include Secure Socket Layer, Transport Layer Security and Private Communications Transport, which were designed basing on the principles of public key cryptography to facilitate security during the communication process (Prasant & Srikanth, 2005). Counter strategies that can be used to curb attacks at the application layer Firewall can be used to enhance security the application layer against threats such as viruses, worms and spyware. Firewall offers access control, the authentication of the user, packet filtering and network filtering. Other approaches include making use of anti-spyware applications. However, firewalls do not guarantee total security at the application layer because there are instances whereby an attacker can bypass or go through the firewall. Intrusion Detection Systems can also be used to foster security at the application layer and helps in the prevention of unauthorized access to network services (Bulent & Wendi, 2010). Conclusion Ad hoc networks are essential owing to the ability to maintain and configure themselves, despite these distinctive properties, the significant challenge towards the implementation of a MANET is the increasing security concerns. The paper has discussed the kinds of security threats at each of the layers and appropriate strategies that can be used to counter them. Currently, the solutions serve to address a specific kind of attack but they cannot guarantee the security of the whole system (Bulent & Wendi, 2010). A lot of research is required to facilitate the development of secure routing protocols and trust based systems. References Aggelou, G. (2004). Mobile ad hoc networks: design and integration. New York: McGraw-Hill. Basagni, S. (2004). Mobile ad hoc networking. New York: Wiley-IEEE. Boukerche, A. (2009). Algorithms and protocols for wireless and mobile ad hoc networks. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Bulent, T., & Wendi, H. (2010). obile Ad Hoc Networks: Energy-Efficient Real-Time Data Communications. New York: Springer. Hoang, N. (2006). Multicast security in mobile ad hoc networks. New York: York University. Khan, S. (2011). Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Current Status and Future Trends. New Jersey: Taylor and Francis. Meghanathan, N. (2010). Recent Trends in Network Security and Applications: Third nternational Conference, CNSA 2010, Chennai, India, July 23-25,. New York: Springer. Molva, R., & MIchiardi, P. (2003). Ad Hoc networks security. New York: IEEE Press Wiley. Pathan, A.-S. (2010). Security of Self-Organizing Networks: MANET, WSN, WMN, VANET. New York: Taylor and Francis. Prasant, M., & Srikanth, K. (2005). Ad hoc networks: technologies and protocols. New York: Springer. Ranjan, R. (2010). Handbook of Mobility Models and Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. New York: Springer. Ritu, C., & Lahta, K. (2008). Policy-driven mobile ad hoc network management. New York: Wiley-IEEE. Sudip, M., & Subhas, C. ,. (2009). Guide to Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. New York: Springer. University of Waterloo. Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering. (2008). Authentication and key exchange in mobile ad hoc networks. Ottawa: University of Waterloo.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/security-threats-in-mobile-ad-hoc-network/

Convert the following summary back into the original text: The paper examines the latest advances in self-healing materials as well as their applications in contemporary industries. It focuses on how these materials can be used to create self-healing concrete that would solve the problem of weakened concrete structures.

The paper examines the latest advances in self-healing materials as well as their applications in contemporary industries. It focuses on how these materials can be used to create self-healing concrete that would solve the problem of weakened concrete structures.

Self-Healing Materials and Their Using Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Advances in self-healing materials 3. Applications of self-healing materials 4. Conclusion 5. References Introduction Self-healing materials are materials that can repair broken molecular bonds within their structure leading to full or partial restoration of their mechanical properties. “Spontaneously self-healing polymers have a built-in tendency to reform certain types of broken molecular bonds without any outside prodding” (Templeton 1). Such materials are best suited for unsupervised applications like construction. In other cases, the process of healing requires some catalyst, which makes the material capable of healing in general conditions. Such materials are not regarded as self-healing in a strict sense, despite the fact that they have innumerable industrial applications. Unlike their spontaneously healing counterparts, catalytic healing materials are best suited for closely monitored applications like industrial applications. Both spontaneously self-healing materials and their catalytic self-healing counterparts have many applications that can potentially revolutionize the industrial world. This paper is an in-depth analysis of the latest advances in self-healing materials as well as their applications in contemporary industries. Advances in self-healing materials Recent research into self-healing materials has led to the creation of a spontaneous self-healing polymer that is capable of recovering its strength with ninety-seven percent accuracy after it is broken at room temperature. The only precondition for this polymer to reform its bonds and recover its strength is that the broken pieces of the polymer must be adjacent to each other in order for them to self-heal (Templeton). Scientists made elastomers that are capable of healing themselves using a common polymer and an inexpensive and simple method. Such plastics have been widely used as the basic materials in developing a large number of products. This, therefore, implies that this technology can prove to be quite useful if these inventions get practical industrial applications. Roads, bridges, and other concrete structures have been threatened by the development of cracks that weaken them leading to deterioration. Recent advances in self-healing materials have led to the development of self-healing concrete that could solve this problem for good. The material that forms the concrete’s coating has in-built microcapsules that contain a sealant agent, which aids healing. The aforementioned sealant starts to heal cracks after it is exposed when the material cracks. Sunlight also plays an important role by solidifying the healed material. The technology is inexpensive, catalyst-free, pragmatic, and environmentally friendly (Chandler). In addition to self-healing concrete, some metals known as stress-induced healers that have a self-healing property are being studied. These materials are strengthened by external pressure that could ordinarily pull them apart, or threaten to do so at the very least (Templeton). Another self-healing material has been developed as a remedy to the cracks that occur in spacecraft. The material is composed of four main components, which include a catalyst known as Grubbs’ catalyst; a composite material that is made up of an epoxy polymer; and a healing agent that is microencapsulated (Bonsor). The healing process of this material is almost similar to that of the aforementioned self-healing concrete except for the fact that the polymer uses the Grubbs’ catalyst during the healing process while the self-healing concrete relies on sunlight. Applications of self-healing materials When a tiny crack forms on the surface of an aircraft or spacecraft, it slowly grows and ultimately breaks or weakens the material. This is how the hull of a spaceship is damaged (Bonsor). With self-healing materials, a spacecraft’s life can be substantially prolonged because such cracks will heal automatically as soon as they develop. Self-healing materials are likely to find applications beyond spacecraft and aircraft. Such materials will be invaluable in electronics like computers, laptops, smartphones, and tablets; engineering; biomedicine; and even defense projects. One of the most fascinating applications is perhaps the application of self-healing materials in smartphones, whereby the phone’s screen and cover will be able to heal when it scratches. Self-healing materials are also likely to form part of people’s everyday lives. For instance, they are likely to be used in items like artificial human joints in people with weak limbs, in making tennis racquets, in engineering circuit boards, and even in constructing bridges. Self-healing concrete offers a great opportunity in the construction of strong structures. Cracks developing in structures built with self-healing concrete lead to the breaking of microcapsules that release the self-healing agent. The process is completed as sunlight solidifies the repaired crack. With self-healing concrete, there will be no need to do frequent repairs and maintenance on structures made of concrete. This will ultimately lead to less production of concrete, which will, in turn, lead to less emission of carbon dioxide and a more conserved environment. The material used in making self-healing polymers and plastics is a raw material for many products in the commercial markets today. This implies that successful development of self-healing properties in this polymer will have a revolutionary effect on manufacturing because products that are more durable will be produced. Self-healing plastics are likely to have a variety of applications. They are likely to be used in making insulating materials for electronics and engineering products. Such materials are also likely to form an important part of plastic surgery. People who have surgical scars and other forms of skin abnormalities are likely to undergo surgery with self-healing artificial skin. This is likely to improve the field of plastic surgery and lead to more sustainable solutions for war veterans and other people with skin deformities. The “fast growing field of cyborg implants” (Templeton 1) could also benefit from artificial self-healing skin. Similarly, the durability of dental, orthopedic and cardiovascular implants can be greatly increased by self-healing materials because most of these implants fail due to the micro-damage that inevitably occurs over a long period. Conclusion Self-healing materials sense micro-damage, halt it, and reverse it before it becomes a threat to the functional structure of the materials. These materials do not require an external force to heal. The healing itself is brought about by a healing agent that is contained in microcapsules, which are broken open by the scratching of the material. After the healing agent is released, the affected part begins to heal aided by a catalyst or sunlight. Self-healing materials have innumerable applications including medicine, where they can be used to make dental, orthopedic and cardiovascular implants; engineering, where they can be used to make bridges, buildings and roads; electronics, where they can be used to make coatings for sensitive electrical appliances; and even in computing where they can be used in making more durable computers and tablets. It is no doubt that self-healing materials can potentially revolutionize manufacturing and some fields in medicine like plastic surgery. The technology of self-healing materials is therefore important because it will lead to products that are more durable and increase the sustainability of contemporary industries. References Bonsor, Kevin 2011. How Self-healing Spacecraft Will Work . 2011. Web. Chandler, David 2013. Self-healing Materials Could Arise from Finding That Tension Can Fuse Metal . 2013. Web. Templeton, Graham 2013. Geek Answers: How do self-healing materials self-heal ? 2013. Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/self-healing-materials-and-their-using/

Write the full essay for the following summary: The text discusses the properties and characterizations of semiconductors.Semiconductors are materials that have conductive abilities that lie amid insulators and conductors. These materials can be classified as insulators, conductors and semiconductors depending on the electron energies in both the valence and the conduction bands. Semiconductors are ideal for use in electronic devices as they have a high resistance to electric current.

The text discusses the properties and characterizations of semiconductors. Semiconductors are materials that have conductive abilities that lie amid insulators and conductors. These materials can be classified as insulators, conductors and semiconductors depending on the electron energies in both the valence and the conduction bands. Semiconductors are ideal for use in electronic devices as they have a high resistance to electric current.

Semiconductors – Properties and Characterization Term Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Properties of semiconductors 3. Preparation and processing of semiconductors 4. Application of semiconductors 5. Characterization of semiconductors 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction Electrical conductivity of a myriad of elements and compounds gracing the earth’s surface can be classified depending on the electron energies in both the valence and the conduction bands 1 . Ideally, the lower energy bands which are normally filled up are always irrelevant when it comes to electric conductivity. With this in mind, these materials can be classified as insulators, conductors and semiconductors. In a synopsis, insulators are poor conductors which have no mobile electrons under normal conditions. Moreover, they lack electrons in their conduction band despite having a filled up valence band. Importantly, the gap separating the conduction and the valence bands is very wide. As such, electrons face an uphill task to cross over to the conduction band. For conductors; however, there exist numerous mobile electrons in the conduction band which are made available owing to the fact that both the valence and the conduction bands overlap. For these materials, no gap exists between the two bands. When we focus on the semiconductors, as the name suggests, these materials have conductive abilities that lie amid insulators and conductors. Examples of these materials include silicon and germanium; all group four elements. For these types of materials, the gap separating both the conduction and the valence bands is very thin. This gap can be overcome by an energy equivalent to 1ev. Importantly, the conduction band is near-empty while the valence band is near-full at 0 0 K. When the temperature increases, electrons shift from the valence band to the conduction band to enhance conductivity. It is worth noting that as the electrons shift they create positive holes in the previous band while at the same time add extra electrons in the conduction band. As such, current in semi conductors is the total sum of both the electrons and the positive holes which move in the opposite directions. Figure 1 below shows the aforementioned types of materials. Figure 1: of a conductor insulator and a semiconductor.2. One would actually wonder how this happens yet for group four elements the atoms are covalently bonded. Indeed, with all the electrons on the outer shell bonded, a high resistance to electric current is anticipated for these types of semiconductors otherwise intrinsic semiconductors. Conductivity for these conductors is enhanced by imperfections in the crystal lattice and thermal ionization due to heating. 3 Therefore, conductivity increases with temperature as is in thermistors. Of note, for these conductors, the number of holes and those of electrons tally. Scientific advancements in semiconductors led to the discovery of extrinsic semiconductors. These are developed from intrinsic semiconductors when a few impurities are added to the same in a process referred to as doping. These kinds of semiconductors were a major breakthrough in the world of electronics. Devices, for instance, diodes and transistors are among the components that are developed from this kind semiconductor. Doping is done either by group five elements, for instance, arsenic, or by group three elements, for instance, indium. Doping with group five elements results in the formation of an n-type semiconductor. Otherwise, when one does doping using a group three element he/she achieves a p-type semiconductor. The figures below represent the structures of the aforementioned semiconductors. Figure 2: n-type and p-type semiconductors.2. The difference between the two semiconductors is that for an n-type semiconductor the majority charge carriers are electrons while for the p-type are the holes. It is worth noting that the overall charge of these semiconductors is null; they are neutral. Also, the impurities to be added ought to be less in a tune of one atom in as many atoms of the pure semiconductor. The literature that follows will highlight on the properties of semiconductors, preparation and process, applications, and characterization of the same. Properties of semiconductors Semiconductors do posses unique properties that the other materials (insulators and conductors) do not exhibit. These properties occur due to the fact that the electrons can move to and fro between the valence and conduction bands. Temperature is the driving force vital in rendering a semiconductor its conductivity. As such, it enables a vacuum to be created behind as an electron shifts to the conduction band. Moreover, apart from temperature, light can also achieve this electron -hole phenomenon which is also known as absorption. Conductivity in semiconductors increases in presence of light in a process referred to as photoconductivity. 1 Ideally, light is dual in nature; it behaves like a particle and a wave at the same time. 1 As a particle, light is emitted as small packets called photons. Whatever happens when light is shone on a semiconductor is that photons having the right energy are absorbed by the material. 4 Consequently, those electrons that have received optimum energy from the photons vacate the valence band heading towards the conduction band. The degree of conductivity is dependent on the electron flux in the conduction band. Semiconductors exhibit what is referred to as electroluminescence. By definition, this is the mechanism where electric energy is transformed into light. Basically, this happens when an electron in an excited state at the conduction band shifts back into the valence band. 1 In the process, they release energy which is exhibited as photons. The light emitted is both incoherent and spontaneous in nature. Preparation and processing of semiconductors The basic material for the manufacture of semiconductors is silicon. Silicon is the main constituent of sand and is among the common elements found on earth. Silicone is a semiconductor, and as such, it conducts electricity under certain condition. Basically, they function to switch on and off a circuit in a fashion similar to transistors. The discovery of semiconductors presented a breakthrough in the electronic engineering. Semiconductors combine to form a chip consisting of millions of transistors that operate intricate circuits. The initial step before processing of transistors is referred to as purification. The main objective of purification is to obtain a pure element of silicon devoid of impurities. Impurities functions to distort the circuit flow in semiconductors thus rendering it useless. Once purified to obtain 100% pure element, the particle is melted. The next step is seeding where a pure particle is submerged into the melted silicon to allow the seed to grow. Consequently, an ingot (bare wafer substrate) is obtained which is 0.3 centimeters in diameter. This is now ready to undergo semiconductor processing. The initial step of processing involves either addition or removal of layers onto a blank wafer to create a circuit. The resulting component is a complex layer that is interconnected constituting a circuit. This component is reproduced across the wafer. The ensuing processes are a function of how complex a circuit is and the mode of technology applied. Nonetheless, there are a number of main steps that common to all. First, there is the insulating process where silicon dioxide is allowed to grow around the wafer. Consequently, a dopant is implanted to modify electric properties of the semi conductor. This is done with absolute care so as to add an accurate amount. The dopants are what make silicon an important component as a semiconductor. These dopants are added courtesy of photolithography ‘masking.’ To interconnect transistors, the products undergo metallization process. This last step is also the process that enhances the packaging of the component into the package leads. The whole wafer is then – if necessary – planarized by Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP), given a protective layer, and tested to ensure the circuits work as they should. 5 The aforementioned processes represent the Front-End operation. In the back-End operation, four steps are involved: die preparation, die attachment, bonding and encapsulation. In the die preparation process, the wafer is diced into simple circuits. This is then attached to the support of the package before it is bonded to electric contacts. For protection purposes, encapsulation is done using plastic materials. For the sake of the end user, the component is tested before shipping. Vitally, the packaging is always done in tapes that have a number of pockets. The figure below shows the steps involved in the preparation and processing of a semiconductor. Figure 3: chip-making process. 6 Application of semiconductors Semiconductors have taken the manufacturing industry by storm. To date, it is impossible to imagine the world without semiconductors. Nearly every electronic gadget that we come across with has semiconductors implanted in them. From television sets, radios, cell phones to gigantic components like aircrafts it is hard to imagine them without semiconductors. Science and industry is one sector that depends heavily on these devises. In the contemporary laboratories it is very hard to find instruments that are independent of semiconductors. Researchers employ these instruments to obtain measurements, analyze complex data to be able to come up with a solution. Industries install these semiconductor-biased devices in their control systems to render them automatic. Cell phones with abilities to perform automatic functions achieve this courtesy of semiconductors. In rail transport, particularly electric ones, solid-state rectifiers which are basically semiconductors achieve the function of converting massive amounts of power in engines. Among the large scale consumers of solid-state rectifiers include data processing gargets, computers and space devices. The military sector is, too, another sector that is largely dependent on semiconductors. Entirely all the equipment owned by the military department rely on loads of semiconductors. Many airborne gargets including radars among others are loaded with transistors. Data display systems, data processing units, computers, and aircraft guidance-control assemblies are also good examples of electronic equipment that use semiconductor devices. 5 With this in mind, it would be irrational to go into specifics because this will form an endless list of applications. This is for the reason that nearly every garget that you encounter cannot miss a semiconductor. Characterization of semiconductors Semiconductors characterization is aimed at analyzing several parameters of a semiconductor including the depletion width, defect concentration and optical generation among others. This characterization has been achieved courtesy of three techniques including electric, optical and physical/chemical methods. Electric techniques can be used to determine a number of parameters that include carrier lifetime, mobility of the charges, electric resistivity and depletion layer among others. On the other hand, optical characterization comes in handy in distinguishing parameters related to structural lattice. These properties include reflectance modulation, microscopy and cathodoluminescence technique among others. The physical/chemical techniques are classified into three categories: X-Ray techniques which include among others X-ray topography technique; Ion Beam technology which analyzes the splattering characteristics of semiconductors as well as the SMIS (Secondary Mass Ion Spectrometry); the Electron Beam technology which uses an electron beam to distinguish semiconductors. 7 Under Electron Beam technology, one can use the electron scanning to distinguish semiconductors. Ideally, nearly all of these techniques are silicone-biased. However, with the evolution in technology as manufactures begin to embrace other technologies, for instance, power electronics and photovoltaics, there is need to develop techniques that can analyze other materials apart from silicon. Conclusion In a conclusion, the literature in this report has achieved its objective. The paper has analyzed the properties of semiconductors, preparation and processing, applications and characterization of semiconductors. From this analysis, we can appreciate the importance of semiconductors in the appliances that we encounter during our daily chores. In a nutshell, semiconductors have revolutionized manufacturing systems to the point where complex processes have been simplified using a microchip. References M. S. Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices 67, 56 (1989). A, Julio, Solids: Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors 1, 1 (2011). J. Turley, The Essential Guide to Semiconductors 45, 567 (2012). G. McGuire, Characterization of Semiconductor Materials: Principles and Methods 1, 4 (1989). A. A. Balandin, and K. L. Wang, Handbook of Semiconductor Nanostructures and Nanodevices. 5, 67 (2006). NXP, NXP Newsletters 3, 8 (2013). Schroder, D. K, Journal of Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization 12, 4 (2006).

https://ivypanda.com/essays/semiconductors-properties-and-characterization/

Write the original essay for the following summary: Sergei Natanovich Bernstein was a Russian Jew born in Ukraine and grew up in Odessa. He lost his father when he was still eleven years old, but he persevered and in the process contributed to the development of mathematics in particular and humanity in general.

Sergei Natanovich Bernstein was a Russian Jew born in Ukraine and grew up in Odessa. He lost his father when he was still eleven years old, but he persevered and in the process contributed to the development of mathematics in particular and humanity in general.

Sergei Natanovich Bernstein: A Prominent Mathematician Essay (Biography) Table of Contents 1. Personal Information 2. Educational Background 3. Work Experience 4. Contributions 5. Conclusion 6. References Sergei Natanovich Bernstein was a Russian Jew born in Ukraine and grew up in Odessa. His remarkable life can be characterized by tenacity because he never gave up even when he lost is father – the provider for the family – when he was still eleven years old. He lost not only intellectual guidance, financial support but also emotional stability that could have been provided by a loving father. Nevertheless, in spite of all the hurdles placed before him, Serge Natanovich Bernstein persevered and in the process contributed to the development of mathematics in particular and humanity in general. Personal Information Sergei Natanovich Bernstein was born to a Jewish family in Ukraine (O’Connor & Robertson, 2010). As the saying goes the apple does not fall far from the tree and this was exemplified in the life of Sergie Bernstein because his father was not only a medical doctor but was also a well-respected professor at the University of Odessa. Unfortunately his father died when he was only eleven years old. He persevered in his studies until he completed high school. After graduation from high school Sergei followed his elder sister who was studying in Paris. His sister went to Paris to study biology but after her graduation she decided not to go back to Ukraine and instead opted to stay in the French capital to work at the Pasteur Institute. This decision was a life-changing event for the young Sergei as well. He has now the means and the confidence to stay in Paris and study there. Educational Background He graduated from high school in the year 1898 (O’Connor & Robertson, 2010). After the death of his father the strength of the family transferred to mother and elder sister. It is therefore important to note that the decision of her elder sister to stay in Paris, to take up residence and work there allowed Sergei Bernstein to also study in prestigious French colleges and as a result solidified an already impressive foundation in mathematics owing to the fact that his father was a professor and without a doubt taught him the fundamentals of mathematic early on. Sergei decided to learn mathematics in Paris. He chose to master mathematics at the Sorbonne (O’Connor & Robertson, 2010). However, after one year of studying mathematics in this world-renowned educational institution, Sergei decided that he would rather become an engineer and as a consequence he enrolled at the Ecole d’Electrotechnique Superieure (O’Connor & Robertson, 2010, p.1). Nevertheless, he continued to sustain his interest in mathematics and therefore in the years 1902 and 1903 he spent time to study at Gottingen (Sinai, 2003, p.81). Sergie Bernstein completed his doctoral dissertation and in the opening statement he wrote: “Today all mathematicians and physicists agree that the field of applications for mathematics knows no limits except those of knowledge itself” (O’Connor & Robertson, 2010, p.1). He submitted his dissertation to the Sorbonne and the professors who examined his work were greatly impressed by output of the young Bernstein (Sinai, 2003, p.82). He defended his work in 1904 (Grattan-Guinness, 1994, p.1329). It was an impressive work because the thesis solved Hilbert’s Nineteenth Problem asking for a proof that “all solutions of regular analytical variational problems are analytic” (O’Connor & Robertson, 2010, p.1). This caught the attention of his superiors and he was commended for this particular contribution to the field of mathematics. Work Experience After receiving his doctorate from the Sorbonne in 1904 Bernstein decided to go back to his homeland. He expected to be welcome with pride by his peers and his own people but it turned out that mother Russia during that time had a different standard when it comes to academic credentials. Although he already proved his skill and mathematical brilliance while studying in Paris; and even if he already possessed a doctorate degree, Bernstein had to submit to authority and worked on his doctoral programme for the second time (Sinai, 2003, p.83). He also studied for his Master’s degree at Kharkov by going back to where he started which was to fully comprehend Hilbert’s Problems and he did so by solving the twentieth problem posed by Hilbert and this concerns the “analytic solution for a wide class of nonlinear elliptic equations (Sinai, 2003 p.83). In 1913, eight years after he came back to Ukraine, Bernstein was pleased to receive his second doctorate and it was conferred upon him at Kharkov (Sinai, 2003, p.83). His doctorate thesis entitled About the Best Approximation of Continuous Functions by Polynomials of Given Degree was more than enough to secure him a doctorate degree, it also earned him a prize from the Belgium Academy of Science (O’Connor & Robertson, 2010, p.1). Interestingly it was only in 1918 when Bernstein was awarded his Master’s degree; this was the beginning of his rise to prominence. It was also at the University of Kharkov where he became a professor and he taught there for 25 years (Sinai, 2003, p.83). After working for two decades and a half at the said university, he moved closer to the center of Russia and began to lecture at Leningrad University as well as at the Polytechnic Institute in 1933 (O’Connor & Robertson, 2010, p.1). It was also during this period in his life when he worked at the Mathematical Institute of the former Union Soviet Socialist Republic or U.S.S.R. (Sinai, 2003, p.83). Bernstein proved to be tireless workers in pursuit of higher learning. Contributions In 1922 Bernstein was able to generalize Lyapunov’s conditions for validity fo the CLT “to ones which, when specialized to the same setting, are equivalent to those of J.W. Lindeberg, whose now-celebrated paper appeared in the same year” (Grattan-Guinness, year, p.1329). His published work entitled Teoriia veroiatnostei or Theory of Probability first appeared in 1927 and was reprinted up to the fourth edition in 1946 (Grattan-Guinness, 1994, p.1329). In 1943 he moved to the University of Moscow and over the next seven years he dedicated his life to editing Chebyshev’s complete works (Sinai, 2003, p.83).His major contribution in this regard is the synthesis of the Russian mathematical school and presenting it to the world from the perspective of a Western European thinker, thanks in part to his studies and exposure at the Sorbonne. This is the reason why the world owes a debt of gratitude to the man. Conclusion If one will not consider the achievements of Bernstein his life can still be a source of inspiration not only for young mathematicians eager to make their mark in the world but also to students who struggle after the death of a father. Bernstein proved that with passion and perseverance one can overcome the odds. But he went even further by providing solutions to complex mathematical problems. However, it can be argued that one of his major contributions was to bridge the gap between the East and West. His training at the Sorbonne was not put to waste because he was able to share to the world a significant portion of Russia’s mathematical output and by doing so help elevate the field of mathematics to a considerable degree. Sergei Natanovich Bernstein was laid to rest in Moscow in October 26, 1968. References Grattan-Guinness, I. (1994). Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy Of the Mathematical Sciences . MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. O’Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (2010). Sergei Natanovich Bernstein. Web. Sinai, Y. (2003). Russian Mathematicians in the 20 th Century . New Jersey: World Scientific Publishing.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/sergi-natanovich-bernstein-biography-of-mathematician/

Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: Amphibians use different ways to determine their sex. Males and females of numerous classes exhibit different features for instance, the sizes of their bodies, the colors of their body, decorations as well as weaponry. In vertebrate species, sex is determined basing on unlike features on their gametal structures.

Amphibians use different ways to determine their sex. Males and females of numerous classes exhibit different features for instance, the sizes of their bodies, the colors of their body, decorations as well as weaponry. In vertebrate species, sex is determined basing on unlike features on their gametal structures.

Sex Determination in Amphibians Report Different animals all over the world have different body specifications; exhibit different behavioral body characteristics, eat different types of food and even have different mating procedures. Different animals have different ways of determining their sex. Males and females of numerous classes exhibit different features for instance, the sizes of their bodies, the colors of their body, decorations as well as weaponry. In vertebrate species, sex is determined basing on unlike features on their gametal structures. This paper will focus on the different ways of determining sex in amphibians. Currently, most researchers disregard the impact of temperatures towards the sexual patterns in amphibians. This information openly mismatches with the ancient research. However, this is considered as a larger progression in the field of research as nowadays, sex in amphibians is explained in terms genetic as well as epigenetic factors. In this case, the sexes of amphibians are going to be determined in terms of their genetic composition. The genetic composition of amphibians depends to a larger extent on the species of the amphibians. Some species of amphibians exhibit the XX/XY while some other species exhibit the ZZ/ZW (Smith & Voss 548). Considering the genotypic sex determination in amphibians, to begin with is the cytogenetic analysis that was performed for the purpose of exposing the mismatch that existed between the sexual characteristics chromosomes. Precisely, the dissimilarity between the sex chromosomes entails the sizes of the chromosomes, the patterns of binding, the centrometric index, the heterochromatin characterization as well as the transcription loops of lampbrush chromosomes. By any chance, the researcher discovers either an expression of an isozyme that is sex linked or an appearance of an H-Y antigen plus the inclusion of a sex-ratio progeny examination that may result into individuals who are sex reversed, and then the heterogamety of either being a male or female could have been verified to be present. However, some other articles argue out that the amphibian sex chromosomes are imperceptibly differentiated thus making the cytogenetic sex identification method totally difficult (Hofrichter 24). However, few species were incorporated when the researchers drove to this conclusion. Sex determination among various species of amphibians can thus be determined by looking at the different in chromosome pairs such as pairs 4, 7, 8 or even 11(Smith & Voss 548). The variation in the structure of the Y or W chromosome is what brings about the difference in the sexual structures of the amphibians. This is because of the amassing of recurring sequences of the nuclear on the chromosomes. This results into reduction of the chances of These accumulations would lower the occurrence of chromosomes with similar genetic information from crossing over in the process of meiosis. This increases the discrepancy in paired chromosomes (King 322). The morphological variations for instance, size, shape and color plus the amphibians whose behavior, physiology and demography are the different have been proven to have an effect on the on the sex determination among the organisms. For instance, one Japanese frog whose scientific name is Rana rugosa , from the North, exhibits the ZW chromosomes. From this, it can be noted that Z and W are heteromorphic thus they exhibit different morphological and genitival characteristics. However, the three southern types reveal the XX/XY in which two of them exhibit the homomorphic X and Y. marsupial frogs ( Gastrotheca pseustes ) existing within the same population has two discrete male genotypes. The genotypes have dissimilar telomeric regions on the elongated Y chromosome. Considering the males of Rana narina , two heteromorphic chromosome pairs (1 and 8) are recognized to exist. Furthermore, similar results were observed in another type of frog identified as Leiopelma hochstetteri that is found in the New Zealand. A female frog in the North Island was discovered to be carrying the most unique univalent W chromosome that had inter-individual porlymorphism. This may be written mathematically as, 2n=22+W which has a genotype of 00/W0 (Asashima 24). It is however widely known that the chromosome does not exist in the Great Barrier Island. Therefore the genetical composition on the structure of a chromosome influences the sex of an organism, whether male or female (Smith & Voss 546). The temperature is believed to have no impact to the primary sex ratio of amphibians in the species of Xenopus laevis . However temperature has a great impact as on the hybrid forms of polyloidy. This refers to those organisms that have been bred in the laboratory. According to the research of these organisms, during the seasons of low temperatures, these organisms tend reproduce a large number of male organisms. The reverse happens when the temperatures are high. These organisms tend to produce a larger number of females than males. In spite the fact that the impact of temperature to some extent has become limited with time, it still plays a major role in determining of the sex of some species of amphibians. To be precise, “between the fourth stage and twelve weeks of the larval development, is the period when the effect of temperature on the determination of sex is considered” (King 325). As a result of temperature, the W chromosome of amphibians could “encode a factor leading to the activation of aromatase synthesis, whereas the Y chromosome could encode a factor leading to repression of aromatase synthesis” (Asashima 23). The demerit of the effect of temperature is that the fluctuation in temperatures is not mentioned. However, temperature plays a major role in determining the sex of various amphibian species. Works Cited Asashima, Malacinski. “Surgical manipulation of embryos”. In: Armstrong JB, Malacinski GM. eds. Developmental Biology of the Axolotl . New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Print. Hofrichter, Robert. Amphibians: the world of frogs, toads, salamanders and newts . Virginia: Firefly books, 2000. Print. King, Helen. “Studies on sex-determination in amphibians”. Journal of Experimental Zoology 12.3 (1912): 319–336. Print. Smith, Jeremiah and Voss, Randall. “Amphibian Sex Determination: Segregation and Linkage Analysis Using Members of Tiger Salamander Species Complex.” Heredity 102 (2009): 542-548.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/sex-determination-in-amphibians/

Write an essay about: Revolutionary Road: Masked Emotions to Harsh RealityRevolutionary Road is a novel about a married couple, April and Frank Wheeler, who move to a New York City suburb and start a new life. April dreams of being an actress, but she quickly realizes that she is not cut out for the life of a star. She and her husband are constantly trying to play out characters they wish they could be, but they are constantly disappointed.

Revolutionary Road: Masked Emotions to Harsh Reality Revolutionary Road is a novel about a married couple, April and Frank Wheeler, who move to a New York City suburb and start a new life. April dreams of being an actress, but she quickly realizes that she is not cut out for the life of a star. She and her husband are constantly trying to play out characters they wish they could be, but they are constantly disappointed.

Revolutionary Road: Masked Emotions to Harsh Reality Essay There would be a vast amount of truth in the statement that every single character in the book, Revolutionary Road¸ is constantly trying to master the art of playing out characters they wish they could be. Theatricality is internalised in the lives of these characters, making them virtually cardboard-thin. Richard Yates has used a vast amount of literary imagery to juxtapose their lives as they appear with what each character really is. There is a constant effort on the part of every character to present a façade that is what they would like other people to see, believe and appreciate. Most of the characters: April and Frank Wheeler, Mrs. Givings, the Wheeler neighbors and friends, would be glad if their lives had a little more zing and excitement. Most of them seem to be caught in a kind of a time warp that causes them to be pale imitations of what their dreams demand. It is this inadequacy that has been portrayed with finesse in the book. In the case of the suburban American, there is a palpable kind of tug-of-war, a troubled air that is reminiscent of the political relations that existed between the (then) superpowers. This is a post-World War syndrome which seems to draw everybody into a vortex of pretense, both in the personal as well as their professional lives. Hitherto, the rules for living were fairly simple: gender roles were clearly defined and every emotion and course of action had its own established time and place, with little chance of deviation. It is into this secure milieu that Yates introduces his characters, moving them through the pangs of having to change with the times. How they emerge at the end of the journey is what forms the narrative. April Wheeler is the quintessential 50’s woman eager to be a good wife and mother as per the accepted social code of conduct… or is she? There is a latent desire to break free and be an actor, a role she always aspired for. What characterises her behavior is this constant drama that she puts up for all those she comes into contact with. She yearns for a time “to go out and do something that’s absolutely crazy and marvellous,” an event that will make her “sparkle all over” (Yates, 8). When the story unfolds, she is on stage trying to perform in a play along with a group of similar minded young men and women who would like to make drastic changes in their otherwise monotonous lives. She has spent the better part of her life trying to find the right balance between her present existence and what she would like to be, all the time coping with a husband who is also wearing a mask to hide his actual self. Now, she is totally dejected to find that she is a failure even in the one thing she aspired to do well – acting. “She had begun to alternate between false theatrical gestures and a white-knuckled immobility; she was carrying her shoulders high and square, and despite her heavy make-up you could see the warmth of humiliation rising in her face and neck” (Yates, 13). It is heart-wrenching to see the disaster the play turns out to be, only reiterating April’s determination to break free of well established rules of American suburbanite social etiquette. While she is entertaining, there is this façade that makes her guests believe that they are wanted, while all along she is actually bored stiff with their dull witticisms and party talk. Her final act of defiance costs her dearly. She is unable to convince her husband Frank that not having an abortion is no longer an option. Her self-induced abortion causes her to haemorrhage and bleed to death. All her brief life, April has been subjected to some sort of constraint or the other, thereby making it quite difficult to be her “real” self. The biggest challenge she faced was the identity she craved, she really did not know what she wanted to be – a dilemma that created rifts in her marriage and with the rest of the world. Her husband does little to alleviate this situation, because, to a great extent he is in the same boat as she is – caught at a juncture where he does not have a clear idea about his own identity. “It’s just that I don’t know who you are…. And even if I did… I’m afraid it wouldn’t help, because you see I don’t know who I am, either.” (Yates, 360). To say that Frank Wheeler was a man too full of himself, would be stating the obvious. He is unaware of what it is like to think and act differently, in the face of all the changes that seem to be happening within his family in particular and in his country, in general. He is so blissfully ignorant of this fact that he continues to behave like an unfeeling male chauvinist who thinks that having an extra-marital affair is perfectly condonable by everyone concerned. During the course of his existence, he tries to downplay the efforts of his wife to create beneficial changes in their lives as husband and wife. He has no intention of improving his lot as he is convinced that he does not need to in any way. Right through the novel he is portrayed as a selfish but commonly found individual who tries to adopt a Teflon-coated personality to perfection. The theme of theatricality in the book is interwoven into the lives of all the characters of the book. There is no dearth of dramatic situations in the book that are actually well positioned covers for mundane daily happenings. Being actors, acting out parts we find as we move through life, is probably acceptable to all of us at some stage of our lives, or the other. However, when this acting becomes more of a reality and blocks out the real self, one needs to take a re-look as to where and how, real gives way to reel. There is an overpowering urge for the reader of Revolutionary Road to lift the veil and look into the minds of its principal characters. For instance, Mrs. Givings has no qualms whatsoever in blatantly lying about her son John, who is mentally challenged and hence has to be institutionalised. She is fully aware that her son could never lead a normal life and his very appearance is indicative of his mental condition. “… an old woman was combing the tangled hair of her son, whose age could have been anything between twenty-five and forty. (Yates, 282). Instead of coming to terms with this, she is determined to make people believe that he is a teacher in a university, leading a successful, normal life, just like anybody else. This is yet another example of euphemistic thought, one that is of no help at all, in the long run. There is an invariable theme that courses through the whole novel and this is one of theatricality in the lives of all the characters. For instance, in order to sound like one of the crowd, Frank constantly complains that suburban fathers are alienated and hence do not have a chance to prove their paternal capabilities. In spite of this constant complaint, the truth is quite the opposite – he would not want to be one such suburban Dad. He is certainly quite similar to “all the men (who have been) emasculated” (Yates, 129) by their blending into the changes that are the offshoots of the Cold War and the changing scenario in media and films in the early Fifties. Shifting blame, in most cases on to unsuspecting spouses, mistresses and (so-called) friends, characterises the fragile relationships that exist between the characters in the novel. The underlying tensions among these characters gain momentum, which is in many ways similar to the political strains that were felt in America, at the time. There is a momentary respite from all this in the form of the proposed move to Paris: there is a possibility that Frank will “(have) a chance to find (himself)” (Yates, 114). However, the reality is that this no longer presents itself as an option for just one simple reason – there is no urge for taking on the responsibility of such a change. With characters playing out parts, predestined or otherwise, there is a sense of morbid futility that envelops the novel, towards the end. Yates has opened up a veritable Pandora’s Box of masked emotions and falsehoods, with a fervent plea that the last to flutter out of the Box – Hope, will make life more livable for the likes of Frank and Anne Wheeler. References Yates, R. Revolutionary Road. Vintage, 2000.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/revolutionary-road-masked-emotions-to-harsh-reality/

Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The author argues that music piracy is not stealing because it is a victimless crime.Is Music Piracy Stealing?On the basis of the given article, lets try to examine the problem and find whether the authors rhetoric is effectively supported or it is just a damage to the primary claim. We live in the 21 th century; computer and internet technologies make much of our life, the means and opportunities they suggest are unquestionably benefits for the user or the internet surfer. The cloud of the article by Charles Moore is whether downloading music, software or some other kind of information as the intellectual property from internet resources is a benefit and the way to learn more or to take pleasure in some masterpiece or, violation of the law.

The author argues that music piracy is not stealing because it is a victimless crime. Is Music Piracy Stealing? On the basis of the given article, lets try to examine the problem and find whether the authors rhetoric is effectively supported or it is just a damage to the primary claim. We live in the 21 th century; computer and internet technologies make much of our life, the means and opportunities they suggest are unquestionably benefits for the user or the internet surfer. The cloud of the article by Charles Moore is whether downloading music, software or some other kind of information as the intellectual property from internet resources is a benefit and the way to learn more or to take pleasure in some masterpiece or, violation of the law.

Rhetoric. “Is Music Piracy Stealing?” by Moore Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Is Music Piracy Stealing? 3. Conclusion 4. Bibliography Introduction Do you like arts? Painting and literature, probably Monet is your best impressionism representative or “War and Peace” by Leo Tolstoy is ones reference book. But besides that, architecture is the most admirable art or music is the most and best listenable. These are far from the total list of the means by which the authors of the latter are interesting for. And through the centuries on, the ways to express the view spring up the points they touch upon are the mostly like to appear, and they do. The 21 th century is the era of new technologies, high technologies, good technologies and effective ways of obtaining of corporate interests by any means. So back to the beginning of the essay, there is a re-query: do you like arts? For example music, and, through the prism of the modern legislation system and modern music, is there any source to take pleasure of it? Is Music Piracy Stealing? On the basis of the given article “Is Music Piracy Stealing” by Charles W. Moore, lets try to examine the problem and find whether the authors rhetoric is effectively supported or it is just a damage to the primary claim. We live in the 21 th century; computer and internet technologies make much of our life, the means and opportunities they suggest are unquestionably benefits for the user or the internet surfer. The cloud of the article by Charles Moore is whether downloading music, software or some other kind of information as the intellectual property from internet resources is a benefit and the way to learn more or to take pleasure in some masterpiece or, violation of the law. The article begins with the slogan “copying is stealing”. The slogan of the MPAA campaign is originally a statement of the Association that digital copying is the violation of the law equaled with the stealing crime. The rhetoric the author uses at the beginning of the article is quite strong and is a real status quo in the industry or better, in internet day life. Moore exemplifies the Pew survey on the real matter of fact of the problem being treated as the illegal infringement. It is obvious from the Pews survey as Moore cites it, that about 75% of the interviewer are unconcerned of the file they share copyright. As the majority of the interviewers groups express their slight awareness of the copyright, 65% of them show much carelessness about the copyright. The ethos the author here use is out effectiveness query: “I don’t think very many folks are unaware that music is copy-10 righted, or that unauthorized copying is illegal. It’s just that, as the Pew survey indicates, they don’t care, just as most people in my experience suffer no ethical pangs about photocopying pages from reference books borrowed from the library, or song sheets for their church choir, or copyrighted materials to distribute to their school or college classes, all of which are just as illegal under copyright legislation as downloading pirate MP3s” (Moore 244). The author gives clear enough explanation of how the downloading files is treated and concerned by the audience. As the author goes on, the intellectual property piracy is the ethic issue which the most of the people do not bother much about. The logos in the form of question “So are we all thieves or not?” (Moore 244) is quite strong. And the answer suggested is awesome enough reflecting the logos, that is yes, that all we are. But the main point to round about as per Moore is the philosophy of the issue more than its legitimacy. The facts Moore uses later are the weighty arguments to support the legal validity. It is now a kind of a government commerce that makes laws protecting vested interests, which in their part, possess political weight. The U.S. Constitution is based British Common Law, which according to the definition derives from the common people: “Common Law develops at the root levels of society, and is grounded in precedent and tradition as well as reason; it is not law that is imposed by some authority from on high” (Moore 248). The triangle of the intellectual property copyright is per so: a creator of some piece of artwork , the author, a prospective customer, or someone who consumes it in his own manner and the medium between these two vast classes, and it is the entity with its vested interests, that is the recording company or rightholder or the publisher. And now it is the matter of morality, whose are the copyrights and who steps to defend them. The author gives the estimation of the day-life process of copying files and information for different reasons, and the unconcern of how it is treated legally. As seen above, the authors affirmation are quite of good elocution. But the author s rhetoric is sometimes doubtful. If the aspects of the intellectual property copyright is the issue to apply the legal system and government, then Moores article being philosophically stipulated should have been researched through the principles of courtesy and morality, based on the psychology better than through the law remains of “draconian” era as he himself called it: “Copyright laws pertaining to music are especially draconian” (Moore 247). The legislative issues are probably old or the remnants of the old system but still it is a law. Another, slightly unfavourable feature about authors rhetoric is his unawareness of the issue expressed in his own words: “I am no expert, but as I understand it, even quoting a few words or a phrase from the lyrics of a copyrighted song is illegal without permission, unlike prose, where fair use can run to hundreds of words” (Moore 247). And here is where the authors reasons are of some question and evidently they are weak. And it is not the only time when Moores arguments are slight, this excerpt underlines it: “Personally music piracy is not a big part of my life. Like many people with a computer and an Internet hookup, I experimented with downloading MP3s during the Napster era, but didn’t do a whole lot of it” (Moore 244). Conclusion To sum up, Moores article “ Is Music Piracy Stealing?” gives cover all point on the downloading and uploading files, file swam and the philosophic point of the problem. The author advances the arguments to back up his research wit h the latest political trends led to make copyright more strict, but still, only from Congress part. The intellectual property copyright law is getting extraneous in practical terms. Recording and distributing companies, publishers will never regain tight over all industry control, they once possessed. And no matter how many laws they will lobby. Bibliography Kirszner, Laurie G., Mandell, S. The Blair Reader 6 th edition. Prentice Hall, 2008.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/rhetoric-is-music-piracy-stealing-by-moore/

Revert the following summary back into the original essay: Rice is a food ingredient as a currency that has a rich history and is full of adventures. Rice is connected to the destiny of millions of people who grow up Rice and eat it daily since ancient times and to this day.

Rice is a food ingredient as a currency that has a rich history and is full of adventures. Rice is connected to the destiny of millions of people who grow up Rice and eat it daily since ancient times and to this day.

Rice: Food Ingredient as a Currency Essay Table of Contents 1. Historical information 2. The value of Rice 3. The trends of Rice 4. Rice and the cultural events 5. Works Cited Humankind cultivates Rice for thousand of years of history, and this cereal could be identified as the most popular all over the world. The history of the cultivation of Rice began a long time ago: archeological excavations show that six to seven thousand years ago, people grew up Rice and used it in food. Evidence of that is shown in the remains of pottery with traces of Rice, ancient rice fields with a system of channels for irrigation, ancient Indian and Chinese manuscripts where Rice is listed in ritual offerings to gods and is idolized itself. Rice has a rich history and is full of adventures; the Rice is connected to the destiny of millions of people who grow up Rice and eat it daily since ancient times and to this day. Historical information Asia is considered to be the homeland of Rice: in Asia, and to be exact, in the north of modern Thailand and Vietnam, has started to cultivate rice for the first time. This plant has turned up tasty, nutritious and gave more plentiful crop in comparison to millet and wheat. However, the process of distribution of Rice in Asia was slow enough: only starting from 500 B.C., rice fields could be seen in a significant part of India, China, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Moving forward to the north, Rice easily adapted for more severe weather conditions. If in Southern Asia rice demanded a lot of water and warm climate through the whole year, in central China, Korea, and Japan there ware sorts which accustomed to the cold of the night, and rather a small amount of water. Other characteristics of Rice also varied; for example, in Korea and Japan, round grain rice which is sticking together at cooking, and at the bottom of the Himalayas Punjab, in the Indian province and Pakistan – especially well grew fragrant, long grain rice “basmati.” For the first millennium of our era, Rice has subdued not only territories of the Middle East and became the recognized favorite, having pressed millet and wheat, but also has found a way to the hearts of people in Asia, becoming an integral part of their culture. The value of Rice Rice is one of the most often used products; it is the basic energy supply for half of the population of a planet. The value of Rice for our organism comes, first of all, in the carbohydrates. In fact, any groats, first of all, deliver the organism complex carbohydrates. These substances serve as the basic energy sources for the work of the muscles. The most widespread of the carbohydrates – the starch, its ratio in the integral grain of Rice is about 55 %, and in rice groats about 70.7 %. Other important elements for our body are food fibers of Rice which are not assimilated or absorbed and leave our organism “safe,” but carry away from our organism the trash with it, accelerating the outlet of slags, and also conduct good work of the digestive tract, preventing stagnation of the digested food. Most of all, cellulose is in the raw Rice, and by using it, we reduce the danger of diseases of the thick gut, locks, and cancer. Rice – a product which is advised to use also for the preservation of a healthy heart: in the Rice, there are practically no fats, there is no cholesterol, and the low contents of sodium. Researches have shown that the offal of brown Rice lowers the contents of bad cholesterol (LDL) and keeps in the good blood cholesterol (HDL), reducing the risk of being ill with cardiovascular diseases. In Rice, there are no bad fats; on the other hand, in it, there is starch which causes a feeling of fullness; therefore, Rice – a good choice for those who struggle with excess weight. In Chinese medicine, it is considered that Rice strengthens the spleen and the stomach; therefore, it is good at problems of digestion. In addition, the Chinese do not forget about the soul, considering brown Rice as a good recommendation for stress and depressions, as in brown Rice, there are vitamins of group B which are useful for strengthening the nervous system. The trends of Rice In different parts of the world, we can say that there is a different relation to Rice. It can be said that there are two different trends for the consumption of Rice: The eastern trend, which is characteristic of the countries of Asia, and the western, inherent in the countries of Europe and America. In the east, Rice is considered a bound attribute of everyday life and every eating meal. Not without reason, the expression “Bon appetite!” in some eastern languages in literal translation means “Have a rice,” and the eating procedure is “Rice meal.” In Asia, the Rice occurred so long ago that it even caught the formation of languages in some nations. In countries where farming is predominant, and rice cultivation is the meaning of life, Rice is adored and tried not to be mixed with other ingredients. Generally, the plate with the Rice is served independently and placed in the middle of the table as a symbol of the significance of this meal to the family. In eastern cuisine, the Rice is mostly not seasoned with salt and unwillingly flavored with spices, trying not to kill its natural aroma. In Europe, Rice began to win popularity much later, and this process occurred much more slowly. Initially, Rice was considered a very expensive, exotic plant from which grains it was pertinent to prepare only luxurious sweets for celebrations. Gradually it has won a position of one of the basic products; however, unlike Asia, in Europe, Rice was not idolized and adored like it was in the east and considered possible to mix grains with other components of the meal. For this reason in Italy and Spain encouraged deducing such grades of Rice which would absorb the aroma of other components of a dish, whether it would be meat, seafood, or spices. Distinctions concerning Rice in the West and the East are reflected even in rules of behavior while eating. Sorts of Rice, which grains while cooking stick together, Asians eat with hands, collecting Rice in small lumps with fingers. It is also necessary to eat sushi with hands – a rice delicacy from Japanese cuisine. Inhabitants of the East eat with sticks white long-grained Rice. Despite obvious differences concerning the preparation and consumption of Rice in the West and the East, and in many respects even owing to it, we can estimate the unique taste of dishes from Rice without dependence on where they have been made. Rice and the cultural events Rice is considered a ritual food for celebrating the New Year. In the celebration of the New Year in Japan, Oshogatsu, mochi (a sticky rice cake) is prepared by toasting over a fire (a tradition also used in central China) and served to make the New Year a good year. There is also a special rice wine which is used for the celebration. The celebration of the New Year ends with special rice porridge. In the same way, celebrating the Chinese New Year, new koay (a sweet and sticky rice cake) is offered to the Gods in Malaysia, and Tet (the Lunar New Year) is celebrated with sticky rice cakes in Vietnam. Nien Gao (sticky rice cakes of different shapes and colors), sounding like “going high” in Chinese, is consumed in China for the celebrating of the Chinese Lunar New Year, symbolizing luck in the new year. Celebrating the Lunar New Year in Thailand, sticky rice cakes are prepared with mortar and pestle and cooked in the fire until a golden brown color is obtained. Meals of Rice can be important as a ritual food in other countries too. On May 15 every year, the small town of Lucban in Quezon Province, the Philippines, celebrates the Pahiyas (precious offerings) Festival by decorating the outside of the houses with papayas made of rice flour paste. In Sri Lanka, for the first day of every month and for festivals, karibath is served with milk and curries. The dragon boat festival or Duwan Wu in China is a celebration that occurred on the 5th day of the fifth month of the lunar calendar, and a bound attribute for that Festival is zongzi. Zongzi is the ritual food prepared in pairs from the sticky Rice, wrapped up in reed, bamboo, or palm leaves and tied up by multi-colored silk strings. Zongzi often is different not only in taste but also in form. However, mostly it is triangular “envelopes” from leaves inside of which there is stuffing from sticky Rice with something more often: bean mashed potatoes, meat, a ham, an egg yolk. Certainly, if to speak seriously, to eat zongzi in days of Dwan Wu is only a tradition. Usually, one week prior to the holiday, people start to buy the various products necessary for the preparation of zongzi. In the Philippines, the thanksgiving Festival is celebrated by sharing rice wine with spirits. In other ceremonies or festivals like naming ceremonies and birth day celebrations in India, Rice is also involved. In other celebrations in India, such as Sister-Brother day, the Festival of light the Rice is an important attribute in the celebrations. In Thailand, the Royal Plowing Ceremony has been a great event in front of the Grand Palace in Bangkok for more than 700 years. In the ceremony, the Phraya Raek Na (Lord of the Festival) performs a rite to predict the weather during the coming season, plows the field with a pair of ceremonial bulls, and scatters the rice seeds into the field with the help of the four Nang Thesis (consecrated women). People will rush to the field to pick up the sacred rice grain to take home. In the past, the traditional dance Rabam Mae Posop was performed to honor the rice goddess. Cambodia also has ceremonies that indicate the beginning of the rice-growing season. (Owen, 102). The value of Rice cannot be overestimated as a product; it is a product that is consumed in all parts of the world regardless of cultural distinctions. Its value is not in the financial estimation, but indeed by its obvious differences in the relations that have been established to it throughout centuries. Works Cited Sri Owen. The Rice Book. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993. Williams, W. W. “From Asia’s Good Earth: Rice, Society, and Science.” United Airlines Hemispheres, 1996. Newman, Jaqueline M. “Cultural Aspects of Asian Dietary Habits.” In Asian Foods: Science and Technology, edited by Catharina Y. W. Ang, KeShun Liu, and Yao-Wen Huang. Lancaster, Pa.: Technomic, 1999. Latham, A. J.H. Rice: The Primary Commodity. London: Routledge, 1998. Questia. 2008. Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/rice-food-ingredient-as-a-currency/

Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The Rise and Fall of Soviet Union: Khrushchev and Gorbachev Term PaperThe essay discusses the rise and fall of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Khrushchev and Gorbachev. It discusses how the Soviet Union turned into a strict country full of fear and full of failure under the Stalinist regime, and how Khrushchev and Gorbachev began to undo the damage done by Stalin.

