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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay discusses the importance of support services for people with autism spectrum disorders and how they can be effective in improving patients' symptoms.Support services for people with autism spectrum disorders can be effective in improving patients' symptoms.

The essay discusses the importance of support services for people with autism spectrum disorders and how they can be effective in improving patients' symptoms. Support services for people with autism spectrum disorders can be effective in improving patients' symptoms.

Autism Spectrum Disorder: Programs Effectiveness Essay Introduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the developmental disabilities that can cause various behavioral, social, and communication problems. Persons with the condition should be supported and empowered in order to lead quality lives. Statistics indicate that about one in every 68 children has ASD (Tamanaha, Chiari, & Perissinoto, 2015). Ho, Stephenson, and Carter (2014) also observed that the condition was common in all socioeconomic and racial groups. However, boys tend to be 4.5 times more likely to develop this developmental condition. In 2014, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention indicated that 1 in 6 children in America had a specific kind of development disability. The common conditions recorded in the country include autism, language impairment, and cerebral palsy. In terms of demographics, ASD affects one person in every 100 in the United States. However, whites and African Americans record 1.6 and 1.3 percent prevalence rates respectively (Ranjan, Pradhan, & Wong, 2014). Developmental disabilities such as ASD are known to cause a number of problems whenever they are left untreated. For example, many people with the condition will have difficulty in interacting, socializing, and communicating with others (Ranjan et al., 2014). Some might become disinterested in a number of activities and fail to achieve their potential in life. People with the condition also find it hard to function at work or at school. Their critical areas of life tend to be affected. These facts explain why adequate treatment models and services can improve patients’ symptoms and make it easier for them to function optimally. First Home Care is one of the agencies in Portsmouth, Virginia, that provide support services to persons with a wide range of disabilities. The proposed study seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of the programs implemented by the institution’s Day Support Services to meet the needs of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). According to the department’s mission, every activity is usually aimed at providing personalized and group support to different individuals depending on their demands. Beneficiaries are motivated and equipped with adequate skills in communication, peer relations, community safety, and socialization (Ho et al., 2014). The ultimate objective is to ensure that every person develops superior social, communal, and interpersonal competencies. The purpose of this PE, therefore, is to evaluate and analyze the efficiency of the programs implemented by the Day Support Services. Problem Statement People with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) face numerous challenges whenever associating with others or completing various activities (Tamanaha et al., 2015). Due to such obstacles, ASD patients must be provided with timely and adequate support in order to achieve their goals. Powerful intervention models should be used to offer extensive support and guide more patients to function optimally in the society, in school, and at work. At First Home Care, a Day Support Program has been implemented to help more people with ASF to acquire adequate public survival skills and competencies such as sensory processing and spatial awareness. Similar programs have been implemented in other nursing organizations in an attempt to meet the needs of many patients and support their life goals (Ranjan et al., 2014). Unfortunately, it is not known if most of the models associated with such programs such as building and creating, obstacle courses, sensory scheduling, and sensory exposure empower beneficiaries to deal with anxiety and develop adequate skills. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Day Support Program implemented at First Home Care. The analysis will reveal if most of the activities undertaken to support the needs of different beneficiaries at the facility are sustainable and productive (Ho et al., 2014). This understanding will guide different counselors and behavioral therapists in the institution (and elsewhere) to update their models in an attempt to empower more patients with ASD. Target Behavior/Focus and Intervention The targeted behavior or intervention is the direct sensory exposure (DSE). D’Amico, Lalonde, and Snow (2015) indicate that DSE is a powerful model embraced to create the best environment whereby patients can use their senses efficiently. The anticipated outcome is that patients should deal with anxiety, develop appropriate skills, and engage in communal activities. Literature Review Autism spectrum disorder affects patients differently depending on the kind of support available to them. Wetherston et al. (2017) acknowledge that the use of personalized approaches and interventions can deliver meaningful outcomes depending on the symptoms exhibited by a given patient. Multidisciplinary teams have also been observed to support the needs of many children with ASD. Family members and guardians are usually encouraged to collaborate with their children’s pediatricians to design the best models. Concerned parents should be keen to get adequate information in order to determine if their children have this condition or not. Early treatment and exposure to evidence-based interventions is something that has the potential to guide more patients and make it easier for them to acquire new competencies. Since ASD is a complex condition characterized by a wide range of symptoms, experts suggest that different treatment models should be considered depending on the symptoms exhibited by a given individual (D’Amico et al., 2015). Canitano and Bozzi (2015) believe that patients, parents, and clinicians must work closely to develop the most appropriate treatment plan or intervention. This is the case because there are numerous programs, therapies, and resources that can be used to meet the changing needs of many individuals with ASD. Canitano and Bozzi (2015) go further to suggest that some medications can be used to minimize symptoms such as hyperactivity, depression, irritability, and aggression. Several programs have been suggested and implemented in different settings to support more people with ASD. For instance, powerful interventions have been considered to equip ASD patients with skills such as community safety, medication education, socialization, self-management, communication, and peer relations (Canitano & Bozzi, 2015). Beneficiaries of such services tend to have increased chances of exhibiting adequate social, communal, and interpersonal competencies. Ho et al. (2014) believe that such approaches can make it easier for more patients to pursue their objectives. Applied behavior analysis (ABA) is a powerful intervention that entails the use of different approaches to meet the needs of individuals with autism. Therapists can use the model to educate and guide patients to acquire new behaviors and pursue their goals. In order to record positive results, Canitano and Bozzi (2015) assert that different stakeholders such as trained personnel, parents, behavioral therapists, and patients should be involved throughout the process. These interventions can be personalized depending on the expectations and needs of the patient. The success of every intervention depends on a number of factors such as the level of cooperation, provision of adequate resources, and support. Tamanaha et al. (2015) acknowledge that every child or adult with ASD will exhibit specific signs and symptoms. This understanding explains why the application of generalized interventions might not deliver desirable goals. This gap makes it impossible for behavioral interventionists to meet the diverse needs of many patients (D’Amico et al., 2015). This gap, therefore, explains why various activities, models, and therapies used to support patients with ASD should be examined in order to understand what works and what does not. This issue requires a powerful research study to come up with resource information that can be used to implement superior programs, interventions, and therapies to empower more patients depending on their signs. Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Variables The targeted research questions for the study are presented below: * Do building and creating activities, obstacle courses, direct sensory exposure (DSE), and sensory activity scheduling (SAS) help address the anxiety levels in patients with autism? * Do behavioral interventions help ASD patients develop social skills and engage in various communal activities? The hypothesis for this study is: Different behavioral interventions help ASD patients to deal with anxiety, develop appropriate social skills, and engage in communal activities. The targeted independent variables include the signs and behavioral challenges associated with ASD. The study will focus on the nature of different interventions and programs in order to understand how they can support the needs of different beneficiaries. That being the case, the interventions and therapies used at First Home Care will be the dependent variables for the study. Conclusion The proposed study is aimed at analyzing the challenges encountered by patients with ASD and the effectiveness of various programs aimed at meeting their needs. The study will focus on the initiatives undertaken at First Home Care. The findings will offer evidence-based insights that have the potential to transform the manner in which ASD patients are empowered to lead quality lifestyles. References Canitano, R., & Bozzi, Y. (2015). New treatment perspectives in autism spectrum disorders. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 3 (22), 1-2. D’Amico, M., Lalonde, C., & Snow, S. (2015). Evaluating the efficacy of drama therapy in teaching social skills to children with autism spectrum disorders. Drama Therapy Review, 1 (1), 21-39. Web. Ho, B. P., Stephenson, J., & Carter, M. (2014). Cognitive-behavioral approach for children with autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1 (1), 18-33. Web. Ranjan, R., Pradhan, K. R., & Wong, J. (2014). Effect of transdisciplinary approach in group therapy to develop social skills for children with autism spectrum disorder. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 4 (8), 1536-1542. Web. Tamanaha, A. C., Chiari, B. M., & Perissinoto, J. (2015). The efficacy of the speech and language therapy in autism spectrum disorder. Revista CEFAC, 17 (2), 552-558. Wetherston, V., Gangat, S., Shange, N., Wheeler, K., Karrim, S. B., & Pahl, J. (2017). The views and knowledge of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder on a range of treatments. South African Journal of Child Health, 11 (3), 117-121.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The AV Packaging Company Limited's marketing plan for the next year has the objective of increasing sales by 10%. The company has been able to improve on their sales over the years and this objective will help them to continue growing as a company.

The AV Packaging Company Limited's marketing plan for the next year has the objective of increasing sales by 10%. The company has been able to improve on their sales over the years and this objective will help them to continue growing as a company.

AV Packaging Company’s Marketing Objectives Essay Competitive Strategy Competitive advantage is basically the long-term strategy of a company to create a market niche that can survive the impact of competition. In application, a competitive advantage strategy is tailored to set up a defensive position in an industry and ensure realization of higher return on investment. Cost Leadership AV Packaging Company Limited has been proactive in guarding its cost leadership strategy by managing the cost of production and diversification. For instance, AV Direct has been an effective cost management tool in the diverse productivity matrix. At present, the company has more than 20 product lines that are managed from a central location. Through mass production, the AV Packaging Company Limited has gained from economies of scale (Kajalo & Lindblom 2015). Differentiation Leadership Differential leadership refers to development of products with unique attributed that are desired by customers (Kotler et al. 2013). For instance, AV Packaging Company Limited offers a huge range of chemicals cleaning supplies and janitorial equipment to serve the desires of different private and public institutions. Moreover, the glass-wares, cutleries, disposable and industrial packaging products are tailored to meet the needs of different market and customer segments. In addition, the company’s distribution network is well spread to reach all markets. Cost Focus The cost focus strategy is concentrated on narrowing different customer segments to realize optimal cost advantage through market differentiation. AV Packaging Company Limited’s products are tailored to serve customer and business segments in equal measure. The markets are differentiated by size, location, and demands. The business segments are classified into small, medium, and large institutions. The customer segment is divided into low-income, middle-income, and high-income classes. This strategy has created an environment of own competition to reduce the overall impact of competitors (Clow & Baack 2014). Differentiation Focus AV Packaging Company Limited has been able to serve the needs of different customer segments through product diversification, market differentiation, and focus marketing (Chaffey & Smith 2013). For instance, the company has a show room where different products are displayed to appeal to all customer and business segments. Smart Objectives Based on the results of the Five Forces, SWOT, and environmental analysis for the AV Packaging Company Limited, the SMART are increasing sales, creation of strong online presence, and establishment of a loyal customer base as discussed in the next section. Increasing Sales The AV Packaging Company Limited’s proposed marketing plan has the objective of increasing the sales by 10% over the next year. Specific As captured in the sales focus, the AV Packaging Company Limited has been able to improve on their sales over the years and the company has expanded from a simple venture to a regional giant. This means that it is possible to increase the sales though proactive expansion of the market networks and current distribution channel (Cole 2015). Measurable The projection of sales increase by 10% is informed by previous market performance and consistency over the years to record positive growth in each financial year. The matrix for measuring the 10% growth will be gauged by the sales at the end of the 2019 financial year, which is actually projected to be a positive value. Attainable The projection of sales increase by 10% is achievable through improvement in the offline and online selling strategies. For instance, the AV Packaging Company Limited would directly gain from increased sales if the distribution network is injected with extra vans for delivery. The company could also contract distribution agencies on a sale-commission basis (Fill 2013). Realistic A conservative value of 10% is a realistic increase in the business sector where AV Packaging Company Limited operates. Over the years, without strategic changes in the sales strategies, the company has been able to record a positive growth in annual sales. The company can afford to institute the proposed changes in the sales efforts. Time Bound The objective is given adequate time, which is up to the end of the year 2019. This means that the marketing strategies could be adjusted on a need basis if the projections are not realized on a monthly basis. Increasing Online Presence The second objective is a creation of a direct online presence for the AV Packaging Company Limited on a series of social media platforms and improved visibility of its website (Belch & Belch, 2012). Specific The AV Packaging Company Limited already has a website, Facebook, Twitter, and Linkedin pages. These pages could also be modified through Facebook, Twitter, and Linkedin verification. The pages could be promoted through engaging the service of an online agency for a small fee (Holt 2015). Measurable The achievement of this objective will be measured by the number of new funs who have liked these social media pages. The success of promoting the Facebook page will be measured by 15,000 new likes. Twitter will be 5,000 while Linkedin will be 10,000 new followers. The trends in new likes and followers will be tracked after every three months. Attainable Recruiting a reputable online promotion agency and a search engine optimizer would ensure that this objective is met without much struggle. This agency has several online tools for promoting the pages on different platforms (Elder & Krishna 2013). The AV Packaging Company Limited’s website could be installed with pluggins that are capable of making the website more visible. Realistic The objective of increasing online presence by 30,000 new followers is achievable over a period of 12 months. It would not take a social media promotion agency a lot of effort to recruit just about 2,500 followers per month. Time The period for achieving this objective is a year, that is, by March 2019. This is adequate time to make adjustments and proactively track any progress. Creation of Loyal Customer Base Instead of narrowing the focus to an individual customer, the AV Packaging Company Limited should aim to build a strong customer base consisting of different customer segments by the end of 2019. Specific The objective is specific in ensuring that a loyal customer base is established for different customer and business segments. The objective is reaching all the categories of potential customers. Measurable The success of the customer care center could be measured by the number of positive feedbacks (Ang 2014). In this case, the target with be 400 ratings in every six months. Another measure will be the number of repeat customers, which is projected to be 1,000 at the end of the 2019 financial year. The target is 5% increment in the customer traffic following every successful promotion campaign. Attainable Establishing a 24/7 customer care center is very achievable within three months. The promotional strategies are actually running every year in the company. This means that increased efforts would not impact on the operational costs (Holt 2015). Increasing the customer traffic by only 5% is equivalent to extending the promotional activities from current three months to at least five months. Time bound Duration of one year would be ideal to establish a customer care center, roll out different promotional activities, and track the changing customer traffic. Reference List Ang, L 2014, Integrated marketing communications: A focus on new technologies and advanced theories , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Belch, G.E & Belch, M.A 2012, Advertising and promotion, an integrated marketing communications perspective, 9th edn, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, New York, NY. Chaffey, D & Smith, P 2013, Digital marketing excellence, planning, optimizing and integrating online marketing, 5th edn, Routledge, London. Clow, K.E & Baack D 2014, Integrated advertising, promotion, and marketing communications , 6th edn, Pearson Higher Education, New York, NY. Cole A 2015, The implications of consumer behaviour for marketing , Anchor academic publishing, London. Elder, R & Krishna, A 2013, ‘The visual depiction effect in advertising: Facilitating embodied mental simulation through product orientation’, Journal of Consumer Research , vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 988-1003. Fill, C 2013, Marketing communications: brands, experiences and participation , 6th edn, Pearson Higher Education, New York, NY. Holt, D 2015, Brands and branding: Cultural strategy group , Web. Kajalo, S & Lindblom, A 2015,’Market orientation, entrepreneurial orientation and business performance among small retailers’, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management , vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 580-596. Kotler, P, Keller, L, Koshy, A & Jha, M 2013, Marketing management: a South Asian perspective , 14th edn, Imprint Pearson Education, New York, NY.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The text discusses the trends in the direct-selling industry and how they have affected Avon Products Inc. It also looks at the PEST analysis, which is used to assess the potential impact of these trends on the company. The text then goes on to discuss the Porter's Five Forces model, which is used to analyze the competitive environment in which Avon operates. Finally, it looks at the financial performance of the company over the past few years.

The text discusses the trends in the direct-selling industry and how they have affected Avon Products Inc. It also looks at the PEST analysis, which is used to assess the potential impact of these trends on the company. The text then goes on to discuss the Porter's Five Forces model, which is used to analyze the competitive environment in which Avon operates. Finally, it looks at the financial performance of the company over the past few years.

Avon Products Inc: Industry Analysis Case Study Table of Contents 1. Trends in the Direct-Selling Industry 2. PEST Analysis 3. Porter’s Five Forces 4. Financial Performance 5. Works Cited Trends in the Direct-Selling Industry The direct-selling industry is undergoing significant changes because of the shift to online marketing as a major trend over the past decade. The key pressure of this trend on the cosmetics-focused company Avon relates to the further development of its website Avon.com to integrate the company’s representatives into its functioning and attract more clients. For Avon, the challenge of moving from direct to online selling is related to the necessity of choosing an effective strategy for the growth of the company’s website, Avon.com, in terms of determining the role of representatives, selecting products, and promoting an online channel of distribution. While the trend toward providing retail services online may appear to be negatively affecting the direct-selling industry, it is at the same time offering cosmetics companies limitless opportunities to reach customers. PEST Analysis The political factors that influence Avon.com are associated with legal aspects, including the development of trade relations between the United Kingdom, the United States, and other countries along with the adoption of statutes regulating e-commerce and protecting consumer rights. Trade and pricing regulations, as well as taxes related to trading and selling online, also affect the company’s activities. Economic aspects include changes in the buying capacity, foreign exchange rates, and labor costs. Social factors are related to changes in preferred ways of purchasing cosmetics, alterations in attitudes to cosmetics companies, and expectations for their products. Technological factors include interactive resources integrated into websites, digital marketing, and the spread of social media (see fig.1). Fig. 1. PEST analysis. Porter’s Five Forces According to Porter’s Five Forces, the threat of substitution for Avon products and the services accessible through Avon.com is high because of the availability of a range of substitute products of differing levels of quality and price. Services offered through Avon.com may also be available from retailers, other cosmetics companies, and beauty shops. The supplier power is low because Avon can choose among a variety of suppliers that want to cooperate with the company. The buyer power is medium to high because customers can select the particular items they wish to buy and specific websites to choose from for online buying. The threat of new entrants is medium to high because of barriers for cosmetics companies, but many new entrants are selling cosmetics online (Godes 7-9). Overall competition in the industry can be described as intense since Mary Kay, Eve.com, Sephora, L’Oreal, and Revlon also sell products online (see fig. 2). Fig. 2. Porter’s Five Forces. Financial Performance Avon’s direct-selling strategies and Avon.com are allowing the company to remain an industry leader and a strong competitor. In 2018, Avon gained a revenue of $5.5 billion, significantly higher than the industry’s benchmark by $2 billion (“Avon Reports Fourth-Quarter and Full-Year 2018 Results”). The company demonstrated maximum achievement among its rivals (see fig. 3). Regarding the near future, it is possible to predict further increases in revenues associated with developing marketing strategies for Avon.com to address customer expectations. Fig. 3. Avon’s and its competitors’ revenues. Besides, Avon’s revenue in the United States has grown by more than 80%, and its market share surpassed 15% (see fig. 4). The company holds the leading position in the direct selling industry (“Avon Reports Fourth-Quarter and Full-Year 2018 Results”). More attention should be paid to using Avon.com to increase the company’s market share related to selling cosmetics online to effectively compete with rivals in the industry and online retailers of products for women. Fig. 4. Avon’s market share. Works Cited “Avon Reports Fourth-Quarter and Full-Year 2018 Results: Simpler, Leaner and More Agile Going Forward.” Avon Worldwide . 2019. Web. Godes, David B. Avon.com (A) . Harvard Business School Publishing, 2003.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The baby boomer population is aging very fast in the United States, which means that a superior healthcare model is required to meet the needs of these elderly citizens. The essay discusses how this aging baby boomer population will affect health care organizations and services.

The baby boomer population is aging very fast in the United States, which means that a superior healthcare model is required to meet the needs of these elderly citizens. The essay discusses how this aging baby boomer population will affect health care organizations and services.

Baby Boomer Population Impact on Health Care Essay The United States’ healthcare delivery system is currently benefiting from advanced medical technologies, evidence-based procedures, and drugs. Unfortunately, the country’s baby boomer generation is aging very fast. This new change indicates that a superior healthcare model is required to meet the needs of these elderly citizens. The essay presented below discusses how this aging baby boomer population will affect health care organizations and services. Baby Boomers: Health Care Delivery and Organizations Health Care Services and Delivery Health care delivery is a complex procedure aimed at addressing the changing medical needs of different people in a given population. According to Canizares, Gignac, Hogg-Johnson, Glazier, and Badley (2016), the number of aging baby boomers in the US will increase to over 70 million within the next few years. The first potential effect is the increased demand for specialized geriatric care and support. This means that America’s healthcare sector will require more skilled aged-care and geriatric nurses to deliver high-quality medical services. Elderly members of the society might not be able to travel from point A to B to get the required medical services. The second effect is that the role and importance of nursing informatics will become more critical than ever before. Health professionals will have to combine new technologies, applications, and systems to monitor these citizens and provide exemplary medical services (Knickman & Kovner, 2015). The third one is that volunteer care will become relevant in an attempt to address the unique needs of this population. The fourth effect on health care services is the increased levels of multidisciplinary practices. This means that many professionals from different fields will collaborate to transform the health experiences of the targeted baby boomers, including social workers, nurses, clinical officers, volunteers, surgeons, psychiatrists, massage therapists, and dieticians (Kahana & Kahana, 2014). Another outcome is that many experts in medical practice will also be expected to put more emphasis on care delivery instead of treatment. Finally, existing healthcare delivery models will start to focus on terminal conditions associated with the elderly, including heart disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and arthritis. Health Organizations The increasing number of baby boomers is catalyzing new changes in specific health organizations. The first one is that of nursing homes. The country will be forced to establish new nursing homes and create superior care delivery models to support these individuals. The nature of community health clinics will also change significantly in an attempt to provide exemplary geriatric services (National Prevention Council, 2018). Another possible effect is that many hospitals and dispensaries will also introduce new departments that can provide exemplary health services. Medicare and Medicaid are other organizations or programs that will be transformed to meet this population’s health needs. For example, Medicare program is being diversified to promote the establishment of patient-centered health homes. This model is expected to result in improved or high-quality reimbursements. This aging population will also affect psychological organizations or units in the country. This is true since more institutions will be established to provide mental services to these individuals (Canizares et al., 2016). Finally, state departments and non-governmental organizations will have to expand their services to address the needs of all elderly citizens. Conclusion The above discussion has indicated that the United States’ aging baby boomer population will trigger numerous procedures and changes in its healthcare sector. With such developments, chances are high that other members of the public will receive high-quality medical services. The introduction of new organizations and programs will also meet the health needs of these citizens. References Canizares, M., Gignac, M., Hogg-Johnson, S., Glazier, R. H., & Badley, E. M. (2016). Do baby boomers use more healthcare services than other generations? Longitudinal trajectories of physician service use across five birth cohorts. BMJ Open, 6 (9), e013276. Web. Kahana, E., & Kahana, B. (2014). Baby boomers’ expectations of health and medicine. Virtual Mentor, 16 (5), 380-384. Web. Knickman, J. R., & Kovner, A. R. (Eds). (2015). Jonas and Kovner’s health care delivery in the United States (11th ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. National Prevention Council. (2018). Healthy aging in action: Advancing the national prevention strategy . Web.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The 2021 National Patient Safety Goals emphasize compliance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) or the World Health Organization (WHO) hand cleaning guidelines to reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) in various settings.The 2021 National Patient Safety Goals emphasize compliance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) or the World Health Organization (WHO) hand cleaning guidelines to reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) in various settings.

The 2021 National Patient Safety Goals emphasize compliance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) or the World Health Organization (WHO) hand cleaning guidelines to reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) in various settings. The 2021 National Patient Safety Goals emphasize compliance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) or the World Health Organization (WHO) hand cleaning guidelines to reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) in various settings.

2021 National Patient Safety Goals Essay The Joint Commission sets and reviews National Patient Safety Goals (NPSGs) for various healthcare settings, including ambulatory, home care, hospital, laboratory, and nursing centers. The aim of the Infection Prevention Goal is to reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) in various settings by maintaining and promoting hand hygiene. The NPSGs were first established in 2002, and they are updated periodically to constantly improve hand cleaning practices and reduce the rate of HCAIs. The 2021 NPSGs were reviewed in the 2020 goals, and they became effective in January 2021. The infection prevention goal emphasizes compliance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) or the World Health Organization (WHO) hand cleaning guidelines (Joint Commission, 2020). The two agencies provide a comprehensive framework composed of evidence-based interventions for improving hand hygiene and reducing the risk of HCAIs. The HCAIs prevention standard requires healthcare facilities to conduct a frequent assessment of their compliance with the relevant guidelines through “a comprehensive program that provides a hand hygiene policy, fosters a culture of hand hygiene, monitors compliance, and provides feedback” (Joint Commission, 2020, p. 8). Adherence to these requirements can help enhance hand hygiene practices and reduce the risk of HCAIs. The rationale for this goal is the high incidence and financial burden of HCAIs in healthcare settings. Millions of people get infected when receiving care, treatment, and other health-related services. A survey on HCAIs prevalence in the U.S. clinical facilities established that about 4% of hospitalized patients had acquired an infection (Magill et al., 2018). A report by WHO (2013) indicated that HCAIs cost the American government $6.8 billion annually (as cited in Saleem et al., 2019). Consequently, the high prevalence of HCAIs and the accompanying financial burden make hand hygiene promotion a priority issue that requires more attention. Implementation of hand hygiene programs has led to significant positive results in compliance among healthcare personnel. Cleaning hands regularly using soap, sanitizers, and other disinfectants minimizes the incidence and transmission of HCAIs in different healthcare settings. Scholars and practitioners agree that the hands of nurses, physicians, and other healthcare personnel are the primary mode of spreading pathogenic microorganisms in hospitals (Farhoudi et al., 2016). In this regard, complying with the recommended hand hygiene guidelines can minimize the transmission of infectious agents by hospital personnel to patients, consequently reducing the rate of infections. Empirical evidence shows that hand cleaning promotion is effective in preventing HCAIs. The results of a study conducted in Iran reported: “a significant change in compliance before and after implementation of WHO’s Multimodal HH Improvement Strategy (29.8% and 70.98%, respectively)” (Farhoudi et al., 2016, p. 1). A related survey on Finish nurse’s and doctors’ hygiene practices established a substantial increase in annual hand-hygiene compliance (76.4%-88.5%) between 2013 and 2018 (Ojanperä et al., 2020). The internal audit survey further found a significant decline in the number incidence of HCAIs, falling from 2012 to 1831 (Ojanperä et al., 2020). The results of the investigation showed a drop in the incidence per 1000 patient-days from 14.0 to 11.7. A 13.5-month prospective, randomized cluster controlled trial conducted by Arbogast et al. (2016) reported consistent findings showing a 20% drop in Hygiene-preventable healthcare claims among employees in the intervention group. Therefore, the WHO and CDC guidelines on infection prevention have improved hand hygiene compliance among clinical personnel, consequently reducing the high incidence of HCAIs in healthcare settings. References Arbogast, J. W., Moore-Schiltz, L., Jarvis, W. R., Harpster-Hagen, A., Hughes, J., & Parker, A. (2016). Impact of a comprehensive workplace hand hygiene program on employer healthcare insurance claims and costs, absenteeism, and employee perceptions and practices. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 58 (6), 231-240. Web. Farhoudi, F., Sanaei Dashti, A., Hoshangi Davani, M., Ghalebi, N., Sajadi, G., & Taghizadeh, R. (2016). Impact of WHO hand hygiene improvement program implementation: A quasi-experimental trial. BioMed Research International , 2016 . Web. Joint Commission. (2020). National patient safety goals effective January 2021 for the hospital program. Web. Magill, S. S., O’Leary, E., Janelle, S. J., Thompson, D. L., Dumyati, G., Nadle, J., Wilson, L. E., Kainer, A., Lynfield, R., Greissman, S., Ray, S.M., Beldavs, Z., Gross, C., Bamberg, W., Sievers, M., Concannon, C., Buhr, N., Warnke, L., Maloney, M., … Edwards, J. R. (2014). Changes in prevalence of healthcare–associated infections in US hospitals. New England Journal of Medicine , 379 (18), 1732-1744. Web. Ojanperä, H., Kanste, O. I., & Syrjala, H. (2020). Hand-hygiene compliance by hospital staff and incidence of health-care-associated infections, Finland. Bulletin of the World Health Organization , 98 (7), 475-483. Web. Saleem, Z., Godman, B., Hassali, M. A., Hashmi, F. K., Azhar, F., & Rehman, I. U. (2019). Point prevalence surveys of health-care-associated infections: A systematic review. Pathogens and Global Health , 113 (4), 191-205. Web.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The video under consideration presents comprehensive information regarding the so-called dark empaths or, in other words, people who seem empathetic towards others but are, in fact, manipulative and possess corresponding negative personality traits. According to it, the mentioned mentally unhealthy individuals do not take into account others' feelings and only act to appear kind in order to receive particular benefits from communication.

The video under consideration presents comprehensive information regarding the so-called dark empaths or, in other words, people who seem empathetic towards others but are, in fact, manipulative and possess corresponding negative personality traits. According to it, the mentioned mentally unhealthy individuals do not take into account others' feelings and only act to appear kind in order to receive particular benefits from communication.

“5 Signs of a Dark Empath – The Most Dangerous Personality Type”: Analysis Essay (Critical Writing) The video under consideration presents comprehensive information regarding the so-called dark empaths or, in other words, people who seem empathetic towards others but are, in fact, manipulative and possess corresponding negative personality traits. According to it, the mentioned mentally unhealthy individuals do not take into account others’ feelings and only act to appear kind in order to receive particular benefits from communication (Psych2Go, 2021). I think this stance is likely to be correct because empathy is a rare quality, whereas most acquaintances one meets in life are solely oriented on their personal goals. In addition, the conducted study proves that their presence in society is more noticeable than that of actual empaths. The researchers confirmed the prevalence of individuals, which can be defined as manipulative but seemingly kind, over people with positive personality traits. As per their finding, 19.3% of the former can be attributed to the group of dark empaths (Psych2Go, 2021). They can be revealed when considering motives, as these participants of the survey were reported to have hidden intentions while appearing sincere (Psych2Go, 2021). To test this claim, one can consider the actual needs of a person they are dealing with instead of what they are trying to show to others as well as their behavior. The latter clearly speaks of non-compliance of words and actions and, therefore, can be useful for this purpose. Thus, for example, any suspicions regarding one’s Machiavellianism, narcissism, or psychopathy correlate with the high probability that this individual is a dark empath when they appear friendly to others. These factors can be complemented by fakeness, guilt-tripping, malicious humor, or love for rumors (Psych2Go, 2021). On the contrary, the demonstration of actual empathy instead of that of cognitive nature can be seen as evidence of people’s mental health. Reference Psych2Go. (2021). 5 signs of a dark empath – The most dangerous personality type [Video]. YouTube. Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: A career in counseling psychology is a challenging yet rewarding experience that allows for growth and the acquisition of new skills.A career in counseling psychology is a challenging yet rewarding experience that allows for growth and the acquisition of new skills.

A career in counseling psychology is a challenging yet rewarding experience that allows for growth and the acquisition of new skills. A career in counseling psychology is a challenging yet rewarding experience that allows for growth and the acquisition of new skills.

A Career in Counseling Psychology Essay There is a variety of sub-fields in psychology and the specialists engaged in them, accordingly. They differ depending on the skills one needs to have in order to perform regular tasks successfully. One of these careers is counseling, and it requires an employee to focus on a client’s culture, environment, and other personal characteristics (American Psychological Association, 2011). Therefore, the work of a counselor in psychology seems to be one of the most appealing options from the perspective of professional growth. The interest in the mentioned occupation can be explained by a diverse nature of duties and the requirement to possess numerous skills and abilities. According to the description provided in the guide, these specialists should assist clients in coping with emerging issues in order to avoid a negative outcome (American Psychological Association, 2011). Meanwhile, they should also be able to consider the differences between people, such as their race or religion, and examine the influence of society on individuals to provide high-quality care (American Psychological Association, 2011). The success of a person in this challenging role is significantly conditional upon their desire to learn, which means that the process of acquiring new information continuously accompanies the work. Even though processing all these data is not easy, and one cannot possibly remember all the details regarding cultural characteristics or spiritual factors, this circumstance makes the job attractive. In conclusion, being a counseling psychologist is not an easy task because it requires the presence of various skills and comprehensive knowledge. One can become a high-quality specialist in this area only if they are oriented on constant self-development. Thus, the choice of a counselor is defined by the fact that pursuing this occupation provides opportunities for growth and allows learning more about people from different backgrounds. American Psychological Association. (2011). Careers in psychology . Web.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The two court cases of Tarasoff v. Regents of California (1976) and Estates of Morgan v. Fairfield Family Counseling Center (1997) both dealt with the issue of patient confidentiality and whether it could be breached to protect others from a patient's potential violent actions. In Tarasoff v. Regents of California (1976), a mental health specialist's responsibility lies not only with the patient but with others, as well. Thus, a specialist is obligated to inform or protect others in case they perceive a credible threat from his or her patient. In Estates of Morgan v. Fairfield Family Counseling Center (1997), malpractice was argued as Dr. Brown, Morgan's health care provider, misdiagnosed his patient and unduly withdrawn his medication.

The two court cases of Tarasoff v. Regents of California (1976) and Estates of Morgan v. Fairfield Family Counseling Center (1997) both dealt with the issue of patient confidentiality and whether it could be breached to protect others from a patient's potential violent actions. In Tarasoff v. Regents of California (1976), a mental health specialist's responsibility lies not only with the patient but with others, as well. Thus, a specialist is obligated to inform or protect others in case they perceive a credible threat from his or her patient. In Estates of Morgan v. Fairfield Family Counseling Center (1997), malpractice was argued as Dr. Brown, Morgan's health care provider, misdiagnosed his patient and unduly withdrawn his medication.

A Comparison and Contrast of Two Court Rulings Essay Introduction Patient confidentiality is one of the ethical imperatives in counseling. However, some situations may require breaching this confidentiality to prevent harm to the patient or others (Hills, 2020). The current standards for allowed breach of confidentiality went through significant changes, sometimes through court cases. A Comparison and Contrast of the Court Decisions Two court cases bear particular significance to the formation of current ethical standards. In both Tarasoff v. Regents of California (1976) and Estates of Morgan v. Fairfield Family Counseling Center (1997), a breach of confidentiality by a mental health professional could have saved lives (Hills, 2020). The Supreme Courts of Ohio and California had to settle the conflicts. Tarasoff v. Regents of California (1976) Prosenjit Poddar, a patient of Dr. Lawrence Moore, confided his plans to murder Tatiana Tarasoff. After consulting with his colleagues, Moore elected to take no action, and soon afterward, Poddar murdered Tarasoff ( Tarasoff v. Regents of California , 1976). The Supreme Court ruled that a mental health specialist’s responsibility lies not only with the patient but with others, as well. Thus, a specialist is obligated to inform or protect others in case they perceive a credible threat from his or her patient. Estates of Morgan v. Fairfield Family Counseling Center (1997) Matt Morgan was institutionalized and diagnosed with schizophreniform disorder but released when his mental health care provider, Dr. Ladenheim, ruled his condition could be controlled by medication ( Estates of Morgan v. Fairfield Family Counseling Center, 1997). However, during follow-ups with other specialists, his medication was withdrawn, and his condition began to deteriorate, culminating in him shooting and killing or seriously injuring his family members. The court ruled that a psychiatrist can be held legally responsible for the violent acts of a voluntarily hospitalized patient after his or her release. Furthermore, he or she has a duty to act in the protection of others should a patient present a threat. Similarities and Differences Both cases center on the conflict of responsibility between preserving a patient’s confidentiality and protecting others from the patient’s potential violent actions. The key difference is that in Tarasoff v. Regents of California (1976), Moore perceived the threat as credible but chose not to act in response to it. In Estates of Morgan v. Fairfield Family Counseling Center (1997), malpractice was argued as Dr. Brown, Morgan’s health care provider, misdiagnosed his patient and unduly withdrawn his medication. Another key distinction is that in Tarasoff v. Regents of California (1976), Poddar made a specific threat that could be addressed directly. Morgan made no threats, but his condition made violent behavior likely. Thus, it would have been more difficult to identify a likely victim. In both cases, the practitioners’ actions were argued to be responsible for violent acts committed by patients. Influence on Confidentiality In the most basic sense, both cases create a precedent and impose a duty to breach confidentiality. As a mental health practitioner has an obligation to protect others from his or her patient’s potential violent acts, he or she may have to disclose information otherwise considered private (Cacialli, 2019). This is reflected in the ACA Code of ethics point B.2.a: confidentiality does not apply when disclosure is required to protect others (American Counseling Association, 2014). Consultation with colleagues, as seen in the Tarasoff case, is also recommended. School counselors are similarly required to disclose information to prevent serious and foreseeable harm in accordance with paragraphs 2e-2h of the ASCA ethics code (American School Counselor Association, 2016). Impact on Clinical Work The requirements imposed by these cases can be difficult to follow in practice. They necessitate a significant degree of judgment as to whether a patient’s threat is credible if he or she makes a direct threat. In a situation closer to that in Estates of Morgan v. Fairfield Family Counseling Center (1997), the counselor must estimate whether the patient’s condition can lead to violent behavior. Both situations present a balance between confidentiality and safety that needs to be considered (Cacialli, 2019). This can be challenging in cases of indirect threat or potentially dangerous conditions. Thus, the counselor has an implied responsibility to investigate and evaluate threats. This investigation goes beyond assessing the patient’s mental state and requires the identification of targets and credibility. Conclusion Counselors and other mental health professionals may face situations where breaching their patient’s confidentiality can prevent serious harm or death. The cases described in this paper serve as examples of such situations that have affected ethical policies in the field. For a mental health specialist, it is now critical to investigate the potential danger posed by his or her patient and decide whether there is a credible threat. References American Counseling Association (2014). 2014 ACA Code of Ethics . Web. American School Counseling Association (2016). ASCA Ethical Standards for School Counselors. Web. Cacialli, D. O. (2019). The unique role and special considerations of mental health professionals onthreat assessment teams at institutions of higher education. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 62 , 32-44. Estates of Morgan v. Fairfield Fam. Counseling Ctr., 77 Ohio St. 3d 284, 673 N.E.2d 1311, 1323 (1997) Hills, B. R. (2020). The cat is already out of the bag: Resolving the circuit split over the dangerous patient exception to the psychotherapist-patient privilege. University of Baltimore Law Review, 49 (2), 153-182. Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 551 P.2d 334 (Cal. 1976)

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The essay compares the experiences of a modern university student with those of colonial colleges. The modern university student felt that the curriculum is currently emphasizing on the theoretical aspect of education than the practical aspect. This is in contrast to the experience of students in colonial colleges who felt that the curriculum was more concrete and focused on practical work.

The essay compares the experiences of a modern university student with those of colonial colleges. The modern university student felt that the curriculum is currently emphasizing on the theoretical aspect of education than the practical aspect. This is in contrast to the experience of students in colonial colleges who felt that the curriculum was more concrete and focused on practical work.

A Comparison of Colonial and Modern Institutions of Higher Education Presentation Introduction * Higher education was introduced in the united states even before the nation became a sovereign state. * Most of the early settlers of New England were alumni of established universities in the United Kingdom from universities like Cambridge and Oxford (Tobin and Kincheloe, 2006). * These individuals felt that education is an essential aspect of life and thus advocated for the development of institutions of higher education. * This led to the establishment of Harvard. * By the end of the 19th Century, there were nine Universities in the United States that are now referred to as colonial colleges (Baker, 2000). * At the present moment, institutions of higher education form a strong basis of the economy and culture of the United States. * There are approximately 4000 renowned institutions of higher education that have enrolled over 15 million students (Baker, 2000). * Annually, approximately 2,000 students graduate with various diplomas and degrees in the nation (Baker, 2000). * The experience that students have received while in these institutions may have changed with time but is tremendous. * To determine this, I interviewed a university student, Steven Jones from the Texas A&M University and compared his experience with that of colonial colleges. Educational Context * The educational context of colonial colleges was concrete (Thelin, 2007). * Students enrolled in practical courses that improved their knowledge on the physical world. * The curriculum emphasized more on practical work that theory. * There were also a number of programs funded by affiliate institutions that students were involved in. * The educational context of modern universities is still concrete. * However, Jones felt that the curriculum is currently emphasizing on the theoretical aspect of education than the practical aspect. * Just like colonial colleges, modern universities have research programs which students can that are funded by the government and other private institutions. * Modern universities spend approximately $26 billion annually on research and development (Baker, 2000). Student Culture * There is a slight difference in the culture and students way of life in colonial colleges and modern universities. * In colonial colleges, students were referred to as scholars. * Through their dressing, it was possible to differentiate scholars from other individuals in the society. * It was also possible to differential scholars of different levels. * Buildings in these institutions have ancient architectural designs mainly from the romantic period. * In modern colleges, students are also referred to as scholars. * However, they do not have a special code of dressing. It is thus impossible to differential students of different academic levels and students from other members of the society. * Students also have the culture of drinking and parting which happened rarely in colonial colleges. * From the interview, Jones stated that the people of his age group now dress with fashion and were involved in activities that would make them look ‘cool’. * Most of the buildings found in these institutions have modern architectural designs. Recreation Activities * It is essential for any institution to have recreation activities. * During the colonial era and the early years of self rule in the United States, colonial colleges mainly used arts as the main form of recreation activity. * This included performing arts such as symphony orchestra, drama, opera and poetry. * Modern universities also embrace recreational activities like colonial colleges. * Modern universities however embrace sports over performing arts. * This may be due to the formulation and development of different forms of sports in the late 19th century and early 20th century. * Sports such as football, basketball, baseball, soccer and hockey are among the leading activities that students are involved in (Ellsworth, 2005). * Jones, for instance was a basketball player. He had played basketball while at Junior High and wishes to be drafted in the NBA on his senior year. Campus Administration * There are some differences in the manner in which colonial institutions are run as compared to modern institutions. * Colonial colleges could only accommodate a small number of scholars. To enroll in these institutions, students had to be of high academic excellence. * These institutions were partly financed by the government hence faced financial constrains. * Finally, these courses offered courses of few disciplines. These included law, medicine and architecture. * Modern universities are run in a relatively different manner. * Despite the fact that only students who have high GPA scores and high school grades get enrolled in these institutions, the number of students which they can accommodate is much higher. * There are a variety of courses that students can choose from ranging from sciences and arts to economics and law. * Finally, the state allocates a higher proportion of its budget to run these institutions. This has improved the quality of higher education through research and development (Ranciere, 1991). Conclusion * Despite of the changes that are being experienced in higher education, there are a lot of similarities between colonial colleges and modern universities. * These institutions form the base of the American culture and economy. * It is due to this fact that they are highly respected and embraced my the American community. References Baker, S. (2000). Factors enhancing sustained use of research-based instructional practices. Journal of Learning Disabilities , 33 (5), 445-457. Ellsworth, E. (2005). Places of Learning: Media, Architecture, Pedagogy . New York: Routledge. Ranciere, J. (1991). The Ignorant Schoolmaster: Five Lessons in Intellectual Emancipation. Stanford: Standford Universtiy. Thelin, J.R. (2007). A History of American Higher Education. New York: Pearson Custom. Tobin, K. and Kincheloe, J. (2006). Doing Educational Research: A Handbook. Rotterdam: Sense.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The article explores the life of Nanye'hi, also known as Nancy Ward, and her impact on the American-Cherokee relationships.In the article, the author examines various aspects of Nancy Ward's life which correspond to both statements. The article states that Nancy Ward's actions came from her understanding of changes that Cherokee had to face, and her will to adapt to the changes rather than commit to American Patriotism or Cherokee nationalism.

The article explores the life of Nanye'hi, also known as Nancy Ward, and her impact on the American-Cherokee relationships. In the article, the author examines various aspects of Nancy Ward's life which correspond to both statements. The article states that Nancy Ward's actions came from her understanding of changes that Cherokee had to face, and her will to adapt to the changes rather than commit to American Patriotism or Cherokee nationalism.

A Critical Review of Nancy Ward: American Patriot or Cherokee Nationalist Essay (Critical Writing) The article by Michelene E. Pesantubbee Nancy Ward: American Patriot or Cherokee Nationalist features the life story of Cherokee’s beloved woman peacemaker Nanye’hi, also known as Nancy Ward. As Nancy dedicated her life to being a peacemaker, nowadays, there are various opinions on whether she is an American Patriot or Cherokee Nationalist. The author of the article explores various aspects of Nancy Ward’s life which correspond to both statements. The article states that Nancy Ward’s actions come from her understanding of changes that Cherokee had to face, and her will to adapt to the changes rather than commit to American Patriotism or Cherokee nationalism. The author starts the article with an introduction of Nancy Ward and her impact on the American-Cherokee relationships. The article notes multiple opinions on people’s perception of Nancy Ward, emphasizing the statement that Ward desired to be more like white people (Pesantubbee 177). The author states that Nancy Ward’s actions were not due to this desire, her marriage to a white man, or because she felt that American society was superior. According to the author, Nancy Ward carried her functions as a beloved woman and ‘sought new ways for Cherokee to thrive in a changing world’ (Pesantubbee 177). The article lists arguments regarding different aspects of Nancy Ward’s personality to prove that her actions were majorly impacted by her inner nature rather than as a commitment to American patriotism and Cherokee nationalism. The arguments proposed by the author starts from Nancy Ward’s origins or her relations to the Cherokee Wolf Clan. In the author’s opinion, Nancy Ward’s actions were connected to her affiliation to the Wolf Clan, one of the most important clans of Cherokee that was responsible for helping captives during the war (Pesantubbee, 181). The text of the article implies that the help that Nancy Wards provided to American soldiers was a part of her Clan’s traditions. The author entails that Nancy Ward’s responsibilities as a beloved woman defined her commitment to peacemaking. Ward’s duties and power were broadened by her additional title of war woman that she earned in the battle in Muscogee Creek. The author states that due to her responsibilities as a beloved woman and a war woman, Ward was the one to decide Lydia Bean’s fate, and due to these circumstances, she chose to protect Bean’s life. Ward’s sense of patriotism is emphasized in a designated part of the article where the author addresses the issue that Ward is frequently perceived in American history as the only beloved woman. The article notes that war was a part of beloved people, both men, and women that dedicated their lives to the white path. According to the author, Cherokee people were able to balance white and red, where white symbolized peace brought by peace leaders and red symbolized warriors (Pesantubbee 189). As an example, the author describes that Ward’s initial concern when she sent warnings about the Cherokee assault was to protect the warriors who engaged in the combat. Therefore, despite the action being perceived in American culture as Ward being a ‘traitor’ to the Cherokee people, it had another motivation (Pesantubbee 178). Ward’s relationship with her father, Attakullakulla, another famous Cherokee peacemaker, is also listed by the author as an argument that Ward’s personality is the reason for her actions. The article lists valuable arguments supporting the statement that Nancy Ward’s actions were influenced majorly by her perception of the piece and her responsibilities as a beloved woman. The author provides a perspective that was not previously explored in a concise and organized way. With the article, the author achieved the stated purpose of determining whether Nancy Ward was an American Patriot or a Cherokee Nationalist and made a significant contribution to an existing body of knowledge. Work Cited Michelene E. Pesantubbee. “Nancy Ward: American Patriot or Cherokee Nationalist?” American Indian Quarterly , vol. 38, no. 2, 2014, pp. 177–206. JSTOR . Web.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: In 1821, Percy Bysshe Shelley, an English poet, wrote "A Defence of Poetry" essay that provides strong arguments on the importance of poetry.Shelley argues that poetry is a chronicle of the saddest and happiest moments experienced by people. He believes that poetry allows combining delight and horror, sadness and joy, as well as eternity and change to connect everything that seemingly cannot be linked.

In 1821, Percy Bysshe Shelley, an English poet, wrote "A Defence of Poetry" essay that provides strong arguments on the importance of poetry. Shelley argues that poetry is a chronicle of the saddest and happiest moments experienced by people. He believes that poetry allows combining delight and horror, sadness and joy, as well as eternity and change to connect everything that seemingly cannot be linked.

“A Defense of Poetry” Essay by Shelley Essay Poetry is a chronicle of the saddest and happiest moments experienced by people. In 1821, Percy Bysshe Shelley, an English poet, wrote “A Defence of Poetry” essay that provides strong arguments on the importance of poetry. As stated by Shelley (2019), a person catches fleeting reflections of thoughts and feelings through poetry, which are sometimes associated with a certain place or events, while sometimes they refer only to one’s inner life. Poetry marvelously transforms everything that exists, making beauty even more gorgeous and endowing ugliness with beauty. It allows combining delight and horror, sadness and joy, as well as eternity and change to connect everything that seemingly cannot be linked. Today, poetry is less popular, but its power is still strong. In nowadays’ reality, people are less likely to be interested in reading poetic literary works. There are many resources on the Internet, which are libraries of both classical and modern poetry. Although they look more and more like warehouses, and people do not concentrate on such type of information, preferring more trendy resources with a lot of pictures, photos, and videos. Accordingly, information on social media is usually presented as brief notes, which do not take much time to read it. Moreover, the abundance of information and entertainment makes people superficial, while poetry requires reflecting and thinking critically to better understand its messages (Shakargy, 2020). In the 21st century, the population of the planet has grown so rapidly that management technologies and the achievements of psychology are used to convince people. What has now become poetry, and what is its place in the modern world? Poetry appeals to feelings and is designed to express them, including love, enjoyment of nature, life itself, patriotic feelings, laughter, humor, and much more. It is probably one of the most extensive tools to express feelings and emotions through language, so that others can understand and share the translated messages and ideas (Shelley, 2019). The Internet allows publishing any materials, which has both advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, online publication provides a great opportunity of being heard by others. On the other hand, the quality and content of such publications are often questionable. The Internet changes the way people think about the world and themselves, and poor quality poetry can deteriorate this (Shakargy, N. (2020). Therefore, while reading poetry online, its authors and messages should be analyzed properly to avoid negative effects. Poetry cannot be worse because of online publications since the Internet is only a tool, but people’s perceptions and attitudes determine its impact. Poetry awakens and enriches the human mind, lifting the veil over the hidden beauty of the world and helping to see everything from different perspectives. If I were to tell my parents that I would choose Poetry as a major, they would probably consider it with doubts. The majority of parents seem to fear that reading the literature and writing poems would not allow their children to earn money. Considering that income is a critical part of every person’s well-being, such doubts seem to be reasonable. Pearlstein (2016) notes that parents are afraid that their children would work as penniless baristas and schoolteachers after receiving the Poetry major. However, the perception of college as job training leads to misunderstanding the desires of students, the way the labor market works, and future unhappiness and dissatisfaction at unpleasant work. By pressing their children, parents do not allow their children to understand the meaning of life and create brilliant poems. As for professional life, poetry is helpful for leaders who practice empathy and relationship building with employees. By reading poetry, not only leaders but also employees can learn to simplify complicated issues and address seemingly unresolvable problems. Poems are also useful to conceptualize a world around, which improves communication skills and minimizes misunderstanding. These advantages are recognized in professional communities. For example, the International Hippocrates Prize for Poetry and Medicine is one of the most valuable awards in the world. The symposium attracts scholars from around the world with broad interests in poetry, the humanities, and medicine. The integrated consideration of these subjects develops creativity, making people more open, conscious, and proactive in various spheres of life. The need for poetry intensifies at a time when the amount of material wealth grows faster than the ability to master them according to the internal laws of human nature because of the domination of egoism and a lack of consciousness. Poetry is designed to evoke in the minds the desire to subordinate everything to a known order and rhythm, which can be called beauty and goodness. A poets’ ability to see eternal harmony in a person, despite his or her weaknesses which are only temporary vestments, is important for society. The inner beauty noticed by poets makes the world better by allowing readers to view the events, spaces, and people through various perspectives. It is possible to conclude that the great works of poets belong to the whole world and all times. References Shakargy, N. (2020). Internetica: Poetry in the digital age. International Journal of Cultural Studies . Web. Shelley, P. B. (2019). A defence of poetry and other essays . Good Press. Pearlstein, S. (2016). Meet the parents who won’t let their children study literature. The Washington Post . Web.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The term "a good life" is subjective, and its meaning depends on one's personal philosophy and values. For me, a good life is related to spiritual and sensual well-being.

The term "a good life" is subjective, and its meaning depends on one's personal philosophy and values. For me, a good life is related to spiritual and sensual well-being.

A Good Life Is Gratitude, Meaning, and Love Essay The term “a good life” is subjective, and its meaning depends on one’s personal philosophy and values. For me, a good life is related to spiritual and sensual well-being. Moreover, even if people are rich and possess all the material objects they want, they will not feel happier with these objects (Górnik-Durose 307). Thus, I can identify the term “a good life” with the senses of gratitude, meaning, and love. The feeling of gratitude is associated with focusing on what a person has rather than what they do not possess. As a clinical mental health counselor, I am grateful for being able to help people and make them happier. Having healthy children and parents, being able to breathe and walk, traveling, living in a comfortable apartment or a small wooden house – all these can be identified with a good life. I believe that every person will find a different meaning in each of these aspects and moments, but as long as they are grateful and mindful, they will feel happy. Being mindful means appreciating every moment and understanding its purpose. For instance, I comprehend that my education will help me resolve crises and mitigate the stress other people face. I am grateful for this opportunity since it makes my life meaningful. Moreover, life cannot be good without a sense of love. People may lose all material possessions and become poor, but if they have loving and caring friends, relatives, and partners around them, they will be happy. Therefore, a good life is a complex term with different meanings, but all the interpretations have a particular point in common – well-being is associated with gratitude, meaning, and love. Reference Górnik-Durose, Małgorzata E. “Materialism and Well-Being Revisited: The Impact of Personality.” Journal of Happiness Studies, vol. 21, 2020, pp. 305-326. Springer . Web.

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Write an essay about: In her essay, Kimmerer (2017) discusses how the grammar of Potawatomi, one of the languages of Native Americans, is different from English grammar. She demonstrates how the English language limits the ability of people to appreciate the personalities of creatures other than people.

In her essay, Kimmerer (2017) discusses how the grammar of Potawatomi, one of the languages of Native Americans, is different from English grammar. She demonstrates how the English language limits the ability of people to appreciate the personalities of creatures other than people.

A Link Between the Thoughts and Attitudes of People: Grammar and Vocabulary Research Paper The language we speak has a drastic effect on our thoughts, beliefs, and habits. While this idea may be somewhat intuitive for all of us, it may be difficult to realize how deeply our minds and the words we utter are interwoven. An essay by Kimmerer (2017) titled “Learning the grammar of animacy” develops the topic with great detail, contributing to understanding this interconnection. In her discussion, Kimmerer (2017) discusses how the grammar of Potawatomi, one of the languages of Native Americans, is different from English grammar. She demonstrates how the English language limits the ability of people to appreciate the personalities of creatures other than people. The author also states that the English language is so arrogant that the only way to be animate is to be a human. While I agree that there is a strong link between language and thoughts, I think that the reason for the English language failing to acknowledge animacy is a strive for efficiency rather than arrogance. In her essay, Kimmerer (2017) states that the significant difference between the Potawatomi language and English is that Potawatomi acknowledges every object as a person. Potawatomi people were very close to nature, and they had very special verbs for “to be a hill” or “to be Saturday.” In other words, Potawatomi is a very personal language, which treats every object in the world as a person. The English language does not have the tools to appreciate the animacy of objects, as the only way for someone or something to be called a “she” or a “he” is to be a human. Therefore, people who can speak only English do not even have a chance to start appreciating the personalities of animals, plants, rocks, and water. Kimmer (2017) concludes her essay with the idea that if we all could treat objects around us as beings rather than mere subjects, things would have been different, and people would try to fit into nature instead of trying to control it. I agree with the author that there is a strong link between words people speak and the ideas they have. Kimmerer (2017) states that when we say that “a tree is not a who , but it , we make that maple an object, we put a barrier between us” (p. 133). This implies that people’s attitudes change drastically depending on how they talk about an object. One does not need to be bilingual to understand this idea. Suppose a person lost a cellphone, which served for five years. On the one hand, one can call this a problem and try to address it. On the other hand, a person can call this situation an opportunity to buy a new phone or to learn how to survive in this hectic world without having a phone. In the first case, a person is likely to be feeling sorrow, while in the other case, one would feel challenged or excited. Thus, by merely changing the way we call things, which is our language, we can change our thoughts and attitude. While the English language does not have the tools to treat everything as animate objects, I disagree that the reason for that is arrogance. Kimmerer (2017) says, “the arrogance of English is that the only way to be animate, to be worthy of respect and moral concern, is to be a human” (p. 133). I think that the reason for the language to become impersonal is the ultimate strive for efficiency. The English language has lost not only animacy but also cases, inflections, suffixes, and prefixes. In modern English, it is impossible to distinguish between a noun, an adjective, and a verb without context. The purpose of the English language has become to pass on information in the most efficient way without any emotions. I believe that losing animacy was another consequence of the strive for efficiency rather than arrogance. In conclusion, the essay by Kimmerer (2017) provides exciting evidence that there is a direct link between the thoughts and attitudes of people. Grammar and vocabulary can change the way people percept objects and judge events. The author pays much attention to how Potawatomi enables the speaker to think about all things around us as animate objects. However, by focusing on arrogance, the author overlooked a deeper problem of the English language losing the richness of emotions. In the strive for efficiency, the language of William Shakespeare and Thomas Hobbes is surrendering its beauty and sensitivity. Animacy is only one of the numerous features our language has lost, along with inflections that distinguish between grammatical cases, parts of speech, and grammatical gender. If the current trend prevails, in the future, English may even lose “he” and “she” altogether and call everything an “it.” Reference Kimmerer, R. W. (2017). Learning the grammar of animacy. Anthropology of Consciousness , 28 (2), 128-134.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The patient is a 21-year-old Hispanic male who presents for counseling without optimism. He was confused about his identity and was constantly burdened by doubts about whether he was a good son. It was evident that he experienced difficulty accepting the loss of his mother and constantly mulled over the circumstances of her death and the ways in which it could have been avoided.

The patient is a 21-year-old Hispanic male who presents for counseling without optimism. He was confused about his identity and was constantly burdened by doubts about whether he was a good son. It was evident that he experienced difficulty accepting the loss of his mother and constantly mulled over the circumstances of her death and the ways in which it could have been avoided.

A Loss of a Family Member and Counseling Report (Assessment) Casey is a 21-year-old Hispanic male that presents for counseling without optimism. During the initial interview, he demonstrated some critical symptoms that highlighted the severity of his condition. He was confused about his identity and was constantly burdened by doubts about whether he was a good son. It was evident that he experienced difficulty accepting the loss of his mother and constantly mulled over the circumstances of her death and the ways in which it could have been avoided. He was disturbed by his friends’ lack of empathy and was bitter and angry about the loss of his mother. It is worth noting that he expressed anger against himself and what he considered an undeserved fate. Even though he is still able to function at school, he lacks the drive he had prior to his loss, and he is no longer excited about future prospects. He reports that he has lost all direction in his life. He also reports experiencing difficulty sleeping and eating after his mother’s passing. He constantly wakes up early in the morning, filled with a sense of dread. He does not work out as frequently as he used to and does not feel connected to his friends. Presenting Problem Casey presents with complaints of difficulty focusing at school, which is associated with a lack of motivation. Other associated symptoms include the lack of sleep, the loss of appetite, and persistent panic attacks. He describes waking up early every morning feeling like his heart is racing and his chest is heavy. He reports breathing heavily and experiencing an intense feeling of dread. He states that he experiences difficulty connecting with his father and friends, who seem distant and aloof. Casey feels like they are disconnected and incapable of understanding the challenges he faces. History of Problem Casey started experiencing the symptoms three weeks prior to the interview after the tragic loss of his mother in a traffic accident. He reports oversleeping on the fateful day and is constantly plagued by feelings of guilt in view of the fact that he did not speak to her and express how much he loved her. The constant rumination over the events of the fateful day led to a lack of focus at school, which resulted in a decline in his grades. He also reports experiencing difficulty sleeping, loss of appetite, and panic attacks. Attempts to reconnect with his father have been unsuccessful, and the lack of empathy from his friends has further compounded the problem. Mental Status Activity The patient is restless during the interview and is constantly shifting his weight on the chair. There are, however, no abnormal movements such as tics, tremors, or lip-smacking noted. In addition, the patient does not demonstrate evidence of psychomotor retardation, such as delayed responses to questions or a paucity of movement. Mood and Affect The patient demonstrates anger at himself when recounting the events of the fateful day. This angry mood is a result of his agitation over his friends’ lack of empathy and his father’s lack of understanding. His overall demeanor and facial expressions demonstrate sadness and anger. The patient has a labile affect, given that he experiences exaggerated alterations in emotion that are not necessarily related to external triggers. He feels like he has insufficient control over his emotional responses. There is, however, a congruency of affect in view of the fact that his emotional expressions are in keeping with the content of his thoughts. Thought Process, Content, and Perception Casey demonstrates through blocking because he experiences a cessation of thoughts in the middle of a sentence. He typically starts to say something and is unable to recover what he said a few seconds prior. The client demonstrates abnormal thought content in view of the fact that there is evidence of obsessions. He recounts thoughts and images that occur repeatedly and are out of his control. He constantly recounts the morning of the accident and wonders whether delaying his mother would have changed the course of events. There is, however, no evidence of compulsions, overvalued ideas, or suicidal ideation. It is vital to note that the patient does not demonstrate abnormalities of thought perception. As such, there is no evidence of hallucinations, illusions, derealization, or depersonalization. Cognition, Insight, and Judgment The patient demonstrates normal cognition in view of the fact that he is oriented in time, place, and person. In addition, his attention and concentration are normal, as is his short-term memory. Casey has insight because he understands that he has a mental health issue that is affecting his ability to accomplish daily activities successfully. It is worth noting that his judgment remains unimpaired, as evidenced by the fact that he makes informed and accurate decisions. Suicidal and Homicidal Assessment Casey does not report experiencing suicidal thoughts or ideation since losing his mother in a tragic traffic accident. Social History Family Casey is an only child who had a close relationship with his mother. He is, however, no as close to his father, who has shown little interest in his wellbeing since the tragic accident. School He attends college but has recently experienced challenges that have resulted in poor grades. He also reports that his motivation to attend class has declined. Health There are no reported health issues or chronic illnesses such as diabetes, asthma, or hypertension. Occupational/Work Casey is a student and is yet to get formally employed. Spiritual/Religious There is no reported religious or spiritual history in this case. Legal Casey has never been arrested and has no documented legal infractions. Social History Casey grew up as a single child in a household with a father and a mother. He developed an intimate relationship with his mother, who recently lost her life in a tragic road accident. He has friends, and even though he loves his father, their relationship is cold. There is no history of childhood abuse or trauma. Health & Wellness History Substance use Casey experimented with marijuana while in high school and has consumed a limited amount of alcohol. Sleep habits Casey reports experiencing difficulties getting adequate sleep during the night. In addition, he often wakes up early, filled with dread. Exercise habits Casey’s exercise routine has been negatively impacted by the loss of his mother. He seldom exercises as frequently as he used to before the accident. Eating habits and appetite Casey’s appetite has declined significantly since he lost his mother three weeks prior to the interview. Previous Therapy / Psychiatric Services Have you ever been in counseling before? *  No * Yes, * Inpatient * Outpatient * Day Treatment Name of Provider Clinic Year Diagnosis / Problem ________________________________________________________________________ Have you ever seen a Psychiatrist before?  No Yes, Inpatient Outpatient Day Treatment Name of MD: _______________________________________ Clinic: _____________________________ Was any of your previous therapy related to substance abuse?  No Yes Have you ever had serious thoughts of suicide or homicide?  No Yes Have you ever made a suicide / homicide attempt?  No Yes Explain: ____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Do you presently feel suicidal or homicidal?  No Yes Explain: __________________________________ Family Relationship History Casey was extremely close to his mother from an early age. He reports that everything he did in life was because of her. He was, however, not as close to his father, who has not shown empathy since the incident. Despite their fragile relationship, Casey states that he loves him. Strengths There are specific assets that will facilitate progress and change in Casey’s case. He has demonstrated the capacity for self-discipline given the fact that he previously maintained a rigorous exercise regimen and has stayed away from drugs and alcohol. In addition, he is intelligent, as demonstrated by high grades prior to his mother’s demise in a tragic road accident. Finally, Casey is willing to utilize resources and has demonstrated the willingness to regain his confidence and purpose in life. Challenges The Main challenge likely to impede Casey’s progress is his strained relationship with his father. Given that he has no siblings, Casey’s need for family is likely to be unfulfilled if the relationship is not mended. Diagnosis F33.0 Mild, recurrent, Major Depressive Disorder. F41.0 Panic disorder. Discussion/Clinical Formulation Casey is suffering from major depressive disorder because he meets the DSM 5 criteria. Or instance, he experiences a depressed mood for most of the day and has demonstrated a significant decline in interest in pleasurable activities. There is a history of insomnia on most days, and he is constantly plagued with feelings of inappropriate guilt over the loss of his mother. The patient also feels fatigued and has experienced these feelings for more than two weeks. The depression is recurrent because, in addition to meeting the basic criteria, he experiences unreasonable feelings of self-reproach and excessive guilt in addition to losing his self-confidence. The diagnosis of panic disorder was arrived at because Casey experienced palpitations and instances of shortened breath. In addition, he experienced chest discomfort that was associated with an overwhelming feeling of fear. It is worth noting that the disturbance is not attributed to another mental disorder or the psychological impacts of substances such as drugs or alcohol. The cognitive theory of depression is the most appropriate theory to use with this client. It proposes that depression is the result of maladaptive and illogical cognitions that are presented in the form of distorted judgment and thoughts. The theory further posits that depressive cognitions are the result of an individual’s lack of experiences that would foster the development of effective coping skills (Kanel, 2019). The difference in thinking among individuals affected by depression is believed to the primary cause of their illness. For instance, depressed individuals often view themselves and the future with a pessimistic attitude (Kanel, 2019). This leads to the inevitable misrepresentation of facts as they blame themselves for misfortunes that occur. Casey blames himself for his mother’s death because he believes that if he had woken up early and stopped her from leaving the house in time, she would probably still be alive. The cognitive theory can be applied to Casey’s case by instituting elements of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to facilitate recovery. CBT will facilitate the identification of life factors contributing to depression, and it will help Casey address distorted perceptions and patterns of thinking that aggravate the illness. _________________________________________________ __________________ Student/Counselor in Training Date _________________________________________________ __________________ Supervisor___________________ Date_______________________ Resource Packet Web Sources Torres, F. (2020). What Is Depression? American Psychiatric Association. World Health Organization. (2020). Depression . Support Groups Sane. www.sane.org.uk Togetherall. togetherall.com Books McIntosh, D. (2019). This is depression: A comprehensive, compassionate guide for anyone who wants to understand depression . Page Two Books, Incorporated. Burns, D. D. (2020). Feeling great: The revolutionary new treatment for depression and anxiety . PESI Publishing & Media. Exercises * Deep breathing exercises * Meditation * Yoga Reference Kanel, K. (2019 ). A guide to crisis intervention (6th ed.). MindTap.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: Chris Parry, a 39-year-old man, was sentenced to death by hanging this morning. The man violently killed his wife and walled her body up in the basement wall. The murderer would have got away with the crime unless his cat had drawn the police's attention to the hidden body.

Chris Parry, a 39-year-old man, was sentenced to death by hanging this morning. The man violently killed his wife and walled her body up in the basement wall. The murderer would have got away with the crime unless his cat had drawn the police's attention to the hidden body.

A Man to Be Executed for Murdering His Wife and Walling Her Up in the Basement Essay Chris Parry, a 39-year-old man, was sentenced to death by hanging this morning. The man violently killed his wife and walled her body up in the basement wall. The murderer would have got away with the crime unless his cat had drawn the police’s attention to the hidden body. On May 21, Mr. Parry and his wife, Olivia Parry, were doing household chores when suddenly Mr. Parry stumbled over his cat. The man became outraged and tried to hit the cat with a hatchet, but his wife interfered and rescued the animal. Then, Mr. Parry stroke his wife with the hatchet directly “in her brain,” as he said in his deathbed confession (Poe 11). This caused her to die on the spot, and Mr. Parry buried her body in a damp basement wall. Three days later, the police came to the Parrys’ house for a search. Mr. Parry accompanied them along the way and even showed them the basement without revealing his guilt. The police would have left empty-handed if it were not for a mere accident. When police officers were about to leave, Mr. Parry knocked on the wall with his cane, and the police heard “a cry … quickly swelling into one long, loud, and continuous scream” (Poe 14). The police broke down the wall and saw a female corpse starting to decay, with a black cat sitting on her head. Mr. Parry was arrested and put on trial, where he confessed to his crime and was sentenced to death by hanging. The man seemed to feel no remorse for his felony. In his confession that he wrote while in jail, he blamed the cat for his crime: “[Its] craft had seduced me into murder, and [its] informing voice had consigned me to the hangman” (Poe 14). Mr. Parry was mentally unstable, presumably because of alcoholism. His neighbors report that they often saw the man drunk. Mr. Parry admitted to consuming alcohol, as well as using “intemperate language” and “personal violence” toward his wife (Poe 4). Naturally, alcohol abuse does not alleviate his guiltiness for the crime. Mr. Parry’s criminal path started long before his murder of Mrs. Parry. The cat that helped the police discover the body was the second cat that the Parry family had ever had. Their first cat was named Pluto, and it was the favorite pet of the family. When Mr. Parry started drinking, he also began mistreating his domestic animals. Although Pluto at first remained untouched, he eventually suffered the most damage. First, Mr. Parry cut one of the cat’s eyes with his penknife. Later, the man tied a rope around the animal’s neck and hung it on the tree. The night after the killing of the cat, Mr. Parry’s house burnt down, which he considered revenge. Notably, Mr. Parry had not been such a cruel man earlier in his life. Heavy drinking drastically changed his personality. In his confession, he shared that he was “noted for the docility and humanity of my disposition” and was “especially fond of animals” (Poe 3). His wife shared his positive traits and love for animals, so their household was full of pets, including birds, a dog, goldfish, a small monkey, rabbits, and a cat. Intemperance ruined the idyll of their life, causing “a rapid alteration for the worse” (Poe 4). In the end, two living beings – a cat and a woman – fell victim to the mind clouded by alcohol. Work Cited Poe, Edgar Allan. The Black Cat . Elegant Ebooks, 1843. Elegant Ebooks . Web.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : Nurses who work 8-hour shifts are less likely to experience fatigue and more likely to provide higher quality care to patients.

Nurses who work 8-hour shifts are less likely to experience fatigue and more likely to provide higher quality care to patients.

A New Approach to Scheduling in Nursing Presentation The Change Model Description The Johns Hopkins Nursing EBP Model: * a problem-solving model; * appropriate to promote the nurse’s decision-making; * relevant to the nursing practice (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2011, p. 271). Includes several steps: * Practice question: + Step 1 and 2: Recruit Interprofessional Team and Develop the EBP Question. + Step 3: Define the Scope of the EBP and determine stakeholders. + Step 4 and 5: Determine Responsibility of Team Members and Organize team meetings. * Evidence: + Step 6 and 7: Conduct Internal/External Search for Evidence and Appraisal. + Step 8 and 9: Summarize and Synthesize the Evidence. + Step 10: Recommendations. * Translation: + Step 11 and 12: Fit, Feasibility and Appropriateness of Recommendations and Action Plan. + Step 13 and 14: Secure Support and Resources and Implement Action Plan. + Step 15 and 16: Evaluation and Reporting Outcomes. + Step 17 and 18: Identify Next Steps and Disseminate Findings (Dearholt & Dang, 2012). PICO Question In nurses working in clinics and hospitals, how does a choice to work an 8-hour shift five days a week compared to working a 12-hour shift three days a week influence the decrease in the nurse’s level of fatigue? * P – (Patient, population, or problem): Nurses working in clinics and hospitals. * I – (Intervention): The work in an 8-hour shift five days a week. * C – (Comparison with other treatment/current practice): The work in a 12-hour shift three days a week. * O – (Desired outcome): The decreased level of the nurse’s fatigue. Scope of the Problem * Nurses working for 12 hours during 3 consecutive days cannot overcome fatigue (Chen, Davis, Daraiseh, Pan, & Davis, 2014); * Medical errors occur more often (Clark & Walker, 2011). * The turnover in medical organizations increases (Griffiths et al., 2014). * The practice of 12-hour shifts is common for the majority of facilities in the USA (Lin, Kang, Chiang, & Chen, 2015); * Patients’ dissatisfaction increases (Stimpfel, Sloane, & Aiken, 2012, p. 2501). Team and Stakeholders * The team requires the participation of: + the charge nurse (develop a new schedule); + the financial manager (estimate the costs of the project and budgetary limits); + 3 registered nurses (skilled in interviewing, conducting surveys, and analyzing data). * Stakeholders include: + medical workers; + patients; + hospital administrators. Evidence to Implement Change * Fatigue: + Nurses working an 8-hour shift five days per week are less likely to experience fatigue (Sloan, 2006; Trinkoff et al., 2011). + The level of fatigue in nurses working 12-hour shifts increases with each following shift (Stimpfel et al., 2012). + Nurses cannot overcome the exhaustion fully during the days off (Chen et al., 2014). * Patient Satisfaction: + The adoption of the 12-hour shift leads to the patients’ dissatisfaction (Lin et al., 2015; Stimpfel et al., 2012). + Patient outcomes decrease significantly when nurses choose 12-hour shifts and the overwork (Chen et al., 2014; Stimpfel et al., 2012). * Quality of Work: + The decreased attention caused by exhaustion leads to affecting the quality of work negatively (Clark & Walker, 2011). + Nurses working short shifts demonstrate higher performance results in contrast to nurses working long shifts (Chen et al., 2014; Stimpfel et al., 2012). + Longer working hours contribute to the increased mortality in medical organizations due to nurses’ fatigue (Trinkoff et al., 2011). Action Plan 1. Secure the support of hospital administrators informing them about the 8-hour shift benefits. 2. Develop a new 8-hour shift schedule for nurses. 3. Inform nurses about the new policy. 4. Implement the new schedule in one unit of the hospital. 5. Conduct the follow-up assessment surveying nurses and patients in two units. 6. Compare the efficiency of 8-hour and 12-hour shifts and scheduling methods. 7. Synthesize and present results in a written report. 8. Distribute the results to hospital administrators. Timeline. The Nurse’s Role * The nurse’s role is to: + contact stakeholders; + coordinate the work of the project team; + coordinate the development of the new schedule; + inform the staff on the policy implementation; + monitor the action plan activities; + adjust the activities to the plan; + address the unexpected challenges; + coordinate the program implementation process; + assess the program results; + analyze and compare the results; + present the written report on the completed project. Procedures 1. Contact the hospital administrators and develop the cooperation. 2. Organize the team for working on the project. 3. Conduct scheduled meetings. 4. Develop the project plan timeline. 5. Analyze strategies to developing nursing schedules in terms of influencing fatigue, quality of work, and patient outcomes. 6. Choose the appropriate strategy to integrate the schedule with an 8-hour shift. 7. Develop a new 8-hour shift schedule for nurses. 8. Approve the project plan and the new schedule. 9. Inform nurses about the new policy. 10. Implement the new schedule in one unit of the hospital. 11. Conduct the survey for nurses working 12-hour and 8-hour shifts. 12. Conduct the survey for patients in two units. 13. Assess the results regarding fatigue, quality of work, and patient outcomes. 14. Compare the efficiency of 8-hour and 12-hour shifts and scheduling methods. 15. Synthesize and present results in a written report. 16. Inform hospital administrators and nurses on results. Forms to Be Used * Maslach Burnout Inventory assess the level of nurses’ fatigue and burnout (Sloan, 2006, p. 21). * The questionnaire created by the researcher is helpful to determine if patients are satisfied with medical services. Resources * The nurse investigator; * The team; * Internet resources; * Assessment tools; * Analysis tools. Summary * Problem: + The increased level of fatigue in nurses working 12-hour shifts. + The decreased quality of care. + The negative effects on the patient satisfaction. * Purpose: + To propose the effective scheduling scheme based on the 8-hour shifts for nurses. * Goal: + By the end of the project, to demonstrate that the level of fatigue typical for nurses working 12-hour shifts is higher than the level of fatigue typical for nurses working 8-hour shifts leading to the increased quality of work and patient satisfaction. References Chen, J., Davis, K., Daraiseh, N., Pan, W., & Davis, L. (2014). Fatigue and recovery in 12-hour dayshift hospital nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 22 (5), 593-603. Clark, A. R., & Walker, H. (2011). Nurse rescheduling with shift preferences and minimal disruption. Journal of Applied Operational Research , 3 (3), 148-162. Dearholt, S., & Dang, D. (2012). Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-based Practice: Models and Guidelines . New York, NY: Sigma Theta Tau. Griffiths, P., Dall’Ora, C., Simon, M., Ball, J., Lindqvist, R., Rafferty, A. M., … & Aiken, L. H. (2014). Nurses’ shift length and overtime working in 12 European countries: The association with perceived quality of care and patient safety. Medical Care , 52 (11), 975-981. Lin, C. C., Kang, J. R., Chiang, D. J., & Chen, C. L. (2015). Nurse scheduling with joint normalized shift and day-off preference satisfaction using a genetic algorithm with immigrant scheme. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks , 501 (1), 595-419. Melnyk, B., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2011). John Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice Process . New York, NY: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Sloan, G. (2006). Clinical Supervision in Mental Health Nursing . New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Stimpfel, A., Sloane, D., & Aiken, L. (2012). The longer the shifts for hospital nurses, the higher the levels of burnout and patient dissatisfaction. Health Affairs , 31 (11), 2501-2509. Trinkoff, A., Johantgen, M., Storr, C., Gurses, A., Liang, Y., & Han, K. (2011). Nurses’ work schedule characteristics, nurse staffing, and patient mortality. Nursing Research , 60 (1), 1-8.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The article discusses the potential of robots to be a warehouse worker's pal. It indicates that the manner in which different roles are completed on the warehouse floor has changed significantly within the past decade. Emerging firms have managed to create modern technologies and robots that are capable of working alongside human beings. The technology is not intended to replace manpower completely. Companies such as RK Logistics Group, 6 River Systems Inc., and Duetsche Post AG's DHL have benefited from this technology. The use

The article discusses the potential of robots to be a warehouse worker's pal. It indicates that the manner in which different roles are completed on the warehouse floor has changed significantly within the past decade. Emerging firms have managed to create modern technologies and robots that are capable of working alongside human beings. The technology is not intended to replace manpower completely. Companies such as RK Logistics Group, 6 River Systems Inc., and Duetsche Post AG's DHL have benefited from this technology. The use

“A Robot Can Be Warehouse Worker’s Pal” by Jennifer Smith Presentation Article Summary * The author indicates that the manner in which different roles are completed on the warehouse floor has changed significantly within the past decade. * Emerging firms have managed to create modern technologies and robots that are capable of working alongside human beings. * It should be observed that the technology is not intended to replace manpower completely. * Companies such as RK Logistics Group, 6 River Systems Inc., and Duetsche Post AG’s DHL have benefited from this technology. * The use of swarming robots makes it easier for workers to identify and transport a wide range of goods and materials across a warehouse. * The strategy has been observed to streamline and support various logistical activities. * The unique benefits of this emerging technology are presented in the article. + For instance, collaborative robots tend to be small. This means that they can function effectively in different warehouses. + They are cheap in comparison to automated systems and conveyor belts that consume a lot of warehouse space. * Employees working alongside these robots are guided adequately. This method makes it possible for companies to achieve their objectives in a timely manner. * The technology is capable of addressing the unique challenges caused by modern developments such as online marketing, customer demands, and changing labor markets. * The author of the article shows that such aspects continue to make it hard for firms to fill various warehouse jobs. * According to Smith, warehouses characterized by small spaces might not be filled with more people. * Robots are smaller and capable of completing a wide range of roles. * Different robots working side by side with employees can complete complex duties and eventually deliver positive results. Course Relation * The ideas and concepts presented in this article support the ones discussed in class. The ultimate goal of business organizations is to maximize profits. The concepts outlined below can be linked with the attributes identified in the article. * Management theories: + Organizational theories focus on the best initiatives to improve performance. This can be achieved through the use of a friendly working environment. The approach fosters employee empowerment and eventually results in profits. + The article reveals that the use of robots can result in both profit maximization and employee empowerment. + This information appears to echo the ideas discussed in class. + Robots can support the performance of employees in different warehouses. + The practice is associated with efficiency in different operations. + When these robots work together with different people, tasks are completed efficiently and in a timely manner. + This achievement will eventually result in improved performance and realization of various organizational intentions. * The course explores a wide range of approaches that are considered to create value in organizations. + Value creation is a wide concept that seeks to improve performance through the application of evidence-based practices. + Companies that succeed in this area will deliver high-quality products or services to their respective customers. + The firms analyzed in the article such as Duetsche Post AG’s DHL have benefited significantly from the use of collaborative robots. + They have addressed existing challenges and created value in different logistical operations. + The use of robots emerges as a value creation strategy for many companies. * Roles and responsibilities of management: + The class discussions have identified specific roles of managers and leaders. They should support the needs of their followers, create friendly working environments, implement new changes, and adopt systems capable of improving performance. + The article offers meaningful insights that resonance with the functions and responsibilities of management. Robotic technology emerges as a superior change capable of driving organizational performance. Critical Analysis * If collaborative robots have the potential to transform the experiences and performance of workers, managers should embrace the power of the technology to improve their respective working environments. * The most important goal of every firm should be to realize its aims without jeopardizing the welfare of its stakeholders. * Collaborative robots, as described in this article, are not intended to promote layoffs or retrenchments. * Companies can realize their potential if they considered the ideas obtained from the article. * Consequently, such firms will remain relevant in their respective sectors or industries. * Firms operating in different sectors can embrace the use of robots since they are cheaper to acquire and maintain. * They also improve the manner in which a wide range of activities are completed. * The process creates value in different supply chains, thereby making it easier for more firms to deliver high-quality products to their customers. * The approach results in business profitability. * Players in this promising field should consider the benefits that might be realized from the adoption of robots to complete various tasks. * Since many warehouses have recorded positive results due to the use of this technology, different industries or organizational departments should pursue similar ambitions. * The initiative will make it easier for more companies to achieve their objectives. * Research and development (R&D) should be pursued in order to ensure cheaper and more efficient robots are available to different organizations. * In conclusion, managers who focus on these changes will be in a position to achieve their goals. Food for thought: Can you imagine the major achievements that could be realized if more companies embraced the power of collaborative robots?