The Rise and Fall of Soviet Union: Khrushchev and Gorbachev Term Paper The essay discusses the rise and fall of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Khrushchev and Gorbachev. It discusses how the Soviet Union turned into a strict country full of fear and full of failure under the Stalinist regime, and how Khrushchev and Gorbachev began to undo the damage done by Stalin.

Rise and Fall of Soviet Union: Khrushchev and Gorbachev Term Paper Introduction The Stalinist regime of communist Russia was considered the country’s most defining moment. Russia turned into a strict country full of fear and full of failure. After the death of Lenin, Joseph Stalin did not waste anytime in basically turning the country upside down. With his reforms in agriculture by collectivized farming, the industry through the creation of more capital, and the party members through his purges, Stalin knew what he was doing and where he was taking the Soviet Union. However, through the failures of his ideas, and overall failure of Stalin himself, the Soviet Union was doomed to begin with. With the death of Stalin in 1953, the country turned upside down must be corrected or would end in peril. The Soviet Union immediately saw the beginning of anti-Stalin reform policies in order to revive the country (Pipes, 1995). The origin of the anti-Stalin ideas were initiated due to the repeated failures of Stalin programs. Collectivized farming was a disaster due to its inefficiency and of course to famine. The country of Russia was living in a state of fear, because if you are not with them, you were against them. The purges of Stalin did not hesitate to remove anyone who opposed his leadership and the communist party. Labor lamps were unsuccessful and were the cause of deaths of thousands of Russians across the country. With the way things were going in Russia, things needed to change. With the death of Stalin’s in 1953, the politburo chose a man by the name of Nikita Khrushchev as their party leader. Nikita Khrushchev Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. Khrushchev was the new person and a safe choice for the party. Being agriculturally inclined official, Krushchev immediately went to work and began his reform that would undo the work of Stalin. Through the origins of the ideas of Nikita Krushchev, Russia continued to undo the great misfortune and struggle that Stalin had imposed on the country. Krushchev first took a plan of attack on agriculture. He sought to lower taxes and higher prices for peasants as well as use unused land like Virgin lands is in order to increase their produce. Although Khrushchev’s reforms affection only very small sector of the household plots, these changes produce rapid and dramatic economic result. With this farming changes laid down, the rest of the anti-Stalin reforms were on their way and would only be a matter of time until finally Russia will cease to be communist. Another important reform from the way things were dealt with housing. During Stalin’s reign, housing was a major crisis. In order to increase housing expansion, Krushchev ordered that new methods of prefabrication are used. Krushchev did not only help the housing conditions but as well as the road highways to raise the low standard of living. Khrushchev was always looking towards the west in order to help his country. With his increased admiration, Khrushchev improved relations with America and in time finally ended the cold war that Stalin had started. However, along with the economy and the ordinary citizen, the biggest problem that Stalin created was during the great purges. Stalin indicated and murdered thousands of Russians that would dare to defy his power. Although Khrushchev understood the terror that Stalin had done, and wanted to explain what went wrong and in order to accomplish what he wanted to do, he made a Secret Speech that was very vague but did not get the job done. Now that the Stalin’s mistakes were out in the open, correcting them would only be a matter of time. Khrushchev failed his leadership that is why a coup went underway and removed him from his position. But still, his contributions to the anti-Stalin reformation serve as a cornerstone to a movement that would successfully change the Soviet Union. Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was the last leader of the Soviet Union. As the last communist leader, he was the key reformer to finally reconfiguring the country of Russia (Taubman, 2000). Gorbachev took great strides in reforming the once Stalinist Russia. Gorbachev set out to restructure Russian and also try and better its Socialistic problems. People were simply corrupt and bribed each other to get what they want. Instead of siding with the political party, people just wanted to sit and do nothing. They were apathetic and wanted nothing to do with the party. Gorbachev came to Russia during a prolonged state of idleness, and brought radical economic reforms with the Law on Cooperatives. This forms of new economic policy permitted private ownership of businesses in all sectors. Gorbachev is also reliant on giving the people of Russia more freedom in speech with glasnost and openness. With this greater freedom of speech, the press finally did not have a leash and political prisoners were freed. Slowly the nuts and bolts that held the ideals of a Stalin Soviet Union were falling apart. Gorbachev then set to out to introduce perestroika and restructuring to Russia. By allowing market regulators and breaking up central planning, this planning almost introduces a type of economy that is very similar to that of capitalistic society. People were encouraged to make better goods to sell. Gorbachev set out the goal of efficiency through competition. If people had to compete each other to survive, than the better and more efficient the products will be made. In foreign policy, Gorbachev like Khrushchev set also better relations with the west. Gorbachev officially ended the Cold war with the United States. He also improved foreign relations by demanding Eastern Europe to reform and stands on their own. Gorbachev also pulled out Afghanistan and reduced aid to Cuba in order to cut back on foreign commitments that were a waste of both time and money. The Rise and fall of Soviet Union The Russian state has been characterized by its strong heritage of powerful, autocratic leadership. This denomination by small ruling elite has been seen throughout Russia’s history and has transferred into its economic history. Russia has been a country marked by strong central state planning, a strict command economy and an overall weak market infrastructure To this day, Russia still struggles with creating a competitive and fair market. The Russian people’s unwavering belief in their rulers eventually evolved into a docile acquiescence. The Russian people were happy with their leaders as long as they could survive. Even if there was blatant corruption. The last few years of the legacy of communism and the Soviet Union were characterized by the widespread struggle for the sovereignty and autonomy among the nations under the Soviet Union, political tension and upheaval, and deep political battle for power between Gorbachev and Yeltsin (Remnick, 1994). Gorbachev wanted to improve the system he inherited while Yeltsin wanted to destroy that very system. The Russia which Yeltsin inherited had enormous deficit, an erratic currency, a sharp drop in foreign trade and many people dealing with the reality of starvation. Russia during this time period was messy and misguided. Privatization in Russia was inefficient, general little revenue and left those who needed the most help even further into poverty. To uproot the entrenched economic stagnation and depression in his county, Yeltsin consulted a liberal economic advisor, and that advisor was chosen by the name of Anatoly Chubias who become the First Deputy Prime Minister. Although Chubias had a strong belief in the market, his actual experience with the market and private ownership was extremely limited. Chubias was the most integral person in pushing the Russian privatization movement and constructing the semblance of a market which Russia soon had. Chubias did succeed in his most important goal, ensuring the Communist Party did not regain power in Russia. His political goal of ensuring that the Communist Party will not have a rebirth in Russia, thus a mixture of lackluster and hollow economic reform along with the reelection of Yeltsin paved the way for the emergence of the Russian oligarchs. Before oligarchs became prominent players in the society of Russia, polls showed that Yeltsin’s communist opponent Gennady Zyuganov was the popular favorite. The oligarchs acted more out of self-interest than actual adamant support for Yeltsin. The oligarchs supported Yeltsin because he was the candidate who would actually ensure that they received all of the enterprise and assets they had amassed. Yeltsin believed greatly in the importance of loyalty and believed that the oligarchs showed great loyalty to him by helping him succeed in his re-election. The oligarchs also played a part many of the political shifts and changes within the Yeltsin regime. Yeltsin routinely made many efforts to appease and support those loyal oligarchs who had helped him earlier. With the help of the oligarchs, Yeltsin retained his position as a President of Russia. The intense affluence of the oligarchs only continued to burgeon under the final years of Yeltsin. Throughout the history, especially during the seventy years of communism, the people of Russia believed in their strong leaders and did not question the motives or actions of these individuals (Solzhenitsyn, 1956). The priorities of the state were always greater than that of any individual. Those who did act against the state were considered anti-Russian and were dealt accordingly. Following the fall of Soviet Union, Russia jumpstarted it’s transition from communism and command way of life to a more and free market lifestyle. The idea of capitalist reforms had a polarizing affect on both the people and elite Russia. The Russia which Yeltsin inherited after the rule of Gorbachev had enormous deficit, an erratic currency, a sharp drop in foreign trade and many people dealing with the reality of starvation. Expectations for Yeltsin’s new Russia were high, and many Russians had hope in Yeltsin and his liberal economic plans. The oligarchs came to be known as the concentrated centralized economic class of corrupt men who took advantage of Yeltsins privatization movement. These economic elite ascended to power during Yeltsin’s terms. The intense influence of oligarchs only continued to burgeon under the final years of Yeltsin’s term. The oligarchs did not only maintain dominance in their empires, they made sure that their competition was wiped out. The oligarchs worked along with the government to overpower and overtake many weak, small Russian businesses and turn them into integral portion of their empires. (Hoffman, 2002). Oligarchs have actually become symbols of success in the post communist Russia to many people, especially among young children (Pravda, 2004). Conclusively, the fate of both policies of Khrushchev and Gorbachev and the leaders that were in between them came out on top in reforming the policies of the Stalinist Russia. Although there were bumps on the road to reformation, the ideals that these two party commanders laid down, set the path for the way Russia is today. Russia still conflicted with corruption and economic problems would have still been undergone with terror if it weren’t for Khrushchev and Gorbachev. Bibliography Pipes, Richard. A Concise History of the Russian Revolution. New York: United States by Vintage Books, 1995. Taubman, William. Khrushchev: The Man in his Era. Yale University: Library of Congress Cataloging-in Publication Data, 2000. Remnick, David. Lenin’s Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Empire. New York: First Vintage Books Edition, 1994. Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr. The Gulag Archipelago Volume One. New York: Harper & Row, 1956. Hoffman, David. The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power of Russia. Travel with Longitude 1997. New York: 2004. Web. Pravda. Oligarchs in Russia: Neither Love nor Hatred. 2004. News from Russia Pravda. Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/rise-and-fall-of-soviet-union-khrushchev-and-gorbachev/

Write the full essay for the following summary: To lower the beta, Mary needs to diversify her portfolio. Diversification means making a combination of high and low risk stocks in the portfolio, such that the overall beta of portfolio is less 1. Diversification is a rational approach of investors all around the world to make a portfolio that offers decent return with minimum risk.

To lower the beta, Mary needs to diversify her portfolio. Diversification means making a combination of high and low risk stocks in the portfolio, such that the overall beta of portfolio is less 1. Diversification is a rational approach of investors all around the world to make a portfolio that offers decent return with minimum risk.

Risk Factors in Stocks Market Report Risk and Return Stock prices have an intrinsic risk of varying significantly over time. The treasury bills, that are government bonds, are said to hold negligible or no risk at all. The return on the stocks is directly related to the risk involved. Higher the risk, greater will be the return offered to compensate for that risk. As in the exhibit, the return on treasury bills is very low and constant in any scenario since they hold no risk. Other stocks offer variance in returns in various scenarios. Also, they offer higher return for they bear higher risk. Risk The risk of the stocks is defined by number of factors. Variance (or standard deviation) and beta are most common measures to define risk of individual stocks. “Beta” is defined as the sensitivity of the stock’s return to market rate of return. A beta of 1 means stock moves with market, that of less than 1 means stock is less volatile than market. When Bill asks Mary to lower the beta of her portfolio, he means nothing but to lower the risk. Each individual stock in the portfolio contributes to form the beta of portfolio. Lowering beta of portfolio means lowering the risk attached with portfolio-return when market goes down. Diversification To lower the beta, Mary needs to diversify her portfolio. Diversification means making a combination of high and low risk stocks in the portfolio, such that the overall beta of portfolio is less 1. Diversification is a rational approach of investors all around the world to make a portfolio that offers decent return with minimum risk. This is important to note that not every person likes low risk. Some people are willing to bear greater risk and thus they make a portfolio that may give unusual high returns occasionally. In Mary’s case, since her high tech securities are losing value, she must diversify, so that when high tech securities go down, some other securities in her portfolio go up to nullify the effect. This is called diversification. SML Bill could use Security Market Line to demonstrate how sometimes investors undervalue and overvalue the stocks. Such line is the relation between market risk and returns in different scenarios. SML graphs of individual stocks are plotted. Those that lie above SML (A in diag.) are undervalued because the investor will expect a greater return for the same risk as market. A security plotted below the SML (B) is overvalued because the investor would be accepting less return t han market. Now there is no way to make unusually high returns on stocks. So a broker’s hot tip would be to be rational and diversify, since undervalued are soon priced to such that they lie on SML. Interest Rates If Mary makes a well diversified portfolio, changes in interest rates will not heavily affect the returns. When interest rates go too high, many investors take out money from stocks and invest in fixed income securities. Resultantly market goes down and returns are low. But in a diversified portfolio, that would be compensated by higher returns on treasury bills or other fixed income bonds. Now should one invest all money in fixed income bonds? Answer depends on required return by investor. Fixed income securities offer returns that are very low compared to stocks. If investor hates any risk, and can live with low return, he or she should go ahead. But a rational investor likes higher returns and is willing to bear a little risk for that; therefore he or she goes for a diversified portfolio that contains both stocks and interest bearing securities. Situation 1: 50-50 investment in High tech and Countercyclical If Mary invests all her money equally in high tech and counter cyclical, then after calculating expected return on high tech company considering probabilities, that is -2%, and on counter cyclical that is 9.9%, our expected return on such portfolio (50% of each company) comes out to be around 4%. And risk, or beta, that we can calculate using CAPM (capital asset pricing model), comes out to be 0.335. In CAPM the stock return and beta are related as: * Stock return = risk free ret. + (mkt ret. – risk free ret.) x beta of stock The above situation seems realistic. Since one of the stocks is offering expected return of -2 and other almost 10, the expected return on portfolio is positive. Also, using above equation, beta of high tech is 2.25 and other is -1.58. So beta of portfolio is average of the two; 0.335. 70-30 High tech and Index fund On other hand, if Mary were to put 70% in High tech and 30% in Index fund, that would give her portfolio return of almost -1%. That is certainly worse than first option. Proposed Portfolio Considering the expected returns on the stocks, High Tech Company is definitely a bad choice for investment. It is offering -2% return and a very high beta of 2.25. Countercyclical company is although offering a high return of 9.9%, but it also holds negative high beta of -1.58. Negative beta means that stock will react opposite to the market. Mary should make a combination of Index Fund, Usfity Company and treasury bills. A near rational portfolio can of 40% in Counter Cyclical, 30% in Usfity Company, 20% in index fund and 10% in Treasury Bills. Such a combination will offer a portfolio return of almost 7% and beta of -0.5.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/risk-factors-in-stocks-market/

Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The role of evidence collectors at a fire scene investigation is to gather data at the scene of the fire and then (in collaboration with other experts) be in a better position to give the concrete answer on what caused the fire.

The role of evidence collectors at a fire scene investigation is to gather data at the scene of the fire and then (in collaboration with other experts) be in a better position to give the concrete answer on what caused the fire.

Role of Evidence Collectors at a Fire Scene Investigation Essay Fire is a complex event and its cause or origin may not be so obvious. This places a necessity for an evidence collector to gather data at the scene of the fire and then (in collaboration with other experts) be in a better position to give the concrete answer on what caused the fire (National Institute of Justice, 2000). The evidence collector has the duty of exploring, determining, and documenting the cause and the origin of the fire, establishing any human action that was responsible for it, and in some instances present testimony in court or to the insurance firm for any possible compensation (Belfiglio, 2009). This may be important in establishing whether it was an arson act or an accident and the actions that can be taken to curb a repeat of such (National Institute of Justice, 2000). There are several types of evidence and the fire investigator (evidence collector) needs to understand each so that he can be an effective arson investigator. The first is the physical evidence, which is on the facts which have a physical existence in addition to the mental concepts (Lee, 2009). Physical evidence may include a trailer, an incendiary device, and flammable liquid. Secondly, direct evidence becomes proof of a fact that is in question. For instance, if there is an eyewitness to the start of the fire. Circumstantial (also referred to as indirect evidence) is the evidence of the situations or facts from which the non-existence or existence of the fact in question can be inferred (Lee, 2009). When collecting physical evidence, evidence collectors would gather things such as blood samples which they collect and place in a glass and then take it to the lab for testing, or the material with bloodstains scrapped on a paper for testing. Other materials that may be collected as evidence may include tools, bullets, and cartridge casings. They may also collect firearms (if any) from the fire scene though they should be very careful not to ruin the fingerprints. They should also carefully note the firearm’s model, serial number, presence of bullets or cartridges, and also the name of the manufacturer. (Lee, 2009). The evidence collectors may also look out for any tire prints and then photograph them for further investigations. They may also collect any charred documents and place them in a container or if loose can be placed in a cotton-filled container to restrict any movement. If there are clothe remains that are stained with blood or other liquids they should be labeled for easier identification. The collectors may also check whether there are documents in the scene and should place them in plastic envelopes with either tweezers or tongs, then seal the envelopes and then label them (Lee, 2009). Any fingerprints on the materials should be photographed and then submitted to the laboratory. They should also look for footprints and if any, photograph them each. Glass is placed in the paper package, with samples of fibers and hair being placed on the paper folding. In addition to physical evidence, trace evidence should also be collected, for example how the metal has melted to get a clue on the fire’s temperature. (Lee, 2009). Since the evidence may be of different forms with some being temporary, such as footprint impression, the first responders must know that rescue, fire suppression, medical, salvage, and overhaul efforts can destroy or affect the evidence. Therefore the evidence collector should be careful to preserve evidence that he or she has taken. They should assess the scene and immediately identify the potential evidence and take immediate measures to preserve them. After collecting data, the evidence collector should identify and then document the evidence properly. They should preserve evidence which will then be taken to the laboratory for further analyses and investigations. They should at all-time avoid evidence contamination but always use notes, sketches, video logs, and photographs to document the location of evidence (National Institute of Justice, 2000). References Belfiglio, G. (2009). How to become a fire investigator . Web. Lee, H.C. (2006). Evidence collection . Web. National Institute of Justice. (2000). Fire and arson scene evidence: A guide for public Safety personnel . Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/role-of-evidence-collectors-at-a-fire-scene-investigation/

Convert the following summary back into the original text: In the novel, Yasunari Kawabata uses unique symbols and themes such as tea ceremony and a symbol of the house, birth mark on Chikako's breast and minor characters of mistresses. These stylistic devices help him to shape the atmosphere and create unique images of characters and tell their inner self.

In the novel, Yasunari Kawabata uses unique symbols and themes such as tea ceremony and a symbol of the house, birth mark on Chikako's breast and minor characters of mistresses. These stylistic devices help him to shape the atmosphere and create unique images of characters and tell their inner self.

Role of Imagery in Yasunari Kawabata’s Thousand Cranes Essay In the novel Thousand Cranes Yasunari Kawabata portrays destiny and sexual desire, apathy and human fate through the character of Kikuji. Kikuji, the hero of Thousand Cranes , is an obscure character, an indecisive, cynical young man. Although he is disgusted with his late, wealthy father who loved women and art, he is perceptive enough to see the despair, born of attachment to life, behind his father’s endless involvement in sexual affairs. Kawabata uses unique symbols and themes such as tea ceremony and a symbol of the house, birth mark on Chikako’s breast and minor characters of mistresses. These stylistic devices help Kawabat to shape the atmosphere and create unique images of characters and portray their inner self. Yasunari Kawabata uses symbolic imagery in Thousand Cranes to create a story conflict, appeal to readers emotions and imagination through vivid description of the deeds and pitfalls of the main character, Kikuji. Kawabata uses a lot of symbols and motifs to portray life and destiny of the main character. From the very beginning, he unveils that Kikuji uses his sexual attraction and knows well that this same desperation can make women demoniac, as is the case with Chikako, one of his father’s mistresses, and that it is what drove his father to the serene world of tea and the eternal beauty of tea utensils. Kikuji’s destiny is to have inherited this desperation of his father, together with his house and his mistresses (Carriere 52). “People with big houses all seem to be saying that. The young lady yesterday was very surprised at the size of this house” (Kawabata 49). To some extent, the house and father’s mistresses symbolizes past and death Kikuji cannot forget and overcome. The curse of the house left for Kikuji after his father’s death symbolizes his fate. Kikuji’s house retains his father’s tireless desire for life and his lustful obsession with sexual pleasure, as well as his despairing longing for spiritual consolation and the purgation of his desire in eternal beauty. A symbol of the house is interpreted as his mother’s quiet resentment, resignation and despair, all reflecting her waning life-energy (Moore 145). Also, it can be seen as Chikako’s demonic jealousy, reflecting her crude attachment to life. In other words, the house contains hatred, unsublimated frustration (desire and jealousy) and the unfulfilled longing for spiritual salvation. The house contains the curse of human life. The birthmark of Chikako which Kikuji glimpsed in his infancy is at once a symbol of the ugliness of the body and of human desire, of demoniac frustration and of man’s obsession with life (Carriere 52). The ugly mark on Chikako’s breast is another symbol of death and destiny. It symbolizes her lack of essential femininity, her lack of sexuality as well as of maternal tenderness. Kikuji is a child symbolically fed by the breast with the ugly mark. Chikako’s lack of sexual desire and sensuality convert her into a spirit of revenge obsessed with power, and thus she becomes a poison which drains man’s erotic life-force and spontaneous desire for life. “A child who sucked at that breast, with its birthmark and its hair, must be a monster. Chikako appeared to have had no children” (Kawabata 6). The mark’s ugliness is that of man’s obsessive love of life itself. After his father’s death, Kikuji gradually comes to realize that he is the legitimate heir of the curse of the house. “He thought of the birthmark that covered half her breast. The sound of her broom became the sound of a broom sweeping the contents from his skull” (Kawabata 43). Chikako starts controlling him, and through her he is drawn into the world of tea, away from which he had consciously kept himself (Moore 145). Tea ceremony is portrayed as a symbol of destiny and renewal. Kawabata portrays that at Chikako’s tea ceremony he meets Mrs. Ota, one of his father’s former mistresses, and he starts having an affair with her. Before long he becomes almost identical to his father — Mrs. Ota often mistakes him for his father — and he is drawn into the ambivalence which lies between the sensuous world of women and the eternal serenity of tea (Carriere 52). Although Chikako’s greedy attachment to life and the purifying serenity of tea are contradictory to each other, Chikako and tea are inseparable. Because Chikako’s birthmark makes those who perceive it aware of the grotesqueness of life, they are drawn to the world of tea. At the tea ceremony, Kikuji is introduced to a young girl named Inamura, whom he is to consider as his potential bride. Her unstained beauty, innocence and cleanness evoke his longing for something which is lacking in his life; he is reminded of his alienation from feminine tenderness (Sister Mary Jo Moran 75). She makes him aware of his present corruption, the ugliness of Chikako and the frustration of his father. And yet he felt that he was wrapped in a dark, dirty, suffocating curtain…. The dirtiness was not only in Chikako, who had introduced them [Kikuji and the Inamura girl]. It was in Kikuji too (Kawabata 54). The Inamura girl is, like Yōko, the ultimate of purity, and Kikuji is separated from her by an absolute distance. From the time of Chikako’s tea ceremony, Kikuji is no longer a cynical observer, but is trapped in the duality of his aspiration. Through Mrs. Ota, he comes to know the deeply satisfying tenderness of a woman, that of the eternal Mother. Yet her femininity has been distorted by the poison of Kikuji’s father and Chikako; her feeling of guilt drains her vital life-energy, making her a melancholic woman (Carriere 52). She is a dream-mother who, tired in this world, wanders like a ghost. Mrs. Ota’s vitality is drained by the obsessive desire for life, jealousy and vengeful spirit of others; Mrs. Ota fades away as the morning glory fades in the daytime. Chikako, Mrs. Ota and tea all symbolize the world of Kikuji’s father. His involvement in tea and tea utensils as artwork was antithetical to his attachment to life. Beautiful, said Kikuji, as if to himself. It wasn’t Father’s nature to play with tea bowls, and yet he did, and maybe they deadened his sense of guilt (Kawabata 141). The more Kikuji himself is drawn into the swamp of human desire, the more urgently he longs for eternal beauty and spiritual serenity to purify his desire (Carriere 52). The Inamura girl and her handkerchief motif of a Thousand Cranes become a symbol of his dreamworld of innocence and purity where the power of the grotesque birthmark cannot reach. Yet it is the grotesque birthmark itself that evokes man’s aspiration for the cleanness of the Inamura girl. It is Chikako who brings Kikuji to Inamura. “If we are to be friends, I can’t help thinking we would have done better to have someone besides Kurimoto [Chikako] introduce us. I should apologize to you.” She looked at him suspiciously. “Why? If it hadn’t been for Miss Kurimoto, who could have introduced us?” It was a simple protest, and yet very much to the point. If it had not been for Chikako, the two would not have met in this world (Kawabata 53). The tea ceremony where the two meet through Chikako symbolizes duality of man’s consciousness. It inspires man’s aspiration for purity and beauty, the world symbolized by the Inamura girl, but at the same time it makes man conscious of the existence of the ugly birthmark of life. The Inamura girl and Chikako are both the essence of tea. Even the seemingly timeless tea utensils have stains of human desire (Carriere 52). Beneath man’s aspiration for eternal beauty, there is always the curse of desire, and it leaves a stain on the artwork man creates. Mrs. Ota’s Shino cup, whose beauty is contained in its eternal serenity and which seems to transcend any owner’s life, is contaminated by man’s grotesque desire. Both Mrs. Ota and Fumiko believe that the brownish stain on it is Mrs. Ota’s lipstick stain. The rim might have been stained by tea, and it might have been stained by lips. The color of faded lipstick, the color of a wilted red rose, the color of old, dry blood — Kikuji began to feel queasy. A nauseating sense of uncleanness and an overpowering fascination came simultaneously (Kawabata 104). Kikuji is consoled by the cup’s serene beauty, is reminded vividly of Mrs. Ota’s sensuous body whenever he sees it. When he touches it, he becomes subject to the illusion that the Shino piece is Mrs. Ota and is terrified and guiltstricken by the persistence of his sexual attachment to her. He thinks of Mrs. Ota as a perfect work of art and the Shino cup as a perfect woman (Moore 145). In sum, Kawabata portrays that life of a person is influenced by material and spiritual development and unique fate. Using unique symbols and themes (tea ceremony andbirth mark on Chikako’s breast) Kawabata unveils that escape from the curse of human desire takes the form of complete withdrawal from life, perhaps into death. In fact, the sense of waste occupies the central position in his view of life and is the main theme of the novel as well. By the time Kikuji realizes that he can be released from his darkness, Kikuji, annoyed by his entanglement in the swamp of desire and determined to free himself from his father’s curse, decides to give up tea and to sell his house as a symbol of his past and bad deeds. Works Cited Carriere, P. M. Writing as Tea Ceremony: Kawabata’s Geido Aesthetics. International Fiction Review , 2002, p. 52. Kawabata, Y. Thousand Cranes. transl. by Edward G. Seidensticker. Vintage, 1996. Moore, J. N. Thousand Cranes The English Journal. 71 ( 1990), 145-155. Sister Mary Jo Moran, H.M. Recommended Yasunari Kawabata. The English Journal. 71 ( 1982), 75-76.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/role-of-imagery-in-yasunari-kawabatas-thousand-cranes/

Write an essay about: The paper is a study of strategy and strategic choices. The company that has been selected is the aerospace division of the UK-based Rolls Royce Company. The company operates in a niche market that can be characterized as an oligopoly. It has been found after an analysis using Porter's five forces model that the company has a very strong strategy in place.

The paper is a study of strategy and strategic choices. The company that has been selected is the aerospace division of the UK-based Rolls Royce Company. The company operates in a niche market that can be characterized as an oligopoly. It has been found after an analysis using Porter's five forces model that the company has a very strong strategy in place.

Rolls Royce Company: Strategic Management Essay Executive summary This paper is a study of strategy and strategic choices. The company that has been selected is the aerospace division of the UK-based Rolls Royce Company. The company operates in a niche market that can be characterized as an oligopoly. It has been found after an analysis using Porter’s five forces model that the company has a very strong strategy in place. The company has a wide product portfolio, diverse workplace, multiple manufacturing locations, customer focus, etc. The only recommendation that was provided is that Rolls Royce should look at forming more joint ventures. This is because the aero-engine industry is a high-risk, high investment, and competitive market. This is even though it is an oligopoly. Introduction The concept of strategy is a natural process in the life of a human being. Hence, strategy can be applied in any area where human activity is involved. Strategy can be personal or it can be applied to business, politics, diplomacy, or military. Due to this reason, the definition of strategy also varies in nature. The only common factor that appears in all definitions is a plan of action that needs to be taken in a particular situation or environment. This paper deals specifically with strategies in business and will be done regarding a well-known and well-established company. The company is the UK-based Rolls Royce and the study will be divided into four parts. The first part will analyze the industry in which Rolls Royce operates. In this case, the focus will be on the aerospace industry with a small reference to the automotive sector. The second part will be an analysis of the strategic capability of the company. The third part will critically discuss the strategic choices that are pertinent to the strategic positioning of the company. The fourth and final part will be a justification of the strategies that the company is perusing. If it is felt that other strategies can be perused, those will be mentioned and justified Background of Rolls Royce Even though the company is known for its high-quality luxury automobiles, the real strength of the company lies elsewhere. “Rolls-Royce plc is a global power systems company providing power for land, sea, and air, with leading positions in civil aerospace, defense, marine and energy markets.” (Rolls and Royce 2004). The company bears the name of its founders Henry Royce and Charles Royce. The company was originally known as C S Rolls & Co until it was named Rolls Royce Ltd in 1906. It should be mentioned here at this stage that its car division is now owned by BMW. The focus of the strategy will be on its aerospace division The aerospace industry analysis Market is an oligopoly The aerospace engine industry is, unique in the world of business in the sense that it is very oligopolistic. It means that there will be only a limited number of producers or manufacturers (or buyers) in the market. They can easily control the movement of goods in the market. In effect, it can be called a differentiated oligopoly. “In a differentiated oligopoly, the rival businesses can provide product features that differentiate their offerings in terms of quality, features, styling, performance, and service. This might be said to be the present-day business environment for aero-engine systems and services.” (Olofsson and Farr 2002, p.25). Only three major players exist in the aerospace engine industry that manufactures large airplanes and military planes. This means that the engines will have to be big and powerful. The two companies other than Rolls Royce are Pratt & Whitney and General Electric Corporation. All three companies have a presence in the market for medium-sized and small-sized aircraft also. They also manufacture other types of engines (apart from jet engines) like turboprop. The chart will show the relative market that exists in this industry. Figure 1. The relative market The clusters shown in the chart are explained below. “Cluster 1 represents the smaller segment of the market, including the first turbojets introduced at the birth of the industry, the turbofans introduced at the beginning of the 1960s in substitution of the turbojets, the second generation of turbofans and the small regional jets of the 1990s. Cluster 2 includes larger size engines while cluster 3 includes the largest engines of the three big players, which power very large aircraft.” (Bonaccorsi and Giuri 2001, p.12). Vertical relationships Another feature of this industry is that almost no major manufacturer of aircraft has developed their engines. In other words, the aircraft is built by one company and the engines are supplied by another company. This trend is seen as universal especially in the case of larger capacity engines where the three major players operate. The reason is that the engine itself is a higher technology, high investment venture. Combining the manufacture of aircraft plus the engines will be too high a financial risk and burden. In effect, there is a vertical relationship between the buyer (aircraft manufacturer) and the seller (Rolls Royce). In other words, there is a vertical relationship between the buyer and the seller (as mentioned above). One is that the task of making the aircraft and the engine is done by two different organizations. The next feature of vertical relations is that buyers often pass detailed information on the type of product that they need and the seller will try to make it into a working product that contains all requirements Market segmentation The aero-engine industry has two distinct sections namely manufacture and service/maintenance. Both are money-making options for a company as has been mentioned in the next section. Apart from the manufacturer there also exists outside companies engaged in the maintenance of engines also. In some instances, the airline company (operator) may have its own maintenance division. There is also another classification for the market according to Rolls Royce. This market can be classified into primary and secondary markets. The primary market is the actual sale of new engines. Engines are designed for long life and will be used for a period of ten or twenty years. Hence, a market for spares also exists which is called the secondary market. Changing customer requirements Another feature for the market is the changing customer requirements that have occurred over some time. The early days were defined by cost, quality, and the fuel economy of the engines. But demands have changed and now customers want more comprehensive after-sales service. This also includes shipping parts on time, availability of spares, etc. In other words, customers now want comprehensive care for the product they buy. Long term customer relationship Engine manufacturers need to have an excellent relationship with their end customers. The end customer in this case is primarily the airline operators and not the aircraft manufacturer. Customer relations are important in any business. But there are two reasons for this with special regard to the aerospace industry. One is that engines have a long life and the customer relationship should also be such. In this industry, it is the airline operator (end customer) and not the aircraft manufacturer that decides which engine to use. The choice is left to the airline operators by the manufacturers. Hence if the relationship is not proper the airline operator will opt for either Pratt & Whitney or General Electric engines. Analysis of strategic capabilities of Rolls Royce It would be pertinent to define what a strategy is in general terms and also in terms of a business point of view. One of the (several) definitions given by Merriam-Webster that can be shown as a generic concerning strategy is that it is “an adaptation or complex of adaptations (as of behavior, metabolism, or structure) that serves or appears to serve an important function in achieving evolutionary success.” ( Strategy: Business Strategy . 2008). The main point that the definition stresses is that strategy is to try and achieve success in any endeavor. In the context of this paper “A business strategy is a set of guiding principles that, when communicated and adopted in the organization, generates a desired pattern of decision making. A strategy is therefore about how people throughout the organization should make decisions and allocate resources in order accomplish key objectives.” (Watkins 2007). The key objective even though not specified in the survival and success of the organization. A new term that will now come up is strategic management. This implies the strategic decisions taken by the management of a company for achieving its key objectives. “Strategic management is the process of identifying, choosing and implementing activities that will enhance the long-term performance of an organization.” ( Methodologies 7: Change Management . 2008). The Rolls Royce Company and strategy A business strategy can be based on two approaches namely Outside-in or Inside –out. Companies can also adopt a combination of these two approaches. The outside-in strategy focuses on the external environment and then decides what strategy to adopt. “Outside-in perspectives provide insights into the nature of the external environment, its threats and opportunities.” (Chenhall and Chapman 2005, p.13). Many management experts feel that this approach is more relevant in today’s globalized environment and hence many methods like Porter’s Five Forces Model and PESTLE analysis are available as a basis for study. An inside-out strategy on the other hand is strengthening the company from the inside. It involves strengthening the company resources, improving its core competencies, adapting to the external environment, etc. A review of the strategy of Rolls Royce shows that the company has adopted both of these approaches. It is seen that Rolls Royce has set out some clear-cut strategies which have resulted in its current status as a global leader in its field. Diversified workforce To effectively cater to its global markets, the company has employed a diverse range of personnel from as many as fifty countries (who are a part of the workforce). This will enable the company to effectively utilize the talent and knowledge of many countries and cultures which is essential for a multi-national corporation. Investment in technology The Company invests heavily in the development of its technology, capability, and infrastructure. (Annual Report and Accounts 2004: Invest in Technology, Capability, and Infrastructure 2005). In a five-yearfive years period starting from 1994, the company had spent around 3 billion pounds for these areas alone. Another strategy of the company is to develop, maintain, and manage a wide product portfolio. The company produces machinery to power aircraft (both civilian and military), boats, ships, turbines (gas-based), compressors, etc. The company got orders worth around 9 billion dollars from the Farnborough Airshow alone. “These orders reflect the company’s ability to create market opportunities by continuing to develop its broad portfolio of power systems and services, the most extensive in the aerospace industry.” (Farnborough Airshow Underlines the Success of the Rolls-Royce Product. 2008). Its latest high technology offering is the Trent engine that is now being used by the world’s largest passenger aircraft, the Airbus A380. The Trent technology has also been modified to drive gas turbines and industrial-level compressors. Market expansion Market expansion is another strategy that is being aggressively followed. China is now one of the new customers especially for the Trent engine and also uses Rolls Royce products for many of the country’s expansion projects. Getting the Airbus Industries to fit their A380s with the new Trent engine is another example. “Engine maker Rolls-Royce has said that the first commercial Airbus A380 flight between Australia and the US West Coast on Monday (20 October) marked the debut of the Rolls-Royce Trent 900 engine in North America.” (Rolls Royce Trent 900 Debuts in North America with Qantas A380 Flight to Lax. 2008). Value addition Value addition for its existing customers is also a very fruitful operation for the company. The company has a very active services division and its roles include helping existing customers to have a 24-hour engine monitoring system along with repairs and maintenance. This strategy seems to have hit off very well because according to the company, more than half of total revenue comes from this division. It has also seen a growth rate of 12% for the last few years. ( Annual Report and Accounts 2004: Invest in Technology, Capability, and Infrastructure 2005). The company also has a strategy to have manufacturing bases in as many as twenty countries. This facilitates Rolls Royce to leverage costs, time, and other resources available in each of the manufacturing bases. Strategic choices Rolls Royce is a prominent firm in the commercial aero-engine manufacturing industry. For overcoming the extreme competition in the industry, the company plans to take a strategic decision of transplantation of business orientation towards the provision of improved customer service. To identify the suitability of such a strategy, the year five existing environment in the industry has to be analyzed thoroughly. For analyzing the external environment of the industry, the Porters’ Five Forces analysis tool is reliable and effective. For analyzing the business environment of the aero-engine industry, the five force analysis is used. Analysis of external business environment through Porter’s Five Force Model In Porter’s five force model, the general business environment is classified into five fields such as competitive rivalry, power of buyers, power of suppliers, the threat of substitutes, potential entrants, and the threat of entrants. Analysis of Commercial aero-engine industry Competitive rivalry In the oligopoly market of aero-engine products, competition is at its extreme level. There is the only limited number of buyers in the market and the suppliers are equally powerful with approximately similar products. Due to the maturity stage of the product differentiation cannot be possible. For improving the features and quality of the product in order to attain customer satisfaction, advanced technology has to be developed and this requires huge investment in research and development. Thus cost-effectiveness of such a huge investment in R&D is influencing the profitability and growth of firms in the industry. Due to the limited technological differentiation in the industry manufacturers are concentrating on customer service differentiation and this creates strong competition in the customer service field also. Power of Buyers The number of buyers in the industry is only limited. Purchasing decisions of buyers are long-term in nature. Due to the limited number of buyers, they occupy potential power in the pricing decisions of products. It has been seen in the market that the price for new engines is largely fixed by the customers. Long-term customer satisfaction is necessary for business growth in the industry. Customers are seeking reduced repair costs and a lifetime cost of ownership guarantees for their product. Power of suppliers In the aero-engine manufacturing industry, suppliers have limited power. Due to the limited number of buyers in the market, they have to compete with other firms for attaining customers. For this additional cost-benefit and efficiency has to be provided. The pricing decisions are always based on decisions of rivalry firms due to the similarly featured products. No independent pricing decision is possible for different firm’s products. Customers have a high influence onthe fixation of prices. Threat of entry In the aero-engine industry, threat of entry of new firms does not exist. It is extremely difficult for new firms to enter the industry due to its peculiar features. The initial cost requirement of business in the industry is very huge. Related research and development processes also require huge investment. Together with cost constraints, customer acceptance of new firms can not be assured because the reputation of firms influences buying decisions. Threat of substitutes The threat of substitutes does not exist in the industry. There is no substitute aero-engine products available in the market. ( Competing Within a Changing World 2000). Critical discussion of generic choices Rolls Royce is engaged in the business of new engine products sales and engine parts sales. These two sectors are interrelated. For achieving acceptance in the secondary market, primary market share is essential.. For achieving success in the industry, product improvement with adequate technology is essential. Along with product improvement, improved customer servicing also has to be assured in the business. Customer services can be improved with better information management and inventory management. The Aero-engine industry is an oligopoly market where the number of buyers and sellers is limited. Due to the limited number of buyers’ competition for buyers are strong in the market. Purchasing decisions of buyers are based on their present and future needs. Thus suppliers are required to satisfy both the present and future needs of customers concerning the product. Customers in the industry now prefer a complete service from the suppliers along with efficiency and economy. To ensure complete service to the buyers, a better customer relationship is necessary. Thus the Rolls Royce’s strategy of strengthening the customer relationship through appropriate manner seems to be accurate and effective in the current market environment of aero-engine products. Justification of a strategy The strategy that has been followed by Rolls Royce has been discussed here. The major strategies are market expansion, diverse product portfolio, diversity in the workforce, multiple international manufacturing centers, and focus on after-market operations. It can also be seen that Rolls Royce has been quite successful with these strategies and has been able to hold its place in the market very well. The one area that was not covered in the market strategy of the company is the formation of joint ventures or acquisitions. The company has already entered into some joint ventures in the past. But it has not taken this up as a strategy yet. A review of the material available has shown that the company has two prominent joint venture agreements with two companies. “Rolls-Royce said on August 14 that it planned to form a joint venture with Goodrich to develop and supply engine controls for Rolls-Royce aerospace engines. The companies would create a 50:50 joint venture.” ( Rolls Royce, Goodrich in Joint Venture 2008). The second one is with a company called GKN Aerospace concerning the development and use of composite materials on their engines (blades). It should be noted that this is the aero-engine industry is a high technology, high investment area. Even though there are two major competitors, all of them are popular as suppliers of aero-engines. Apart from being cost-effective and having the capacity to provide good customer service, development in new technology is also a prerequisite for success in the industry. Research and development are costly and time-consuming, especially in this industry. It is also highly risky if the technology is not accepted in the market. A joint venture strategy can help the company to achieve technical superiority without too much investment. “A joint venture involves two or more businesses pooling their resources and expertise to achieve a particular goal.” ( Practical Advice for Business, Joint Ventures, and Partnering: Introduction ). A joint venture has the following advantages. Advantages A joint venture can bring in additional resources from the joint venture partner. This will help the company to free up its resources and use them in some other critical areas. On the other hand, if the company does not reduce its research budget, the combined resources can be used for better research. In both cases, it is beneficial for the company. Another advantage is the facility to share technology and research data. The joint venture partner may be an expert in one area and this expertise can be leveraged by Rolls Royce to the advantage of both parties. According to a GKN executive “We have long been a pioneer and driving force in the application of lightweight, high-performance composites to the airframe and it is one of our strategic goals to bring the benefits of composite materials to propulsion systems.” ( GKN Aerospace and Rolls Royce Form Joint Venture 2008). This strategy can be followed in other areas also. There are many complicated parts in an engine where research and development are further possible. This can be speeded up the company starts more such joint ventures mentioned above. This will help the company remain competitive and remain in the top position in the aerospace engineering industry. It may also help to develop its current product portfolio. Conclusions A study of the strategy of Rolls Royce Company has been done here about its aerospace engine division. A study of the aerospace and aero-engine industry was done and the distinct characteristics like oligopoly, vertical relationship between customer and buyer, etc have been listed. Next, the specific strategy followed by the company and an analysis of the same was done. The next section was a critical discussion of the strategic choices of the company. This was done using Porter’s five forces model. Next, a strategy not yet seriously adopted by the company was recommended and justification for its adoption was also provided. It can be seen that the company has well thought out and formulated strategies. It is operating in an oligopolistic (but competitive) market. The company has the capability and expertise to stay and grow in this market. Recommendations The recommendations have already been given in the section on the justification of a strategy. It is recommended there that the company need to follow its existing policies. But a serious look at joint ventures will be very advisable since the market is characterized as having high risk, high investment, and competitive. Bibliography 1. Annual Report and Accounts 2004: Invest in Technology, Capability, and Infrastructure , 2005, Rolls Royce. 2. Bonaccorsi, Andrea and Giuri, Paola 2001, Learning, Technological Competition and Network Structure in the Aero Engine Industry, LEM: Working Paper Series, p.12. 3. Bonaccorsi, Andrea and Giuri, Paola 2001, Learning, Technological Competition and Network Structure in the Aero Engine Industry, LEM: Working Paper Series, p.25. 4. Chenhall, Robert, S 2005, Content and Process Approaches : Outside-in Perspective, ed. Chapman, Christopher, S, Controlling Strategy, p.13, Web. 5. Competing Within a Changing World 2000, Rolls Royce. 6. Farnborough Airshow Underlines the Success of the Rolls-Royce Product 2008, PRdomain Business Register. 7. GKN Aerospace and Rolls Royce Form Joint Venture 2008, Azo Materials: The A-Z Materials. Web. 8. Methodologies 7: Change Management 2008, Reframing the Future. 9. Olofsson, Lotta and Farr, Richard 2006, Business Models Tools and Definition: Uniqueness and the Business Model , Vivace, p.25. 10. Practical Advice for Business, Joint Ventures and Partnering: Introduction, Business Link. 11. Rolls, Charles and Royce, Henry 2004, Overview, Rolls Royce. 12. Rolls Royce, Goodrich in Joint Venture 2008, IW India. 13. Rolls Royce Trent 900 Debuts in North America with Qantas A380 Flight to Lax 2008, BNET: The Go To Place for Management. 14. Strategy: Business Strategy 2008, Merriam Webster, Web. 15. Watkins, Michael 2007, Demystifying Strategy: The What, Who, How, and Why.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/rolls-royce-company-strategic-management/

Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Argument 1: Julius Caesar was assassinated by the senators because they were angry with his behavior in the Temple of Venus Genetrix.

Argument 1: Julius Caesar was assassinated by the senators because they were angry with his behavior in the Temple of Venus Genetrix.

Roman History: Why Julius Caesar Was Assassinated Essay Introduction Julius Caesar was both a politician and a strong leader for the Romans, who were responsible for the changes in the history of the Greco-Roman. He was able to create a very strong ruling system with his admirable courage and strength, which made him a strong dictator. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship acted as a pivot of Rome’s transition from being a republic to an empire. Julius Caesar was born in Rome on July 13 in 100 B.C. and died as a result of an assassination plot against him by the “liberators” in 44B.C. His father died when he was 16, and his mother brought him up. His mother was very influential in Caesar’s life. From a noble Roman man, Julius Caesar was elected in various political positions in Rome and fought many battles until he assumed the title of a dictator in 48 B.C. Julius Caesar’s generalship is considered one of the greatest military rules in the world. He had three marriages; Cornelia Cinnila, Pompeia, and Calpurnia Pisonis. He had two children of his own (Julia and Caesarian) and an adopted son (Octavianus) who succeeded Julius Caesar in becoming Emperor Augustus. Julius Caesar used his power to implement reforms, relieve debts, revise the calendar, build a forum, Lulium, and enlarge the senate. He was assassinated by members of his senate, well known as the “liberators’ in 44 B.C. The day of his assassination is referred to as the Ides of March (March 15) according to the Roman Calendar. Many scholars have presented different theories that explain why Julius Caesar was assassinated, and in this paper, the three sides of the argument will be discussed. This will then allow me to state the most sensible argument in my view. Discussion Argument 1 One argument that explains why Julius Caesar was assassinated originates from Cassius Dio’s views. In this argument, Julius Caesar’s behavior while in the Temple of Venus Genetrix justifies why the senate planned to assassinate him. Julius Caesar, during his rule had been given many honors, which included Pater Patriae (father of the fatherland), Pontifex Maximus (Highest priest) and Dictator. These titles were bestowed on him by the senate. One day in 44 B.C., the senatorial delegation went to inform Caesar that they had given them a new honor. Upon their arrival, Caesar was in the Temple of Venus Genetrix. It was expected that Caesar stands up, but instead, he sat. The senators felt offended, and this happening seemed to increase their anger towards Caesar. However, while Caesar’s supporters stated that he had failed to stand because he had a sudden attack of diarrhea, the opponents objected and said that he had walked home unaided and could not have had the attack hence disputing this claim. In addition to this, the argument supports Caesar’s honorary titles continued to anger the senators. At some point, a crowd had shouted to Caesar, “King.” Furthermore, Mark Anthony, a co-consul with Caesar, had attempted to place a throne on Caesar’s head, which he turned down. It was the view of some senate members as inappropriate for a mortal man to get so many honors. The senate members were not happy with Caesar’s many titles and honors that threatened to give him much great power with time. Caesar’s behavior in the temple was observed to be a result of his pride in what he had achieved. Consequently, Julius Caesar’s behavior in the Temple of Venus Genetrix and his many honors angered the liberators, who decided to hatch a plot in order to assassinate him. Argument 2 This argument provides an opinion that Julius Caesar was not actually assassinated by his political rivals but instead passively orchestrated his own murder. Caesar planned his murder because his epileptic attacks were increasing, and to Caesar’s view, these attacks threatened to diminish his legacy. Julius Caesar is said to have had four well known epileptic attacks, which indicated that they were complex partial seizures. The different occasions when Caesar experienced epileptic attacks include; when he was listening to an Oration by Cicero, in Corduba (Spain), near Thapsus (North Africa) and also in the senate when he was offered the Emperor’s crown. In addition to this, Caesar is said to have experienced seizures during some military campaigns. This argument is supported by seizures that were also observed in his son Caesarion, his great–great–great grandnephews (Caligula and Britannicus). Julius Caesar’s condition of being epileptic evidence has originated from the ancient sources of Pliny, Appianus, Suetonius, and Plutarch. Julius Caesar continued to experience epileptic attacks as a ruler of the Roman Empire, which kept on increasing with time. Therefore, Caesar did not want his increasing epilepsy to damage his much respected and well-acquired legacy. This made Caesar plan his murder to look like an assassination, and it is believed that Julius Caesar engineered and welcomed his death. An investigation led by Col Luciano Garafano, a commander of Italian Carabinier’s northern Forensic investigation unit, supports this view. According to the report, Caesar was a well-prepared general who was always well informed, and it is unlikely that he didn’t know of the assassination plot. Furthermore, he ignored very relevant warnings that were earlier given to him. Examples of warnings he had received include his wife’s plea not to attend the senate due to her dreams; he ignored the priests/ soothsayer’s warning, he dismissed his bodyguard during his walk to the senate, and even ignored a warning note he had received. Some believe that he could not have ignored all these warnings unintentionally but instead knew about the plot since he had planned his murder. Argument 3 The third argument indicates that Julius Caesar was assassinated through a plot hatched by a group of 60 senators who were led by Gaius Cassius and Marcus Julius Brutus. These senators plotted in order to ensure that Caesar’s powers that were increasing would not become very strong with time. They feared that Caesar’s power would someday enslave the Roman citizens, a possibility that they felt they could not tolerate, Julius Caesar was elected to the consulship and was nominated as a high priest of Jupiter, later becoming a strong dictator of the Roman Empire. Julius Caesar was a powerful and intelligent general who won many battles against his rivals. For instance, Caesar conquered Gaul using his powerful legions and defeated Pompey despite his numerical advantage (high number of infantry). He further defeated the Ptolemaic forces in 47 B.C. in the Battle Nile, won the battle of Zela (Middle East), and gained victory over the forces of Metellus Scipio in Thapsus (46 B.C.). Caesar acquired great power and honor from his achievements, that the Roman people viewed him as their hero and supported him greatly. The senators were very disturbed by the title “king’ which was proposed to be given to Caesar some and even branded him as a tyrant. During his rule, he was appointed a dictator and later nominated for nine one-year terms. This made Julius Caesar a dictator for ten years, during which he was given many titles or honors. According to Suetonius, Lucius Cotta’s proposal that Caesar is granted the title ‘king’ marked the peak when ‘liberators’ were motivated to assassinate Caesar. The ‘liberators’ group was made up of 60 senate members and used to assemble secretly in order to plan how to kill Caesar when he sat in the senate. During the Ides of March, Julius Caesar was stabbed by the ‘liberators’ to death. This argument has been put forward by Plutarch, one of the ancient scholars, and it makes the most sense to me. This is because, Julius Caesar as a general and a political leader, showed his great ability, intelligence, and determination to have earned him great power. His great leadership skills enabled them to implement extensive reforms in Roman society and government. These reforms did not go well with the ‘liberators’ who envied Caesar’s well-acquired power. They were of the opinion that if they allowed Caesar to continue ruling, he would implant an evil in their democracy. The liberator’s leadership inadequacy indicates strongly that Caesar was the greatest leader amongst them all. This could have been a strong source of their reason to kill Caesar. The ‘liberators’ displayed their leadership inadequacy after Caesar’s death. They were unable to step in or organize the government, indicating that they were men of no importance without Caesar. They allowed Mark Anthony, who was Caesar’s most faithful general, to seize power because they were obsessed with their own inferiority. They turned Caesar’s heir Octavian against Mark Anthony because he was young, and they thought they would control him. This indicates that the senators’ thirst for power must have led to Julius Caesar’s assassination. This argument makes more sense and seems more likely to have to be a reason for Caesar’s assassination than the other two arguments. Did the “liberators” act out of Fear, Idealism, or Jealousy? The “liberators” is a term used to refer to the 60 members of the senate who took part in the assassination of the Roman Dictator Julius Caesar in the year 44 B.C. Though various arguments have indicated varying reasons on why the liberators killed Caesar, their activity seems to have been greatly motivated by fear and their thirst for power. Their greatest fear was Caesar’s ever-increasing power during his rule. For instance, the proposed use of the word “king” to refer to Caesar expressed honor and great authoritative power that was accorded to the. In Rome, a democratic system of governance was advocated for by the senators. In order to stop dominance in power Caesar, they sought to stop a “tyrant’ by killing him. Their thirst for power was well shown when they supported Octavian to succeed Caesar, not because he was Caesar’s appointed heir but because he was too young, and they wanted to control him due to his young age. The senators overlooked Octavian age and kept increasing his power into a senator and a Consul to ensure Mark Antony, who they did not like, would not rule. Octavian was officially acknowledged as “son of God,” with the senators believing that they controlled him, only to be proved wrong later. Octavian seized total power control and formed a tyranny – Roman Empire. He became Emperor Augustus. References Arthur, H. and Hamilton, W. 1908.Plutarch. Lives of Illustrious Men (529) V3.John Dryden Books. Caesar’s-Assassination of Julius Caesar on the Ides of March. 2008. Web. Michael, P.2003. The Assassination of Julius Caesar: A People’s Ancient History of Rome. The Journal of the Florida Medical Association 82(3): 199-201. Tom, L. The Daily Telegraph Monday 2003. Et Tu, Brute? 2008. Web. Rosalie, B.and Charles, B.1998. Ancient Romans: Expanding the Classical Tradition. Oxford Printing Press. Oxford.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/roman-history-why-julius-caesar-was-assassinated/

Write the full essay for the following summary: Robert Bellah described the concept of "civil religion" in America as the public events that symbolize the "beliefs, symbols and rituals" of the people of the country. The Four Freedom's Speech of Roosevelt was addressed to the Congress in 1941. The address was regarding the impending war against nations who were looming threat to democracy. In this essay we argue that the concept of "civil religion" as presented by Bellah does not represent the speech of Roosevelt.