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay discusses the application of the BPS+ model to the analysis of the in the movie A Star Is Born. The BPS+ model allows for a more comprehensive understanding of addiction as a complex construct, taking into account the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors.

The essay discusses the application of the BPS+ model to the analysis of the in the movie A Star Is Born. The BPS+ model allows for a more comprehensive understanding of addiction as a complex construct, taking into account the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors.

“A Star Is Born”: Addiction Analysis From the BPS+ Perspective Report Movie Summary Released in 2018 in the U.S., A Star Is Born is a romantic drama telling the story of Jackson “Jack” Maine and Ally. The two meet in a drag bar, where Ally works as a singer and songwriter. Being a country singer himself, Jack is fascinated with Ally’s talent, and the two start a friendship that transforms into a romantic relationship. Together, they write unique and authentic music, yet Ally is soon approached by a producer, who offers her a lucrative contract and a more pop-music-geared repertoire. Ally chooses to pursue artistic success, which Jack supports, even though having visible disappointment with Ally’s loss of authenticity. Soon Jack spirals into substance abuse, nearly ruining Ally’s career and relationships with others. However, Ally decides to support Jack instead, understanding his struggle and willing to help him. During her final performance, she chooses to sing her and Jack’s songs as a tribute to her husband. In the meantime, Jack hangs himself in their home. After Ally learns about it and is stricken with grief, Jack’s older brother, Bobby, tells her that she should not blame herself. To analyze the problems that Jack is facing throughout the movie, the BPS+ model will be used. By definition, the BPS+ model represents an updated version of the BPS framework, which was built to “recognize the complex interactions between biological, psychological and social constructs of illness” (Wainwright & Low, 2020, p. 1). In turn, the BPS+ model allows targeting vulnerable groups and catering to their specific needs. Due to the failure to adders a combined effect of biological (father’s alcoholism and the presence of tinnitus), psychological (inferiority complex and lack of self-fulfillment), and sociological (gender stereotypes and expectations), Jack fails to reconcile with his personal crisis, spiraling into depression, which results in suicide. Analysis: Applying the BPS+ Model Biological Since the movie understandably focuses on the protagonists and tends to show rather than use a verbal narrative, very little is known about Jack’s family and parents. However, the movie still shows the snippets of Jack’s life with his father, indicating that the latter abused alcohol to a significant extent (Cooper, 2018). Jack’s addiction to substances, particularly his propensity to drinking, can be explained by his genetic disposition to the specified disorder. Most importantly, the movie points to the presence of a much more significant factor that pushes Jack toward the abuse of alcohol and the use of drugs. Namely, as the movie plot unwraps, the audience realizes that Jack has been suffering from tinnitus: “’ Well, tinnitus can’t be fixed.’ ‘Right. Well, I just hear that tone, that’s all. You know, the tone, yeah. The ringing.’” (Cooper, 2018). While tinnitus is an undeniably unpleasant experience for an average patient, for a musician, it may ruin an entire life since it creates massive impediments to playing or composing music. Moreover, tinnitus is also likely to erase any enjoyment of playing music or listening to it as an individual, which, for a musician who is fully immersed in music, is a devastating experience. Psychological In turn, the psychological issues that Jack, as one of the main characters in A Star Is Born , is facing are undeniably massive. Among these, guilt should be mentioned as the result of the failure to meet social expectations. Furthermore, Jack’s guilt is exacerbated by the presence of biological issues, namely, his substance dependency. The movie portrays Jack’s struggle in a frighteningly realistic and visceral way: “‘No, but I embarrassed you. I embarrassed you.’ ‘I’m not embarrassed by you.’ ‘But it was so wrong. And then your dad’” (Cooper, 2018). Thus, the audience develops a clear perspective of what his fears are and how his biological issues are connected to his psychological ones. Moreover, the overwhelming sense of guilt that Jack experiences, as well as the fact that he fails to cope with it, indicates that he is facing severe psychological issues. For instance, in the same scene, in response to his apologies and self-deprecation, Ally keeps repeating, “It’s okay. It’s okay, it’s not your fault,” which is a crucial idea to convey to someone who is being consumed by guilt. However, Jack evidently ignores Ally’s coaxing response, instead of continuing to reproach himself for embarrassing her: “I’m sorry I did that”; “No, but I embarrassed you. I embarrassed you” (Cooper, 2018). Jack’s refusal to accept the mistake and advance to the next stage of discussing the issue, namely, the search for a solution, is truly glaring in the scene in question. Social Finally, severe impediments in Jack’s social interactions are represented in the movie quite clearly. Being quite susceptible to the influence of his circle of friends due to his psychological issues, specifically, his low self-esteem, Jack becomes especially prone to accepting the use of substances as a solution. Namely, Jack mentions his year-long pilgrimage, during which he and his friends were engaged in binge drinking and led an entirely destructive lifestyle (Cooper, 2018). Therefore, the case at hand represents a situation in which the effects of social pressure led to the development of an addiction. The situation under analysis was aggravated by the fact that fearing further loneliness, Jack could not muster up the courage needed to refuse alcohol and confront his friends about the unhealthy lifestyle that they offered to him. Furthermore, Jack’s inability to communicate with others properly and function within a community appears to conceal more than his social awkwardness, which aggravates his sense of guilt and reinforces his decision to continue to abuse substances as a way of distancing himself from his problems. Finally, considering the social factors that enhance Jack’s addiction, one should mention the impact of external ones, namely, those that are outside of Jack’s control. The impact of the social stigma that people with addiction must face deserves a more thorough discussion. Although the reproach that most people have for patients with drug misuse issues is an inevitable and quite healthy social response, it, nonetheless, has a devastatingly negative effect on people struggling with addiction (Chou et al., 2018). Dissecting the problem of the stigma that patients with alcohol and drug misuse receive will help to realize that taking the specified stance allows people to reinforce and enhance the social boundaries concerning acceptable behaviors. Namely, the specified type of response toward patients with addiction indicates that substance misuse is actively discouraged, which is vital for keeping the specified health concern from reaching the level of a public health issue. Nevertheless, the stigma that patients with substance misuse face is quite real, and it has truly adverse consequences for their mental health, as well as their willingness to address the disorder. The stigma toward the specified disorder prevents people with substance misuse problems to seek professional help, as Jack’s case clearly indicates. Namely, he is portrayed as hesitating to explore the options of professional assistance (Cooper, 2018). The specified behavior is the direct outcome of the social stigma that surrounds the issue of substance abuse. Factors Analysis One could argue that the effect that the social stigma coupled with the social pressure of Jack’s friends eventually turned out to be weaker than his willingness to build and improve relationships with Ally. Namely, Jack’s intention to abandon his harmful behaviors and focus on improving his relationships with Ally is visibly strong as he clearly has an emotional attachment to her and has formed a powerful bond (Cooper, 2018). Thus, the effects of the socio-cultural factors on the development and the failure to handle the addiction can be considered manageable. In turn, the impact of the psychological factors that define Jack’s behavior appears to be much more severe. Apart from taking a massive toll on his ability to make a decision, it stops abusing substances; psychological issues that he is fighting also drive his self-esteem down, making him dependable on Ally and aggravating his condition. Specifically, throughout the movie, Jack shows clear signs of depression. The combination of the biological factors, particularly tinnitus, which causes Jack unceasing and unbearable discomfort, could also be regarded as one of the factors that cause the further development of depression and suicidal ideation. However, even though Jack’s tinnitus affects his ability to work and be creative, it still remains a manageable concern since the disorder in question is, in fact, treatable (Cooper, 2018). Anti-anxiety medications coupled with the removal of possible mechanical impediments to normal hearing, such as earwax, are usually regarded as fairly sufficient methods for handling tinnitus (Simoes et al., 2019). The treatment course may include therapy that will help a patient to develop an effective coping strategy for keeping his peace of mind when managing tinnitus (Chou et al., 2018). Still, throughout the movie, Jack remains remarkably resistant to the use of any treatment or seeking any medical health, in general. Thus, the inevitability of his further spiraling into a major depressive disorder becomes set. Conclusion By refusing to confront the biological, psychological, and social, Jack becomes incapable of addressing his personal crisis, which pushes him into depression, suicidal ideation, and, eventually, suicide. Jack’s case is truly tragic. Jack’s life journey portrays quite accurately the typical scenario that occurs with patients suffering from substance misuse. Although a case in point addresses specifically the challenges of a person with a drug misuse problem in the entertainment industry, there are multiple overlaps with the general issues faced by people with substance abuse problems. The application of the BPS+ model as the method of delving into the assessment of the major factors that have been causing the further development of Jack’s addiction. Similarly, it determines his inability to seek help and address it properly. Based on the analysis above, the factors that have defined Jack’s substance misuse tendencies, aggravated his depression, and finally led to suicidal ideations, one must bring up the psychological constituent. Specifically, given Jack’s portrayal, the sociocultural factors, while being admittedly strong and defining his harmful tendencies, were still defeated by his relationships with Ally. The observation above suggests that the psychological issues represented the foundational contributor to Jack’s addiction and his further depression. Thus, the movie illustrates the importance of identifying the threats to the emotional well-being of an individual affected by addiction. A Star Is Born encourages immediate action to counteract these factors and assist the individual in question with developing healthy behaviors and attitudes. References Chou, W. J., Chang, Y. P., & Yen, C. F. (2018). Boredom proneness and its correlation with Internet addiction and Internet activities in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 34 (8), 467-474. Web. Cooper, B. (2018). A star is born . MGM. Simoes, J., Neff1, P., Schoisswohl, S., Bulla, J., Schecklmann, M., Harrison, S., Vesala, M., Langguth, B., & Schlee, W. (2019). Toward personalized tinnitus treatment: an exploratory study based on internet crowdsensing. Frontiers in Public Health, 7 , 1-10. Web. Wainwright, T. W., & Low, M. (2020). Why the biopsychosocial model needs to be the underpinning philosophy in rehabilitation pathways for patients recovering from COVID-19. Integrated Healthcare Journal, 2 (1), 1-2. Web.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: A study of juvenile type 1 diabetes in the northwest of England found that the disease is more common in whites and those with a family history of the disease. The study also found that obesity and rapid linear growth are risk factors for the disease.

A study of juvenile type 1 diabetes in the northwest of England found that the disease is more common in whites and those with a family history of the disease. The study also found that obesity and rapid linear growth are risk factors for the disease.

A Study of Juvenile Type 1 Diabetes in the Northwest of England Presentation Overview of Diabetes * Diabetes mellitus is a health condition where the amount of glucose in the blood surpasses the required normal ranges. * It is caused by a malfunction in the functioning of the pancreas, which fails to secrete adequate insulin. * Two forms of diabetes exist namely: + Type 1 (insulin-dependent)-the pancreas fails to generate insulin. + Type 2 (insulin-independent)-failure of the body to utilise insulin (American Diabetes Association, n.d.). Juvenile Type 1 Diabetes * This is the form of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus that occurs in children and adolescents. * The precise cause of juvenile type 1 diabetes is unknown. * However, the immune system plays a role in the development of the condition. * Genetics also influence the development of the disease. * The main indications of insulin-dependent diabetes in children comprise: + Increased need for water; + Regular urges to pass urine; + Extreme food cravings. * Other symptoms include: + Weight loss; + Exhaustion and weariness; + Irritability and sudden mood changes; + Blurred vision (Majeed & Hassan, 2011). Risk Factors * There are two key risk factors for juvenile type 1 diabetes. + Genetics- the presence of the HLA genes (human leucocyte antigen) increases the likelihood of developing the condition. + Family history- individuals with parents or siblings with type 1 diabetes are more prone to developing the condition than those without a family history of the disease. * Other risk factors include: + Viral infections-Epstein-Barr virus, rubella and Coxsackie stimulate the immune system to generate autoantigens that destroy the islet cells (Majeed & Hassan, 2011). + Ethnicity-Whites are more susceptible to type 1 diabetes than Blacks and Hispanics. + Diet-Previously, it was thought that an intake of vitamin D lowered the chances of having the condition (Hyppönen, Läärä, Reunanen, Järvelin, &Virtanen, 2001). However, it has been established that feeding infants with cow’s milk (a rich source of vitamin D) increases their chances of developing diabetes (Casu, Pascutto, Bernardinelli, The Sardinian IDDM Epidemiology Study Group, & Songini, 2004). + Obesity and rapid linear growth correlates with the incidences of type 1 diabetes (Hyppönen et al., 2000). * The presence of elevated blood sugar levels and the typical diabetes symptoms must be established to identify diabetes. (American Diabetes Association, n.d.). * The provision of care in diabetic children ought to keep in mind the disparities between kids and adults, and should be tailored to the age of the patient. * Education needs to include the patient’s parent or caregiver. * The management of type 1 diabetes involves the integration of insulin therapy into the individual patterns of diet and physical activity (American Diabetes Association, 2007). * About 30% of all children with newly-diagnosed type 1 diabetes usually suffer from diabetic ketoacidosis and should be treated (Diabetes UK, 2013). * Children without life-threatening symptoms are released and cared for in the comfort of their homes. The education ought to call attention to age and developmentally suitable self-care, which should gradually empower the children to take care of themselves as they progress from childhood to adolescence and into adulthood. North West England * The region comprises one of the most socially deprived regions of England (Harwood, Mytton, & Watkins, 2004). * The region comprises diverse ethnic groups including Asians and Blacks. Whites make up 94.4% of the population while other races make up 5.6%. * 2.2% of people in North West England are living with type 1 diabetes. * A large proportion of people in the region comprises skilled, partly skilled and unskilled manual workers while a tiny proportion works in professional, managerial and technical positions. * Several studies indicate that there is a strong association between social deprivation and the prevalence of diabetes (Lopez, Mathers, Ezzati, Jamison, & Murray, 2006). * Therefore, it is expected that the incidence of chronic illnesses such as diabetes is high in such regions. The Needs of the Population * There is inadequate knowledge on the management of diabetes among the people of North West England, which can be attributed to the social class of a majority of the populace. * The lack of adequate knowledge regarding the condition leads to poor management of the condition and leads to the underutilisation of preventive services. * The Pakistani women living in North West England have inferior glycaemic control practices and know-how of self-monitoring due to their poor educational backgrounds. * The population of North West England does not have adequate care for diabetic patients. * Therefore, the National Service Framework for Diabetes has established a few policies to guide the delivery of proper health care to all diabetic patients. * All diabetic children are set to get assistance and attention to improve the regulation of their blood glucose levels. * The support aims at improving their bodily, mental, academic, didactic, and social development (Harwood, Mytton, & Watkins, 2004). Incidences of Juvenile Type 1 Diabetes * The total number of children under seventeen years living with type 1 diabetes in North West England by 2009 was 2,630 out of the 1,498,716 of children under the age of 17 in the region (Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2009). * The incidence translated to a prevalence rate of 175.5 out of every 100,000 children aged seventeen and below. * The prevalence was slightly lower than the expected incidence of 2,792.7 using the overall prevalence of type 1 diabetes in the entire country. * Out of the 2630 children with type 1 diabetes, 97 fell in the age group of 0 to 4 years while 527 fell between the ages of 5 and 9 years. * 1153 of the children were between the ages of 10 and 14. * 302, 338 and 213 children were aged 15, 16 and 17 respectively. * The age-related prevalence (per 100,000 population) of the disease in the region was: + 24.1 among children between the ages of 0 and 4 years. + 218.7 among those aged between 5 and 15 years. + 290.1 among teenagers between 16 and 17 years. * The numbers of school-going children were: + 2,042 for the ages between the ages of 5 and 15. + 575 for those aged between 16 and 17. Risk Factors and Access to Services * Risk factors for juvenile type 1 diabetes in northwest England include: + Ethnicity; + Smoking; + Genetics; * Access to services: + Children living with type 1 diabetes receive specialized care from paediatricians who are well-versed with endocrinology and diabetes. + Most of these professionals are also members of diabetic organisations (Harwood, Mytton, & Watkins, 2004). + The personnel involved include medics, nurses, the management, book-keeping staff, and allied health professionals such as dieticians. + In the UK, a number of groups have been developed to help the population cope with the incidences of type 1 diabetes. An example is the Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating (DAFNE) group, which was first established in Germany. The group provides an effective inpatient instructive program for type 1 diabetes patients. Ethnicity -a large number of people hospitalized for type 1 diabetes-related complications come from multicultural centres. Smoking- 15% of professionals in North West England are smokers while 42% of the manual labourers are smokers. Though children do not smoke, they are exposed to secondary smoke from their parents in their homes and other surroundings. Fatness-A large proportion of the children in northwest England is obese hence elevating the chances of having type 1 diabetes. Genetics and family history also increase the chances of developing type 1 diabetes in the region. Intervention Strategy and the Reduction of Type 1 Diabetes Disease Burden and Inequalities Children and young people living with diabetes ought to have access to the best medical care that gives them the power to handle their condition on a daily basis. They ought to receive specialized care that goes farther than hospital settings to ensure that they can lead their daily lives in a manner that is clinically favourable and psychologically appropriate. The most appropriate intervention strategy to lower the problem of juvenile type 1 diabetes among children and adolescents in North West England is the provision of diabetic children and their families with adequate education on the disease. The importance of education has been established in numerous studies involving children, adolescents as well as adults. Evidence of the Effectiveness of Education in the Management of Type 1 Diabetes * Proper education of families of children with type 1 diabetes leads to a substantial decline in incidences of hospitalization of children with the condition. * These measures have reduced instances of emergency hospital visits and the overall cost of treatment. * The success of patient education in the management of adult type 1 diabetes has been extrapolated into the management of diabetes in children. * In a proposed randomized pragmatic clinical trial, George et al . (2007) suggested the use of Brief Intervention in Type 1 diabetes: Education for Self-efficacy (BITES). * In the actual trial, George et al . (2008) enlisted the treatment group into educational sessions that extended for six weeks during which the patients were able to reflect and practice the knowledge gained. * The intervention led to an improvement in diabetes treatment contentment. In addition, the patients were empowered to handle their diabetic condition in a better way. * Similar findings were recorded by Couch et al. (2008). Components of Education * A comprehensive education program should consider the individual and cultural needs of the patient. * The program also needs to consider the patients’ siblings who may feel disregarded due to increased attention paid to the patient because of the new diagnosis (NHS Diabetes, 2010). * The information and mode of delivery need to be suited to paediatric needs. * The family should not be burdened with many details on the management of the disease immediately after diagnosis because they may still be in shock or angered by the life-changing diagnosis (Silverstein et al., 2005). * Some of the components of the education include: + Continued education: o Regular education and support to ensure the children develop more elements of self-care as they grow (Daneman, 2006). o Sessions can be flexible to allow diabetic adolescents to come along with their close friends for peer support (Greco, Pendley, McDonell, & Reeves, 2001). o Adolescents with diabetes often experience bodily, emotional, mental strain because of the pressure of a complex medical routine (Davidson, Penney, Muller, & Grey, 2004). * Self-management is the foundation of effectual preventative care in diabetes. + Factors such as age, cognitive capabilities, emotive maturation, and the motor advancement of the patients influence their capacity to take part in self-management of diabetes. * Blood glucose monitoring and glycaemic control: + The management of type 1 diabetes seeks to keep blood sugar levels within the acceptable ranges. + During adolescence, the numerous changes that occur lead to insulin resistance hence necessitate higher doses of insulin. + It has been reported that HbA1c levels in diabetic adolescents are one percent higher than in other diabetic patients (Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group, 2005). + Education sessions prepare adolescents psychologically certain changes that affect their blood glucose levels. * Parental presence is vital throughout to guarantee proper self-management and metabolic regulation. * It is vital that certain self-management capabilities are present at various developmental stages. * The use of insulin in the management of diabetes + Insulin doses are determined by the age, weight and state of puberty. + Younger children require small doses while older ones need elevated insulin doses due to hormonal alterations at puberty. + Advice on the preparation and administration of insulin is provided during educational sessions for diabetic patients. * Nutrition advice focuses on: + Achieving blood glucose objectives devoid of extreme hypoglycaemia. + Average growth and development, as well as lipid and blood pressure targets. + These objectives can be attained through personalized meal planning and adaptable insulin routines and algorithms. HbA1c is the ultimate yardstick for evaluating the control of diabetes. Reduced levels of HbA1c correspond to a low incidence of microvascular complications . Implementation of the Intervention * The implementation of patient education as a measure to manage juvenile type 1 diabetes is achieved with the help of various bodies. * Successful outcomes can be realized with the help of organisations as well as local, national and professional bodies (Martin, Liveley, & Whitehead, 2009). * Local intervention: + A local diabetes network has been established in North West England as stipulated by the National Services Framework for Diabetes. + This network finds local leaders and chooses network managers, clinical champions and diabetic patients to champion the views of the local people. + A local diabetes list and research unit have been established to recognize main areas for future research in the improvement of diabetes services to the people of North West England. * Professional intervention: + Carried out by the health professionals that provide the education. + These professionals include endocrinologists, dieticians, nurses, and mental health care professionals. + They schedule appointments with the patients and their families once in a while to monitor the progress of the patient and advise accordingly (Harwood, Mytton, & Watkins, 2004). * National implementation: + Initiatives such as “Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation” are in place to establish national paradigms and outline service models to promote health. + The British Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes promote the education of paediatric endocrinology hence helping children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. + The Department of Health in the UK has authorized the Research Division of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) to carry out a study to determine the population of diabetic children. + Other organisations such as the Royal College of Nursing, the Association of Children’s Diabetes Clinicians and the NHS Diabetes among many others are also part of the study. * Organisational implementation: + Organisations such as Diabetes UK oversee endeavours to promote the education of children with diabetes to enable them to lead productive lives. + The NHS undertakes local and national appraisal of diabetic services. + The members of staff involved in the provision of care to diabetic patients undergo training to improve and advance their health care delivery skills. + The Local Workforce Development Confederation takes part in the development of learning and training curricula for diabetic patients (Harwood, Mytton, & Watkins, 2004). Resources * Databases used included the general Google search engine and Google scholar database. * The search terms used included: + Diabetes mellitus; + Type 1 diabetes; + Juvenile type 1 diabetes; + Juvenile type 1 diabetes in North West England; + Intervention against juvenile type 1 diabetes in North West England. * There were millions of results after the searches. However, relevant sources were selected from the first 20 results of each search. References American Diabetes Association. (n.d.). Diagnosing diabetes and learning about pre-diabetes . Web. American Diabetes Association. (2007). Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, 30 (Supplement1), S48-S65. Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group. (2005). Clinical practice guidelines: Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents . Web. Casu, A., Pascutto, C., Bernardinelli, L., The Sardinian IDDM Epidemiology Study Group, & Songini, M. (2004). Type 1 Diabetes among Sardinian children is increasing. Diabetes Care, 27 (7), 1623–1629. Couch, R., Jetha, M., Dryden, D. M., Hooton, N., Liang, Y., Durec, T., Sumamo, E., Spooner, C., Milne, A., O’Gorman, K., & Klassen, T. P. (2008). Diabetes education for children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and their families. Web. Daneman, D. (2006). Type 1 diabetes. The Lancet, 367 (9513), 847-858. Davidson, M., Penney, E. D., Muller, B., Grey, M. (2004). Stressors and self-care challenges faced by adolescents living with type 1 diabetes. Applied Nursing Research, 17 (2), 72–80. Diabetes UK. (2013). Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) . Web. George, J. T., Valdovinos, A. P., Thow, J. C., Russell, I., Dromgoole, P., Lomax, S., Torgerson, D. J., & Wells, T. (2007). Brief Intervention in Type 1 diabetes – Education for Self-efficacy (BITES): Protocol for a randomised control trial to assess biophysical and psychological effectiveness. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 7 (6), 1-5. George, J. T., Valdovinos, A. P., Thow, J. C., Russell, I., Dromgoole, P., Lomax, S., Torgerson, D. J., Wells, T., & Thow, J. C. (2008). Clinical effectiveness of a brief educational intervention in Type 1 diabetes: Results from the BITES (Brief Intervention in Type 1 diabetes, Education for Self-efficacy) trial. Diabetic Medicine, 25 (12), 1447–1453. Greco, P., Pendley, J. S., McDonell, K., & Reeves, G. (2001). A peer group intervention for adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their best friends. Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 26 (8), 485–490. Harwood, C., Mytton, J., & Watkins, F. (2004). Diabetes and inequalities in the North West of England. Liverpool: University of Liverpool. Hviid, A., Stellfeld, M., Wohlfahrt, J., & Melbye, M. (2004). Childhood vaccination and type 1 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 350 (2004), 1398-1404. Hyppönen, E., Läärä, E., Reunanen, A., Järvelin, M-R., &Virtanen, S. M. (2001). Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study. The Lancet, 358 (9292), 1500 – 1503. Hyppönen, E., Virtanen, S. M., Kenward, M. G., Knip, M., Akerblom, H. K., & Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group. (2000). Obesity, increased linear growth, and risk of type 1 diabetes in children. Diabetes Care, 23 (12), 1755-1760. Lopez, D. A., Mathers, C. D., Ezzati, M., Jamison, D. T., & Murray, C. J. L. (2006). Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: Systematic analysis of population health data. The Lancet, 367 (9524), 1747 – 1757. Majeed, A. A. S. & Hassan, K. (2011). Risk factors for type 1 diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents in Basrah. Oman Medical Journal, 26 (3), 189–195. Martin, C., Liveley, K., & Whitehead, K. (2009). A health education group intervention for children with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Nursing, 13 (1), 32-37. NHS Diabetes. (2010). National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services – Type 1 diabetes in childhood and adolescence. Web. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. (2009). Growing up with Diabetes: Children and young people with diabetes in England . Web. Silverstein, J., Klingensmith, G., Copeland, K., Plotnick, L., Kaufman. F., Laffel, L., Deeb, L., Grey, M., Anderson, B., Holzmeister, L. A., &Clark, N. Care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: A statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, 28 (1), 186-211.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: Human resource information system is important for the company in carrying out research technologies, recruitment of applicants and management of financials. However, managers will have to overcome the challenge of establishing better internet connection which may be costly.

Human resource information system is important for the company in carrying out research technologies, recruitment of applicants and management of financials. However, managers will have to overcome the challenge of establishing better internet connection which may be costly.

ABC Finance: Human Resource Information System Coursework Implementation of human resource information system is one of the major problems facing many organizations due to managerial challenges. While managing human resource information system has become a strategic step in enhancing competitiveness of businesses, aspects such as the cost of establishing and running an information system is high. Hossain (2012) posits that managers at ABC Finance view initiating the project as a costly step which requires proper planning and allocation of funds. Another challenge facing managers is rapid changes in the development of new technology. Most businesses may not be well versed with such applications and which may require training of workers to assist in full implementation. Since its inception in the 1950s, the human resource information system has gone through tremendous changes from basic processes to complicated computerized systems. Managers at ABC Finance are faced with the challenge of integrating the various new computer applications with self contained, broad based and rich HRIS. One major challenge of implementing human resource information system is the nature of the third generation technology (Bao & Analoui, 2011). The process of implementing HRIS by ABC Finance will require the use of web-based enabled technologies. While human resource information system will be important for the company in carrying out research technologies, recruitment of applicants and management of financials, managers will have to overcome the challenge of establishing better internet connection which may be costly. Establishing an effective intranet will be imperative in ensuring that knowledge and information within ABC Finance reaches workers and connects various departments within the organization. References Bao, C., & Analoui, F. (2011). An exploration of the impact of strategic international human resource management on firm performance: the case of foreign MNCs in China. International Journal of Management and Information Systems , 15(4), 31- 40. Hossain M. (2012). Human resource management practices and employees’ satisfaction towards private banking sector in Bangladesh. International Review of Management and Marke ting, 2(1), 52.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : Abu Dhabi is a diverse and multicultural city with a rich cultural history. The city attracts tourists with all kinds of preferences, from those looking to engage in aquatic sports to those who seek to explore the caliphate's historical heritage. Museums opening in the city will be able to share in this increased focus on tourism, becoming ever more attractive destinations for visitors.

Abu Dhabi is a diverse and multicultural city with a rich cultural history. The city attracts tourists with all kinds of preferences, from those looking to engage in aquatic sports to those who seek to explore the caliphate's historical heritage. Museums opening in the city will be able to share in this increased focus on tourism, becoming ever more attractive destinations for visitors.

Abu Dhabi Presentation. Tourism Destinations Report Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates, is a diverse and multicultural city. It has a rich cultural history, welcoming people from all cultures and nations. This has created a uniquely diverse cityscape that draws tourists to experience the diversity and variety in cuisine, architecture, and art. The city’s attractions include museums, historical mosques and a 19 th -century fort, among more modern places of entertainment: restaurants, beaches, marinas. The city’s highly varied attractions draw tourists with all kinds of preferences, from those looking to engage in aquatic sports to those who seek to explore the caliphate’s historical heritage. Those seeking to appreciate fine arts will find museums to visit, as well. The Louvre Abu Dhabi features a collection of sculptures, paintings, and other historical works of art ( Highlights of the collection , no date). These works come from a variety of traditions, historical periods, and cultures, reflecting the city’s diversity. Zayed National Museum. In its efforts to promote the arts in the caliphate, the Abu Dhabi Department of Culture and Tourism is hosting a variety of arts-related events. These events are available to both the city’s residents and visitors. Furthermore, encouraging cultural exchange, especially where it concerns artistic expression, is one of the primary objectives of the city’s development ( Strategy , no date). This concerns both historical works of art and modern creations, with the city’s museums aiming to include a wide range of diverse artistic and cultural objects. Currently, Abu Dhabi’s museums house a variety of historical works of art from around the world: Venetian paintings, Chinese and Indian sculptures, and items from Jordan, among others. For those who appreciate art, these diversity and variety of exhibits create an irresistible draw to the city. Count Cofriz Anton Ulfeldt in an Ottoman Interior, Jean-Etienne Liotard. Department of Culture and Tourism – Abu Dhabi/ Photo: APF Abu Dhabi is a rapidly developing cultural and historical tourist destination. The caliphate’s Department of Culture and Tourism has been engaged in organizing new destinations, which include museums and cultural events. These initiatives also include modernizing the city to be more welcoming and accessible for tourists from around the world (Strategy, no date). Through these efforts, tourism has grown be a significant sector in the United Arab Emirates’ economy, responsible for over 5% of the nation’s GDP (Travel and tourism, 2021). Abu Dhabi is promoted as the UAE’s primary tourist destination, receiving a majority of national spending intended to develop this sector. As such, in the foreseeable future, the caliphate will likely see further improvements in this area, becoming an ever more attractive city for tourists, both local and international. Thus, museums opening in the city will be able to share in this increased interest, benefiting from the visitors the location attracts. For the Prado Museum, Abu Dhabi presents a unique opportunity. The city’s rich tourist landscape creates an environment where museums can benefit from one another’s presence and collaborate to create a unique tourism scene. Furthermore, the city’s development plans guarantee government support of any museum-related initiatives. Moreover, as inter-cultural interaction is a focus of the Department of Culture and Tourism, opening a branch of the Prado Museum, one of the most prestigious museums in Europe, here will be mutually beneficial. Such a development will be seen as a gesture of good will and serve as an illustration of the improving relationship between the European and Arab cultures. The Prado Museum, being among the first to recognize the growing potential of Abu Dhabi as a destination of cultural and historical tourism, will be seen as an innovator, improving its reputation. For these reasons, the partnership between the museum and the city can be mutually benefcial. Total economic contribution of tourism and travel to the United Arab Emirates from 2012 to 2028 (in billion United Arab Emirates dirham). Statista. Reference List Count Cofriz Anton Ulfeldt in an Ottoman Interior, Jean-Etienne Liotard (c. 1740-1741) . Web. Highlights of the collection (no date). Web. Strategy (no date). Web. Total economic contribution of tourism and travel to the United Arab Emirates from 2012 to 2028 (in billion United Arab Emirates dirham) . Web. Travel and tourism (2021). Web. Zayed National Museum . 2010 . Web.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay discusses the importance of academic writing as a way of dialogue and how it can be a useful tool for students. It also highlights the importance of a critical approach when reading texts and the ability to understand their goals and the language means used by them.

The essay discusses the importance of academic writing as a way of dialogue and how it can be a useful tool for students. It also highlights the importance of a critical approach when reading texts and the ability to understand their goals and the language means used by them.

Academic Writing as a Way of Dialogue Essay Writing as a separate discipline should be understood primarily as a way of interacting with information, with knowledge. When we compose a text, we enter into the act of creating new knowledge. Even if the created text is mere than an abstract, adaptation of other people’s ideas and theories is a convenient way to discover for yourself. Practicing your writing by recounting outstanding texts from the past is an important, sometimes even necessary practise to master the skill of academic writing. The ability to make your own or someone else’s thoughts digestible and accessible to audiences of different levels is also important for the creator of the academic text. Academic writing has its special linguistic structure, therefore, writing according to given rules and models may show itself to be effective in teaching students the rules of this special language (Ang & Tan, 2018). A worthy author must be able not only to clearly express his thoughts, but also to fit them into the necessary restrictions, in terms of volume or language. The letter should reflect not only the immediate content, but also the formal attitude – to the rules of style or the requirements of the public. A critical approach should be perceived as something that will allow the student to navigate the textual space and subsequently interpret the material quickly and efficiently. The ability not only to read a text, but to be able to understand its goals and the language means used by it is also part of the necessary skill base for a productive author. The skill to independently find and master teaching material may be a decisive advantage for a motivated student. Considering the very rhetorical principle of academic writing, it is no exaggeration to say that writing is nothing less than a way of conducting a dialogue. Written work may reflect the ability to hear a thought in another author like the interlocutor, and respond in a form that is thoughtful and balanced. The ability to show understanding of the point of view under discussion and to present his point of view on it in a clear and tactful form is fundamental for the author. Reference Ang, L. H., Tan, K. H. (2018). Specificity in English for Academic Purposes (EAP): A corpus analysis of lexical bundles in academic writing. 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 24 (2), 82-94. Web.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The use of budgeting within the organization can make the business to be successive due to the many benefits associated with budgeting. However, there are some problems that may arise when budgets are used as part of 'performance contracts' between an organization and its managers.

The use of budgeting within the organization can make the business to be successive due to the many benefits associated with budgeting. However, there are some problems that may arise when budgets are used as part of 'performance contracts' between an organization and its managers.

Accounting Principles and Applications: Analysis Coursework The use of budgeting within the organization can make the business to be successive due to the many benefits associated with budgeting. However, there are some problems that may arise when budgets are used as part of ‘performance contracts’ between an organization and its managers (Druly, 2008). The managers tend to avoid many risks and this is revealed when they set high production costs so that the target returns are low. For example, the Bestmould Division charges RM$1,000 per kilogram of molded products to profit centers, in order to cover RM$100,000,000 for its fixed costs. For the output given, it receives RM $ 200,000,000 which is higher than the fixed costs. While other companies have a quality check level of only 10% of throughput on a daily basis, the management of MRG, only sets it at 25% to avoid risks of poor quality. Prices of inputs do change from time to time due to variations in demand and this may put the managers into very difficult situations especially if they do not have sufficient funds for emergencies (Robert, 2001). At MRG, the forecast is not accurate since 40% of the annual requirement at the Bestmould Division can be obtained from another division. Only the lowest targets are met. When the managers know that the budgets are to be used for performance evaluation, the targets may be set at very low levels so that they can be easily met. Therefore the management may not be able to set the budgets realistically as they may set it lower than the forecasts. The 25% quality checks ensure that not all products are of high quality, and hence the management may only want to meet the 25% level of the throughput. Meeting the target, but not beating it. It is possible for the employees or management to only aim attain the set targets after which they will no longer work extra or further than what is required. As long as they are able to meet the lower targets, they can then remain idle unlike those who have no set targets (Jerold, 2005). This makes the managers to set very low level of targets that they can easily attain and relax afterwards e.g. the output of 200,000 kilograms for MRG is too low compared to other companies. If there is a bonus set for both managers and employees who meet the specific targets, it motivates them to do anything so that they can get the bonus. For example, the 5% set bonus that is payable as long as the budgeted output of 200,000 kilograms has been achieved, compromises the quality of output. An employee may only focus on attaining the target (Evans, 1997). There is competition against other divisions, business units and departments. Divisional managers may have an intention of trying to compete with one another when they decide to have selfish interests or try to embrace the top management in terms of performance (Smith, 2007). This means that they may want to charge a higher transfer price to other departments or divisions so that to increase the costs for the other divisions which will eventually lead to very low levels of profit in those departments. The standard cost for the molded products includes 15% loss which is too high, with the aim of making huge profits in case the loss is not incurred. The resources may be excessively allocated by the mangers especially if they have some over expectation of variance in the resources required. Financial resources are the most likely wasted resources in many organizations ( Reference for business , 2011). Time resources may also be overused by allowing of too much or unnecessary idle time. For example, the 5% idle time allowed on the machine hours may be unrealistic. A new machine could be outsourced from a specialist company. Ensuring that what is in the budget is spent. If the budget is not accurately set, there are chances of having excess funds which the management may want to spend or allocate wastefully with the intention of sticking to the budgets (Leslie, 1992). Even the 5% idle time allocated for the molded product may make them be idle for more hours just because it is shown in the budget. The following recommendations may help to avoid these problems: 1. The costs should be regulated by ensuring that they are not too high or exaggerated in any way. The budgets should be benchmarked to the other companies. This eliminates the problem of avoidance of risks. 2. To avoid inaccurate forecasts, the budgeting committee should evaluate all budgets before they are implemented. Research has to be done earlier in time and allow preparation of flexible budgets (Global consulting, 2009). 3. To avoid meeting lowest targets, the bonus scheme should be based on extra output produced beyond the set target. 4. Introduce rewards for those who exceed the targets to ensure that the targets are beaten (Kaplan, 2003). 5. The transfer price should be at cost only and avoid rewarding each department separately in order to reduce the interdepartmental competition (Horace, 2000). 6. To avoid wastage of resources, there should be some limits as to how much idle time should be allowed to machine hours or outsource a new machine. 7. To avoid spending everything in the budget, the budgets should be flexible to allow for adjustments. 8. The output should be evaluated on the basis of quantity and quality to avoid instances of employees who may do anything to get the bonus. References Druly, J. (2008). Management and cost accounting . London: Thomson Learning. Evans, P. (1997). Strategy and the new economics of information . New York, NY: Harvard Business Review. Global consulting . (2009). Web. Horace, R. (2000). Accounting principles and applications. New York: McGraw-Hill. Jerold, L. (2005). Accounting for decision making and control , Chicago: Irwin. Kaplan, R. (2003). Translating strategy into action . Boston: Harvard Business Review. Leslie, J. (1992). The portable MBA in finance and accounting . New York: Wiley. Reference for business . (2011). Web. Robert, N. (2001). Management control in non-profit organizations . Homewood, IL: McGraw/Irwin. Smith, J. (2007). Handbook of management accounting . Amsterdam, Boston: Cima Publishing.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The essay discusses how the personality traits of Achilles reflect the values of the Greeks and their perception of heroism.The essay discusses how the personality traits of Achilles reflect the values of the Greeks and their perception of heroism. The Greeks view bravery as depending on the intensity of exploits on battlefields, and they appreciate individuals who possess such characters.

The essay discusses how the personality traits of Achilles reflect the values of the Greeks and their perception of heroism. The essay discusses how the personality traits of Achilles reflect the values of the Greeks and their perception of heroism. The Greeks view bravery as depending on the intensity of exploits on battlefields, and they appreciate individuals who possess such characters.

Achilles’ Traits and Greeks’ Perception of Heroism Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Achilles, The Brave Soldier 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction People praise the Greeks for having great leaders who are competent and take full responsibility for their actions. Achilles is a brave soldier who people recognize for his heroism, desire for honor, and pride. He explicitly fights in battles and takes responsibilities with full preparedness while risking his life. The character traits of Achilles reveal how the Greeks view heroism and outline their values such as fearlessness and fame. Achilles, The Brave Soldier Achilles is full of pride as he tells Patroclus that there is no significant reason to grieve, claiming that Agamemnon’s people repaid for their misdeeds. However, Achilles is courageous since Priam warns Hector that, “…you can’t fight Achilles alone like that, without any support…” (“The Iliad chapter 21-22 From the Essential Homer – Stanley Lombardo Translation”). Honor is also a fundamental trait of Achilles; for instance, in Patroclus’s words to the Myrmidons, “Remember whose men you are fighting and for whose honor” (“The Iliad Chapter 16 Lombardo”). Achilles is extremely sensitive to honor and reputation. The characteristics of Achilles are clear implications of Greeks and their values. They term heroism and military service as desirable and appreciate individuals who possess such characters (The Essential Homer Introduction (Edited)). The Greeks acknowledged their desire for fame and honor, just like Achilles, who the Myrmidons and Patroclus fight for his glory. They remember extraordinary individuals for performing excellent and glorious deeds and grant them special privileges. The motivations and performances of Achilles outline great lessons on the Greeks’ sense of heroism and authority. The Greeks view bravery as depending on the intensity of exploits on battlefields (“Janux” 0:00 – 0: 48). Achilles is a fearless soldier, indicated by his strength as he publicly humiliates and defiles Hector’s corpse. Moreover, his actions mean the Greek recognize courageousness after an individual takes responsibilities even in challenging times. Achilles deals with grief after the death of Patroclus while vowing to execute Hector, and through this action, he risks his life. For instance, Hector says, “…and I will have my vengeance on that day when Paris and Apollo destroy you…” (“The Iliad chapter 21-22 From the Essential Homer – Stanley Lombardo Translation”). The Greeks view people like Achilles as brave and heroes. Conclusion The personality traits of Achilles are essential in identifying the values of the Greeks and their perception towards heroism and authority. Achilles is brave, desires honor, and has other undesirable qualities such as pride and temper. The Greeks view heroism based on battle performances and challenges experience while seeking justice for fallen heroes, such as risking their lives, and Achilles’ actions are clear indications of their view. Works Cited “Law and Justice – Justice and Vengeance: Homer – 3.2 Iliad and Justice” YouTube, The Essential Homer Introduction (Edited).pdf The Iliad Chapter 16 Lombardo. The Iliad chapter 21-22 From the Essential Homer – Stanley Lombardo Translation.pdf

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The company Williams Midgette Inc. is planning to engage in cooperation with the Navy. This indention demands making a specific contract needed to outline all peculiarities of partnership and ensure that both benefit from their collaboration. The company qualifies under the HUBZone Act (FAR 19.5), meaning that specific regulations should be considered. It is also important to outline why the business would act under the HUBZone regulations and other factors affecting the contract and the further cooperation between parties.

The company Williams Midgette Inc. is planning to engage in cooperation with the Navy. This indention demands making a specific contract needed to outline all peculiarities of partnership and ensure that both benefit from their collaboration. The company qualifies under the HUBZone Act (FAR 19.5), meaning that specific regulations should be considered. It is also important to outline why the business would act under the HUBZone regulations and other factors affecting the contract and the further cooperation between parties.

Acquiring the Contract With the Navy Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Qualifying Under the HUBZone 3. Multiyear Contract 4. Fixed-Price 5. Category of Incentives 6. Bid Proposal 7. Five Potential Risks 8. Conclusion 9. References Introduction The company Williams Midgette Inc. is planning to engage in cooperation with the Navy. This indention demands making a specific contract needed to outline all peculiarities of partnership and ensure that both benefit from their collaboration. The company qualifies under the HUBZone Act (FAR 19.5), meaning that specific regulations should be considered. Furthermore, the initial estimates will exceed $150,000, meaning that there is a need for using certain legislation and approaches. Discussing the offering, it is vital to outline why the business would act under the HUBZone regulations and other factors affecting the contract and the further cooperation between parties. At the same time, the potential risk factors are also included to avoid failures or wrong decision-making. Qualifying Under the HUBZone There are different reasons why the business would qualify under the central concepts of the HUBZone set-aside procedures. First, the contracting officer believes that the firm and direct competitors will tender the proposal for the contract (Tyms, 2017). The identified type of business can be characterized as the small one, meaning that it can benefit from this status and has a higher chance of being qualified (Tyms, 2017). It will result in the emergence of a more solid position and a certain advantage. Another reason for qualifying under the basic concepts of the HUBZone set-aside problems is the fact that the award can be made at a fair market price (“HUBZone program,” n.d.). Moreover, it will be limited to fair competition regarding small businesses (“Subpart 19.5,” n.d.). This factor will lead to increased investment and better growth rates. Under these conditions, these two reasons explain the importance of HUBZone procedures for my business. Multiyear Contract Another important factor is the benefit that is linked to the multi-year contract. Both the Navy and the firm will enjoy a more attractive proposal because of several factors. First, this type of agreement helps to save costs and creates the opportunity for better management of contractors’ resources (Tyms, 2017). The reduction in spending is achieved through the increased effectiveness of purchasing of materials and needed products, better production process, and minimal alterations in the outlined design (Tyms, 2017). Following the model, it is also possible to avoid extra administration and management issues because of the decreased paperwork and the absence of the necessity to file new forms during specific periods (“Subpart 19.5,” n.d.). Finally, both the company and the Navy will acquire the chance to focus on long-term projects and cooperation, meaning that their relations will be continuously improved and benefit from the stable partnership (Tyms, 2017). Under these conditions, these points outline the beneficial nature of a multi-year contract. Fixed-Price The company is expected to have a fixed-price type of contract which can be explained by several factors. First, this type of agreement offers a contractor a fixed cost and includes a target and ceiling price vital for further cooperation (“Subpart 19.5,” n.d.). It means that the reconsideration of these sums can be performed only following the circumstances outlined in the agreement (Tyms, 2017). The fixed-price type of contract also helps small firms or businesses to save costs and generate additional profits through the minimization of the time need to attain the current goals and ensure all parties are satisfied (“HUBZone program,” n.d.). Under these conditions, the following reasons prove that the company will acquire multiple advantages using the fixes-price type of agreement and following its basic rules. The risks will be minimized, and the chance for fair cooperation will increase. Category of Incentives Contractors can offer various types of incentives regarding the goals they want to achieve and plans. Speaking about the case, it is possible to suggest cost incentives which can be viewed as one of the most common types of incentives (Tyms, 2017). In general, they provide parties with an opportunity to determine the target fee or expected profit when the contracts start to function (Tyms, 2017). The vital advantage of this incentive is that it motivates and encourages a contractor to increase the effectiveness of cost management and distribution and minimize spending to get extra benefits (Tyms, 2017). Additionally, it guarantees increased flexibility for both parties as prices can be altered regarding the current situation or demand. The contractor can offer high-quality services and enjoy the reduced cost, which is one of the central advantages of the selected model. Bid Proposal The contractors can offer different bid proposals, such as technical, management, or cost ones. As for the case, a technical proposal seems the most applicable option as it helps to increase the chances of getting a contract. This type includes the price and focuses on other vital aspects of a deal to ensure that there are no untouched issues that can result in deteriorated outcomes (Tyms, 2017). The detailed and in-depth proposal will help to attract the contracting officer and persuade him/her (Tyms, 2017). Furthermore, the inclusion of such aspects as proficiency, demanded resources, workforce, and a detailed explanation of management issues will contribute to the increased attractiveness of the proposal. At the same time, the technical proposal shows the detailed plan that should be followed to achieve the desired goal and create long-term cooperation (Tyms, 2017). Under these conditions, it seems the most appropriate choice regarding the current scenario. Five Potential Risks Nevertheless, it is also critical to consider the potential risk factors that can affect the company if the contract is awarded to avoid failures and select the most effective strategies for their management. The first potential risk factor includes some possible complications linked to cost. It can precondition the increase in spending with the corresponding decrease in profit, which is an undesired outcome that should be avoided. Another factor is the time-related risk that can promote multiple delays or the inability to observe the existing schedule (Tyms, 2017). Third, safety risks are vital as they might lead to traumas caused by low professionalism, awareness, or poor safety skills among the staff (Tyms, 2017). The quality-related risks might presuppose the deterioration in the quality of provided services under the influence of various reasons (Tyms, 2017). Finally, environmental risks are also essential when planning such contracts as they include different types of pollution (Tyms, 2017). These five risks are vital for entering into an agreement and guaranteeing that if the contract is awarded, the firm can function under new conditions and expect stable benefits. Conclusion Altogether, the cooperation between contractors presupposes multiple elements and aspects that should be considered. These include the type of the contract, various proposals, current legislation, and risk factors that should be considered. For this reason, before making a deal, it is fundamental to ensure that both contractors select the most appropriate and beneficial options, and their solutions will contribute to the establishment of a long-term and effective cooperation helping to acquire multiple benefits. References HUBZone program . (n.d.). SBA. Web. Subpart 19.5 – Small business total set-asides, partial set-asides, and reserves . (n.d.). Acquisition.gov. Web. Tyms, D. A. (2017). Strategies of small business owners to acquire federal government contracts [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University]. ScholarWorks.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: This essay describes the action plan for developing and strengthening the author's personal strengths and eliminating their weaknesses. The plan includes tasks to develop discipline, independence, sociability, and self-confidence. In addition, the author will work on getting rid of excessive self-criticism and straightforwardness.

This essay describes the action plan for developing and strengthening the author's personal strengths and eliminating their weaknesses. The plan includes tasks to develop discipline, independence, sociability, and self-confidence. In addition, the author will work on getting rid of excessive self-criticism and straightforwardness.

Action Plan For Personal Strengths and Weakness in Nursing Report (Assessment) Each person has their strengths that need to be developed, and their weaknesses, which they need to fight. I chose the profession of a nurse because it is necessary to have several strong qualities, such as discipline, independence, sociability, and self-confidence. These strengths are inherent to me, and I strive for constant development and improvement. I also have weaknesses that I will seek to correct. These include straightforwardness, excessive emotionality, self-criticism, and the desire to please everyone. This essay aims to describe the actions to develop and strengthen my strengths and eliminate my weaknesses. A nurse needs to be disciplined, I have such a quality, and I would like not to lose it. To do this, I will allocate a certain amount of time for each task and try to accomplish it. In addition, I will make a list of necessary tasks, distribute them by priority level, and strictly follow this list. These actions will help me develop my discipline and dose the time for work and rest. To develop my independence, I will try to take tasks in which it is necessary to make decisions and make choices more often. Of course, sometimes these decisions will be essential and responsible, but this will have an even more positive impact on my independence. For example, I will take responsibility for drawing up a treatment plan for patients and independently make decisions to monitor their recovery. I will develop my strong side, such as communication, by constantly maintaining friendly, positive contacts with patients and medical staff. I will give helpful advice if I am asked for it to inquire about the health status of patients whom I supervised after their discharge. I will also try to meet my colleagues more often in an informal setting, for example, go to the movies or for walks with them. In most cases, I am confident in my decisions, actions, and deeds, but I will continue to develop this strong side. To do this, I will recognize my achievements and gratefully accept praise from colleagues and patients. In addition, I will draw up a detailed plan for training and developing my nursing skills. Moreover, I will always strive to achieve what I want by any means. Among my weaknesses, I single out my straightforwardness, which often manifests itself in adverse situations, but it must be combated. In a dispute or a problematic situation, I will pull myself away from straightforward statements in order not to spoil relations with other people. There are times when I feel that it is quite difficult to restrain myself. In this case, I will take a break in negotiations, go for a walk for a few minutes, and carefully consider the current situation and the ways to solve it. I will apply the same solution to my excessive emotionality. To get rid of excessive self-criticism, I will praise myself for achieving goals and those situations I have positively shown myself. Furthermore, I will think about my actions more carefully to minimize the possibility of mistakes so as not to criticize myself in the future. Moreover, it will be helpful to exclude as much as possible from the circle of communication those people who notice even the most minor mistakes and give me negative emotions. It is challenging for me to refuse people if they ask for something. Sometimes it brings me a lot of inconveniences and problems. This weakness can be eliminated by learning to say people no. Naturally, if patients come to me, I will carefully consider their request and weigh the consequences they will incur for me. It is important not to spoil relations with the environment, colleagues, and patients in this case. In conclusion, each person needs to develop their strengths and get rid of their weaknesses. It is necessary to clearly define them and make a detailed plan for changing and improving it. This will probably make life better and the career more successful. Every day, people need to do at least something that will bring them closer to their goal, even if only one step.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The ADEC curriculum overview presentation is a comprehensive set of knowledge, skills, and objectives that a student is to gain during the academic year. The curriculum is designed to help students meet the requirements of the Abu Dhabi 2030 Vision, and includes a focus on the country's culture and heritage.

The ADEC curriculum overview presentation is a comprehensive set of knowledge, skills, and objectives that a student is to gain during the academic year. The curriculum is designed to help students meet the requirements of the Abu Dhabi 2030 Vision, and includes a focus on the country's culture and heritage.

ADEC Curriculum: Overview Presentation Curriculum Curriculum is a comprehensive set of knowledge, skills, and objectives that a student is to gain during the academic year. Learning is traditionally central to curriculum design and is directed by educational objectives. Rather than a list of learning activities, a curriculum is a dynamic field which covers known and emerging learning objectives. To ensure consistency and relevance, curriculum is required to have an established vision, mission, and values , demonstrate reliable philosophical background , and rely on sound learning theory . Vision, Mission, and Values ADEC’s Vision: Facilitate learners to attain their full capacity to contend in the global market. Build unique multifunctional members able to show high performance in the variety of settings. * Values: + Teamwork; + Transparency; + Integrity; + Accountability; + Respect; + Compassion. * Mission Produce excellent apprentices capable of: + Epitomizing significance of culture and heritage. + Demonstrating readiness to face versatile challenges. The ADEC curriculum aims at strengthening the connection between the community in the past and in the present by: * Promoting appreciation of culture , tradition , and heritage. * Creating valuable and meaningful contribution to the UAE legacy. Philosophical Basis ADEC students are expected to meet Abu Dhabi 2030 Vision requirements: * Chief directions of the implemented initiatives: + Facilitate English language acquisition; + Maintain focus on the country’s culture; + Develop skills relevant for the century. Progressivism as one of the leading philosophical bases: Advancement in science → Economic development → Social organization → Enhancement on the local and global scale. * Selected initiatives: + Outcome-based curriculum; + Application of student-centered approaches; + Continuous evaluation of the framework; + Inquiry-based learning approaches. Learning Theory Learning is used by educators to facilitate the process of academic achievement among students. * Implications of learning process: + Engagement in active learning experiences; + Participation in literacy activities; + Access to a wide range of literacy resources. To maintain the necessary level of quality of education, the curriculum is constantly reviewed and developed to match students’ progress. The humanistic psychology inherent to educational plan ensures the consistency with learners’ feelings and motivations. The resulting curriculum guarantees the effectiveness of outcomes and satisfaction of student needs. * Global connectedness and wide spread of informational sources and technologies set priorities on: + Critical thinking; + Creativity; + Collaboration.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The text discusses the concept of quality management and how it has evolved over the years. It also looks at the impact of various quality management models on the performance of organizations in the public and private sectors.The text discusses the concept of quality management and how it has evolved over the years. It also looks at the impact of various quality management models on the performance of organizations in the public and private sectors.

The text discusses the concept of quality management and how it has evolved over the years. It also looks at the impact of various quality management models on the performance of organizations in the public and private sectors. The text discusses the concept of quality management and how it has evolved over the years. It also looks at the impact of various quality management models on the performance of organizations in the public and private sectors.

10 Years of Government Excellence Program Proposal Essay The concept of quality management goes back to the period after the Second World War. Many leading multinational corporations took advantage of the globalized market to increase their production and achieve growth. Although competition was relatively low, these companies realized that they needed to embrace quality models to help them cut their cost of production, improve efficiency, and ensure that their products were always available in the market (Choy 2014). The European Foundation doe Quality Management was one of the initial models that were developed to help improve quality in both public and private sector. As competition increased in the global market, the need for quality management programs became more relevant (Vinyard 2016). Many governments around the world worked closely with the private sector to ensure that various quality management tools were used to enhance production techniques and enable the local companies compete favorable with global players. The United Arab Emirates is one of the countries that came up with quality management tools to improve the performance of the local industries. Dubai Quality Award (DQA) was one of the earliest models developed in this country in 1996 for the public sector. The Sheikh Khalifa Excellence Award (SKEA) was also developed in 2007 for the private sector in the emirate of Abu Dhabi (Skott & Ward 2013). It was followed soon after by the Abu Dhabi Excellence Award Program for the public sector. These performance-oriented quality models have played critical roles in improving the operations of firms in both the private and public sectors and empowering them to compete favorably against international players in the local and global market. This research looks at the past and present use of various excellence models to determine if the new model can have the desired impact on the performance of organizations going into the future. In this study, the researcher reviewed the existing literature to understand what other scholars have found out about this topic. The review of literature starts by defining excellence in government and government excellence, two closely related but distinct concepts. According to Buswell (2016), excellence in government refers to inputs or efforts made by various governmental agencies to achieve government excellence. It entails training of staff within various government departments to improve their performance, making available equipment they need to improve the quality of their work, and effective leadership that promotes relationships among employees. On the other hand, government excellence refers to the quality of the outcome of various tasks and activities undertaken by the government (Bryman & Bell 2015). It describes the performance of the government in delivering quality service to the public. As Coglianese (2016) puts it, government excellence is a direct output of excellence in government. Various countries have models of excellence they consider suitable based on the local forces. In the United States, Baldrige Criteria for Performance Excellence has been in use for some time to help improve quality in both public and private sectors (Reis & Judd 2014). In the Middle East, King Abdulaziz Quality Award is one of the models currently in use in Saudi Arabia. Nationally, SKEA and DQA have been in active use to help promote quality in both the private and public sectors. Performance in both public and private sectors is important as the country struggles to manage stiff competition from global firms. It is becoming increasingly clear that the adoption of government excellence programs is no longer a luxury. Firms must embrace it as they struggle to remain relevant in the modern globalized market. It was important to come up with an appropriate method of collecting and analyzing data from various sources to inform the conclusion and recommendations in this study. This paper has clearly explained the research philosophy and approach that were used. It was important to define the philosophy and the approach to help justify the assumptions made throughout the study (Amelina 2012). The research strategy helped in explaining how data was collected. The survey was one of the most important approaches used in collecting data. The survey was conducted with the help of a questionnaire. Using both closed-ended and open-ended questionnaires, the researcher was able to gather data from sampled respondents within Abu Dhabi (Brennen 2013). The sampled participants are current or former employees of the government who have used these performance excellence models. The limited-time available for this academic research project meant that it was not possible to collect data from all the employees of the government in Abu Dhabi. As such, it was necessary to select a manageable sample from which information could be obtained within the time available for the project. Some of them played critical roles in the development or implementation of these models within various public sectors in the country. A case study was another strategy used in this project to collect data. As an academic research project, it was important to take into consideration ethical issues when collecting data (Nestor & Schutt 2014). The researcher obtained permission from relevant authorities before contacting the participants. It was also important to ensure that the identity of the respondents involved in this project is protected. Reference List Amelina, 2012, Beyond methodological nationalism: research methodologies for cross-border studies , Routledge, London. Brennen, B 2013, Qualitative research methods for media studies , Oxford University Press, Oxford. Bryman, A & Bell, E 2015, Business research methods , Oxford University Press, Oxford. Buswell, J 2016, Service quality in leisure, events, tourism and sport , Cabi Publishing, Toronto. Choy, L 2014, ‘The strengths and weaknesses of research methodology: comparison and complimentary between qualitative and quantitative approaches’, Journal of Humanities and Social Science , vol. 19, no. , pp. 99-104. Coglianese, C 2016, Achieving regulatory excellence , Brookings Institution Press, Washington. Nestor, P & Schutt, R 2014, Research methods in psychology: investigating human behavior , SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks. Reis, H & Judd, C 2014, Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Skott, B & Ward, M 2013, Active learning exercises for research methods in social sciences , SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks. Vinyard, J 2016, Baldrige for leaders: a leader’s guide to performance excellence , Springer, London.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The essay discusses the feasibility of using a 3D operating machine in New York Hospital. It also talks about how these machines are much better than MRI machines.

The essay discusses the feasibility of using a 3D operating machine in New York Hospital. It also talks about how these machines are much better than MRI machines.

3D Operating Machine’s Feasibility at New York Health Facility Report Purpose The purpose of this report is basically to assess the feasibility of using a 3D operating machine in New York Hospital. Problem The number of patients who have been checking in for internal scanning and those who have already been earmarked for cancer operation at the New York Health Facility, is more that what the facility can handle with a reasonable period of time (Finkelstein 2008). The main reason is because doctors at the facility rely on an inefficient MRI ( Magnetic Resonance Imaging) machine to carry out delicate operations in their theaters. Operations using these kinds of machines take a long time to finish and also they do not show internal organs clearly (Finkelstein 2008). With MRI machine, procedures like brain surgery, heart operation and infant operations usually cost patients a lot of money. In addition, they are time consuming, with just one operation being carried out daily. This means that the hospital can only serve close to just 300-360 patients a year. The number is very small given the number of people who are waiting to have similar services. Practical solution The hospital has actually decided to purchase a 3D operating machine. Unlike MRI machines, which rely on 2D technology, 3D operating machine uses a robot, which allows surgeons to carry out precise operations particularly in patients suffering from cancer. This machine helps surgeons to reach some places they cannot reach with MRI. In addition, the tools, making this machine can be used for up to ten operations before they are serviced or replaced. In addition, one machine can actually execute more than five hundred procedures in a year. By far, these machines are much better than the MRI machines. Scope 3D has been in the market for some time now. Its feasibility will be assessed using the following criteria: Availability, cost and performance. Discussion Cost Explanation The cost, in this case, is both the “street” price of acquiring a single 3D machine and the price that each patient is supposed to pay to use the services that come with this machine. Data Based on the available information online, the price of a 3D operating machine ranges from $2 to $3 million (Zhang 2013). In addition, the cost that to be paid by the patient ranges from $1700 to $3000. Testing Facility Test Type Average Cost New York, NY Facility A 3D machine $1,785 Dallas, TX – Facility B 3D machine $3,624 Raleigh, NC 3D machine $3,001 Interpretation The price, in this case, does not represent quality. It only represents the cost of the equipment both production cost and goodwill added to it. From the above simple data, New York facility is much cheaper than other selected facilities. Therefore, New York facility will be highly competitive in the industry. Availability Explanation Availability, in this case, refers to the time taken right from purchase to installation (Finkelstein 2008). The machine must be available within one month of purchase. One month is reasonable given that extra time must be allowed for testing of the machine before is delivered. Data The Supplier, the American Intuitive Surgical Company, has the machine already (Zhang 2013). In fact, they have indicated on their website that upon receiving an order, the machine can be delivered within one week. Interpretation The required equipment will be available within the required time frame. Performance Explanation Performance entails the ease of working with the machine, the time it takes for an operation to finish and the ease of use. Data The table below shows the time it takes to finish a complicated operation using both 3D and MRI machine. Operation Machine Time frame Brain cancer 3D machine Less than 12 hrs Brain cancer MRI machine Less than 24 hrs Unlike MRI, which uses radio and electromagnetic waves to visualize inside the body organs, the 3D machine uses the robotic technique. The machine consists of a console placed in the same operating room. It also has a patient side cart. This cart is connected to four interactive robotic arms (Zhang 2013). The arms act like scalpels or scissors. The machine allows the surgeon to clearly see the interior parts and enhanced dexterity. The machine also allows surgeons to perform operations with minimal invasive procedures involving intricate reconstruction or dissection. Since, minimal invasive procedures have been undertaken; the patient recovers much quicker and thus shorter stay in the hospital. Interpretation Basing on the ease of use, it has been seen that the machine does not require any special knowledge; it takes shorter time to carry out the surgical procedures. In addition, it leaves the patient with fewer injuries. Summary The data presented shows that the 3D operating machine meets demand at the New York health facility. It is affordable both in terms of purchase cost and usability cost. It serves many patients in a year compared to MRI machines which are currently being used. Conclusions 3D operating machine is a perfect replacement or alternative for use in carrying out delicate operations at New York health facility. Recommendations New York health care facility should accept the 3D operating machine as it has many advantages compared to the current MRI machines. References Finkelstein, Leo. 2008. Pocket book of technical writing for engineers and scientists. 3rd ed. Boston: McGraw Hill. Zhang, Song, ed. 2013. Handbook of 3D Machine Vision: Optical Metrology and Imaging. New York: CRC Press.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Directed by Patrick Sheane Dunkan and produced in 1989, 84 Charlie MoPic (1989) is one of the numerous films about the Vietnam War. As a movie of the cohort, it has standard features that could be assigned to the war films, although 84 Charlie MoPic brought the fresh insight into the experiencing of the viewing of a movie about combat.

Directed by Patrick Sheane Dunkan and produced in 1989, 84 Charlie MoPic (1989) is one of the numerous films about the Vietnam War. As a movie of the cohort, it has standard features that could be assigned to the war films, although 84 Charlie MoPic brought the fresh insight into the experiencing of the viewing of a movie about combat.

“84 Charlie Mopic” Movie Analysis Essay (Movie Review) Directed by Patrick Sheane Dunkan and produced in 1989, 84 Charlie MoPic (1989) is one of the numerous films about the Vietnam War. As a movie of the cohort, it has standard features that could be assigned to the war films, although 84 Charlie MoPic brought the fresh insight into the experiencing of the viewing of a movie about combat. In the 1980s the film industry was ready to assess the Vietnam War and its consequences. The number of films was produced, among them the Academy Awards winner Platoon (1986) , directed by the war veteran Oliver Stone. What both of the films have in common is the recognizable characters in the platoon such as the inexperienced soldier, newcomer, born leader, and many so far. The main difference of 84 Charlie MoPic which makes the film unique is a protagonist Byron Thames or its camera, to be more precise that becomes a communication channel between the characters and the viewer. The observer looks through the lens of the camera at all the interactions of the movie. Thames is a soldier of a US Army Motion Picture Cameramen who follows the team of an Army Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol (LRRP) and documents its mission in the Central Highlands, South Vietnam. He records how the team is fighting for their lives while trying to convey the mission and keep Thames alive. Aimed as an educational video Byron’s recordings invites the viewer to be a witness of LRRP team’s doubts about the mission, their private conversations, thoughts, conflicts, and tensions inside the group. There are no significant historical figures in the frame of Thames’ camera, placing politics aside the camera captures the regular infantrymen who gradually understand the senselessness of the warfare which is finalized in the Thames’ death. However, the film tells the story of the Central Highlands mission in the South Vietnam, which is linked to the important military fight between the US Army and the People’s Army of Vietnam in the Ia Drang Valley, it was made in Southern California, the United States. Apparently, the production place was not the primary consideration in addressing the director’s message. Duncan as a Vietnam War veteran is striving for historical accuracy conveyed through the soldiers and his camera’s point of view. For the director, the relationships among the infantrymen expressed in the platoon, battlefields, and in the broader context of the war are the truth that can be compatible to the historical veracity. Emphasizing of such details as, for example, the hazard of smoking (because the cigarettes’ fume can be detected and reveals the presence of the American soldiers) indicates the profound understanding of the routine of the infantrymen’s life during the war and is available to someone who has the battlefield experience. Probably, because of Dunkan’s military background, 84 Charlie MoPic is often compared to Oliver Stone’s Platoon. Both directors were enlisted to the US Army and were participating in the Vietnam War that inspired them for creating films about the armed conflict. The distinction between the two films is the level of recognition: Platoon is a numerous awards winner with the celebrity cast and 84 Charlie MoPic is a low-budget independent film listing unknown actors. The principal difference between Dunkan’s film and Hamburger Hill (1987), Under Heavy Fire (2001), Platoon (1986), and many others movies about the Vietnam War is the application of “breaking the fourth wall” practice that create the illusion that the characters of the motion picture interacts directly with the viewer. In film, the infantrymen are talking to the camera as if they are addressing a message to Thames. Thus, the spectator is not only a companion of soldiers’ actions but also a witness of their conversations and personal moments. The issue of the historical authenticity of the war films is usually central considering the idea that these movies have the ambition to cover a particular period, battle, or mission, as well as the aftermaths of the warfare and existing relationships inside the army. 84 Charlie MoPic uses the camera as a storyteller, which can trick the viewer and create the feeling that it is not a fiction film, but a documentary. Although the director did not plan to mislead the audience; on the contrary, Dunkan attempted to uncover the life in the platoon, the relationships among infantrymen, and the accuracy of the mission. In these areas, the movie seems informative and can provide a deeper understanding of the Vietnam War and its impact on the American society. The growing feeling of the absurdity of the actions that the soldiers experienced during the mission and incompatibility of their thoughts and official justification of the war motivate the viewer to ask questions about the validity of decisions made by the leaderships of the US. Not considering the lack of recognition, 84 Charlie MoPic is the highly recommended movie to watch. As the voice of the person who went through the warfare, the film shows authentic emotions, fears, and hopes of ordinary soldiers. The motion picture contributes to the wide collection of the battlefield films about the Vietnam War by its rare convey method, actor’s proficiency, and director’s pitch. References 84 Charlie MoPic. Ex. Prod. Michael Nolin. Southern California, Cal.: The Charlie Mopic Company. 1989. DVD.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay discusses the themes of friendship and love in Chaplin's A Dog's Life. The title is also a symbol of the rich looking down on the poor as they think they live like dogs.

The essay discusses the themes of friendship and love in Chaplin's A Dog's Life. The title is also a symbol of the rich looking down on the poor as they think they live like dogs.

A Dog’s Life by Charles Chaplin Essay Chaplin was a man who sought to make the world a better place, for this reason he used all the opportunities to entertain and at the same time educate people on serious issues affecting the community. In the movies A Dog’s Life, it’s no exception to this fact. Besides being an entertaining piece of silent film, the message Chaplin puts across, is that there is more to life than having a conventional job. People spend a lot of money and time in search of what is regarded as a conventional job. People want to work in offices and put on suits; this has shown that there are many people waiting in job placement offices in search of jobs. Since the jobs are not as many, most of these people end up being disappointed, thus become sad and miss other things that life offers. Trap misses job vacancies, although he is sad, he gets the chance to meet Scraps, the dog that becomes his best friend. The theme of friendship and love that is clear in the relationship between Tramp and Scraps. They have nothing in common apart from both being in difficult situations when they found each other, therefore, their loyalty to each other. People get too busy with their careers and forget what it means to have good friends and how to maintain friendship. Chaplin attempted to show that even in the lowest of moments something good could arise. Therefore, people should be open to whatever they get even if it is not necessarily what they wished for in the first place. The relationship between Tramp and Scraps is admirable, as they became best friends. Tramp is a homeless person, but he portrays himself as being satisfied with the position he holds today. Tramp laughs, enjoys fun, and is in no way depressed by sleeping in the dump. He seems happy when entering the dance wagon and one would be tempted to think he is as rich as the other people in the wagon were. Only his dirty clothes and Scraps demonstrate his poverty. Since the movie has no sound, one need to be keen to understand the message. Chaplin has managed to bring out the themes in the movie using different aesthetics. The main being that Chaplin makes it very comical thus; it is appealing to the audience, and captures the attention of viewers from the start to the end. This is important because it is a silent movie. Thus, it requires viewers’ attention in order to understand the movie. Tramp, Edna and Scraps seem engrossed in their roles, this brings out the best in their characters when they act. Musical cues and soundtracks assist in bringing out the intensity of different scenes thus adding to the appeal of the movie to the viewers. The title, A Dog’s Life is symbolic, as it shows rich people look down on poor people as they think they live like dogs. It may be true in some way, as Tramp and Scraps fight and rummage for food together like two dogs. However, their life is full of happiness and freedom since Tramp and Scraps can live their life the way they want without being judged by others. There is always something to live for even when one finds himself or herself without a permanent job. Thus, the symbolism of the title is very clear when one watches the movie.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : In December 1999, NYSE and NASDAQ instituted changes in audit committees' requirements. These changes required firms to have audit committees, consisting of no less than three directors, independent from the management and the company. These requirements were a response to damaging "earning management" by firms. In her study "Audit committee, board of director characteristics, and earnings management" (2002), April Klein, a professor of accounting at New York University Stern School of Business, evaluates these changes and makes the

In December 1999, NYSE and NASDAQ instituted changes in audit committees' requirements. These changes required firms to have audit committees, consisting of no less than three directors, independent from the management and the company. These requirements were a response to damaging "earning management" by firms. In her study "Audit committee, board of director characteristics, and earnings management" (2002), April Klein, a professor of accounting at New York University Stern School of Business, evaluates these changes and makes the

A Firm’s Accounting Process Case Study Background In December 1999, NYSE and NASDAQ instituted changes in audit committees’ requirements. The changes required firms to have audit committees, consisting of no less than three directors, independent from the management and the company. These requirements were a response to damaging “earning management” by firms. In her study “Audit committee, board of director characteristics, and earnings management” (2002), April Klein, a professor of accounting at New York University Stern School of Business, evaluates these changes and makes the argument that audit committee and board characteristics correlate to the earnings management by the firm. Methodology To prove her theory, Klein decided to examine how variations on audit committee and board independence affected the level of abnormal accruals (expenses or revenues that happened, but haven’t been recorded in the accounts), which are often in positive relation to earning management. Throughout the paper, Klein tests the idea that an independent audit committee is the most productive at supervising a firm’s accounting process. She has also noted how existing empirical evidence suggested that board independence had a positive impact on firm performance and negative on financial fraud. Participants To test these ideas and how they correlate to the levels of abnormal accruals, Klein analyzed a sample of 692 publicly traded American firms-years. This batch consisted of non-US firms, banking and insurance firms, missing data on audit committees, missing compustat, and the outlier for the absolute value of abnormal accrual. Procedure To achieve this, she used the methods advocated by Ron Kasznik and Eli Bartov, who previously wrote on control when estimating accruals, and its importance for the earning process. She used Kasznik’s matched-portfolio technique to analyze the data and asserted that the more independent the boards and audit committees are, the smaller are the AAACs. She also determined that optimal option for firms was to maintain audit committees where 51% of directors were independent, but the higher the percent of independent directors, the smaller is the level of AAACs. With this data at hand, and by cross-comparing it with data about the changes in accruals caused by shifts in the audit committee independence, Klein was able to confirm the negative connection between board and committee insider-outsider ratio and the changes in abnormal adjusted accruals. Results By establishing first the direct link between earning management and abnormal adjusted accruals, and then negative relation between AAACs and independence of boards of directors and audit committees, April Klein confirmed the NASDAQ, SEC, and NYSE assertion that decreasing the percentage of independent directors can lead to a reduction in quality of firm governing mechanisms and earning management. On the other hand, her studies showed that a solely independent board does not affect earning management that much. Implications There are several conclusions that can be inferred from this. The first one confirms the thesis of Klein’s study that by using outside directors and committee members a company can improve its standing. The second one implies that use of only in-house executives inherently leads to transparency issues. The final one suggests that large trade companies, for which high accruals and natural, are less likely to maintain independent boards and directors. While the results have proven to be quite robust, more research will be required before better techniques of dealing with earning management, and abnormal accruals can be developed. Works Cited Klein, April. “Audit Committee, Board of Director Characteristics, and Earnings Management.” Journal of Accounting and Economics 33.3 (2002): 375-400. Web.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The perspective of doing business in the Russian Federation may yield significant benefits. Many western companies like Nestle, Apple, Ikea, Renault, BMW, McDonald's, and many others have been successfully operating in this country for a considerable period. However, the complexity of mentality, poor corporate culture, and corruption in many spheres of life might become an obstacle for the other companies, who try to access the Russian domestic market. Therefore, an adaptation of the philosophy and operational models to the Russian context might be in order.

The perspective of doing business in the Russian Federation may yield significant benefits. Many western companies like Nestle, Apple, Ikea, Renault, BMW, McDonald's, and many others have been successfully operating in this country for a considerable period. However, the complexity of mentality, poor corporate culture, and corruption in many spheres of life might become an obstacle for the other companies, who try to access the Russian domestic market. Therefore, an adaptation of the philosophy and operational models to the Russian context might be in order.

A Foreign Company’s Code of Conduct in Russia Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Realities of Russian Business 3. Challenges of Foreign Company Operation in Russia 4. Conclusion Introduction The perspective of doing business in the Russian Federation may yield significant benefits. Many western companies like Nestle, Apple, Ikea, Renault, BMW, McDonald’s, and many others have been successfully operating in this country for a considerable period. However, the complexity of mentality, poor corporate culture, and corruption in many spheres of life might become an obstacle for the other companies, who try to access the Russian domestic market. Therefore, an adaptation of the philosophy and operational models to the Russian context might be in order. Realities of Russian Business The concept of private business in Russia has begun to form relatively recently. For more than 70 years the communist rule, isolation from the global market, and strictly hierarchical structure of state-owned companies undermined the development of entrepreneurship and corporate culture. Twenty years later there is still little change. Many Russian companies continue to operate through nepotism, power abuse, and violation of labor legislation. The current regime has not done much to cultivate proper private business culture. The legal aspects and taxation are overly complicated, which inspires illegal manipulations and the proliferation of the informal economy. The overall harsh and unsupportive business climate deters people from running small to medium enterprises, while the sphere of large business often appears to be corrupted and its senior management connected to the authorities. Moreover, large government-owned corporations operating in the spheres of oil extraction, railroad transportation, and mail delivery seem to be highly corrupt and ineffective setting a bad example of business structure and conduct. On the other hand, there is room for global standards implementation. Several Russian companies like the social network, Vkontakte, and one of the largest state-owned Russian banks, Sberbank, have already started a transition towards international management policies and ethical codes. They set an example of transparency, teamwork approach, and reliability upholding the internationally-approved codes of conduct. That gives a reason to believe that Russian corporate traditions are getting closer to those of Western counterparts and outlines prospects for cooperation with foreign international companies. Challenges of Foreign Company Operation in Russia External corporations, who are willing to conduct business on Russian soil, might find it useful to know a few peculiarities about the national corporate character. Firstly, the labor legislation in Russia may differ significantly from the one used in the company’s homeland, so corresponding adjustments to corporate policies may be needed. For example, there are a lot of national holidays. Secondly, local managers tend to develop overconfidence bias that leads to the bureaucratization of decision-making, disregard for good initiatives, and competent professionals’ opinions. They also often see the personnel as expendable and generally need fewer reasons to fire an employee. These practices contradict the global respect for human capital. Thus, the company might need to introduce some additional control over managerial decisions or establish a more cautious hiring policy. Thirdly, Russian human resources policy often favors nepotism. It is a common practice in many organizations to hire and promote people because of their kinship with someone of higher standing in the company rather than their professional qualities. When office parties on corporate occasions, banquets, and informal partner meetings are concerned, Russian people generally but not always prefer consuming alcoholic beverages. For companies propagating a healthy lifestyle among their employees, this might also be a concern. One more important thing to notice is the often-superficial knowledge of foreign languages among the adult population while the younger generation demonstrates the opposite. That being said, the labor market demand for professionals with at least an intermediate level of English language proficiency is relatively high. The establishment of a local branch is accompanied by the registration in the corresponding authority branches with many bureaucratic procedures, which may sometimes involve bribery in higher circles. The same tendency may be noticed in government contract competitions, where the winner is often already defined by a small number of corrupt businesspersons and officials. Partnership establishment quite often involves informal meetings dedicated to the celebration of the new connections, where the partners get to know each other better. This is not prohibited by global ethics, though it might implicate bribery concerns among adversely interested parties. The issues of the national security policy may also be relevant to corporate standards as the former strictly oversees the political involvement of companies and agencies, tackling a possible conspiracy against the regime. The financing of anti-government political activists or affiliation with such might be regarded as a threat to security and therefore punished accordingly. Conclusion It cannot be said categorically whether the Russian business traditions are homogenous in terms of good or bad practices. On the one hand, there are some exemplary companies with high levels of corporate culture and a large pool of highly skilled young professionals. On the other, there are corrupt businesspersons and officials, poor managerial culture, and bureaucracy. A foreign company, which is willing to be successful in Russia, may need to consider adopting its code of conduct according to the peculiarities of Russian labor legislation, working, management, and partnership culture.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: Stanley Newcomb Kenton was one of the innovators in the history of music. His bright and extraordinary ideas provoked a clash of opinions but never left anyone indifferent. Throughout his creative life, Kenton sought the development of orchestral jazz. He tried to find sources of progress in jazz music and possibly merge it with the European classical music that Kenton had been loving since childhood.

Stanley Newcomb Kenton was one of the innovators in the history of music. His bright and extraordinary ideas provoked a clash of opinions but never left anyone indifferent. Throughout his creative life, Kenton sought the development of orchestral jazz. He tried to find sources of progress in jazz music and possibly merge it with the European classical music that Kenton had been loving since childhood.