Robert Bellah described the concept of "civil religion" in America as the public events that symbolize the "beliefs, symbols and rituals" of the people of the country. The Four Freedom's Speech of Roosevelt was addressed to the Congress in 1941. The address was regarding the impending war against nations who were looming threat to democracy. In this essay we argue that the concept of "civil religion" as presented by Bellah does not represent the speech of Roosevelt.

Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms. American “Civil Religion” Essay (Critical Writing) Introduction Robert Bellah described the concept of “civil religion” in America as the public events that symbolize the “beliefs, symbols and rituals” of the people of the country. The Four Freedom’s Speech of Roosevelt was addressed to the Congress in 1941. The address was regarding the impending war against nations who were looming threat to democracy. In this essay we argue that the concept of “civil religion” as presented by Bellah does not represent the speech of Roosevelt. Main body Bellah first showed that the speeches of American Presidents who addressed the nation used “God” in a secular way without any adherence to a particular religious belief or ideology. So did Roosevelt when he mentions “This nation has placed its destiny in the hands, heads and hearts of its millions of free men and women, and its faith in freedom under the guidance of God.” The point of departure from Bellah’s theory which points out that American sovereignty may rest in its people but the ultimate power is vested in “God”. Roosevelt’s speech puts the people and God at par. Bellah portrays the concept of American “civil religion” to “carry out God’s will on earth”. But Roosevelt posits the reasons of the countries actions against the threats to democracy as a defensive mechanism to safeguard the nation state rather than to carry out God’s shown path. So Roosevelt’s speech does not call for a crusade, as the American “civil religion” would like to believe, but an action undertaken to safeguard the nation against impeding dangers. The concept of religious “civil religion” that developed post Civil War, primarily through the speech of Lincoln which symbolized “death, sacrifice, and rebirth enters the new civil religion.” But Roosevelt’s speech does not create any such symbolism. Rather it is a very upfront political speech which talks of facts and figures and the agenda that the nation has to counter the anti-democratic forces. With the Second World War, Bellah points out, the concept of “civil religion” has taken a different shape and presidents like Roosevelt and Truman have tried to establish the nation’s power against the universal wrong and portrayed it to be American responsibility to do so. Roosevelt’s speech is atypical of this new concept that developed post world war and explicitly did not adhere to the concept of American “civil religion” as was framed by the early Presidents. Here the will of God and the ultimate sovereign God has been replaced by armed and military regimes, which has put the American “civil religion” at stake. Conclusion In conclusion, we may say that the American “civil religion” concept has not been directly referred to in Roosevelt’s speech. Though we find the mention of God in his speech, but their symbolism is not as that found in the speeches of Lincoln or Washington. The speech is more in the line of modern concept of military power of America being demonstrated to the world.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/roosevelts-four-freedoms-american-civil-religion/

Write the full essay for the following summary: This essay discusses the roots and fruits of happiness research paper. It talks about how researchers have tried to answer the question of who is happy? And it also talks about the challenges they face while researching such a complicated issue.

This essay discusses the roots and fruits of happiness research paper. It talks about how researchers have tried to answer the question of who is happy? And it also talks about the challenges they face while researching such a complicated issue.

Roots and Fruits of Happiness Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. Bibliography Introduction David Myers explores the unexplored question of “who is happy?” He illustrates all the research studies that have been conducted in order to identify what makes people happy. The researches all show a positivity bias amongst the subjects. This means that people shy away from their own depressions. This also depends on the way the question is phrased. For instance, if asked whether people are happy, a large majority would most certainly say yes. However if they are asked whether they have felt upset or depressed at any point during the past week, the answer may be different. Similarly, people are afraid of appearing too materialistic or of having a negative impression on the interviewer. Therefore, they would most certainly answer the question: “Could money buy happiness?” with a no. However, if you rephrase the question to: “Would a little more money make you a little happier?”, the results might be quite different (Myers, pg. 58). Main body The challenges that researchers face while exploring such complicated issues as human emotions are numerous. The subjects often respond in ways that will be influenced by their personal biases. Therefore, while questioning, surveyors must make sure that the queries must ask for as much objective information as possible. Abstract questions like “what makes you happy?” must be ruled out. It is also often difficult for the researchers to accept that there are no demographic influences on the variable in question. The instinct of a researcher is to find demographic patterns in the trend of the variable. However, as the article explains, males and females are equally likely to encounter depression. The old are often much more satisfied with their lives than the young and it is not sensible to label and believe in the existence of such phases as “midlife crisis” and “old age decline”. According to Wagner (2008), “while correlational studies can suggest that there is a relationship between two variables, they cannot prove that one variable causes a change in another variable.” Therefore, when Myers uses correlation to find a link between two different variables such as happiness and material wealth, he cannot prove that one is an effect of the other. This article, however, suggests that there is indeed a cause-effect relationship between the two variables. However, we may cease to look at it the other way around: material wealth could be a result of the happiness one feels. When one is happy, one is more creative and more dedicated to one’s work and this might bring material gains. Another theory is that there could be a third variable involved: material wealth may not directly lead to happiness. More money means that people can afford more leisure and that leisure time might bring them happiness. Therefore, just a trend between the changes in two variable is not enough evidence to prove that there is a relationship between them. Conclusion We can extend our understanding of happiness through more research questions and posing more objective hypothesis. A possible hypothesis for clarifying our understanding of the relationship between happiness and close relationships could be: “People feel happier in the company of other people that they are alone.” This hypothesis would explore the question from an objective view. By measuring how many people feel happier in other’s company, we can gain an objective outlook on the case of identifying whether interpersonal relationships are really a cause of happiness or not. We can use surveys to research how people feel in the company of others. Perhaps, one day we would be able to understand such subjective questions with the help of more objective data. Bibliography Myers, D. G. (2000). The funds, friends and faith of happy people. American Psychologist , 55(1), 56-67. Wagner, K. V. (2008). Correlational Studies . Retrieved June 28, 2008, from About.com: Psychology. Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/roots-and-fruits-of-happiness/

Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The text discusses how Royal Numico Company failed to predict the consequences of their acquisition strategies and how they could have prevented it. They were too one sighted and did not look at the big picture when they were analyzing the environment.

The text discusses how Royal Numico Company failed to predict the consequences of their acquisition strategies and how they could have prevented it. They were too one sighted and did not look at the big picture when they were analyzing the environment.

Acquisition Strategies & Failures: Royal Numico Company Case Study Abstract The Royal Numico case study can be used as a process of learning because the company makes mistakes that it failed to predict. A more in depth analysis of the environment might have led them to better information and prevented them from buying the other companies in the first place. In both the acquisitions their top goal was to become the market leader by acquiring someone else’s goods. In my opinion, they become too one sighted and failed to understand that acquiring companies with huge sums of money will not lead to a higher market share. There has to be a strategy for every SBU and every department and every product line. It takes more than a give and take relationship to be successful in the business world. You just can’t buy your market share you have to go out and grab it. The Environmental Analysis of the Royal Numico The environmental analysis of company can be conducted through many methods. To use this analysis is a tool to make decisions it is more that both internal and external components are looked at. Porter’s five forces can be analyzed to understand the internal and external environment of Royal Numico. They relied heavily on research and development and marketing ad had to think about internationalizing and growing as a company to recover these costs. They decided to buy Rexall Sundown Inc. Porter’s Model looks at rivalry with the competition but the acquisition by Numico had to do more with expanding and recovering costs. Another reason was to acquire a higher market share and obtain more products. “The acquisition reinforces Numico’s leading position in the growing nutritional supplements market… The acquisition of Rexall Sundown, major supplier to the mass market, will provide Numico with leading nutritional supplements brands and the largest distribution network in the U.S.The acquisition will allow Rexall Sundown to enhance its string market position in the U.S. mass market and provides access to the European market.” (Eppink 729) Royal Numico had clearly analyzed each of the aspects of the acquisition and what the environment was like at the moment. They knew that their distribution network was commendable and would a lot of value to the Numico Company as a whole and help with making more sales. They also analyzed their current market share to understand the environment and sought to expand it with the acquisition. They also analyzed the buyer and supplier power. “WE bought the US companies and their distribution channels to be in a position to sell our clinical and diet foods on a large scale. We did not buy them just for selling vitamins…More than half of the turnover in the USA was diet and sport nutrition.” (Eppinks 729) They knew that they had to get their hand on all the suppliers so they can distribute their product effectively and they knew that the product was being sold because of the high turnover. An entry and exit barrier analysis is a must according to Porter’s model. In their annual report they did not overlook the risks attached with the acquisition. “First of all, Numico focused on the production of specialized nutritional products. This policy involves certain risks regarding the vulnerability of these products and the target groups which there are aimed at, including babies, patients and people with specific nutritional needs. (Eppinks 730) They evaluated their target markets and realized that there was some vulnerability to sell to the target markets. “The second risk was the increasing foreign exchange risk from the growth of the activities in the USA. Numico drew up its balance sheet in euros; a change in the rate of the dollar relative to the euro has a positive or negative impact on the sales reported. The same change would have the opposite effect on the value of debt if it was incurred in US dollar.” (Eppinks, 730) They knew that the environment consisted of incessant fluctuations in the currency rates and that sales would get affected. An environment analysis helped them understand that if the economy went up they result would be great but any threats to the economy would have a fatal consequence. “Finally, the board recognized that sales of nutritional supplements were more sensitive to economic fluctuations rather then their traditional products. However this effect was somewhat reduced because consumers were becoming increasingly conscious of their health and the importance of balanced nutrition.” (Eppink 730) They understood that although there were economic barriers their target market had become more health conscious and as long as there was a need for the product they would be successful. Royal Numico carried out a good environmental analysis although it might be questioned if it was good enough. Both the acquisitions were sold eventually either because they were failures or just not in line with Numico’s new strategies. Analyzing the Suitability of an Acquisition There are eight steps to checking the suitability of an acquisition (Steps to a successful acquisition 2005): Choose Target Spaces After analyzing the company environment the company can understand where its strengths lie and where the weaknesses lie. A SWOT analysis can tell the company where they stand currently and where they should go form there. A gap analysis should be conducted to see the difference between where they are where they want to be. In Royal Numico’s case they were successful in their country but they wanted to expand to the United States. Henceforth, they settled in the idea of an acquisition that would give them a strong distribution channel and a larger product line. Develop Target Profiling Criteria Once they company realized that they wanted to acquire another company they had to choose which one would be the best. The acquisition must be in line with the original goals, the mission and the vision of the company as a whole. The location of the company, it’s position in the market, and its supply and demand functions have to be analyzed to paint a clear picture of where the company is right now and where will it go after the acquisition. Collect Information and Rank Targets Research and development is a big part of making decisions because it ends up being one of the most important tools. This aspect was already inscribed in Royal Numico, henceforth they could easily analyze their targets and calculate the risks. One aspect of collecting information should be consulting critics and taking outside advice. Rooji made three criticisms to the acquisition of the Rexall Sundown which were most likely ignored because later these factors come back and haunt Numico and result in the sale of Rexall Sundown. Approach Targets Approaching targets is a difficult task because people react to things differently in different countries. Since Royal Numico’s acquisition was in the United States it would have to thoroughly analyze the American publics buying methods. As stated earlier the company knew that there were risks involved and reaching out to the target market would be quite vulnerable. Since they knew that reaching out to targets was quite venerable they should have created a strategy to eradicate that vulnerability or come up with a plan to handle it. The suitability of an acquisition also depends on its feasibility. Although a lot of the things sounds attractive and Numico had enough money to buy the both the companies they should have researched how this would affect the target markets. Investigate Targets In order to minimize these risks they company had to analyze the target markets and they found that the American consumer had a health conscious mindset and they would nutritional supplements and related products. Once again paying attention to Rooji’s analysis would have been beneficial here because they failed to realize that dietary supplements were based on fads that would come and go and depended heavily on the economy. It is not wise to simply launch and idea or a strategy only because a few aspects seem positive. Each negative or incomplete area of information has to be completed and analyzed thoroughly. Determine Valuation, Negotiate and Set Deal Terms They acquired the company for 2 billion pounds in the form of shares, bonds, and other payment methods. (Eppink 729) The GNC merger was one of the largest one in the history of nutritional foods and banks like JP Morgan backed up Numico’s payment in cash. The sale of a company is just important as the acquisition because if the acquisition does not work out well a sale is inevitable. In my opinion the future value of the acquired company should be calculated if the strategy doe not go as planned. This would give a rough estimate of how much the company might loose. The company could use this information to evaluate and set aside funds from the profits to cover future losses so that if the unfortunate event of selling an acquisition does happen the company does not end up being in a huge loss like Royal Numico eventually did. Perform Confirmatory Due Diligence and Close the Transaction To successfully close a deal there must be a written set of responsibilities established so that there are no conflicts after the acquisition. Each person in the company should know their role and be aware of what they have to do in order to meet the long term goals of the company. All the documentation should be taken care of and should be double checked for accuracy. Integrate the Companies Acquisition will allow the companies to work together as one in a mutual relationship of benefiting each other. Integration has to begin right away to the acquired company can achieve all the goals of the parent company. Evaluate the acquisition of the nutritional business “The acquisition of General Nutrition Companies (GNCI) by Royal Numico, N.V. this month could be the start of a far-reaching consolidation in the troubled nutritional and natural products industry… Midsized firms with revenues of $100 million to $750 million, such as Rexall Sundown, Twinlab, Nutraceutical International, NBTY/Nature’s Bounty and Weider Nutrition, are possible acquisition candidates, given the generally low valuations accorded to nutrition and natural products companies…a product glut at retail has led to disappointing sales and earnings for a number of industry leaders, with nutrition stocks badly lagging the overall market.” (Product glut 1999) These are some of the headlines that were circulating in 1999 preceding Royal Numico’s acquisition of Rexall Sundown. Clearly the lagging market was in indicator of expanding internationally and to earn a higher market share. “Major baby-food supplier Royal Numico said it will pay $1.75 billion in cash for Pittsburgh’s General Nutrition Companies (GNC). Executives of the Dutch group said the merger would result in the world’s largest company devoted exclusively to nutrition. GNC, which operates 4,000 stores in the US and other countries, announced last month it was buying an 8 percent stake in drugstore.com, an online prescription retailer.” (Business & Finance 1999) The large summed acquisition clearly highlighted that Royal Numico saw many benefits especially when “General Nutrition’s board of directors has unanimously approved the merger agreement in which Royal Numico will pay $25 per share for all outstanding shares of the company in a transaction valued at about $2.5 billion.” (Matta 1999) For Numico this acquisition meant two things: a higher market share that would a leading position in the market and expanding the product line with GNC using research and development. (Eppinks 728) Numico followed the eight successful steps of acquisition when it went after GNC. It set certain goals, evaluated target markets, analyzed results and in the end ended up accomplishing what it was after: “As a result of intensive active component research development, Numico has developed a range of specialized nutritional supplement products. The acquisition of GNC provides Numico with the world’s leading brand and the largest distribution network in the US to sell these products without significant additional marketing expenses.” (Eppink 729) “ROYAL NUMICO NV, a Dutch specialty foods company, will acquire Rexall Sundown Inc., a major US manufacturer and marketer of nutritional supplements and consumer health products. The transaction is valued at roughly $1.8 billion, or $24 per share, including the assumption of about $114 million of Rexall Sundown’s net debt and the value of its outstanding stock options.” (Mirasol 2000) According the Numico the acquisition would help the company penetrate the US market through dietary supplements and “strengthen its position as the global leader in specialized nutrition products.” (Mirasol 2000) This acquisition was the third one on Numico’s list and gave it the title of “the world’s largest nutritional supplements company.” (Mirasol 2000) The acquisition was finally made for “2.7 times sales, or $1.77 billion.” (Cohen 2002) One thing to watch out for in the Rexall Sundown aqusition was that it was related to dietary products. According to Theo van Rooji this would pose a lot of non traditional challenges. “First of all, this new market was one with much more influence from fashionable developments. More over, he considered these products to be much more income elastic and therefore more dependant on economic cycles. Finally the competititors were often smaller companies with sometimes unpredictable and ‘wild’ behavior.” (Eppink 729) This acquisition was not as risk proof as the earlier one and posed many challenges. Anything in the dietary product category is close to a fad. Although people are becoming more and more health conscious they still look for quick ways to reduce weight and when one product gets old they jump to the next one. This is apparent in the American market because it is easy to see that Jane Fonda got pushed aside by the Tae-Bo guy, then he got pushed aside by home appliances, which then got pushed aside by diets that wouldn’t require exercise. Within these diet plans we first had the South Beach and tomorrow we might have the South Shore. Rooji’s observation is completely succinct in that these products are like fads and highly dependant on some sort of phantom following that might die down immediately and without notice. Evaluate the disposal of the businesses – was the disposal a mistake? “Dutch conglomerate and specialty foods company Royal Numico announced that it will sell Rexall Sundown, the largest supplier of vitamins and supplements to Wal-Mart stores. Numico blamed Rexall Sundown, which it acquired in 2000 for $1.8 billion, and GNC, the supplement retail operation it acquired in 1999, for the conglomerate’s $1.45 billion third-quarter loss.” (Slumping Supplement 2002) Although the analysis of the strategy presented that although there were risks the acquisition would be suceeful. This shows that even a environment analysis cannot show what the future might hold but it can be a good predictor. According to Rooji’s observations the dietary supplement posed all the challenges he predicted. The acquisition did not accomplish any of the company’s goals and instead they ended up in a loss.According to the case study “During the presentation of the financial results for 2002 in March 2003, Numico announced that the sale of Rexall Sundown was well under way. Rexall Sundown was characterized as a low-growth/low-margin business. Given the new strategy which focused on high-growth-high-margin business, Rexall Sundown no longer fitter both the criteria. GNC was put on probation; it was a high-margin, but a low-growth business.” (Eppink 731) Along with Rexall Sundown, GNC also became stagnant. Either that or none of their current acquisitions were in line with their new strategy of high growth and high margin. This was understandable in the case of Rexall Sundown because it posed many risky challenges to begin with. The dietary supplements were highly dependant on fads and stability was very hard. Surprisingly, “In July 2000 FTC charged Rexall Sundown with making false and unsubstantiated claims for its Cellasene product as a purported cellulite treatment. In March 2002 a Camden County jury returned a verdict in favor of New Jersey consumers in a class-action that alleged Rexall Sundown had marketed and labeled its Calcium ‘900’ and Calcium 1200 products in violation of the New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act.” (Slumping Supplement 2002) This unfortunately might have been one of the reasons Rexall Sundown was not doing well and Numico found out. Even if Numico was not aware of the infringement of the law it was best that they got rid of Rexall Sundown before they got into further debt: “The Dutch baby food maker Royal Numico sold Rexall Sundown, a vitamin supplements company in Boca Raton, Fla., for $250 million in cash yesterday. The buyer NBTY Inc., a manufacturer and marketer of nutritional supplements based in Bohemia, N.Y. Royal Numico, which owns the GNC vitamin stores, is heavily in debt after a series of poor investments and needs to raise 650 million euros ($746 million) by the end of 2004 to meet some of its obligations.” (Crouch 2003) “On 17 October 2003 the sale of GNC was made public. It was stated that there was no strategic fit Numico. It was a retail brand, with little product overlap and synergies limited to research.” (Eppink 731) Reasearch and development was one of the main goals of the acquisition and that both the companies would benefit each other. The entry strategies into GNC were fool proof and there were barely any risk factors but for the most expensive merger in the nutritional foods sector to fail something must have been over looked. “Moreover, Numico’s management could now focus their time and financial resources on its high-growth/high-margin business of baby food and clinical nutrition. GNC was sold to Apollo Manaagement for US$750m in a deal completed in 5 December 2003. The estimated impairment was 450 million Pounds. A press statement issued by GNC said that “Apollo…sees tremendous value in the power of the GNC brand.” (Eppink 731) The sale of GNC was somewhat surprising because earlier there were no risks associated with the strategy and the board of directors had said yes to the sale immediately and unanimously. Everything was pointing in the right direction and unlike Rexall Sundown no negative information was found pertaining to the risks of the strategy either. It is best to conclude that GNC brand was not a failure but just not in line with the new strategy of Numico where as Rexall Sundown could have easily been a complete failure. The Royal Numico case study can be used as a process of learning because they company makes mistakes that it failed to predict. A more in depth analysis of the environment might have led them to better information and prevented them from buying the other companies in the first place. In both the acquisitions their top goal was to become the market leader by acquiring someone else’s goods. In my opinion, they become too one sighted and failed to understand that acquiring companies with huge sums of money will not lead to a higher market share. There has to be a strategy for every SBU and every department and every product line. It takes more than a give and take relationship to be successful in the business world. You just can’t buy your market share you have to go out and grab it. References “Business & Finance.” Christian Science Monitor 91.154 (1999): 24. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Cohen, Judy Radler. “Pharmaceutical Deal Multiples: On the Rise. (cover story).” Mergers & Acquisitions Report 15.3 (2002): 1. Business Source Complete. EBSCO. Crouch, Gregory. ” COMPANY NEWS; ROYAL NUMICO SELLS REXALL SUNDOWN FOR $250 MILLION.” Business. 2003. New York Times. Web. Matta, L. Matthew. “Duo To Feed Market With Royal Numico Deal.” Bank Loan Report 14.30 (1999): 2. Business Source Complete. EBSCO. Mirasol, Feliza. “Numico Acquires Rexall Sundown To Form Leading Nutrition Supplier.” Chemical Market Reporter 257.19 (2000): 23. Business Source Complete. EBSCO. “Product glut may spell trouble for supplement hucksters. (Cover story).” NCRHI Newsletter 22.5 (1999): 1. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. “Porter’s Five Forces.” Strategic Management. Quick MBA. Web. “SLUMPING SUPPLEMENT SUPPLIER FOR SALE.” NCAHF Newsletter 25.6 (2002): 2. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. ” Steps to a Successful Acquisition.” The Elite Advisor. 2005. CEG Worldwide. Web. “The Strategic Planning Process.” Strategic Management. Quick MBA. 2008. Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/royal-numico-company-case-study/

Write the original essay for the following summary: The essay discusses the relationship between Russian composers Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergey Prokofiev's music with literature, specifically the works of Alexander Pushkin and William Shakespeare. It notes that while both composers wrote music based on the works of these authors, Tchaikovsky's was more clearly influenced by the literature, while Prokofiev's was more original in nature.

The essay discusses the relationship between Russian composers Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergey Prokofiev's music with literature, specifically the works of Alexander Pushkin and William Shakespeare. It notes that while both composers wrote music based on the works of these authors, Tchaikovsky's was more clearly influenced by the literature, while Prokofiev's was more original in nature.

Russian Composers Tchaikovsky and Prokofiev’s Connection With Literature Essay Relations between music and literature can be observed most vividly in the Romantic era. Romantic critics have argued over the relation of music with other arts but still agreed that that the strongest connection can be observed between music and poetry. Music and literature supplement each other and when it comes to songs or operas they contribute to the creation of a masterpiece only when successfully applied together. The famous Russian poet Alexander Pushkin was an extremely talented and highly respected person though his works were sufficiently praised only after his death. Almost all of Russian composers used Pushkin’s writings as the basis of their works with Glinka being the first who started Pushkin tradition in Russian opera. Without any doubt music and literature differ in form and content since literature becomes possible in letters, a specifically written art, while instrumental music becomes possible as an autonomous art form independent of its traditional link with words (Prieto, 2002). However, in songs the instrumental part is to a large extent dependent on the lyrical parts because a song without words can not be regarded as a worthy musical composition and “in this kind of relationship music acts as a model for a literary mode of creation” (Prieto, 2002). Over the years a number of composers tried to create a composition which would become eternal and which would perpetuate their talent and what they tried to express in their works. Writing music is a challenging task; writing music which would correspond to verses emphasizing what they express is even more challenging. A number of composers attempted to write music to the immortal works of Alexander Pushkin and William Shakespeare but Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergey Prokofiev’s musical compositions deserve special attention since some of them were regarded as failure back then but are considered masterpieces these days. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky is the composer of ten operas, Romeo and Juliet, Mazeppa, The Queen of Spades and Eugene Onegin being among them but the latter remains one of his most successful works. He paid special attention to the depiction of human feelings aiming to impress the audience namely emotionally for, as he noted, “where the heart is not touched there can’t be any music” (Harewood, 1994). Sergey Prokofiev’s music was aimed at impressing the listener by its deepness and originality rather than firm and perceptible connection with literature. To reveal the extent of connection of Tchaikovsky’s and Prokofiev’s musical compositions with literature some of their works should be thoroughly considered and compared. To begin with, Romeo and Juliet was written by Tchaikovsky in 1869 and it is based on Shakespeare’s play with the same name. For some reason Tchaikovsky’s connection with Shakespeare’s work was very vague and he either failed to understand the essence of the play or just was not inspired enough by it since the first two versions of the opera turned out to be a failure. Perhaps, the unhappy love story of two young people and their tragic death at the end of the story was not enough to fill the composer with enthusiasm for work. However, his Romeo and Juliet staged in 1886 was successful: “this is the best music ever to illustrate some of Shakespeare’s most luscious lines, far superior to Gounod’s trivial, long-winded lucubrations, and more relevant than, and at least as lovely as, Bellini’s forgotten opera. Already Tchaikovsky is writing music that bears his unmistakable sign manual” and now “it is the first composition Tchaikovsky wrote that is still played today (Wallace Brockeay, 2007) it is worth mentioning that the realization of the theme of love and human feelings is more vividly observed in Tchaikovsky’s operas based on Alexander Pushkin’s creative work. It is necessary to mention that in 1877 Tchaikovsky’s friend Elizaveta Andreyevna Lavrovskaya who was also a singer, suggested him writing an opera based on Alexander Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin . Pushkin was a highly respected writer and, just like Shakespeare in England, Pushkin was held in reverence in Russia, which is why Tchaikovsky first absolutely rejected the idea of writing an opera being afraid to deal with a sacred Pushkin’s work. Nevertheless, the composer soon got down to writing being utterly captivated by Eugene Onegin and enchanted by the main heroine Tatiana: “Tchaikovsky was emotionally touched by the characters, particularly Tatiana, and he managed to find precisely the right music to define her youthful love, its unhappy outcome, and her growth into a mature woman of beautiful honesty, commitment, and even dignity” (McCants, 2003). He preserved the most of the story line, at the verses of the original poem were kept as well. Still, there are some evident differences between the opera and the novel. The aim of Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin is to show by means of satire the arrogance of people belonging to the upper class, focusing particularly at the character of Eugene Onegin who is depicted as a spoiled and rather bored socialite. Tchaikovsky presented the novel in the opera from a slightly different perspective. What he concentrates at is romance, the diversity and significance of the characters’ feelings. According to Arblaster (1997), Tchaikovsky noted that he did not want kings and queens, popular uprisings, battles, marches, in a word anything that belonged to grand opera. He was looking for an intimate but powerful drama on the conflict of circumstances which he had seen or experienced, and which could move him inwardly. What’s more, the opera shows very vividly the composer’s affection to his favorite, Tatiana, whose role in the original novel is not as prominent as it is in the opera by Tchaikovsky: “Her twelve minute “letter aria” is one of the great scenes in all of Russian opera, and in no other opera of any nation has the depth of feeling and impetuosity of youth been so clearly and so movingly portrayed” (McCants, 2003). Surprisingly, however, but Tchaikovsky still wrote another opera Mazeppa regardless the fact that it depicted those “popular uprisings, battles, marches” he held such a detestation in. Although here he again concentrated more at the scenes devoted to love and what it involved. Mazeppa is written on the verses of Pushkin’s Poltava in which Pushkin combined stirring battle scenes with a merciless portrait of Mazeppa, whom, according to Jellinek (1994), he characterized as a man of ambition, steeped in perfidy and crime though hardly anything of Pushkin’s panoramic vision was retained in Tchaikovsky’s opera Mazeppa . In his opera Tchaikovsky focuses on the conflict which arose because of Kochubey’s younger daughter falling in love with Mazeppa who was much older than she: “Set against the turbulent eighteenth century struggle of Ukrainian and Swedish forces against Tsar Peter the Great, Tchaikovsky provided his most satisfying music for the ill-matched lovers, Mazeppa and Maria” (McCants, 2003). What Mazeppa was interested in most of all was not the historic events which took place in that period of time but feelings and sufferings of the characters: “It is obvious that Tchaikovsky’s concern was human emotions, not the national issues motivating the participants in the Great Northern War, not even the cause of Ukrainian independence championed by Mazeppa…” (Jellinek, 1994). Just like in case with Eugene Onegin he was expressing emotions conveyed by words with the help of music. The idea to write an opera based on Pushkin’s The Queen of Spades was suggested by Tchaikovsky’s brother Modest and again the composer first rejected the idea stating that he was unmoved by the subject and replied that he was more concerned with his new symphony (Boyden-Kimberley-Staines, 2002). The matter was that Tchaikovsky wanted to write music on the basis of stories which to at least some extent touched human feelings and were connected with love whereas The Queen of Spades was a tersely told ironic ghost story, a tale of obsession (Brown, 2007). Nonetheless, after meeting the Director of the Imperial Theatres he reconsidered the suggestion and presented a finished score in June of 1890. This time Tchaikovsky put forward the conditions under which he agreed to write the opera with the main and the most drastic changes concerning the end of the tale. The original story ends with Lisa getting through the tragedy and getting married and Herman’s going mad which “was too open-ended for Tchaikovsky, who elected to kill them both, then add insult to injury by forgiving Herman after his suicide” (Boyden et al., 2002). In general, this opera is more sophisticated than the one written by Tchaikovsky before, namely Eugene Onegin , since The Queen of Spades is “a propulsive drama rather than a series of lyrical scenes” for which “juxtaposition of intense emotion and delicate, archaic music” (Boyden et al., 2002) is the dramatic principle. Still, what Tchaikovsky remained true to when writing the opera The Queen of the Spades was his depiction of something that only humans can possess. He did not have a possibility to show the deepness of emotions and love tragedy since this is not what the tale is all about but he still managed to illuminate human condition, namely, the obsession: “Although it [the opera] is often criticized for failing to convey the ironical tone of the short story by Pushkin upon which it is based, the opera transmutes the original narrative into an artistic experience of equal dignity, and it also enables the audience to be moved by the human frailty of its hero” (Zajaczkowski, 2005). The performance of the opera is impressive and really splendid with a rich but unobtrusive and clear-textured orchestra. The opera is expressive but it is not sentimental which can’t but evokes respect to the composer and admiration with his talent. As far as Sergei Prokofiev is concerned, he was also a successful composer whose works are treated with due respect even these days. His Romeo and Juliet based on Shakespeare’s play was the realization of the lyrical aspects of his music which was difficult for him to express in some of his other works. Just like in case with Tchaikovsky’s Romeo and Juliet , Prokofiev’s ballet was not an immediate success and it took time and a number of revisions to make it attractive for the audience of those times. The fact that a number of other composers attempted to write music for this play made it even more challenging: “When approached to write the music for the ballet, Prokofiev was reluctant. Romeo and Juliet has already been adapted to operatic by fourteen composers, to say nothing of Berlioz’s dramatic symphony and Tchaikovsky’s overture” (Jacobson-Kline, 2002). What is notable for Prokofiev’s Romeo and Juliet is that he, like Tchaikovsky in case with The Queen of Spades , had to change the end of the play and it was rather a drastic change since in his version the story had a happy ending, though unlike Tchaikovsky who changed the ending because of personal reasons, Prokofiev introduced changes for the convenience of the dancers: “The causes which pushed us into such vandalism were purely choreographical: living people can dance, those who are dying would never do it lying down” (Zolotnitsky- Ganf-Egunova, 1999). This entailed a serious problem, namely whether the spectators would adequately appreciate such an ending, in other words whether they would consider it modern and entertaining or whether they would question its authenticity. The music is what made Shakespeare’s piece of writing alive but this is not what made it glorious. Sergey Prokofiev’s contribution into the world of music is without any doubt significant and his music to Romeo and Juliet is a result of fruitful and persevering work but it is the ballet which made the performance world-famous. The dancers are brilliant and it is amazing how they feel every beat of the rhythm and perceive the music. Prokofiev’s melodies intertwine with the actions on the scene producing an unforgettable expression. When it comes to Eugene Onegin , Sergey Prokofiev first refuses to write the music. Tchaikovsky’s Eugene Onegin was very successful and it would have been difficult to surpass him: “No, after Tchaikovsky it would be rather awkward.” Prokofiev had replied at that time” (Nestyev- Jonas, 1961) But later the idea of writing the music to those parts which Tchaikovsky omitted in his opera came to the composer: “I think it will be unusually interesting to see Lensky arguing heatedly with Onegin over a bottle of Ay, Tatyana visiting his empty house, or Onegin on the banks of the Neva […] It is my intention to adhere as closely to the original as possible” (Nestyev- Jonas, 1961). To write the music for the missing scenes Prokofiev reread the novel and worked especially hard to produce a masterpiece: “he composed a series of characterizations of the principal characters and a number of poetic scenes depicting life on a country estate. He composed a few themes for Onegin and three lyrical themes for Tatyana, which were supposed to express the gradual development of her passion. He considered particularly successful the music depicting the rustic quietude of the Larin estate and a few dance fragments for the ball at the Larin’s” (Nestyev- Jonas, 1961). In other words, Prokofiev, to some extent, surpassed himself but this turned out to be of no result since it seemed impossible to eclipse Tchaikovsky’s opera. Incidental music for Eugene Onegin by Prokofiev remained unpublished though he managed to use some moments from it in his War and Peace ; this never sufficiently praised musical composition is still included in the list of Prokofiev’s works (Nestyev- Jonas, 1961). Another failure expected Sergey Prokofiev with The Queen of Spades based on the work of Alexander Pushkin. He started working at the incidental music for this novel together with his restoring the missing parts of Eugene Onegin . Prokofiev’s The Queen of Spades faced the same tragic destiny and was never published. Nevertheless, this does not mean that Sergey Prokofiev never established himself as a composer. He wrote a great number of duly appreciated musical compositions and was acknowledged as a very talented composer: “Posterity will not be able to understand our difficult and glorious period of life without intently listening to the works of Sergey Prokofiev, and contemplating his extraordinary fate” (MacDonald, 1995). Thus, the connection of Tchaikovsky’s music and pieces of literature lies in the ability of the music to render the characters’ feelings and emotions to their fullest possible extent which for some reason failed to be conveyed by verses alone. The influence of literature on the musical composition is immense as the composer is, first of all, inspired by what is written in the piece of literature, just like Tchaikovsky was inspired by Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin : “if ever music has been composed with true passion, with love of the plot and the characters, then it is music to Onegin. I was melting and vibrating from inexpressible delight when composing it. And if even a tiny part of what I experienced when composing this opera echoes in the listener, I would be gratified and I don’t need anything else” ( Pacific Opera Victoria , 2005). Sergey Prokofiev’s connection with Alexander Pushkin’s works is less observable. In spite of the fact that Pushkin was one of the most favorite Prokofiev’s writers he never managed to properly connect his music with the works of this outstanding man of letters. Both the composers were extremely talented and their works are listened to and respected even these days but what can be stated regarding everything discussed above is that Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky showed stronger connection with the works of Alexander Pushkin whereas Sergey Prokofiev was more successful in writing music to William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet which though not from the first time but still brought him fame and acknowledgement. References 1. Anthony Arblaster. (1997). Viva la Liberta!: Politics in Opera . Verso 2. Clyde T. McCants. (2003). Opera for Libraries: A Guide to Core Works, Audio and Video Recordings, Books and Serials. McFarland 3. David Brown. (2007). Tchaikovsky: The Man and His Music. Pegasus Books 4. David Zolotnitsky, Tatiana Ganf, Natalia Egunova. (1999). Sergei Radlov: The Shakespearian Fate of a Soviet Director. Routledge 5. Eric Prieto. (2002). Listening in: Music, Mind, and the Modernist Narrative. U of Nebraska Press 6. George Henry Hubert Lascelles Harewood. (1994). Opera. Rolls House Pub. Co. 7. George Jellinek.(1994). History Through the Opera Glass: From the Rise of Caesar to the Fall of Napoleon. Pro/Am Music Resources Opera. Rough Guides 8. Israel V. Nestyev, Florence Jonas. (1961). Prokofiev . Stanford University Press 9. Henry Zajaczkowski. (2005). An Introduction to Tchaikovsky’s Operas . Greenwood Publishing Group 10. Julius H. Jacobson, Kevin Kline. (2002). The Classical Music Experience: Discover the Music of the World’s Greatest Composers . Sourcebooks, Inc. 11. Matthew Boyden, Nick Kimberley, Joe Staines. (2002). The Rough Guide to 12. Wallace Brockeay (2007). Men of Music – Their Lives, Times, and Achievements . READ BOOKS 13. Ian MacDonald. (1995). Prokofiev, Prisoner of the State . Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville from World Wide Web Virtual Library: Classical Music. Web. 14. Eugene Onegin| Russia’s Musical Masterpiece . (2005).

https://ivypanda.com/essays/russian-composers-tchaikovsky-and-prokofievs-connection-with-literature/

Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The Russian Revolutions Since 1905: Background and Consequences is a term paper that discusses the background and consequences of the Russian revolutions since 1905. The paper begins by discussing the historic background of the revolutions, and then moves on to discuss the February and March revolution. The paper then discusses the political divergence that occurred after the February and March revolution, and how this led to the October and November revolution. The paper then discusses the civil war and its consequences, as well as works

The Russian Revolutions Since 1905: Background and Consequences is a term paper that discusses the background and consequences of the Russian revolutions since 1905. The paper begins by discussing the historic background of the revolutions, and then moves on to discuss the February and March revolution. The paper then discusses the political divergence that occurred after the February and March revolution, and how this led to the October and November revolution. The paper then discusses the civil war and its consequences, as well as works

Russian Revolutions Since 1905: Background and Consequences Term Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Historic Background 3. The Revolution of February and March 4. Political Divergence 5. The Revolution of October and November 6. The Civil War and Its Consequences 7. Works Cited Introduction In 1905, when the Imperial forces of Russia were under the affliction of mortifying and degrading vanquishes, the famous revolution of that year broke out. The ground-breaking activities were being exaggerated in the tsarist empire since past five decades. The combating embarked on Jan. 22, 1905, when in Saint Petersburg around 100–200 workers were murdered by fighters who opened fire on nonviolent protesters, under the leadership of a priest named Father Gapon, called in history “The Bloody Sunday”. This mishap had a consequence in the form of an association between the radical and liberal parties in opposition to the government. Throughout the spring and summer, peasant rebellions turned out to be gradually more in routine, and a sequence of smacks and uprisings extended all over Finland, Poland and European Russia, turning ultimately into a wide-ranging rebellion in October. On 30 th October Emperor Nicolas II reluctantly decided to hand out Count Sergei Witte’s proposal, who was the chief minister then. That proposal broadened suffrage, assured liberty from random capture devoid of an investigation, plus offered a designated governing body or Dumas, as demanded by the revolutionaries, a substitute for the constituent assembly. (Smogorzewski, p1). Emperor Nicholas II resigned in March 1917, concurrently through the formation of an interim administration in Russia established upon constitutional liberalism philosophy of West and ultimately the confiscation of control by the Bolsheviks in October. These are the political focuses of the Russian Revolutions of 1917. The sequence of incidents during that significant year of Russian history ought to be observed with a wider perspective, nevertheless, while a detonation of communal stress related through speedy industrialization; or as a catastrophe of political rejuvenation, as the pressures sited on conventional establishments as demanded by World War I and westernization; as well as a societal turmoil if viewed broadly, concerning a, unprompted and enormous expropriation of land owned by upper class people, by annoyed peasants, the obliteration of established communal models and principles, as well as the exertion to create a novel and democratic culture. (Rosenberg, p1). In addition to this we should also view this revolution keeping in mind the psychological aspects, that is the ecstasy and anticipate, dread and dissuasion, and eventually the protracted anguish of violence and adversity, together as of war and subjugation and as of the food crisis which caused a high death toll, and ultimately, lead to the radical epoch following the internal conflict through driving the Bolsheviks for disposing off the essential procedures of War Communism favorable for (NEP) a new economic policy. All through, these revolutionary incidents in Russia hold the status of international significance. Almost all countries of West observed absolute principles and establishments effectively defied, communism appeared like a feasible common and supporting structure, and thee inhabitants of the Third World perceived the authority of systematic movements by the workforce and peasants like a measure for attaining liberty from mistreatment and manipulation by the upper class called “The Bourgeois”. By it, the uprisings during 1917 lead to the immense ideological communal as well as political matters through which the world remained alienated for about the whole 20 th century. (Rosenberg, p1). Historic Background There is a difference of opinion among the historians about the inevitability of 1917 Revolutions but they have consensus over the significance three associated fundamental aspects, as follows: 1. World War I; 2. Dissatisfaction among the masses; 3. The revolutionary movement; Historians believe that each of the above factors operated towards the incompetence of an inflexible and absolutist territory. In 1861 the liberation of the serfs left the rural areas in profound destitution. The recently untied peasants entertained incompetent allocation of land, in specific more fertile areas, while such lands were still required to be purchased through “redemption payments.” Aggression against class differences increased, intensely while the government supported process of industrialization compelled poor peasants to find work in urban areas with small remuneration under domineering circumstances. Government endeavors towards industrialization also made the enormous tax revenues obligatory, which strengthened same force over peasants and workers. In the interim, satisfaction with tsarist rule was shown by the growing professional and business groups for developing new parliamentary system in Western style. (World War I, p1) In 1917 the general dissatisfaction and conflicts among the proletariats, peasants and the bourgeoisie surely urged the Russian government to form political organizations as follows: 1. The Populist Group: It was formed by 1890 in the countryside; 2. The Marxist Social Democratic Labor Party: This party was set up in 1898 and was later separated in two groups: The Bolsheviks of Vladimir Iliac Lenin, they required a strongly controlled, hierarchical faction; The Mensheviks, they wanted a decentralized, accumulation faction; 3. Joined Radical Socialist Workers Group: This group was formed in 1901 by the Socialist Revolutionary party; 4. Constitutional Democratic Party /Cadets: This party was formed in 1905 by middle class liberal party. (World War I, p1). The Revolution of February and March War again broke out at Russia in 1914, imposing new political boundaries and adjourning the previous Land Reforms. Public spirits were exhausted because of the devastating military vanquishes, and the incompetence of the government became obvious to everyone as result of military disorganization at the front. In 1915 the Emperor took army’s command himself and realized its flaws. Empress Alexandra’s beloved Gregory Rasputin amplified his menacing pressure. An atmosphere of discontent was again created by the winter of 1917, among all societal divisions like industrial workers, peasants and the liberals. The defense force repudiated to control these demonstrations. It was demanded by the Dumas heads that the final authority must be relocated to a parliamentary government by Emperor Nicholas. An interim government was established on March 2 by a special Dumas committee along with the Workers’ Petrograd Soviet and Deputies of Soldiers. This government was supervised by a liberal named Prince George Lvov. The emperor relinquished on the same day with an effort to shift the crown to his brother Michael who didn’t agree for it. This was the ultimate end of three hundred years old “Romanov Dynasty”. The latest interim government was generally accepted by all. Social emancipations were announced, further remuneration contracts were made and negotiations carried out for an 8-hour workday Petrograd, regulations were made comfortable in the military, and assurance was guaranteed for a fair election of Constituent Assembly intended to control an enduring autonomous regulate. However, the two authoritative seats still survived which were the Petrograd Soviet and the provincial government. This stood for not only a probable political opposition but in addition replicated the unlike goals of various segments of Russian social order. (Trotsky, n.p.) Political Divergence Contradictory perceptions of the rebellion rapidly directed to a sequence of predicaments. Extensively accepted resistance for war reasoned on 27 th March for the Petrograd Soviet to disclaim capturers takeovers and to found in May a set up government which includes numerous reasonable communists further to Aleksandra Kerensky. He was in the cabinet since instigation. The contribution of these collectivists in the administration kept persisting for the trial of war and was unsuccessful in employing rudimentary restructuring. Nevertheless, their participation merely provided recognition to their parties that are the Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries etc., because of the failure of the government. It was the month of July in 1917 when great turmoil took place which was initiated by the native Bolshevik demonstrators who were protesting in opposition of the government. This turmoil resulted into an immense offense by Petrograd fighters and these two days, 3 rd and 4 th July became familiar as “The July Days” in history. (A Majestic Prologue” – The Russian Revolution of 1905, p1). The Revolution of October and November Predicting the suitability of the phase of time both Bolsheviks and Lenin rapidly assembled for authority. Lenin kept forcing capture of power by means of the soviets that was led by the Bolsheviks since 3 rd April 1917 when he came back from expatriate. He strictly separated his group from the socialists and the government as well. He was of the opinion that liberals were in favor of war and they only support the concerns of bourgeoisie only. He also believed that the socialist lackeys agreed to delay the reforms in order to support the liberals and to carry on the war. The Bolsheviks got themselves recognized by utilizing the fascinating slogans like “Peace, Land, and Bread!”, but this recognition was with Russia’s overall social revolt than the political revolution which took place in February and March. That is also a fact that the Bolsheviks were more systematic than their opposition and exerted untiringly in the campaigns for local election. They easily dominated main committees in the factories also and achieved rising endorse in natives. (A Majestic Prologue” – The Russian Revolution of 1905, p1). On October 25 the Bolsheviks detained authority in Petrograd for the sake of soviets, and faced minor military defiance. On 26 th October an “All Russian Congress of Soviet Soldiers and Workers” held in Petrograd which approved the activities of Bolshevik. It was also declared by the congress that the formation of a soviet administration will be led by a “Council of People’s Commissars”. Lenin will be the chairperson of this council whereas Leon Trotsky will look after the foreign affairs. (A Majestic Prologue” – The Russian Revolution of 1905, p1). The Civil War and Its Consequences Nevertheless, the proletarian dictatorship of Lenin was not expected to continue. Bolsheviks right away confronted the consistent scale of monetary, communal, and political issues as the administrations substituted by them. Besides, anti-Bolsheviks started simultaneously to coordinate fortified conflicts. Certain of them positioned aspiration with Constituent Assembly, which was designated on November 12 while others expected the extraneous intrusion. Some valued political audacity expressed by Lenin, his self-assurance, and dedication to create a Communist Russia. The Bolsheviks in reply set free a “Red Terror” beneath Cheka which was a political police force and activated a Red Army led by Leon Trotsky. Admiral Kolchak’s group was defeated by them in 1919. The armies of General Denikin and Baron Pyotr N. Wrangel were also concealed by them in 1920. (Williams, p1). Outlandish hordes extracted, only after a short stride in Poland the Red Army determined on restraining peasant rebellions. Numerous historians of West feature supreme Bolshevik triumph in the crusade to incompetence of Whites, unenthusiastic substantiate from battle – drained Associates, callousness of Cheka, and the failure of Greens to institute a practicable complementary administration. Uppermost, on the other hand, it was also a fact that Bolshevik reputation deteriorated, but Lenin with his faction was however recognized as the mainstream of people and peasants mainly required, fundamental communal transform somewhat than political liberty that was by no means intensely entrenched in Russian convention. On the contrary, the Whites symbolized the primitive, domineering order. Thus after analyzing Russian history from 1905 onwards now we are in a position to decide internal needs of Russian society were undoubtedly proved to be the stimulant for the revolution and they further correlated with external pressures and finally unfolded the history of Russia. Works Cited “A Majestic Prologue” – The Russian Revolution of 1905. Web. Rosenberg, William G. “Russian Revolutions of 1917.” Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia Grolier Online. 2008. Web. Smogorzewski, K. M. “Russian Revolution of 1905.” Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia . 2008. Grolier Online. Web. Trotsky, Leon. 2000. The History of Russian Revolution . 2008. Web. Williams, Beryl. “RUSSIA 1905.” History Today. 2005. 44. eLibrary. Proquest CSA. ROBINSON SECONDARY SCH. 2008. Web. World War I . 2008. Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/russian-revolutions-since-1905/

Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The report is prepared for depicting the strategic management of Ryanair, Europe's largest airline in terms of passengers at low fares. To evaluate the strategic management, Ryanair's strategic movement has been compared with Emirates, Asia, one of the luxurious airlines with supreme quality of services. The report has been segmented into four parts. The first part is concentrated on the comparison of Ryanair and Emirates. This comparison shows that there's a huge difference in the strategic management of the two companies. Ryanair's strategic management is concentrated on low fares in the airline industry. On the other hand, Emirates is considering the quality of services and luxuriousness.

The report is prepared for depicting the strategic management of Ryanair, Europe's largest airline in terms of passengers at low fares. To evaluate the strategic management, Ryanair's strategic movement has been compared with Emirates, Asia, one of the luxurious airlines with supreme quality of services. The report has been segmented into four parts. The first part is concentrated on the comparison of Ryanair and Emirates. This comparison shows that there's a huge difference in the strategic management of the two companies. Ryanair's strategic management is concentrated on low fares in the airline industry. On the other hand, Emirates is considering the quality of services and luxuriousness.