A Jazz Legend: Stan Kenton Essay Stan Kenton was one of the innovators in the history of music. His bright and extraordinary ideas provoked a clash of opinions but never left anyone indifferent. Throughout his creative life, Kenton sought the development of orchestral jazz. He tried to find sources of progress in jazz music and possibly merge it with the European classical music that Kenton had been loving since childhood. Future Jazz maestro Stanley Newcomb Kenton was born on December 15, 1911, in Wichita, Kansas. His mother, Stella, who received classical music education, noticed Stan’s particular interest in piano and gave him his first music lessons. Soon Stan joined the orchestra at a local school. He studied piano and learned the secrets of music theory and the fundamentals of composition. Stan especially loved the music of the Impressionists: Claude Debussy, Igor Stravinsky, and Arnold Schoenberg. In 1933, Kenton got lucky – he was invited to a professional orchestra playing dance jazz. All this happened in the midst of the Swing Era, the era of big bands, which determined the creative passions of the young pianist. On May 30, 1941, Stan had a debut with his own Orchestra. Although the sound of the orchestra faced controversy, especially among jazz critics, it survived the collapse of the Swing Era. In April 1947, Kenton announced putting a new band together and the period of his greatest success began. This time, he took the band to the stage under the banner of progressive jazz. In June 1948, Kenton fans completely filled the Carnegie Hall in New York City. His concert caused such a stir that about three hundred extra seats had to be arranged on the stage. Later he had a triumphal tour in Europe, however, after such success, Kenton inclined to educational activities. Unfortunately, he got seriously ill at the beginning of the 1970s, and on August 25, 1979, the outstanding musician died at the age of 67. Kenton once said that his music could be divided into several categories, and every category was different in the mood, atmosphere, and texture. Kenton and his band were the first to give American big band performances in Europe during the postwar period. The creator of a number of experimental styles in orchestral jazz was oriented on the development of classical European music forms and convergence of modern academic music. He was recognized as one of the greatest jazz composers and reformers of the swing style. He developed the new sound in jazz, covering a range of means of expression – tone, rhythm, voice. He grouped instruments and various techniques, experimented with combinations, the ratio of solo improvisation. Moreover, Kenton introduced modern methods of sound organization in the techniques of counterpoint and sonata thematic development – up to atonal serialism. He experimented with Latin American rhythms, expressed interest in experimentation with Baroque music, classicism, and romanticism (the example is the recording of jazz interpretations of Wagner’s operas). He attempted to synthesize the style of jazz and rock music to vocal instrumentalization. Summing everything up, Stan Kenton changed the idea that the Jazz Big Band was a simple musical accompaniment. He paved the way for it in the direction of symphonic music. He was the first to give jazz performances in concert halls and expanded the number of participants of the Big Band to unimaginable quantity – often no less than 40 musicians played at the same time. This person truly belongs to artists that enriched and changed musical heritage and history.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The text discusses methods, practices, and tools that could be used to support Abu Dhabi Government in strategic planning and management.The text discusses methods, practices, and tools that could be used to support Abu Dhabi Government in strategic planning and management.

The text discusses methods, practices, and tools that could be used to support Abu Dhabi Government in strategic planning and management. The text discusses methods, practices, and tools that could be used to support Abu Dhabi Government in strategic planning and management.

A Leading Government Strategy in Abu Dhabi Proposal Essay Background The UAE has a long history that began in 6000 B.C. One of the crucial aspects of the country was the arrival of Islam because the role of religion remains to be crucial even today. With time, the Europeans were interested in the Arabian Peninsula due to its location, naval powers, and economic activities ( History of the UAE 2017). The citizens of the UAE wanted to define their responsibilities and freedoms regardless of the attempts of other nations to interfere with their development. At the beginning of the 1970s, seven emirates, including Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Ajman, Sharjah, Umm al-Quwain, Ras al-Khaimah, and Fujairah, established the federation, now known as the United Arab Emirates. Its government undergoes considerable changes. The results of these changes are the development of new powerful strategies, the ability to improve the private and public sectors of the region, and the creation of new opportunities for all emirates. Problem Today, Abu Dhabi is one of the most successful and fast-developing emirates in the region. It has already increased its expenditure and continues reaching international benchmarks (Oxford Business Group 2014). However, it is necessary for the emirate to build individual and organisational capacities to succeed in the future, generate possible ideas and strategies, and enhance its understanding of risks and challenges. Abu Dhabi Government is in need of foresight that is defined as the ability to identify and accept changes and use the insights with the help of which organisations protect their competitiveness, eliminate uncertainties, and avoid mistakes. Technological progress, international relations, and evident competitiveness in all spheres make the Abu Dhabi Government develop new strategies and improve its future foresight by any possible means. This paper aims at discussing the methods, practices, and tools that could be used to support Abu Dhabi Government in strategic planning and management. Future Foresight Methods, Practice, and Tools Countries have to think of tomorrow today to achieve success and recognition. Organisations and governments are not always prepared and face certain unexpected and unfamiliar challenges and tasks (Bishop & Hines 2012). Therefore, they should have several options and ways to reach the established goals and prosperity. There are many tools and methods that could be offered to companies and governments. All of them could be divided into qualitative such as backcasting, brainstorming, scenarios, SWOT, and acting, quantitative, including such approaches as benchmarking, modelling, or TSA, and semi-quantitative which are based on mathematical principles that could quantify viewpoints and subjective information and have the forms of Delphi, voting, road-mapping, and stakeholder analysis (Wippel 2014). Model Based on the Methods The effectiveness of the model developed on the methods mentioned before depends on the number of tools chosen and the appropriateness of the work done at each stage. The current model consists of the following tasks: 1. The identification of inputs – literature review; 2. The analysis of the current state of affairs – SWOT (SW) and benchmarking; 3. The interpretation of the events – Wi-We and surveys; 4. The clarification of the prospects – SWOT (OT); 5. The explanation of outputs – scenarios and modelling; 6. The creation of a strategy – building models to improve health, educational, and environmental sectors at the same time. Abu Dhabi Government Practices and the Model The success of Abu Dhabi may be explained by an effective work performed by its government. As in other emirates, in Abu Dhabi, the government tries to cover different public and private sectors and promote the improvements in several directions. Shaping the Future means developing a strategy that helps not only to identify weaknesses and strengths of the emirate but also to clarify what innovations are required to make Abu Dhabi one of the most successful places at the global level (United Arab Emirates Ministry of Cabinet Affairs & the Future 2017). The Abu Dhabi Government has to investigate the current achievements and inputs of the region, analyse the needs and potentials of the society, and clarify what kind of work should be done. In other words, the main idea of the model is to gather enough background information to comprehend future steps and identify possible achievements. Efforts to Foresight Future Initiatives and Abu Dhabi as a Future Global Destination Abu Dhabi chooses a global future destination within the frames of which it is possible to drive competitiveness in the region and the whole world. This emirate has already achieved good results in leveraging diverse cultural assets and tourism ( Abu Dhabi ranked among fastest growing destinations 2017). These steps help the emirate be recognised at the national and global levels. The government has got certain opportunities and prospects to cooperate with different countries. Besides, the overall analysis of the current economic and social achievements proves that Abu Dhabi is a powerful region with a huge potential. Therefore, the government should not stop analysing its work and think about the future from different perspectives. Future Foresight Methods, Practices, and Tools for the Abu Dhabi Government Taking into consideration the needs and strategic plans of the Abu Dhabi Government, the following methods and practices could be offered: 1. Literature review (as a qualitative method to scan past reviews and reports and clarify the best practices which have been already made); 2. SWOT analysis (a qualitative practice to identify resources, capabilities, threats, and competitors); 3. Brainstorming (a qualitative tool to avoid routine decisions and rely on creativity and interactivity); 4. Benchmarking (a quantitative tool to investigate marketing and business planning); 5. Voting (a semi-quantitative practice to assess strengths and weaknesses of the achievements). Reference List ‘Abu Dhabi ranked among fastest growing destinations in the world’ , 2017, Khaleej Times. Web. Bishop, PC & Hines, A 2012, Teaching about the future, Palgrave Macmillan, New York. History of the UAE 2017. Web. Oxford Business Group 2014, The report: Abu Dhabi 2014, Oxford Business Group, Abu Dhabi. United Arab Emirates Ministry of Cabinet Affairs & the Future 2017, Areas of focus. Web. Wippel, N 2014, Multinational strategic foresight of environmental trends in the automobile industry using internal resources, LIT Verlag Munster, Berlin.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Duke Ellington was a groundbreaking jazz musician who was also known as "beyond category".Duke Ellington was a groundbreaking jazz musician who was also known as "beyond category". He challenged the established traditions and stereotypes, turning the tides for jazz music almost entirely on his own.

Duke Ellington was a groundbreaking jazz musician who was also known as "beyond category". Duke Ellington was a groundbreaking jazz musician who was also known as "beyond category". He challenged the established traditions and stereotypes, turning the tides for jazz music almost entirely on his own.

A Life Beyond Category: Duke Ellington Report (Assessment) Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington is rightfully recognized as one of the most influential composers and musicians of the American culture as well as jazz music. His influence on both is immeasurable and duly credited with the impressive volume of awards he has received both during his life and posthumously, which include, among others, the highest civilian honors of the USA and France (Whitaker 269). All this should be considered keeping in mind that he was trotting a relatively untraveled path – establishing jazz music on a world scene. Looking at his life and career, which seems to be comprised entirely of achievements, one can easily call it an example of success. Duke himself, however, took a little less elevated approach. During the celebration of his sixtieth birthday, he famously left behind the anthology of his music’s transcripts (Howland 331). Does that mean he has frowned upon acknowledgment of his work? I think not. He was always glad to see his work is appreciated. Was he an ethereal genius who cared little about if his contribution matters? Again, I think that would be unlikely. He was always there for his audience, and always enjoyed his work being praised. He just never stopped to marvel at it, choosing instead to move forward, relentlessly. Despite the popular concept of the genius brimming with ideas who just can’t control all the masterpieces pouring from him, Ellington was tirelessly working, ceaselessly, and productively. That, I think, what was a success to him – seeing that his work is appreciated and feeling he could go on with it. Despite being credited as a groundbreaking jazz musician, Duke Ellington distanced himself from the term, characterizing his work as “American music” or “Negro Music”. According to Tucker, he did not appreciate the idea of categorizing at all and emphasized that music could only be good or bad (Tucker 456). He is famously credited as being “beyond category”, a definition introduced by Billy Strayhorn and used by Ellington since (Tucker 364). While not being bound by formal limitations is a trait often attributed to jazz music, this is a principle that can be seen throughout Duke’s life and career. He has often challenged the established traditions and stereotypes. As a result, he is credited, among other things, for turning the tides for jazz music almost entirely on his own. It is a fact that before his emergence jazz was the music mostly played for black people while Ellington’s performances proved to be popular among the white population, which was almost unheard of at the time. How did he do that? It’s difficult to isolate a single cause, but I think this is at least in part due to his ignorance of the black music stereotypes. Instead of fighting them, he just banished them from his music, leaving the African-American values and experiences intact. A subtle approach that proved to be a success, preparing the minds of the public for acceptance of both artistic and cultural diversity. This “beyond category” approach to life, as well as his tremendous productivity, should serve the examples to anyone seeking for success. Ellington has lived long enough to fully experience the appreciation of his work by both the public and the scholars. He was wildly successful and influential, with his influence stretching far beyond the realm of his preferred music genre (if there ever was such a thing). Besides the already mentioned multitude of awards, including, but not limited to, 12 Grammy awards, 9 works featured in the Grammy Hall of Fame and countless honors and inductions (“GRAMMY Hall Of Fame List”), he was a source of inspiration for a number of musicians, including Miles Davis, Dave Brubeck, Stevie Wonder, Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong (“Duke Ellington Biography par. 8”). The standards he introduced are now firmly embedded in the popular culture, acting as tropes in media. But perhaps his crowning achievement is his contribution to the change in social climate. While not being a political activist and not taking an aggressive stand, he instead contributed to the struggle for racial equality by emphasizing African American experience and downplaying racial stereotypes (Cohen 291). This is not frequently listed among his achievements, probably because he never openly declared it as his goal. But his motivation can be seen in his famous statement “My men and my race are the inspiration of my work. I try to catch the character and mood and feeling of my people” (“Duke Ellington Biography” par. 6). While more a political achievement, its artistic value cannot be underestimated, if we remember that jazz music was itself a victim of racial tension in the US at the time, and it was largely thanks to Ellington that it was introduced as a major part of the American culture instead of a niche product. His work on the music for Hollywood films, most notably, “Anatomy of a Murder”, can also be considered a contribution to this matter, being a rare case of African American music used as a soundtrack for a Hollywood film. Ellington’s music is hard to characterize, as he was constantly experimenting with it. It never solidified into a recognizable pattern which could be defined, following his “beyond category” principle. Instead, improvisation was his staple mark. He was known for trying to combine the instruments in an unusual way. He also reached out for the musicians who used their instrument in the most unusual way to produce as unique a sound as possible. His orchestra was comprised almost entirely of such “individualists”, including James Miley, Ray Nance, Juan Tizol, Ben Webster and Johnny Hodges, among others. The most well-known example of this is the band’s characteristic plunger mute style of playing, known as “The Jungle Sound,” introduced to the band by the trumpeter Bubber Miley. The same could be said about his use of vocals as an instrument, most prominently featured in “Creole Love Call,” recorded in 1927 with Adelaïde Hall. Ellington also added elements of World music into his works, from more common African motives to oriental passages, to church music featured in his Sacred Concert series. All these can be described in one word – innovation. It is interesting to see how one man’s bold experimentation is almost entirely accepted nowadays as a part of the established standard. The film “Love You Madly” is a collection of interviews and performances by Ellington and his band. Instead of presenting the complete concert footage, the film instead chooses to follow the narrative approach, listening to what Duke and his band members can say. Described by Duke himself as “the best film about Duke Ellington ever made” (Ellington 449), it offers the insight into the band’s impact on American culture and art. Works Cited Cohen, Harvey G. “The Marketing of Duke Ellington: Setting the Strategy for an African American Maestro.” The Journal of African American History 89.4 (2004): 291-315. Print. Duke Ellington Biography 2008. Web. Ellington, Edward K. Music is My Mistress, New York, N.Y.: Da Capo Press, 1980. Print. GRAMMY Hall of Fame List 2016. Web. Howland, John. “Ellingtonia, Historically Speaking.” The Musical Quarterly 96.3 (2013): 331-338. Print. Tucker, Mark. The Duke Ellington Reader, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1995. Print. Whitaker, Matthew C . Icons of Black America, Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood, 2011. Print.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: A new perspective on the myth of creation, inspired by the Celtic and the Nordic mythologies.A new perspective on the myth of creation, inspired by the Celtic and the Nordic mythologies.

A new perspective on the myth of creation, inspired by the Celtic and the Nordic mythologies. A new perspective on the myth of creation, inspired by the Celtic and the Nordic mythologies.

A New Perspective on the Myth of Creation Essay How the World Was Sung by Hann and Hun There was a time when the sky was just space, a dark, silent and hollow space with nothing in it. Then, there came the gods. Hann and Hùn were their names, strong and powerful the former, delicate and contemplative the latter. Hann was the masculine force, Hùn was the feminine creative power. Why and when they entered the sky, it is not known, but it is told that even the nothing in it shivered with expectation when they came. Then, very simply, they started to sing and beautiful, celestial harmony spread. No words, just music to give forms to the pictures they were imagining. As the music flowed, the forms became the universe as we know it. First, they create the sun, the moon, and the stars, then, the Earth and the other planets. The sky was no longer empty, but full of life, with light and dark following each other in the eternal game of day and night. Planets and the other celestial bodies began to rotate and move according to the complex trajectories created by the music of Hann and Hùn. One day, they rested on Earth, and new music flowed from their voices, a different, less majestic melody, but richer in tones and nuances. On that day, they shaped Earth, creating mountains, forests, plains, and seas; they sang the fishes, and the oceans were flooded with swimming creatures; they sang the animals, and the land was swarming with life. Finally, they sang the man and the woman, and the world was complete. However, the last effort was so intense that Hann lost his sight. Hùn, then, invented the words to describe the creation to Hann, putting words in music and music in words. Since then, they wandered across the whole earth, contemplating and singing the creation, even if mankind cannot see them. However, an attentive, inspired ear and a crystalline soul can eventually catch a glimpse of the divine, if they manage to feel the vibrations of the Music of Creation. Background for the Music of Creation Myth Every civilization, at some point in its history, proposed a myth of creation. Cosmogony, Theogony, and anthropogony mirrored the differences in culture and geographical environment. For example, the river Nile influenced the creation beliefs in ancient Egypt, while ballgames, popular among the Maya population, had a strong influence their mythology. In composing my narrative, I drew inspiration from the Celtic and the Nordic mythologies. Many religions, especially those originated in the Mediterranean milieu, stressed on the importance of the word, including the Christianity: “In the beginning was the Word” (John 1:1–14). However, other traditions and philosophies gave music, rather than words, a predominant role in their pantheon of divinities, suggesting a general harmonic law underpinning the universe. In the Irish mythology, the Dagda Mor, the God with the Harp, was the most important deity of the Tuatha Dé Danann, the main divinities of ancient Érin (Monagham, 113). In relatively more recent times and within the same geographical area where Christianity flourished, Pythagoras proposed a fascinating relation between music and vibrating energy of the planets (Pliny The Elder, Naturalis Historia, Book 2, Chap. 20). The Old Norse mythology provided the source for the blindness of Hann. In the old poem Hávamál, the god Odin sacrificed one of his eyes to discover the Runes, introducing knowledge to humanity (Hávamál, 138). In my adaptation, the sacrifice is somehow shared between the feminine and the masculine divinities, suggesting complementary roles between the two genres. One last comment on the names of the deities: simply, Hann and Hùn are the Icelandic for He and She respectively. Indeed, my narrative of the creation winks at both the Irish and Nordic traditions, stressing on the importance of vibrations and feelings rather than words and culture. Work Cited Monagham, Patricia. The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore . Facts On World egg File, New York, 2004.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : A shift from climate change awareness under new president research paperA recent research paper examined the potential shift from climate change awareness under new president research paper. The paper found that while Trump has withdrawn from international cooperation on preventing climate change, this does not necessarily mean that he has also withdrawn from the goal of creating a safer living and working environment for Americans. The paper also found that while Trump has appointed Scott Pruitt as a chief of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), this does not

A shift from climate change awareness under new president research paper A recent research paper examined the potential shift from climate change awareness under new president research paper. The paper found that while Trump has withdrawn from international cooperation on preventing climate change, this does not necessarily mean that he has also withdrawn from the goal of creating a safer living and working environment for Americans. The paper also found that while Trump has appointed Scott Pruitt as a chief of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), this does not

A Shift From Climate Change Awareness Under New President Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Domestic Issues 3. Foreign Issues 4. Conclusion 5. Works Cited Introduction Donald Trump recently has been noticed to withdraw from the international cooperation on climate change issues (“Trump Administration Deletes Mentions of ‘Climate Change’ from Climate Change Website.”). Moreover, Trump appointed Scott Pruitt as a chief of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). He explicitly stated that he does not believe in the environmental impact of climate change and the significance of the role that humans play in this process. This could lead to serious changes in domestic and foreign policies and have a significant impact on relationships and cooperation with other countries. In light of this, it is paramount to review the possible changes that might occur as a result of such decisions. Domestic Issues A new leader of the EPA has recently stated his position on the climate change, arguing that there is no sufficient evidence to support the claims of any substantial influence of human activities on global warming. Such statements raised concerns among American journalists and general population about the future of the organization as one of the main forces who advocated for the safe and healthy environment of Americans and the global society. Judging by the information retrieved from the organization’s website, there is no cause to be alarmed. The organization’s values have not changed and still revolve around safe living and working conditions for people (US EPA). The top priority of EPA is human’s health, which implies creating safer and friendlier environment. The views of the organization’s head on global warming do not influence those values as directly as many may believe. Global warming prevention might be a noble cause but if it were taken away from the list of goals, it would change nothing. Climate change prevention is a perquisite for the creation of the safer living and working environment. The range of task to achieve this goal would still include measures such as reducing CO2 emissions, extensive use of renewable energy sources, natural resource preservation, and non-polluting daily behaviors. With or without Climate change those goals still need to be achieved for the sake of raising the standard of living. The possible result of such wording strategy (if it was indeed an intentional avoidance) is more focus on raising and maintaining living standard for American citizens without pretentious goals and slogans. The withdrawal from international cooperation on preventing climate change could mean the allocation of saved funds into other projects that could be more useful for the citizens of the United States. On the other hand, international cooperation on mutually or even universally beneficial projects is often positively affects the politician’s approval. Trump does not seem to be bothered by the question of his rating among the citizens and practically does the best he can for his compatriots in a way he sees suitable. Perhaps, the president plans to channel the positive energy of those who wants to save the planet for something more down-to-earth and practical. If we assume that each president acts to fulfill the will of his voters, which means the majority of Americans, then it will be safe to say that quitting the widely acknowledged as positive international program he has some reason behind it that may imply benefit for his fellow citizens. Another implication of the set course could be that the country is now concentrates more on its own pollution problems instead of following guidelines and agreements proposed by other countries. The idea of an international agreement, especially the one with many participants, is to reach a consensus or to agree on a solution that more or less benefits all of the countries. However, such approach is flawed in a sense that it may hinder the possibilities of one country to fulfill its duties before its citizens to the full extent. McGraw indicates that the US decision to pull out of the Paris agreement could affect the relationships between the government and the company’s officials. However, the Exxon Mobil CEO did not imply any offence or indicate strong opposition. He just conveyed his company’s concern for the balance of powers at the table of negotiation. Assuming that company officials of such level does not let themselves set the world leader against themselves, it would probably a sad remark rather than a statement of discontent. Another possible implication for domestic situation is the formation of new or growth of popularity for not-for-profit non-governmental movements that advocate for global warming prevention. The reason for this is that there will always be activists who do not agree with the official strategy demonstrated by Trump office. Essentially, for the country as a whole nothing would change dramatically. American people follow the trends created by the industry and the industry is regulated by demand. However, in case of, for instance, sustainable solutions the main goal is make energy cheaper by reusing whatever is suitable for recycling. It is a purely capitalistic approach but it seems to be smarter. People start to realize that the investments into sustainable infrastructure that in the long run will save money and thus will be more effective. Saving the earth’s resources and the care for global warming prevention is only a bonus to that. Therefore, the trend that Trump might intentionally effected is aimed at people realizing that there is no need for sacred vows before the humanity and the Earth to contribute to progress and sustainable future. The future that implies human race existence becoming non-threatening to the environment. Foreign Issues The possible consequences of Tramp’s new policy might be a negative reaction from international society. For example, European nations are widely recognized as zealous advocates of global warming or climate change prevention. The withdrawal of the US from programs that are intended to work for common good might worsen the relationships with some countries across the US. It is especially probable because Trump is known to have promised support for oil and coal industry in America to grow and prosper, which for some countries may serve as an indication of a first step towards fulfilling these promises. On the other hand, the United States are one of the most significant and influential powers on international arena. The actions and trends set by the US are often promoted abroad. Hollywood movies, street food, or Silicon Valley as a center of a technological progress contributes to the spread of similar items across other nations. Same could happen with the trend on global warming prevention. A loss of interest in distant future and concentration in the immediate issues of the internal present demonstrated by the US may set certain countries in the mood to do the same. Another example of the US trendsetting influence is its policy to lower the consumption of coal. Thus, it is estimated that the amount of workers in the solar energy industry would surpass those in coal processing sector by 50% (McGrath). According to McGrath a unilateral withdrawal of the US from the Paris climate agreement could result in a strategic loss. China as one of the closest rivals of the US for global dominance could easily take the lead. The political landscape might change towards the EU and China engaging in a more close collaboration with mutual exchange of sustainable technologies pushing the US out of this race. If the intent of the US president for abandoning the mission of global care for the environment, this could potentially undermine the process of goal achievement. According to the Paris agreement, all of the powers of participating countries should be concentrated on holding the level of mean temperature across the globe below 2 degrees Celsius. The US contributes one of the most sizable amount of CO2 emissions that actively destroy the ozone layer. It would be harder for the other remaining countries to maintain that level without one of the major players not participating. Conclusion All things considered, there is a large amount of possible consequences of the Trump’s new course of actions in the field of climate change. Some of them are more probable than the others but, given the eccentric nature of the US president, there can be no certainty in what else could he do next. The most possible consequence for domestic environment include a more US-tailored policy for pollution reduction, growing support for non-governmental climate-change movements, and decline in the ratings of the US president. The foreign implications may include the loss of strategic dominance in the foreign policy to China, rising trend for withdrawal from Paris agreement, negative reaction from the international society and formation of a climate change coalition without the participation of the US. Works Cited McGrath, Matt. “Five Effects of US Pullout from Paris Climate Deal.” BBC News. Web. “Trump Administration Deletes Mentions of ‘Climate Change’ from Climate Change Website.” The Independent. Web. US EPA. “Our Mission and What We Do.” US EPA. Web.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The text describes the destruction of Indies by Europeans in the 16th century.Events, Changes, and Conflicts in the Early Americas Bartolome de las Casas was a historian of Spanish origin who lived in the 16th century. He documentated the history of colonization of West Indies, highlighting the crimes of colonies against indigenous peoples. After witnessing with his own eyes what Europeans did to them, he changed his views on colonization and slavery becoming an advocate of equality of all people. He freed all of his slaves in the colonies and organized missions to lobby for the abolition of slavery. He dedicated almost 50 years of his life to the abolitionist movement. As a result of his advocacy, laws pertaining to the indigenous populations became stricter to abuse. In addition, his work became key to establishing ethics of colonialism and the concept of human dignity.

The text describes the destruction of Indies by Europeans in the 16th century. Events, Changes, and Conflicts in the Early Americas Bartolome de las Casas was a historian of Spanish origin who lived in the 16th century. He documentated the history of colonization of West Indies, highlighting the crimes of colonies against indigenous peoples. After witnessing with his own eyes what Europeans did to them, he changed his views on colonization and slavery becoming an advocate of equality of all people. He freed all of his slaves in the colonies and organized missions to lobby for the abolition of slavery. He dedicated almost 50 years of his life to the abolitionist movement. As a result of his advocacy, laws pertaining to the indigenous populations became stricter to abuse. In addition, his work became key to establishing ethics of colonialism and the concept of human dignity.

A Short Account of the Destruction of Indies Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Events, Changes, and Conflicts in the Early Americas 3. Relation to Primary Document 4. Importance of the Document in its Time 5. Bibliography 6. Footnotes Introduction Bartolome de las Casas was a historian of Spanish origin who lived in the 16th century. He documented the history of colonization of West Indies, highlighting the crimes of colonies against indigenous peoples. After witnessing with his own eyes what Europeans did to them, he changed his views on colonization and slavery becoming an advocate of equality of all people. He freed all of his slaves in the colonies and organized missions to lobby for the abolition of slavery. He dedicated almost 50 years of his life to the abolitionist movement. As a result of his advocacy, laws pertaining to the indigenous populations became stricter to abuse. In addition, his work became key to establishing ethics of colonialism and the concept of human dignity. Events, Changes, and Conflicts in the Early Americas Chapter 1 of American Yawp describes the first efforts of European settlers to establish a new home in Americas and what was life like before. Native Americans had a rich culture the legacy of which is documented in writing and pictography. The traces of the first native settlements can be identified as early as 15,000 years ago across North and South Americas. Like many other primal tribes, Native Americans were gatherers and hunters. According to Richard Diehl, around 1,200 BC a major change occurred in their lifestyle with the emergence of agriculture. 1 The population started to grow and settle around cornfields uniting into communities. Yet with bonuses such as the development of craftsmanship due to the increased free time of certain people, came harms such as health decline. Further growth of production power and diversification of labor marked the sophistication of political structure, culture, architecture, and other things. Native Americans were not a united and homogenous tribe, yet a set of location-based communities that developed separately but effectively. American Yawp historians state that the variety of languages amounted to hundreds. 2 An era of peace and thriving soon ended with the discovery of American lands by Europeans. After the discovery of the “New World” in 1492, Europeans started colonizing it in order to grow sugar cane and find other riches. In West Indies, as described by Columbus, Spanish people started torturing indigenous people cutting off the parts of their bodies for no particular reason. Yet Columbus himself was eager to strike a deal with Spanish Crown to bring slaves back to Europe in exchange for gold, declaring it a will of God. 3 In addition to cruelties of colonists, indigenous people suffered from diseases brought by Europeans. A full-scale occupation of the land by Spanish Empire in the middle of the 16th century brought an end to Aztec empire, and all the people’s they conquered before Europeans came. Essentially, most of the South American tribes became slaves and property of Spain, which was marked in encomienda and later in repartimiento. As a result of slavery, military conflicts, and epidemics, 95% of the Native Americans died. 4 Relation to Primary Document In his writing called A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies Bartolome de las Casas describes the atrocities of Spanish colonists and mercenaries inflicted on the native people. The events as they are described in the American Yawp do not focus on describing the horrors of colonization but also mention them in detail. The latter document aims to describe the prehistory of West Indies before it was ravaged by Europeans. In their essence, both documents capture the unfair and grim fate of native tribes. In American Yawp, historians describe events mentioning their meaning and producing logic behind them to create a comprehensive picture of what happened. Bartolome de las Casas, on the other hand, targets the aftermath while briefly describing what was there before Europeans. Importance of the Document in its Time Bartolome de las Casas wrote A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies to notify the King of Spain, Charles the First, whom he describes as a protector of justice. 5 At that time, the author was already preaching equal rights and was an active advocate of slaves’ rights acting to stop violence and horrors he witnessed in the West Indies. Therefore, the highest authority to which he could appeal was the King himself. In this document, he argued that if the atrocities were not stopped the wrath of God would come upon Spain. The document was of utmost significance in the 16th-century world ruled by active colonist Empires. Bartolome de las Casas was one of the first who raised the issue of humanity, unlawful and immoral nature of things done to native people. 6 There were also other scholars that wrote about slavery and the need for humane colonist policies. However, de las Casas reinforced the existing arguments with extensive proof. In addition, he expressed his ideas from historical perspective emphasizing the fact that it was not only people who were destroyed, it was nations and civilizations. On the whole, the document was revolutionary for abolitionist movement as it firmly placed the question of slavery and colonization in the political discourse. Bibliography “A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies.” University of Michigan . n.d. Web. Diehl, Richard. The Olmecs: America’s First Civilization, London: Thames and Hudson, 2004. Dobyns, Henry. Their Number Become Thinned: Native American Population Dynamics in Eastern North America. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1983. von Vacano, Diego. “Las Casas and the Birth of Race”. History of Political Thought 33, no. 3 (2012): 401–426. “The New World.” American Yawp . n.d. Web. Footnotes 1. Richard Diehl, The Olmecs: America’s First Civilization (London: Thames and Hudson, 2004), 25 2. “The New World,” American Yawp , n.d. Web. 3. “The New World.” 4. Ibid. 5. “A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies,” University of Michigan, n.d. Web. 6. Diego von Vacano, “Las Casas and the birth of race”, History of Political Thought 33, no. 3 (2012): 401.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Since the industrial era, the idea of an organization as an eternal entity has dominated business studies. However, modern economic and social tendencies gave rise to an increased number of temporary projects and organizations and generated a need for a comprehensive theoretical basis. Aiming at providing a framework for understanding the specific, Lundin and Söderholm elaborated on the idea of an action-based theory, four basic concepts for the organization demarcation as well as sequencing concepts.

Since the industrial era, the idea of an organization as an eternal entity has dominated business studies. However, modern economic and social tendencies gave rise to an increased number of temporary projects and organizations and generated a need for a comprehensive theoretical basis. Aiming at providing a framework for understanding the specific, Lundin and Söderholm elaborated on the idea of an action-based theory, four basic concepts for the organization demarcation as well as sequencing concepts.

“A Theory of Temporary Organization” by Lundin and Söderholm Research Paper Since the industrial era, the idea of an organization as an eternal entity has dominated business studies. However, modern economic and social tendencies gave rise to an increased number of temporary projects and organizations and generated a need for a comprehensive theoretical basis. Aiming at providing a framework for understanding the temporary organizations’ specific, Lundin and Söderholm elaborated on the idea of an action-based theory, four basic concepts for the organization demarcation as well as sequencing concepts. The action was singled out as the predominant factor in apprehending the essence of temporary organizations as opposed to the notion of decision-making as the primary determinant. The researchers claimed that decisions do not always bring about actions; on the contrary, decisions are consequential to actions. It was established that the prime source of motivation in business is the necessity to act. Thus, the new theory should be stressing the nature of the action and its aspects. Further, the researchers introduce four concepts for defining action areas and demarcating a temporary organization. According to Lunden and Sömerholm, a temporary organization can be described regarding time, task, team, and transition. In contrast, a permanent organization is rather explained by its goals (instead of tasks), survival (instead of time), working organization (instead of the team), and sustainable development (instead of transition). The said concepts, however, only demarcate actions but do not give a detailed account as to what they entail. Lunden and Sömerholm employ four sequencing concepts for action description; each represents a phase in running a temporary project or organization. At the entrepreneurial stage, it is crucial to provide the driving force for business creation. Further on, time brackets, tasks, and termination criteria are to be specified, which is followed by the task execution and the timely dissolution of a temporary organization. The authors argue that the possibility of interruption at any stage does not undermine the validity of the concepts. Lunden and Sömerholm strove to establish the phenomenon of temporary organizations in its entirety and give the impetus to further analysis. In the future, one may investigate successful temporary organizations and the actions they took in order to pass all the sequencing stages. On the contrary, it may be useful to study stagnated organizations, for the interest as to why the plans failed is equally justifiable. Reference List Lundin, RA & Söderholm, A 1995, ‘A theory of the temporary organization’, Scandinavian Journal of Management , vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 437-455.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The essay compares workaholics and alcoholics considering the fact that both exhibit some kind of uncontrolled desire to do what they do. The term workaholic was first mentioned by Wayne Oats in his book "confession of a workaholic" (Adrenal failure.com). Workaholism is basically addiction to work. Workahols do not find time to rest and they regard taking vacations as a waste of time and always find an excuse as to why they can

The essay compares workaholics and alcoholics considering the fact that both exhibit some kind of uncontrolled desire to do what they do. The term workaholic was first mentioned by Wayne Oats in his book "confession of a workaholic" (Adrenal failure.com). Workaholism is basically addiction to work. Workahols do not find time to rest and they regard taking vacations as a waste of time and always find an excuse as to why they can

A Workaholic and an Alcoholic Essay This essay will be looking at the comparison between workaholics and alcoholics considering the fact that both exhibit some kind of uncontrolled desire to do what they do. The term workaholic was first mentioned by Wayne Oats in his book “confession of a workaholic” (Adrenal failure.com). Workaholism is basically addiction to work. Workaholics do not find time to rest and they regard taking vacations as a waste of time and always find an excuse as to why they can not take a rest. Workaholism bare some threats with regards to aspects of life such as personal, social and health development. More often than not, Workaholism is confused and mistaken as hard work but in the real sense, the two extremes are totally different situations. Hard work allows for creativity and development in ones job while work addiction is the source of instability and inhibits creativity. Alcoholics just as workaholics are individuals rooted into taking alcohol and can not help to stop the habit. In most instances, they wish to quit the habit but they find it extremely difficult to stop drinking alcohol. In that case they develop dependency on alcohol to an extent they can not perform a task without taking it. This situation indicates the level of one’s dependence on alcohol and like Workaholism it also weakens social, personal and health developments. An addicted individual finds it difficult to stop drinking and always finds a reason for his or her adapted behavior. This means that he or she takes alcohol unmindful of the dangers involved especially in health and social life. Alcoholics confuse their behavior with relaxation and having fun which in the real sense is a major destruction taking place within the body and all around them with regards to social parameters. These two situations are similar especially in the long-term effects on the victim or patients so to say. They both lead to passionate dedication to work and alcohol respectively. Workaholics and alcoholics both exhibit similar characteristics such as withdrawal from social life. The two are preoccupied by working and drinking respectively and they can not stop doing it even when it compromises their social responsibilities. Alcoholics and workaholics alike would rather go for their distinct engagement at the expense of their social obligations. In both situations, the victims seem withdrawn and rarely can they engage in any social activity. They love to be alone and more often they seem so worried. They both lack the sense of family touch and they can easily go for their schedules at the expense of the family hence the family suffers. This happens due to the fact that workaholics and alcoholics both tend to neglect their responsibilities at the family level in favor of their engagements. In the current developed world and liberalized society, the problem of alcoholism and Workaholism is so difficult to avert. This is owing to the fact that in such a busy and a fast moving and changing technology, the world is more likely to favor workaholics. Economical challenges are turning things around making Workaholism a valid situation in the race to catch up with the economical challenges. Alcohol on the other hand is justified as a stress reliever. Works Cited Adrenal-failure.com . Workaholism and Work Addiction, 2011. Web.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: Abigail Adams was one of the earliest first ladies of the USA, a good housekeeper and advisor to her husband, second President of the US John Adams. A woman with strong political and social views, Adams was not afraid to defend them, even though she was not well educated. Her legacy includes numerous letters, the quotations from which illustrate what a wise and strong-willed woman, what a patriot and emancipation rights defender she was.

Abigail Adams was one of the earliest first ladies of the USA, a good housekeeper and advisor to her husband, second President of the US John Adams. A woman with strong political and social views, Adams was not afraid to defend them, even though she was not well educated. Her legacy includes numerous letters, the quotations from which illustrate what a wise and strong-willed woman, what a patriot and emancipation rights defender she was.

Abigail Adams: The First Lady, the Great Thinker, and Advisor Essay Introduction Abigail Adams was not only one of the earliest first ladies of the USA, she was far more than that – an excellent housekeeper and good advisor to her husband, second President of the US John Adams – a woman with strong political and social views which she was not afraid to defend. Even though she was not well educated, she expressed her opinions in such an ardent way that her illiteracy was always excused. Abigail Adams was a revolutionist by nature. Her contribution to the lives of people in her era and of modern times cannot be overestimated. Abigail’s legacy includes numerous letters, the quotations from which illustrate what a wise and strong-willed woman, what a patriot and emancipation rights defender she was. Body Abigail Adams’ political views In a letter to her husband, the US second President John Adams, Abigail addressed him with the words, “Remember the Ladies”, which was her way of a proclamation of women’s equity rights (Hubbard-Brown, 2009, p. 32). Adams emphasized the necessity for the collective voice of women to be heard and asked her husband not to entitle the men with as much power as his predecessors did. A few years before her death, Adams wrote a will, though women were not allowed to leave any property to their relatives merely because they could not have any. However, she believed that females, as well as males, had a right to distribute the fruits of their labor in the way they wished (Holton, 2009). Abigail Adams was a true patriot of her country. She called the Americans, “the freest and the happiest people upon the globe” (Kaminski, 2009, p. 6). She wrote, “I know America capable of any thing she undertakes with spirit and vigour” (Kaminski, 2009, p. 5). Position on education and religion A. Adams believed that children should be given a proper education, and defended their right to express their own opinion. She wrote to her husband, “You can do much service to your Sons by your Letters, and advice. You will not teach them what to think, but how to think, and they will then know how to act” (Kaminski, 2009, p. 3). Abigail was a daughter of a pastor. She adhered to her religious upbringing throughout her whole life. She wrote, “No free Government can stand, which is not supported by religion” (Kaminski, 2009, p. 309). “ My pen, I think, is scarcly ever dry” (Kaminski, 2009, p. 39) A. Abigail Adams did not receive a proper education, but her way of expressing opinions on the acute issues was so impressive that no one paid attention to her literacy problems. She wrote many letters to her husband, in which she shared her views on many life issues, such as patriotism, economics, education, religion, and others. Conclusion Abigail Adams might have been born as an ordinary woman, but she grew up to be an extraordinarily powerful thinker and defender of equal rights. Adams was a significant figure in the colonial period and the first ninety years of the United States. She had a great impact on her husband, the President, and she inspired many people to fight for equality. Her views are still remembered by modern society as they were the first open-minded opinions expressed by a leading American woman in a brave and eloquent way. References Holton, W. (2009). Abigail Adams . New York: Free Press. Hubbard-Brown, J. (2009). Abigail Adams . New York: Chelsea House Publishers. Kaminski, J. (2009). The quotable Abigail Adams . Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The abortion problem cannot stand alone in the world struggling for human rights and personal liberty. Act utilitarianism is a possible philosophical approach to the problem of choice in such sensitive issues as abortion. The theory, usually associated with the works of Bentham and Mill, is a reaction to the fragmentary nature of our knowledge and beliefs.

The abortion problem cannot stand alone in the world struggling for human rights and personal liberty. Act utilitarianism is a possible philosophical approach to the problem of choice in such sensitive issues as abortion. The theory, usually associated with the works of Bentham and Mill, is a reaction to the fragmentary nature of our knowledge and beliefs.