Ryanair and Emirates in Low-Cost Airline Industry Report Executive Summary The report is prepared for depicting the strategic management of Ryanair, Europe’s largest airline in terms of passengers at low fares. To evaluate the strategic management, Ryanair’s strategic movement has been compared with Emirates, Asia, one of the luxurious airlines with supreme quality of services. The report has been segmented into four parts. The first part is concentrated on the comparison of Ryanair and Emirates. This comparison shows that there’s a huge difference in the strategic management of the two companies. Ryanair’s strategic management is concentrated on low fares in the airline industry. On the other hand, Emirates is considering the quality of services and luxuriousness. Ryanair’s ruthless control over cost makes it gain a higher level of administrative efficiency. Emirates outlandish expenses to provide quality services attract many rich Asians. So, the business model is different. The second part of the report elucidates the main aspirations of key stakeholders and how their aspiration affects the pursued strategy. Stakeholder wants to maximize their profits through dividend payout ratio. When an agency problem arises, the strategy is changed. Ryanair is enlisted in NASDAQ and the Irish stock exchange. From the last couple of weeks, its share price is declining rapidly, means shareholder finds no interest in investing anymore. The third part of the report is illustrated with porter’s value chain analysis. The prime objective for this illustration is to depicting cost leadership and cost management. The process is designated with five steps, including backward and forward operations. The last part of the report is concerned with diversification. This is shown by evaluating several factors, which are indicating the company is firmly attached to the airline industry with associated supportive businesses. Introduction To understand the strategic development and to apply it in the real world, it is necessary to understand the key factors of the strategic management process, and it will be best if it can be related to some company. Hence, the report is attached with Ryanair and Emirates to show their strategic movement. Success is built on the strategy. So, to make it effective proper understanding and practical experience is required. The report can fulfil the partial requirement of this objective. Comparison and contrast between Emirates and Ryanair Business model Closely related to the concept of strategy is the concept of a company’s business model, a term now widely applied to management’s plan for making money in a particular business? More formally, a company’s business model deals with the revenue-cost-profit economics of its strategy – the actual and projected revenue streams generated by the company’s product offerings and competitive approaches, the associated cost structure and profit margins, and the resulting earnings stream and return on investment. The business model of Ryanair The business model of Emirates From the above business model, it is seen that there is a converse relationship between Ryanair and Emirates. Ryanair is concerned with cost control. Therefore, it is using secondary airports rather than majors. Therefore, passengers of emirates can avail of extra concession while purchasing goods and services. These are the major sources of revenue that they use. Tasks of developing the strategic development Several interrelated managerial tasks are involved in strategic development. The process is similar for both airlines, but key functions or attributes are different. Below these are described: Developing a strategic vision and business mission Ryanair * Mission: Ryanair’s objective is to firmly establish itself as Europe’s leading low-fares scheduled passenger airline through continued improvements and expanded offerings of its low-fares service. * Vision: Be the leading airline and best in customer service. Setting objectives Ryanair Ryanair sets the following objectives to implement its strategy: * Be low-cost leadership * Cost control * Build employees to handle multiple jobs at a time * To save the time of passengers by using point-to-point routs * Make a quick turnaround Emirates Emirate is concentrating on the quality of services. The objectives are presented below: * To ensure the quality of services with luxuriousness * To build up outstanding customer services * State-of-art technology Crafting a strategy to achieve the objectives Ryanair Ryanair pursues a low-cost strategy. It can be viewed at best from the quotation of the CEO of Ryanair, “We want to be the Wal-Mart of the Airline business. No one will beat us on price. Ever” 2 . While British Airways was receiving fare on an international intra-European route of 180-200, Ryanair was fixed at 50-80. So, it is a huge gap between the two airlines. From the following graph, this can be clarified: Therefore, to survive in the market with low cost, Ryanair pursues several strategies. These are given below: * Ryanair uses no hub. Therefore, the takeoff costs, additional customer expenses, and meal costs as reduced. * As it is using point-to-point the, time to go to destination is reduced. The fuel, administrative and engine maintenance costs are declined. * Secondary airports are used due to congestion in majors and to save reachable time to airports of customers. This policy is very popular with the customers. * The airline advertises to convince its customer to believe that its plane is more time-saver than using Buses, Trains and also it is affordable. Therefore, these are the external strategies used to operate their activities. As the cost control method is implemented effectively, the overall procedures have been conglomerated successfully. Emirates Emirates strategies are totally different from pursuing its customers. The main principle of Emirates has to underlie in service and quality. The major undertaking strategies are given below: * Emirates aimed to expand its service throughout the world and hence increase its seat capacity with large aircraft. So, it was getting the advantages of economies of scale and reduced the cost. * E-ticket system is a competitive advantage for Emirates. Emirates wants all tickets should be sold online. So, customers can avail themselves of the advantages from anywhere in the world, and administrative costs are reduced. * Customer service is a distinctive competence for Emirates. It has been established with 43000 square feet in area with the capability to manage 300 call centres in India, which is best ever known. * Market segmentation is another strong strategy to pursue. Emirates segmented its market into students, tourists, corporate and business groups with state-of-art technology. * To expand its brand recognition, Emirates is creating its Brand awareness like in sports. * Besides transferring passengers, Emirates wants to boost its revenue by extending its business line with sky cargo. In the fiscal year, Emirates has transferred 947000 tonnes of cargo. Implementing and executing the strategy The managerial task of implementing and executing the chosen strategy entails assessing what it will take to develop the needed organizational capabilities and to reach the targeted objectives on schedule. Below the implementation and execution strategy of both aeroplanes is presented: Building an organization capable of carrying out the strategy successfully Ryanair Ryanair is operating 74 aircraft in 127 routs and has a confirmed order of B7C7. The major routes include Dublin Airport, London Stansted Airport, Orio al Serio Airport, Rome Ciampino Airport, Shannon Airport, Pisa Galileo Galilei Airport, Brussels South Charleroi, Frankfurt-Hahn Airport, Cork, and Liverpool John Lennon. Emirates Emirates has 114 aircrafts 65% are Airbus. Emirates has established a state-of-art call centre in India to meet the queries of Australia and the USA with the collaboration of major telecoms like Airtel, Vodafone and 8000 cabin crews are recruited. The largest civil aviation maintenance named “Emirates Engineering centre” is established to execute the strategies in Dubai with a total area is equal to 17 soccer fields. The total number of pilots is increased to 339 for rapid and Continuous development. To carry out goods for export and import, Emirates has established an import-export processing zone named with Sky cargo. Allocating company resources to operate current activities and for future needs The allocation of resources to pursue its operation is presented below by using a chart: Aircraft In operation On firm order On option B777-200 9 B777-300 12 B777-300ER 25 24 20 A310-300F 3 A330-200 29 A340-300 8 A340-500 10 A380-800 43 B777-200LR 10 10 B77-200LRF 8 B747-800F 10 Total 96 95 30 Source: Annual Report,2007, Emirates Establishing strategy supportive policies and operating procedures Ryanair To support its main operation Ryanair uses tourism business affiliated with main concern. Car arrangement, hotel booking, tourism, recreation management are considered most. The customer management has been transferred to a third party to have control over the cost. Emirates Emirates is building in line with IATA to simplifying the business activities aimed at a 100% e-ticketing system. Establishing more retail outlets for brand identity with extensive sales and training program. Sponsorship, promotion and events are organizing to expand the brand awareness to support its original strategy. Evaluating performance, monitoring new developments and initiating corrective adjustments Ryanair Ryanair always compares its competitive strengths with other major operations. From the investors’ presentation, the following table has been presented: Airways EasyJet Ryanair BA Aer Lingus Cabin crew 3 4 3 3 Catering 4 5 3 4 Check-in Staff 3 4 3 3 Cleanliness of Interior 3 5 3 3 Legroom 5 5 3 4 Seat Allocation 4 5 3 3 Seat Comfort 4 5 3 3 Toilets 3 5 3 4 Value for Money 1 1 3 4 The points are representing one is worst, and five is best. Except for values for money, and Ryanair has clearly ahead. Its management efficiencies have surpassed all other major airlines. Emirates A team of service audit managers has been formed to audit at least 500 flights, 8 destinations, 180 audits on the call centre. This ensures the quality and standards. This audit team also inspects the other six major competitors to set up the benchmark. A total of 14 stations are audited per year, and close scrutiny is conducted over the passengers’ satisfaction. Corrective steps are always taken if any mistakes are found in opportunities. The gigantic equipment is relocated to other places as opportunities are more. Competitive strengths and weaknesses Competitive strengths and weaknesses can be contrasted with different factors. The comparison is given below: Factors Ryanair Emirates Core competencies Simplicity in service Quality of Customer service and aircrafts Competitive capabilities Distinctive competences Low-cost provider, point-to-point routs The focus for customers, quality of aircraft, associated business Strategy (Company’s resource), hard for rivals to copy or match (TEST) Is this resource strength hard to copy? YES YES Is the resource strength durable? YES YES Is the resource really competitively superior? MODERATE YES Can the resource strength be trumped by the different resource strengths and the competitive rivals? YES ( But tough) NO Brand name and reputation The brand name has been illustrated with the controversial but effective advertisement. Has a great value for its brand recognition worldwide. Its brand logo is “Fly Emirates.” Year Passenger 2006 30,946,000 2005 24,635,000 2004 19,490,000 Customer base and loyalty 2003 13,419,000 2002 9, 355,000 The customer base is increasing means. There is extensive interest in Ryanair as in no year the base is declined. Strategic group Interrelated businesses Has good support under divisions. Like, dnata is an airport facility under Emirates group to provide advantage its flying services Positioned in market segments The largest airline in terms of carried passengers Best in Asia pacific but number 6 th while including the Middle East. Differentiated products No differentiated products. No differentiated product. Products are almost similar, but Emirates strategy is to develop existing products superior to rivals. Cost advantages Low-cost leadership. Higher and moderate costs. Load factor around 85% Around 72% PEST analysis for Ryanair * Political: Any political condition changes the business environment, increase or decreases the risk. Suppose if Government wants to hike up the oil price for political turmoil, it has an adverse impact on the business. Recently, the UK has signed up in the single European currency. This must have a direct impact on the business. Like Ryanair and other airways will face the changes in the exchange rate. * Economical: The central bank can use monetary and fiscal policy. Changing the interest rate can directly influence the business. Recently the central bank of England cut its interest rate to 5%. This will change the money supply in the UK market. Like Ryanair and other airways will take more loans from financial institutions and can invest in their specific concern. So, changes in the economic situation affect the investment strategy of the firms. * Social: Society, people, friends, etc., change the economic conditions. Their behaviour, attitude, demand has a direct relationship with the business. In the UK, people are changing their attitudes toward dieting and health. So, this situation can change the business structure in two ways. * Technological: Changes in the technology sector will impose a direct impact on the organization or the overall business process. The transaction cost or information exchanging cost can be reduced as 24 hours call centre. Internet facilities are establishing more. The technological changes speed up the organization, production process, creates employment. The quality of goods and services is increasing as more corrective steps can be taken through technology. In the UK, the technology sector is reshaping the overall production process. SWOT analysis of Ryanair SWOT Items Relating * Distinctive competencies * Low fare, No frills Strengths * A strong financial condition * Capex increased 21mill to 91mill in the last FY and * Strong brand name image/company reputation * Ryanair Increasing trend Competitive * An attractive customer care * Controversial advertisement but successful capabilities * The economy of scale and learning and experience curve advantages over rivals * First-mover advantages * Strong advertisement and promotion * High Load factor * Others * Strong public image * Employee relation * Poor Weakness * Customer relationship * Unstable * Competitors relationship * Antagonistic * High level of cost efficiencies Opportunity * Free flights are offering * European Union expansion * Threats Increasing the intensity of competition among industry rivals may squeeze profit margins. Threats * Likely entry of potent new competitors * Less expansion in the non-EU region * Industry criticism Porter’s 5 Factor model analyses The above figure shows the factors that are affecting industry competitors. As fare is low, buyer bargaining power is poor. Threats of substitutes are low as the market is saturated. Bargaining power with the supplier is poor as they can switch towards another way at any time. Analysis of competitive strength by using Porter’s value chain analysis According to Porter, A company’s value chain and the manner in which it performs each actively reflects the evolution of its own particular business and internal operations, its strategy, the approaches it is using to execute the strategy and the underlying economics of the activities themselves. The value chain of Ryanair is analyzed below: Figure: Ryanair’s Value Chain: Michael E. Porter, (1985) Ryanair is creating a cost advantage by reducing the cost of materials. Once Ryanair establishes the value chain method, the assigned costs can be differentiated through different steps. In which segment cost should be minimized or in which segment cost should be increased can be known. There are ten cost drivers related to Ryanair value chain analysis; these are: * Economies of scale * Firm’s policy of cost or differentiation * Learning * Timing of market entry * Linkages among activities * Institutional factors (regulation, union activity, taxes, etc.) * Interrelationships among business units * Capacity utilization * Degree of vertical integration * Geographic location Ryanair gets economies of scale as it operates the same kind of fleet. EU regulation has forced Ryanair to change its policy, and hence the cost structure has been changed. Geographical location is limited to UK and EU. Capacity utilization is an excellent factor as it can attract more passengers. The load factor is 84% on average. Purchase supplies and inbound logistics This includes activities, costs, and assets associated with purchasing fuel, energy, raw materials, parts components, merchandise, and consumable items from vendors; receiving, storing, and disseminating inputs from suppliers; inspection; and inventory management. The major aircraft supplier is Boeing. It has 74 Boeings, and before shifted to Boeings, it used Embraer Bandeirante (1985-1989), AVRO 748 (1986-1989), BAC One-Eleven (1987-1994), ATR-42(1989-1991). * Operation: The operations are conducted with several features; goods priced at low cost even at free of cost in different zones, e-ticketing system, no-frills, limited crews, alliances. * Distribution and outbound logistics: Outsourcing and third party dominate the ticketing and customer care system. Quick turnaround is a major attribute of the distribution of services (around 20 minutes). * Sales and marketing: This includes low-tech marketing, internet sales, low-cost promotions, free publicity, controversy and internet sales. Marketing and distribution costs were 15563 in 2007. * Services: This includes fewer customer services as Ryanair uses the simplest method to deliver information to the customers. * Profit margin: Profit margin is increasing sharply for proper maintaining low cost and achieves administrative efficiency. In 2005 the profit margin was about 198 million in euro. Main aspirations of key stakeholders of Ryanair’s strategy The share price and EPS are affected by the aspirations of the shareholder as the agency problem is arisen. Management bodies may want to maximize the profit, and stakeholders may want to maximize the firm’s wealth for a greater degree of valuation. So, the firm may change its current strategy for retaining its profit and may go for expansion. A “Stakeholders-are-king” is the philosophy that links the need for culture change to the need to serve the long-term best interests of all key constituencies. The pursuing strategy of Ryanair may be supported by various supportive policies to keep its culture at an optimum level. The culture means the investment policy, strategy for maintaining and implementing, dividend payout ratio and etc. The shareholders’ aspiration affects these factors. The share prices are decreasing over time. It means the company meets the stakeholder’s aspiration, and shareholders are moving their funds to another as a better opportunity exists. Thus, this is affecting the overall valuation of the firm. As a share price is decreasing, the sources of finance may be unavailable. Recently the acquisition of BUZZ has had an adverse impact on Ryanair as a stakeholder does not see any prospect, and this is one of the major causes for price decreeing. Though EPS is high and increasing over time and has an adverse relationship with actual share price, shareholder sees as the firm is maximizing its profit rather than wealth maximization. The offering product is varying over time. A stakeholder is opposing to shut down the offer of the free fly as the correlation is negative with promotional activities. So, in these ways, the firm’s strategies are affecting by stakeholders aspirations. From the above graph, it is seen that the process of shares is decreasing over the week. This may force stakeholders to move their money to another market. The NASDAQ represents the same structure of share price over the year. It indicates the profitability and financial activities performance is decreasing. Shareholders aspiration includes enhancing the company environment for maximizing profitability and success. Ryanair’s strategy concerning diversification The strategy for diversification of Ryanair’s consisting several factors. The significant factors can be illustrated in the figure below: According to the first option of the graph, whether diversification is based narrowly on industries or broadly industries. Ryan air is based on airline service. Besides firming on airlines, it builds up associated business like food, travelling, tourism. The business is somehow related as associated businesses are interrelated. The scope of the airline is both domestic and internationalized. Major operations are conducted in European base countries. As Ryanair diversifies into business with associated products, similar operating characteristics, common distribution channels or customers, or some other synergetic factors, it gains a competitive advantage. Ryanair acquires the fleet of several other aircraft, not acquires the whole company. Figure: Corporate Strategy As Britain is saturated, Ryanair is considering moving into Spain, underdeveloped countries, Germany, Italy, Scandinavia, Eastern Europe and Singapore. Ryan was more concerned about the UK to Ireland flights. Later in European Union, it extends its operation. The route is profitable here. From the graph below, it can easily be understood: In the EU market growth rate is below the UK, but the percentage in RMS is higher. On the whole, Ryanair feels comfort to conduct its operations in these areas. So the operational diversification is underlying in these areas. Conclusion Ryanair is the pioneer of the low-cost provider in Europe in point-to-point routes. It maintains the strategy of administrative efficiency through extensive minimization of costs. It believes in “No frills save money”. It uses the clever and controversial advertisement but results in a huge. For proper maintaining of the customer base, it has become number one customer service in Europe and UK through this division has transferred to the third party. The success of Ryanair has surpassed the major airlines of the UK and in Europe, as it introduces new and unique strategies. Depending on opportunities and market behaviour Ryanair makes its strategic movement dynamic. It is very familiar with taking the chances of opportunities. The relationship with competitors is antagonistic as it is using head to head advertisement and promotional activities. The earning per share indicates the profit margin is increasing over time though the share price is falling over time. The percentage of carrying of the passenger is increasing, and the average growth rate is 21% in comparison with the previous year. Ryanair is not concerned with diversification as it finds more opportunities in UK and Europe. Ruthless cost control is one of the major key success factors of Ryanair. Since the initiation of its operating activities, the pursuing strategy was to follow the cost minimization. As a result, its administrative efficiency is in a peak position. The forward and backward relationship with customers and suppliers is quite good. The chain is maintaining its effectiveness and in a low-cost arena. From the analysis, it can be comprehended that in the recent few years, Ryanair will be the unreachable market leader for its dynamic and aggressive strategy, financial recourses, and strong forward and backward linkage. Appendices Some statistics of Ryanair Price/Book (mrq): 1.9 Enterprise Value/EBITDA (ttm) 7.339 Revenue Per Share (ttm): 13.43 Gross Profit (ttm): 991.74M EBITDA (ttm): 1.09B Diluted EPS (ttm): 2.61 Balance Sheet Total Cash Per Share 9.872 Book Value Per Share 13.55 Total Debt 3.25B Current Ratio 2.114 Total Debt/Equity 0.802 Total Cash 2.95B Operating Cash Flow (ttm): 1.19B Levered Free Cash Flow(ttm): -610.55M Airlines Cost ASK Ryanair 4.5 Easyjet 7.1 Top 3 UK charter airlines 7.7 Domestic 8.9 International 12 Ryanair Easyjet Aer Lingus Turnover (GBP) 892m 1341m 617m Average fare9GBP) 30 39 55 Passengers(million) 26 30 7 Employee per aircraft 31 38 122 Bibliography AFP, (2007), Emirates airline boosts Mideast market leader status, CNET Networks, Dubai, Web. Air fleets (2008), Emirates, Web. Attitude Travels (2008), Low Cost No Frills Airlines in Europe, Web. CNET Networks, Inc. (2003), Ryanair completes acquisition of buzz, 2008. Web. Dibb, S. Simkin, L. Pride, W. M. & Ferrell, O. C. (2001), Marketing Concepts and Strategies, 4 th ed., Boston, USA: Houghton Mifflin. ELFAA (2008), European Low Fares Airline Association Airspace Manifesto, Brussels, Belgium, Web. Irish Stock Exchange (2008), Ryanair Holdings Plc, Ordinary Shares, Dublin, Web. Kotler, P., & Armstrong, G., (2008), Principles of Marketing, Prentice Hall of India, 10 th ed., New Delhi. Porter, M. E. (1980), Competitive Strategy, the Free Press, The Free Press, Macilla Thompson, A. et al (2007), Strategic Management, India: Tata McGraw- Hill Publishing Company limited, 13 th edition. Ryanair Ltd (2008), Cheap Flights – Lowest European Fares, Low Cost Airline, Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/ryanair-and-emirates-in-low-cost-airline-industry/

Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The paper explores the dynamics and aspects of the impact of regulatory framework in the respect of health and safety standards as defined by Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the United States of America. The paper explores the implications and impact of the OSH Act on manufacturing companies. The paper concludes with a coterie of recommendations for safety and health compliance enhancement plan for the features company.

The paper explores the dynamics and aspects of the impact of regulatory framework in the respect of health and safety standards as defined by Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the United States of America. The paper explores the implications and impact of the OSH Act on manufacturing companies. The paper concludes with a coterie of recommendations for safety and health compliance enhancement plan for the features company.

Safety and Health Regulations in Battery Manufacturing Term Paper Abstract This paper presents the dynamics and aspects of the impact of regulatory framework in the respect of health and safety standards as defined by Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the United States of America. The paper explores the implications and impact of the OSH Act on manufacturing companies. The theoretical framework constitutes the tenets of institutional theory which has been sued to the delineate the aspect of the interaction between an organisation’s internal factors and external factors, enunciated in the PESTEL framework that has been used to characterize the external environment within which companies and any organisations function. The most important of the factor to the scope and objectives of this as entailed in the PESTEL framework is the legal paradigm. The paper takes a significant thrust in outlining and the safety and health regulations of a featured case company compared against the standards of the OSHA. The paper culminates in a coterie of recommendations for safety and health compliance enhancement plan for the features company. Introduction Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a United States of America entity formed by Congress in the auspices of the occupational Safety Health Act ratified by President Richard M. Nixon in 1970. The administration focuses on enforcing health in and safety measures for workplace safety as well as health. The act has brought some transformations and changes in the various industry spheres as the protection of employees at work take center stage. The ASH statute is also premise for the establishment of national Institute for Occupational Safety (NIOSH) a research entity that specializes on occupational health and safety. The entity is nonetheless not an establishment of the U. S department o labour. OSHA regulations drafted by the Federal Government are design d t for the protection of workers largely in the private sector. The OAS allows states to alter passed blueprints that focus on covering public sector employees in providing the kind of protection which is equivalent to that offered by the Federal OSHA regulations. The Mission and commitment of OSHA is to assure safe and healthful work environments for male and female employees. The values of OSHA are founded on the principle of respect which advocates for the treating of all persons with respect in cognisance of individual’s differences and contributions. The vision of the OSHA is hinged on arriving at an effective health and management system in every workplace in America. Aims and Objectives of paper The aim of this paper is explore the impact of the legislature on industry domains particularly those which directly fall under the implications and target of the OSHA statutes. The adherence to the ASH guidelines and regulations is expected to promote as well as assure workplace safety and health and also the eradication of workplace fatalities, injuries and illnesses. In light of the foregoing the paper aims to draw comparisons between the OSHA standards and the health and safety regulations of battery manufacturing company. For the purposes of this study the health and safety regulations of a battery manufacturing company Superlex will be used. Superlex is a US company that specializes in a manufacturing batteries and a wire ranging spectrum of automotive, commercial and marine products. The company has drafted health and safety regulations in tandem with OSHA as a move of compliance to institutional authority and commitment to the ideals of protecting and safeguarding employees as well as ensuring safe and health workplace environment for the employees. Theoretical Background This study is premised largely in the tenets of safety and health regulation models and paradigm which holds that strategies are about exercising choices by organisation’s decision making organs. In Child (1972) terms, “It adopts a perspective that envisions a more deliberate and participatory role of managers”. The paradigm holds that managers will maintain a significant capability and, more important, creative power to make strategic decisions, determine resource allocations, and shape organizational structure (Child 1997; Miles and Snow 1978) in line with the demands of statutory authority. That means manufacturing company managers can play an important role in determining firms’ strategies, so the data collected on manufacturing companies is valued for analysis. On another the dimension the paradigm recognises that safety and health regulatory conditions have a bearing on the selection reasonable strategies as well as the appropriateness of particular organisational structures. “As such, the environment presents threats and opportunities and affects information flow in determining the boundaries or parameters of manufacturing companies’ structures” (Child 1997). As managers’ choices will be affected and influenced to a significant extent by environmental conditions, the PESTEL framework becomes feasible and handy conceptual design to that can be employed to examine and characterise the factors that affect manufacturing company structure in line statutory health and safety regulation. The PESTEL framework places various factors and dimensions of influence into six main classes which are political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors. The legal aspect of the PESTEL model of characterising the structure, functionalities and operations an organisation becomes the most for the scope and objectives of this study. These factors are interlinked and interdependent. A change in any of the highlighted factor swill trigger ripple effects across the board and impact on other associative factors as well. The effects have pervasive impact on the entirety of the competitive environment within which the multinational organisations operate. This implies that managers must be abreast with all and especially key drivers of change in order to make the adequately informed decisions which yield desired outcomes for their organisations. Statistics According to OSHA, the total recorded and days Away/restricted case rates continued to decline showing that fewer American workers encountered safety or health hazards culminating in grave harm or illnesses. According to OSHA the rates for Calendar year 2007 came pout lower than the figure of the previous year and such came out to be the lowest rates that BLS has ever recorded. Its not only the recordable worker injuries which have lowered significantly but also the days Away/Restricted case rate which function as measure of workers’ absence form work, restricted or moved due to workplace injury and/or illness which diminished by 19.2% over the same period of time. Figure 1. Total recordable case rate Workplace fatality Levels Statistics gathered by OSHA indicate that that OSHA is making headway in reducing the instances of workplace injury and deaths. According to OSHA, In the year 2007 the rate of fatal work injuries was as low as 3.7 fatalities for every 100 000 workers; a figure down from the 4.0 ratio of the previous year. On record, the rates are the all-time lowest accomplished since the Bureau of labor Statistics instated its census of fatal Occupational harms in 1992. Figure 2. Total Fatality Rate Figure 3. Total Number of Fatalities Summary The activities of OSHA in line workplace safety and health regulations have achieved significant headway in reducing instances of workplace deaths and injuries through focusing on most hazardous workplace s as well as the employers that have high injury as well as illness levels. Dynamic thrust that enlist EEP, SST as well as NEPs have enhanced the approach by OSHA to effectively distinguish serious safety and health danger sin workplace as a way of addr5essing reluctant employers and company owners especially in hazardous products manufacturing industry. Activities of OSHA translate to meaning value add for both employers and employees. The paper will focus on how the stature and regulations of OSHA have influenced manufacturing industries activities with specific focus on work place safety and health standards in light of OSHA regulations. The paper will culminate in mapping perceived recommendations for the improvement of the health and safety thrust by manufactures. Research Ideology and methodology Justification Case Study and Qualitative Research models To meaningfully frame the ideological, theoretical and conceptual platform for the research into the dynamics and aspects as well impact of health and safety regulation on manufacturing industry it is imperative for the researcher to consider research models that will enable the researcher to bring a considerable proportion amount of research detail into perspective. The research thrust will adopt the two salient research theoretical frameworks, the positivist and non-positivist research paradigms. (Barker E: 2003) contends that the positivist theory entails the economic, behavioral, cognitive, motivational/trait/attitudinal, and situational viewpoints. According to the scholar the viewpoints are treated as the conventional perceptions as they came before the crafting of the non-positivist model. In the views of the scholar, the positivist model which is still the principal framework reinforces the superiority of human reason and stresses that there is one objective reality which can be unearthed by scientific means. As such this design renders the world as an ordered and coherent environment with a well defined past, present and future. The tenets of the theory are clearly underpinned on the suppositions of rationalism. On the other end the contrasting non-positivist model holds the interpretive and post-modern viewpoints. Tenets of this model entail that the world be view as s composite social and cultural world contrary to the viewpoints of the positivist paradigm which hold the world in a rationality view that supposes a homogenous social fabric. Leveraging on the theoretical and principal tenets of largely, the non-positivist research theory, this research exercise will provide perspectives, findings and insights that will assist in the exploration of the dynamics that characterise the archival methods and techniques in contemporary domains attached to historical heritage preservation. Owing to its merits and scientific thrust in treating quantitative aspects of phenomena quantitative research is widely used in both the natural sciences and social sciences. The employment of the research paradigm spans various disciplines such as physics and biology to sociology and journalism. “It is also used as a way to research different aspects of education. The term quantitative research is most often used in the social sciences in contrast to qualitative research.” Thomas Kuhn (Opcit). Below is an overview of quantitative research presented by Thomas Kuhn (Opcit). According to the source quantitative research is generally approached using scientific methods, which include: * The creation of frameworks, theories and hypotheses * The generation and development of tools and systems for measurement * Experimental regulation and manipulation of research variables * Gathering of empirical data * Organisation and analysis of data * Evaluation of collected results Scholars cited above state that quantitative research is often an iterative systematic process whereby gathered evidence is evaluated, theories and hypotheses tested and some formulated. Qualitative research will thus be largely used in his study thrust to bring key issues into perspective whilst leveraging on empirical research matter tapped through the qualitative research thrust. Secondary data The research endeavor will also augment the primary data gathering and evaluations by conducting a secondary data gathering and evaluation thrust. Secondary data gathering draws much from published literature on the subject directly under the concept and scope focus of the research endeavor. According to Stewart and Kamins (1993), the use of secondary data is advantageous for a researcher since one can already evaluate the suitability of a data as it is already in existence, thus, much time can be saved. Before delving into secondary sources of data, an evaluation of potential secondary data is essential as a way of screening resources to establish the relevant sources of information which will provide relevant data germane to fulfilling research scope and objectives. The qualitative thrust will be conducted in from of a literature review which will present relevant and related insights and nuances from published literature on the subjects under probe. It is perceived that these research approaches will suffice to help arrive at meaningful positions regards feasible archival methods and techniques. Case Study The featured case scenario presents dynamics of techniques and methods in archival domains with particulate focus on archeological archiving. The case scenario seeks to illumine the impact of the regulatory framework on manufacturing industry with specify focus on a battery manufacturing company in eth United States, Superlex. The study will examine how the company has drafted and implemented workplace health and safety policy in tandem with the OSHA standards. This research exercise is not being conducted in a vacuum. The research exercise fits into a broad body of knowledge which has had numerous contributions from various scholars, researchers, professionals and students who have carried similar or related research exercises. Also the scope and objectives of this research endeavor occurs within related and implied theoretical, ideological and philosophical frameworks which largely influence the disciplines of business. As such the researcher is spurred to consider the multiple contributions relevant and related to this research endeavor. The researcher will present a literature review conducted in locating the object of this study within the broader confines of the bodies of knowledge in focus. Impact of Regulation Organizational and Environmental Factors Organisations do not exist in a vacuum and the same applies to companies in the manufacturing industry who have to influence by external forces. The nature and stature of the organisations is shaped largely by internal factors as well external factors. Internal factors entail organisational management strategy, organisational culture and ideology among a host of elements that constitute the organisation. External factors include the concrete and abstract environments in factors social, political, geographic, demographic and economic among many others. Various studies have attempted to substantiate the claims presented which hold that the pathway that an organisation likely to adopt in organisational management, change and transition processes is shaped by the complex interaction of different organisational and environmental factors. According to Ljiljana Erakovic and Michael Powell (2006) a pathway is a specific progression of changes in an organisation’s development process which may include several stages within or between organisational configurations. “The matter of a pathway entails structural measures, organisational methods and systems as well as cultural and interpretative models”, (Hinnings and Greenwood in Erakovic et al: Opcit). In Tandem with the scholars perspectives is the notion that determinants to what pathway will be adopted are shaped largely by the forerunning relations (both internal and external) an organisation has had. These perspectives lay a foundational perceptual framework for exploring as well as substantiating the thematic positions holding that the pathway or direction an organisation is likely to adopt is largely determined by the complex interaction of the both organisational and environmental factors. Companies in the manufacturing industry have to be structured for survival, growth and efficiency. This has pervasive implications on the organisations’ management fabric that must model the organisation’s strategies in tandem with demands exerted by external influences. Royston Greenwood (1996) concurs, “Manufactures in the 21st century do not exist in grand seclusion. It is highly questionable whether business entities ever did, even if someone can present an argument for the self-reliant society in the past. Today Companies are part of a larger network of organizations with which they interact, operate and critically dependent upon.” What is noteworthy in observations is that that these set of connections also entail related associations with other networks which culminate in cob-web of interlinking relationships. The preceding nuances underscore the significant impact that external organisational environment bears on that Manufacturing companies are consistently under pressure to adopt measures of consolidating their positions and keeping compliant and competent in a rapidly evolving contemporary business landscapes especially in the face of the sweeping transformations on employee right to workplace health and safety. In such circumstances the organisational factors might entail an entity’s aims and objectives of growth and sustainability by leveraging on working networks. On this particular focus the salient external factor is in form the legal framework within which manufacturing companies operate. An example of this interaction between an organisation’s factors and environmental factors is well represented in the changes adopted by the Superlex, battery manufacturing company in US. The giant in battery manufacturing business transformed its business approach by complying to the requirements defined by the Occupational Safety and Health administration (OSHA). Scholars such as Greenwood and Hinnings (Opcit) have posited that although institutional theory is not generally viewed as providing a model of organizational change and structuring it provides an explanation of important issues of organizational dynamics. Erakovic et al (Op.cit) also state that institutional theorists have shown why some organizational arrangements become wide spread across sector boundaries and why organisations under similar institutional pressures, may experience different patterns of change. The pathway and global business strategy related models must thus be construed in the manner in which they illustrate the paradigms of changes and pathway chosen in relation to various dimensions that are based on especially manufacturing companies’ features and characteristics. The model by Michael Powell et al presents probable outcomes of the particular path ways whose choice culminates from particular organisational dimensions. Figure 4. The Dimensions-Pathway-Outcomes Model by Ljiljana Erakovic and Michael Powell Source: Powell et al (1991) The model presents three pathways, the incremental, radical and reductive pathways. The incremental pathway is prompted by dimensions such as established industry standards as well deregulation and competition in associative influence of owners’ strategic intent on stability and market driven expansion. Chief among the outcomes of this pathway is the improvement of current competencies as shown in diagram. (Figure 1) The notable thrusts in the illustrations of the incremental pathway shown on the diagram allude to the tendency by organisations to adapt to drastic environmental changes in radical forms. In concurrence with this notion Miller and Friesen in Powell et al (Op. Cit) fitly echo that, “thriving past experiences, intensely entrenched ideologies, powerful inside alliances and normative rather than coercive pressures all drive the manufacturing to extrapolate precedent trends, and to execute new radical changes.” On another angle the radical pathway is presented as an illustration of the overhauling structural changes that organisations implement in their quest to strengthen and reinforce their functionalities and approaches towards the accomplishment of their set business goals and objectives in tandem with requirements aspects of particulate statutory authorities. Organizations undergo the process of reorientation by re-creating their past values and redesigning their strategy and structure” (Hinnings and Greenwood: 1988) In this transitional model, the influences on manufacturing companies’ of regulatory bodies have a significant bearing on the kind of pathway that a particular organisation is likely to adopt into the future. Organisations undertaking transitional or changes measures in this model have to refer and tap into their value system and organisational culture to the re-fashion their system commensurate with change demands exerted by the external obverses such as statutory (regulatory) institutional authority. This illuminates the interplay of manufacturing companies’ internal factors as well as regulatory factors in transitional processes. David Smukowski, UW CIE, (2006) presents a catalogue of valuable definitions and perspectives ion the subject of sustainability. The author cited above defines sustainability as a pro-active approach to ensure the long-term viability and integrity of the business by optimizing resource needs, reducing environmental, energy or social impacts, and managing resources while not compromising profitability. According to the author organisational (business) sustainability is the increase in productivity and/or reduction of consumed resources without compromising product or service quality, competitiveness, or profitability. The author gives following examples. Facility efficiencies (HVAC, water, raw materials, etc.), material and process improvements, supply chain efficiencies, products or services that are more efficient (i.e. hybrid cars, renewable fuels, etc.), recycling, telecommuting, optimization of any resource use. The case scenario featuring the company Superlex has illuminate illustrations of the forgoing given the thrust s at versatility and dynamism by the company in quest of the accomplishment of the multi-dimensional compliance and sustainability drives. The PESTEL Framework The PESTEL framework presents a feasible and formidable framework of assessing and examining the macro–environmental factors that influence structures operating within the environment. Various factors impact directly or indirectly on the operations, functions and structure of an organisation among other things. The PESTEL model comes in handy in the examination of these factors by enabling the categorisation of the factors to draw lucid distinctions among them. PESTEL framework offers the following categorisation of macro-environmental factors Political Factors – relate to extent to which political ideology and governments interventions impact on how the economy is run. Political ideological frameworks have a significant bearing on economy models and structure which has further bearing on the business organisations. Economic Factors -This category in PESTEL Framework entails elements such as interest rates, tax changes, exchange rates, inflation GDP growth etc. Changes in these elements have pervasive effects on business organisations and such elements have to be factored in the strategy formulation and implementation. High interest rates are normally viewed as investor-unfriendly since they imply that it will cost more to borrow money. From another angle a highly valued currency thwarts exporting endeavors owing to high foreign currency prices. High inflation destabilises the economy as it triggers wage demands pressures while on the other end a growing national income increases demand for products and services. Social Factors – The social fabric and changes obtaining in it in any community or market have critical implications for business organisations. One example of this can be drawn from the consideration that the UK population is largely considered to be ageing and this has upped costs of companies focusing on pension payments for their personnel since their employees are living longer. Technological Factors – In wake of phenomenal technological breakthroughs business organisations will make it or break it depending on how they position themselves against the trends in technological developments. Technological factors also impact significantly on an organisation. Technology advancements result in the creation of new products which will in-turn lead to the creation of services that relate to the use and maintenance and repairs of the products. Environmental Factors – These relate to the features like weather and climate change. There are certain business activities such as tourism and farming which are directly influenced by such environmental factors. Gillespie (2007) contends that the phenomenon of global warming for instance, coupled with growing levels of environmental awareness environmental factors have become a critical matter for companies to consider. Legal Factors – legal factors pertain to the legal framework within which business organisations operate. It is known that institutional authority as wells legal impositions have a direct bearing on the behavior of companies. Regulations promulgated around aspects of minimum wage, discrimination and labour legislation for instance have direct impact on the shape and behaviors of business organisations. The category can be explored in the assessment of its sub-categories. The sub categories here entail consumer laws, competition laws, labour laws, healthy and safety regulation, etc. These have significant impact on how manufacturing companies conduct business. This final aspect of the PESTEL model becomes the most important in the conceptual scopes and objectives of this study. Case study Difference between OSHA standards and the Superlex regulations on workplace health and safety The ACT on which the formulation of OSH is based holds an employer to be any person engage in business affecting commerce who has engaged employees but does not necessarily included the United States or any State or political subdivision of the state. The act thus is applicable to employers across the wide commerce spectrum entailing construction, law, charities, labour and hospitals etc. Organisations such as churches are also classified within the sane category if they engage employees for circular purposes. Superlex falls directly under the category of the companies affected by the OSHA regulations as battery manufacturing company. OSH is promulgated on the basis of Section 5 of the Act which outlines the general duty clause. The elements of the clause will be compared with actual health and safety regulation of the case company under probe, Superlex. The general duty clause demands employers to; * Maintain conditions or adopt practices reasonably necessary and appropriate to protect workers on the job * Be abreast with and adhere to the standards applicable to their establishments * To make sure that workers have and actually make use of protective paraphernalia required fro safety and health The OSHA Framework OSHA has established guidelines and regulations for when it may be prompted to act under the auspices of the general duty clause. The First element of the four dimensions criteria is that there must be a hazard, secondly the hazard must be recognisable ( for instance the employer/company must be in a position to have known about the hazard stating that the hazard is obvious or the hazard is a recognised and noted within the industry. Thirdly; the hazard may cause or is hihgly likely to cause serious harm or death. Finally, the hazard must be correctable. On the final element OSHA notes that not all hazards are necessarily correctable although in theory OSH provides a powerful instrument against workplace dangers Comparison between Superlex standards and OSHA regulations Superlex has modeled its workplace health and safety standards more or less in tandem with the regulations presented by OSHA. Superlex has categorise its standards according to the framework provided by OSHA which entails the following aspects, the identification of the hazard secondly the hazard must be recognisable (for instance the employer/company must be in a position to have known about the hazard stating that the hazard is obvious or the hazard is a recognised and noted within the industry. Thirdly; the hazard may cause or is highly likely to cause serious harm or death. Finally, the hazard must be correctable. On the final element OSHA notes that not all hazards are necessarily correctable although in theory OSH provides a powerful instrument against workplace dangers. The first aspect in the OSHA framework entails that there must be a hazard! As such Superlex has acknowledged that batteries and their handling pose serious health hazards owing to the hazardous contents. In line with the second aspect of the OSHA element which holds that the hazard must be identifiable; Superlex has identified that batteries contain dangerous sulfuric acid and also produce explosive mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen. The third aspect according to the OSHA regulatory framework details that the hazard may cause serious harm or death, Superlex safety regulations also similarly detail that the hazardous content of the battery may cause serious harm or death in extreme circumstance hence workers must be fully knowledgeable about the appropriate and safe ways of handling batteries. The fourth and last aspect of the OSHA framework holds that the hazards must be correctable e. In this context the correction of the hazard denotes the implementation of safety measures in handling the batteries as detailed below by Superlex safety battery handling regulations. Below is direct extract of the Superlex Safety Battery handling regulations Figure 5. Superlex Safety Battery handling regulations OSHA violation Instances and Compliance Plan Superlex can take further steps to optimize its workplace environment for safety and health considering the importance of workers health and welfare as well as some instances resulting for the indifference of the OSH Act. In a notable instance Exide Technologies Inc. was charged by OSHA for 22 counts of OSHA standards violation. The company was indicted to pay penalties worth up to $71 000 for reportedly failing to protect employees from exposure to lead and cadmium. In a report, OSHA area director Paul Hansen was quoted noting that it imperative for employers to safeguard employees form substance such as lead and cadmium citing that these have adverse short term and long term effects n victims. The company had been under investigation since January and findings showed that the employer had violated OSHA guidelines and regulations and had also failed to appropriately fit the test respirators as well implement sufficient lock-out/tag out system to [prevent undesired machines start up. Violations cited also entailed the failure to protect worker from exposure to lead and the failure to run training for the handling of cadmium by workers among other findings. Superlex Compliance Plan Enhancement Superlex has to mandate to protect its workers from all forms of dangers associated with the handling of hazardous material in manufacture, handling and recharging of batteries. Superlex must customize the regulations enunciated in the OSH act to optimize its workplace environment for ensuring sufficient security. The company must ensure that measure is in place to prevent unintended machines start up by applying system like the lock/out/tag out model. This will reduce or eradicate instances of accidents at work. Upon that Superlex has to formulate and implement a detailed safety compliance and security model what will make sure that sprocket wheels and chains are guarded as well as the ensuring of the appropriate connection of electrical codes. Superlex has to do ensure the foregoing and avoid committing various forms of violations by making sure that there is provision for sufficient machine guarding as well as keep surfaces clean from lead. Upon the foregoing, Superlex must entail training courses in its compliance stratagem o educate and empower workers on appropriate days of handling cadmium. Conclusion The study has demonstrated and attested to various dynamics around the impact of the regulatory framework and the structure and functionalities as well as operations of organisations in the manufacturing industry. The operations and functionalities of Superlex are shaped directly and indirectly by the tenets and requirements of the institutional powers on eth aspects of occupational Health and safety. It has also been demonstrated in the corpus of the paper how the workplace health and safety standards by the focus featured case differ and relate to the regulations often OSHA the governing authority on occupational health and safety. The study has established that the structure and composition of the Superlex workplace health and safety guidelines have been drawn in tandem with the regulations drawn by governing authority OSHA. The situation in spotlight for study objectives and scope has satisfied the merits and applications of the PESTEL and institutional theory conceptual paradigms. PESTEL well details and characterise the entirety of the environment within which organisations operate whilst the institutional theory has helped enunciate the manner in which the thrust of manufacturing companies (from a regulatory perspective) have been shaped by the demands for compliance and optimality in the aspect of occupational health and safety. It had been established as has been indicated in the foregoing component of the paper that the featured company Superlex can enhance its efforts at protecting its workers by protecting workers from possible dangers in typical battery manufacturing environment, which can be reinforced by the running of training programs to keep workers abreast on the best ways of ensuring safety and health in hazardous works fronts. References 1. Miller, D. and P.H. Friesen, (2003) Organizations: a Quantum View. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 2. Mintzberg, H. (1994) The Structuring of Organizations, Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice Hall. 3. Powell, W.W, (1991) Expanding the Scope of Institutional Analysis’, in W.W. Powell and P.J. DiMaggio (eds), The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press 4. Scott, W.R, (2001) ‘Institutions and Organizations: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis’, in W.R., Oak Press, Sidney 5. Scott and J.W. Meyer (eds),(1994) Institutional Environments and Organizations: Structural Complexity and Individualism. Thousand Oaks, CA 6. Veljanovski, C. ‘Privatisation: Monopoly Money or Competition?’ (2007) in C. Veljanovski (ed), Privatisation and British Standard, OHSAS is intended to be compatible with ISO 9000 and 14000 Competition: a Market Prospects. London: Institute of Economic Affairs 7. Ladou, Joseph (2006). Current Occupational & Environmental Medicine (4th Edition ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. 8. Roughton, James (2002). Developing an Effective Safety Culture: A Leadership Approach (1th Edition ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. OHSAS 18000 series: (derived from a series standards, but is not itself an ISO standard)

https://ivypanda.com/essays/safety-and-health-regulations-in-battery-manufacturing/

Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The article discusses the correlation between cortisol levels in the saliva and the circadian rhythm. It also talks about the importance of saliva as a diagnostic tool for Cushing's syndrome.The article discusses the correlation between cortisol levels in the saliva and the circadian rhythm. It also talks about the importance of saliva as a diagnostic tool for Cushing's syndrome.

The article discusses the correlation between cortisol levels in the saliva and the circadian rhythm. It also talks about the importance of saliva as a diagnostic tool for Cushing's syndrome. The article discusses the correlation between cortisol levels in the saliva and the circadian rhythm. It also talks about the importance of saliva as a diagnostic tool for Cushing's syndrome.

Salivary Cortisol, Iga Levels and Circadian Rythms Report The fluctuation of the salivary flow has been established via many studies but the times of fluctuation and the many factors that contribute towards it remain to be known. Saliva is an integral part of the oral cavity which helps to provide immunity to the body alongside other functions. This manner of fluctuation has been found to be close to the circadian rhythm. Cortisol as well as immunoglobulin A or IgA, are also very important components of the saliva, which help in providing immunity. The study is aimed to verify and ascertain the correlation of cortisol as well as IgA in the various cicardian rhythms. Studies such as those of Dimitriou et al, have already shown a cicardian rhythmic effect of cortisol peaks and falls in his study carried out on fourteen healthy male swimmers, although most of the study was focused around the effect of exercise on the cortisol and IgA levels in the saliva (Dimitriou et al,2002, pp 260 and 262). The article is aimed at looking at some articles that have researched the variations in the quantity of IgA and cortisol in the saliva based on circadian rhythms. These researches were very difficult to find, chiefly because there are very few authenticated researches carried out in the area. Most of the related researches have studied the changes in the salivary composition during exercise and the effects of stress on the salivary flow and composition. More research in this area is required. Till then a discussion based on the studies till now is presented. The saliva has been found to be a very important indicator of various substances of the body. The salivary cortisol levels are almost equally correlated to the level of cortisol found in the blood. Along side, cortisol is also affected by the various physical states of the body such as exercise, and can aid in diagnosing cases of Cushing’s syndrome etc. The influence of time and day rhythms on its concentration however, remain to be known fully (Kaufman and Lamster, 2002, pp 202 and 208). There are studies however, that do show the rise and the circadian pattern of cortisol in the body, in-dependant of any exercise. Cortisol levels in the saliva increase in the morning, which leads to an increase in the neutrophil count and helping in T lymphocyte function (Hamer et al, 2004, pp 639). The same rise of cortisol levels in the morning have been documented by Wilhelm et al in 2007 (Wilhelm et al, 2007, pp 358 and 360). He carried out his study on 16 young men who were observed in both laboratory as well as home conditions. Many serum and salivary levels of substances were collected for two consecutive days. These included serum cortisol and ACTH levels and salivary cortisol levels. These levels were assessed at pre awakening and post awakening. The findings indicated that there was a steeper increase in the cortisol and ACTH levels upon waking. The researchers claimed that this phenomenon is not related to circadian rhythms but is due to the psycho-physiological process of sleep awakening transition (Wilhelm et al, 2007, pp 359 and 366). The salivary IgA has been indicated to be found in decreased quantities when the person is stressed. This is therefore a very helpful tool in gauging the stress in a person. However, salivary IgA is also under influence of many other factors, and according to the stimulus, the rate of secretion can vary. (Skandakumar, 1995, pp 339 and 342) In contrast, Huckelbridge found that during acute stress phases, the person is likely to have a transient increase in the rate of salivary IgA, as opposed to a decrease in the chronic stressful states. His study showed that an increased spike level of both cortisol and IgA in the saliva after awaking showing a diurnal pattern of increase and decrease in the quantity. This increase shown in the early morning is followed by a decline following 6hours of waking. This quantity is again increased in the evening, then decreases at night and then picks up at around midnight (Hucklebridge et al, 1998). Shirakawa et al in 2003 studied the secretory times of IgA and cortisol in various times of the day in young adults. The number of persons used in the study was 8 in number. They fond that the rates of secretion of IgA and cortisol fluctuated showing peak times or macrophases at 06:50 hours, 09:04 hours, and 19:01 hours respectively. the Mesor for salivary IgA was 0.30 mg/ml, for cortisol was 8.56 ng/ml and for flow rate was 0.47 ml/min respectively (Shiakawa et al, 2004, pp 115, 117). However, the IgA peak rate flows were not in line with the peak flow rates of the saliva. in fact, the nadir flow rates were found to be anti to each other for IgA and salivary flow rate. Shirakawa also found that the ratios of IgA to total proteins also vary significantly between different hours of the day, which can be as high as 1:3 in the mornings than compared to evening ratios. This concentration of IgA then again starts to rise in the midnight which may suggest a compensatory mechanism (Shiakawa et al, 2004, pp 115, 117). The finding of Shirakawa’s research shows that IgA secretion is not simply dependant on the secretary patterns of saliva, but is under a separate influence. The researchers suggested that there is more likely to be a presence of the central circadian pacemaker, which influences the production of IgA (Shiakawa et al, 2004, pp 118, 120). Age is another important factor that influences the quantity of salivary IgA in a person. The salivary IgA concentration is less in ages below 7 years of age than in those who are above it (Kugler, Hess and Haaki, 1991). IgA levels have been shown to increase in the saliva after any form of physical activity. Most of the studies have shown that an increase in the activity leads to an increase in the IgA levels in the saliva after exercise. This mechanism may also help in understanding the circadian rhythm related phenomena, where by awakening leads to consequent increase in the activity, thereby leading to an increase in the quantity of IgA in the saliva. The study by Sari-Saraf also showed that men showed an increase in the IgA levels after physical activity. (Sari-Saraf, 2003, pp 526 and 528) Conclusion The importance of studying the changes in the levels of various salivary components is the various effects that they have on the defense mechanism of the body. Any changes from the median may make the person vulnerable to infections in stages where the salivary cortisol and IgA levels are decreased. Also, these changes may be why their importance is manifested in children in the supplementation of IgA via the mother’s milk. The number of studies in this area is still very limited and there is still a lot to be learned about the various neuroendocrinological processes that govern such changes. However, salivary IgA and cortisol do show circadian patterns of high and low concentrations in the body. References L Dimitriou, N C C Sharp and M Doherty. Circadian Effects on the Acute Responses of Salivary Cortisol and IgA in Well Trained Swimmers. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2002; 36: 260-264. Mark Hamer, Danielle Wolvers, and Rund Albers, 2004. Using Stress Models to Evaluate Immuno- Modulating Effects of Nutritional Intervention in Healthy Individuals. Journal of American College of Nutrition Vol. 23, No. 6, pp 637-646. Frank Hucklebridge, Angela Clow, and Phil Evans, 1998. The Relationship Between Salivary Secretory Immunoglobulin A and Cortisol: Neuroendocrine Response to Eliaz Kaufman, Ira B Lamster, 2002. The Diagnostic Applications of Saliva: A Review. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine 13(2): 197-212. J Kugler, M Hess, and D Haake, 1991. Secretion of Salivary Immunoglobulin in Relation to Age, Saliva Flow, Mood States, Secretion of Albumin, Cortisol and Catecholamines in Saliva. Journal of Clinical Immunology,. Vol. 12, nO. 1, pp 45-49. V Sari Saraf, T Reilly D Doran G Atkinson,. 2003. The Effects of Single and Repeated Bouts of Soccer-Specific Exercise on Salivary IgA. Archives of Oral Biology, Vol 52, Issue 6, pp 526-532. Tetsuo Shirakawa, Misato Mitome and Haruhisa Oguchi, 2004. Circadian Rhythms of S-IgA and Cortisol in Whole Saliva-Compensatory Mechanism of Oral Immune System for Nocturnal Fall of Saliva Secretion. Pediatric Dental Journal Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 115-120. Skandakumar S, Stodulski G, Hau J, 1995. Salivary IgA: A Possible Stress Marker in Dogs. Animal Welfare, Vol. 4, No. 4 pp 339-350. Ines Wilhelm, Jan Born, Brigitte M Kudielka, Wolff Sholtz and Stefan Wust, 2007. Is the Cortisol Awakening Rise A Response to Awakening? Psychoneuroendocrinology Vol. 32, No. 4, pp 358-366. Awakening and the Diurnal Cycle. International Journal of Psychophysiology. Vol. 31, Issue 1.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/salivary-cortisol-iga-levels-and-circadian-rythms/

Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The essay is about the Saudi British Bank and the JP The two banks are compared based on their financial performance in the year 2006. SABB or the Saudi British Bank being the largest financial banking institution in Saudi Arabia provides a range of banking services including interest-free loans while JP The two banks are compared based on their financial performance in the year 2006. SABB or the Saudi British Bank being the largest financial banking institution in Saudi Arabia provides a range of banking services including interest-free

The essay is about the Saudi British Bank and the JP The two banks are compared based on their financial performance in the year 2006. SABB or the Saudi British Bank being the largest financial banking institution in Saudi Arabia provides a range of banking services including interest-free loans while JP The two banks are compared based on their financial performance in the year 2006. SABB or the Saudi British Bank being the largest financial banking institution in Saudi Arabia provides a range of banking services including interest-free

Saudi British Bank and JPMorgan Chase Bank Report Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2. Comparative Analysis: SABB & J P Morgan Chase Bank 3. Comparative Analysis of the two banks 4. Tables and Charts 5. References Abstract The essay is about the Saudi British Bank and the JP Morgan Chase Bank and their performance in the year 2006. SABB or the Saudi British Bank being the largest financial banking institution in Saudi Arabia provides a range of banking services including interest-free loans while JP Morgan Chase Bank is a leading global financial services firm that operates in almost 60 countries providing its consumer’s asset management and private equity services apart from banking, financial services, small business, and commercial banking. Furthermore, the essay deals with the financial performance of both the banks and make a comparative analysis of their performance. After getting into the basic information related to each of the banks, the differences between the two alternative banking models, their structure are analyzed in more detail in the later stages. The analysis also indicates that the among the two banks’ loan quality in the case of SABB is relatively less general and their loan market appears to have been saturated with less growth in consumer loans and at the same time sharp fall in overall overdrafts.. We recommend on the basis of the analysis that SABB adopt a more active marketing strategy to expand and create their own market and adopt the loan policy in a way that they can make a loan decision with a more reliable cash flow analysis. In the case of JP Morgan Chase bank, the bank is on a very fast track to become a truly international bank and our analysis suggests the need to emerge as a strong player in the developing world especially India and China. Comparative Analysis: SABB & J P Morgan Chase Bank The banking sector in this world is as diverse as the world itself. The two banks taken over here are following a very different business model as well as the target market. Beginning with SABB; the bank is one of the leading banks in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and is an associated company of the HSBC Group, one of the world’s largest banking and financial services organizations, with over 9,800 offices in 77 countries and territories in Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, the Americas, the Middle East, and Africa. Being a Saudi Joint Stock Company, it operates as a commercial bank through a network of 73 branches including 13 exclusive ladies’ sections/ branches. The bank has over 2000 employees and is a leader in offering its customers a full range of banking services. The Bank also follows the Shariah-based system in which provides non-interest-bearing products are provided with whole structure being approved and supervised by an independent Shariah Board established by the Bank. JP Morgan Chase Bank traces its history back more than 200 years to its first predecessor in 1799. Merger and acquisition activity over the years has combined the operations of J.P. Morgan, Chase Manhattan, Chemical, Manufacturers Hanover, Bank One, First Chicago, and National Bank of Detroit into a global financial services leader. JP Morgan Chase & Co goes to market under three brands, which are: “JP Morgan Chase – the overall corporate brand”, “JP Morgan – the umbrella brand for investment banking, worldwide securities services, private banking, asset management, private equity, and private client services” and “Chase – the brand for JP Morgan Chase’s consumer and commercial banking businesses, under which home financing falls”. Chase is one of the industry’s leading providers of home mortgages and home equity loans originating almost $200 billion in home loans. Chase also services another $6 billion worth of third-party loans (loans that Chase does not originate) through its Systems & Services Technologies, Inc. (SST) subsidiary. Comparative Analysis of the two banks For the purpose of comparative analysis of SABB and JP Morgan Chase Bank’s performance, the annual report of the two banks for the year 2006 has been taken into consideration. For those selected banks, we collected the performance ratios over the year, and for the purpose of analysis, each bank group’s performance ratio is summarized for the year in the form of the simple average ratio. These summarized data are presented with the attached tables. Several financial ratios which indicate the results of banks’ performance have been selected. The ratios for this study include those of core capital to total assets, interest spreads, noninterest income to average assets, overhead expenses to average assets, domestic loan growth, domestic loans to deposits, net charge-offs to average loans, nonperforming loans to gross loans, and return on assets. The following analyses those ratios with emphasis on the two banks’ performance in the year 2006. Tables and Charts Table 1: Consolidated Balance Sheet of Saudi Arabian Banks Chart 1: Deposit Mix Chart 2: Core banking income Chart 3: Operating Efficiency Chart 4: Return Ratios Chart 5: Consolidated Statements of Income/JPMorgan Chase & Co Chart 6: Consolidated Balance Sheet/JPMorgan Chase & Co References Global Investment House. “ Saudi British Bank: Update 2006”. JP Morgan Chase Co. “ Annual Report: 2006 ”. JP Morgan Chase Co. “ Consolidated Final Statements and notes: 2006 ”. Saudi British Bank. “Annual Report: 2006”.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/saudi-british-bank-and-jpmorgan-chase-bank/

Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The Saudi National Commercial Bank (NCB) and the Deutsche Bank (DB) are both large financial institutions. The NCB is the first bank to be established in Saudi Arabia, while the DB is a well-known global bank. Both banks have their own unique corporate structures and governance policies. The NCB follows a risk management strategy that is evaluated and approved by the bank's Assets and Liabilities Committee. The DB is designed to protect the bank's assets and liabilities.

The Saudi National Commercial Bank (NCB) and the Deutsche Bank (DB) are both large financial institutions. The NCB is the first bank to be established in Saudi Arabia, while the DB is a well-known global bank. Both banks have their own unique corporate structures and governance policies. The NCB follows a risk management strategy that is evaluated and approved by the bank's Assets and Liabilities Committee. The DB is designed to protect the bank's assets and liabilities.

Saudi National Commercial Bank vs. Deutsche Bank Report Introduction Financial systems vary in form, process, and application. Although there are universal financial models, countries prefer following their own policies because of several reasons. The most common practice involves the use of the International Financial Reporting System (IFRS). There are generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) that serve as the basis for financial reporting. These policies are being implemented to secure transparency and to protect the welfare of the stockholders. The development of financial systems in emerging economies such as Saudi Arabia is well documented. Companies that once follow conservative policies have started opening their books to the public. This change is often attributed to the influx of Western companies in these economies. In Saudi Arabia, the U.S. and European firms have started operating. Forming joint ventures and alliances with local Saudi companies is the usual strategy. Since these firms follow strict financial rules, Saudi firms made the next step towards compliance. Corporate Structure and Governance Saudi NCB is a Saudi Arabian bank and the first to be established in the country. The bank’s initial paid-up capital is SR 30 million. The bank was created out of the Royal Decree on 20 Rabi Thani 1373H. At present, the bank operates in 266 local branches and two international hubs. The majority of the bank employees are Saudi Nationals, and the others are divided among different nationalities. The services provided by the bank strictly adhere to the laws prescribed by religion. This attachment is a common aspect among banks in Saudi Arabia. The Board of Directors of NCB is composed of 7 individuals. These Directors are all natives of Saudi Arabia. This is implemented to maintain control of the Nationals to the leadership of the bank. As stated, services catered by Saudi NCB are in accordance with Shariah. To ensure that this clause is maintained, the government installs a Shariah Advisory Committee to oversee the transaction in the bank. There are esteemed individuals who composed the Advisory Committee. These are consultants who have established expertise in the industry and a strong sense of the Shariah laws. The Deutsche Bank, however, has a typical corporate structure. The bank is heavily regulated as provided by the governing bodies in the U.S. and EU. The Board of Directors is composed of the supervisory and management bank. Deutsche has solid operations in Germany and has access to other branches in the world. In terms of governance, committees are established to address certain bank concerns. The role of these committees is to ensure that the bank meets the financial targets. Compliance with the rules and regulations in the banking industry is also a major consideration. Risk Management Saudi NCB implements a risk management strategy that is evaluated and approved by the bank’s Assets and Liabilities Committee. Designated financial assets are realized when NCB engages in a contractual provision of the deal. In the event when uncollectible revenues are determined, the automatic write-off is being implemented. Moreover, the risk management process followed by NCB considers the bank’s exposure to foreign exchange fluctuations. In terms of credit, NCB’s risk management strategies are developed to evaluate the creditworthiness of the bank. Exposure of credit risks is being studied, and measures are designed to limit the involvement of the bank in these risks. NCB also ensures that the risk management provisions of products constantly revolve around client preference. This is an important clause that will ensure control of the market share. In addition, risk management concepts are used in assessing the value of assets and liabilities of the company. These risks are determined in accordance with market conditions. Deutsche Bank, on the other hand, provides specific provisions to ensure risk management. The bank defines risk as an event that gives rise to actual, contingent, or potential claims against any borrower or obligor. When adverse results are observed, there are mitigating strategies used to minimize the negative effect on the company. In addition, the country risks possible deterioration of economic status, political and social detriments, and nationalization and expropriation of assets. Other major risks for the bank include operational, credit, liquidity, and market. In 2006, the total business risk of the company had declined significantly. Credit this development to a strong process of risk management. The determination of overall risk exposure is done through a methodical process. The increase in operational risk economic capital is caused by methodology changes, specifically improved modeling of the size of operational risk losses. Moreover, the constant diversification in operations leads to the bank’s exposure to the risks present in the market. Financial Reporting NCB’s financial statements are prepared in compliance with the accounting standards imposed by the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA) and the IFRS. The firm prepares financial statements to comply with the Banking Control Law and Regulations for companies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Most of the items in the financial statements are measured using historical costs. The bank, however, uses the fair market value in some assets and liabilities. NCB follows IFRS 7, which provides new disclosures and qualitative and quantitative data related to company performance and risks. The preparation of financial statements imposed by Saudi NCB strictly follows IFRS standards. The process requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates and assumptions that impact the reported amounts of assets and liabilities. The reporting method also requires management to exercise judgment in the process of applying the NCB’s accounting policies. These assumptions and judgments are constantly evaluated and are based on historical experience relevant aspects. There are areas where management has used estimates, assumptions, or exercised judgments. Deutsche Bank prepares consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Accounting policies are considered essential in the process of understanding reported operational and financial results. Some of the accounting policies require critical accounting estimates that involve complex and subjective judgments. Hence assumptions will be made to but eventually equated to the actual results gained by the bank. Per compliance with EU and German regulations, the bank will adopt International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). This method is applicable in consolidated financial statements filed with the EU and German regulatory authorities. Deutsche Bank will also use IFRS as the basis of reporting in future SEC filings. Financial statements prepared using IFRS as a basis are accepted in SEC filings provided reconciliation between U.S. GAAP. Moreover, IFRS net income and shareholders’ equity are disclosed as supplemental information. This is an important clause for the company. Marketing Strategy Positioning refers to the perceptions developed in the minds of the target market. The process entails the creation of an image of the brand and the entire firm. Market positioning is purely procedural and relies on the completion of stages before making further improvements. The initial stage involves the definition of the firms’ target market. The development of a marketing mix entails strategies that are designed to ensure consistency in the quality of performance. These are important aspects of surviving the competitive banking industry. NCB is mainly engaged in the provision of banking services in Saudi Arabia. The banking services provided by the bank are clustered into Personal, Commercial, Corporate, Private, and Islamic. These suggest the extent of the market scope being covered by the company. Other bank services catered by the bank include Investment, Treasury, Trade Services, and Credit Cards. The bank operates 1184 Automated Teller Machines and 10750 Point-of-Sale Terminals. The bank has also ventured into the telephone, Internet, and mobile banking. On the other hand, Deutsche Bank is globally recognized as one of the premier financial powerhouses. The company is spread across 76 countries in the world. At present, the branch count of the brand reaches approximately 4,000 globally. In terms of products, the bank caters to all forms of clients and various financial needs. These are personal, corporate, and investment banking to satisfy the needs of the customers. In addition, the bank continues to expand its product lines to cater to other niche markets. Deutsche has dedicated efforts to improve the bank’s performance. Asset and Liability Management The process of asset management in NCB involves impairment. When such is determined, a recoverable amount is determined. Uncollectible assets are written off. Property and equipment are reported at cost and devalued through accumulated depreciation. The cost of the assets is depreciated using the straight-line method. Buildings have expected to last for 20 years, leases for the duration of the contract, and other equipment for 3-4 years. The gains or losses from the sale of assets are properly recognized. In terms of liabilities, market deposits, customer deposits, borrowing, debt securities, and other liabilities are recognized at cost. Subsequent fair market values are considered upon receipt. Commissions bearing financial liabilities are valued at fair market. Premiums are amortized using an effective yield basis to maturity and provided with special commission expenses. Leases involving the bank are treated as operating leases. Loans and debts are valued depending on the contracts entered by the company. For Deutsche, property, plant, and equipment are reported at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. Land and buildings are revalued every year to reflect current market value. Independent firms that value properties determine the valuations. Assets are reviewed for impairment in every accounting period and whenever events lead to the determination of unrecoverable assets. The entire value of the assets is written down immediately to minimize further losses. Intangible assets of the company are valued at cost, including licenses and fees. The bank is involved in a range of transactions that result in the accumulation of contingent and future liabilities. The bank discloses contingent liabilities when possible obligation arising from past events has been determined. Contingent liabilities are disclosed when a present obligation is not recognized. The bank issues commitments to provide credit, letters of credit, guarantees, and other credit instruments. These financial vehicles attract fees related to market prices for similar deals and arrangements. Profit and Loss Recognition In NCB, special commission income for all special commission-bearing financial instruments are considered crucial components of revenue. These are recognized in the financial statement of income on an effective yield basis, including premiums amortized and discounts accreted. The carrying value of the financial asset is adjusted when the revision of bank estimates is done. The adjusted carrying amount is calculated based on the original effective interest rate and the change in carrying value. Deutsche has a developed method for recognizing revenues. Interest income is recognized on an accrual basis: fees and direct costs relating to financing and restructuring are deferred and amortized. Revenues from the bank’s other activities are recognized through criteria which include persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the services have been rendered, the fee or commission is fixed or determinable, and the collectible is assured. The Gains and losses from sales of assets result primarily from sales of financial assets in monetary exchanges and include other assets. Competitive Analysis Benchmarking provides cost savings in executing operations and supports the organization’s budgeting and strategic planning process. Benchmarking is designed to leave the past behind and embrace the future. The benchmarking process has many defining features. In order to benchmark effectively, a company needs a strong strategic focus and some flexibility in achieving management’s goals. The process allows banks to review their performance in reference to other players in the industry. The main strength of NCB is the bank’s diverse products and services lines. The bank has been a known spender for product research and development. Aside from the main bank services, NCB also provided niche products for women and Islamic purposes. Even with strict regulation, SAAB has gained ground in terms of product creation. The coverage of the company in the market is another notable aspect. The bank has established several branches and also provides electronic and mobile banking services. Deutsche follows an approach similar to some of the established banks operating globally. The focus of the bank is to extend financial options to individuals and firms. The primary advantage observed in Deutsche is the bank’s efficiency model. In addition, the bank has an established network worldwide. The company also provides lucrative options for savings depositors. Another important service that Deutsche provides is Internet banking. Investment banking is also one of the firm’s strengths. Loan Policy Loans and advances are non-derivative financial assets originated or acquired by the NCB with fixed or determinable payments. Loans and advances are initially measured at cost. Subsequent fair value is provided, including acquisition charges associated with the loans and advances. Following the initial recognition, transfers between the various classes of loans and advances are not ordinarily permissible. NCB’s loans and advances are classified as held at amortized cost less any amount written off and provisions for impairment. Hedged loans and advances are adjusted against the carrying amount. Due from banks and other financial institutions are financial assets, which are mainly money market placements with fixed or determinable payments. These instruments are fixed maturities and are not quoted in an active market. Money market placements are not entered into with the intention of immediate or short-term resale. Receivable from banks and other financial institutions are initially measured at cost. Then the loans are stated at cost less any amount written off and provisions for impairment. In Deutsche, loans are provided on the balance sheet at their outstanding principal balances net of charge-offs, discounts, costs on originated loans, and the allowance for loan losses. Interest revenues are determined on the unpaid principal balance. The costs and premiums or discounts are recorded as an adjustment of the interest income over the contractual period of the related loans. Commitment fees are related to commitments that are unaccounted for. Loans are placed on non-accrual status when either the loan has been in default or interest for 90 days or more, and the loan is in the process of collection. Loans are reviewed at each balance date to determine whether there is any objective evidence of impairment. When such is ascertained, the recoverable amount is estimated, and provision is made for the difference between the carrying value and the salvage amount. The recoverable amounts of advances measured at amortized cost are calculated as the present value of the expected future cash flows. The value is then discounted at the instrument’s original effective interest rate for a fixed rate. Derivatives NCB recognizes derivatives as a valuable financial instrument. Derivative financial instruments in NCB include foreign exchange contracts, special commission rate futures, forward rate agreements, currency and special commission rate swaps, currency and special commission rate options, which are both written and purchased. These items are measured at a fair value premium received for written options. All derivatives are carried at their fair value as assets where the fair value is positive and as liabilities where the fair value is negative. For Deutsche Bank, derivative features embedded in other contracts that meet certain criteria are also measured at fair value. The method of fair value is based on observable market prices and derived parameters. Valuation techniques include the use of models, which are dependent on parameters. The valuation process to ascertain the fair value and includes adjustments to the valuation model outputs Derivative assets and liabilities arising from contracts with the same party. The derivative features embedded in other non-trading contracts are measured separately at fair value. Conclusion In a nutshell, the banking industry in Saudi Arabia can be considered an evolving economic entity. The combination of local creativity and foreign capital has made Saudi firms more competitive. NCB, for instance, has become a prominent market player. The establishment of international branches is a testament to this claim. Despite the growth of the industry, the Saudi government has been active in providing sound regulations. The existence of SAMA and IFRS policies is critical in the success of the bank. In addition, the emphasis on Islamic laws is valuable. When compared to a bank in a regulated market, NCBB is not far in terms of regulations. There are similarities and differences when it comes to reporting and other important financial recognition. NCB and Deutsche do value clients, as evidenced by both banks’ wide product range. In addition, the similarity is seen in the manner in which risks are mitigated. The most glaring difference is the value of Islam in NCB and Deutsche’s focus on business. References Deutsch Bank, (2007), 2006 Annual Report, Date retrieved: 2008. Web. Saudi National Commercial Bank, (2007), 2006 Annual Report, 2008. Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/saudi-national-commercial-bank-vs-deutsche-bank/

Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The article discusses a study on the learning potential and rehabilitation outcomes in schizophrenia. The study found that 39 of the 41 subjects were diagnosed for some other mental disorder besides schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders.

The article discusses a study on the learning potential and rehabilitation outcomes in schizophrenia. The study found that 39 of the 41 subjects were diagnosed for some other mental disorder besides schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders.

Schizophrenia Study and Rehabilitation Outcome Report (Assessment) Watzke et al. state at the outset that the population of interest comprises German patients with severe mental illness and undergoing vocational rehabilitation. The research team may perhaps be forgiven an excess of bravado. In fact, the results of this prospective study can reasonably be projected to the universe of Germans with mental disorders only if Rehabilitation Psychisch Kranker (Institution of Rehabilitation for the Psychiatrically Ill and Disabled) in the city of Halle is a kind of secondary care, central referral institution that receives the mentally ill referred for vocational rehabilitation from all over the country. Strictly speaking, therefore, applicability to a nationwide population of interest will be true only if a second study were to replicate research findings in some other German institute. The sample consisted of 41 patients with some mental disorder or other and, the authors declare, “symptomatically stable on neuroleptic medication, had German as their native language, were … 18 to 65 years, had no co-occurring diagnosis of substance abuse or dependence according to DSM-IV, and had premorbid IQ not lower than 70 points.” (Watzke et al ., 2008: 249) One assumes that by “points”, the authors meant percentile ranking. If so, the researchers may have been overly conservative since a meta-analysis (Woodberry, Giuliano, and Seidman, 2008) suggests that the typical mental ability deficiency on onset of frank psychosis is closer to half a standard deviation below that of normal subjects, meaning a minimum of approximately 84 points of IQ. On the other hand, the researchers were decidedly wrong to label the study concerning learning potential and rehabilitation outcomes in schizophrenia since 39 of the 41 subjects were diagnosed for some other mental disorder besides schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. With respect to ethical considerations, an appraisal of the article shows that the following were satisfied: 1. The researchers had the relevant training since Dr. Watzke was affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics of Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Dr. Kuss was with the Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Informatics of the same University, Dr. Brieger was a staff psychiatrist at Bezirkskrankenhaus in Kempten, while Drs. Schoettke and Wiedl were associated with the Department of Psychology, University of Osnabrueck. All Institutions mentioned are in Germany. 2. Study participation was voluntary since two patients were allowed to withdraw prior to data-gathering. This is a quantitative study because the sample size, though modest, exceeded the threshold required for parametric statistics, because the authors employed a standardized study instrument, and they confidently subjected the data to measures of central tendency, dispersion and the Spearman correlation coefficient. As to type, this is a longitudinal, cross-section cohort study. Under the National Guideline Clearinghouse summaries, the design comes closest to “II-2: Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case-control analytic studies” although results were exclusively from one center or one patient group. No provision was made for a control group; the researchers were concerned mainly with the differential outcomes among “high scorers, learners and non-learners” or those who had high, modest and low learning potential. Watzke et al. defined the scope of their intervention as a prospective study, thereby claiming a breakthrough since all prior research, they report, had been cross-sectional designs. The absence of a control group violates that requirement for a prospective study. However, it is also true that in epidemiology a prospective study is sometimes used as a synonym for cohort study. Nevertheless, it is a true longitudinal research because the authors followed the patients through stages of diagnoses, pretest, intervention, posttest and post-release follow-up in a work setting, the entire process lasting 15 to 18 months. References Watzke, S., Brieger, P., Kuss, O., Schoettke, H. & Wiedl, K. H. (2008). A longitudinal study of learning potential and rehabilitation outcome in schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 59 (3), 248-255. Woodberry, K. A., Giuliano, A. J. & Seidman, L. J. (2008). Premorbid IQ in schizophrenia: A meta-analytic review. Am J Psychiatry; 165 : 579-587.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/schizophrenia-study-and-rehabilitation-outcome/

Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The CDC developed a nutritional health promotional program in schools to promote life long healthy eating habits. This was based on the fact that, healthy eating habits in both children and adolescents had increasingly been noted to have deteriorated over the years hence the need to promote the health, growth and intellectual development of the child. There was also a need to aim at preventing health problems related to eating patterns such as obesity, anaemia, and dental disorders amongst other health disorders (PHS 1991). Apart from immediate prevention, healthy eating patterns are more likely to prevent long-term health problems such as; stroke, cancer, and heart diseases among others.

The CDC developed a nutritional health promotional program in schools to promote life long healthy eating habits. This was based on the fact that, healthy eating habits in both children and adolescents had increasingly been noted to have deteriorated over the years hence the need to promote the health, growth and intellectual development of the child. There was also a need to aim at preventing health problems related to eating patterns such as obesity, anaemia, and dental disorders amongst other health disorders (PHS 1991). Apart from immediate prevention, healthy eating patterns are more likely to prevent long-term health problems such as; stroke, cancer, and heart diseases among others.

School-Based Nutrition Health Promotion Program Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Principles of Health Promotion used in the Program 3. Theoretical framework 4. Research design 5. Research Results as Health Promotion Advocate 6. Reference Introduction In the year nineteen ninety six, Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a nutritional health promotional program in schools to promote life long healthy eating habits. This was based on the fact that, healthy eating habits in both children and adolescents had increasingly been noted to have deteriorated over the years hence the need to promote the health, growth and intellectual development of the child. There was also a need to aim at preventing health problems related to eating patterns such as obesity, anaemia, and dental disorders amongst other health disorders (PHS 1991). Apart from immediate prevention, healthy eating patterns are more likely to prevent long-term health problems such as; stroke, cancer, and heart diseases among others. The nutrition programs in schools aimed at giving education on health, and acted as a disease control program as it aimed at providing skills, achieving total education potential, as well as to improve their health. Dietary factors play a major role in preventing illnesses and premature death in many States (AHA, 2000). This has made the national health promotion and disease prevention to focus on nutritional education in school, as a result, the USDA and NET programs urges that nutritional education should be incorporated in children nutritional programs in schools, and children care facilities as it contributes to healthier bodies, mind, and improved learning (Minkler 1999, USDA 2000). Principles of Health Promotion used in the Program Health promotion involves helping people to control and improve their heath. To achieve this, various health promotion principles need to be considered. To effectively improve health, the school-based program considered good heath as a great resource for personal, social and economical development and a cornerstone for quality life. The program advocated for health by providing social, environmental and economic support for children and adolescents to achieve skills and education necessary to promote or rather improve heath. The program focused on achieving equal health in all children and adolescents from all walks of life. The education was to be given to all students in school regardless of their socio-economic background. The differences which existed in children and adolescents’ health due to difference in background was to be reduced by the program, creating equal resources and opportunities necessary in attaining full heath potential. The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention figured out that the health sector alone can not effectively promote health given the nature of the campaigns. To be effective in promoting health, the CDC involves schools as mediators, as such, all people are represented in terms of age, sex, religious affiliation, interests, political ideology, personalities and background. Through schools, a large number of people was informed, thus reaching the target population (Mandell, 1993). The school-based nutritional program aimed at developing the personal skills of students at various levels. It supported social and personal development of the children and adolescents, through education and dissemination of information on what should be eaten, what should be avoided in the diet, and the amount required for proper functioning of the body. The information is important in development of both personal and life skills. Apart from learning the effects diet has on growth, health and young people’s intellectual development, the program also focused on the effects of the diet of young people to their future health particularly in their adulthood stage (Devaney et al. 2000, pp. 209S). Theoretical framework The program used the contemporary theories of health behaviour. With the believe that people act depending on what they know or think, the school based nutritional program aimed at creating awareness of healthy eating and its impact to quality heath. The children and adolescents can have unhealthy eating habits out of ignorance, but once informed, they change the poor habits to healthy eating. Although knowledge was required by the children to change eating behaviour, the program considered knowledge to be limited to producing most behaviour changes. The program considered the individual level as a key level in health promotion. The CDC planned the program to influence the behaviour of young children and adolescents (CDC 1994, pp. 820). The program used individual-level change theories since group behaviour or rather the societal behaviour is composed of individuals with different behaviours. These individual behaviours form the basic part of the diverse behaviours in the society. Therefore, it means the school-based nutrition health program involved change of behaviours of many individuals, who are the basic units of the society. Change of behaviour at individual level enhances change of group, community, and even national behaviour, thus achieving quality health of all people in the society (Ross and Pate 1999). Research design The school-based nutrition heath promotion program utilizes a descriptive design in the research in an attempt to change the eating behaviour of both young children and adolescents in various schools. Cohort studies were involved where by, students in various schools were assayed as the variable of the research. A research was carried out prior to the implementation of the program to determine the dietary habits of various students in randomly selected schools. The results showed that most children and adolescents take junk food, which is not healthy. The out come of the junk food was evaluated by determining the weight of the children in the school, where by the incidents of obesity was focused. Majority of the assayed variants were either obese, or overweight. The degree of ignorance in the assayed population was determined by inquiring their views regarding eating behaviour. Most of the obese children were ignorant, while the few who were overweight argued that they love snacks but their parents do not like the habit. Using the descriptive design, difference in exposure was determined using students with health education and others without the education (International Journal for Equity in Health 2007, 2007). Research Results as Health Promotion Advocate The results from the research and study can be used for health promotion advocacy. Healthy eating promotes good health which is a major resource in economic, personal and social development. Quality life is symbolised by good health, which is supported by healthy eating. This shows the impact of healthy eating in an individual’s life. For any individual to develop or grow well in both mind and body, healthy foods are required (Gregoire and Sneed 1994). Healthy foods supply the body with nutrients required in growth, enhances social relationships, and reduces the costs associated with illnesses caused by unhealthy eating. The results from the study can be used to discourage junk food in all ages, and to encourage and motivate people to eat health foods which are rich in nutrients required by the body. Many people are ignorant of the consequences of unhealthy eating, so they eat, and encourage their children to eat unhealthy foods. Using the results, people can understand of the consequences, of unhealthy eating, and get motivated to change the behaviour for quality life (Wellman, 2000). Reference AHA 2000, Lower fat and cholesterol easily and economically, AHA, Dallas, TX. CDC 1994, Prevalence of overweight among adolescents , MWR, vol. 43 no. 44, pp. 820. Devaney B, Gordon A, and Burghardt J 2000 Dietary intakes of students . Am J Clin Nutrition, vol. 61, no.1, pp. 209S. Gregoire M, and Sneed J 1994, Standards for nutrition integrity . School Food Service, vol. 18, no. 2 pp. 108-110. International Journal for Equity in Health 2007. 6:4doi:10.1186/1475-9276-6-4. Mandell, R 1993, Strategic plan for nutrition education: promoting healthy eating habits for children, USDA, FNS, Washington, DC. Minkler, M 1999, Community building for health, Rutgers State University, Rutgers. P H S 1991, National health promotion and disease prevention objectives , US DHHS, Washington, DC. Ross J, and Pate R 1999, Children body composition changes . Physical Educ Recreation Dance, vol. 58, no. 9, pp. 75 USDA 2002, Nutrition guidance for child nutrition programs , USDA, FNS, Washington, DC. Wellman N, and Crawford L 2000, Feeding for the future: exceptional nutrition in the IEP , FNETP, Tallahassee, FL.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/school-based-nutrition-health-promotion-program/

Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The paper examines the importance of successful time management for school principals.Being a Reading LeaderCreating a Time-effective TeamPractical Tips Balancing family and WorkGetting organized and Being flexibleConclusionReferences

The paper examines the importance of successful time management for school principals. Being a Reading Leader Creating a Time-effective Team Practical Tips Balancing family and Work Getting organized and Being flexible Conclusion References

School Principal: Successful Time Management Term Paper Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Being a Reading Leader 4. Creating a Time-effective Team 5. Practical Tips Balancing family and Work 6. Getting organized and Being flexible 7. Conclusion 8. References Abstract As the key administrator of the school, the principal is expected to set the tone for a society of learners-teachers who unreservedly exchange information, thoughts and ideas. The situation is complicated further considering the paradigm shift in the field of pedagogy where prevailing conditions and circumstances keep changing drastically each and every day. Such issues as globalization and improved machination too affect the work environment so much such that the principal realizes that he needs to do quite a great deal of work in just a limited timeframe. It can be quite challenging and creepy if time, (which of course is the most limited and most precious resource available to the administrator), if it is not well managed. Amid theses challenges, the paper will endeavor to strike a critical analysis of the time management techniques that can be used by the principal in his/her day to day responsibilities. This paper also explores into the kind of tasks the principal is faced with to examine the need for proper time management tradition in this administrator’s life. Introduction In order to better understand the techniques that the school administrator can best use to minimize the chances of being overwhelmed with daily duties, we would first be fair to appreciate the work done by this administrator in the daily interaction with the stakeholders in the school environment. The principal of today facilitates the staff and student learning thereby playing the role of leadership in a learning community. Among the major roles the principal deals with are coaching, teaching and promoting the professional development of other staff especially teachers. At this point, he/she is the instructional cheerleader of all those who fall under hi/her. Therefore his availability to the rest of the staff enhances motivation, sense of security, self-esteem and boosts morale. The contemporary school environment is faced with a great constraint in resources intermarried with increased expectations from external agencies for accountability. Such agencies as state governments put a lot of pressure on the administrator thus increasing the need for an intensified effectual strategic planning, (Welsh, 2005). These challenges can only be dealt with effectively if there is a clear interpretation of the regulations and strategies before a system-wide action plan is developed which can help n putting the policies into practice. Otherwise, it would be difficult to meet these challenges which are brought about by the continuously changing work environment. For example the principal is expected to work in collaboration with other professionals in the academic sphere to come up with improved academic and behavioral performance supports so that performance in these areas is set upon well-identified strategic benchmarks and indicators. While all this is the responsibility of the school administrator, it is still his responsibility to make certain that there is a sound fiscal management for the smooth running of the institution and that academic excellence is his dire goal. It therefore requires nothing less than full commitment of the principal to hit such a target especially given the fact that there is the personal life of the administrator which he is supposed to take care of. It is only at such a moment when the challenge of balancing personal life like family life and professional duty that systemic change requires solutions arising from detailed blueprints for identifying strategic benchmarks and indicators for high performance, (Quinn 2000). Considering the fact that the school administrator should be available to the staff and the students just as much as he should avail himself to his family At the very core of his duty the principal will recognize that the members of his staff are as much learners much in the same way they are instructors, and for this reason they will need professional growth and advancement experiences and materials to sustain them in their work in the classroom and in their learning too. The principal is expected to have the ability and opportunity to craft and create a culture of continued learning for the staff. He can himself coach, teach, and encourage the proficient development of his teachers. When the teachers are comfortable at work it gives the principal easier time at his work too. The administrator must be well prepared to provide sufficient support in terms of teaching materials, research information and diagnostic tools to the teachers. Yet for the teachers to develop professionally the process should include demonstrating instructional exercises, modeling and lessons. Teachers who are supported and coached in general practice new approaches and strategies more regularly and build up greater skill with teaching fresh strategies than teachers who are never given any or the same kind of support (Showers, 1982). Therefore it is wise to provide the teachers with diagnostic tools as well as research information in addition to giving them instructional support materials. With this put into consideration, time should be provided for reflection as an imperative part of making practice better hence investing in teacher learning. Attaching professional development to school learning goals through provision of opportunities for teachers to think together, plan and work for the beneficial continuity of the whole school. There is also need for the principal to continually improve his own professional practice to improve on competence. The introduction of such bills as the No Child Left Behind in 2002 and the IDEIA- Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004, there have been fresh set of challenges to the school administrator because the concerned agencies would wish to see the standards they have set being followed and the goals being met by this administrator. Despite having the mandate of the federal and the state legislation, these mandates still demand a complete overhaul of the administrative culture so that decisions used in educating the learners are data-driven and based on these set standards. The pressure exerted on the principal does not end there since the federal and state laws will keep him on toes expecting him to meet rigorous standards and supply evidence of progress through AYP reports, (academic yearly progress reports). Leadership through Collaborative Strategic Planning: One School’s Journey By Sally Lewis and Sylvia Imler Volume 5 – Issue 3 Oct 17, 2007 – 9:58:32 AM Being a Reading Leader Goleman et al (2002) identify four styles of leadership which are available to the school administrator for a successful administrative work. These are important for both providing support to the rest of the staff and offering guidance to the head of the school as far as the direction of events in the school is concerned. Being a reading leader is a great challenge that will require the principal to ask himself several questions pertaining the management of time by him and the staff. Since time management is close to self management, the principal must ask himself what he is doing at the moment and belabor himself on establishing the connection between the set priorities and the tasks he is engaged with so that execution of the common vision does not become a dream unachievable. This is a commendable step towards proper organization. Otherwise it would not be difficult to discover, by answering this question, that there is a wide disconnect between the set top priorities and the way time is actually spend. In order to further minimize any chances of time wastage along the way, the principal must ascertain that his actions and the priorities he sets match those of his staff or team. For the school administrator, time allocation will vary because, just as any other busy environment, the school or the learning institution is on constant change and such factors as staff turnover, time of the year among others will play a big role in determining time allocation adopted by the principal. Goleman and the others suggest that it is imperative, if the leader wishes to be successful in the leadership, to cultivate the most appropriate leadership skills that will enable him to carry out his duties proficiently, easily and help him avoid unnecessary time wastages. They suggest that in order for the leader to minimize the time of solving bigger issues in the future, he must be democratic, coaching, affilliative and visionary. By being visionary, the leader will be able to delineate the direction and course of the institution even if the means of reaching that destination is not yet defined to him. By being visionary the administrator will be free enough to find his own way toward a goal common to all the other staff members and still have the belief in success. Collecting first-hand information helps a great deal. In fact, academic research indicates that the school administrator who takes five minutes of his time and dedicates them to at least every class in his school just in passing is much more successful as he is able to collect first-hand information and minimize on time wastage. This therefore falls under the umbrella of being a coaching leader, and if the administrator develops this leadership style, will encourage teachers to set long-term goals through identification of their strengths and weaknesses.. In addition to that the leader will also endeavor to equip his juniors with relevant technical assistance. Academic research has further shown that the most proficient principal is the one who spends time in the classroom. By spending their time in the classroom the principals are able to be acquainted with what is going on and therefore be able to deal with issues on a timely basis so that there is no time wasted on establishing the root cause of problems. The democratic principal will not want to leave his staff behind but will include them in setting of goals by asking for their ideas on these issues. By and large it is fresh in the mind of the principal as the leader of the school that through caring for the emotional needs of the teachers it can really help in time management. Creating a Time-effective Team As Griessman suggests, the principal needs not keep quiet but must know that one way towards better time management is by making the whole team a time- effective entity. Fear of delegating duty to the juniors should not arise as part of his available priorities. Rather, he should reflect his juniors’ (teachers’) time as part of is valuable assets or inventory that need to be managed. Since success of any business depends on how well the assets are managed, the success of the entire school will therefore depend on how best the time of the staff is managed. He must see the 5 or so hours each teacher works as giving rise to a total inventory of 100 hours per day (that is, if the total number of teachers is 20 for instance). And this is a point where the principal should not assume that his members of staff know how to manage time. He must step in and give direction. Secondly, time management should start at recruitment where recruitment is based on good time management skills. Self-disciplined individuals who are self-starters must be very effective time managers. They are not only good at setting priorities but they know how to keep the priorities they set. It can be quite tricky but this issue can be included in the interview at recruitment time. Ensuring that all the staff members perform tasks at their best and highest level of proficiency is a good booster to overall efficiency. This is much complicated but the administrator must first of all establish what his staff members’ best is. Taking a learning snapshot is sufficient to Learning Snapshot is a system that entails focusing on one interaction, technique or learning skill through a 5 to 10 minute episode in a classroom. For instance, if he is attempting to establish there are interactions among students, he may literally take notes of these students carrying out their duties or working in groups. Or better still, he may take their picture. The classroom teacher can be given the picture together with the note recommending it as a positive technique of instructing students. The advance in technology has posed a challenge to many organizations including schools as most organizations are moving toward becoming flat. Although it is true that technology has made work more easier than before, it is also true that this trend where organizations want to become flat lays a lot of work on one person in the long run, (Sally & Sylvia 2007). Practical Tips Balancing family and Work Leadership is a challenge that if the principal does not manage his time properly he might find himself carrying the school home every evening or carrying the family to school every morning. Or worse still he might start receiving allegations of neglect from any of the sides. If he neglects the school then it might imply failure in leadership as the head administrator and thus the school may not be lucky to achieve its long-term or short-term objectives. The administrator needs to come up with a strategic plan that is data-driven and collaborative. Clear spiritual focus has been connected to success and good organization and giving clear direction to individuals, (Eikenberry,1930). There may never be a single prescription of reaching at a balanced life for the administrator. The principal however has an option of combining self, career and family into an integrated whole. Creative solutions must be developed to approach the challenge. Whichever strategy is taken, the skills used will probably involve thorough planning, good organization, proper communication, delegating and setting of limits to balance professional and personal life. Building up a support network by asking for help and external contribution from his children, entire family, neighbors, staff members will help in creating back-up plans and contingency in addition to providing room for emergency plans. The principal is entirely geared to succeed and therefore another great achievement for him would be to shun any jot guilt and rather let logic guide him throughout on his course of action. In order for him to have sufficient time to deliberate on these matters well the principal must establish limits and create room for the much-important personal space. Boundaries must be set to protect him from actions of other people. This can help to best define how hew takes charge of his personal space and the available time. It is also a good expression of how far his powers and responsibilities extend. Having the notion of being a perfectionist can be daunting especially where one has set great expectations and the results are otherwise contrary to these expectations. It therefore implies that the principal should set his own standards and try as much as much as possible to live by these standards. Being successful at the family level as a parent and partner and at the professional level as a leader means being successful oneself first. The principal as a successful individual in these areas must therefore create time for himself and find some relaxing moments to relieve any tension and stress. Getting organized and Being flexible Change has been known to be the only permanent thing in any environment and as a leader the principal must be flexible and allow understanding to rule him and be prepared to embrace any responsibility that comes with the change. By setting priorities in the right order he can face the challenge of being caught unawares by any changes in the working environment or family level. The principal must leave worries behind and take quality time with his family and create strong relationships with his partner and children. These relationships which are incidental act as great instruments to his general success. Children must be left in capable hands where they will feel comfortable and confident. The National Association of Elementary School Principals recommends a number of tips time management for principals who are so busy: The principal should track his time for a day and keep a record of what he does, when he does it, and the amount of time it takes to do it. One may not be able to improve on time management until he knows and understands his current time expenditure. 1. He should set times and their limits for custom tasks for instance reading and answering mail and phone calls. It would then be easier to deal with these tasks by focusing on having them done rather than deliberating on what to do next. 2. Setting goals will help the principal to develop strategies and consequently save time. 3. By organizing his office, the principal will know where things are and thus save time he would spend looking for them. 4. The principal must also take his time to plan by spending about ten minutes each morning to organize the things he knows he wants to accomplish. Then to make sure that he actually accomplishes them he should check them off as he does them. 5. Another good option is carry out the most difficult tasks at the time of day when he is at his worst. He must not forget that he should never hesitate to delegate. 6. When unexpected visitors call in, the principal may wish to limit time with them by conversing with them while standing to make the conversation short. 7. Taking a break off of at least 10 minutes each day will aid in refreshing just as discussed above. Conclusion In the present working environment and the dynamic education environment that the modern principal faces poses a real challenge in terms of how best he can manage his time and achieve to fulfill the expectations of those stakeholders in this field. The successful leader must go further than self-awareness and reach a point of self-management. Being conscious of one’s motivations, personalities and idiosyncrasies can be crowned to success by having self-control and better time management skills. Seeking adequate training can enhance professional development for the administrator and enable acquisition of better decision making skills hence better management. The above discussed are of help in time management but they are a matter of personal initiative on the part of principal. He must therefore be ready to take a step and say no where it is required even if it seems to be hard a decision. References Pree, M, (2000), Does leadership have a future: Yancey, De Pree Leadership Center P.19-32. Quality of Life Ideas resource center. Top Ten Tips on Time Management . Web. Duke, D. (1992).. Concepts: Effective Administration. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 4, 131-144. Bass, M. B. (1987). Performance and Leadership beyond expectations. New York: The Free Press. Leithwood & Begley, P. (1990). The influence of values on administrator. Blasé, J. (1993). Effective school-based leadership: The micro politics- Teachers’ perspectives and growth. Duke, D., & Canady, R,L. (1991). School Policy. New York: McGraw Hill. Stiggins, R. & Duke. (1986). Five keys to growth: Teacher evaluation . NAESP: National Association of Elementary school Principals. Web. Lewis, S. (2007). Sylvia & Imler (ed.). Collaborative Strategic Planning: Leadership: One School’s Journey (5) 3. Eikenberry, H. (1930). School Principals: The Professional Training The School Review, 38 (7) 498-509. University of Chicago Press.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/school-principal-successful-time-management/

Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The Positivist School of Criminology Research Paper is about the development of the Positivist School of Criminology. This school of thought is based on the scientific method and argues that the criminal behavior itself is always caused by some factors: internal and external which are mainly outside of the control of the certain individual.

The Positivist School of Criminology Research Paper is about the development of the Positivist School of Criminology. This school of thought is based on the scientific method and argues that the criminal behavior itself is always caused by some factors: internal and external which are mainly outside of the control of the certain individual.

Positivist School of Criminology Research Paper Criminology is a certain study of crime based on the social-scientific approach and is both regarded as an individual and wide social phenomenon. Criminological research fields include such issues as: the incidence of crime, its forms, causes and consequences of crime. Governmental and social regulations, certain reactions to crime are also included here. Criminology is actually an interdisciplinary sphere in the sciences that regard behavior. It is usually drawing up by the research of such scientists as: sociologists and psychologists; it is also drawing up by writings in law. Quantitative methods in the criminology play a great role in data analysis. Deflem wrote in his book: “In 1885, Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo coined the term “criminology” (in Italian, criminologia). The French anthropologist Paul Topinard used it for the first time in French (criminologie) around the same time”(Deflem, p. 279, 2006). Following these I suggest reviewing Positivist school of “Schools of thought”, which is listed in the Larry J. Siegel’s “Criminology – The Core”, and is development. The Positivist School argues that the criminal behavior itself is always caused by some factors: internal and external which are mainly outside of the control of the certain individual. The scientific method was represented and applied in order to study behavior of the human being. According to Larry J. Siegel Positivism can be divided into three main segments which are named: biological positivism, psychological positivism and social positivism. Siegel states that: “Cesare Lombroso, an Italian prison doctor working in the late 19th century and sometimes regarded as the “father” of criminology, was one of the largest contributors to biological positivism and founder of the Italian school of criminology” (Siegel, p. 7, 2003). I accordance with McLennan: “Lombroso took a scientific approach, insisting on empirical evidence, for studying crime” (McLennan, p. 311, 1980). He actually suggested that certain physiological traits such as the measurements of somebody’s cheek bones or even hairline, or maybe a cleft palate, used to be considered as throwbacks to man of the Neanderthal period, were pointing out of well known “atavistic” tendencies in the criminal sphere. This approach was actually influenced by the earlier represented theory of the phrenology and also by Charles Darwin’s evolution theory. However, this approach has been replaced. A well known student of Cesare Lombroso – Enrico Ferri argued that both factors: social and biological ones played a role. Ferri stated that criminals should not be regarded as responsible ones for those factors which were causing their criminality but were actually beyond their own control. Larry J. Siegel states that: “Criminologists have since rejected Lombroso’s biological theories, with control groups not used in his studies” (Siegel, p. 139, 2003). Then we may speak of Alexandre Lacassagne and his own school of thought. He actually rejected Lombroso’s “criminal type” and “born criminals”, and outlined the significance of social factors. Key positions of his theory were opposite to social determinism of Durkheim, but still Alexandre Lacassagne did not turn down certain biological factors. Renneville said about these: “Indeed, Lacassagne created an original synthesis of both tendencies, influenced by positivism, phrenology and hygienism, which alleged a direct influence of the social environment on the brain and compared the social itself to a brain, upholding an organicist position” (Renneville, p. 56, 2005). Emile Durkheim regarded the act of the crime as an inescapable aspect of human society, with its uneven allocation of wealth and some other obvious distinctions among people. We made a comparison analysis in the Positivist school of “Schools of thought” with a view to Larry J. Siegel’s “Criminology – The Core” and other theorist’s points of view. References Deflem. M. (2006). Sociological Theory and Criminological Research: Views from Europe and the United States . Elsevier: Praeger Publishers. McLennan. G. (1980). Crime and Society: Readings in History and Theory . Routledge: Routledge Press. Renneville. M. (2005). La criminologie perdue d’Alexandre Lacassagne (1843-1924), Criminocorpus . Paris: Centre Alexandre Koyré. Siegel. L. J. (2003). Criminology -The Core. New York: Pocket Books.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/schools-of-thought-criminology-and-positivist-school/

Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : Science fiction in literature and the human condition

Science fiction in literature and the human condition

Science Fiction in Literature and the Human Condition Essay According to Theodore Strugeon, “a science fiction story is a story built around human beings, with a human problem and a human solution, which would not have happened at all without its scientific content.” Since the publication of Darwin’s science of evolution, mankind has been attempting to solve one of the major problems of our age – where will this sort of evolution lead the human race and what implications does this have regarding the significance of our ideas and essential humanity. The ideas and questions this science introduced thus helped give rise to the literary genre of science fiction, in which answers to these questions were sought. As the introduction of science brings about new capabilities for extended human understanding, both H.G. Wells and Arthur C. Clarke explore the darker side of evolutionary thought and where humans are heading both in terms of human society as well as in individual development. In both stories, human society is presumed to have developed to a relatively utopian state at some point. This is only speculated upon in Wells’ story as the Time Traveler wanders through the green countryside of the future. Deducing what must have happened in the intervening years of his time travel jump from the evidence in front of him, the traveler describes how things must have been: “The ideal of preventative medicine was attained. Diseases had been stamped out … I saw mankind housed in splendid shelters, gloriously clothed, and as yet I had found them engaged in no toil. There were no signs of struggle” (Wells 49). The society that develops following the interference of the Overlords in Clarke’s story help to establish something very similar to the society described by Wells’ traveler at an earlier point in its development: “Production had become largely automatic: the robot factories poured forth consumer goods in such unending streams that all the ordinary necessities of life were virtually free. Men worked for the sake of luxuries they desired: or they did not work at all” (Clarke 73). In both cases, the developments brought about as a result of science enabled mankind to turn his attentions to the fulfillment of desire. Although utopia had been reached in both tales, this did not usher in the sort of explosion of ideas and culture that characterized the Renaissance period of earlier times. Instead, it led to the destruction of these elements of human existence. In Wells’ story, this is epitomized in the relatively bestial qualities of the inhabitants of his future world, the Eloi and the Morlocks. The traveler includes these ideas in his ruminations of what had led the human population to such a mindless state of existence. “Hardship and freedom: conditions under which the active, strong and subtle survive and the weaker go to the wall; conditions under which the active, strong and subtle survive and the weaker go to the wall … Under the new conditions of perfect comfort and security, that restless energy, that with us is strength, would become weakness” (Wells 49-50). Art and culture have completely disappeared as the last ditch efforts of active minds to find meaning in a world now engineered for the perfect and effortless sustenance for future generations. This is exactly the case found in Clarke’s story as well, although found at an earlier stage. As George and Jean Greggson consider moving to a specific isolated colony, the director explains the reason for its establishment: “The world’s now placid, featureless and culturally dead: nothing really new has been created since the Overlords came. The reason’s obvious. There’s nothing left to struggle for, and there are too many distractions and entertainments” (Clarke 149-150). With the destruction of any need for creative thought and competitive energy, the purpose of civilization takes a fundamental turn. The two authors take a dramatically different although equally distressing approach to the end of mankind. This is reflected in a complete loss of individuality within the societies discovered by the ‘time travelers’ of both stories. Wells’ character discovers that the Eloi are nearly completely mindless in their blissful daytime activities while the Morlocks are equally mindless in their voracious appetite and only slightly more clever thinking. “After all, they were less human and more remote than our cannibal ancestors of three or four thousand years ago. And the intelligence that would have made this state of things a torment had gone. Why should I trouble myself? These Eloi were mere fatted cattle, which the ant-like Morlocks preserved and preyed upon – probably saw to the breeding of” (Wells 74-75). The future humans of both stories transition into something no longer recognizably human, having lost the quality of mind that we consider makes us unique among the animals, but the humans of Clarke’s story are moving on to something too unknown to be judged. As Jan describes the last moments of Earth, he tells the Overlords through radio transmission that the mindless-seeming children of the last human generation have made an evolutionary jump beyond the bounds of matter to become a part of something larger than even the Overlords: “they’re on their way at last, to become part of the Overmind. Their probation is ended: they’re leaving the last remnants of matter behind” (Clarke 227). Through both stories, it is only through the intervention of science that these fundamental questions regarding the human condition become answerable questions within these stories. By circumnavigating the time element, either through a time machine or through the elaborate end game of Jan Rodricks, science is able to give mankind an idea of what life would be like should mechanics manage to remove all elements of strife to introduce utopia. Rather than leading to the type of Golden Age often anticipated, both stories illustrate how this final Golden Age was something more in the nature of a final death throe. While Wells indicates this inevitable decline and loss of everything human is irrefutable and irrevocable, Clarke offers hope in the possibility of the existence of an entirely different sort of existence. This existence is, admittedly, no more concerned with the concept of a once-human race or their various developments on Earth than is the obliterated planet of Wells’ creation, but there is a hope of the human race having contributed something lasting to the universal order. Works Cited Clarke, Arthur C. Childhood’s End. New York: Ballantine Books, 1953. Wells, H. G. The Time Machine: The War of the Worlds. Greenwich, CT: Fawcett Publications, 1968.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/science-fiction-in-literature-and-the-human-condition/

Write the original essay for the following summary: The scientific-practitioner model in psychology is an integrative approach to science and practice where each of them must inform each other continually. The model has been a major influence in the professional training of psychology in English-speaking countries such as the UK, USA and Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The origin of the SP model can be traced back to 1949 at a conference that was held in Boulder, Colorado. The conference brought together representatives from mental health services and universities under the auspices of the National Institute of medical health and the American Psychological Association for discussing the appropriate training models for developing professionals in clinical psychology. The model lacked specifics and there were difficulties in its implementation which coupled with the federal government funding of service delivery and research led to a dilution of the model in 1973 at the Vail conference. In this conference, emphasis was placed to differentiate training of professionals and scientists and there was a reaffirmation of the scientific- practitioner as the professional training objective in psychology (Larner, 2001). Although the model is widely accepted, (Stricker, 2000; Stricker & Trierweiler, 1995) views that is not universal as it has been criticized on several grounds.

The scientific-practitioner model in psychology is an integrative approach to science and practice where each of them must inform each other continually. The model has been a major influence in the professional training of psychology in English-speaking countries such as the UK, USA and Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The origin of the SP model can be traced back to 1949 at a conference that was held in Boulder, Colorado. The conference brought together representatives from mental health services and universities under the auspices of the National Institute of medical health and the American Psychological Association for discussing the appropriate training models for developing professionals in clinical psychology. The model lacked specifics and there were difficulties in its implementation which coupled with the federal government funding of service delivery and research led to a dilution of the model in 1973 at the Vail conference. In this conference, emphasis was placed to differentiate training of professionals and scientists and there was a reaffirmation of the scientific- practitioner as the professional training objective in psychology (Larner, 2001). Although the model is widely accepted, (Stricker, 2000; Stricker & Trierweiler, 1995) views that is not universal as it has been criticized on several grounds.