Abortion and the Theory of Act Utilitarianism Essay In the modern world, much attention is paid to the problem of abortion, which causes not only medical but also social, juridical, and ethical concerns. Some people are critically sensitive to abortion, associating it with immorality and selfishness. Others consider it justifiable and complementary with the modern state of science and morality. Both negative and positive attitudes to abortion may have hidden pitfalls. Political laws on abortion forbiddance may result in the act of civil disobedience – illegal abortion. Some positive or neutral attitudes may ignore different sides of the problem and could be just giving the moralists a dig for their disapprobatory public mood. Therefore, the issue should be considered about ethical and social frameworks helping elaborate the proper approach. One possible philosophical approach to the problem of choice in such sensitive issues as abortion is the theory of Utilitarianism measuring the moral value of the action. The theory, usually associated with the works of Bentham and Mill, is a reaction to the fragmentary nature of our knowledge and beliefs. Utilitarianism is closely connected to the idea of equality and welfare. As Hayry (2013) states, “general well-being and equality among individuals have been focal to social and legal reforms since the rise of classical utilitarianism in Britain” (p. 1). However, the political systems opposing each other started applying the theory and that caused the challenging mess-up of values and approaches. Political and philosophical conflicts of collectivism and individualism began distorting the theory. Although, the initial theory is much about the happiness and well-being of each individual and the totalitarian-based understanding of public good seems hostile to the interests of individuals (Hayrey, 2013, p. 2). There is no use in savoring the principles of abstract common good while concerning the utilitarian ideas of modern society as much attention is paid nowadays to the rights of individuals and minorities. This tendency is particularly true for the Western world. According to Hayrey (2013), “the American pioneers of applied ethics especially believed that it is more effective to challenge … racial, ethnic or gender-related discrimination by direct appeal to human rights … than by indirect references to the greatest general good” (p. 2). In the sense of individual action, act utilitarianism welcomes actions that can bring as much happiness to a person as it is possible. Although, this happiness may concern not only the idea of libertarianism based on the principle of persons’ freedom to act as they will. The initial idea of act utilitarianism concerns the greatest good to the largest number of people. The abortion problem cannot stand alone in the world struggling for human rights and personal liberty. However, act utilitarianism is complicated enough to give an absolute answer to all the sensitive questions. It will be a possible solution to analyze the problem both regarding “ego-centric utilitarianism” and the theory in the context of maximum good to the greatest numbers. Firstly, abortion should be considered from a health point of view. According to Kaszor (2014), “in addition to the issue of physical well-being, the question of whether abortion is good … could be approached in terms of psychological well-being” (p. 10). Any assumptions about women’s well-being regarding the abortion problem must have a medical basis. However, another aspect of the person-based approach is the philosophical question of whether personhood begins before birth. If the fetus can already feel pain and have a desire to live, another ethical problem arises. As Kaszor (2014) states, “should a conflict arise between the rights of persons to health, happiness or freedom and the rights of potential persons, the rights of persons prevail” (p. 42). Thus, one of the core ethical problems of abortion is finding out whether a fetus has the right to life. Another perspective to act utilitarianism is a common good perspective, which may refer to the problems of human rights, gender equality, and sustainable development. From this perspective, legalized abortion along with contraception, decreasing child mortality, and highly available education may change the situation when society runs on half of its brainpower. Participation of women in the labor force and their choice to gain a good education without having the responsibility of carrying the burden of undesirable motherhood are also crucial. As the theory of act-utilitarianism is correlated with the goals of sustainable development, one should pay attention to the Millennium Development Goals set by the UN and find out what problems have priority over morality and some health problems underlying abortion. Undoubtedly, our perceptions of abortion should rise not only from morality and particular ethical concerns. To understand and evaluate the scale of the problem, it is better to focus on act-utilitarianism, which aim has been to introduce an adequate notion of good. In the highly- interrelated world, happiness could be both common merit and an individual’s concern. Both a comprehensive ethical insight and scientific research are needed to address not only the problem of abortion but different challenges of the world setting common goals to reduce child mortality, empower women, improve maternal health and ensure environmental sustainability. References Hayry, M. (2013 ). Liberal Utilitarianism and Applied Ethics. New York, NY: Routledge. Kaszor, C. (2014). The Ethics of Abortion: Women’s Rights, Human Life, and the Question of Justice. New York, NY: Routledge.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The purpose of this paper is to classify academic dishonesty.Academic dishonesty is a permanent issue at all levels of education at school and in universities. Researchers explore the motives, intentions, and conditions that provoke such behavior. Students can cheat themselves or use the services of professional ghostwriters. The purpose of this paper is to classify academic dishonesty.

The purpose of this paper is to classify academic dishonesty. Academic dishonesty is a permanent issue at all levels of education at school and in universities. Researchers explore the motives, intentions, and conditions that provoke such behavior. Students can cheat themselves or use the services of professional ghostwriters. The purpose of this paper is to classify academic dishonesty.

Academic Dishonesty Classification Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction Academic dishonesty is a permanent issue at all levels of education at school and in universities. Researchers explore the motives, intentions, and conditions that provoke such behavior. Students can cheat themselves or use the services of professional ghostwriters. The purpose of this paper is to classify academic dishonesty. Main body Students use the author’s materials without permission and present their information without any proof of its authenticity. They help others to use the academic information illegally and cite without naming authors. All previously mentioned can be summarized in four main types of academic dishonesty. The definition of academic dishonesty is as follows: “The first type of academic dishonesty is cheating, which includes the intentional use or attempted use of unauthorized materials or information in an examination. Secondly, there is fabrication or invention of any information or citation. Thirdly, facilitation relates to behaviors that assist other students in engaging in academic dishonesty. The final form of academic dishonesty under Pavela’s definition is plagiarism” (Eriksson & McGee, 2015, par. 6). In the Western tradition, plagiarism is “the unauthorized use or misrepresentation of the thoughts of another author as one’s own” (Simpson, 2016). Nevertheless, this point of view is not universal. In some cultures, copying an author’s words is a form of gratitude and respect. Researchers connect academic dishonesty to such personal traits as neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness (Giluk & Postlethwaite, 2015). Miller, Murdock, and Grotewiel (2017) claim that the rates of cheating do not depend on the success of students (p. 1). Even higher-achieving students demonstrate academic dishonesty. Conclusion The issue of academic dishonesty remains unresolved. Students continue to cheat in several ways themselves or with the help of professional ghostwriters. The definition of academic dishonesty is complex and consists of four parts. One of the most serious types of academic dishonesty is plagiarism. By signing this paper, I hereby pledge that it is my work except for the parts that are properly documented. I promise not to be dishonest and not to plagiarize. References Eriksson, L., & McGee, T. R. (2015). Academic dishonesty amongst Australian criminal justice and policing university students: Individual and contextual factors. International Journal for Educational Integrity , 11(1), 5. Simpson, D. (2016). Academic dishonesty: An international student perspective. Academic Perspectives in Higher Education , 2(1), 5. Giluk, T. L., & Postlethwaite, B. E. (2015). Big Five personality and academic dishonesty: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Individual Differences , 72, 59-67. Miller, A. D., Murdock, T. B., & Grotewiel, M. M. (2017). Addressing academic dishonesty among the highest achievers. Theory Into Practice , 1-8.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The article examines the Malcolm Baldrige criteria for achieving performance excellence in organizations.The Malcolm Baldrige criteria are a set of ten values that form the basis of the performance excellence criteria. These values can help organizations improve the quality of their work. They address the customer-oriented approach, constant learning, effective management accompanied by staff members' involvement and the common orientation on the same goals and results. The effective leadership is regarded as the core value in the needed for a successful performance.

The article examines the Malcolm Baldrige criteria for achieving performance excellence in organizations. The Malcolm Baldrige criteria are a set of ten values that form the basis of the performance excellence criteria. These values can help organizations improve the quality of their work. They address the customer-oriented approach, constant learning, effective management accompanied by staff members' involvement and the common orientation on the same goals and results. The effective leadership is regarded as the core value in the needed for a successful performance.

“Achieving Performance Excellence” by Mark Blazey Essay The article entitled Achieving Performance Excellence is an insight into the main points of the eponymously-named book by Mark Blazey. The author briefly analyzes the significant features of the Malcolm Baldrige criteria which are used as a standard for determining the level of organizations’ performance quality. The information presented in the article is useful for the performance excellence evaluation of all types of organizations. Blazey introduces ten values which form the basis of the performance excellence criteria. These values can help organizations improve the quality of their work. They address the customer-oriented approach, constant learning, effective management accompanied by staff members’ involvement and the common orientation on the same goals and results. The effective leadership is regarded as the core value in the needed for a successful performance. The author presents tables and schemes demonstrating the subordination in the leadership system. He concludes by arguing that performance excellence is the guarantee for the company’s success. The article educates the enterprise managers to utilize the performance excellence criteria for outstanding results in their work. The improvement of the level of performance is essential for business organizations due to the increased competitiveness in the global market today. A significant influencer of business success is the equal involvement of both employees and the leader into the working process. To implement such an approach, it is essential for the staff to be well-educated and skilled enough to perform at the competitive level. In conclusion, the article presents a valuable piece of information clarifying the core elements of the successful company performance under the guidance of effective leadership. Performance excellence emerges as the most useful standard for optimization of the productivity of leading companies. It is capable of enhancing the organization achievements. Following this guidance, the developing enterprises will obtain a defined course of advancement.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The essay discusses the definition of success and how it can be achieved in America. It is argued that while hard work is an important component of success, it does not guarantee it. Other elements such as education, talent, social connections, and psychological capital have to be considered as well.

The essay discusses the definition of success and how it can be achieved in America. It is argued that while hard work is an important component of success, it does not guarantee it. Other elements such as education, talent, social connections, and psychological capital have to be considered as well.

Achieving Success in America: Characteristics of Options Essay The definition of success may vary for every individual depending on the goals that one sets for life. However, The Collins Dictionary provides this explanation of the term – “Someone or something that is a success achieves a high position, makes a lot of money, or is admired a great deal” (2018). Individuals that have good careers and earn a decent income can be considered successful. Having this is something that many people strive to achieve. While hard work is an important component of success, it does not guarantee it. Solely relying on hard work will not lead one to succeed in America, additional elements such as education, talent, social connections, and psychological capital have to be considered as well. Achieving success is desirable for many people living in the US. In the book, The American Dream and the Popular Novel author Elizabeth Long (2017) argues, “The story of America has been the story of success“. She provides examples of many novels, published from 1945 to 1975 that portray images of successful individuals as peoples’ main characters. It is believed by many that to reach that one has to work hard. In the US, many other aspects contribute to achieving the desired, and that is why not every citizen can be considered a successful individual. The first and essential component for achieving success in America is the education level. Higher education leads to better career results and higher pay levels in the United States. Those who have a higher education are more likely to avoid unemployment and can outlearn the average population. The statistics presented by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2018) show a direct correlation between the education level and salary. The weekly earnings of individuals with no high school diploma in 2017 were estimated at $520. In comparison, the earnings of those who have a doctorate were $1,743 a week. Additionally, people who do not have a high school diploma have the highest rate of unemployment. Approximately 6.5% of them are unemployed, in comparison to the 3.4% unemployment rate for those who have a college degree (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2018). While those individuals may be working hard to earn their income, the statistics show that they do not earn more than those who have been to a college or a university. In addition, a study conducted by Georgetown University found that the lifetime earnings of a person with a Bachelor’s Degree total at $2.3 million, when a person without any diploma earns less than $1 in the lifetime (Anthony, Rose, and Cheah, 2013). Therefore, one of the success factors in the US is the educational level – those who have graduated from college earn more and are less likely to be unemployed. Talent is essential for building a successful career in many fields for the US citizens. However, without contributing hard work to enhance the given abilities, it will not lead to a good job and high earnings. Griffith and King (2015) use the example of a famous US baseball player Andrew McCutchen to illustrate that talent, and hard work contributes to achieving career goals. McCutchen shared his experience, stating that while he believed he had the ability and was willing to work hard at the beginning of his career, he quickly came to realize that that was not enough (Griffith and King, 2015). Baseball is a highly competitive sport in the US, successful players earn millions of dollars. While the McCutchen did have the talent for playing, without developing it, he would not achieve the set goals. The two important parts – hard work and talent were essential in giving him a possibility to play baseball professionally. However, without other elements, his career would not be as advanced. Therefore, talented individuals have to work on developing what they are good at to achieve a certain level of success in the chosen field (Griffith and King, 2015). As shown by the example of McCutchen, talent and hard work are the basis for starting a successful career. Social connections are considered extremely important in America, as they contribute to the individual’s success by providing additional opportunities. Griffith and King (2015) argue that connections have a major influence on success. Having useful connections can give more opportunities for career development, where not having the needed connections can do the opposite (Griffin and King, 2015). By improving and utilizing the social connections, a person can improve the chances of advancing in their career. “Being embedded in a valued network of social connections can significantly influence how raw ability is transformed into something of professional value” (Griffin and King, 2015 p. 13). Social connection can provide opportunities to people and help them achieve success while lack of connections can negatively influence it. The financial status of an individual’s family is a factor in determining future monetary success in the US. Andrew McCutchen shared his experience with this by pointing out that for him to become a successful player, his parents had to invest money in tournament fees and gear. Due to the fact that they were financially struggling, it was not an easy task to do (Griffith and King, 2015). Additionally, the editors of Talent Development in the Global Economy: Perspectives from special interest groups, Nafukho, Dirani, and Irby, (2017) point out the correlation between the financial situation of the parents and the future success of the child. The Great Gatsby Graph they examine illustrates the likelihood of children inheriting their parents’ financial condition. In the US the income inequality and the social mobility rates are high, meaning that a child from a low-income family is very likely to be unable to achieve financial success (Nafukho et al., 2017). Therefore, in the US the financial status of one’s family contributes greatly to the future success of an individual. Psychological capital is an important element in achieving success in any country, as it provides motivation and ability to deal with difficulties. Griffith & King (2015) stated that physiological resources, such as the ability to deal with failure, optimism, hope, and confidence are essential for future success. If an individual is easily discouraged, he or she will most likely have motivation issues and will not achieve great career success. Overcoming difficulties and moving towards desired goals is essential for it, especially in the competitive environment of corporate America. The physiological capital improves an individual’s chances goals. On the other hand, hard work is a defining factor in pursuing talent and in earning a degree, the two significant factors in becoming successful. Without investing time, an effort to study and get grades graduating from a college or a university is impossible. As for talent, according to the book Talent Development in the Global Economy: Perspectives from special interest groups, one of the definitions of the term includes the contribution a person makes (Nafukho et al., 2017). Therefore, both talent and education require hard work and those are factors in achieving success. Overall, hard work is an important but not the only factor in achieving success in the US. Statistical data shows the direct connection between education levels, weekly salary, and unemployment levels in the country (Carnevale et al., 2017). The other essential components that help in achieving success in the country are talent, social connections, the psychological capital and the financial status. Hard work on its own does not guarantee success in America; it has to be combined with these components. References Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2018). Unemployment rates and earnings by educational attainment. Web. Carnevale, A. P., Rose S. J., & Cheah B. (2013). The College Payoff: Education, Occupations, Lifetime Earnings . Washington, DC: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce. Griffith, J., & King, C. (2015). More than talent alone. Bridgewater Review , 34 (2), 13-15. Long, E. (2017). American dream and the popular novel . London: Routledge. Nafukho, F., Dirani, K., & Irby, B. (Eds.). (2017). Talent development and the global economy : Perspectives from special interest groups. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing Inc. Success (n.d.) Collins English Dictionary. Web.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: Acquiring expensive assets at the beginning of a career can be a burden, but financial education can help workers to spend rationally.

Acquiring expensive assets at the beginning of a career can be a burden, but financial education can help workers to spend rationally.

Acquiring Expensive Assets at the Beginning of a Career Essay Every working citizen is subject to purchasing goods which can emphasize his or her social status. As graduates actively search for employment and rapidly start their careers shortly after receiving a degree, they often tend to acquire costly assets that eventually become a burden. While there is a variety of encouraging factors for such behavior, the appropriate financial education, including understanding the origins of these decisions, can instill responsible spending at the beginning of a career. While an individual can experience the pressure of the circumstances or social imposition, the result of an acquisition is always a certain form of satisfaction. As one study demonstrated, those citizens of a higher income are more satisfied in experiential expenses, and those with a lower income are more content with buying material goods (Lee, Hall, & Wood, 2018). The observations align with the case of the newly employed graduates, as they gain confidence by making expensive purchases during their adaptation to the process of earning money. One right approach to encourage working citizens to spend rationally is to conduct financial literacy trainings. The youth mainly fail the personal budgeting tests, so the study advises focusing on the educating methods which form the respectful adolescents’ attitude to expenses (Totenhagen et al., 2015). The main advantage of acquiring an expensive asset like a house is a possible tax break (Monroy, 2016). At the same time, these breaks benefit only for the costly goods, while purchases of the newly employed are mostly of modest prices and thus cannot become beneficial (Monroy, 2016). Workers often neglect such details, and, to prevent the undesirable costs, they should be well-educated on personal budgeting. To conclude, employees often face the challenge of making expensive acquirements at the beginning of their careers. Such acquisitions mostly cause material satisfaction, as new workers need to strengthen their social status. While such decisions may seem compelling, as due to possible tax breaks, the employed should be financially well-trained to rationally plan their expenditures. References Lee, J. C., Hall, D. L., & Wood, W. (2018). Experiential or material purchases? Social class determines purchase happiness. Psychological Science, 29 (7), 1031-1039. Monroy, M. (2016). “The more you buy, the bigger your tax break”: Why the Ninth Circuit in Voss v. Commissioner erred in interpreting the debt limitations of the home mortgage interest deduction. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, 49 (3), 729-750. Totenhagen, C. J., Casper, D. M., Faber, K. M., Bosch, L.A., Wiggs, C. B., & Borden, L. M. (2015). Youth financial literacy: A review of key considerations and promising delivery methods. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 36 (2), 167-191.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay discusses the ways in which the proposed reallocation supports the vision of becoming the Orange County public schools into the top performing ones in the area within three years.The essay discusses the ways in which the proposed reallocation supports the vision of turning the Orange County public schools into the top performing ones in the area within three years.

The essay discusses the ways in which the proposed reallocation supports the vision of becoming the Orange County public schools into the top performing ones in the area within three years. The essay discusses the ways in which the proposed reallocation supports the vision of turning the Orange County public schools into the top performing ones in the area within three years.

Acquiring External and Internal Support for the Vision Coursework Table of Contents 1. Reallocation of Funds 2. Reaction to Changes 3. Approaches to Diffuse Resistance 4. Reallocation and Supporting the Vision 5. References Nowadays, education becomes a competitive sphere, and perusing excellence is one of the critical definers of success (McLeod & Urquiola, 2015). In this case, the school’s reputation also determines its ranking among the competitive educational institutions (McLeod & Urquiola, 2015). Consequently, in the context of this paper, I was appointed as superintendent of Orange County public schools, and it is critical to increasing the performance of the schools and make them the top performing ones in the area within three years. No additional funding is offered, and reallocation of the funds can be viewed as the major opportunity to cultivate change. Expecting the potential reaction to alterations by different organizational groups will help propose the strategies to diffuse confrontation. Referring to leadership concepts and styles will assist in resolving this issue. Lastly, it is vital to underline the ways in which the proposed reallocation supports the vision. Reallocation of Funds In the first place, Borba underlines that the school reform is dependent on the factors such as well-educated and competent teachers and high-quality materials available for learning (2003). Thus, the major subcategories include the participation of parents, the size of the learning groups, “early childhood education”, additional tutoring, and the healthcare facilities (Borba, 2003, p. 40). In this case, the funds will be redistributed between the sections highlighted above (see Figure 1). Before After 1. Well-trained teachers 25% 30% 2. Instructional supplies 25% 25% 3. Class size 8% 8% 4. Planning 8% 12% 5. Parents’ participation 8% 10% 6. Health services 8% 5% 7. Early childhood education 8% 5% 8. Additional tutoring 8% 5% Figure 1. Allocation of the funds: Before and after. Based on the changes reflected in Figure 1, it is proposed to increase the funding to 30% on the training of the teachers, as the quality of teaching directly affects the motivation of the students, their desire to learn, and their academic performance (Coe, Aloisi, Higgins, & Major, 2014). Consequently, shifting expenditure to 12% on the instructional planning is also vital since it is vehemently related to the quality of teaching practice. Simultaneously, one cannot underestimate the connection between class size and academic performance (Jepsen, 2015). Nonetheless, small classes do not guarantee the performance excellence, and there is no need to increase expenditure on this aspect (Jepsen, 2015). In turn, investing more resources to enhance the parents’ involvement is critical, as it has a direct impact on the academic excellence (Fagbeminiyi, 2011). This novelty will not only improve the academic performance but will also help shape the positive reputation of the school. Due to the redistribution of the funding, it is evident that fewer finances will be devoted to additional tutoring, early childhood education, and health services, as these aspects do not have a significant impact on the overall performance of the schools. Reaction to Changes Despite the necessity and rationale for the proposed changes, one cannot underestimate the fact that various groups will react to the reallocation differently. Firstly, devoting more time and financial resources to the training and recruitment of the teachers will be positively supported by the management of the public schools. Nonetheless, tutors and evening mentors might not accept this change, as their activities will lack funding. Simultaneously, the parents might raise concerns about the availability of summer and evening tutoring since they pay substantial attention to the participation of their children in the educational processes. Alternatively, additional instructional planning will make lectures more interesting while satisfying the needs of parents and students. Nonetheless, it might shift resistance among teachers, as they would be required to devote more time to preparation. Thus, the parents’ participation will be positively met among teachers, as being in direct contact increases the quality of feedback and enhances the overall academic performance (Fagbeminiyi, 2011). Nonetheless, it could be said that devoting fewer funds to the class size, health services, and early childhood education might elevate resistance among parents, instructors, and medical personnel. These notions might be major reasons for the development of the adverse attitudes about the educational institutions. Nonetheless, using the suitable leadership tactics, which support the initial vision, will help find a solution to these issues and resolve conflicts. Approaches to Diffuse Resistance To respond to the opposition by various groups in the educational institutions, it is critical to employ suitable leadership approaches. In this case, it is vital to explain to the different stakeholders of the public schools that the changes are necessary and support the initial vision of the educational institution. Highlighting the connection between the missions, needs for training, and resource allocation will assist the leadership style in complying with the vision (Kurland, Peretz, & Hertz-Lazarowitz, 2010). Explaining these matters to the different groups of stakeholders will help improve understanding and help distribute the components of the vision. Alternatively, one of the strategies is to employ the methods of assertive communication. In this case, this concept implies evaluating the position of individuals and finding a win-win resolution to diffuse the resistance to the proposed changes (Peneva & Mavrodiev, 2013). At the same time, engaging different stakeholders into the decision-making process will help them feel like a part of the managerial team and ensure the compliance with the school’s vision. It could be said that a combination of the strategies mentioned above will help diffuse the resistance and enhance the effectiveness of the decision-making in the schools. Reallocation and Supporting the Vision Despite the rationale for proposing the reallocation strategy, one cannot underrate that the selected approach has to support the vision. As it was mentioned earlier, the primary goal is to enhance the performance of Orange County public schools and make them on of the top performers in the region. In this case, it is widely known that the effectiveness of the vision is dependent on several elements such as educational performance, employees’ and students’ satisfaction, and financial stability (Kantabutra, 2010). In this case, enhancing the learning environment and involving parents in the learning process will help reach the critical objectives of the public schools and assist them in reaching top positions in the area within three years. Simultaneously, supporting teachers’ training will contribute to the development of the teacher’s leadership, which pertains to the overall performance of the school (Thornton, 2010). In this instance, increasing the funding for teacher’s training and instructional planning is rational. This concept completely complies with the gravity of the teacher’s leadership and its direct correlation with the organizational vision and resource distribution. In the end, it could be said that increasing the funding for instructional planning, teachers’ training, and involvement of the parents in the learning process supports the initial vision of the organizational institutions. This allocation fulfills the understanding of excellence in education and helps organizations to improve their reputation. References Borba, J. (2003). California’s newest wave of education reform: A missed opportunity to rethink instructional support resource allocation to low-performing schools. Educational Research Quarterly, 27 (1), 40-44. Coe, R., Aloisi, C., Higgins, S., & Major, L. (2014). What makes great teaching? Web. Fagbeminiyi, F. (2011). The role of parents in the early childhood education: A case study of Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Human Social Science, 11 (2), 1-11. Jepsen, C. (2015). Class size: Does it matter for student achievement? Web. Kantabutra, S. (2010). Vision effects: A critical gap in educational leadership research. The International Journal of Educational Management, 24 (5), 376-390. Kurland, H., Peretz, H., & Hertz-Lazarowitz, R. (2010). Leadership style and organizational learning: The mediate effect of school vision. Journal of Educational Administration, 48 (1), 7-30. McLeod, B., & Urquiola, M. (2015). Reputation and school competition. American Economic Review, 105 (11), 3471-3488. Peneva, I., & Mavrodiev, S. (2013). A historical approach to assertiveness. Psychological Thought, 6 (1), 3-26.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: Promissory estoppel is a legal principle that can be used to enforce a promise that has been made.Promissory estoppel is a legal principle that can be used to enforce a promise that has been made. If a person makes a promise to another person and then breaks that promise, the person who was promised can sue the person who made the promise for breach of contract.

Promissory estoppel is a legal principle that can be used to enforce a promise that has been made. Promissory estoppel is a legal principle that can be used to enforce a promise that has been made. If a person makes a promise to another person and then breaks that promise, the person who was promised can sue the person who made the promise for breach of contract.

Promissory Estoppel in English Contract Law Essay In regards to the case between Brian and Harry, Harry won the case in which he claims a breach of contract by Brian. Brian made a promise, which he did not honor. Brian did this while he was in his right state of mind implying that he is liable to answer for failing to sell the trains to Harry. Although it was not put down on paper, the promise was made thus Brian’s refusal to honor the promise is deemed a breach of contract for their promissory estoppel (Sharma, 1994). Promissory estoppel is possible when a promise of future conduct or intention is agreed upon by two parties. In this case, a promise was made agreed upon, which the promissory, should have fulfilled. The promisor makes a promise that he is expected to induce action. In case he fails, a detrimental loss is caused to the promisee, which could have been avoided if the promisor had enforced his promise (Sam, 2006). In this case, Harry suffers loss because he dedicated his time and money building a 2,000-square foot room onto his house expecting that Brian would eventually sell him the trains as he had promised two years ago. Besides that, he had also borrowed money from his aunt to buy the trains because he justifiably relies on the promise. The element of invoking promissory estoppel is that the person promised justifiably relies on the promise to act relying on the fulfillment of the promise. Promissory estoppel transpires when there is a mutual agreement between the two parties. Indeed, there was such an agreement between Brian and Harry. The contract was made when both were on a visit. It was during that time when Brian told Harry that he would be retiring in two years from Foodmart Company, thus he would sell his trains and spend his time traveling around the world in real trains. He promised to sell the trains to Harry because he was confident that Harry would take care of them. On the other hand, Harry agrees that he would buy the trains from Brian. This is a clear indication that the two had a form of contract, thus Brian is in breach of the contract by selling the trains to James; contrary to their agreement that he would sell the trains to Harry (Sharma, 2006). Also, Harry had already informed Brian of his ongoing plan to build a room to shelter the trains, but Brian just smiles while he knew very well that he would not sell the trains to Harry. His action of not selling the trains to Harry, and instead to James is a breach of their agreement, which Harry had relied on in good faith. Therefore, justice must be done treating Brian’s statement as a promise that made Harry result in taking action of building a room and borrowing money from her aunt to buy the trains with the expectation that indeed Brian would honor his promise. In essence, the promise was reasonable, and that is why Harry relied on the promise. A promissory Estoppel requires that the victim who relied on the promise to be compensated for his detriment (Sam, 2006). In this case, Harry relied on the promise to build a room for the trains and so Brian should be stopped based on the doctrine of promissory estoppel. Works Cited Sam K. A. (2006). Promissory Estoppel: What it is and how it can work in construction cases, Reeves Journal (2) 216-288. Sharma, L.K. (1994). The doctrine of Promissory Estoppel . Mumbai: Deep & Deep Publications.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The protectionist trade policy is advantageous in that it encourages and facilitates the growth of new industries by protecting them from foreign competition, creates jobs for domestic workers, and stimulates country-level economic growth in the short-term period. The free trade system is advantageous in that it (1) prevents market imperfections by reducing or eliminating tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and regulations (2) reduces consumer prices, (3) fosters economic growth by rewarding risk-taking behavior through enhanced sales

The protectionist trade policy is advantageous in that it encourages and facilitates the growth of new industries by protecting them from foreign competition, creates jobs for domestic workers, and stimulates country-level economic growth in the short-term period. The free trade system is advantageous in that it (1) prevents market imperfections by reducing or eliminating tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and regulations (2) reduces consumer prices, (3) fosters economic growth by rewarding risk-taking behavior through enhanced sales

Protectionism and Free Trade System Essay The available literature on global trade policies demonstrates that protectionism is the practice of countries to safeguard local industries and their labor force through the use of tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and other forms of administered protection intended to block or slow down the economic adjustments that otherwise would have to be made to deal with competing foreign products. This trade policy is different from the free trade system, which basically aims to achieve optimal production and consumption possibilities for citizens of all nations by dropping import barriers and tariffs, hence allowing foreign products and services to compete on a level playing ground with local products. The protectionist trade policy is advantageous in that it encourages and facilitates the growth of new industries by protecting them from foreign competition, creates jobs for domestic workers, and stimulates country-level economic growth in the short-term period. On the other hand, the free trade system is advantageous in that it (1) prevents market imperfections by reducing or eliminating tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and regulations (2) reduces consumer prices, (3) fosters economic growth by rewarding risk-taking behavior through enhanced sales, profit margins and market share, (4) promotes innovation and competition, and (5) disseminates democratic values by ensuring that companies engaging in international trade abide by the terms of their contracts and other international obligations as suggested in the norms and values governing trade. Lastly, the adoption of the free trade system is the best strategy for trade policy as it guarantees immense benefits for countries engaging in international trade. Specifically, this system provides a level playing ground for local products and services to compete with foreign products, hence not only availing customers with a broad range of choices but also ensuring that companies adopt innovative and efficient practices to remain competitive in the international arena. Additionally, unlike the protectionist system, the free trade system encourages economic freedom and fosters support for the rule of law.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The role of a psychiatrist in the suicide of terminally ill patients is a controversial issue that has been debated for many years. There are those who believe that a psychiatrist should play a more active role in the process, while others believe that they should be more of a bystander. The pros and cons of each side of the argument are presented in the essay.

The role of a psychiatrist in the suicide of terminally ill patients is a controversial issue that has been debated for many years. There are those who believe that a psychiatrist should play a more active role in the process, while others believe that they should be more of a bystander. The pros and cons of each side of the argument are presented in the essay.

Psychiatrist’s Role in Suicide of Terminally Ill Patients Essay What are at least two facts presented by each side of the critical issue? According to the pro side of the argument, putting into consideration behavioral research and clinical experience, psychiatrists are inevitable for any sick person to die quickly. Also, public opinion polls indicate that most people prefer terminally ill patients to be assisted by physicians in suicide. The con side, on the other hand, believes that the “safeguard” takes advantage of a scientific clinical course of action. This, they use to conceal the conflict of ideas about suicide in society. It in turn leads to the shifting of responsibility of a dilemma from a patient or his close associates to an external specialist (Halgin, 2008). What are at least two opinions presented by each side of the critical issue? The pro side thinks a psychiatrist is useful in determining whether the patient can make a reasonable and sensible choice about losing a life. Also, skilled mental health professionals and psychologists have enough experience. Very few people appreciate this fact. This is rife in cases where patients and their close associates are obligated to deal with issues that involve the termination of life (Halgin, 2008). The con side postulates that proficiency is not a scientific but a complicated social paradigm hence finding out sufficient capacity to make a decision is difficult. Psychologists should not be empowered to bring themselves into play as determinants of the correct moment for the death of an individual (Halgin, 2008). What are some of the strengths associated with the Pro side of the issue? What are some of the weaknesses? Strengths A lot of apprehensions occurs when a terminally ill patient requests for a quickened death (Halgin, 2008). Downheartedness and thoughts of suicide overwhelm most of these people. From research carried out in the year 1994, most physicians with little knowledge in psychiatry were unable to diagnose these. From this, the researchers concluded that mental disorders could not damage the insinuation of these people thus; their reasoning to rationalize suicide is different from clinically depressed people (Halgin, 2008). Mental health professionals can treat this depression by disconnecting the patient’s fears. There is no straightforward modus operandi describing what drives one to have suicidal thoughts. In line with this research has found out that the key thing needed by these patients is mollifying and sufficient psychosocial care at their deathbed. Weaknesses The pro side does not explain the effects of improved social-psychological supports and improved palliative care on the hastened death ideation of terminally ill patients. They have also not explained how certain issues, such as religious beliefs affect an individual for end-of-life decisions. What are some of the strengths associated with the Con side of the issue? What are some of the weaknesses? Strengths There is full backing for a required psychiatric assessment to authenticate the competence of any individual that requests for physician-assisted suicide at any given time (Halgin, 2008). Those psychiatrists that have taken care of these patients with suicidal thoughts can attest to how to a very large margin these patients can have mixed feelings about suicide (Halgin, 2008). Suicide is a perfect specimen for Parsonian analysis because society has adopted a varied number of models for apprehending and dealing with suicide (Halgin, 2008). These models may either be clashing or matching. Initially suicide many considered suicide as a choice and hence the need to consider the legal framework in handling it. Many views depicted it as a punishable crime that not only attacked an individual but also the general community at large (Halgin, 2008). When viewed in terms of religion, suicide is still a choice, but the disqualifying factor is the fact that the key values that signify that it violates a human being. A good example is the Catholic Church that is opposed to any given form of suicide (Halgin, 2008). The modern medical model takes suicide as a sign of mental illness rather than a practice of free will by an individual. What cements this is the fact that studies link it to treatable psychiatric disorders. From similar studies, treatment of these disorders decreases the rate of suicide cases by a wide margin. The chief opinion is that the main psychiatrists should be there to treat the patients and not just to watch them. Weakness Though the psychiatric may be willing to treat the patients, the patient decides whether to have it. How credible were the authors of each argument? Both authors for the pro and con side have registered a high level of credibility in their arguments. This is by the concise way in which they lay their arguments, supporting them with relevant facts and research findings (Halgin, 2008). It is also worth noting that their experience overtime in their profession is also very instrumental in the opinions that they give concerning the idea of whether psychiatrists should serve as gatekeepers for these suicide cases or not. It is also clear from their arguments that they are not just being hypothetical but, rather, they appreciate that the other side’s opinions only the difference arises due to several strengths. Based on the statements presented in this critical issue, which author do you agree with? Why? I agree with the cons side. It is because I believe human life is of great importance and hence very valuable. I, therefore, fall for the idea that these psychiatrists should not just act as gatekeepers to see people lose their lives, but their main aim should be to try their best to ensure life is preserved (Halgin, 2008). Which side of this critical issue does contemporary research support? Contemporary research supports the cons side of the argument. It is clear when we from that, according to research, mental disorders cause suicidal thoughts, and the same research reveals that these disorders are treatable. There is, therefore, no doubt that suicidal thoughts are treatable rather than letting patients succumb to them. Reference Halgin, R. (2008). Taking Sides: Clashing Views in Abnormal Psychology . New York: McGraw-hill.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The study found that parents of children with bipolar disorder were more likely to have the condition themselves, which was contrary to what other studies had found. The difference in methodology between the two studies is what accounts for the discrepancy.

The study found that parents of children with bipolar disorder were more likely to have the condition themselves, which was contrary to what other studies had found. The difference in methodology between the two studies is what accounts for the discrepancy.

Psychiatry: Childhood Bipolar High-Risk Study Essay (Article) Boris Birmaher et al. (2010) findings on bipolar disorder parent’s children were contrary to those of other studies. This was due to their different method of recruitment, assessment, and symptom definition. The Pittsburg Bipolar Offspring Study (BIOS) used cross-sectional assessment with psychiatric comorbidity as opposed to involving both biological parents in structured interviews. Variation in recruitment accounts for high comorbid diagnosis in BIOS parents. Offspring vulnerability to these conditions could be accelerated by substance use, conduct disorder, and ADHD. In other studies, there was an overreliance on clinicians for the assessment of ADHD where caregivers and teachers could not differentiate the high-risk group from others. In BIOS, parents were involved and they gave their account. Bipolar systems (which are not developmentally sensitive) should not be labeled manic until they are proved to be bipolar related. Such symptoms are indicators of risk for a variety of future outcomes. Prior studies also recruited parents from clinical settings but the BIOS used advertisement. The parents were interviewed and decisions were made after consultations with psychiatrists. Psychopathology for offspring is greatly influenced by parents. Studies had concentrated on school-going children but none focused on pre-scholars. That is why the participating parents requested the assessment. Out of the 51 students involved in this study, only 8 had a disruptive disorder with higher attention and externalizing scores which were to be used for generalization to a larger population. Among the symptoms noted were irritability, elation, decreased need for sleep, and mood labiality. On the extreme, the symptoms were mild. Bad childhood events account for the major causes of schizophrenia. Such findings have led to calls for concerted efforts towards childhood brain development. Traumatized children’s brains have similarities with those of schizophrenic adults. Schizophrenic condition in children is thus not necessarily inherited. It is important to review epigenetic processes that have to do with stress and its traumatic causes. Childhood adversities cannot be ignored while a good environment for children reduces cases of schizophrenia. Works Cited Duffy, A., Grof, P., Hajek, T., & Alda, M. (2010). Resolving the Discrepancy in Childhood Bipolar High-Risk Study Findings. The American Journal of Psychiatry , 167 (6), 716. Web.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The article discusses the issue of psychological debriefing as an intervention for trauma survivors. The authors reveals that there is a lack of consensus on the matter. The article also mentions that psychological debriefing often leads to paradoxical outcomes.

The article discusses the issue of psychological debriefing as an intervention for trauma survivors. The authors reveals that there is a lack of consensus on the matter. The article also mentions that psychological debriefing often leads to paradoxical outcomes.

Psychological Debriefing as an Intervention for Trauma Survivors Research Paper What are at least two facts presented by each side of the critical issue? The two articles contain several facts aimed to support the authors’ arguments. Thus, Devilly and Cotton (2008) mention the outcomes of the terroristic attacks in New York in 2001. The authors claim that many debriefing services were carried out at that time. The authors also mention the legal case Howell vs the State Rail Authority of New South Wales to verify the necessity of effective debriefing services at the workplace (Devilly & Cotton, 2008). Mitchell (2008) also mentions the legal case and argues that Devilly and Cotton (2008) misused the case. Mitchell (2008) provides another legal case to confirm his argument. What are at least two opinions presented by each side of the critical issue? Devilly and Cotton (2008) also reveal their opinion on CISD and CISM claiming that the practices are interchangeable, or CISD may be a component of CISM. The authors also argue that psychological debriefing often leads to paradoxical outcomes. However, Mitchell (2008) claims that CISM is incompatible with CISD as the former is a multi-step effective procedure. The author also stresses that CISM is an effective procedure, adding that Devilly and Cotton (2008) come to erroneous conclusions as they do not research the literature available thoroughly. What are some of the strengths associated with the Pro side of the issue? What are some of the weaknesses? Some of the strengths associated with the arguments provided by Devilly and Cotton (2008) are as follows: the authors state that rather scarce data are available on the matter and the researchers should carry out more experiments and surveys. The authors also mention that the percentage of successful debriefing procedures is rather low. Though, the weakness of the study is that the authors fail to provide enough evidence to support their claims. What are some of the strengths associated with the Con side of the issue? What are some of the weaknesses? As for strengths associated with the arguments provided by Mitchell (2008), the author argues that Devilly and Cotton (2008) misrepresent CISM. The author also provides a detailed description of CISM and its benefits. However, Mitchell (2008) fails to provide conclusive evidence of the procedure’s effectiveness. The author does not reveal specific data or various experiments’ results. How credible were the authors of each argument? Explain your answer. It is necessary to note that the authors of the two articles fail to provide credible data to confirm their arguments. The authors simply provide a rather superficial analysis of the effectiveness of debriefing procedures. More precise data could make the articles more credible. The articles reveal the author’s opinion rather than specific and credible data which can confirm the arguments provided. The authors only manage to prove that further research should be implemented. Based on the statements presented in this critical issue, which author do you agree with? Why? I agree with Mitchell (2008) as I think that CISM can be an effective practice if implemented in the right way. I believe that properly conducted multi-session debriefing procedures can be effective in many cases. I also agree that there is still a certain need for further research as it is important to work out effective procedures to make them fit different situations. People need to be taught how to cope with severe psychological traumas as untreated traumas can lead to loads of negative outcomes. Which side of this critical issue does contemporary research support? Please provide specific examples in your response. Notably, contemporary researchers also claim that it is still unclear whether debriefing procedures are effective. Though the discourse has been going on for more than 15 years, there is no definite answer to this question. However, Rose et al. (2009) state that single session individual debriefing procedures are often harmful. Therefore, the researchers note that ‘screening and treatment’ practice is more effective than compulsory treatment. At that, the researchers claim that compulsory treatment (especially single session individual debriefing procedures) should be abandoned. Reference List Devilly, G.J., & Cotton, P. (2008). Psychological debriefing and the workplace: Defining a concept, controversies and guidelines for intervention. In R.P. Halgin (Ed.), Taking sides: Clashing views in abnormal psychology (pp. 61-76). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Mitchell, J.T. (2008). A response to the Devilly and Cotton article, “Psychological debriefing and the workplace”. In R.P. Halgin (Ed.), Taking sides: Clashing views in abnormal psychology (pp. 77-84). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Rose, S.C., Bisson, J., Churchill, R., & Wessely, S. (2009). Psychological debriefing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Cochrane Library, 1 . Web.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The article Taking Sides highlights at least two important facts that were addressed on each side of the critical issue. The first fact is that psychological debriefing is a harmful practice when administered to trauma victims. The second fact is that psychological debriefing is an important practice in dealing with trauma victims.