Scientist-Practitioner Model in Psychology Essay Since its formulation almost half a century ago, the scientific practitioner model (SP) has been a major influence in the professional training of psychology in English-speaking countries such as the UK, USA and Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The model combines the service orientation of the practitioner with the academic orientation of the scientist so as to provide a form of training that is unique in the human and health service professions. The scientific practitioner model of training and education in psychology, therefore, is an integrative approach to science and practice where each of them must inform each other continually. It is clear that the scientific practitioner is not just to read so as to prepare scientists and practitioner psychologists but to read and integrate these roles so that the practice by the psychologist is informed by the method and content of the psychological science (Leong & Zachar, 1991). According to (Martin, 1989) &(Nickson, 1990), the origin of the SP model can be traced back to 1949 at a conference that was held in Boulder, Colorado. The conference brought together representatives from mental health services and universities under the auspices of the National Institute of medical health and the American Psychological Association for discussing the appropriate training models for developing professionals in clinical psychology. The model lacked specifics and there were difficulties in its implementation which coupled with the federal government funding of service delivery and research led to a dilution of the model in 1973 at the Vail conference (Schneider, 1990). In this conference, emphasis was placed to differentiate training of professionals and scientists and there was a reaffirmation of the scientific- practitioner as the professional training objective in psychology (Larner, 2001). Institutions are now moving to integrate science into practice components although the professional training programs which do not give effect to the SP model have continued (Belar & Perry, 1992). Although the model is widely accepted, (Stricker, 2000; Stricker & Trierweiler, 1995) views that is not universal as it has been criticized on several grounds. The psychology of science underpinning the model is now out of date, it fails to pay regard to the tacit knowledge of the medical practitioner, there has been the death of suable knowledge which has been provided by the psychological science and finally, the professionals trained with the application of the model do not perform as scientists just as the low publication rates indicates (McHugh, 1994). Henriques contended that the source of the scientific-practitioner gap is due to the failure of defining psychology. He further contends that this failure leads to many clinicians being reluctant to embrace cognitive behavior therapy which is a conceptually muddled oxymoron just as Henriques correctly observed. The principal origin of the SP does not lie in the absence of a specific definition of psychology but in the different approaches of researchers and some clinicians in the process of acquiring knowledge. (McHugh, 1994) precisely argued that most of the split between science and practice in psychiatry and psychology can be traced to the sharp difference found between two epistemic attitudes; romanticism and empiricism. The empiricists believe that the question which regards nature is settled best by the scientific evidence, while on the other side the romantics believe that the best way to settle such questions is by intuition. Even though there are times when the research evidence and the intuition yield similar answers, acrimonious splits often ensure when the two diverge. Although (Meehl 1954) demonstrated that the scientific evidence almost and always trumps or in the worst scenarios matches the subjective clinical judgment, many of the practitioners who come from the romantic tradition have continued to rely on clinical judgment even in the cases when there is an available well-validated statistical formula. There is clear evidence to believe that the SP gap is mostly traceable to a more fundamental rift between the empirical traditions and the romantic traditions (Simionato, 1991). A survey which was conducted by (Nunez, Poole & Memon, 2003) showed that the majority of clinical psychologists believe that the alternative ways of knowing in which the scientific knowledge is not relevant should be supported and valued in the practice of clinical psychology. Some of the nonclinical psychologists however hold the view that there is an unlikelihood that a sophisticated integration of behavior and cognitive perspectives are likely to bring back the extreme romantics into the empirical fold. According to (Perez, 1999), this is because most of the extreme romantics have rejected the assertion that the scientific evidence which includes the controlled findings on the efficacy of the behavioral as well as the cognitive behavior therapies should at all be the ultimate arbiter of psychological disputes which exists. Therefore, The principle solution to the SP debate does not lie in the psychology definition but lies in more rigorous education and training of the aspiring psychologists in the scientific methodologies as well as in the philosophy of science (Lilienfeld, Lynn & Lohr, 2003). To narrow the scientific-practitioner gap which is growing, future clinical scientists must be trained on how to appreciate the proper places of romanticism as well as empiricism within science. Once the rift which lies between romantics and the empiricists disappears, then the need for a specific definition of psychology will also be distinct (Schneider, 1998). Psychological science is basically a by-product of cultural modernism. The modernist world view which is essential to common practices of psychological science is individual knowledge, the objective world, and language. In individual knowledge, a western cultural history of modernism is traced to the period when culture moved from the dark ages into enlightenment which was a historical watershed owing to the dignity that its scholars granted individual minds. It was not necessary to bend to the totalitarian force of religious or loyal decree as it was proposed that their lies abounded and sacred sanctuary of mind governed by autonomous capacities for conscious and careful observation and rational deliberation in each human being and the individual thought is the only one which provides a foundation for all the rest (John, 1998a). Individual knowledge looks at language function in science and culture where words are seen as signs of internal conceptions and marks for the idea within an individual’s mind. Therefore if an individual mind acquires knowledge and language conveys the message to others, the language is then said to be the bearer of truth. Postmodernism changes individual reason to communal rhetoric where language is seen as a system in itself that outlives and precedes the individual therefore speaking of the rational agent is like participating in an already constituted system. (Derrida, 1976; Merson, 1994). Private rationality is therefore a form of cultural participation which is removed from its immediate relationship exigencies. Application of this idea to scientific knowledge makes an individual seem rational if he/she adapts discourse code which is common to his/her particular community of science (Nelson, Melgill & McCloskey, 1987; Simons, 1990). It changes objective to a socially constructed world where there is no means of declaring the world as being out there or in here as reflected subjectively since language is needed. Matter and mental processes are constituents of language systems therefore speaking of the material world and causal relations is to participate in a textual genre or to draw from an immense repository of intelligibility which forms a constitution of a certain cultural tradition (Gergen, 2000). Postmodernism changes language from a truthful picture to pragmatic practice where it sees language as the child of the cultural process but not the mind. A person’s description of the world is not the outward expression of the inner mirror of the mind nor what researchers report in books and journals or map corresponding to nature’s contours. Rather, human relationships with each other and the world generates language of description as well as explanations. In conclusion, the SP model reflects what might be called the modernist view of science as it assumes that science is special as a way to obtain knowledge, and knowledge that is produced by other means other than science does not seem to be true. The Boulder model is said to have a fatal flaw that distorted the development of clinical psychology up to now. Critiques of the modernist view of science assume that scientific knowledge should be a privilege to practitioners who are undertaking the work. Although there is a general agreement that the Scientific practitioner model represents the best practice in professional psychology as it might be called, the view is not universal as it has been criticized on fundamental grounds and on grounds that its interpretation is too narrow. References Belar, C.D. &Perry, N.W (1992), national conference on scientist -practitioner education and training for the professional practice of psychology, American psychologist, 47, 71-75 Derrida, J. (1976), of grammatology, John Hopkins University press, Baltimore. Gergen, K.J, (2001), psychological science in the post modern context, American Psychologist. John, I, (1998b), some reflections on Cotton’s response, Australia psychologist. Perez, J.E. (1999), clients deserve empirical supported treatments not romanticism, American Psychologist, Yale University. Larner, G, (2001), some reflections on Cotton’s response. Australia psychologist. Leong, F.T.L. & Zachar, P. (1991), development and validation of the scientist practitioner inventory for psychology, journal of counseling psychology. Lilienfeld, S.O.; Lynn, S.J & Lohr, J.M. (2003), science and pseudoscience in clinical psychology, Guilford, New York. Martin, PR, (1989), the scientist-practitioner model and clinical psychology, Australian psychologist, 24, 71-92. McHugh, P.R. (1994), psychotherapy awry. American Scholar, 63, 17-30. Meeh, P.E, (1954), clinical versus statistical prediction, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Myerson, G. (1994), rhetoric reason and society: Rationality as dialogue, Sage, London Nelson, J.S.; Melgill, A. & McCloskey, D.N, (1987), the rhetoric of the human sciences, University of Wisconsin press, Madison. Nixon, M, (1990), professional training in psychology, American Psychologist, 45, 1257-1262. Nunez, N.; Poole, D.A. & Menon, A. (2003), psychology’s two cultures revisited, The scientific review of mental health practice, 2, 8-19. Schneider, S.F, (1990), psychology ate the crossroads, American psychologists, 45, 521-529. Schneider, S.F, (1998), Towards a science of the heart, American psychologists, Say brook Institute. Simionato, (1991), the scientific practitioner model and its critics, Australian psychology. Simon, H, (1990), the rhetoric turn: invention and persuasion in the conduct of inquiry, university of Chicago press, University. Stricker, G, (2000), the scientific practitioner model, American Psychologist. Stricker, G, & Trierweiller, S.J, (1995), the local clinical scientist, American Psychologist.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/scientist-practitioner-model-in-psychology/

Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: Seeking self-truth and solving problems are important steps in defining the self.The essay discusses how seeking self-truth and solving problems are important steps in defining the self. It traces the development of self-definition through each story's main character, Oedipus and Willie Loman.

Seeking self-truth and solving problems are important steps in defining the self. The essay discusses how seeking self-truth and solving problems are important steps in defining the self. It traces the development of self-definition through each story's main character, Oedipus and Willie Loman.

Seeking Self-Truth and Solving Problems Essay It isn’t until they have to face what is deep inside them that people begin to understand what internal searching means in terms of defining the self. This important step in learning how to define oneself is illustrated again and again in literature throughout history. As long ago as Oedipus Rex, people were defining themselves without really knowing who they were while the lessons of Oedipus have still not been learned, as illustrated in more modern stories such as The Death of a Salesman. Using these stories, the development of self-definition will be traced through each story’s main character, Oedipus and Willie Loman. At the beginning of Oedipus Rex, Oedipus is very proud to tell people that he is the man who solved the riddle of the Sphinx and even prouder to think that he has thwarted his prophesied destiny. Oedipus’ personality clearly reflects a continued pride and a determination to force things to go his way. When Oedipus received his own prediction that he was doomed to kill his father and marry his mother, he was determined to avoid this fate by taking his future in his own hands. This overwhelming confidence in his abilities is shown when Oedipus determines “Well, I will start afresh and once again / Make dark things clear” (139-140). When Oedipus discovers he was the cause of his real father’s death and is now married to his mother, he looks back upon the events of his life and sees a rash and overly prideful man: “a curse / I laid upon myself. With these hands of mine, / these killer’s hands, I now contaminate / the dead man’s bed. Am I not depraved? / Am I not utterly abhorrent? / Now I must fly into exile and there, / a fugitive, never see my people, / never set foot in my native land again” (983-990). By being forced to face the truth of his past actions, Oedipus is forced to realize that he is not the shining, almost god-like specimen of humanity he’d thought he was but was little more than the blind homeless murdering beggar he is shown to be at the end of the play. A similar problem occurs in Death of a Salesman as Willy Loman loses himself in the image he’s built up regarding who he is. A great deal of what his family knows about Willy is based upon the image he feels he must portray of himself, therefore preventing his family from knowing the true Willy Loman and isolating him in a world of his own creation. As he is finally brought to the realization that his slipping memory means he cannot work anymore, Willy finds himself grasping for a foundation within his family that cannot now be developed because of the way he has kept his true self hidden behind appearances. Willy’s absolute belief in the American ideal in which a father lived by certain principles to provide his family with their basic material needs was inextricably tied to his ideas of his status within the family unit itself. From this perspective, the only way to attain familial success was to first obtain business success. By clearing away the problem of business success, Willy was finally able to come to the understanding that his son had loved him all along, regardless of whether he had achieved some magic material number and he dies with a sense of peace he never had in life, finally able to define himself as a father. Both of these characters were unaware of who they really were at the earliest point in time of each of their stories. Oedipus had no idea about his true parentage and thus was led into the trap of fulfilling the fate the oracle had proclaimed. Willie Loman lived his life under a false conception that his sole value as a human being lay in his ability to provide for the material needs of his family until the end of his life when he finally realized that his value to his family was simply in being him. It isn’t until these men are forced, primarily through outside factors, to review those elements of their lives that have molded who they are and what they think of themselves, that they are finally able to understand more completely and correctly, who they really are. Although both men kill themselves, taking their fate again into their own hands, I think Willy is the more successful man in discovering himself because he finally is able to understand that his worth to his family does not rely on external factors while Oedipus is unable to even hear the remaining members of his family in the end. Works Cited Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. New York: Viking Press, 1949. Sophocles. Oedipus the King. F. Storr (Trans.). 2008. Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/seeking-self-truth-and-solving-problems/

Provide the full text for the following summary: The author of the text discusses the steps to successful business research. He states that understanding the research process is significant for success in scientific activity and that there are some essential points included in the research process, starting with the picking of a research subject and the working out of an experimental thesis. After the topic has been selected, it is required to find all the possible necessary sources which are claimed to support the research. Such sources may be (but not only) books, journal articles, newspapers, websites, interviews, etc. The next key step in the research process entails the definitive writing of the paper, report, or project. Working from the notes, it is always necessary to summarize, paraphrase, and add direct quotes into a sketch. This draft can be subjected to one or more content amendments before a final draft is accomplished. Next, it is significant that a credit was given to the sources by the means of endnotes, footnotes, a bibliography, or just only a list of sources. As a final step, the accomplished text should always be edited before obedience.

The author of the text discusses the steps to successful business research. He states that understanding the research process is significant for success in scientific activity and that there are some essential points included in the research process, starting with the picking of a research subject and the working out of an experimental thesis. After the topic has been selected, it is required to find all the possible necessary sources which are claimed to support the research. Such sources may be (but not only) books, journal articles, newspapers, websites, interviews, etc. The next key step in the research process entails the definitive writing of the paper, report, or project. Working from the notes, it is always necessary to summarize, paraphrase, and add direct quotes into a sketch. This draft can be subjected to one or more content amendments before a final draft is accomplished. Next, it is significant that a credit was given to the sources by the means of endnotes, footnotes, a bibliography, or just only a list of sources. As a final step, the accomplished text should always be edited before obedience.

Sekaran’s Steps to Successful Business Research Research Paper Introduction Understanding the research process is significant for success in scientific activity. There are some essential points included in the research process, starting with the picking of a research subject and the working out of an experimental thesis, which is the dispute that is necessary to be defended in the research paper itself. After the topic has been selected, it is required to find all the possible necessary sources which are claimed to support the research. Such sources may be (but not only) books, journal articles, newspapers, websites, interviews, etc. The next key step in the research process entails the definite writing of the paper, report, or project. Working from the notes, it is always necessary to summarize, paraphrase, and add direct quotes into a sketch. This draft can be subjected to one or more content amendments before a final draft is accomplished. Next, it is significant that “a credit” was given to the sources by the means of endnotes, footnotes, a bibliography, or just only a list of sources. As a final step, the accomplished text should always be edited before obedience. According to Sekaran, there are eleven steps that are necessary to be taken for successful research. Each will be thoroughly regarded. General Observation Either the author made it or not can not be stated credibly. As it presupposes the general review of the problem and statement of the purposes of the research itself, it is only possible to guess. The review of the issue, and the actuality is usually stated in the abstract, or in the introduction, but student practice shows, that abstract may be written at the very end of the whole work. But the fact is that academic research is absolutely impossible without a preliminary definition of the problem. So it should be presumed, that the “general observation” step had not been missed, or taken in the last turn. Managerial decision making in the context of moral issues is not regarded to be the general research topic, and that is why the author had to make a solid decision on the significance of the paper, and the order of the writing, and as it is known, is entailed in the matters of general observation. (Sekaran, 2003). Data Gathering First of all, it is necessary to mention, that step two (data gathering) and step three (Literature review, Definition of the problem, and research question) are in some measure interfere and interlink with each other. Consequently, there is no essential need to regard both separately. Once the key topic had been identified and the keywords stated, one or more sources of backdrop data are necessary to be studied. These sources would help to realize the wider context of the planned research and tell the researcher in general terms what is known, and should be taken into account on the planned topic. The most general background sources are encyclopedias and dictionaries from print and online reference gatherings. Class textbooks also offer background data. (Sekaran, 2003). It should be pointed, that these two steps are concealed from the readers, and the only author knows how it was going, but readers may see the results. The results of data gathering and literature review assisted in creating the key principle of the paper, which states, that the scheme of moral decision-making has the following scheme: Moral Judgment ► Managerial Judgment ► Managerial Intent ► Managerial Behavior. Primary sources are original, first-hand articles such as creative works, research studies, or interviews that had been conducted. Secondary sources are remarks about primary sources such as studies of creative work or original research. The author could use a combination of primary and secondary sources to reply to the research matter, dependent on the issue and the kind of sources it necessitates. In spite of the fact, that the paper had been accomplished in 2007, and is claimed to cover the contemporary issues of moral decision making, there are the sources of the previous century in the reference list. Probably, it points the fact that the issues of morality have not changed since 1998, and even 1986. The definition of the problem was made in the abstract, and it states, that: this study uses the judgment and decision making (JDM) perspective with the help of framing and schema literature from cognitive psychology to evaluate how managers behave when problems with unethical overtones are presented to them in a managerial frame rather than an ethical frame. In the proposed managerial model, moral judgment of the situation is one of the inputs to managerial judgment, among several other inputs regarding costs and benefits of various alternatives. Theoretical framework A theoretical framework is a gathering of interrelated notions, like a theory but not essentially so well worked out. A theoretical framework guides the research, defining what objects the researcher needs to measure, and what statistical connections the researcher will look for. Theoretical frameworks are perceptibly critical in deductive, theory-testing types of studies. In such types of studies, the theoretical framework must be very detailed and well-thought-out. (Sekaran, 2003) Arguing on the matters of the goal of the study, the author states, that: A review of ethical and managerial decision-making models shows that these models deal with situations presented in different frames. For the situation presented in an ethical frame, the goal is finding the best ethically right decision. On the other hand, when presented in a managerial frame, the goal in the situation is to find the best decision for the manager and his/her organization. Thus, it is claimed that the finding of the universal model of ethical decision making in the context of business planning and management. Without realizing what the real framework is can be a difficulty. The framework is inclined to guide what one notices in an organization, and what one does not. It is almost impossible to completely get around the problem, but it is probable to decrease the problem significantly by simply stating the implicit framework as explicit. Once it is explicit, the researcher has an opportunity to deliberately consider other frameworks, and make an attempt to see the organizational state through different prisms. Generation of hypotheses During this step, the author collects all the possible notions on the matter of ethical decision making, and the defining the probable general frame for the current research. The key hypothesis here is that all people use various frameworks for taking decisions. Adit is also suggested, that managers frequently do not face moral issues in taking decisions or just do not think them over through the prism of ethics, being motivated by the interests of the company. Managers calculate the charges and benefits of choosing different alternatives (i.e., how managerially bad or good those variants are) to shape the managerial considerations. The managerial judgment heads for the managerial intent, i.e., what option they are eager to choose. The model can be suggested, as it has been already mentioned: Moral Judgment ► Managerial Judgment ► Managerial Intent ► Managerial Behavior. But it should be asserted, that on the basis of the made suggestions and schemes, the author makes the conclusive hypotheses, which appear to be the essentials of the paper: Hypotheses 1: The judgment of ethical wrongness of a decision will be positively associated with the judgment of managerial badness of the decision. Hypothesis 2: The judgment of managerial badness of a decision will be negatively associated with the judgment of whether an action should be taken or not. Research design Research design offers the glue that keeps the research project jointly. A design is applied to arrange the study, to reveal how all of the key parts of the research project – the examples or groups, gauges, approaches or programs, and methods of the project – work together to try to tackle the key research matters. Realizing the connection among designs is essential in making design selections and thinking about the powers and weaknesses of various intents. (Sekaran, 2003). The research design of the current paper may be described as one, grounded on the survey, which is claimed to confirm the suggestion, being stated at the very beginning of the research. Thus, the survey among the MBA students of different ages was arranged, the hypotheses were stated and the conclusions on those bases were made. The author states the following structure of the research: 1. Study various ethical hypotheses and make readers judge all the stakeholders that may probably be influenced by the conclusion. 2. Define (confirm) that good ethics generally means good business, i.e., good ethics always pays off for the commerce in the short-term or long-term. 3. Even if an ethical conclusion is not probable to pay off in economic terms, a morally right conclusion should be made as it is ethically right. This proposal is generally followed by a discussion of business institutions’ social accountability. Data Analysis and Interpretation The aim of studying business ethics seems obvious for everyone, but frequently, it just stays at the level of general notions and suggestions, while the practical application is often neglected. The data analysis here stands for taking into account the research inheritance of business ethics in its common statements, and applying the practice of surveys in order to make the research, and suggest practical application and observation of the business ethics issues. (Sekaran, 2003). For the successful data analysis it is necessary to observe the following points: * Be sure the sample is descriptive of the topic on which the research is based. * Be sure the assumptions of the statistical procedures are understood, and satisfied. In meticulous, beware of hierarchically arranged (non-sovereign) data; use technologies created to deal with them. * Be sure to use the best dimension tools achievable. If the measures include error, that is necessary to be taken into account. * Beware of multiple judgments. There needs to be a lot of tests. * Keep clear in mind what is being tried to determine – the results are more significant than the initial data. * Numerical notation in a rational way should be used – without the confusion of precision with correctness. * Be sure the conditions for causal inference are clearly understood. If it is necessary to make a causal deduction, try to use random obligation. If that’s not probable, it would be necessary to devote a lot of powers to exposing causal relations with a diversity of advances to the matter. * Be sure your graphs are accurate and reflect the data variation clearly. The data collected and analyzed in the paper just summarizes the preliminary data and then offers the descriptive analysis, represented in the form of the table with a clear distinction of data clusters (Table II). Deduction Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. Sometimes this is informally called a “top-down” approach. There is much new terminology to study taking into account the conduction of research. While lots of terms are in general use, there are exclusive terms applied by some disciplines. This paper mainly concentrates on the process of research itself and simplification of the data being complex enough, in order not to exceed the existing research frames. In general, the terminology used was taken from sociology and management. (Sekaran, 2003). According to the paper, the deduction process states, that it comes from the consequences that managerial judgment arbitrated between ethical judgment and managerial intention as proposed by the offered model. In two out of three decision-making steps, the moral decision essentially impacted the managerial decision, which in turn essentially impacted the managerial objective. The deductive conclusions that are made in the paper reveal the notion that the research had been held properly, and the set aims had been achieved, but are necessary to point out, that the research offers substantiation that teaching a business ethics way may not strictly impact moral considerations by itself, but may impact managerial consideration and managerial intention in other ways. This result of teaching business ethics to experts had mainly been disregarded. Moreover, the study offered and suggested maintenance for a managerial decision-making replica of business situations that involve ethical matters, but are not distinguished as moral matters. Final steps First of all, it should be pointed out, that report writing, report presentation, and the conclusions (according to Secaran “managerial decision making”) are difficult to value (if not impossible) for the reader. That is why it would be sufficient to state some tips, that would be valuable for the presentation. (Sekaran, 2003) The process of report writing itself is discussed all through the current paper, and it is not desirable to separate this stage from all the others. The structure of the report and data presenting had been selected as the most suitable for the current type of research paper. It offers a better understanding of the suggestion offered and gives all the necessary supportive data. The schemes, tables, and charts are created for better comprehension of the problem, thus offering the great possibility of getting acquainted with the problem briefly, if there is no much time to read the whole report. These are also useful for the presentations in front of the public, as visual information adds to the impression on the report. Managerial decision making Managerial culture motivated by arranging culture is the philosophical appearance of ruling business, of the working approach accepted by a manager, of the managerial policy and tactics. They also entail the practices in management and the managers approach, managerial happenings, and last, but not least the principles of managerial ethics. The system of charges is a situation factor, impacting the managers’ outset taking into account the ethics they offer in contact with their workers, their clients, their contractors, the investors, the trade-unions, the foreign shareholder, the business society. (Sekaran, 2003). Estimation of strategic behavior of a director offers rise to a real predicament in the sense that it entails a selection between two options, both being equally intolerable, i.e. taking into account the manager’s conclusions only on purely financial and economic criteria, to the intolerance of the ones belonging to managerial ethics and vice-versa, passing considerations on the managerial activity considering the ethics and rightness criteria only, ignoring the financial estimation. This regard in business and the executive behavior has very sold basement and economic feasibility, generating competitive benefit in the long run. In other words, the company executives should learn to lose in the short run if they wish to benefit in the long run by following the moral code of business and being accountable for the choices made. These successes in the business of the rigorous corporations, who rule their conduct in accordance to moral principles, deny the notion in accordance to which the morality is implied, profit is reduced. Conclusion Lots of managers are tempted to neglect ethical behavior and their social accountability under complex circumstances or deep crises. In Canada, for instance, during the recent 7 years, most companies were impacted by global crises, and they often disregarded the existent regulations and the moral principles in business. On the grounds of our studies in time, managers attained the termination that can be stated (in accordance to the existence or non-existence of a moral system of business and the respect for legislation) the subsequent categories of the company’s components: Amoral Companies. Generally, they are small-size companies set up after 1989 which permanently ignore legislation and its owner has no idea of morality. He secures a great deal of his necessary resources from the “underground network” and does not realize the responsibility he has to take for his acts. Immoral Companies. This type of company exists mainly because of the immorality of the managerial team who ignores the standards of legal conduct and those of general ethics, the only reason inspiring their conduct is profit at all costs. The paper by Vidya N. Awasthi makes a great contribution in order to decrease the amount of Amoral and Immoral companies, in order to make commerce and business more ethical, and satisfactory for workers, managers, and consumers. References Bazerman, M. H. (2006). “Judgment in managerial decision making” (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Sekaran, U.(2003), “Research methods for business: A skill building approach”, (4th ed.), Hoboken NJ, Wiley. Vidya N. Awasthi (2007),” Managerial Decision-Making on Moral Issues and the Effects of Teaching Ethics” Journal of Business Ethics (2008) 78:207–223.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/sekarans-steps-to-successful-business-research/

Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay discusses the meaning of seppuku for Japanese Samurai. Seppuku was a prescribed form of self-disembowelment for samurai, and it was performed in order to perpetuate individual and group honor and avoid disgrace.

The essay discusses the meaning of seppuku for Japanese Samurai. Seppuku was a prescribed form of self-disembowelment for samurai, and it was performed in order to perpetuate individual and group honor and avoid disgrace.

Seppuku: The Significant Meaning for Japanese Samurai Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Discussion 3. Summary 4. Works Cited Introduction The work Patriotism by Yukio Mishima portrays a code of values and honor followed by Japanese solders and officers. The main character, Shinji, is faced with a dilemma he cannot resolve. One extreme way of giving form to one’s death and one’s life is through suicide. The classical Japanese way of ritual suicide or seppuku, a prescribed form of self-disembowelment for samurai, was performed in order to perpetuate individual and group honor and avoid disgrace. However “illogical” or unacceptable such ritual suicides appear to us now, their logic within the samurai cultural milieu of Japan was clear enough. The book vividly portrays that such actions by samurai reasserted symbolic coherence for generations of followers, thereby extending imagery of self and world beyond individual death. Japanese attitudes toward suicide, thus, have much to teach us about universal psychological principles around taking one’s own life and about approaching death in general. Thesis: In the book, Patriotism, Shinji commits seppuku, and this act is significant to him because it demonstrated his loyalty to the country and his friends, his strong moral character in the face of dilemma, his courage of self-sacrifice and his honor for a soldier to commit suicide. Discussion Shinji performs seppuku as the only possible way to avoid shame and dishonor. Following strict moral codes, Shinji cannot betray his friends and kills them. It is important to remember that the samurai concept was that of the period, of warriors in peacetime. During the two hundred and fifty years of Tokugawa rule, the social role of samurai had changed radically from warrior to bureaucrats. Their qualifications were expressed in the word coined and popularized to designate the “way of the samurai”: bushido. Mishima writes: ” Death of any sort is a fearful thing to watch. You must not be discouraged by what you sec” (41). This highly moralistic system of thought embodying the samurai ideal stressed absolute loyalty to the feudal lord and demanded the cultivation of such virtues as will power, courage, and honor. The samurai’s ultimate act of self-discipline and duty to his lord was idealized in the ritual suicide of seppuku. By slitting open his abdomen and exposing his intestines, the warrior proved his sincerity and purity. Yukio Mishima underlines that Shinji has a strong moral character in the face of dilemma which helps him to commit suicide. In general, Yukio Mishima emphases Japanese culture perceived death as an event, at least for the elite, illustrates the connection between death and group as well as individual completion. A particular way of dying becomes a means of perpetuating important cultural principles, thereby contributing to survivors’ sense of immortality through the biosocial and creative modes. Shinji recollects: “Was this seppuku?-he was thinking. It was a sensation of utter chaos” (Mishima 45). The intensity of a death scene may also, in itself, convey powerful images of experiential transcendence. The process is less paradoxical than it seems, because it is again the survivors who are affected, often indelibly, by such imagery. The uniqueness and importance of seppuku is that it is the most ritualistic form of samurai suicide, which demanded extreme self-control. “This extraordinarily complex ritual system used what was often coerced suicide to ensure a high degree of socialization and to reintegrate the dying person into the group” (Martinez 54). From the samurai’s perspective, seppuku symbolized the ultimate level of individual self-control, rather than the breakdown of the individual. By taking hold of death through ritual suicide, the samurai also took hold of life. But because seppuku fulfilled one’s responsibilities as defined by the group, it strengthened both the structure and the rules of the community. Shinji performs seppuku as the only possible form to demonstrate his loyalty to the country and the Emperor. In Japan, ruling groups seek to impose parts of their values and behavior patterns on those they rule. The concept of dying well, for example, was spread through the common people. And after the Meiji Restoration, the mass educational and military systems contributed to its further spread. For many Japanese, the sense of belonging to the group at death is accompanied by a feeling of dying into the cosmos. This “cosmos” encompasses not only the physical world but all living things as well as the souls of the dead. Shinji wife feels bitterness and sweetness of that great moral principle in which her husband believed” (56). Although not personalized, the cosmos is harmonious; and although not always a place of happiness, it at least is not a place of tragedy. Takada and Lampkin underlines that many people decided commit suicide “had been disgraced by their enemies. They decided to perform seppuku and leave their names to posterity” (76). By committing seppuku, Shinji concretized his ideal self‐ image as a true samurai and absolved his feelings of failure, guilt, and inadequacy. He atoned for his reckless attack and loss of friends. Shinji decides to commit seppuku to prove his honor as a soldier and a military man. For a military man, personal code and ideals of honor are the main values he believes in. Shinji’s death suggests how the act of suicide can be a means of affirmation or revitalization. This military code has important practical consequences: it provides a sense of unity and a source of energy in Japan’s rapid military growth. Death frees Shinji from his immediate problems but not from history. Death by seppuku enshrined Shinji as a model for soldiers, as a sort of military god, whose devotion to Emperor was recast into a generalized devotion to all national causes. The author writes: Shinji “was anxious not to undermine the considerable strength he would need in carrying out his suicide ” (34). The ultimate values, the purpose of man’s life, and the meaning of history can be defined only by factors immanent in society, culture or daily life, which are all relative to circumstances. When circumstances become complex, the required responses become contradictory. “When a man lives amidst clashes between different value systems, then he makes a desperate effort to maintain the identity of self by regarding an immanent factor as transcendent or by considering a historical authority (that is, an authority not over but in history) as absolute” (Mente 32). Instead of a God in Heaven, Japanese have believed in a master on earth. And in the world where Shinji lived, the master of masters was the emperor. Summary In sum, the novel Patriotism demonstrates ideals of honor and strict personal code of values typical for many Japanese soldiers and officers. As cultural symbolizations of all kinds were undermined, resentments that probably always underlay those expressions of cultural reverence could be mobilized. Death imagery, in turn, can become part of a process of rebirth, helping to reassert sacred cultural visions that contribute to social integration and make change possible. We have observed both tendencies in the Japanese modernizing process. But it is fair to say that the culture has placed particular stress on the revitalizing functions of death imagery and also that this form of revitalization carries special dangers. Rituals associated with death exist in all cultures and have important functions. They transform the private character of death into a sacred public event, provide the structure for survivors’ mourning experiences, and turn a potential disturbance into a functional expression of social continuity. Works Cited 1. Martinez, D. The Worlds of Japanese Popular Culture: Gender, Shifting Boundaries and Global Cultures. Cambridge University Press, 1998. 2. Mente, B. L. The Japanese Samurai Code: Classic Strategies for Success. Tuttle Publishing, 2005. 3. Mishima Yukio. Patriotism . New Directions Publishing Corporation, 1995. 4. Takada, N., Lampkin, R. The Japanese Way: Aspects of Behavior, Attitudes, and Customs of the Japanese. McGraw-Hill; 1 edition, 1996.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/seppuku-the-significant-meaning-for-japanese-samurai/

Provide the full text for the following summary: Serving in Florida is a text about the author's experiences working as a waitress in a restaurant in Florida. The text highlights the main problems of the American poor, such as low wages and great moral and physical pressing. The whole text reveals Ehrenreich's important and difficult experiences aimed at understanding and feeling life in almost inhumane conditions such as low wages and great moral and physical pressing.

Serving in Florida is a text about the author's experiences working as a waitress in a restaurant in Florida. The text highlights the main problems of the American poor, such as low wages and great moral and physical pressing. The whole text reveals Ehrenreich's important and difficult experiences aimed at understanding and feeling life in almost inhumane conditions such as low wages and great moral and physical pressing.

“Serving in Florida” by Barbara Ehrenreich Report Barbara’s Ehrenreich’s text ‘Serving in Florida’ can be described as effective in terms of defining the main problems of the American poor through the prism of the personal experience of the author. The whole text reveals Ehrenreich’s important and difficult experiences aimed at understanding and feeling life in almost inhumane conditions such as low wages and great moral and physical pressing. Barbara ‘serves different professions’ in Florida including waitress, hotel worker, etc. where she communicates with people and finds out their main problems and anticipations. Most of Barbara’s coworkers work two jobs live in rented houses or even in cars. While working for an almost full week, these people can not afford to acquire housing at appropriate prices and often have other life problems. This experience leads Barbara to the right conclusion that ‘minimum wage can not guarantee ‘livable’ conditions’ and that primary resources should be invested in education, which ensures future success. Barbara comes across humiliation in the employment process, when she is demanded to answer doubtful questions and pass unnecessary tests. Her human dignity is nothing compared with the employer’s desire to receive profits. Serving as a waitress in Hearthside restaurant, Barbara finds out that people living in poor conditions can be even more generous and friendly than rich ones. Gail, a waitress who trains Ehrenreich is a very responsible and caring person. Even though she is homeless and has to sleep in the truck without her boyfriend who was killed recently in prison, she still maintains normal human relations with other people and helps those who are in need. Joan is another object of Barbara’s admiration. Joan raises children in the mobile house by herself and shows great generosity. For instance, she and other waitresses add extra portions of croutons in salads (however management allows only six). The generous attitude towards all the customers is formed by concerted efforts and Barbara quickly takes the same stance. Barbara also gets the negative experience of low-wage working when she does not defend her Czechoslovakian coworker, who was accused of stealing something, however, he did not do this. Barbara has considerable difficulties formulating this phenomenon of hidden indecision, however, soon reveals that it is connected with difficult and tense psychological climate in low-wage collective and oppression of the management. The main appeal Ehrenreich’s text contains is that low-wage work, which is so widespread in the modern United States has a negative consequence on many people, who lose their perspective and what is more important, a feeling of individual dignity, which is the primary precondition for democratic participation. Barbara’s conclusion may be summarized as follows: without appropriate wages and working conditions, the majority of American citizens can not guarantee their constitutional rights for normal living, not to say about the deep spiritual needs of every human being. Ehrenreich’s audience may include different categories of people, ranging from policymakers, who can influence the distribution of power and resources in the American society, to ordinary poor, who have strong potential to change their life for the better. It should be noted, however, that Ehrenreich tries to show that the situation with poor workers can be properly addressed by American society. But often unintentionally Ehrenreich appeals to more radical actions and this can be easily read over such passages as, “I could drift on like this, in some dreamy proletarian idyll” or “Not that managers and especially ‘assistant managers’ in low wage settings like this are exactly the class enemy.” From these passages, it is evident that Ehrenreich addresses her conclusions and personal experience to ordinary American poor, who may unite their efforts to fight for their civil and constitutional rights for the normal life. It should be noted that Ehrenreich’s appeal is set up coherently and, what is more, important have strong emotional components. There is no denying the importance of the fact that the author is focused on forming the positive image of low-wage workers in her readers, which is achieved by depicting different practical situations which reveal their positive attitudes and features of the character. Ehrenreich pays also specific attention to forming a comprehensive picture of these poor people’s living conditions, which serves as a basic logical argument for changing them for the better. Nothing can be more speaking of their sufferings as describing poor people’s daily routine at work and home. Joan’s and Gail’s problems which are carefully described by Ehrenreich help us understand their overall working conditions and show possible contours of change. The author’s appeals are very effective in terms of creating a comprehensive picture of low-wage workers’ conditions and the possible ways of changing them for the better. Ehrenreich’s important contribution to these debates is based on helpful personal experience which was gained during her low-wage employment. To sum it up, we have analyzed the basic appeals of Ehrenreich’s text, focused on their importance, emotional ramifications, logical content, and intended or unintended audience. We concluded, that notwithstanding some minor incoherence, Ehrenreich’s text contains quite valuable personal experience and facts, which can be used by activists making efforts at improving the lives of the American poor. This, however, can happen only in the case of deep understanding deep roots of poverty and its consequences.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/serving-in-florida-by-barbara-ehrenreich/

Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Hong Kong was a very serious outbreak of a new disease that began in 2002. The virus made its way to other parts of the Pearl River Delta by February 2003. China's Ministry of Health informed WHO in mid-February 2003 of the occurrence in Guangdong province of 305 cases of atypical pneumonia and reported that the spread of the illness was under control. However, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Hong Kong was

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Hong Kong was a very serious outbreak of a new disease that began in 2002. The virus made its way to other parts of the Pearl River Delta by February 2003. China's Ministry of Health informed WHO in mid-February 2003 of the occurrence in Guangdong province of 305 cases of atypical pneumonia and reported that the spread of the illness was under control. However, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Hong Kong was

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Hong Kong Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Channels Through Which SARS Impacts 3. The limited impact of SARS 4. Measures To Reduce The Adverse Impact 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction SARS first broke out in November 2002 in Foshan, which is near Guangzhou, in the Chinese province of Guangdong. The virus made its way to other parts of the Pearl River Delta by February 2003. China’s Ministry of Health informed WHO in mid- February 2003 of the occurrence in Guangdong province of 305 cases of “atypical pneumonia” and reported that the spread of the illness was “under control.” (John, 2004) Local media reported the outbreak, and the news spread around the Pearl River Delta region through thousands of cell phone text messages. Hong Kong was alerted by the news that people across the border were stocking up on Chinese herbal medicines and boiling vinegar as a folk remedy to ward off the deadly unknown illness. Because the world was kept in the dark about the seriousness of the outbreak in Guangdong, Hong Kong was caught unprepared when SARS first appeared in the territory via an elderly medical doctor from Guangzhou who had been treating “atypical pneumonia” patients. (David, 2004) The doctor checked into room 911 of the Metropole Hong Kong Hotel on 21 February 2003 to attend a wedding reception, and he was admitted to a nearby hospital the next day. He informed the medical staff that he was highly infectious, and he was promptly isolated. He later died after infecting a nurse in the hospital. The Guangzhou doctor, during his 1-day stay at the hotel, infected at least 10 other guests staying on the same floor of the hotel. All these guests were overseas visitors except for a Hong Kong resident who was visiting the hotel. The infected visitors subsequently ignited outbreaks in Vietnam, Singapore, and Toronto, and the local resident (an airport worker) became the index patient at the Prince of Wales Hospital. The airport worker developed SARS symptoms on 24 February but did not seek treatment at the hospital until 4 March. He was admitted into Ward 8A, where he infected over 100 people, including patients, visitors, medical students, nurses, and doctors. Hospital emergency services had to be suspended temporarily. (David, 2004) In mid-March 2003, the Hong Kong public was told that the outbreak was confined to hospitals and was not spreading in the community. No isolation measures were adopted; for instance. Prince of Wales Hospital was not cordoned off. The authorities had to face reality when SARS broke out in a multistoried housing estate, Amoy Gardens. On 29 March, 22 of the 45 new SARS cases hospitalized in Hong Kong were residents of Amoy Gardens. On the following day, 36 of the 60 new patients admitted to the hospital with probable SARS were residents of Amoy Gardens, bringing the cumulative total of infected residents to 213. Of these 213 patients, 107 resided in Block E of Amoy Gardens. In addition, most of them lived in flats that were oriented vertically relative to each other, which suggested that besides close person-to-person contact, SARS might have been spreading by other environmental means. (John, 2004). The Hong Kong Department of Health issued an unprecedented quarantine order to prevent the further spread of SARS in the community. The isolation order required residents of Block E of Amoy Gardens to remain in their flats for 10 days. When the police carried out the order, they found no one home in well over half of the block’s 264 apartments. Residents had learned about the Amoy Gardens outbreak via the media and many had left their homes long before the authorities arrived. SARS was clearly spreading in the community. Fear of the SARS virus took root in the whole city. Face masks were selling briskly and could be seen everywhere. Public places were disinfected several times a day. People washed their hands much more frequently and avoided going out to crowded places. Restaurants, shops, cinemas, and other entertainment venues were deserted. Many businesses suffered severe losses of income. Schools were finally closed to limit the spread of the virus. All household contacts of confirmed or suspected SARS patients were required to remain isolated in their homes for monitoring and treatment, up to a maximum of 10 days. At the end of the outbreak, a total of 1,262 persons from 493 households were affected by this isolation order, and 34 of them subsequently came down with SARS (John, 2004). The government did not compensate the individuals for their confinement, but it did provide daily necessities and financial assistance. The police enforced the order by checking up on confined individuals at their homes. Violators were sent warning letters. Since 29 March 2003, health officials have tried to identify travelers who displayed SARS symptoms at the airport and other border control points. All incoming travelers are now required to complete a health declaration form. Temperature checks for all arriving, departing, and transit passengers at the airport were implemented in mid-April 2003. Temperature screening devices were installed at other border control points in late April of that year. As of 7 September, 83 persons had been referred to hospitals for suspected SARS, and 2 of them were later confirmed to have been infected (David, 2004). Since these measures were implemented, no SARS cases have been reported as having originated from Hong Kong. The SARS outbreak among Amoy Gardens residents and medical staff in Hong Kong peaked by late April 2003. At the final count. Hong Kong had a cumulative total of 1,755 SARS cases, accounting for 20.8 percent of the world’s total of 8,422 cases. Of Hong Kong’s total cases, 386 were health care workers, 321 were Amoy Gardens residents, and the rest were from the general community. The high number of infected health care workers suggests that to minimize the risk of exposure, all hospital staff must meticulously follow stringent infection control measures. The number of infected health care workers each day was very high during the early days of the outbreak but later declined substantially. Channels Through Which SARS Impacts There are a number of channels through which SARS can affect the economy. These channels involve aggregate demand, aggregate supply, and the financial market. Firstly, SARS primarily affects economic growth through the aggregate demand side. Aggregate demand refers to the total quantity of goods and services, including consumption expenditure, investment expenditure, government expenditure, and net exports. The tourist industry and tourism-related service sectors, including airlines, hotels, catering, entertainment, and retailing sector are to be particularly hard hit. Fewer people go to stores, supermarkets, restaurants, and entertainment venues for fear of possible infection, leading to a decline in private consumption spending. A survey by the China Economic Monitoring Center shows the occupancy of 20 four and five-star hotels in Beijing has fallen by 30 percent since April compared to the same period last year (Loh, 2004). The revenue from the seven-day Labor Day holiday usually accounts for 40 percent of the year’s total. However, the central government shortened the holiday to 5 days and called for no travel. Therefore, the travel agencies will suffer huge losses this year. It is estimated that the decision to shorten the Labor Day cost the tourist industry 20 billion yuan (US$2.4 billion). (Lai, 2003) Although the service trade contributes a tiny proportion to the GDP of China, the chain function on other related sectors, especially the negative impact on the manufacturing industry, could not be ignored. Exports are also suffering. Although the Chinese Export Commodities Fair, or Canton Fair, was held as scheduled in Guangzhou from April 15, the number of contracts that were signed plummeted because many foreign buyers canceled their trips to China. Personal flow is the basis of international trade and investment. The travel restriction owing to SARS certainly decreases the growth of exports. As China has become a part of the supply chain for many multinational corporations, and a halt inflow of goods due to the epidemic would incur losses. In an effort to avoid such risks, multinational corporations may have no choice but to shift a part of the production to other countries. Hence, the growth of China’s export this year is likely to decline because business travels are canceled and demand for goods made in China falls. Furthermore, tourism-related service exports have been heavily hit. The outbreak of SARS has a negative impact on investment. The investment will decline because of reduced overall demand, enhanced uncertainties, and increased risks. A decline in China’s foreign business activity means that the inflow of foreign investment will also be delayed or reduced. It is pointed out that “the SARS crisis may prompt foreign investors not to put all their eggs in one basket, possibly resulting in businesses changing their plans to invest in China” (Berger, 2004). If the outbreak persists, investors’ confidence could be further reduced, causing weaker domestic investment and foreign direct investment (FDI). Government expenditure has to be reallocated to combat the outburst of SARS and hence affects the multiplier effect. The multiplier effect can be defined as equilibrium expenditure increases by more than the increase in autonomous expenditure. The central government and provincial governments have to increase expenditures for the improvement of medical facilities, enforcement of quarantines and other health measures, financial assistance to SARS victims among the poor and vulnerable groups, and funds for medical research. The emergency packages such as preferential tax plans to alleviate the economic fallout of the outbreak will reduce the government revenue. The diversion of some government expenditures away from investment in public services such as infrastructural projects, which have higher multiplier effects, to SARS-related expenditures will reduce the equilibrium expenditure and then the GDP. Of all the components of aggregate demand that SARS has affected, consumption expenditure has been the major part of the impact. The second channel that SARS affects the economy is through the aggregate supply side. Aggregate supply is the sum of all goods and services that all firms in the economy plan to produce. There are three main factors that influence both long-run and short-run aggregate supply. They are the labor force, capital stock, and technology. The outbreak reduces labor productivity because of illness or precautionary measures. Therefore the outputs of both the services sectors and manufacturing industry will decrease. The possible decrease of FDI has affected China’s economic growth not only on the demand side but also on the supply side. Finally, SARS affects the economy through financial markets. Shares in Shanghai fell and yuan forward contracts are of little chance of any currency appreciation. (Groneberg, 2004) If the outbreak cannot be contained in a short time, fear of the disease may continue to grow, weakening market confidence and depressing stock prices. The contracting wealth effect certainly reduces the consumption expenditure. Through these channels, the outbreak of SARS imposes a negative impact on China’s economy. The degree of the negative impact will be analyzed in the following part. The limited impact of SARS Although the outbreak of SARS has a negative impact on China’s economy, the impact will be limited and in the short run. The impact depends on the seriousness and duration of SARS, the structure of China’s economy, particularly the proportion of service sectors in GDP. The serious impact of SARS will last for the second quarter and then diminish in the third quarter of this year because of the severe enforcement of effective containment measures taken by governments. SARS seems to spread more slowly than the influenza pandemic. The incidence of the disease has decreased quickly in recent days. Fortunately, the epidemic condition is very slight in rural areas and is mainly restricted in urban cities. Thus the outbreak of SARS is serious, but the spread of SARS can be contained in a limited space and period. The decline in consumption is temporary and small. A recent survey of several furniture malls in Beijing shows that customers are purchasing durable consumer goods in accordance with their purchase plans rather than at random (Thomas, 2007). The SARS disease won’t influence consumers’ long-term purchase plans such as buying automobiles, apartments, and luxurious furniture. The elasticity of demand for foods and daily necessities is relatively inelastic. The outbreak causes a drastic rise in the consumption of drugs and disinfectants and other SARS-related goods. The demand for telecom and online services increases due to the outbreak. As a whole, consumption expenditure will decrease, but the decline is relatively small. The service sectors such as the tourism, catering, transportation, recreation, and exposition industries, have been the most hit by the disease, but they only contribute a small proportion of China’s GDP. In terms of exports, the epidemic situation in most of China’s major manufacturing bases, such as the Yangtze River Delta, Shandong province, and Zhejiang province, is relatively slight. Even in Guangdong province, where SARS was first detected last November, the disease has not affected production. However, the new export orders have decreased since the outbreak. There will be a small decrease in the export this year. The impact on foreign direct investment is relatively limited. China’s fast economic growth, low labor costs, and huge consumption market are extremely attractive for foreign investors. The Chinese economy is at a climbing stage of the economic cycle, and the economic growth is continuing in spite of some exiting deep-rooted problems. SARS may delay or cancel foreign investors visits’ to China. However, the influx of foreign investment would not be significantly changed, for SARS is not one of the determinants for investment. The determinants are the huge Chinese market volume and the low labor cost. Moreover, a slight fall in foreign direct investment (US$52.7 billion in 2002) will cause a very slight fall in China’s economic growth since China’s fixed-asset investment exceeds US$400 billion a year. (Berger, 2004). Viewing from the overall situation, SARS’ impact on China’s economy will be quite limited. The World Bank is predicting that China’s economy will still experience growth of about 7.3 percent in 2003 (Arthur, 2006). Measures To Reduce The Adverse Impact There are two reasons that justify government intervention to combat SARS. The first is that the dissemination of information on SARS has the characteristics of a public good. The second is that there are negative externalities because the disease affects the third parties whose interests are not reflected in market transactions. There are market failures when there are public goods and externalities. Hence the measures taken by the government become necessary to allocate resources efficiently. Transparent information on SARS is essential to reduce public fear, and to recover the public confidence in government, thus decreasing the economic cost of SARS. There is a lesson at the beginning of the outbreak in Guangdong that the lack of transparency in providing information caused greater panic and accelerated the spread of the disease. Therefore governments need to disseminate accurate and timely information so as to ensure rational behaviors and to restore the confidence of consumers and investors. It is of paramount importance that governments persist in the efforts in containing the SARS outbreak. Stringent public health measures, including quarantines and travel restrictions, should be effectively enforced to control the further spread of the disease. Some fiscal and monetary measures should be taken by governments to contain the economic fallout of the disease. The expansionary fiscal and monetary policy should continue to expand the aggregate demand. An expansionary fiscal policy, that is, an increase in government expenditure on goods and services or an increase in transfer payments, or a decrease in taxes, affects aggregate demand by increasing autonomous expenditure. It is reported that “Taxes and administrative fees levied by the Chinese Government on some industries affected by the outbreak of SARS will be waived or reduced” (Arthur, 2006). The preferential tax policies for civil aviation, tourism, catering, commerce, and other sectors heavily hit by SARS will be adopted. A group of scholars from Peking University suggests that the government take certain consumption-stimulating measures, such as providing more housing and automobile loans to spur the domestic demand (Mark, 2004). The essential health measures and a transparent information policy adopted by governments are crucial to contain the disease and decrease the economic cost. The expansionary fiscal and monetary policy will bring substantial benefits to the economy and sustain growth. Conclusion SARS impacts the economy through the channels such as aggregate demand, aggregate supply, and the financial market. SARS will not possibly have a major impact on China’s economy and the disease is likely to ail China’s economy for the short term. Given the externalities related to SARS, governments should take a transparent information policy and severe health measures to contain the disease. The expansionary fiscal and monetary policy will persist to cushion the impact of the outbreak and maintain the growth of China’s economy. References Loh, Christine & Civic Exchange. (2004) At the epicenter: Hong Kong and the SARS outbreak. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. Lai MM. (2003) SARS virus: the beginning of the unraveling of a new coronavirus. Journal of Biomedical Science. 10(6:2):664-75. Berger A, Drosten CH, Doerr HW, Stürmer M, Preiser W.(2004) Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): paradigm of an emerging viral infection. Journal of Clinical Virology. 29(1):13-22. Groneberg DA, Zhang L, Welte T, Zabel P, Chung KF. (2003) Severe acute respiratory syndrome: global initiatives for disease diagnosis. QJM. 96(11):845-52. Thomas Abraham. (2007) Twenty-First Century Plague: The Story of SARS. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Arthur Kleinman, James Watson. (2005) SARS in China: Prelude to Pandemic? Stanford University Press. Karl T. Greenfeld. (2006) China Syndrome: The True Story of the 21st Century’s First Great Epidemic. HarperCollins. Mark A.F. Bond. (2004) China in the Age of SARS. PublishAmerica. John Wong , Zheng Yongnian. (2004) The SARS Epidemic: Challenges To China’s Crisis Management. World Scientific Publishing Company. David P. Fidler. (2004) SARS, Governance and the Globalization of Disease. Palgrave Macmillan.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-in-hong-kong/

Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The paper argues that the so-called love juice exists in the real-life: in particular, the effect of love, at first sight, the love madness created by celebrities wearing beautiful clothes, using make-up and fragrances as well as the influence of alcohol on human feelings can be compared to the action of the love potion.

The paper argues that the so-called love juice exists in the real-life: in particular, the effect of love, at first sight, the love madness created by celebrities wearing beautiful clothes, using make-up and fragrances as well as the influence of alcohol on human feelings can be compared to the action of the love potion.

Shakespeare’s Love Juice in the Real Life Essay William Shakespeare’s famous play entitled “Midsummer Night’s Dream” is a comedy narrating about the intervention of magic into the world of ordinary people and shows how human fates can be changed with love juice. Love juice is a potion that can be extracted from flowers growing in the woods; when applied to the person’s eyelids, it makes him or her fall in love with the first creature he/she sees. The kind of the fairy world, Oberon, discovers the juice and in an attempt to change his wife’s attitude towards him and prevent Hermia and Demetrius from conflict, he orders that the magic substance be used. After a series of mistakes and misunderstandings, all characters finally divide into stable couples and successfully celebrate their marriages. The present paper argues that the so-called love juice exists in the real-life: in particular, the effect of love, at first sight, the love madness created by celebrities wearing beautiful clothes, using make-up and fragrances as well as the influence of alcohol on human feelings can be compared to the action of the love potion. Love at first glance is often referred to as crush, as it is sometimes difficult to understand falling in love with the person without knowing them at all. It might happen to anybody in any place or setting, but it normally happens to young, dreamy, and romantic people. In Shakespeare’s play, Lysander, who never loved Helene, falls in love with her at the first sight after opening his eyes: “And run through fire I will for thy sweet sake./ Transparent Helena! Nature shows art/That through thy bosom makes me see thy heart./ Where is Demetrius? O, how fit a word/ Is that vile name to perish on my sword!” (Shakespeare, Act II, Scene II). Since Lysander has love juice on his eyelids, whereas Helena has not received such “gift” from Pucks, this feeling is not reciprocal: “Do not say so Lysander; say not so/ What though he love your Hermia? Lord, what though?/Yet Hermia still loves you: then be content” (Shakespeare, Scene II, Act II). However, love at first sight, similarly to the feelings, created by the love juice, are unconditional and thus cannot be rationally explained, as they might persist even after the lover is rejected by the object of love. In such cases, the person who has had a “crush”, instead of trying to find out more about the object of love, begins to plan feats and heroic actions in an attempt to win the positive disposition of the love lady or love gentleman, similarly to Lysander, who is searching for his sword to stab his lover Demetrius. Both love juice and love, at first sight, make the person “blind” and bring human consciousness to the level of myth, i.e. the loving person sees the object of love in a more positive light; for instance, Lysander reveals that Helena’s soul and heart are pieces of art, implying that she is a virtuous and kind person, whereas Helena betrayed her friend, Hermia, pursuing her interest in a romance with Demetrius. However, in the case of Demetrius falling in love with Helena, who has loved this man for years, love, at first sight, unites the two souls and helps both Helena and Demetrius purify themselves and discover new unique traits in one another. Secondly, it needs to be admitted that love juice can be compared by its action with the unnatural beauty of celebrities wearing designer clothes, using plastic surgery, make-up, and perfumes. As a rule, celebrities become the idols of teenage girls, who fall in love not with the human being, but rather with the beautiful image provided by the TV screen and glossy magazines. As a rule, the direct causes of such feelings are the standard attributes of famous people, including unusual clothing from exclusive collections, which cannot be purchased in shops, the thick layer of make-up, making the singer or actor as perfect and beautiful as a Roman statue, and brand perfumes, positioned by marketers as “divine gifts”. In Shakespeare’s play, Titania, affected by the love juice, falls in love with Bottom after hearing him singing and performing his theatrical role, i.e. the first attraction developed based on the external characteristics: “I pray thee, gentle mortal, sing again:/ Mine ear is much enamored of thy note;/ So is mine eye enthralled to thy shape;/And thy fair virtue’s force perforce doth move me/On the first view to sat […]” (Shakespeare, Act III, Scene I). Similarly, the beauty of celebrities mesmerizes and fascinates teenagers, and similarly to Titania, they seek to listen to their songs and watch them playing their roles in motion pictures without taking a critical approach to the quality of their work. Furthermore, the social gap between Titania and Bottom is the same as the distance between ordinary teenagers and TV stars, so the love juice, as well as underlined perfectness of famous people, make their ‘victim’ fall in love with a person from a different social circle or class, so such feelings often have no future. Finally, alcohol is often referred to as a powerful love potion, as it makes the person feel freer and more open in self-expression and behavior. In certain cases, it simply causes passion and sexual attraction, whereas softer drinks such as white wine drive the person into an inspired or poetic state of mind and might lead them to fall in love instead of developing a mere infatuation. In small portions alcohol, similarly to Shakespeare’s love juice, might cause a wife to look at her husband from a different angle and strengthen her feelings, like in the case of Titania and Oberon starting their family life anew after the woman receives love juice. In certain cases, however, alcohol causes true madness and its action can be also compared to the effect of the love juice on Lysander, who abandons his beau Hermia and tries to seduce Helena. Thus, there are many examples of love juice in action in the real life. Both Shakespeare’s play and the life experience demonstrate that when used reasonably, the love juice, represented in the real life as love, at first sight, love for such unreachable and beautiful ideal as a pop idol and poetic inspiration and love that develop under the effect of alcohol, can unite two loving hearts and strengthen the flame of love between two spouses who have lived together for a long time. At the same time, the unwise use of the love juice might cause madness and mania, thus destroying the person’s happiness. Works cited Shakespeare, W. Midsummer Night’s Dream. In The Bedford Introduction to Literature, edited by D.Meyer. Shakespeare, W. Midsummer Night’s Dream . 2009. Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/shakespeares-love-juice-in-the-real-life/

Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the characters Nurse and Friar Laurence are responsible for Romeo and Juliet's troubles and miseries. The way Friar Laurence supported Romeo and Juliet to get Married, The way the Nurse is opposing in her regards of Romeo and Paris, When Friar Laurence clandestinely married them, the way the Nurse is enigmatic about the matter and does not tell the Capulet's or the Montague's, when Laurence gave Juliet the sleeping mixture, the way Laurence considered he was making the right thing without taking into account the probable outcomes, and the way Laurence departs Juliet's Tomb when he heeds the watch coming, all coalesce to result in the devotees bereavement.

In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the characters Nurse and Friar Laurence are responsible for Romeo and Juliet's troubles and miseries. The way Friar Laurence supported Romeo and Juliet to get Married, The way the Nurse is opposing in her regards of Romeo and Paris, When Friar Laurence clandestinely married them, the way the Nurse is enigmatic about the matter and does not tell the Capulet's or the Montague's, when Laurence gave Juliet the sleeping mixture, the way Laurence considered he was making the right thing without taking into account the probable outcomes, and the way Laurence departs Juliet's Tomb when he heeds the watch coming, all coalesce to result in the devotees bereavement.

Nurse and Friar Laurence in Shakespeare’s “Romeo and Juliet” Essay In Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet the characters Nurse and Friar Laurence are responsible for Romeo and Juliet’s troubles and miseries. The way Friar Laurence supported Romeo and Juliet to get Married, The way the Nurse is opposing in her regards of Romeo and Paris, When Friar Laurence clandestinely married them, the way the Nurse is enigmatic about the matter and does not tell the Capulet’s or the Montague’s, when Laurence gave Juliet the sleeping mixture, the way Laurence considered he was making the right thing without taking into account the probable outcomes, and the way Laurence departs Juliet’s Tomb when he heeds the watch coming, all coalesce to result in the devotees bereavement. In act II scene III, Romeo goes to meet Friar Laurence to tell that he no longer adores Rosaline, but has fallen in love with Juliet. This astonishes Friar Laurence, but he undertakes to marry them, “O, she knew well Thy love did read by rote, that could not spell. But come, young waverer, come, go with me. In one respect I’ll assistant be. For this alliance may so happy prove To turn your household’s rancour to pure love.” Lady Capulet suggests the reason of marriage into the discussion, but Juliet does not desire to get married. Lady Capulet then mentions Paris’s name and the Nurse states he is a ‘man of wax’, which denotes a perfect man. “Well, you have made a simple choice. You Know not how to choose a man. Romeo? No, not he. Though his face be better than any man’s, yet his leg Excels all men’s; and for a hand and a foot, and a Body, though they be not to be talked on, yet they Are past compare. He is not the flower of courtesy, But, I’ll warrant him, as gentle as a lamb. Go thy Ways, wench. Serve God. What, have you dined At home?” (Nurse, Act II Scene V, sentence 38-46) In this quotation, The Nurse notifies Juliet that she considers Juliet is in love with Romeo for his appearance only, and also herself considers Romeo is attractive herself, though she does not condemn of Juliet’s feelings towards him. Romeo has just murdered Tybalt. The Nurse is offering her suggestion on all men. In her last decree “Shame come to Romeo”, The Nurse is revealing her newest feeling she has for Romeo. As the Nurse has these assorted feeling about Romeo and Paris all through the play, She is unintentionally sending mixed letters to Juliet and puzzling her, further influencing on the lover’s troubles. In Act II Scene VI, Friar Laurence secretly marries Romeo and Juliet without knowledge of the consequences Romeo “Ah, Juliet, if the measure of thy joy Be heaped like mine, and that thy skill be more To blazon it, then sweeten with thy breath This neighbour air, and let rich music’s tongue Unfold the imagined happiness that both Receive in either by this dear encounter.” Juliet “Conceit, more rich in matter than in words, Brags of this substance, not of ornament. They are but beggars that can count their worth But my true love has grown to such excess I can not sum up half my sum of wealth.” Friar Laurence “Come, come with me, and we will make short work. For by your leaves, you shall not stay alone Till Holy Church incorporate two in one.” (Act II Scene VI, sentence 24-37)

https://ivypanda.com/essays/shakespeares-play-romeo/

Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: Shamanism is a religious practice that originated in Siberia and is now practiced worldwide. Shamanism is based on the principle that the evident world is surrounded by invisible forces or spirits that has something to do with the life of the living people. Shamans have the ability to cause human suffering and they also got the power to cure it. They believe that they can maneuver the spirits and converse to them to tell what they want.

Shamanism is a religious practice that originated in Siberia and is now practiced worldwide. Shamanism is based on the principle that the evident world is surrounded by invisible forces or spirits that has something to do with the life of the living people. Shamans have the ability to cause human suffering and they also got the power to cure it. They believe that they can maneuver the spirits and converse to them to tell what they want.

Shamanism as a Religious Practice Essay Introduction Shamanism comes from the Siberian Tungusic language sramaNah , which means religious exercise. Shamanism is a series of conventional thinking and a practice that deals with the way people communicate with the spirit of the world. Shamanism is dynamic worldwide, but shamanism has similarities in their sense of beliefs and practices such as; they believe that the spirits can be either good or evil; the shaman can have power over the benefit of the people. Also, the shamans believe that they are healers and they know how to treat illnesses. In shamanism, they believe that Animals play a significant responsibility; they act as a symbol for their Gods and serves as a prophet (ELIADE, 1950). Shamanism is based on the principle that the evident world is surrounded by invisible forces or spirits that has something to do with the life of the living people. It is said that shamans have the ability to cause human suffering and they also got the power to cure it. They believe that they can maneuver the spirits and converse to them to tell what they want. According to a well-known critic, Shamans have been attributed with the ability to control the weather, divination, the interpretation of dreams, astral protuberance, and traveling to upper and lower worlds (HULTKRANTZ, 1979). The anthropologists view shamanism as an archaic magico-religious happening wherein the shaman is the leader of the elation or as the critic’s term, ecstasy. Mircea Eliade defines shamanism as a way of reaching ecstasy. A Shaman may possess powers over the control of fire, wind, and other elements present in the world. If a shaman specializes in a particular subject, he is determined as a healer. The distinctive attribute of shamanism is its center of attention on a rapturous abstraction state in which the soul of the shaman is said to travel, he may either go to heaven or go underworld. The shaman has spirit helpers, whom he or she talks to and gives messages (ELIADE, 1950). Discussion Shamanism: as a Religion A problem is somehow encountered in the discussion about shamanism viewed as a religion and trying to connect with the spiritual relationships between the personal beliefs of the shamans. Shamanism comes in different kinds of development and got a lot of unpreventable developments (HULTKRANTZ, 1979). The increase and progress of shamanistic practices marked the doorstep where the person initiates to become aware of mankind’s efforts to appear at a methodical perception of the mystical world. In the itinerary of its long cultural history, shamanism endeavored to loosen the universal enigmas: the origins of the cosmos, the earth, men, animals, and plants. It endeavored to clarify the well-known disagreement: the existential quest for the meaning and the sense of life and death. Shamanism adapted the character of religious practices by developing techniques through which a selected group of individuals could attain the mysterious knowledge of the universe. The illustrations of the celestial worlds were professed by means of the different processes activated through the ritual techniques of ecstasy (HULTKRANTZ, 1979). According to Eliade, Shamanism is an ecstatic spiritual complex of particular and fixed elements, with a particular ideology that has persisted through millennia and is set up in many diverse cultural settings. Eliade also defined shamanism as a way of connecting to sacred cosmos, or the great master of ecstasy. He celebrated the shaman as the truly religious man and interpreted the shaman’s ecstatic experiences of ascension and journey, dismemberment, and the detection with the axis Mundi as an epitome of spiritual knowledge. This noticeable idealization grounds Eliade’s famed premise of religious delegation. The premise holds that shamanism enabled members of the primordial cultures of Europe, Asia, and North America to live accustomed to the timeless, sacred order of the cosmos. With the increase of historical religions stanch to temporal change and expansion, this sacred order became more outlying and less available. In Myths, Dreams, and Mysteries, Eliade even declares mythical thoughts to be a structure of avoidance. But he distorts to the dominance of historical reality overshadowed by his religious belief that the myth is the most important breadth of human thought, the elucidation to the otherwise meaningless flow of secular existence, and the transcendental dominion where unlike cultures congregate and all persons uncover their profundity as human beings (ELIADE, 1964). A lot of criticisms were encountered by shamanism as a religion because it lacks an organization of scriptures and a religious hierarchy, in disparity to the renowned world religions. Certain claims, in some way, cannot dissociate from all the essential parts of a legitimate spiritual complex; authentic shamanism of its ritualism, spiritualism, magico-mythic elements, and eschatology. Its transcultural parameters describe the second most, continuing ritual tradition in human history. Unquestionably, firm differences in shamanistic practices can occasionally be endorsed to syncretism with other kinds of religion that exist in the same culture where shamanism was initiated. Also, many differences result from dynamic intellectual contexts and match up to those encountered among divergent peoples with religious practices of their own (ELIADE, 1964). Shamans as Healers A shaman is one who has been introduced into the traditional practices of the world and being into this shamanic ecstasy wherein they believe that they were powerful enough to do things under their control. One good citation is the way of healing people according to their abilities and with the possession of their Gods. The shaman acts as a bridge between the elements and the individuals who believe in their rituals and becomes a patient (RIPINSKY- NAXON, 1989). Healing is only a partial definition or skill that a shaman may have, but this is one of the biggest topics that deal mainly with the contrasting beliefs of modern science. As to the testimonials of those who experienced shamanism, they have witnessed the effectiveness of the operations of the shamans in using plants and herbs for the curing process. Also, the people who tried shamanism cited that those who want to try shamanism have to have faith in the shaman and in the whole culture of shamanism. Shamanism has its own way of expressing its way of healing by enacting ritually with the environment and how they encourage the patients; the shamans also say a lot of suggestions on how they could get well and what should be their expectations for the rituals that may result to a placebo effect. The healers are often called the “Doctors who reside within”, comes from the side of the positive aspects of the biochemistry and maintain the parity for the self-healing ability of the patients (RIPINSKY- NAXON, 1989). Shamans use metaphors that can change the perception of the patients on the way they outlook their illnesses. The people under the medication of the shamans go into the convincing effects that a patient may have in mind to turn negative things into positive ones. Sickness is all in the mind, if people keep on feeling and saying that they have this particular disease is believed that it really would depict on one’s self. In this part, faith in the healing process of shamanism plays the most essential part for the positive outcome. It is believed that the negative elements that were released by the shamanic patients were transferred into the shamans. Studies about the intellectual and emotional effects of songs, chants, prayers, spells, and music, say that it helps people to respond to their illness positively (HULTKRANTZ, 1979). Conclusion The notion of the shaman has been extensively functional but still viewed a lot of complexities for some reasons. The fundamental issues are whether the concept of the shaman is strict, related to a particular culture; or whether shamanism constitutes a universal phenomenon, and with cross-cultural applicability and commonalities resulting from core features of human biology. The central contentions include whether shamans are specific to particular cultures or areas, whether they constitute a human collective found in all societies, or whether they are a widely disseminated phenomenon found in specific kinds of Cross-cultural investigations are crucial methods for empirically answering the questions and tracing the roots of shamanism (RIPINSKY- NAXON, 1989). The association of different types of shamanistic healers to persistence, social and political characteristics provides the substantiation of the evolutionary alteration of hunter-gatherer shamanism into other types of religious practitioners. The basic elements of shamanism illustrate different roles depicted in the way its practitioners interpret its ideas, the shamans. As individuals specializing in the performance and the enactment of the rituals, they are also the tribal time-keepers or custodians of the calendar. In hunting magic, the shamans further promote and consolidated a vital relationship with the Master of the Animals, or an equivalent figure, as a result assuring reward for their people (RIPINSKY- NAXON, 1989). Many of the shamanistic ceremonies worldwide are validated by myths trying to explain the creations of such rites, as well as cosmic paradigms. These myths often diminish the performance of rituals in terms of cultural acquisitiveness or social expediency. The fundamental nature of social existence is centered on mythic descriptions, which lends an existential facet to life. A coherent idea is no more an aim certainty than the myths if an idea is built. Myths satisfy the fundamental responses to the basic human need for meaning, in some way. The attempts to appreciate the worldviews and daily dramas of indigenous cultures must take into account the roles of the diverse factors exerting an impetus on the developmental progress (RIPINSKY- NAXON, 1989). References Eliade, M. 1950. “Shamanism” (In): V. Ferm (ed.), Forgotten Religions. New York: Philosophical Library. Eliade, M. 1964. Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy. Bollingen Series 76. Princeton University Press. Hultkrantz, A. 1979. The Religions of the American Indians. Berkeley: University of California Press. Ripinsky-Naxon, M. 1989. “Hallucinogens, Shamanism, and the Cultural Process: Symbolic Archeology and Dialectics”, Anthropos 84: 219-224.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/shamanism-as-a-religious-practice/

Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The history of the Shell Transport and Trading Company from its founding to its current status as one of the largest companies in the world, including a discussion of its diversification into other industries.The history of the Shell Transport and Trading Company from its founding to its current status as one of the largest companies in the world, including a discussion of its diversification into other industries.

The history of the Shell Transport and Trading Company from its founding to its current status as one of the largest companies in the world, including a discussion of its diversification into other industries. The history of the Shell Transport and Trading Company from its founding to its current status as one of the largest companies in the world, including a discussion of its diversification into other industries.

Shell Transport and Trading Company: Overview Report Introduction The running of any company has to be done with full appreciation of its environment and how it impacts on its operations. The best way in understanding our business environment is differentiating the factors that happen to be in our direct control and those that the company in its individual capacity has no control over and thus it’s mandated to respond to them only. In doing so, the factors of business environment have been broadly categorized into two. * Internal environment * External environment How these factors affect a given company depends on many factors such as the geographic location, size of company, management of the company, industry of the company among many others. In this paper, we indulge in extensively and critically analyzing the business environment of the Shell Transport and Trading Company. It is therefore my objective that by the end of this paper, we shall be able to identify how the environment has contributed in shaping how the Shell Transport and Trading Company operates and the making of policies. As one of the largest companies in the world, it would not serve the company justice delving into its functioning in its environment without having a look at its historical background. (Baron, 2004). Company history Shell Transport and Trading Company popularly known as “Shell” , is a household name in areas regarding petroleum worldwide. Unknown to many, the company in only part of the larger Shell Group. The Shell Group otherwise known as the Shell Royal Dutch has a complex corporate organization which consists of more than 2,000 companies worldwide ultimately controlled by two parent companies; The “Shell” Transport and Trading Company, a U.K.-registered company and Royal Dutch Petroleum Company, a Netherlands company. The former has 40% stake in the larger company with the former owning the rest, 60%. As a group, the company is generally involved in drilling and exploration of oil and natural gas plus the trading of the resultant products. Growth in the company has seen it diversify its operations to include chemical manufacturing, coal and metal mining and biotechnology. The merger of the two companies took place in 1907 though they both opted to retain their independent identities. Shell Transport and Trading Company was registered in 1897 by two brothers. The company had been in operation earlier though under a different name. Initially, the company was involved in trading in Russian oil only to the Middle East. With the discovery of larger oil fields in Netherlands, the company shifted base. Poor running of business necessitated a merger with the Royal Dutch headed by one Deterding in order to remain afloat in the highly competitive market. This was in 1906. The highly entrepreneurial Deterding remained as the overall leader of the group. The group remains the most highly decentralized enterprise in the world’s oil industry. The almost complete autonomy vested in its nationally based, integrated operating companies gives strategic flexibility. In this paper we critically analyze the success of this company in the face of increasing business challenges and especially so given that the petroleum based industry is faced with the threat of environmental conservation. External environment These are factors that exist outside the business hence the name external factors or influences. These will affect the main internal functions of the business and possibly the objectives of the business and its strategies. Many factors that influence the running and the making of decisions that exist outside the business are many and thus cannot be exhaustibly discussed. In this paper thus we only restrict ourselves to the main factors that have the greatest impact on the running of our company at hand. Some of these factors are unique to the Shell Transport and Trading Company while others happen to face the industry in general. In addressing the impact and influence of external factors in any given company, business analysts advise us to conduct a PEST Analysis which looks into political, environmental, socio-cultural and technological factors. These are the factors that the company is predisposed to. In simpler terms the company has no direct control over such factors only that it has to adopt measures and strategies correspond or cushion it to them. PEST Analysis Test Political factors Though the company has its main operations in Europe, much of the crude oil used in the production of gasoline and other oil byproducts is sourced from outside Europe and more so in Africa and the Middle East. At times the political environment in Africa has not been conducive for business due to recurrent civil wars. Unfortunately petroleum is the main fuel fanning the unending wars where the Group has laid down much of its investment. The best example in this case would be Nigeria. Though the governments of such countries benefit significantly through rights and loyalties, they have not been keen in protecting their resources and the foreign investors some with a bias against foreign investments. In Nigeria for instance, Shell Group workers in particular continue to face hostilities from local rebels who target foreign workers in the oil fields Economic factors Economics and more so economics of scale is nothing new to the company. It runs back in the company’s history having been the one that necessitated a merger with Royal Dutch. This was in reaction to the ever increasing competition. For Shell, competition starts right from the time of acquiring oil and gas exploration fields from such companies such as Exxon Mobil, British Petroleum, and Esso among a galaxy of other players. Competition in this category may involve technology or price wars. This is determined by the company’s position in the market as the price setter or price follower. At Shell, the company has some level of both attributes in that it can be a price setter or price follower depending in which market the price battle is taking place. (Hartley, 2005) Given the multinational nature of this company some government’s economic policy is a very thorny issue in the management of the company as they do not comply with the objectives of the company. Social-cultural factors The industry in which Shell Transport and Trading Company operates in calls for diversification of the market not necessarily the raw material market but also the product market. It therefore goes without saying that the company has to accommodate the diverse socio-cultural factors cutting across all the markets for relevance in the market. It is also in this area that the company has to meet stringent rules on environmental conservation as the world seems to realize the benefits of going green. Is there room for Shell to go green? There is very little that the company can do. Gasoline, petrochemicals and coal, the mainstay of shell are all considered to be enemies of the environment. In efforts to reduce the environmental impact the company is faced with higher costs of production Governments are therefore coming up with very harsh rules and penalties for defaulters of such regulations put in place. SWOT Analysis Test To capture how the internal and external environment influences Shell, we conduct a SWOT analysis test. SWOT is an abbreviation for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The test captures both the internal and external environment. Strengths and weaknesses make up Shell’s internal environment while opportunities and threats make up the external environment factors. Opportunities AS per the saying of the Group’s CEO, van der Veer, in a recent interview with Observer Newspaper, he says that the company is on the right path in directing its innovative effort in harnessing more solar energy as the future for petroleum energy is not certain given that it is a non-renewable source of energy. Other opportunities that the company has explored are the exploration of oil in developing countries due to the hostilities in the Middle East that interrupt production. Threats The petroleum industry is faced with competition from alternate sources of energy which are considerably cheaper and more environmental friendly. Though the company has embraced the change by producing solar energy for commercial purposes, this is not reflected by the sales made in that sector. Much of the company continues to be engrossed in dealing with petroleum and its products. It therefore shows that if the trend that we are witnessing currently of shunning harmful petroleum fuels is to continue, then the companies in this industry are posed to face a fall in their sales level. Another challenge to the petroleum fuel is the use of electric vehicles and the use of radioactive sources of power. Terrorism is a threat to the world at large and more so to the petroleum based companies. This is so as most of the terrorist groupings are based in the oil exporting countries especially the Middle East. It therefore goes without saying that by basing its activities in such countries, Shell is disposed to the machinations of such terrorists who obtain much of their funding thorough illegal taxations and paying of loyalties. Internal environment Internal business environment in this context refers to the company itself. In looking at the internal business environment, we focus on the factors that the company has direct influence on them. Strengths The type of strength the company has may vary from marketing, brand, product positioning name to the organization of the company itself. For consistency we are going to look at the strengths in general. Strengths are aspects that make the company stronger and unique from their competitors. The most notable strength in the running of Shell is how the management is organized. As an international company with many branches in the world operating as independent entities, the general outlook and vision of the company has to be maintained and forged despite the different environments. Categorizing its wide spectrum of industries allows specialization and streamlining of operations. There are five categories in shell: Exploration and Production, Gas & Power, Oil Products, Chemicals, and Other. The Exploration and Production segment explore and produces crude oil and natural gas; and builds and operates the infrastructure needed to deliver hydrocarbons to market. The company’s Gas & Power segment liquefies and transports natural gas; develops gas markets and infrastructure; develops gas-fired power plants; engages in the marketing and trading of natural gas and electricity; and converts natural gas to liquids to provide clean fuels. (Worthington, 2006). Its Oil Products segment markets transportation fuels, lubricants and specialty products; refines, supplies, trades, and ships crude oil and petroleum products; and provides technical consultancy services. The company’s chemicals segment produces and sells petrochemicals, including polyolefin to industrial customers globally. The other industries category is a bit more diversified as it consists of Shell Hydrogen and a ray of environmental conservation initiatives and foundations. Such differentiation in operations helps in specialization as each category is headed by its own managing director who directly reports to the Group Chief Executive, at the moment Mr. J. van der Veer. Operation through strong subsidiaries. One of the greatest threats to international companies is the lack of loyalty and patriotism to products citizens of the foreign country. Shell Company has successfully circumvented this problem by ensuring that the different subsidiaries in over a dozen countries operate with some considerable level of autonomy thereby creating a belief that the different subsidiaries are local companies in the host countries. As a result, product and company loyalty is maintained in countries where if the situation was contrary would have been lost. One of the best examples was the Shell Oil Company of the USA was believed to American by the locals. However this is not the case as the Americans only own 30% of the American Subsidiary with the rest owned by the parent company. Other principal subsidiaries are Shell UK; Shell Tankers (U.K.); Shell Chemicals (U.K.); Billiton UK; Shell Research (U.K.); Deutsche Shell (Germany); Shell Tankers (Netherlands); Shell Nederland Chemie (Netherlands); Shell Research (Netherlands); Shell South Africa; Shell and BP South African Refineries; Shell Kosan (Japan); Showa Shell Sekiyu (Japan); Satah Shell (Malaysia); Sarawak Shell (Malaysia); Shell Eastern Petroleum (Singapore); Shell Singapore; Shell Australia; Shell New Zealand; Shell Canada. Shell Group with along history has a strong brand name realized through strong product consistence and innovation in the right direction. Its innovation engine saw the company be among the initiators of unleaded fuel which was a constant hit in the market. Weaknesses Factors with a negative effect on the company are considered as threats. There is no company that lacks threats. At Shell, some of the most identifiable threats are as follows; Lack of specialization on part of the company due to the large portfolio of the companies makes it vulnerable to mismanagement and lack of appropriation. Running of many subsidiaries may put a strain on part of the company’s management. This put together with the high of number of staff amounting to over 137,000 means that harmonization of operations may face a threat in remaining relevant and competent. Continuous involvement of the company in trading with perceived terrorist countries is one of the weaknesses the company would like to erase from their books but is not possible due to the nature of the business. It happens that many of those countries exporting oil are Arabic where terrorism is rampant. It therefore means that Shell together with her subsidiaries are experiencing terrorism activities more so their staff though this is at many times kept away from the sharp eye of the media to avoid creating a panic. Shell has in the last three years been making headlines for all the bad reasons. This is hurting the company’s image. Accusations range fro compensation by workers to making wrong deceptive financial statements. Conclusion The present direction by technology points that everything is being done to avert the over-reliance on oil and its products as the main source of energy. How the affected companies are responding to this is encouraging. Shell was among the first companies to introduce unleaded fuels as a means of reducing the harmful products disposal into the environment after combustion in vehicles and other engines that us fossil fuel. I believe that amid the turbulent waters facing the industry, Shell shall remain a name to reckon with for along time if the strengths in diversification of its operations are to be maintained. REFERENCES Baron, P. (2004). Business and its environment 5 th Ed. New York: Prentice Hall, pp 26-34. Hartley, B. et al (2005). The Business Environment , New York; McGraw Hill, pp 34-67. Worthington, I. (2006). Business Environment , London: Prentice Hall, pp 56-87. Shell transport and trading company. Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/shell-transport-and-trading-company-overview/

Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay argues that tax laws should be reformed to encourage saving. The current system of taxation is outdated and complex, and it needs to be reformed to make it more simple and neutral to revenue.

The essay argues that tax laws should be reformed to encourage saving. The current system of taxation is outdated and complex, and it needs to be reformed to make it more simple and neutral to revenue.

Should Tax Laws Be Reformed to Encourage Saving? Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Tax Laws Should Be Reformed To Encourage Saving 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction Tax reforms are changes made on the existing laws that govern how income earners remit part of their income to their government to enable the government to meet their annual expenditure. Such reforms are important because they would simplify the laws on taxation and also help in reducing the heavy cost of complying with the laws by the taxpayers. It would enhance economic growth by creating more investment and increasing savings by the taxpayers. This would add more strength to competitiveness in the marketplace worldwide. However, tax laws should be reformed in a way that is neutral to revenue so as not to reduce the amount of tax raised by the current system. (Brautigam, 2008) Tax Laws Should Be Reformed To Encourage Saving According to the current system of taxation, taxpayers are expected to cooperate on a voluntary and honest basis in reporting their total income together with deductions. Because of the lack of honesty by taxpayers, there is always a shortfall of about 300 billion dollars compared with the amount of tax owed to the federal government. Taxpayers avoid paying the full amount by deflating income while at the same time inflating deductions and sometimes not filling the tax information details in the tax return forms. The current system was put in place a long time ago when the global economy was dominated by the United States but today this has greatly changed. For example in the 1960s 40% of global domestic product was represented by the United States while today it is rated at 30%. Investment across the border is also rated at 50% attributed to multinationals while today it is less than 22%. The economy in the United States is today more opening internationally compared with about four decades ago. The current system of taxation overburdens the taxpayers in complying with the laws because about 60% of them have to pay a professional who prepares tax returns on their behalf. For example, individuals pay a total of 85 billion dollars to professionals who compile receipts for income tax of 125 billion. A total of 40 billion dollars are also paid to professionals to compile receipts worth a similar amount for businesses. This implies that the taxpayer has to pay more than half the tax due on top if he has to comply with the current laws of taxation. (Kwall, 2006) (Murphy, 2005) argues that, the current tax laws allow preferential treatment for some industries, individuals, and groups. There are also special deductions, exemptions, tax rates, credits all of which target tax benefits. This reduces uniformity and makes the whole process more complex and even creating perceptions that there is unfairness to some of the taxpayers. In this environment with special treatment, decision-making in business is based largely on consequences of tax instead of economic consequences and therefore alters normal decision making. Evaluation of Tax expenditures also known as targeted tax benefits is difficult to make. For example, tax incentives to encourage the construction of houses for low-income earners do not actually increase low-income housing. The program should be an outlay of the government instead of taking the form of an incentive. In this form, it is very difficult to find out if the expectation of the congress is met by the program. Conclusion In general, the current system of tax is very complex and it creates an ordeal when it comes to compiling records because of the lengthy instructions and schedules that are complicated. The schedules involve a lot of forms and worksheets which require a lot of illogical computations. Compliance with the current laws is too costly as one has to hire a professional to do the work. The current system of income-based tax where taxation is made on both saving and income should be replaced with a system based on consumption where only consumption is taxed. (Freeland, 2007) References Brautigam D. (2008): Taxation and state building in developing countries: Cambridge University Press. Freeland J. (2007): federal income taxation of estates: CCH INC. Kwall J. (2006): the federal income taxation of corporations: West group. Murphy K. (2005): concepts in federal taxation: cengage learning.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/should-tax-laws-be-reformed-to-encourage-saving/

Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The essay argues that the Olympic Games in China 2008 should not be boycotted because it will be the main violation of human rights, freedoms and democratic principles preached by the boycotted side.

The essay argues that the Olympic Games in China 2008 should not be boycotted because it will be the main violation of human rights, freedoms and democratic principles preached by the boycotted side.

Should the Olympic Games in China 2008 be Boycotted? Essay Olympic Games is one of the most important events in sport for athletes from all over the world. The idea to boycott the Olympic Games in China is based on political reasons and human rights doctrines aimed to protect Chinese citizens from violation of freedom of press and speech, and political repressions. This major spotting event is used as a political battle between democratic and non-democratic states aimed to protect their rights and insist their political will (Hopkins 155). The Olympic Games in China 2008 should not be boycotted because it will be the main violation of human rights, freedoms and democratic principles preached by the boycotted side. The Olympic Games in China 2008 should not be boycotted because it will not bring a desired a outcome. The states made attempted to boycott the Olympic Games in Moscow and Afghanistan but failed to meet desired goals. The first Olympic games boycotted were Games in Melbourne in 1956. Other attempts were made in 1974 and 1976, 1980 and 1984. The problem is that neither of these boycotts reached their ultimate goal but deprived many sportsmen a chance to proceed in their career. The Olympic Games cannot be used as an arena for political battle because it will be the main violation of human rights and freedoms (Repression continues in China 2008). The boycott of the Olympic Games will not punish the state but it will punish athletes from all over the world who have spent much time and efforts on training and preparation for this important event in their life (Hopkins 155). The decision to boycott The Olympic game is non-democratic because it violates rights and freedoms of the majority of Chinese citizen. The international organization is constituted by states but once the constitution of the organization is legally in force over time the state-organization relationship takes on varying patterns as we have observed. The state may retain high authority in preference to significant organization participation or may seek a dominant role to bend the organization toward its goals (Repression continues in China 2008). The partnership role may be the state’s preference or high organization authority may take place, especially in proportion to the state’s inability to meet its needs by its own sovereign authority. Finally, the state may choose to accept supra-organization authority in certain areas of national policy now, international policy. The sovereign state may always choose to depart from the organization or international treaty obligation (Guttman 92). The example of boycott was Jimmy Carter’s decision to boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics motivated by two main considerations. First, the Soviet Union was to be punished for its actions in Afghanistan. The White House sought to increase the political costs to be borne by Moscow, and determined that as Olympic host the Kremlin’s investment in prestige, propaganda, and other resources was of such magnitude as to make a boycott especially effective (Guttman 92). Second, Carter desired to show the rest of the world that the United States still had the will to resist Soviet aggression. The helpless position in which the United States found itself as a consequence of the Iranian hostage crisis only reinforced such perceptions. It was in an effort to counter this negative assessment of U.S. foreign policy that Carter moved to support the idea of a boycott. Similar to modem China events, of the options the White House had at its disposal to punish Moscow, it determined that a boycott of the Olympics would have the most far-reaching consequences. It was this belief that Moscow was going to achieve a propaganda coup of global proportions that would confer legitimacy not only upon the regime and its political system but also upon its actions in Afghanistan that made the boycott idea so alluring (Guttman 99). The first factor that must be considered prior to any political utilization of international sport is the compatibility of a projected plan of action with the political and structural characteristics of sport itself. The boycotts demonstrated that the politically peripheral nature of international sport enabled it to be utilized in a relatively low cost fashion. If the Olympic Games are boycotted, only the athletes and certain businesses are forced to sacrifice directly, a fact that minimized internal political repercussions (Guttman 42). Internationally, failure to win the support of a particular nation is damaging to the perceived capacity of the international community demand, and be accorded, solidarity on an issue of global concern, but did not damage intergovernmental relations per se (Sport and Moral Ethics 24). Sport can be imbued with great symbolic importance, yet intrinsically it has no political content, whereas disagreements among allies over nuclear strategy or trade barriers may imply wide-ranging philosophical discord, while creating serious substantive difficulties. Conflicts over sport are normally confined to the realm of the symbolic. The capacity of sport to perform political functions without the risks attendant upon other modes of action makes it attractive to state leaders. Employed appropriately, international sport can produce significant results with minimum cost. International sport is not as appealing to government leaders (Xiaowei 130). The fierce independence of the IOC, as well as that of many national Olympic committees, creates serious difficulties for states seeking to capitalize politically through the manipulation of sport. The various administrative organs comprising the international sports establishment are fraught with internecine quarrels, but have demonstrated an ability and willingness to band together in defense of their freedom from government encroachment. The steadfast persistence of those national Olympic committees which had a degree of real independence in asserting their exclusive right to decide all Olympic-related questions was displayed by the U.S. Olympic Committee (Hopkins 155). While the suitability of any government action regarding international sport must be evaluated with great care and expertise, efforts focused upon the Olympic Games must be scrutinized far more thoroughly (Sport and Moral Ethics 24). Since the symbolic importance of the Olympics is universally acknowledged, and the mass media has succeeded to such an extent in instantaneously transmitting events to a global audience, the temptation to intervene politically in the Games has increased dramatically. Yet, while statesmen may feel the allure of utilizing the Olympics as a “quick-fix” to a myriad of political problems, they must realize that the same symbolic significance that has made the Games attractive for political purposes has fostered a strong reservoir of world sentiment that the Olympics should be excluded from the “petty,” “transient” concerns of international politics. Although statesmen may be inclined to dismiss, those who revere the Olympics regardless of its shortcomings, and who seek to minimize the political intrusions foisted upon the Games, as mere “idealists” who have lost touch with “reality,” they are at peril to do so. The symbolic significance of the Olympic Games attracts the attention of national leaders in search of alternative solutions to political problems (Hopkins 157). The globalization of the Games affords a worldwide forum in which to act, and offers the cunning, and successful, statesman a unique opportunity to develop international sympathy and support for his cause. Yet, the refusal of considerable segments of the global community to forfeit their intuitive commitment to the “Olympic ideal” creates serious difficulties for those attempting to tamper politically with the Olympic Games. Western statesmen in particular must neutralize the idealist “faction” before an Olympic-related boycott policy may be broached with any hope of success. The fate of attempts to manipulate the Olympics politically is predicated to a great extent upon the degree to which the symbolic meaning attached to the Games can be channeled in support of, rather than in opposition to, a state’s efforts (Sport and Moral Ethics 24). Not only does an endeavor of the magnitude of an Olympic boycott present enormous challenges for the most consummate of politicians, but, once such an action is initiated, it is imperative that it be perceived as successful. Any lesser result jeopardizes the credibility and esteem of the sponsor government and impairs its ability to act effectively in the future (Xiaowei 130). Since a boycott requires a total commitment by its primary advocate in order to have any hope of success, and failure portends such adverse consequences, it should be only with the utmost of caution that government leaders identify themselves too closely with this type of action (Hopkins 155). In sum, it is the main violation of human rights to use of international sport as an instrument of power politics. The decision to utilize the Olympics as a vehicle to inflict political damage revealed the particular allure such a tactic held for government leaders. The Olympic Games was the quintessence of sporting competition among nations and embodied to a heightened extent the political potentialities inherent in sport. Of a politically peripheral nature and capable of being utilized with little risk, international sport appeared as an ideal tool of national policy. So, the international community and other states have no moral, ethical and legal rights to boycott this sporting event and make it a political arena for interest groups. Works Cited Guttman Allen. The Games Must Go On: Avery Brundage and the Olympic Movement . New York: Columbia University Press, 1984. Hopkins, M. M. Olympic Ideal Demolished: How Forced Evictions in China Related to the 2008 Olympic Games Are Violating International Law. Houston Journal of International Law, 29 (2007): 155-158. Repression continues in China, six months before Olympic Games. Reporters Without Borders. 2008. Web. Sport and Moral Ethics Bring Dilemma of Olympic Proportions. Western Mail (Cardiff, Wales), 2008, p. 24. Xiaowei, Z. Does China Matter? A Reassessment. Journal of Contemporary Asia , 37 (2007): 130.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/should-the-olympic-games-in-china-2008-be-boycotted/

Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The essay discusses the issue of whether the U.S. should use torture on terror suspects, and concludes that the U.S. should not use torture on terror suspects because it is prohibited by international laws and because it is morally inhumane.

The essay discusses the issue of whether the U.S. should use torture on terror suspects, and concludes that the U.S. should not use torture on terror suspects because it is prohibited by international laws and because it is morally inhumane.

Should the U.S. Use Torture on Terror Suspects? Essay Torture is an act that is inflicted mentally or physically to extract confessions or specific information that the detainee is believed to possess. Torture is however prohibited under the provision of international laws in most nations. The practice of torture adopted by the US in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center has brought to light the problems faced by the world community and human rights organizations in putting a check on the inhuman practice. It is estimated by Amnesty International that almost 75% of the governments throughout the world do use torture presently (Steven Kull et al, 2008). Opponents of such practices argue that tormenting detainees in this manner is forbidden by international laws and that torture is morally inhumane and not justified. However, those in favor of torture argue that the rules, terms, and conditions of the Geneva Convention should not apply to terrorism suspects because they too do not adhere to international laws. States also believe that in following international laws on torture they become extremely disadvantaged in dealing effectively with terrorists. The American people have supported human rights and due process of law for terror suspects. Detainees ought to have the right to be represented by a lawyer, their treatment observed by the Red Cross and they should not be tortured in any way. Americans have also opposed the government’s policies regarding the astonishing instances of renditions whereby detainees are sent to detention centers in other countries which are known to use extreme methods of torture on prisoners. The majority of the public believes that the army should not be allowed to adopt such tactics and procedures. It is a matter of concern that the US risks undermining its efforts in getting international support for its war on terror in the wake of increasing incidents of torture coming to light on its part. Such treatment of detainees has annoyed the Muslim world thus enhancing support for opponents of America such as AL-Qaeda and other terrorist groups. There is a strong need to give support to detainees by way of protection under the law whether they are detained within the US or outside its borders. They should also be given legal protection as is available to normal US citizens. Most terror suspects being of foreign origin are treated as non-citizens of the US and hence not given the legal protection that is given to a citizen. Since the process happens under provisions of the US law, it implies that all prisoners and detainees must be given the same status as US citizens. It is widely believed that torture does not result in true revelations by suspects since they ultimately speak what the soldiers want to hear from them. This appears to be the most immediate solution for torture victims to get relief from the painful experiences. It is well known that the detainees kept at Guantanamo have undergone extreme torture and inhuman treatment, but the US government continues to insist that the prisoners are being kept by practices laid down by international law. Several instances of inhuman ways of torture have come to the forefront especially regarding the center at Guantanamo Bay in Cuba. Prisoners have been confined in small boxes with their arms tied to the ceiling while some were kept in cold and frosty cells and banged against the walls repeatedly. Medical workers present during such occurrences have been known to have given the go-ahead to military officers interrogating the suspects. The UN Commission on Human Rights has found that international conventions are grossly violated at Guantanamo and that UN prescriptions are not being abided by. The inhuman treatment of prisoners at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq and other overseas US military prisons continues unabated without the culprits being brought to book as yet. It is however believed that lower rank soldiers have been acting on their own without having instructions to do so from their superiors. Nevertheless, it becomes the duty of the government to put a check on these occurrences which have been brought to light time and again. Works Cited Americans Support Full Due-Process Rights for Terrorism Suspects, 2006, Web. Steven Kull et al, World Public Opinion on Torture, 2008, Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/should-us-use-torture-on-terror-suspects/

Write the original essay for the following summary: Sales and popularity of software company, Siebel Systems Inc, have been on a downward trend over the past two years. The company has seen a steep decline in its popularity amongst present customers, while its sales have also fallen. The future looks bleak for the company in terms of its market share and growth in an activity which is otherwise forecasted to be having a consistent growth in the coming years.

Sales and popularity of software company, Siebel Systems Inc, have been on a downward trend over the past two years. The company has seen a steep decline in its popularity amongst present customers, while its sales have also fallen. The future looks bleak for the company in terms of its market share and growth in an activity which is otherwise forecasted to be having a consistent growth in the coming years.

A Downward Trend in Sales & Popularity: Siebel Systems Inc. Case Study Siebel Systems Inc which is a well established company and a force to reckon with in its field of making business software, has over the past two years seen a downward trend in sales as also a steep decline in its popularity amongst present customers, making the future look very bleak in terms of its market share and growth in an activity which is otherwise forecasted to be having a consistent growth in the coming years. The revenues have fallen and although the company claims to have taken remedial measures, the slide in its revenues does not appear to abate immediately as narrated by a number of study groups and researchers, primarily due to the rigidity of the owner Thomas M. Siebel in not adopting a more practical and realistic approach to bringing a reversal in the downward swing in revenues, company performance and popularity. Matters appear to be more discouraging with the realisation that the stock value of the company has declined by 94% from its peak two years back. The problem lies in the fact that present and past customers are dissatisfied for not getting utility value for the massive investments they made in purchasing the software, which cost them more than $ 10 million and which had taken up to one year to install. Additionally, a survey conducted by Merrill Lynch found that over 55% of present customers are not satisfied with Siebel’s software. Unfortunately for the company that in the face of such disclosures also Tom Siebel underestimates the risk the company faces of failure due to tougher competition as more and more companies enter the field with better and more cost effective software products. Under the circumstances it is implied that the company has certain inherent problems that need to be tackled and solutions found to effect a turn around in the company’s performance. The marketing strategies need to be re oriented towards more result oriented goals and be manned by professionals and experts who have proved their mettle before, of course under total patronage of the owner Tom Siegel. Another problem that the company faces is the stiff competition it is going to face with the impending introduction of new software by other companies that is slated to be much cheaper and more convenient to use. Siebel Systems Inc is the leader in software that is used specifically to manage sales forces and customer service departments and which is in effect a very small part of the total software solutions that a company may need for its over all functions. So consequently, the utility value of the software provided by Spiegel is very less for the cost incurred since it takes care of only one activity i.e sales force management and customer service. The owner Tom Siebel continues to maintain his overconfidence in regard to his certainty that his company will soon take a turn towards positive growth and stability despite the fact that several research companies such as AMR Research Inc, in Boston, Nucleus Research Inc and Banc of America Securities have predicted his downfall unless he reverses the negative trend that the company is witnessing for the last two years. The product may have been very popular initially when there were very few competitors, but Siegel is now in the blue due to several better options available to potential customers presently as also in the coming times resulting from innovations and economies of scale. Under the circumstances it is clear that unless the narrated problems are addressed proactively with a strategic reorientation of Siebel’s sales and management policies, the company is slated to eventually die a slow death in the face of the stiff competition that is forthcoming by way of new economical products to be introduced as a consequence of new technology and new entrants in the business software market. In view of the fast changing preferences for more convenient products for such functions, Siebel must make immediate changes in its marketing plans and set realistic goals keeping in mind the aspirations of its clients. It is due to such realizations that although the customer management software market is slated to grow annually at 10% but the prospects for Siebel are not bright The biggest hurdle that analysts have come to believe is the insistence of Siebel, despite the negative feedback being received, that they continue to enjoy customer satisfaction for their products, further justifying their opinion by stating that several new consultants have been employed to counsel clients so that they have realistic expectations from their product. Tom Siebel further asserts that it is ok if he offers specialized software for only sales functions despite the fact that customers prefer single software that provides a combination of functions including that of sales. It is essential that Siebel must understand the logic and reality of the consumer preferences and priorities instead of sticking to his own unrealistic ideology that his product continues to reign supreme. The fact remains that all problems faced by Siebel today can be resolved only if there is a fundamental change in the outlook of its ownership and a dedicated strategic plan is put in place to bring about radical changes in the product mix and sales management techniques to meet the fast changing aspirations of clients. It is only in this way that the fortunes of the company can take a head turn towards greener pastures. References Can Siebel Stop its Slide, 2003, Web. Stacy Cowley, Will Nexus Save Siebel, 2005, IDG News Service. Joshua Greenbaum, Tom Siebel Hates Me, 2002, Web. Pat Dillon, Tom Siebel , Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/siebel-systems-inc-case-study/

Write the original essay that generated the following summary: In the text, the author discusses the problems and challenges that have faced the Siemens company over the years, including the recent scandal involving bribery. The author then goes on to offer possible solutions to these problems, including recommendations for further solutions.

In the text, the author discusses the problems and challenges that have faced the Siemens company over the years, including the recent scandal involving bribery. The author then goes on to offer possible solutions to these problems, including recommendations for further solutions.