The article Taking Sides highlights at least two important facts that were addressed on each side of the critical issue. The first fact is that psychological debriefing is a harmful practice when administered to trauma victims. The second fact is that psychological debriefing is an important practice in dealing with trauma victims.

Psychological Debriefing for Trauma Victims Essay (Critical Writing) Highlight at least two facts addressed on each side of the critical issue In the article Taking Sides , which is a response to Devilly’s and Cotton’s article titled Psychological Debriefing and the Work Place , the authors express their opinion regarding the consequences of psychological debriefing. The authors discuss the effects of psychological debriefing on post traumatic victims. Opposing views regarding the effectiveness of psychological debriefing as far as dealing with trauma victims are highlighted in the article. Devilly and Cotton are of the opinion that psychological debriefing is a harmful practice when administered to trauma victims. On her part, Mitchell is of the opinion that psychological debriefing is an important practice in dealing with trauma victims. According to her, psychological debriefing helps the victims deal with their past experiences. According to Devilly and Cotton, psychological debriefing has ‘paradoxical effects’ on the victims (Devilly, 2002). They argue that critical incident stress debriefing, which is one of the most common forms of psychological debriefing, may increase levels of depression among the patients. The strategy may fail to attain the intended purpose, which is reducing the negative effects that a traumatic experience has on a victim. During the debriefing session, the professional may pose questions that may trigger negative emotions in a victim. The resulting negative emotions indicate the various unintended consequences of this technique. In addition, Devilly and Cotton address the effects of critical incident stress debriefing (herein referred to as CISD) and critical incident stress management (herein referred to as CISM). According to these scholars, the two techniques are commonly used in psychological debriefing. However, it is hard to distinguish between the two techniques (Precin, 2004). The two scholars are of the view that CISM is more intense compared to CISD. In spite of this, there is lack of enough evidence to support any relationship or difference between the two processes. As a result of this, the professional cannot tell for sure which among the two techniques is more intense than the other. On the other hand, Mitchell regards the technique differently. According to this scholar, psychological debriefing is not the first option when dealing with an individual faced with a traumatic experience. It is fallacious to regard psychological debriefing as the default technique used by professionals to help individuals who have experienced a traumatic event. Mitchell is of the view that psychological debriefing is administered several weeks after the traumatic encounter. The duration of the period varies depending on the severity of the trauma experienced by the individual (Bledsoe, 2002). To this end, individuals exhibiting mild symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder are handled differently from individuals exhibiting severe symptoms of the condition. Mitchell states that only highly trained medical personnel can appreciate the fact that psychological debriefing should not be administered immediately after the posttraumatic event. According to the scholar, psychological debriefing should only come after psychotherapy is administered to the victim. The technique has to build on the benefits or effects of psychotherapy. In addition, Mitchell states that psychological debriefing can only be administered by a qualified medical practitioner. According to the scholar, the skills and qualifications of the medical practitioner significantly determine the effectiveness of the technique. It is a fact that psychological debriefing is a medical intervention for trauma victims. In light of this, the technique should only be administered by persons with adequate knowledge in the field of psychology. The knowledge will help the medical practitioner diagnose victims correctly before therapy is administered (Litz, 2003). Highlight at least two opinions presented on each side of the critical issue Devilly and Cotton, who are professional psychologists, are of the opinion that psychological debriefing should be the first option in helping victims after a traumatic experience (Devilly, 2002). The two are of the view that psychological debriefing should be used as a form of emotional first aid. As a result of this, it should be the first intervention carried out in an attempt to emotionally stabilize the victim. In addition, Devilly and Cotton are of the opinion that psychological debriefing may be noxious. As a result, it may do more harm than good to the victim (Devilly, 2002). The two psychologists feel that debriefing may trigger strong negative emotions in the victim. To this end, the intervention may aggravate the emotional condition of the victim. In some cases, the victims may be unwilling or not ready to share their traumatic events with the therapist. However, Mitchell is of the opinion that psychological debriefing should be carried out after other forms of psychotherapy are administered to the victim. The opinion held by this scholar contradicts that expressed by Devilly and Cotton. As already indicated in this paper, the two scholars regard debriefing as a form of emotional first aid, which should be administered to the victim immediately (Neivid, Butcher, Mineka & Hooley, 2010). Mitchell feels that at such an early stage, the victims have not fully come to terms with their experiences. As a result of this, debriefing will be an unhealthy practice. Furthermore, Mitchell is of the opinion that psychological debriefing is not noxious as Devilly and Cotton put it. The scholar feels that the outcomes of the practice, just like those of any other form of treatment, are dependent on the skills of the medical practitioner. As a result, only qualified medical officers should provide debriefing services to the victims (Doka, 2003). What are the strengths and weaknesses associated with the arguments in favor of the issue? The major strength of Devilly and Cotton’s arguments is the overwhelming research evidence revealing that psychological debriefing does not in any way benefit trauma victims (Devilly, 2002). The findings of eight research papers were used to highlight the inefficiency of psychological debriefing. Six of these studies were conducted by directors of the International Critical Incident Stress Foundation (herein referred to as ICISF). ICISF is an organization created to assist trauma victims. Given the credibility of the articles used to support their arguments, the opinion of the two scholars cannot be ignored. However, the arguments made by Devilly and Cotton have various shortcomings. For example, it is difficult to determine the efficiency of treatment. The difficulty is associated with the fact that it is not easy to judge the individual’s psychological state. Mental fitness is not quantifiable, which means that it is difficult to establish the efficiency of psychological debriefing. What are the strengths and weaknesses associated with the arguments opposing the issue? The major strength of Mitchell’s arguments is the use of systematic facts to support the views and opinions expressed by the scholar. Mitchell uses the experience gained in the field of psychology and medicine to prove the credibility of the arguments and opinions expressed. In addition, Mitchell uses reasoning to support the arguments and opinions expressed. For instance, the scholar states that it is not appropriate to administer debriefing immediately after the occurrence of the traumatic experience, since it may elicit strong emotions from the trauma victim. The strong emotions will have paradoxical. In addition, Mitchell feels that debriefing, just like any other medical procedure, should be carried out by a qualified medical practitioner (Doka, 2003). However, the arguments made by Mitchell have various weaknesses. One of the major weaknesses is the fact that there is no evidence supporting the success of psychological debriefing among trauma victims. Mitchell’s work is based on mere reasoning and not scientific facts. How credible are the authors of each argument? The arguments presented by either side are full of inconsistencies. Devilly and Cotton, for instance, state that CISD and CISM are similar to each other. On the other hand, Mitchell states that the two processes are two different procedures. Another inconsistency is evident in the arguments made by the scholars with regard to the right time to administer psychological debriefing (Prience, 2004). On the one hand, Devilly and Cotton are of the view that debriefing should be administered immediately after the traumatic experience. On the other hand, Mitchell feels that debriefing should be carried out several weeks after the event has taken place. According to Mitchell, this is the only way through which the medical practitioner can ensure the effectiveness of the technique (Precin, 2004). However, it is a fact beyond doubt that each of the three authors has a wide experience in the field of psychology. For example, Devilly and Cotton are psychologists by profession, while Mitchell works for the International Critical Incident Stress Foundation (ICISF). Based on the statements presented in the critical issue, which author do you agree with? Why? Based on the arguments presented by both sides, I tend to agree more with Mitchell than with the other scholars. I feel that psychological debriefing is effective if it is administered properly and by the right person. The effectiveness of any medical procedure is dependent on the skills and competencies of the medical practitioner in charge (Thomso, 2004). Likewise, the effectiveness of psychological debriefing depends on the skills of the individual carrying out the procedure (Prience, 2004). In addition, I support Mitchell’s argument that it is difficult to quantify the progress made in treating emotional conditions. As a result, it is difficult to determine the efficiency of a medical procedure used in this field. Moreover, debriefing should not be carried out immediately after the traumatic experience since it may cause serious emotional problems on the victim. The victims should be given time to come to terms with their experiences. I feel that Devilly and Cotton have based their arguments on findings of research made by other psychologists as opposed to critically analyzing the issue. Which side of this critical issue does contemporary research support? Please provide specific examples in your response Most contemporary research supports the pro side of the critical issue. Research conducted by scholars in this field reveals that there is no evidence supporting the effectiveness of psychological debriefing. Research by six directors of the International Critical Incident Stress Foundation (ICISF), a body charged with the responsibility of monitoring the progress made by trauma victims, failed to show any evidence of success in the application of psychological debriefing (Thomso, 2004). In his article, Leeman-Conley, an Australian psychologist, highlights the various means of managing stress effectively. However, the scholar fails to mention psychological debriefing. References Bledsoe, B. (2002). CISM: Possible liabilities for EMS services. Journal of Best Practice in Emergency Services, 5 (1), 66-67. Devilly, J. (2002). Clinical interventions, supportive counseling, and therapeutic methods: A clarification of direction for restorative treatment. International Review of Victimology, 9 (1), 1-14. Doka, K. (2003). Living with grief: Coping with public tragedy . New York: Brunner-Routledge. Litz, B. (2003). Early interventions for trauma and traumatic loss . New York: The Guilford Press. Neivid, J., Butcher, S., Mineka, J., & Hooley, M. (2010). Abnormal psychology . Sydney, Australia: Pearson Education. Precin, J. (2004). Trauma: Treatment and transformation . New York: Universe. Prience, P. (2004). Surviving 9/11: Impact and experience of occupational therapy practitioners . Binghamton: Haworth Press. Thomso, R. (2004). Crisis intervention and crisis management: Strategies that work in Schools and communities. New York: Brunner-Routledge.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : Adolescence is a period of storm and stress, meaning that it is a very delicate phase of human development as opposed to the other stages or phases. It is during adolescence when people can build or destroy their lives, depending on how they are guided, misguided, advised, or misadvised. There are many threats that face adolescents today due to globalization and the advancement in information communication technology. These include the problem of drug and substance abuse, eating disorders, and obesity. As a

Adolescence is a period of storm and stress, meaning that it is a very delicate phase of human development as opposed to the other stages or phases. It is during adolescence when people can build or destroy their lives, depending on how they are guided, misguided, advised, or misadvised. There are many threats that face adolescents today due to globalization and the advancement in information communication technology. These include the problem of drug and substance abuse, eating disorders, and obesity. As a

Psychology: Adolescence as a Developmental Stage Essay The major threats to adolescents today Adolescence has been defined by scholars as the period between 12 years and 18 of age. It is also known as puberty or teenagehood. Adolescence was described by G. Stanley Hall as a period of storm and stress, meaning that it is a very delicate phase of human development as opposed to the other stages or phases (Slater and Bremner, 2003. pp.391-400). It is during adolescence when people can build or destroy their lives, depending on how they are guided, misguided, advised, or misadvised. Adolescence is a period when many teens start establishing heterosexual relationships and also start seeking some independence from their parents, caregivers, or guardians. They think that they are now mature people who are able to take care of themselves without the supervision of their parents or guardians ((Slater and Bremner, 2003. pp.391-400). In the contemporary world, there are many threats that face adolescents. Due to globalization and the advancement in information communication technology, the problems and threats facing adolescents are more than ever serious. One of the problems which face them is the problem of drug and substance abuse. In today’s world, drug trafficking has increased, thus posing as a threat to many adolescents. Since many adolescents are of school-going age, they may have difficulties in school or they may have relationship problems as well as low self-esteem. As a result of peer pressure and influence, they take refuge in taking drugs so as to deal with the stress which may result from low self-esteem, poor relationships, and or poor performance in school (Slater and Bremner, 2003. pp.391-400). Adolescents are also faced with the threat of suffering from eating disorders which may result from the desire to attain a particular body shape or due to poor eating habits which may lead to obesity. Nowadays, the development and advancement of information communication technology has made many things easy and has reduced movements which may help people exercise by default thereby lowering the risk of developing overweight. This is posing as a threat to the health of adolescents in that apart from becoming obese, they may also develop other health complications like a heart attack as a result of reduced movements and body exercises (Slater and Bremner, 2003. pp.391-400). As a health professional, what I would do to help adolescents deal with these threats is that I would organize guidance and counseling sessions for them. In the guidance and counseling sessions, I would provide them with adequate education and information regarding the issue of dangers of drug and substance abuse. I would also educate them on the importance of doing exercise in their lives and encourage them to start doing some exercises like walking at least for thirty minutes every day and also educate them on a proper diet which contains less fat and more greens and grains. These would go to great lengths in helping them deal with these threats. The implications of the psychosocial developmental needs of the adolescent stage Erik Erickson is referred to as the father of an identity crisis in that he originated with the idea of child upbringing practices and their influence on the personality of the child in later life. He argued that people develop their personalities through eight developmental stages which succeed each other. He referred to the stages as psychosocial development stages. In every stage, the individual is presented with a set of conflicts and crises to overcome which may involve psychological, biological, social, and cognitive interactions and influences (Fisher and Lerner, 2005. pp.1060-1078). The stages include infancy, toddler, young childhood, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, and maturity. Each stage has got its own unique psychosocial development needs which have their implications on the person. The adolescence stage for example is attained or reached at the age bracket of 12 -18 years and is the fifth stage of psychosocial development according to Erik Erickson (Fisher and Lerner, 2005. pp.1060-1078). During the adolescence stage, the individual is faced with the need of developing his or her own identity. At this stage, adolescents are in dire need of good role models to emulate and mound their personality as per those role models. They need to be advised, guided, and educated on how to go about many things in life like career, choosing of heterosexual partners, and being responsible people (Fisher and Lerner, 2005. pp.1060-1078). According to Erik Erickson, failure by adolescents to have good role models to emulate gives the opportunity to peers to shape the personalities of adolescents, which in most cases leads to the wrong socialization and consequently the acquisition of bad personalities by adolescents. Failure to have good role models to emulate may also lead to the development of confused identity and the lack of faithfulness by the adolescents (Fisher and Lerner, 2005. pp.1060-1078). According to Erik Erickson, if they are provided with the proper guidance and advice as well as good role models to emulate, adolescents attain unique identities and feel that they have a purpose in life. They also become faithful and may not be involved in infidelity once they enter into marriage relationships (Fisher and Lerner, 2005. pp.1060-1078). The implications of the development needs of adolescents at stage five of psychosocial development in health practice are that many adolescents need to be taken care of, especially their mental health. This is because, at this stage, adolescents are very energetic both physically and mentally. They should therefore be provided with the proper guidance and counseling so that they may sail through the storms and stresses of the adolescence stage comfortably and successfully because it is at this stage when many adolescents become emotionally active, which may lead to depression and in some cases, suicide. Adolescents, therefore, need not only good role models to emulate but also proper checks and monitoring of their mental health so that they are afforded the best options and opportunities to develop both physically, emotionally, and cognitively. Failure to take care of their mental health may destroy any gains made in the other aspects of their development. Reference List Fisher, C.L.and Lerner, R.M.(2005). Encyclopedia of Applied Developmental Science, Volume 2 . Philadelphia, PA: SAGE.p. 1060-1078. Slater, A., and Bremner, J.G.(2003). An Introduction to Developmental Psychology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. pp. 391-400.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The American government's attitude towards supply-reduction versus demand-reduction in the 1940s and 1950s was mainly focused on supply-reduction strategies. These efforts were only scuffled, and in the 1990s the government's attitude changed to one of demand-reduction.

The American government's attitude towards supply-reduction versus demand-reduction in the 1940s and 1950s was mainly focused on supply-reduction strategies. These efforts were only scuffled, and in the 1990s the government's attitude changed to one of demand-reduction.

Psychology: Drug Impact and Use Prevention Essay Contrast the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain concerning their responsibilities or tasks. What region do drugs generally affect first? Which region do drugs affect last? The brain is a complex organ in the body and may be divided into major parts which include the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. Each performs specific functions and any alteration may cause serious problems. The hindbrain is found in the posterior segment of the brain where the spinal cord enters the skull and spreads. It is made up of the pons medulla and cerebellum which contains neurons that transmit information from the spinal cord to the forehead (Nevid 51). Its major functions include the collective co-ordination of motor activity, posture, balance, and sleep patterns. The hindbrain also regulates the unconscious but critical functions like respiration and the circulatory system (Nevid 51). The midbrain lies above the hindbrain and contains pathways that link the hindbrain to the forehead (Nevid 51). The major functions of the midbrain include the regulation of automatic movements of muscles of the eye. This allows a person to remain focused on an object even as the head rotates relative to the object. It connects the reticular formation which a web-like network of neurons from the hindbrain to the thalamus in the forebrain. The reticular formation ensures a proper state of attention, alertness, and arousal by regulating what information is taken and what is rejected (Nevid 52). The forebrain is located on the front part of the brain and it forms the largest part of the brain. It consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and the limbic system as well as the cerebral cortex (Nevid 52). The thalamus routes information from the sense receptors for touch, vision, hearing, and taste to the appropriate processing locations in the brain. The hypothalamus, on the other hand, regulates such functions of the body as hunger, thirst, sleep patterns, body temperature, and the response of the body to stress, reproductive processes, and emotional dynamics (Nevid 53). The limbic system plays a critical role in both memory and emotional processing. Drugs affect the functionality of the neurotransmitters directly. The most widely used drugs include alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine. They may increase the rate of release of a neurotransmitter, activates receptors, affecting reuptake, and also inhibits enzymes in or near the neurons. It starts first with the hindbrain then moves to the midbrain and finally the forebrain (Brick and Erickson 53). Contrast the official governmental attitude toward supply-reduction versus demand-reduction in the 1940s and 1950s with the attitude of the 1990s. The American government’s attitude towards supply-reduction versus demand-reduction in the 1940s and 1950s was mainly geared towards supply-reduction strategies. Efforts were made by the Federal government to combat drug use but they were only scuffled by the failure of the drug policies (Hanson 99). During this period there was intense pressure on the government to tighten the federal Drug Policy. One of the most abused drugs and which was in high supply was marihuana. To disrupt the supply of these drugs, the strategy was to ban the importation of any prohibited drugs into the United States (Hanson 101). In 1942, Congress passed into law the Opium Poppy Control Act, which banned the unauthorized production of the poppy. In the 1990s, the Federal government shifted its focusing on new strategies for combating drug abuse in the nation. It was during this period that the concept of drug supply-demand has been understood. This has led to the need to develop programs that seek to reduce demand even if supply remains relatively high. Most states have ensured that they have strict policies on drug trafficking and the general abuse of drugs. Define behavioral tolerance and explain how this phenomenon might account for a drug-related overdose fatality, even though the dose might have fallen short of the lethal range Behavioral tolerance refers to the tendency of an individual to develop resistance to the effects of a given drug like alcohol over a given period (Vigil-Sprott 161). Apart from repeated exposure to a drug, behavioral tolerance involves more factors. The effects of a drug that has been tolerated cannot be felt when taken in smaller quantities forcing a person to demand more have the effects. Studies have shown that physiological processes are responsible for drug tolerance since the body is forced to produce opposite reactions to compensate and restore the internal state. Tolerance in drugs depends on the potency of the particular drug. The potency of a drug refers to the amount of the drug needed to produce given effects in an individual (Goldberg 108). This is the major cause of drug-related overdose fatality among many drug abusers. This may occur even when the dose might have fallen short of the lethal range. The type of drug and frequency of use also contribute to the development of tolerance. “The nineteenth-century was the drug addict’s paradise,” a historian has said. Discuss the status of psychoactive drugs in that period in light of that statement The nineteenth century was characterized by uncontrolled businesses that engaged in drug deals. In the United States, there was no clear policy regulating the buying and selling of psychoactive drugs (Zieger 231). The use of psychoactive drugs extends back several centuries before the formation of the international drug control system. Before the turn of the twentieth century, the world had faced one of the worst crises: the Chinese opium epidemic, where tens of millions of people in China had developed an addiction to the drug (Zieger 237). The impacts of this drug were far-reaching because it was traded freely across boarders during that particular period. The most abused drugs at the time included opium, cocaine, heroin, and cannabis. The expanding trade and commerce on a global scale ensured that these psychoactive drugs moved to all parts of the world; Europe, Asia, and the Americas (Zieger 242). The coming into effect of the International Drug Control System ensured that drug abuse was kept under watch throughout the world. Is there a relationship between psychiatry (medicine) and our law enforcement policies concerning drug and alcohol abuse, in the United State and around the world? There is a close relationship between psychiatry and law enforcement policies concerning drug and alcohol abuse in America and all over the world. Studies have shown that there is an increase in the abuse of prescription drugs in the United States (White 340). This is characterized by either under-dose or overdose leading to serious accidents in most cities of America. Of much concern is the emerging fact that there are as many teenage prescription abusers as there are abusers of marijuana. With this in mind, there is a need for cooperation between the law enforcement policies and psychiatrists to minimize alcohol and drug abuse (White 346). Medicine return strategies would help solve the problem. Works cited Goldberg, Ray. Drugs across the spectrum (5 th ed.). Cengage Learning, 2005: 108. Hanson, Glen, Venturelli, Peter and Fleckenstein, Annete. Drugs and society (5 th ed.). Jones & Barlett Publishers, 2008: 99-102. Nevid, Jeffery S. Essentials of psychology: concepts and applications . Cengage Learning, 2011: 51-53. Vigil-Sprott, Muriel. Is behavioral tolerance learnt? McGraw-Hill Publishers, 2010: 161-162. White, James E. Contemporary moral problems (8 th ed.). Cengage Learning, 2005: 340-347. Zieger, Susan M. Inventing the addict: drugs, race, and sexuality in nineteenth-century . University of Massachusetts, 2008: 231-242.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: In the text, the author discusses how Ken Wilber's spectrum of consciousness model can be used to understand the forces of psychology. The model describes the actions of individuals as unconscious in observing the reality of the universit.

In the text, the author discusses how Ken Wilber's spectrum of consciousness model can be used to understand the forces of psychology. The model describes the actions of individuals as unconscious in observing the reality of the universit.

Psychology Forces in Wilber’s “Spectrum of Consciousness” Essay (Critical Writing) Introduction Ken Wilber has been described as an integral philosopher as a result of his immense contribution to the field of psychology. In the contemporary psychology, a number of disciplines such as nondual psychology, transpersonal psychology and integral psychology have emerged. According to Caplan (2009, p. 231), these disciplines heavily borrow from Ken Wilber’s work dubbed ‘‘spectrum of consciousness’’. In his theory of psychology, Ken Wilber makes clear distinction between transformative and translative spirituality. In transformative spirituality, the notion or rather the perception of a separate self is undermined. This results in individuals undergoing disillusions, annihilations and physiological process which in their nature are painful. Translative spirituality facilitates the creation of meaning and the understanding of the notion or the perception of the separate self. The components of translative spirituality such as belief systems, rituals and spiritual practices reorganize individual’s psyche to enhance the notion of a separate self. This essay paper seeks to examine the forces of psychology with reference to Ken Wilber’s “Spectrum of Consciousness”. Where First Force (Behavioral) is situated on Ken Wilber’s Spectrum of Consciousness Model According to Ken Wilber’s “Spectrum of Consciousness” model, psychology plays a significant role in ensuring that people live a wholesome and integrated life with regard to psycho spirituality. Behavioral force thus not only involve itself with fixing individuals to comply with social norms, but also enable people to understand what is possible for human beings as separate beings (Caplan, 2009, p. 231). First force (Behavioral) is situated in the upper right quadrant of his model which represents the “exterior individual”. Figure 1 below shows a representation of Ken Wilber’s spectrum of consciousness model. Figure 1: Ken Wilber’s spectrum of consciousness model, source: (Wilber, 1997). The first force (behavioral) in Ken Wilber’s spectrum of consciousness model is a representation of contemporary evolutionary science. In represents the evolution from atoms, to molecules, to cell and eventually to organisms in an irreversible manner. The highest points in this hierarchy represent human brain functional structures. According to Vrinte (2002, p. 100), the most significant level of the spectrum represents the level of the human mind. This level is regarded as eternal, timeless and infinite in nature. Primary Model of Pathology The primary model of pathology seeks to examine the origin and the path of the spectrum of consciousness. It involves itself with the factors which trigger the shift of an individual’s mind into the context of the world or rather the reality of the world (Vrinte, 2002, p. 101). The model describes the actions of individuals as unconscious in observing the reality of the university. This is described as the forgotten mind. Thus to be conscious at an initial level, individuals take a journey into the future. However, since the level of an individual’s mind is both space-less and also timeless it does not evolve and the initial shift of the human mind into the context or reality of the universe is influenced by the creation of illusions. These illusions are in the context of processes in an individual’s mind which are divisional and dualistic in nature. The divisional and dualistic illusions are in essence unreal but are mistaken to be real by an individuals mind. As a result, duality generates fragmentation which enables the mind of an individual to shift to the notion of a separate self from that of “all”. Therefore, it is the primary dualism which triggers the spectrum of consciousness and influenced at different levels by the various levels of variation in the primary dualism. The next level of spectrum consciousness establishes transpersonal level which consists of paranormal events. This level does not represent absolute reality of the events in the universe. At the transpersonal level, the separate self begins to communicate with the mind (Vrinte, 2002, p. 102). After the secondary dualism is the centaur level, also referred to as the existential level. At this level an individual is completely aware of the notion of separate self which is distinct from his or her external environment (Vrinte, 2002, p. 102). The major forms of dualism at this level include the separate self, the other, life and lastly, death. Despite the existence of this dualism at this level, an individual still feels like a psychosomatic unit. The most important development at this level includes those of rational thought and personal will processes. The upper limit of the existential level known as the biosocial level follows in this model of pathology. It is an upper limit which enables an individual to translate the reality in the universe into social contexts. An individual is able to respond to the various aspects of the society such as social laws, family dynamics, beliefs and cultural perspectives among others. Model of Transformation or Healing The model of transformation or healing relies heavily on the ability of heuristic devices to enable psychologists predict the feelings, as well as thoughts of other individuals in given contexts. These heuristics determine the path to be taken by others psychological experiences with regard to the events and stimulating factors in their environment. Zanna (1990, p. 219) posits that the through the model of transformation, psychologists are able to predict in various ways how an individual is likely to react to a given stimuli or event with regard to his or her feelings and thoughts. Zumbo (2002, p. 198) argues that individuals have both personal and collective needs and interests. Interpersonal needs are self-centered in nature on focus on individual sufficiency, identity and independence while collective once facilitate status, success, acceptance and respect from others. Once this knowledge is acquired, the various schools of psychology such as cognitive science or psychotherapy can be employed to heal the individual from emotional and depression among other psychological challenges. Key Concepts and Major Practices from the Schools of Psychotherapeutic Practice Individuals with distressing and emotional challenges are usually better treated through psychotherapy. Psychotherapeutic practice views consciousness from an individual’s adaptive abilities. The need for the creation of meaning and significance in individuals is a major reference point in most schools of psychotherapy since the theory of consciousness is of great significance in the practice of psychotherapy (Wilber, 1997). Any disruption to the creation of meaning and significance is what causes the painful mental challenges such as depression and emotional distress among others. Another important school of thought according to Ken Wilber is that of Cognitive Science. This school of thought views an individual’s consciousness from the perspective of the schema’s of the human mind or brain. The proponents of this school of thought argue that consciousness results from the process which are influenced by the schemas in the human mind and are a product of integrated and hierarchical networks within the human mind. The connectionist model is one of the most significant models that seek to describe pertinent concepts and practices of cognitive science (Wilber, 1997). Personal Reflection From the perspective of an integral practitioner, the First force (Behavioral) provides an important understanding of the notion of the separate self. Through this behavioral force, practitioners are able to better understand individuals with psychological challenges and apply the best thought of school to apply with the view of helping them regain their consciousness. However, this force is a complex one and involves numerous schools of thought which without proper understanding on the part of both the practitioner and an individual with psychological problem could lead to severe repercussions. As an individual, I am conscious and in the biosocial level in the model of pathology. This force especially at the upper limit level enables me to effectively translate the reality in the universe into social contexts. Thus, as a conscious individual I am able to respond to the various aspects of the society such as social laws, family dynamics, beliefs and cultural perspectives among others. With regard to this force I regard my self as a separate self distinct from the world. I consider my rationality as a reality and also a distinct entity able to make informed choices and decisions in order to properly respond to stimuli or events from my external environment. Conclusion Ken Wilber’s spectrum of conscious relates the universe view to human consciousness. At the centre of the spectrum of consciousness model is an individual’s innermost consciousness which is an exact representation of an individual’s personality, as well as the reality of the universe. According to Wilber himself, the perceived reality is not perfectly ideal but the consciousness itself is real. References Caplan, M. (2009). Eyes Wide Open: Cultivating Discernment on the Spiritual Path . Colorado: Sound True, Inc. Vrinte, J. (2002). The Perennial Quest for a Psychology with a Soul: An Inquiry into the Relevance of Sri Aurobindo’s Metaphysical Yoga Psychology in the Context of Ken Wilber’s Integral Psychology. New Delhi: Narendra Prakash Jain. Wilber, K. (1997). An Integral Theory of Consciousness . Journal of Conscious Studies, 4 (1), 72-92. Web. Zanna, M. P. (1990). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Volume 23 . San Diego: Academic Press, Inc. Zumbo, B. D. (2002). Advances in Quality of Life Research, 2001 . Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The behaviorist perspective is a psychological perspective that focuses on the environment as the primary factor in shaping human behavior. The major concepts related to this perspective include classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning means that human beings learn behavior through association while operant conditioning suggests that human beings learn behavior through experience.

The behaviorist perspective is a psychological perspective that focuses on the environment as the primary factor in shaping human behavior. The major concepts related to this perspective include classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning means that human beings learn behavior through association while operant conditioning suggests that human beings learn behavior through experience.

Psychology History, Subdisciplines, and Careers Research Paper Behaviorist Perspective Psychology is a field of study with several viewpoints regarding the subject matter and the method. It is considered a field of study because it has developed its subject matter, methods, and theories. Each perspective has a set of beliefs regarding human nature and the mind. Moreover, a field of study should always have adequate ideas concerning the content, and the method. All perspectives have limitations since they do not explain the subject matter of any field and methods used in psychology in detail. This section of the paper discusses the behaviorist perspective as one of the psychological perspectives. Compared to other perspectives, behaviorism is very different since it notes the environment controls human beings. The major concepts related to this perspective include classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning means that human beings learn behavior through association while operant conditioning suggests that human beings learn behavior through experience. These are the two major sets of beliefs according to the behaviorist perspective. Regarding the method, the behaviorist perspective believes in scientific methodology whereby experiments should be taken to ascertain the behavior of an individual. In this regard, it advises psychologists to study only observable behavior, as opposed to speculative behavior. In other words, only variables that can be measured should be studied. It goes against the popular belief suggesting that individuals have the freedom to do as they wish (free will) since the environment controls the actions of individuals. Therefore, behaviorism defines psychology as the study of observable behavior, with suggestions that human behavior could better be understood by reducing it to learned stimulus-response units (Schultz, & Schultz, 2012). Regarding the subject matter, quite a several scholars have offered their suggestions on classical conditioning, with Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov, being the first to talk about the idea. He experimented with dogs whereby he studied the innate impulses and neutral stimuli. Through his study, he succeeded in conditioning dogs to respond to certain stimuli. His study established that dogs tend to secrete saliva whenever they are conditioned to follow a certain timetable whereby a bell is rung when offered something to eat. In real life, the idea of classical conditioning has been applied successfully in systematic desensitization for phobias and some aversion therapies. In methodical desensitization, for example, classical conditioning could take away the panic reaction of an irrational trepidation while at the same time replacing a repose response to the condition of motivation. This is done by employing contradictory habituation. This therapy is usually conducted by developing a hierarchy of fear, which entails conditioned stimuli. Individuals are lined up from the most afraid to the less apprehensive. The spider could be used as a stimulus. The patient is instructed to work his or her way by practicing relaxation techniques. One client may perhaps consider a spider five meters away as less intimidating whereas another might perceive a quickly moving spider as extremely frightening. Through the process, the client would be exposed to a deep relaxation state whereby he would be urged to envisage the less intimidating condition about fear rank. When the imagined threatening situation does not threaten the patient, the therapy would be viewed as successful. Since the therapy has worked in several experiments, it means that classical conditioning is a valid idea in psychology. In the process, the patient is usually equipped with relaxation techniques, such as controlling the rate of breathing and muscle dimensioning. BF Skinner conducted an investigation that resulted in the development of a different concept known as operant conditioning. The concept suggests that there is usually involuntary and voluntary behavior, which means that human beings do some things out of their effort while others are imposed on them. Based on this, Skinner was of the view that some human intentions could be understood easily since they are readily described by an individual’s intention. This suggests that human behavior can be controlled through three major processes. One of the techniques through which human behavior could be controlled is positive reinforcement whereby good human behavior is encouraged. This entails rewarding an individual for good action. Society would therefore come up with mechanisms that will always support good human behavior. Before an individual engages in any form of behavior, he or she will always measure the consequences of such behavior using set principles. The mind is conditioned to reason in a certain way, which will be consistent with societal rules and regulations. Negative reinforcement is another technique utilized to control human behavior. This involves coming up with certain measures that would prevent the occurrence of negative behavior. A different behavior control technique is punishment whereby an individual is subjected to a certain form of suffering, either physical or emotional, whenever he or she is found engaging in unwanted behavior (Schultz, & Schultz, 2012). Skinner underscored the fact that human beings have the brain, but it is just an organ since its study becomes prolific when considered a visible action as opposed to an interior cerebral affair. In this regard, the excellent method to explain any human situation or action is to appreciate its causes and effects. Therefore, a behavior that is often reinforced develops while the one that is discouraged would never develop. From the descriptions of various scholars supporting the behaviorist perspective, at least three definitions of psychology could be developed. One of them is that psychology should always be perceived as science and should therefore be studied using scientific techniques. Skinner went ahead to confirm this assertion by conducting a scientific study on rats with controlled laboratory conditions. As a major perspective in psychology, behaviorism is concerned with human behavior that can be observed. Based on this, psychology should only conduct studies on observable human behavior. Internal events, such as thinking and emotional states, should never be considered major variables in psychology. Finally, behavioral psychologists confirmed through research that a small difference between animals and human beings exist. Both animals and human beings can be subjected to a learning process and both can master the concept. In this regard, classical conditioning is a process that applies to both animals and humans. Pavlov utilized the process effectively on dogs while Little Albert carried out triumphant research on people. Several psychology scholars criticize the views of behaviorists because they seem to underestimate the complex nature of human beings. Human beings are complex to an extent that their actions cannot be understood by simply conducting a laboratory test. In particular, a majority of studies on behavior utilized animals meaning that animals are exactly similar to human beings, which is not the case. Human beings have different characteristics that make their behavior more advanced. The speed at which human beings pick a language is not similar to that of animals since human beings are advanced in almost everything. It is therefore concluded that the study of human beings should be separated from animals for the perspective to be allowed in psychology. This is because human beings have different biological factors as compared to animals. These factors must be taken into consideration when understanding the learning process. Sub-Disciplines of Psychology Developmental Psychology Psychology is a field of study with quite a several sub-branches, with developmental psychology being one of these sub-disciplines. Developmental psychology entails the scientific exploration of changes that usually take place in the lives of individuals, right from infancy to old age. This branch of psychology was initially concerned with analyzing the changes that take place in children and infants, but it currently looks at changes in the entire life of an individual. The new areas of focus include the adolescence stage, adult development, and aging. The changes that take place at these stages are critical to psychologists since they present new ideas. The changes analyzed include motor skills, physiological processes, and cognitive changes. Scholars specializing in developmental psychology observe through research that development in human beings is a gradual process that entails the accumulation of knowledge. Individuals are usually born with innate mental structures. Through the learning process, individuals can acquire specific skills and experiences that help them in resolving the many issues that affect human beings. Scholars in this field are interested in exploring the relationship between individual characteristics and behavior. Moreover, they seek to comprehend the interaction between ecological factors and human actions. It is established that human behavior is greatly influenced by environmental facts. Through the study of developmental psychology, psychologists are in a position to understand educational psychology, child psychology, and forensic psychology (Schultz, & Schultz, 2012). Structuralism is a psychological theory that was formulated by Wilhelm Wundt. The theory supports the study of human behavior in a laboratory setting. It focuses on breaking down human mental processes for easy analysis meaning that human behavior cannot be understood in groups. For human behavior to be comprehended extensively, it has to be broken down into manageable units. Just like natural scientists, structural scholars divided the human mind into sections that would be subjected to laboratory tests. It influenced the works of developmental psychologists since they held the view that human behavior could only be understood in stages. Developmental psychologists aspire to analyze human behavior in stages, just like structural scholars who suggested the division of the human mind into small elements for easy understanding. Structural scholars believed in the systematic study of observable events and recommended that only such study could be validated. Developmental psychologists have borrowed heavily from the ideas of structural scholars regarding the mind and consciousness. Titchener was of the view that psychology should always place much attention on the study of the mind and self-awareness. According to him, the mind is simply the sum of the mental experience hence the behavior of an individual is simply understood through the study of the mind. Understanding the behavior of an individual entails understanding the structure of the mind. Developmental psychologists understand human growth in terms of behavior meaning that behavior change is the most important. As per the views of functionalists, mental life and behavior are very important whereby the adaptation of the individual matters. An individual’s behavior is determined by his or her coping strategies. An individual with the ability to cope well with environmental factors can behave in a manner that would be pleasant while the other that is unable would face challenges. However, this school of thought never developed a solid perspective that would be relied upon in defining human behavior. Developmental psychologists employed the views of functionalists in formulating their ideas, particularly the idea that the ability of an individual to cope plays a role in development. Social Psychology Social psychology is a different school of thought explaining any psychological dispensation should be based on science. It entails the study of people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, but in a social context. This field of psychology entails empirical investigation meaning that behavior can be understood only about others. As per the views of social psychologists, human actions are the products of cerebral processes, as well as social conditions. Scholars holding this view suggest that laboratory tests should always be conducted to ascertain the reasons for human behavior. Human beings behave the way they do mainly because of certain reasons. In other words, human behavior is always influenced by specific behaviors, which must be understood before explaining any behavior. Human feelings and actions are controlled by certain special factors. These factors are always explored in detail to understand the reasons for any behavior. The idea of introspection, as discussed by structural theorists, played a key role in the development of social psychology. Introspection entails the evaluation of conscious thoughts and personal feelings as far as understanding of human behavior is concerned. Introspection depends on the analysis of the mental state. In other words, it means checking an individual’s memory, awareness, and cognitive processes. This plays a critical role in explaining human behavior in daily life. Several factors determine the behavior of an individual. For instance, the social status of an individual, his or her educational level, and age would determine the behavior largely. Social psychologists draw on this concept to comment that people behave differently under different situations. Functionalists influenced the development of social psychology in the sense that the adaptation of environmental factors has a role to play in determining the behavior of individuals (Schultz, & Schultz, 2012). Influence of Experiences on an Individual’s Career Sigmund Freud Sigmund was an Austrian neuroscientist who conducted extensive studies on psychoanalysis. He was a trained doctor, which inspired him to conduct extensive research in the field of cerebral palsy and aphasia. He developed one of the psychoanalytic methods referred to as psychopathology whereby the problems of the patient could be understood through the process of free association. This entails allowing the patient to give his views without interfering in the dialogue. He formulated a psychoanalytic theory referred to as the Oedipus complex, which was a result of his own experiences and those of his parents. He noted that dreams entail the fulfillment of individual wishes. He was of the view that a clinical model formulated through the process of repression could perfectly define an individual’s dreams. His theory of unconscious discussed the idea behind the state of mind. All body processes take place due to the presence of the libido, which is an energy that is responsible for the generation of erotic attachments. Having been brought up by Jewish Galician parents, Freud published his works of culture and religion criticizing the role of religion in an individual’s life. Freud’s mother got married to a very young person who was twenty-years younger, something that inspired the works of Freud on the libido. Carl Rodgers conducted extensive studies on the humanistic theory, which advocated for the interests of the client. He suggested that all practitioners ought to understand the interests of the client and try as much as possible to fulfill their interests instead of discriminating against them. He hailed from a God-fearing family since her mother was a staunch Pentecost and the father was a renowned civil engineer. At one point, he was an altar boy whereby he learned many things at a tender age, one of them is respecting people. He was given adequate skills that would him relate with various individuals in society while attending church classes. He proceeded to the university to study agriculture and switched to religion later in life. He attended various Christian conferences, one of them being the famous 1922 trip to Peking, China. The conference was critical to his life since it helped him in redefining his career. He decided to quit preaching and joined teaching. He proceeded to become one of the known scholars of psychology give the skills that he acquired while at the seminary. He always respected other people’s views since religion did not allow a section of society to subjugate or oppress others. He criticized cultural beliefs that were exploitative mainly because the church taught him to advocate for modernity. His counseling techniques were based on modern techniques, which were mainly client cantered. This proves that the church shaped his career in several ways (Schultz, & Schultz, 2012). Effects of Darwinian Theory on Behavioural and Psychoanalytic Theory Darwin had earlier predicted that through his works, psychology would be based on a new foundation meaning that his ideas could contribute to the mental capabilities and capacity gradation of other scholars. Indeed, his prediction was accurate since several scholars, including those believing in behaviorism and psychoanalysis, employed his ideas adequately in describing human behavior. For behaviorism, Darwinian Theory provided a logical framework through which new reaches in the field are based. The idea that human behavior is always evolving sheds more light as regards the expression of emotions. The behavioral approach employs empirical tests in conducting studies, which are usually borrowed from the writings of Darwin. Darwin conducted tests on various species to explain how they evolve with time. He was of the view that the process of natural selection determines the survivability of the species. Behavioral scientists have also employed similar studies to prove that human behavior can be conditioned. For psychoanalysts, they can understand human sexuality through the process of natural selection. Freud’s analysis borrowed heavily from the works of Darwin, particularly regarding the idea of reproduction. Generally, the idea that species evolve through the process of natural selection has helped many psychologists in answering questions related to the traits of human beings. For instance, developmental psychologists are interested in the way a trait develops among individuals. Reference Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2012). A history of modern psychology. Australia: Thomson/Wadsworth.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The discourse about nature and nurture concerning mental illness often involves factors that influence the mental development of a person. Nature (the genetic or biological composition of an individual) and nurture (environmental factors) are viewed on how they interact to influence mental development, but about one against another. Individuals can inherit certain mental traits and characteristics from their parents, particularly predisposition to specific mental conditions. However, outcomes may depend specifically on what takes place in an individual's lifetime.