Siemens Company: Complete Analysis Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Activities to the Society 3. Problems and Challenges 4. The Siemens Bribing Scandal 5. Needs and Requirements 6. Possible Solutions to the Problems 7. Further Solutions (Recommendations) 8. Conclusion 9. Works Cited Introduction Siemens is an engineering company that deals with industrial, manufacturing and construction of electrical equipment. It is the worlds’ number one largest electrical company with its International headquarters in Munich and Berlin, Germany. Siemens Company was founded in the year 1847 by Warner von Siemens in Berlin, Prussia, under industrial conglomerates. Their products vary from communication systems, medical equipment, industrial automation, building technologies, fire alarms, power generation, and home appliances to mention but a few. Siemens service provision is categorized under three main sections namely: – Construction, Business, and Financing services. For the period spanning more than one-and-half centuries, siemens has spread its branches to well over 190 countries all over the world with an employee base of 0.4 million (www.siemens.com). Their business slogan states their aim of being the best in customer service…had they not suffered the setbacks by the numerous cases of mismanagement, corruption, and bribery cases, they would have lived true to that dream. Numerous reports have been released on their involvement in corruption cases which has tainted their reputation. A private committee appointed to investigate the extent of these illicit deals revealed that about US$2 million (1.3 billion euros) in slush funds have been used in various illegal projects to buy favor to Siemens Company. The criminal activities cut across several countries in the world where Siemens has branches and where it does not. Activities to the Society During these hard economic times, when every person is struggling to make ends meet and save as many finances as possible, Siemens has not been left behind in the struggle to help society in this fight. They have come up with a lot of projects to help their customers enjoy a decent and affordable living by reducing fuel and energy use. Some of the reported activities include: – establishing programs that are geared to make chemicals and fuel from Second Generation Biofuel. Through the Siemens Foundation, the Siemens Company has devised a way to help society. The foundation is aimed at rewarding students and AP teachers who have shown exemplary performance and excellence. One of the foundations pilot projects is the Siemens Westinghouse Competition in mathematics, science, and technology. Through the project, individuals, as well as corporate entrants, can win scholarships up to a tune of US$ 100,000. The total expenditure of the Siemens Company on their award projects is estimated to be about US$ 2 million annually (www.siemens.com). Problems and Challenges Just like other major companies in the world, Siemens has not escaped the wrath of accusations on its dealing by the top managers. It has been dodged with many controversies and wrongdoings in the past and even to date. For instance, the year 2007 was no good one for the company at all; it was tainted with unfriendly occurrences touching on the evils committed by the Siemens top brass management. Just at the beginning of the year in January, the European Commission fined Siemens a total of 396 Euros for rigging electricity markets for a period of sixteen years (1988-2004). Siemens Company together with eleven other companies like Alstom, AE Power Systems, Schneider, Toshiba, ABB, VA Tech, Fuji, Hitachi Japan, Mitsubishi Electric Corp, and Areva were involved in the cartel. Siemens was accused to be the master minder behind the cartel that was involved in rigging bids for contracts procurement, allocating projects to only within members within their groups, fixing prices, sharing confidential information of commercial importance, and lastly sharing market opportunities. By the virtue of playing a leading role in the criminal act, Siemens earned itself the highest fine. In March 2007, one of Siemens significant board members, Mr. Johannes Feldmayer, was accused and arrested because of financing a labor association, rival to the Union IG Metall (Industrial Union of Metal workers-Representing both blue and white-collar job employees in the industry), and this further lead to the investigation of all the other board members who denied to have committed any wrong. Feldmayer was accused of tipping a former Workers Union boss (the Association of Independent Employees-AUB), Mr. Schelsky. The money was to reduce IG Metall’s influence by buying AUB’s loyalty through Schelsky. The Bavarian (Nuremberg) court handed heavy penalties on both the accused persons; Mr. Feldmayer was fined 28,000 euros while Mr. Schelsky received a sentence of four-and-a-half years for receiving a bribe and on tax evasion. The court prosecutors are further seeking to add on top of the sentence a three–and–half–year imprisonment on Feldmayer and six years to Schelsky. The financial reports taken on the latest financial year indicate that as the sales rose by an average of 11.9 % score, the net profits declined by 9.6%. This was the scenario both at the parent Siemens Company as well as all their branches. No one had ever anticipated such dismal performance and decline within a year. The management reasoned that the reason for such a scenario where profits fell like that was due to the new large projects that had been initiated and inquired the company some costs to overrun (Mobis Philipose, 2008). The losses are also attributed to the increment of taxes on their engineering products. The management reported delays in both execution and orders hence leading to the fall in revenue. Siemens’s tight credit conditions are also to blame for the crisis; the customers are forced to delay their plans for expansion in the service delivery and product provision due to the conditions set by the credit system. The Siemens Bribing Scandal In April of the same year (2007) that a senior Siemens board member was arrested on accusation of bribery. A Mobile Company, Nokia which was to merge with Siemens to form a 50/50 joint venture delayed the deal for some time, thanks to the ongoing bribery allegations on Siemens (Herald Tribune Report, 2007). Six months later, a Munich court found Siemens company guilty of paying bribes as kickbacks to ministers and other public officials in Nigeria, Russia, and Libya so that they could be awarded government contracts. They admitted the charge and were in turn fined a total of 201 million euros, and the contracts were also counseled. Mr. Ernst Keil-von Jagemann and his counterpart Mr. Wolfgang Rudolph nodded to the accusations that tied them to corruption and misappropriation of funds. Jagemann was found guilty of 75 charges and was fined 12,000 and two years behind bars. Rudolph was directed to pay 20,000 to charity and given a nine-month sentence after being charged on two accounts. As if that was not enough, in May 2007 two more members of the executive office of the Siemens Company were found guilty of paying a bribe of 6 million euros to help Siemens win contracts to supply natural gas turbines with an Italian energy company, Enel. The German court established that the offense was committed from the year1999 up to 2002 valuing the total cost of the contract at 450 million euros (The New York Times, 2007). A fine of 38 million euros was imposed on the charge. Currently, the company is again under scrutiny and investigation on suspicion that from 2002-2006, a former member of Siemens’s management board Mr. Johannes Feldmayer together with Mr. Karl-Hermann Baumann and Mr. Heinz-Joachim Neuburger (ex-chief financial officer ) got involved in bribery cases. Unclear payments amounting to over US$1.9million and 1.3 million euros to officials in different countries including the United States and Germany is what triggered the inquiry. Controversies were not just about to end with the year 2007 as thought by some hopefuls. Just before the corruption dust settled, another blow came crumbling Siemens to the ground. On Tuesday of July 2008 in Greece, it was revealed that a number of politicians in the country had received money from Siemens slush funds to help it secure a contract through its main telecommunications operator OTE to create a lucrative security system for the 2004 Athens Olympics. The investigations that had been ongoing for two years came to an end with the prosecutor filing charges of money laundering and corruption between the Siemens Engineering company, OTE, and the Greek State. Even though no particular individual has been charged, reports indicate that more than 100 individuals have already testified to the prosecutor at Athens Panayiotis Athanassiou over the period during the investigation to help shade more light on the saga. Those that had appeared on the stand before the investigating committee include former executive officials of Siemens AG Greek unit and OTE, a number of stockbrokers, and businessmen who participated in one way or another to bridge the deal. The Greek media reports have it that, the revelations have caused major splits and waves in the political arena of the country (Greece). The major political parties (the Ruling New Democracy Conservatives and Opposition Pasok Socialists) have different opinions on the matter…further revelations disclose that leaders from both sides received some payments from the slush funds. [But of cause none of them owned up to having received any gifts or perks from Siemens]. From the time reports were published by Greeks most respected daily ( Kathimerini ) that the Siemens Company might have used the money to the tune of 12 million euros for the main political party in Greece in 1998 and 2005, pressure has been mounting on the Greek Prime Minister Karamanlis to open a parliamentary investigation on the matter and stop covering up. [But this will only take place after the judicial investigations are completed]. To add more salt to the Siemens wound, the Norway police on the same date, July 1 st, 2008 slapped a fine on the German Engineering Giant-Siemens for the allegation of corruption reported in defense contracts. The fine amounted to US$400,000. That fine marked the second one that Siemens was suffering in the hands of the Norwegian government on similar accusations. Siemens Company has decided to contest the decision that had been made on both the charges. The bribery and corruption cases involving Siemens Company are widespread just like its branches, and since the year 2006, it has been in court battling against one case after the other. Needs and Requirements There was the need for the giant company Siemens to put the matter to complete rest and forge a way forward by clearing the names of the innocent individuals who were falsely accused, and at the same time charge the guilty ones. This is the reason which made the company jointly sue its ex-officials, i.e. two CEO and other nine members for bribery charges. The CEOs were accused of failing to act within the stipulated code of ethics that requires them to act without negligence; they had neglected their supervisory duties in the periods when they were in office (2003-2006). Instead of acting as per the regulations, they got involved in illegal business deals as well as massive bribery and corruption. In most cases, the money that was being used to found these illegal deals were the company money stashed in private Siemens accounts strictly to be used as a conduit for bribery. Mr. Reinhard, a former executive of Siemens in the ICN Division, admitted in court to having helped the creation of slush fund accounts and front officers to aid the illegal payment of “consultancy” fees which had the major objective of corrupting officials outside Germany. Such officials will eventually act in favor of Siemens [this clearly shows that there was no consultation involved-but pure corruption]. Reinhard was fined 108,000 euros after being found guilty of 49 counts on misappropriation of corporate funds. Possible Solutions to the Problems The bribery case led to a management shuffle, where the then chairman of the Supervisory board of Siemens AG Dr. Heinrich von Pierer got replaced by Mr. Gerhard Cromme and Peter Loscher replaced Dr. Klaus Kleinfeld as the president. The management has since then embarked on ways to stiffen regulations and tighten all internal operations to avert such corrupt acts. The penalties that have been imposed on the accused are believed to be able to go a long way to curb further malpractices. Some other steps that Siemens took on the guilty officials include cutting all ties with them in terms of; office space, all consultant contracts as well as any other business deal, this is then crowned by charging them in the court of law, as the laws of the land dictate. Even though things are not looking that pretty for the company, all is not lost. With the input prices coming off, and through tight regulations set to guide the manager’s operations and administrative costs, the financial year 2008-2009 could witness an improvement in Siemens profit margin. Also on the brighter side, the Siemens Company has got plans to keep low their capital expenditure and if in case they have to use more, then they will put into use their cash reserve of about Rs 980 to avoid any form of borrowing (Shobhana & Varum). To boost the investigation and dig out the truth on the secret dealings, the investigating committee has resorted to an unfamiliar strategy where the small fish have been granted amnesty so that they can reveal the evils done by the senior executives. The recommendations of some of the findings of the investigation suggest that further changes should be carried out to make Siemens’s corporate structure more transparent and leaner. In the last report of Transparency International, it is revealed that Germany moved two steps high in the corruption list to number 14 out of the180 countries investigated. This, therefore, calls for something to be done to reverse the trend. The country is not willing to apply the UN initiatives and strategies meant to tackle corruption. To prevent further damage and loss of face value, the German government needs to view the issue with strong oversight and put all the regulations in place to control overseas bribery. The independent media, law enforcers, the parliament as well as civil society have to take it upon themselves to see that the fight against corruption is revived to stem out the vice. Failure of these groups of individuals to act, coupled with weak institutions will result in surging cases of corruption in the society. If corruption moves out of control, then the consequences on the ordinary people with low earnings will be disastrous. There has to be a global initiative to help address corruption. Corruption is of global concern, particularly the major multinationals that operate across the borders. The rate by which corruption has been increasing only indicates that there has been laxity or failure by the well-developed and rich nations to live up to their promise and unanimously join in the fight against corruption. If such countries still want to remain credible in the ‘eyes of the low-income countries, then they have to adhere to the rule of law and gain public confidence by stepping up the campaign…but first, they have to set a good example to the developing countries. Further Solutions (Recommendations) Under the leadership of Mr. Peter Loescher, a big forward leap has been made in a very short time. The entire team of the Siemens current board of directors has embarked on a process to prosecute all the former top management and try to find out what happened and who did what in every case. All the culprits will be held liable jointly if they are found to have neglected their duties as stated in the stock corporation law. In Germany and all her corporate activities abroad, it is an illegal offense to give or receive bribes and the law applies to everyone indiscriminately. Therefore, for whoever is found guilty of condoning such corrupt acts, the same law will apply to him/her. So, even if the said executives were not directly involved in the dubious acts, they will still be charged with negligence of duty and for not doing everything within their power to nip the slush fund project Conclusion A company that was once the most adored has undergone what can be referred to as baptism with fire and is now struggling to re-establish itself to represent a graft-free figure after being shaken to its core [a toll order indeed]. The corruption cases have caused a lot of distrust among the management staff leading to several resignations from the company. The company is now struggling to at least save its face from the public and try to waver away from the perception that it can never be of any match to more than thirty potential competitors. The steps taken by the Siemens Company under the leadership of Mr. Peter Loescher are costing the company more money which they could have on the other hand saved or used for expansion. Reports have it that they have set aside more than 510 million euros on the fees and fines for lawyers and management consultations to help with the internal investigations of their members on the reported allegations. We can also conclude by saying that, though the courts are trying to bring the individual perpetrators to book, a grave challenge lies with the organizational structure of Siemens Company which has been put under strict observation by the same courts on their perceived “irresponsibility’. But the courts have never had an easy ride on this as it is an uphill task to determine which of the specific numerous bosses of the company were intertwined in the corrupt affairs and more so it is hard determining where the money was taken to. In a bid to rectify the issue and in whatever is being done, the main aim and mission of the new board members should be to unearth the secrets and call all the officials responsible for creating the slush fund to account…the steps should include an explicit decree or simply by tacit agreement with the practice. But there is one thing that everyone will agree with, that the top brass management was well aware of the dealings, for it would be unimaginable to say that all the handouts, gifts, payments, and kickbacks were approved without their knowledge. Finally, this research found out that Siemens managed to acquire a great number of contracts in many countries in the world-this raised eyebrows, and to add to that it is known to everyone that such is not possible to be awarded such many contracts without the involvement of tips/kickbacks. In any dealing involving kickbacks, there is a possibility of tax evasion, especially in the developing countries [which of cause is corruption]. In the 1990s, the industrialized nations unanimously agreed to root out corruption and create a corruption-free world and promote democracy. They therefore completely banned all illegal practices and established democracy as a law…this law applies even to Siemens. Works Cited 1. “Bloomberg.com”. 2008. 2. “ Siemens AG – Annual Report” (HTML). (2008). 3. “Siemens history”. 2008. 4. “The New York Times”. 2008. 5. International Herald Tribune: “Bribery trial deepens Siemens woes”, 2007. 6. Mobis Philipose “Money Matters: Siemens hit by cost overruns” 2008. 7. Shobhana Subramanian & Varum Sharma: “Siemens: Growth trips”: Mumbai 2008, 0:12 IST

https://ivypanda.com/essays/siemens-company-complete-analysis/

Convert the following summary back into the original text: The text discusses the importance of language development in children and how it is affected by parenting. It also highlights the role of breastfeeding in reducing the risk of specific language impairment in children. The text concludes by discussing the effects of environmental factors on child language development.

The text discusses the importance of language development in children and how it is affected by parenting. It also highlights the role of breastfeeding in reducing the risk of specific language impairment in children. The text concludes by discussing the effects of environmental factors on child language development.

Single Parent and Child Language Development Report As we take a close look at parenting and child development there is no doubt that we will have to take a close look at the excitement that parents do have when they hear the very first words that their children say because those first words grow into a sentence and after that into the conversation. A child learns the first words from the parents as they are their first teachers and thus the children will want to speak and pronounce words like them. When the children are young they find it more enjoyable playing games with their parents, listening to them, talking, reading with them, singing and so on. All this constitutes part of child development since they get important language skills that last for a lifetime. As far as communication is concerned, language development is very important, though there are times when some children fail to develop language due to many different factors that affect them and this could include factors such as birth weight, premature birth, and many other countable factors (Chaimay, Bandit & Jadsada, 2006). Single parents may not find it easy to raise their children because children need parental care from both the mother and the father thus the absence of one of them will affect the development of a child in one way or another. Considerable research has suggested that language development in children may be affected by behavioral problems or diseases and this may affect them psychologically since they have higher risks of academic difficulties and disabilities in learning in the future among other risks such as Specific Language Impairment (SLI) which is an important neurodevelopmental disorder in children. Breastfeeding is named as a protective measure against SLI. That is, SLI can be reduced by about 50-60 percent in children who have been breastfed for nine months. Further research has reported that the longer the breast feeding, the better the polysyllable babblers. In addition, SLI is more prevalent in boys than in girls. For instance, a woman with SLI will produce seven times boys with SLI and four times girls with SLI. The study also states that the birth order of children in a family can also contribute to the effects of their language development. The first-born child in a family is more likely to have a higher chance of better language development than the remaining children that follow him. The report further indicated the likelihood of children born later being more prone to SLI than firstborn children. Moreover, the education level of the parents extensively affects the language development of their children. A wide range of reports has shown that those children born of parents who have low education have higher chances of suffering from language impairment compared to those born of highly educated parents. The environmental factors also contribute to child language development. The environment is defined as the condition in which a child is raised and is also associated with his abilities to communicate effectively. Moreover, many investigators have reported that children born of single mothers are more likely to have SLI compared to those that are born of parents that are married (Chaimay, Bandit & Jadsada, 2006). Other factors such as maternal age, number of siblings, bilingual home, and poverty pose a high risk to children with SLI. Such children are more likely to suffer from language delays in preschool. Families with SLI history are more likely to have children with the same problem (Chaimay, Bandit & Jadsada, 2006). In summary, the key factors that increase language impairment include birth weight, birth order, parental education, gender of the children, number of siblings, single parenting, and many others. However, the mentioned factors are not conclusive, and more investigation should be carried out especially on areas of environmental factors such as single parenting, maternal age, and poverty. In addition, milk has been cited to be very important in language development. Research on the exact role of milk is recommended. References Chaimay, B., Bandit, T. & Jadsada, T. (2006). Risk Factors Associated with Language Development Problems in Childhood – A Literature Review. Journal of Medical Association Thailand , 89(7), 1080-1086. Web.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/single-parent-and-child-language-development/

Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: Induction training is important in an organization because it helps new employees adjust and acclimatize to their jobs and working environments. Induction training should include content that helps new employees understand the organization's culture and how to be productive as quickly as possible.

Induction training is important in an organization because it helps new employees adjust and acclimatize to their jobs and working environments. Induction training should include content that helps new employees understand the organization's culture and how to be productive as quickly as possible.

Skilling the Workforce by Induction Training for New Staff Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Why induction training is important in an organization 3. Content that should be included in the induction training 4. Role of Human Resource Development in induction programs 5. Importance of organization culture to a new employee 6. Bibliography Introduction Induction of new staff can be defined as the whole process whereby new employees are helped to adjust and acclimatize to their jobs and working environments and as the final part of the recruitment process. In Human resource management, the induction process is very important, especially to the employees who are joining the organization for the first time. (Taylor 2005). The process of joining a new organization or a team, for that matter, can be a stressful affair and can either positively or negatively impact the new employee’s future productive ability. During the induction process, the moment is characterized by an unproductive period because the new recruit has a lot to learn and so many people to know and meet. Thus, the process of induction is important because it serves the purpose of ensuring there is an effective integration of a newly hired staff into the organization for the mutual benefit of both the organization and the employee. (Taylor 2005). Any new employee just into a new job is bound to have some gaps in their skills and knowledge. Such gaps need to be identified with the sole purpose of taking action on them by taking into consideration training and development needs. This will, in turn, empower them, thereby supporting them with clear information, which will determine how fast they “feel at home” and start making the real contribution to the respective organization department. (Rankin, N. 2006). Why induction training is important in an organization For any recruitment and subsequent retention of staff to be successful, a comprehensive induction program is necessary. The productivity and retention of any staff are wholly dependent on the first three months of induction. Staff induction processes are, in most cases, designed to equip the newly recruited staff with the necessary information they need in ensuring that they quickly understand how the organization works. This means that the induction process enables the employee to be productive as quickly as possible whilst playing a key role in knowledge management initiatives. (Rankin, N. 2006). When new employees enter an organization, they end up finding themselves in a virtually new environment and end up being in a more confused state. The induction process helps the employee familiarize themself with the organizational culture. The management has the sole responsibility of ensuring the new employees feel at home as fast as possible via induction training. As observed by the renowned motivational speaker Zig Ziglar “Do not ask what will happen if we train people and they leave, instead ask what will happen if we don’t train people and they stay on” Induction training in the organization plays a very significant role of enabling the employees to remain motivated and maintain growth at the same time. The training inculcates the much-needed confidence to make progress that positively impacts the organization. Effective induction training plays the key role of assuring the new employee of the organization’s commitment, making them become comfortable in the new environment set up, a vital step in ensuring early uptake in the newly acquired role. The new employee needs to be integrated into the organization’s culture because this shapes the individual’s disposition and outlook of the work and levels of motivation. During the induction period, the employee acquires important knowledge about the company’s employment philosophy, values, and culture accompanied by important business processes, including the individual’s responsibilities. This knowledge is vital if the staff is going to survive in the organization. Induction programs, in essence, help in reducing attrition rates. This is because the first impression created in a newly recruited employee and how you interact with them greatly influences how well they will be able to discharge their future duties. Research has revealed that employees who are effectively inducted turn out to be the most engaged compared to those who are not properly inducted or not inducted at all. In most cases, employee’s thought of ever leaving the organization occurs at the early stage of induction, especially when it is poorly done. A good induction, in a way, earnestly prepares the new employee to compete effectively in the fiercely competitive environment that makes up the organization. Content that should be included in the induction training A good induction training procedure is very necessary if the organization is to realize the full impact of its induction program. This is because the procedure used goes a long way to portray the organization in a positive light and also reinforces the value that is placed on the new employee, who feels highly valued. Therefore, the organization should always strive to design an induction program that is focused and structured, which serves the purpose of introducing the new member of staff to the organization, the existing career possibilities, and the staff support system available. It is very important, therefore, to design an induction program that covers all aspects of organizations. Its contents need to be precise and simple to understand. The process of induction for the new employee usually involves the employee meeting and listening to different people from the organization. The organization’s personnel talk and explain further about the various aspect of the business. The process may include various forms of written information, group discussion, and audio-visual aids. (Rankin, N. 2006). An effective induction-training program should have the following content for it to achieve its set purpose. * The first important item should be the introduction to the department or business, including the management structure and the personnel that make up the department. (Thomas, 2003) * The setup of the organization premise includes the building, offices, factory, and the locality of all the departments, thus the entire layout of the building that the organization occupies. (Thomas 2003) * Another vital content of the induction training is the explanation of the employment contract, which encompasses the employment terms and conditions. * Discussion and explanation of various relevant organization policies that affect training, personnel, promotion, health, and safety. * Business roles and procedures * The various channels of employee communication and involvement. * Welfare and employee benefits or facilities * The content of the induction training should not leave out the organizational structure within which the new employee will be operating from. * Organizational structure- the organizational structure is an important aspect as the new employee gets to understand how the organization is structured and who does what and who reports to whom. (Thomas, 2003) * Organizational expectations – The employee is made to understand their role in the organization, their position on the organization and what is expected of them, and the parameters used to measure productivity. (Thomas, 2003) * Code of conduct and practice helps the new employee understand the conduct expected of him in the organization. The code of conduct and practices defines the interaction between the employees with each other together with the organization for a mutually beneficial relationship. (Thomas, 2003) Role of Human Resource Development in induction programs At the core of the induction process is the human resource development functions that develop and oversee the implementation of the induction programs. However, it is very important to note that the induction process should not just be a human resources department issue but should be developed in such a way as to involve all the relevant business departments within the organization. This plays a very important role in ensuring that the new recruits get the whole picture about the organization. The human resource development department plays a very significant role in coming up with a blueprint induction program that covers all aspects of the organization. It’s upon the HRD department to ensure that the design of the program takes into consideration the environment within which the organization operates from. By designing a comprehensive induction program, the department has the sole role of educating the employees as quickly as possible about the organization’s culture and values and ensuring that the new employee becomes comfortable as soon as possible. It is important for the department to research and develop a program that is fully acceptable in the particular industry and specifically tailored for the organization. It is the role of the department also of training its line managers of the induction program that ensures uniformity of its implementation within the organization. By enforcing comprehensive rules and regulations on the induction programs ensure that the program succeeds in all its purposes of bringing onboard new employees, motivating them to fit in and be productive as soon as possible whilst ensuring that the employees are retained. (Deal & Allan 1982). Importance of organization culture to a new employee The organizational culture can be defined as the “Personality” that is exhibited by the organization. The organization culture is comprised of “assumptions, values norms and tangible signs of organization members and their behavior.” (Becker & Geer 1960). Newly employed employees are mostly unfamiliar with the new environment, including the organization processes; induction helps them “into the new way of working thereby “shaping” the new staffs achieve the much needed cultural change. Organizational culture is very important in the organization because it helps the organization cope with the environment within which it operates. “Organizational culture can be defined as “a set of common understanding around which action is organized… finding expression in language whose nuances are peculiar to the group” (Becker & Geer 1960). The organizational culture, therefore, is very important to the new employee because being able to understand and cope with it will determine how well the employee will fare in the organization. For new employees, the greatest challenge and frustration they face does not know who to contact when they have a question regarding the jobs they do. Whilst staff induction may cater for this need where they are able to meet key people in the organization, mentoring or “buddying” are approaches that can be successfully implemented to ensure that the new staff fit in as quickly as possible. Common strategies that can be utilized to help new employees embrace the organizational culture include socialization, where the new employee goes through an adaptation process to enable them to cope with the new culture. The socialization process will involve the incorporation of the employee in various company activities like team building, group discussions, mentoring, training, and development. (Frost 1985). Bibliography Becker, H, and B. Geer.1960, “ Latent Culture: A Note on the Theory of Latent Social Roles. ” in Administrative Science Quarterly, Volume 5. pp. 305-306. Chatman, J.A. and K.A. Jehn 1994, “ Assessing the relationship between industry characteristics and organizational culture: How different can you be?” Academy of Management Journal P 522–553. David, Stanley M. 1984, Managing Corporate Culture. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishers Co. Deal, Terrence E., and Allan A. Kennedy 1982. Corporate Cultures: The Rites and Rituals of Corporate Life. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Frost, Peter J., Larry F. Moore, Meryl R. Louis, Craig C. Lundberg, and Joanne Martin, eds. 1985, Organizational Culture . Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Davis, S.H. 2005, How to reduce executive failure through induction . People Management. Vol 11, No 9, Pp 40-41. Rankin, N. 2006, Welcome, stranger: employers’ induction arrangements today . IRS Employment Review. No 849, Pp 38-48. Thomas, H.C. 2003, How to design induction programmes. People Management . Vol 9, No 9, Pp 42-43. Taylor, S. 2005, People Resourcing 3rd ed. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/skilling-the-workforce-by-induction-training-for-new-staff/

Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: Vonnegut uses humor and the theme of schizophrenia to portrayal the theme of war and hardship face by people after the war.

Vonnegut uses humor and the theme of schizophrenia to portrayal the theme of war and hardship face by people after the war.

Theme of Schizophrenia in “Slaughterhouse-Five” by Kurt Vonnegut Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction In Slaughterhouse-Five , Vonnegut portrays hardship and life grievances faced by people after the bombing of Dresden and their psychological and emotional states. The Tralfamadorian episodes provide the reader with relief from the war scenes much as they do for the protagonist Billy Pilgrim himself. While humorous, the science fiction subplot is shorn of the painful elements so often present in the short stories. Billy’s life under the Tralfamadorians’ geodesic dome, safe from the acidic atmosphere outside and with every need provided for, is pure wish fulfillment. Vonnegut uses humor and the theme of schizophrenia to portray the theme of war and hardship face by people after the war. Main body The Tralfamadorian subplot includes a vision of the end of the world and the perpetuation of war, but these seem distant threats compared with the miseries of battlefield. Its humor the watching Tralfamadorians and their wishes to see the humans mate, the night cover, Billy’s startled awakenings from time-traveling seems mellow and reassuring in its contrast to the war scenes (Berryman 95). Vonnegut depicts that the Tralfamadorian philosophy of coping with life by thinking only of the good times seems less cynical than healing in this context (Hume 221). The incorporation of the science fiction subplot in such a way that it could all be read as Billy’s imagining underscores the sense that the human mind can only tolerate so much pain. Thus, science fiction fulfills a similar role within Billy’s personal drama that it often does in Vonnegut’s fiction. The effect of their presence enables Vonnegut to explore the inherent inadequacies of both deploying or resisting traditional narrative strategies. Vonnegut sets out to justify his own artistry against the ramblings of a Reverend Jones or even Kilgore Trout (Hume 221). Slaughterhouse-Five follows the German-American Billy Pilgrim along his time-looped existence as an American scout captured during the Battle of the Bulge, imprisoned in an ancient cultural capital of his ancestor and shuttled underground by his Teutonic guardians while the forces of his American homeland incinerate the descendants of their common past (including Billy’s sixteen-year-old cousin Werner Gluck) (Hume 221). Billy’s existence is a metaphor for the schism of his many parts. In Slaughterhouse-Five , the trapped German inside the American foot soldier Billy Pilgrim is in some ways a straight translation of Vonnegut’s dilemma as he experienced it. Vonnegut depicts his self as the American-German Howard W. Campbell, Jr., in keeping with the convoluted thinking of the schizophrenic. Not only is Campbell incapable of distinguishing his core self in the face of his many parts, schizophrenia is presented as the predominant operational activity enabling all the characters to live in harmony with their many selves (Berryman 95). The introduction of each succeeding character reveals his or her dual identity not simply because it is written in the past tense, but because Campbell employs the same unity of vision across time afforded the Tralfamadorians in Slaughterhouse-Five. Schizophrenia is quite obviously the focus, but it is only by traveling along Vonnegut’s gauntlet that Campbell appreciates his moments variously and simultaneously as “beautiful and surprising and deep” as a Tralfamadorian novel (McGinnis 56). Emotional and sociological disorder, schizophrenia, enables the Campbells to function for each other necessitated the denial of language as a communication tool. For Helga, detaching herself from the public persona is no more difficult than assuming another role. Howard’s indifference about these things is softened yet anxiously anticipated by the prospect of crossing over from author to actor (Berryman 95). Though Wirtanen expects Campbell to become a spy because of his naive vision of the world, Howard sees the opportunity to let out the actor within the dramatist: “The best reason was that I was a ham. As a spy of the sort he described, I would have an opportunity for some pretty grand acting. I would fool everyone with my brilliant interpretation of a Nazi, inside and out” (Vonnegut 136). As Wirtanen later points out, “Generally speaking, espionage offers each spy an opportunity to go crazy in a way he finds irresistible” (Vonnegut, 140). The second reason Campbell is capable of detaching himself from his public persona as a Nazi propagandist is that Wirtanen’s offer had already killed off any presentable identity to which Howard may have clung. You’ll be volunteering right at the start of a war to be a dead man. Even if you live through the war without being caught, you’ll find your reputation gone and probably very little to live for. (Vonnegut 41). Espionage relieved him of the necessity of operating with a conscience. When Helga disappears in the Crimea while entertaining the troops, Howard’s detachment becomes total, “I became what I am today and will always be, a stateless person” (Vonnegut 44). Campbell’s espionage destroyed language as the medium of his art, thus removing his core (Meyer 95). Beyond his art lay the death of his personal commune and confidence with his wife. Senseless and detached from associating his wavering stance in the swirl of forces that dictated his activities, Campbell asserts that Mrs. Epstein “understood my illness immediately, that it was my world rather than myself that was diseased” (Vonnegut 185). As his best friend and Nazi/Israeli double agent, Heinz Schildknecht told Howard that during the war, “All people are insane…. They will do anything at any time, and God help anybody who looks for reasons” (Vonnegut 90-91). To accept Campbell’s diagnosis as he projects it through Mrs. Epstein is to accept the supposition that his egotistical desire to “ham it up” as a Nazi is a sane response to cure the ills of a mad world. Howard had never been interested in the supposed ills of the world, devoting himself instead to caricaturing romance through the uncomplicated clashing of stereotyped extremes of good and evil (McGinnis 56). Spying was his chance to keep Helga, become a great actor in a grand morality play of apocalyptic proportions, and at all times remain a contributor to the dynamic tensions that authored his role. Accepting his role meant destroying his identity as artist. Howard’s narrative attempt to project in Mrs. Epstein a shared recognition of the world’s maladies is another manifestation of his schizophrenia (Berryman 95). Conclusion In sum, Slaughterhouse-Five portrays that a common person is influenced by emotional stress and hardship caused by war. Schizophrenia is the only possible way to escape emotional sufferings and reality. The author guards against a mindless adherence and against insanity, schizophrenia, and moral incertitude, without succumbing to those threats in the process of revealing them. Though Campbell’s confession illustrates schizophrenia in varying degrees and forms and considers a number of possible reasons for its prevalence, his theme is that we all suffer some form of schizophrenia due to the swirl of historic forces and that we are doomed to perpetuate such cycles. Works Cited Berryman, Ch. After the Fall: Kurt Vonnegut. Journal article by Charles; Critique , 26 (1985), 95. Hume, H. Vonnegut’s Melancholy. Philological Quarterly , 77 (1998), 221. Meyer, W. E. K. Kurt Vonnegut: the Man with Nothing to Say. Critique , 29 (1988), 95. Vonnegut, K. Slaughterhouse-Five . Dell, 1991. McGinnis, W. D. The Arbitrary Cycle of Slaughterhouse-Five: a Relation of Form to Theme. 17 (1975), 55-70.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/slaughterhouse-five-by-kurt-vonnegut/

Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The essay discusses the slave society as a social pyramid, and how it was a widespread form in America till the middle of the XVII century. It also talks about the example of a responsible white father who did not leave his son in the slave group, and how the destinies of children who were born from slave mothers and white fathers were different.

The essay discusses the slave society as a social pyramid, and how it was a widespread form in America till the middle of the XVII century. It also talks about the example of a responsible white father who did not leave his son in the slave group, and how the destinies of children who were born from slave mothers and white fathers were different.

Slave Society as a Social Pyramid Essay Slavery is a part of American history. Slavery is a form of dependence on the master. Slavery was physical and mental. Slaves were not people; they factually were things, objects in the hands of their masters. The slaves were black people, and the masters were commonly white. Slavery was a widespread form in America till the middle of the XVII century. History knows a lot of examples of when black slaves were made to cone into sexual relations with their white masters. As the results of these relations were children. The enslaved son of Thomas Jefferson, Madison Hemings (1877) in his interview in 1873 told the story of his life. The examples of such relations were numerous. The mentioned interview gives us the example of a responsible white father who did not leave his son in the slave group. The destinies of children who were born from slave mothers and white fathers were different. Some people loved their children and their mothers and tried either to hide them or to take them to another country where slavery was not so widespread. But some children had to grow up in the slave society and then also become slaves as their mothers were. The marriages between white and black people are not a surprise in modern society. There is nothing to be ashamed of now. But the present customs and lows differ greatly from those which were more than one hundred years ago. During those times it was almost impossible to marry black slaves by white masters from the point of view of tradition. The marriage between black and white people was impossible as the society was influenced by moral, religious, and political aspects. (Heller 1857) All these items were so strong in a society that no one dared to disobey. There are a lot of talks about the injustice of that period. But history is unchangeable and people can only get lessons from the mistakes made in the past. The people’s attitude is more conservative now to the marriages between white and black people. The time has passed and people understood that black people are the same as white are, and the marriages between these two races should be allowed. Some people still regard the marriages between white and black people as miscegenation, we suppose it is wrong. These marriages were regarded as miscegenation when the discussion was held about slaves and masters. During those times the topic was rather up to date. The unequal match was a shame. White masters could not allow themselves to fell in love with the slave as they could disgrace the whole family, the whole dynasty. Such attitude is rather strange for the modern people, but in the middle of the XVII – XVIII century, it was a norm. The disgrace is called when we see a person who regards those marriages as a shame now. Modern people became more democratic, their views have changed and we hope that the slavery society will never come to the United States of America anymore. Slave society is not regarded anymore as miscegenation between white masters and slaves; modern people understand and accept the idea of such marriages, they do not think about them as a shame or disrespectful. References Heller, H.R. (1857) “The Impending Crisis of the South” Reading the American Past: selected historical documents by Johnson, M. P. Hemings, M. (1873) “Interview” Reading the American Past: selected historical documents by Johnson, M. P.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/slave-society-as-a-social-pyramid/

Convert the following summary back into the original text: Social diversity and culture essay discusses the importance of understanding social diversity as a key prerequisite to the development of human races. The appreciation of social diversity also acknowledges that societies are composed of interrelated individuals and interdependent upon each other.

Social diversity and culture essay discusses the importance of understanding social diversity as a key prerequisite to the development of human races. The appreciation of social diversity also acknowledges that societies are composed of interrelated individuals and interdependent upon each other.

Social Diversity and Culture Essay Literature Review Understanding social diversity is a key prerequisite to the development of human races. The appreciation of social diversity acknowledges that societies are composed of interrelated individuals and interdependent upon each other (Pallotta-Chiarolli 2001, p. 36). The dynamism of the society is a key factor to be considered in societies that societies are in a state of flux and change is rapid. In most societies individuals are unique, each has his/ her idiosyncrasies that can never be compared but just appreciated. Statistics indicate that most youth who are healthy and well educated are very competent in contributing to society despite their shifting in the world. Normally as indicated, the youth are the future of society (Sue 1997, p. 101). In Australia which is a multi-cultural society, about 16% of its youth are born from other countries while the non- English speaking backgrounds contribute to 24% of the youth in Australia (Pollack 1998, pp. 41). This, therefore, puts in a major challenge in youth health care due to the multicultural setting and diversity. The youth in their 20s are highly prone to diseases as well as risky behaviors due to their mentality of having to experience the world as it is their nature as the brain develops (Plummer 1999, p. 69). The interplay of cultures in Australia gives a major challenge to health professionals who have to be a culturally diverse group to enable proper interaction with the youth and their different families. Scientists, researchers, and clinicians are among the professional who must respect and promote culture, traditions, family backgrounds to enhance the health of a society. The greater population of youths in many countries are faced with situations and threats that are related to their health (Phillips 1993, p. 180). Health education and promotion among the youth are among the major concerns of many community-based organizations, research, and clinical studies aimed at improving youth health concerning cultural diversity. During the 1990s, the World Health Organization did a worldwide exercise on sustaining youth health that was based on an international legal framework based on the UN charter (Weidlich 2000, p. 47) However, the international demographic shift and policy check and the development of a program and research regarding the youth health was not absolute. This legal framework did not see the light of the day due to failed implementation. The twenty-seventh special session of the General Assembly in 2002 stated that the large majority of youth are faced with many problems worldwide but did not come with practical solutions. Among the problems included total insecurity, war, lack of occupation, family stress, sexual health problems, alcohol, drug abuse, mental health problems, HIV, and Tuberculosis. Most of these problems were faced by the youth who inhibited multi-cultural societies due to a lack of avenues of presenting their problems to the right experts at the right time. In trying to come up with solutions to this problem, one needs to apply a social diversity model which is appropriate. In this sense, the ecological systems theory developed by Bronfenbrenne analyzes child development in the context of systems relationship that comprises one’s environment (Allee 1942, p. 49). The interaction of a child’s immediate family and societal landscape shapes his/her social development and this changes from one layer of life to another. The ecological approach comprises five levels of development. These include the microsystem the mesosystem, the exosystem, the macrosystem, and the chronosystem. The microsystem is the closest to a child’s development and the child has direct contact with this environment and its surrounding (Pease 2002, p 111). This environment comprises the family, school, neighborhood among others. Here, the impact of this environment may be experienced in two directions. This may be either away or towards one’s personality. In this regard, a youth may be influenced by the believes and the behavior of the parent at the same time he/she may influence the behavior of the parents. At this level, interactions are very important because they try to give the image of a person accurately with keen interest. This level is very mandatory since it gives the greatest impact on the development of a person. The mesosystem or environment comprises the interconnection between environments at the microsystem. This for instance the child’s school environment and the home environment. This may include gained family experience and school experience or even church. In some institutions where the girl child is rejected by their parents at home do face a very hard time at school because such a child lacks a lot of parental care and confidence when dealing with the external world. Regarding health, such a youth who undergoes this failure to combine both the school and home environments is faced with a lot of perceived intimidation especially when such a person lands in a society whose values are different from his own. The exosystem is the social system whose involvement by the child is not direct. At this level, structures interact directly with the microsystem impacting the child’s development directly. For instance, the workplace of parents and their schedules can affect the development of a child through the child is not directly involved but the impact is recorded (Wilson 1971, p. 180). If the parent travels a lot, then the child ends up losing a lot of care from the parent. Putting this in a socially diverse society, then the youth are likely not to get the time and talk with their parents or guardians about their health or even the guardians are not likely to notice changes in them since they lack the time (Pallotta-Chiarolli 1998, p. 81). The macrosystem is the outer layer in the development of a child. It comprises society and its rules, norms, customs, and laws. The macrosystem influences all other levels of a child’s development. If the parent teaches the child bad manners, then this affects the macro system of the child. Most children misbehave because they watch society and see such behaviors as drunkenness, smoking, robbery, and many others. When a youth gets to imitate such behaviors, then it is hard to eliminate them since the things that this are socially accepted behavior (Pallotta-Chiarolli 2001, p. 57). Youths involved in drug abuse are not of their own choice but because they witnessed people do it without being corrected. The chain system relates to dimensions of time to a child’s development in various environments. These elements can be internal like the time the parents died internally as the psychological alteration when the child is aging (Zimmermann 2000, p. 149). The critical environment in time relates to the development of a child. Some social-historical problems affecting the youth nowadays can be traced back to the levels of development. It results in some youths in behaviors that are too risky like prostitution or even drug abuse. These affairs are too risky to the heath of youths with most of them resulting in HIV Aids contracted through unprotected sex. This may also lead to stress and depression among the youth (Kivel 1999, p. 291). The government of Australia has employed some strategies to handle the issues of the youth in such a socially diverse society. This national drive was aimed at national unity. The National Multicultural Advisory Council was formed to address the reality of Australia’s social development challenge. The council since its establishment enacted anti-discriminatory laws, government programs and projects have been formed tailored to suit the society due to the sensitive needs of the clients (Kipnis 1999, p. 130). Since the 1960s the government was alert of the required awareness of the government services to respond to complexities of community needs especially the new people who were coming to Australia. The key in this issue was to define the relationship between the new coming migrants and the receiving society comprising of the Australians. In the 1970s, a policy of multicultural diversity was developed to address the issue of Australian cultural diversity. The policy took into consideration the youth who were the majority of the immigrants into the country. It encompassed their entire needs not forgetting health as a priority. It allowed for extraordinary consultations with clinicians and counselors to get them assisted with social complexities that could have resulted in dangerous encounters or involvements that are risky and deadly to the youths (O’Donnell 2000, p. 97). The policy allowed for the existence of community-based organizations to address the plight of the youth especially and the society of the Australians as a whole. The National Agenda for a multicultural Australia was a government policy whose strategy was to stabilize the appreciation of social diversity in Australia. The Commonwealth defined multicultural as a term that describes the ethnic diversity that existed in contemporary Australia. The policy was developed in 1989. Among the dimensions of the policy were that cultural identity was the right of the Australians to share and express cultural background and heritage including language. It also comprised of the fact that social justice was a right of all Australians (Michael 2000, p. 120). This ultimately stated that also equal treatment and removal of barriers of race, ethnicity, cultural background were the role of all Australians including the professionals in government and the private sector. The multicultural policy of Australia in 1989 was based on three major social tenets in Australian society. It was that the policy was to be a unifying factor to all Australians and show commitment for the future of the country (Lloyd 1997, p. 70). It also required the basic acceptance of the constitution and the rule of law and equality of all races without discrimination. The policy was also categorical on the aspect of the expression of one’s own culture (Kindlon 1999, pp. 27). It stated that this was a reciprocal process to accept the right of others to express their views and values of their culture. The policy set apart several program strategies to help the situation of respect of cultural diversity in Australia. The strategies were aimed at improving and putting more recognition to skills, qualifications, and capabilities held by immigrants. This was to open up employment opportunities to immigrants to make the theme feel part of Australia. The government organized a national campaign on cultural ethics and diversity to put its hand in hand with social integration. In addition, the access and Equity strategy was strengthened by the government which removed barriers of language and culture. This was to allow equal access of services within Australis to all races (Hartley-Brewer 2001, pp. 37). Language a major barrier in a diverse society was legislated that access to knowledge of English was made open to all ethnic societies since it was the basis of expression to the society. This kind of policy developed in Australia was however only focused on the social-political development of the youth forgetting their health in particular. None of the legislations targeted clinicians who are vital in handling the youth in occurrences when they are sick while in a new social setting. Since then it has seen some changes like in 1996, the access and Equity strategy changed to the charter of public service in a culturally diverse society (Helbing 2000, pp. 61). This charter recognized the rising health complications of the youth that needed urgent solutions. Clinicians were advised to learn how to handle the youth who presented with health problems. The youth forms the largest population of immigrants in Australia and they are highly faced with social problems at their age which may turn to be risky for their lives (Pallotta-Chiarolli 2003, p.79). It happens that at this age, the youth’s mental development is underway and this situation can result in premature decisions like drug abuse and risky encounters like unprotected sex leading to transmission of HIV/ AIDS. Most of these youth when they realize that they are sick they are likely to stay quiet not report to anyone so it is the responsibility of well-trained counselors and clinicians to unearth the hidden truths in the mind of the youth. To manage the affairs of the youth, then the government needs to put it clear that there is a need for youth-friendly agendas (Rogers 2001, p. 76). A major organization that has involved itself in handling youth health matters in a bid to bring solutions in Australia and its social diverse nature includes the Australian Youth Affairs Coalition formed in 2002. This organization aimed to represent the aims of the youth at a national and international level. Some of its key strategies to bring some light to the youth were to cultivate government representation of the youth. The idea here was to incorporate the youth policies into the national agenda (Allee 1942, pp. 247). For this then, they wanted some youth to be part of the government to push for these policies. Secondly, they wanted to represent the rights of the youth at a national level. This was to be done by instituting the youth office at various locations to get a national representation then collect relevant matters of concern from the youth. This is where health came in as part of the broad program. The youth pushed for better health care. Thirdly, they called for a collaborative effort in projects with the government, and lastly, it was to be a channel of information between the government and the youth. The other organization that was established to handle youth matters was the Australian Council for Children and Youth Organization that was formed to assist and protect young people at their social care (Barnett 2000, p. 179) However, its main involvement was child abuse and ignored the plight of the youth and the unending social diversities. As a health promoter using the Ottawa model of health promotion, it would make more impact on the social diversity and ignored health matters of the youth (Pollack 2000, p. 59). The Ottawa Charter recommends the best model of health promotion. According to the charter, it stipulates five prerequisites for health promotion strategy and advocacy (David 1996, p. 157). Firstly, the making of the health policy should be incorporated into the public policy. This is putting health into the public policymakers’ agenda. Secondly, public health promotion should entail the enhancement of the support environment which may include a safe working environment and conditions such that one can be in a position to enjoy good health. Thirdly, it emphasizes on strengthening of communities on capacity building on health matters. This is supposed to equip society with necessary health precautions. Fourth is to develop skills on health through education and public campaign to empower the public (Garbarino 1999, p. 209). Lastly, the aspect of the re-orientation of health in the focus that more attention needs to be given to prevention other than cure. The charter provides for health for all. The first steps that I would take would be advocacy for social equality and appreciation of cultural diversity as key to improved health measures taken for the youth (Faust 1994, p. 114). This would impact directly on clinicians and counselors who handle the youth when they are having complications. The other approach would be sensitive to gender issues where I would consider males and females as different when handling their issues. The special treatment goes to females during their adolescence due to their lack of confidence in personal matters. Engaging the whole family when treating a patient especially young people is at times important. In some societies, this is a family issue that needs to be done in the vicinity of the whole family (Ghaill 1994, p. 49). When attending to the youth, it should be done in a manner that signifies social integration and unity that does not bring in stereotypes. Females are normally keen on sexual attacks and are likely to bring arguments if such words are used. Social diversity in its respect is the making of culture. The culture here is the shared meaning and behavior passed across a community within generations in a social context. The positive role of culture is to promote the growth and development of a society’s cultural concepts and beyond involve gender, age, sexuality, language, and ethnicity (Gurian 1999, pp. 113). Health service provision is faced with a major challenge with the youth from culturally diverse backgrounds. In such situations, intercultural communication and awareness are needed now that we are social beings and this is critical in affecting our interaction with one another, especially among the youth in the society. References Allee, W. 1942, Ecological theory. Routledge, Sydney. Barnett, B. 2000, Providing Reproductive Health Services to Young Clients. Triangle Park Publishers, North Carolina. David, J. 1996. Challenges of Working With Adolescent Boys. Falmer Press, London. Faust, K. 1994, Social Analysis. CUP, Cambridge. Ghaill, M. 1994, Youth Sexualities and Schooling. Open University Press, Philadelphia. Garbarino, J. 1999, Why Our Sons Turn Violent. Free Press, New York. Gurian, M. 1996, What Parents, Mentors and Educators Can Do to Shape the Youth. Putnam Publ., New York. Gurian, M. 1999, Shaping the Moral of the youth. Tarcher Publ., New York. Helbing, D. 2000, Understanding the Youth. CUP, Cambridge. Hartley-Brewer, E. 2001. Raising Youth in a Diverse Culture. Fisher Books, Cambridge. Kindlon, D.1999, Protecting the Emotional Life of Boys. Ballantine, New York. Kipnis, A. 1999, How Counselors Can Help the Youth Become Good. Jossey Publishers, San Fransisco. Kivel, P. 1999, Raising Our Youth with Courage. New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island. Lloyd, T. 1997, Developing youth health care policy. London: Working With Men. Michael, S. 2000,Women’s Social Equity. Unwin publ., Sydney. Pallotta-Chiarolli, M. 1998, A War Against social discrimination. Tarcher Publ., New York. O’Donnell, M. 2000, Youth, Ethnicity and Class. Routledge, London. Pease, B. 2002, Youth health in Australia. Tertiary Press, Melbourne. Phillips, A. 1993, Parenting the Youth of the Future. Pandora publ., London. Plummer, D. 1999, Social diversity model. Harrington Press, New York. Pollack, W. 1998, Rescuing our Sons From ethnicity. Random House, New York. Pallotta-Chiarolli, M. 2001, Boys Talk About What Matters. Allen & Unwin Publishers, Sydney. Pallotta-Chiarolli, M. 1998, Young Women Speak Their Hearts. Finch Publ.,Sydney. Pallotta-Chiarolli, M. 2003, Masculinity in Education. Open Uni. Press, Maidenhead. Pollack, W. 2000, Health promotion skills. Random House, New York. Rogers, M.2001, Population Concerns of the Young people. Sage, London. Sue, W. 1997, Youth health promotion. Allen and Unwin, Sydney. Weidlich W, 2000, Socio dynamics in the Social Sciences. Harwood Academic Publishers, New York. Wilson, O. 1971, The Insect Societies in Australia. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Zimmermann, G. 2000, Complexities of the youth. Sage, London.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/social-diversity-and-culture/

Write the full essay for the following summary: In this paper, the author discusses the issue of gender representation, and how it has changed historically in American culture and in other cultures throughout the world. They also touch on the problem of social perceptions and how they have changed over time. Finally, they discuss the children's television show Avatar and how it has been sex-stereotyped with female characters.

In this paper, the author discusses the issue of gender representation, and how it has changed historically in American culture and in other cultures throughout the world. They also touch on the problem of social perceptions and how they have changed over time. Finally, they discuss the children's television show Avatar and how it has been sex-stereotyped with female characters.

Social Perceptions and Gender Representation Term Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction Discussing the issue of gender representation, it would be relevant to refer to the modern social cultures’ trends that define the difference between such notions as gender and sexuality. It is also necessary to discuss the following problems within this context: common attributes that are used to determine femininity/ masculinity; the evaluation and distinguishing of behaviors that are appropriate for men and for women; people’s attitude toward based such norms and values of behavior and the way they are exposed to in people’s daily cultural lives. Main body Another issue under consideration lays in the social perceptions changed historically about gender, sex, and sexuality, both in American culture and in other cultures throughout the world. In order to be able to analyze the above-mentioned problems, it is necessary to refer to the following resources that trigger the audience’s thoughts on the function and role of representation in popular culture: “Never Just Pictures” by Susan Bordo and children’s television show “Avatar”. Gender is a key category that is used to identify and characterize human beings, and, generally, it is basic criterion when discussing the issue of representation. It is important to outline that such characteristics as an understanding of one’s identity, and other people’s identities and basic features are usually referred to as concepts of gender. Here raises the essential question of what determines feminine or masculine features, characteristics, and representations. With the regard to the above-mentioned facts, it is necessary to note that not only human beings, but also various objects that are used by them and surround them, are represented by media resources as the distinctive features of boys or girls only. This, particularly, happens in advertising and television shows for children. Thus, it might be stated that people grow up convinced and insured of what is “appropriate” and “socially required” characteristics for each gender. Carrying on the topic of the discussion, it is important to point out that television indeed influences the learning of specific social concepts, the behavior of its characters teaches the audience indirect lessons. With the view to this, the problem of gender representation has been a continuing concern as television frequently presents basic images of masculine and feminine, even in such progressive and popular among children television shows as “Avatar”. Following this, it is such a well-known fact is worth mentioning: in given children’s show, as well as in entire television, male characters indeed outnumber females two or three to one. Female characters usually play stereotypic roles; they tend to be represented as less active. Children’s television programs and shows might are sex-stereotyped with female characters basically underrepresented, and, as a rule, less central to the show. With the regard to the above mentioned, it must be said that there exists a certain connection between children viewing such television shows and having a stereotypical understanding of gender roles. This happens because of the children’s desire to be alike sex television characters. But here raises a great possibility to operate with counter stereotypical images that may successfully combat gender and sexual stereotypes. Referring to Susan Bordo’s “Never Just Pictures” and to “Avatar”, it should be pointed out that the media as a whole, and television, particularly, shapes social and cultural criteria of what it means to be a boy or girl, male or female. In everyday life, people, especially children, encounter various male and female role models in the course of television’s information consumption. Although such role models may seem, at first, to be different, they do not represent the meaning of ordinary male and female characters. This leads to the stunting individual growth of a person. Here happens a situation, when by accepting role models, as recognized criteria, people, especially children, exalt them and regard them as desirable to be. Here must be provided some basic issues generally related to gender criteria; typically masculine ones might be listed as follows: tough, brave, hard, and sweaty; feminine ones might be described as follows: fragile, thin, soft, beautiful, and fragrant. Following this, it would be relevant to cite Bordo’s point of view about the above-mentioned problem: “Children in this culture [modern culture with its twisted values and social conditions] grow up knowing that you can never be thin enough and that being fat is one of the worst things one can be. One study asked ten- and eleven-year-old boys and girls to rank drawings of children with various physical handicaps; drawings of fat children elicited the greatest disapproval and discomfort, over pictures of kids with facial disfigurements and missing hands” (Bordo, 2002, p. 265). Taking Bordo’s viewpoint on this problem into consideration, it is necessary to that twisted modern trends and beauty ideals established by fashion designers and their models and encouraged greatly by media, led to the eating disorder among young girls and women (and even young men). This disorder, and other problems connected to it, became a widespread and common form of cultural perception. Discussing the above-provided information, it is worth mentioning that while representing women, media resources focus mainly on their physical beauty, missing and excluding other values of women. It should be also pointed out the lack of powerful female characters on television and the unnatural portrayals of them. All these lead to false admiration from the audience and misguiding perceptions as such portrayals have no relation to the real women’s lives and experiences. Speaking of men, it is necessary to mention that they are finding it as hard to live up to their media representations and descriptions as women are to their ones. It might be stated that media representations of male ideals came in a great force when men’s audience had been targeted with fashion’s product promotion As well as women, men are encouraged to strive to be alike models from magazines, to look and behave in a similar way. But such an aim is considered really hard to achieve. And as well as in the case with women, such striving leads to different disorders, social perceptions, and problems. Following this, it would be relevant to say that there is a complex connection between those problems and cultural perceptions and images. It might be stated that body ideals perpetuate people’s anxieties, fears, and insecurities. Such glamorous images and ideals cause painful feelings and envy attitudes of those people with not perfect bodies and appearance toward “ideal” models. But, there might be also represented another explanation of this. The above-mentioned, perfect images draw up some imaginary solutions to people’s anxieties, fears, and insecurities, so they can fantasize about who they could be, but not, actually, are. This fact explains the power of those ideas and images, their unconquerable position in the media sector through the years. Bordo, referring to Freud, regards this problem in the context of “death fashion”, which represents release “from anxiety over not having one’s needs met” (Bordo, 2002, p. 269). Conclusion As a conclusion, it should be outlined that problems of gender representations, sexuality, artificial division on feminine and masculine lay, actually, deeper than just fashion trends, ideal images, and their influence on people. It is necessary to outline within this context that cultural images play here a great role, as they are deep themselves and supported by those who gain huge profits from twisted fashion concepts and trends selling their products and goods. Works Cited “Avatar: The Legend of Aang”. By Michael Dante Di Martino. Nickelodeon, 2005. Bordo, Susan. Never Just Pictures. “Every Day, Everywhere: Global Perspectives on Popular Culture”. London: McGraw-Hill Humanities Social, 2002, pp. 265 – 269.

https://ivypanda.com/essays/social-perceptions-and-gender-representation/