The discourse about nature and nurture concerning mental illness often involves factors that influence the mental development of a person. Nature (the genetic or biological composition of an individual) and nurture (environmental factors) are viewed on how they interact to influence mental development, but about one against another. Individuals can inherit certain mental traits and characteristics from their parents, particularly predisposition to specific mental conditions. However, outcomes may depend specifically on what takes place in an individual's lifetime.

Psychopathology: Nature vs. Nurture Essay The discourse about nature and nurture concerning mental illness often involves factors that influence the mental development of a person. Nature (the genetic or biological composition of an individual) and nurture (environmental factors) are viewed on how they interact to influence mental development, but about one against another. Individuals can inherit certain mental traits and characteristics from their parents, particularly predisposition to specific mental conditions. Individuals may have predisposing genetic factors for mental illness. However, outcomes may depend specifically on what takes place in an individual’s lifetime. For instance, a study conducted in the US showed that differences in genes helped to protect adults who were abused as children from developing depression. This study had helped to demonstrate how nature and nurture interacted to cause mental conditions. In another study in Britain, researchers established that pregnant women who experienced significant emotional challenges during their early months of pregnancy gave birth to children with higher risks of developing mental illness, schizophrenia in particular. As shown by many studies, mental illness, specifical schizophrenia is linked to genetic factors within a family. Schizophrenia is a serious mental condition characterized by delusions and confusion. If a single member of the family has schizophrenia, then there are higher chances that children or other future members of the family will develop the condition. One must however recognize that an individual may be predisposed to schizophrenia, but that does not imply that the person will ever develop the condition. Other psychological disorders such as severe cases of depression may also be genetically passed to future generations. Environmental factors, as demonstrated, present various opportunities to individuals with predisposed conditions both physically and psychologically. However, individuals’ reactions differ significantly. Some people may succumb to environmental influences, others may be extremely resilient and some people may even develop strengths because of effective coping mechanisms with adversity or stress. It may be noticed that individual variations merely show differences in risks of conditions. Environments have significant influences on genes. This happens through gene expression and not gene sequencing. These effects may extend to brain activities and thus mental development. For instance, a study established that mothers who experienced a loss of a family member during the first trimester were most likely to give birth to children with increased risks for schizophrenia. Stress resulted from the environment, but it was later found to influence the brain development of an unborn child. Genes, as now known, have critical influences on mental conditions and so is the environment. While some gene disorders also exist, schizophrenia is a classical case for explaining the role of nature and nurture on mental disorders. In schizophrenia, for instance, genetic risk is nearly 80 percent. This implies that an absence of such a disorder in a family shows that any family member is unlikely to develop the disorder. For mental disorders, it is no longer an issue of nature against nurture in attempts to understand their influences, but it is how nature and nurture interact to develop mental illnesses. As a result, many researchers have agreed that nature and nurture play critical roles in influencing individuals, including their mental developments and disorders. Traits are therefore passed from parents to children, but the environment also has a role to play. Mental conditions may therefore be explored from both nurture and nature perspectives and how they interact rather than from isolated perspectives.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The principles of psychopharmacology are set guidelines that have been tailored and modified for purposes of assisting psychiatrist patients. These principles contain a basic description of drug administration and its end-effects in the human body.The principles of psychopharmacology are set guidelines that have been tailored and modified for purposes of assisting psychiatrist patients. These principles contain a basic description of drug administration and its end-effects in the human body.

The principles of psychopharmacology are set guidelines that have been tailored and modified for purposes of assisting psychiatrist patients. These principles contain a basic description of drug administration and its end-effects in the human body. The principles of psychopharmacology are set guidelines that have been tailored and modified for purposes of assisting psychiatrist patients. These principles contain a basic description of drug administration and its end-effects in the human body.

Psychopharmacology and Its Principles and Issues Essay The principles of psychopharmacology There are numerous psychopharmacological principles that are used by physicians in the field of medicine. These principles are set guidelines that have been tailored and modified for purposes of assisting psychiatrist patients (Carlson, 2010). Additionally, these principles contain a basic description of drug administration and its end-effects in the human body. Therefore, the psychodynamic principles are meant to facilitate success in clinical encounters. In most cases, such principles primarily emphasize pharmacologic care (Carlson, 2010). It is imperative to note that such principles adhere to the medical selection, transference, counter-transference, treatment procedures, and other activities that are relevant to the practice of psychopharmacology. Other dynamics include medication choice, overprescribing, and under prescribing of psychopharmacological care. For this reason, these principles are stated on the basis of their application in psychology (Carlson, 2010). One of the principles is pharmacokinetics. This principle asserts that by effectively administering a drug, it must reach its site of action (Carlson, 2010). However, the psychiatrist should be aware of some of the behaviorally active drugs which have an effect on patients’ nervous system. For this reason, this principle explains the fate of a drug once it is absorbed into the body and how it accesses the target site. On the same note, drug administration is also a principle that elaborates how drugs should be made to pass through all the blood barriers into the targeted sites. From this principle, the drug can be administered by use of intravenous, intramuscular, intrarectally, interparental, or by inhalation (Carlson, 2010). Additionally, some drugs are administered through soluble lipids that are easily diffused into blood vessels. Such principles are relevant in the field of psychology since psychiatrists are able to administer drugs to patients effectively. Therefore, individuals in the field of psychology need to be familiar with the principles (Carlson, 2010). Moreover, through these principles psychiatrists are able to monitor and examine behavioral and cellular functioning due to the effect evoked by the drug administered. This also helps in taking safety measures when administering specific types of drugs. In line with this, one is able to know the appropriate dose to avoid toxicity or side effects associated with the wrong application of the drug (Carlson, 2010). Addiction to prescription drugs versus street or illegal drugs From a neurological point of view, any kind of drug addiction is harmful to human health unless it is controlled. According to research evidence, drug addition in both cases has similar impacts on both mental and physical health (Carlson, 2010). In line with this, once administered in the body, both drugs have similar impacts on the nervous system. Addiction from painkillers has been perceived to be in no way different from that of stimulant drugs such as cocaine, opium, and mandrax. Neurological views have shown that the addiction recovery procedure and withdrawal process are relatively similar in both cases (Carlson, 2010). It is vivid that the dangers associated with abusing prescription drugs are similar to those of street drugs. For instance, both drugs can impair body functions and also affect the ability to make proper health choices (Carlson, 2010). However, the only difference that arises is on the prescription of street drugs since they are taken without clear guidance from a qualified doctor. In the case, of a careful prescription of the drug, a patient is usually instructed how to use the drug only that they become addicted after prolonged use. Additionally, street drugs have been examined and found to have high stimulating effects on the brain and thus are more addictive. Reference Carlson, N. (2010). Physiology of behavior . New York: Pearson Education, Inc.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The text discusses the effects of antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anti-anxiety medications on the brain. It also talks about how these medications can affect brain structure.

The text discusses the effects of antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anti-anxiety medications on the brain. It also talks about how these medications can affect brain structure.

Psychotropic Medication Effects on Human Behaviour Essay What are the effects of antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anti-anxiety medications on the brain? Antidepressants are medications used for treating depression. There are many types of antidepressants and each works in a different way. Nonetheless, all types of antidepressants increase the concentration of different neurotransmitters in the brain (Tung 7). Neurotransmitters trigger depression if their reproduction is depleted due to conditions such as emotional upset, hormonal disorders, and some mental illness among others. Antidepressant medications have various effects on the brain. One type of antidepressant is called tricyclic antidepressants. They work on the brain by increasing the concentration of serotonin and norepinephrine. Each type of tricyclic depressants increases the various neurotransmitters in different quantities. For example, an antidepressant known as clomipramine increases the concentration of serotonin more than norepinephrine and desipramine do vice versa. The other type is called the monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressants that help to keep the concentration of the neurotransmitter in the brain at levels that aid in mood improvement. Some of the drugs under the second type include moclobemide and phenelzine (Tung 8). Antipsychotic medication treats psychosis. People suffering from schizophrenia, psychotic depression, and other psychotic disorders use antipsychotic medication. There are two types of antipsychotic medication: the typical and atypical antipsychotic medication, the former are the older ones and the later newer ones. Both types of antipsychotic medication have effects on the brain. A study done on schizophrenia patients under antipsychotic medication shows that the use of antipsychotic affects brain structure. The patients on atypical antipsychotics showed an increase in the size of their left and right thalamus. On the other hand, the patients on typical antipsychotic medication showed an increase in the grey matter in the right lenticular and a decrease in the right insula, left precuneus, and paracentral lobule. Furthermore, the typical antipsychotic leads to a decrease in the grey matter in the left middle temporal gyrus (Scherk and Falkai 147). The anti-anxiety medication slows down the brain functions and acts as tranquilizers. The medications help to reduce feelings of tension and anxiety and they bring sleep. The anti-anxiety drugs affect the brain by binding to the neurons responsible for producing chemicals that cause anxiety. The anti-anxiety medication affects the body because continued use can lead to dependence. In order to avoid dependence, the medication is prescribed for a short period. The medication should be withdrawn from the patient slowly to avoid sudden negative withdrawal symptoms such as relapse back into anxiety (Mental Health Medications 1). There has been an increase in the various nitrite inhalations since the 1970s. Discuss the trend and history and report the dangers of using these drugs Nitrate inhalants are very popular because of the cheap thrill they give to the users. Nitrate inhalers are chemical compounds. A Scottish physician Sir Thomas Lauder Brunton started the use of amyl nitrate for medicinal purposes. Amyl nitrate was used in the treatment of angina pectoris in order to help in dilating the coronary arteries and improve the blood flow. The chemicals also cause euphoria hence its use as a recreational drug (Merci 1). The use of various nitrite inhalants for recreational purposes started with homosexual men for sexual enhancement. It was easy to buy the drug over the counter. The word about its sexual enhancement abilities spread everywhere and within no time, many people were using the drug. Many gay men wanted to use the nitrite aphrodisiac hence, its usage increased until the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) changed the chemical to a prescription-only drug. After the ban of over-the-counter sale of amyl nitrate another variety called, butyl nitrite was introduced into the market. The new chemical was easily sold under different trades for example, “Jack-Aroma and Locker Room” (Merci 1). Butyl nitrate and a foul smell but that did not stop people from inhaling it to satisfy their curiosity. The drug was hot in the 1980s and the usage spread from gay men to clubs and the public. More varieties such as Isobutyl, isopropyl appeared in the market after FDA banned each subsequent one. The chemicals are introduced into the market disguised as other products in order to bypass the FDA and avoid a ban. Currently, the drug in use is called cyclohexyl nitrite, which is sold guided as a head cleaner for VCRs hence bypasses the ban. The nitrite inhalants have remained popular over time because of the reputation people hold that they are sexual enhancers. Moreover, the inhalants are readily available and cheap hence affordable to many users. Users like them because they have a very quick reaction and give intense effects of short-lived euphoria. Thus, users have to keep inhaling more and more to enjoy leading to tolerance (O’Connor 1). Nitrite drugs cause health risks to users. The continued use of drugs causes short-term challenges such as headache and feeling of pressure in the eyes. A user may also experience the feeling of nausea, faintness, and vomiting especially if they use other drugs too. In addition, the inhalation of nitrites causes a user to experience blackouts that may pose a risk especially in crowded areas such as clubs (O’Connor 1). On the other hand, continued use of the drug can lead to health problems such as glaucoma. The condition of glaucoma is caused by the damage of the red blood cells found in the eyes because of the increment of pressure in the nerves by the nitrite chemicals. Eventually, a user loses the ability to see and becomes blind. The other danger of drug use is contracting the HIV virus. The use of nitrites impairs the immune system and makes one vulnerable to AIDs. Moreover, the use of the drug especially among gay men increases the risk of contracting HIV because of having unprotected sex. The drug leads people to casual sex because they believe it is a sexual enhancer and it poses a danger if used together with other sexual enhancement drugs because it can lead to death and a case of severe hypotension (O’Connor 1). The drug also causes Blood cell damage. Nitrite chemicals destroy the red blood cells that are responsible for carrying oxygen hence the cells cannot transport oxygen. The damage occurs especially to the users who swallow the drug. Discuss the problems and effects of caffeine upon the brain, the body, and behavior Caffeine is a chemical substance occurring in coffee and tea (Peters 1). It is a nervous, respiratory, and circulatory stimulant. It is also a diuretic that means increases urination. Its bitter alkaloid stimulates the nervous system and helps one to be alert. Some people report long moments of wakefulness once they use caffeine. Caffeine affects the brain by binding some receptors in the brain. The bound receptors are responsible for causing sleep hence a person remains awake due to reduced activity of the sleep-causing receptors (Peters 1). Moreover, caffeine leads to an increase in dopamine, which increases the feeling of pressure by activating the pleasure parts. The pleasure derived from caffeine consumption causes addiction. Caffeine affects the body through the increase of adrenaline hence give the body more energy. Studies show that caffeine eliminates fatigue symptoms and increase bodily labor. For example, some swimmers who consumed caffeine prior to the exercise exhibited extended performance (Caffeine and the Effects on the Body 1). On the other hand, caffeine affects behavior. People under caffeine are alert, energetic, and more likely to be social. Other individuals who consume excess amounts of caffeine may experience anxiety (Smith 1244). However, in low doses caffeine does not have identifiable effects on the mood. Anxiety occurs in caffeine doses higher than 600 mg. In other cases, caffeine reduces fatigue but leads to nervousness. The lack of in the body causes jitteriness and restlessness. There are a number of problems associated with the consumption of caffeine. One of the problems is causing headaches, irritability, and restlessness. It also keeps the body in an emergency state all the time and it is not healthy. The long-term use of caffeine may lead to dependence and an increase in the level to achieve the initial effects. The use of caffeine causes dehydration because it is diuretic and promotes fluid loss in the body. The loss of fluids is not useful for fitness activities especially restraining training (Caffeine and the Effects on the Body 1). Another problem with caffeine is its effect on sleep. Caffeine has a lifeline of about six hours in the body and it keeps one alert. However, if one falls asleep cannot enjoy the benefits of deep sleep. Deep sleep is beneficial to the body because it enables the body to relax thus a person on caffeine wakes up feeling tired because the body did not rest completely during sleep (Smith 1250). Lastly, withdrawing from caffeine does not have threatening effects but mild symptoms such as headaches, irritability, and fatigue occur. Fortunately, they clear in a matter of days. Discuss the Federal Drug Administration’s procedure to approve medications. Why is this important and needed or why is this not important or not needed? The Federal Drug Administration (FDA) is a government agency in the U.S charged with the responsibility of approving new medication before it finds its way into the market (Seligman 1). FDA has the responsibility of ensuring that new medication is safe and effective for human consumption. The body follows a procedure during the approval of any medication. The procedure of approving drugs is very important because it has major implications. The process involves a minimum of twelve phases. The first phase occurs after the FDA allows a new drug to enter the investigation. During the initial phase, about twenty to eighty healthy volunteers are recruited to be put under the new drug for about a year to test its safety on human beings. The volunteers are given low doses of the new drug and closely monitored (Lipsky and Sharp 365). The level of the dosage is increased eventually and if the drugs pass the initial safety process, the next phase begins. Phase 2 involves the study of the effectiveness of the new drug and few volunteers are used to minimize the risk to a large group of people. About one to three hundred volunteers suffering from the condition the new drug targets to treat are given a dose. Researchers determine the most effective way of administering the drug for example intravenous or oral. They also monitor the dosing intervals and supervise the volunteers closely. Some of the drugs fail to pass this phase because of ineffectiveness and others have very serious side effects or safety problems. The drug that passes phase two proceeds to phase three. In phase, three researchers pass involve a large number of people in the study to confirm the findings of phase two. The studies done in stage three may last for two to ten years. The studies determine the effectiveness and dosage of the drug. It is important to note that many drugs fail to pass in spite of the rigorous tests done prior to reaching the phase (Lipsky and Sharp 365). The first three phases are called the clinical tests and after a drug passes them, a new drug application is made to the FDA. The application may be accepted or rejected. In case of a rejection, the FDA gives the applicants reasons why the drug failed the approval and what can be done to pass approval later. Some drugs get tentative approval has to correct a minor deficiency in order to get. A drug that passes the application becomes approved and it is allowed to sell in the market. The procedure of approval of drug medication is important and needed to ensure that the new drugs in the market are safe for humans. The FDA ensures that drug companies meet the required regulations before a drug is put into the market and hence protect consumers from companies that may put profits first before safety and sell substandard or unsafe drugs to the public. Furthermore, the FDA continues to monitor drugs after they enter the market to ensure their continued safety and performance in the larger population. Thus, FDA can take appropriate action if a safety issue arises in a certain drug already in the market (Seligman 1). From the book, pick any psychological disorder and discuss the medication treatment for this disorder, and from the book pick any psychological disorder and pick the drug that caused it, and discuss how this disorder can be a direct result of drug use Schizophrenia is a severe psychological disorder. A person suffering from the disorder experience hallucinations and hear voices. The patient can become withdrawn especially if they believe that other people plan to harm them because they become paranoid and fearful. For some patients holding down a job is difficult and may become reliant on others. It may difficult to tell a person is suffering from schizophrenia until one talks about the things on his or her mind. People suffering from can help the treatment to help them cope with the disorder (How is Schizophrenia Treated 1). Medication is given to help manage the symptoms of schizophrenia in patients because the exact cause of the disorder is unknown (How is Schizophrenia Treated 1). The medication given is called antipsychotic because it helps to reduce the psychotic symptoms patients show. One or two medications may be subscribed for a particular patient to help the patient get the maximum benefits of the drugs. Certain medicines are effective in treating schizophrenia especially the newer antipsychotic medications or the second-generation antipsychotics. The newer antipsychotic work faster compared to the rest of the medications (Treatment for Schizophrenia 1). The newer antipsychotic medications such as olanzapine have some side effects for the patients. The side effects include sleepiness, increased appetite, weight gain, and dizziness among others. Moreover, older antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol are given to some patients and they are likely to have side effects such as shakiness and muscle stiffness. Studies show that both newer and older antipsychotic medications are effective. However, some schizophrenia patients fail to respond to antipsychotic medications and they are given an alternative treatment called electroconvulsive therapy. Children suffering from schizophrenia are not treated with all the medications used to treat adults. Other medications such as mood stabilizers are used to treat schizophrenia patients with a mood disorder. The mood stabilizers may take a longer time to show any positive results than the antipsychotic medications. Some of the medications require to be monitored closely for blood levels and if taken by pregnant women can cause birth defects. Moreover, antidepressants are used together with antipsychotics for patients suffering from depression because it often accompanies schizophrenia (Treatment for Schizophrenia 1). Other treatment methods for schizophrenia include psychosocial interventions for family members and caregivers to help the patients and avoid a relapse. The other is substance abuse treatment for the patients because many of them deal with the problem of substance abuse. The schizophrenia patients are given cognitive behavioral therapy to enable them to understand the change in their patterns and how to deal with them. The method is effective because it helps them to function in society well. Moreover, antipsychotic medications may cause weight gain, and patients are educated about weight management (How to Treat Schizophrenia 1). Drug use can cause some psychological disorders. The long-term substance use of a drug called ecstasy leads to depression a psychological disorder. The long use of ecstasy derives the brain from the function of serotonin (Drug Abuse and Mental Illness 1). Serotonin has many functions in the brain and its reduction leads to depression a psychological disorder. The decreased levels of serotonin lead directly to symptoms associated with depression (Function of Serotonin 1). A person suffering from depression is treated through medication that increases the reproduction of serotonin to alleviate depressions. Hence, abuse of ecstasy leads directly to depression as users use it to experience euphoria and fall deeper into addiction. The continued addiction to the drug decreases serotonin levels in the brain and depression becomes severe for the users. Works Cited Caffeine and the Effects on the Body. Caffeine Database. 2008. Web. Drug Abuse and Mental Illness. National Drug Intelligence Center. 2004. Web. The function of Serotonin. All on Depression help. 2009. Web. How is schizophrenia treated? National Institute of Mental Health. 2011. Web. Lipsky, Martin and Lisa Sharp. “From idea to market: The drug approval process.”JABFP 14.5 (2001): 362-367. Mental Health Medication. National Institute of Mental Health. 2011. Web. Merci, Susan. Nitrous oxide and nitrite inhalants. Feb. 2011. Web. O’Connor, Patrick. Volatile nitrites. 2008. Web. Scherk, Harald and Peter Falkai. Effects of antipsychotic on brain structure. Current Opinion Psychiatry , 19(2006): 145-150. Seligman, Paul. FDA’s role in identifying and communicating drug safety issues. FDA U.S Food and Drug Administration. 2009. Web. Smith, Andrew. “Effects of caffeine on human behaviour.” Food and chemical Toxicology , 40 (2002): 1243-1255. Treatment for schizophrenia. Medicine Net Inc. 2011. Web. Tung, Anthony. How antidepressants and antipsychotic medications work. Visions Bcs mental Health and Addictions Journal , 4.2 (2007):7-8.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The article discusses the impact of public policy on couple relationships in low-income communities. It also examines the dynamics of fatherhood and couple relationships. The study created a deeper understanding of circumstances that surround absentee fatherhood and the inherent features of couple relationships in low-income urban communities.

The article discusses the impact of public policy on couple relationships in low-income communities. It also examines the dynamics of fatherhood and couple relationships. The study created a deeper understanding of circumstances that surround absentee fatherhood and the inherent features of couple relationships in low-income urban communities.

“Public Policy and Couple Relationships” by Doherty Essay (Article) Introduction This article relates to a study conducted on fragile families in low-income communities. The study sought to interrogate the dynamics of fatherhood and couple relationships. In the study, urban couples are enlisted during childbirth and trailed for a period of four years. The study created a deeper understanding of circumstances that surround absentee fatherhood and the inherent features of couple relationships in low-income urban communities. The main focus was the involvement of fathers in raising a child and hurdles encountered by couples in relationships. Through this study, it is evident that a large number of fathers participate actively in raising their child despite economic hardships. The study also examines the aspect of enduring father involvement. The study seeks to establish whether prenatal involvement extends to later stages in child development. The study also focuses on the relationship between prenatal and postnatal involvement. Main Body According to research, the quality of couple relationships affects the level of father involvement. However, earlier studies have failed to determine the interdependent relationship between father involvement and couple relationship. The study underscores the importance of involvement by both parents in raising a child. Fathers involved during prenatal stages are likely to enjoy a healthy relationship with mother and child. If he continues to live with his mother, he is likely to be active in the child’s life. In this case, prenatal involvement is gauged by the presence and support of the father during pregnancy. This stage is helpful in determining the reliability of fathers. Paternal engagement relates to other aspects of parenting such as physical interaction with the child. Physical interaction occurs through play, narrating stories, and active display of physical affection. Active fatherhood demands availability and presence during major developmental stages in a child’s life. The study established that prenatal involvement leads to a healthy and fulfilling relationship with the child in later stages of development. This relationship accords the child an enabling environment for normal development. Fathers actively involved during pregnancy are likely to forge a healthy relationship with the child after birth. This study is a confirmation that family structure has an immense influence on the involvement of fathers. Active fathering is tasking in cases where both parents lack residential proximity. However, fathers who live with the child’s mother seize the opportunity through active involvement. Public policies should make it easier for couples in low- income areas to live together. This ensures that both parents participate in raising their children. The study indicates that married couples are more stable compared to cohabiting partners. Cohabiting parents put children at risk of witnessing their separation. This is true because cohabiting parents have a high likelihood of separation. The study proposes efforts by policymakers to ensure that low-income families get the necessary support to develop healthy family structures. This ensures that both parents participate in raising their children. Conclusion This research undertaking appreciates the need to formulate a public policy that addresses concerns relating to low-income families. This segment of society is under constant social and economic pressure. The study seeks to underscore the relevance of healthy family structures. In my opinion, this article explicitly addresses issues that relate to family. The issues tackled in the article are relevant in contemporary society. Father involvement is very important to a child’s wellbeing. This can only be achieved if both parents live together. It is important to have a public policy that encourages parents to live together for their child’s sake. By and large, a child’s development is largely dependent on the surrounding social circumstances.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Malala Yousafzai's social activism essay discusses the work of one of the most amazing, talented, and, perhaps, an epitome of the Futuristic Artist's work that on Exhibition. While most of the other works on the Exhibition were realistic, Malala Yousafzai's work was abstract and aroused in the viewer's unquenchable curiosity and feverishly inventive imagination. His choice of support for his work showed a deep-rooted urge

Malala Yousafzai's social activism essay discusses the work of one of the most amazing, talented, and, perhaps, an epitome of the Futuristic Artist's work that on Exhibition. While most of the other works on the Exhibition were realistic, Malala Yousafzai's work was abstract and aroused in the viewer's unquenchable curiosity and feverishly inventive imagination. His choice of support for his work showed a deep-rooted urge

Pussy Riot and Malala Yousafzai’s Social Activism Essay Malala Yousafzai This time last year, during the opening ceremony at The Go Downs Art Centre, one of the most amazing, talented, and, perhaps, an epitome of the Futuristic Artist’s work was on Exhibition. While most of the other works on the Exhibition were realistic, Malala Yousafzai’s work was abstract and aroused in the viewer’s unquenchable curiosity and feverishly inventive imagination. From my perspective as a developing artist, his works showed his vision of the world constantly being bombarded with new technology as essentially logical rather than mysterious. Among his works, one painting “ Swimming on Land ” was the most famous and conceptualized how mankind, in his survival on the Earth, is intertwined in the tapestry of life with Crime, War, and HIV/AIDS. His choice of support for his work showed a deep-rooted urge to conserve the environment by recycling our waste materials. When Malala unveiled his thoughts on the nature of his paintings, he revealed to the audience a glimpse of the strangeness of the familiar. With great grandmaster artists worldwide like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, Malala Yousafzai has strode into the future with his thoughts and brought it closer home with his artworks. He has surely soared into the great heights of art. Pussy Riot It is rarely argued that the African Diaspora-an accidental outcome of the transatlantic slave trade during the early days and western colonization of the African continent-has generated a wide array of artistic achievement in our century from Rhythm and Blues to reggae, from painting to video illustrations and breaking and setting records in the sports arena. Placing his emphasis on the black cultural theme rather than a black racial identity, Pussy Riot in his book “ Literal Gangster ” has employed the visual representation of the black Culture throughout the twentieth century. He bent the arc of history by being the first writer to dedicate his time and energy to the Artworks themselves and analyze their use of black Culture both as subject and as context. In his discussion, he focuses on the invincible forces shaping a black Diaspora presence in twentieth-century art notably the emergence of the “New Negro” in the Jazz Age, the use of black folk imagery in the post-depression art, the ideological conflict between racial pride and cultural assimilation in mid-century. From the creative ingenuity of ” the souls of black folk”, the aesthetic and visual variations on the concepts of ‘Blackness’ during the late modern and post-modern eras, Pussy Riot has not ignored the pivotal position that black cultural themes have held in constructing a filmic vision in the twentieth century. He has shown the role that black actors, directors, cinematographers, artist, screenwriters, sportsmen, and women have played in creating what could be described as performative, vocal, and interactive “Black Art” By invoking the innermost thoughts, storytelling and prophesying, embellishing us with knowledge of cultural representation informed by the media and cyberspace, Malala Yousafzai and Pussy Riot not only elevated the human perception of the world through their innermost thoughts but more importantly, they changed their individual self and become spiritual and affecting histories, as seen through a glass, diaspora. In a year of exceptional achievement, Malala Yousafzai and Pussy Riot whose individual contributions to human thoughts are immense deserves to be crowned the Time Magazine Person of the Year 2012.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The essay discusses the implications of the health care reform legislation passed by Congress and signed by the President in Spring of 2010. The members learned that taxes on health benefits were to be increased which would make it expensive for employers. They agreed that it was in their mandate to control costs of health benefits; if not, the costs would be very expensive to the level of all corporations in the US by 2016.

The essay discusses the implications of the health care reform legislation passed by Congress and signed by the President in Spring of 2010. The members learned that taxes on health benefits were to be increased which would make it expensive for employers. They agreed that it was in their mandate to control costs of health benefits; if not, the costs would be very expensive to the level of all corporations in the US by 2016.

Quality Auto Parts Firm’s Profits and Revenues Case Study Overview of the case The case is about the findings of the president and CEO of Quality Auto Parts that profits and revenues of the company keep declining. The recent recession has made the situation worse, and the company seeks to contain the situation by reexamining its employees’ health benefit scheme. After examining the scheme, the company found out that employee health benefits had gone up to twice the rate of increase for wages alone (8% yearly average increase) from 2000-2010. In particular, the total employee health insurance costs increased from $4,680 to $ 9,867 in 2010. The company, through the President/CEO expressed frustration at this development and was searching for a solution. Background facts influencing the problem Revenues and profits of the company do not normally have a regular pattern; they keep fluctuating. For example, from 1988 to 2000, they grew steadily until 2001 and 2002, when they went down. They then recovered and went up from 2003 to 2006. However, by 2007 it went down again. The company products were also affected by the ongoing economic recession, which began in 2008 and worsened the situation of business performance. In a meeting attended by health care providers, insurers, employers, Windham, Schramm and DeCarlo sponsored by the Chamber of Commerce with a topic, “Implications of the health care reform legislation passed by Congress and signed by the President in Spring of 2010”, members learned that taxes on health benefits were to be increased which would make it expensive for employers. Members agreed that it was in their mandate to control costs of health benefits; if not, the costs would be very expensive to the level of all corporations in the US by 2016. Quality Auto Parts enjoyed a good reputation as a preferred employer, and DeCarlo was against any move which would spoil this reputation because it had enabled the company to attract and retain the best talents in the region. Obstacles to the situation The company cannot reduce employee benefits because such a move would demoralize employees and make the company fail to attract talented and even lose some of the existing employees. In addition, the legislation passed by Congress, allowing the government to tax health benefits, made health schemes very expensive to employers. The main problem Quality Auto Parts is facing is low profits and revenues, which the management has to address or close down the business. The main objective of private companies, Quality Auto Parts included, is to make profits and if they keep running at a loss, then they risk closing down as they will not meet their main objectives. A related symptom arises from competitors who are selling their products cheaply, and the President thinks that their competitor’s low prices are a result of low salaries and cheap health policies they give their employees. Limited understanding of the legislation passed by Congress and assented to by the President is another related symptom to the problem. Evidence from the case that relates to each of the problems The first evidence lies in the meeting with the topic; implications of health care reform passed by Congress and signed by the president of 2010. Those who attended agreed that the detail of the law was still unclear to most employers. They also revealed that it would make the cost of employee health care expenses to the employer. It was an expensive scheme because it led to large catastrophic-illness claims, increased use of mental health and substance abuse services, increased use of medical services, high-technology medicine, cost-shifting from government programs (Medicare and Medicaid) to private insurance, high physician fees, the AIDS crisis, the demographics of employees in the auto industry (i.e., a higher percentage of older employees), and recent premium increases by both traditional and managed care plans attempting to recoup recent losses. Underlying causes The existing economic recession was affecting business negatively, and managers of affected companies were doing their best to keep companies on their feet. The wish to maintain the reputation of Quality Auto Parts as a preferred employer by not reducing employee benefits, including those of health, was also an underlying cause. Linked related concepts and theory to the problem(s) and case evidence The fact of the matter is that the company has not made any steady revenue and profit since 1988. The firm has taken a random pattern of growth frequented by declines in profits. However, the current performance could be related to the existing economic situation (Recession). The President is determined to increase profits by reducing the health benefits of employees and transferring them to customers through low prices for their products. Evaluation of potential solutions A proper evaluation of the four recommended solutions by DeCarlo reveals that none of the above solutions addresses the situation the firm is going through comprehensively. When compared to the status quo, one finds they are all expensive. The President’s reasoning is that by reducing the cost of employee health policy, the funds could be transferred to customers through cheap products. This is not workable, and even if the prices were reduced, the difference would be minor (Conaty & Ram, 2011). Nature and causes of the employee health insurance cost problem The employee health insurance cost problem is an economic one which arises as a result of the recession. Companies are struggling to remain on their feet and continue making profits as well by trying to reduce the cost of production, and one of the strategies to reduce it is to reduce the cost of labor (Merkle, 2005). Information, the Employee Health Benefits Committee, should gather The committee should seek workers’ opinions on this matter before making any recommendation. This is important because a decision arrived at without employee contribution is likely to lead to dissatisfaction and lack of morale. The committee should also read and understand congress’s legislation so that a final decision does not contradict the law. The committee should also explore other ways of reducing the cost of production, and reducing workers’ health benefits should be the last option. Is there any way for Quality Auto Parts to continue to attract the best employees while containing health benefit costs? Why or why not? Yes, the company could implement an alternative pay system like paying workers according to how much they produce (Piece Work System). This will not only increase production but also raise the quality of production. On the basis of what you know about Quality Auto Parts, which of the four specific proposals, would you be likely to recommend? Can the company adopt some combination of the three options? What do you recommend, and why? Option 3: establish a special self-insurance fund and negotiate preferred provider arrangements (PPOs) with local providers (i.e., discounted prices in exchange for the directing of these employees to these providers). I cannot recommend a combination of the options because this would not reduce the overall cost to the employer (Mayo, 1945). I recommend employees should be talked to about the changes to their health benefit programs before implementation to avoid silent grumbles among the workers. This would a conflict between employees and the company. References Mayo, E. (1945). Hawthorne and the Western Electric Company . Harvard: Harvard Business School. Merkle, J. (2005). Management and Ideology . California: University Of California Press. Conaty, B., & Ram, C. (2011). The Talent Masters: Why Smart Leaders Put People before Numbers . New York, NY: Crown Publishing Group.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The top management played a critical role in initiating the SAP-HCM project, but it is clear that there were project design problems. In addition, the time available for the project was too little leaving no room for changes. The final problem was that there was no testing on the required scale to determine the efficacy of the new payroll system.

The top management played a critical role in initiating the SAP-HCM project, but it is clear that there were project design problems. In addition, the time available for the project was too little leaving no room for changes. The final problem was that there was no testing on the required scale to determine the efficacy of the new payroll system.

Queensland Health Information System Implementation Report (Assessment) Discuss top management support (Troshani et al. 2011 and/or Dong 2008) as it relates to the Queensland Health SAP-HCM implementation. Top management usually makes strategic decisions and assigns resources to IT projects. In the case of Queensland Health, top management played a crucial role in initiating the SAP-HCM project. However, it is clear that there were project design problems relating to scope. In addition, the time available for the project was too little leaving no room for changes. The final problem was that there was no testing on the required scale to determine the efficacy of the new payroll system. These three mistakes confirm findings by Troshani, Jerram, and Hill (2011), which indicate that management support in IT project design is critical for success when switching from old systems to new ones. Project design is part of the critical role that top management plays (Arnold 2007). There is a need to plan such projects carefully and to allow sufficient time and resource capacity in case of any eventualities. Troshani, Jerram, and Hill (2011) also pointed out that “regulatory compliance” is a key factor catalyzing the change process (p. 481). In this sense, there was a need for Queensland Health to uncover all the regulatory and environmental influences on the project. A risk analysis would have identified the problems that it is now dealing with, such as negative publicity and high profile redundancies. Top management also failed in its duties when it did not provide the best conditions to test the new system before going live. There is a good degree of convergence with the response provided because of the concurrence of the place top management holds in the project design process and their role in supporting the implementation effort. The top management had the opportunity to ensure better testing of the new system to take care of all foreseeable eventualities from a technical perspective. If you have been involved in an IS implementation (not necessarily an HRIS implementation), discuss how the Queensland Health SAP-HCM implementation is similar or different to the one in which you were involved. I was involved in the design of a basic Electronic Health Records System for a local health facility. The objective was to reduce the overheads incurred in running the hospital by linking all the services offered. In particular, the system hoped to provide a real-time assessment of the services offered to individual inpatients and outpatients. The key similarities with the Queensland Health are that top management initiated it and that the original deadlines were very ambitious, without sufficient regard to the human resource capacity. The major difference is the top management insisted on retaining the existing systems until they were certain the new one was handling the processes more efficiently. The top management felt that with the skeleton staff in charge of IT at the facility, five members in total, the facility could implement a new low-cost system for handling health records Based on the local network at the facility. The systems relied on the efficient transfer of information between the reception, consultants, nurses, pharmacy, and the procurement department. The system was simple but there were very many issues regarding standardization and training that made it impossible to deliver within three months. The prototype design alone took three months. However, as opposed to Queensland Health, the top management granted time extensions and refused to adopt any changes before they were sure that the changes were more efficient than the systems in use. There was an insistence on workability as opposed to meeting deadlines. The top management supported the project team all the way through by providing reasonable resource extensions and incentives such as pay for overtime work related to the project. Reference List Arnold, JT 2007, ‘Moving to a New HRIS: Time for a New Human Resource Information System? Plan Ahead for a Painless Conversion’, HR Magazine , June 2007, pp. 125-132. Troiani, I, Jerram, C & Hill, RS 2011, ‘Exploring the Public Sector Apotion of HRIS’, Industrial Management & Data Systems , vol 111, no. 3, pp. 470-488.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay discusses the value retailers add to products, how they break bulk, offer a variety of products and services, provide services, and keep records. It also talks about favorite retailer, benefits and limitations of purchasing home entertainment system from component manufacturers rather than the retailer, and how people decide on the retail store to visit.

The essay discusses the value retailers add to products, how they break bulk, offer a variety of products and services, provide services, and keep records. It also talks about favorite retailer, benefits and limitations of purchasing home entertainment system from component manufacturers rather than the retailer, and how people decide on the retail store to visit.

Questions Concerning Retailing Essay (Critical Writing) How retailers add value to products Retailers add value to goods and services. Hence, consumers prefer buying goods and services from retailers to buying from manufacturers. They add value through breaking bulk, offering a variety of products and services, providing services, and keeping records. All these undertakings ensure that consumers not only get value for their money but also access goods and services whenever they need them. Favorite retailer My favorite retailer is Wal-Mart. The reason I like this retailer is that it offers tailor-made products and services. Besides providing customized products and services, Wal-Mart also sells its products at low prices relative to its competitors. The retail performs most of the wholesaling activities, thus reducing the cost of its products and services. For competitive retail to get my patronage, it needs to demonstrate that it cares about my needs. The retail ought to offer quality products that meet my needs and also sell them at reasonable prices. Benefits and limitations of purchasing home entertainment system from component manufacturers rather than the retailer The primary advantage of purchasing a home entertainment system from component manufacturers is that one can understand the functionality of each component thus buying one that meets their desires. It is difficult for retailers to tell all the features of the products, especially if they are not involved in their manufacture. The limitation of buying an entertainment system from component manufacturers is that one would waste a lot of time moving from one manufacturer to another. Intertype competitors for 7-eleven Intertype competitors refer to businesses that offer similar products or operate in the same line of business. Some of the potential intertype competitors of 7-eleven include McDonald’s, Wal-Mart, Kroger, and Subway. All these companies focus on food products, mainly fast food, and, in some cases focus on the same target market. Firms are said to be intertype competitors if they operate in the same line of business and offer similar and competing products. Wal-Mart’s contribution to the community Every retailer has a duty to give back to society by partaking in one or more corporate social responsibilities. Wal-Mart is not an exception to this. The company contributes to the community by running campaigns aimed at fighting hunger as well as helping those faced with catastrophes like earthquakes. In 2011, the company donated $5 million to help earthquake and tsunami victims in Japan. The company is currently implementing policies aimed at exempting the low-income earners from incurring the cost attributed to value-added tax. How people decide on the retail store to visit People consider different factors before opting to visit particular retail stores. One of the reasons why an individual would prefer buying men’s suits from a specialty store to buying from a departmental store is the trust that the specialty store offers quality and customized products. The fact that specialty stores focus on a particular product or service makes consumers view them as providing quality products. Departmental stores offer quality products. However, it is hard to convince the consumer that he or she can get the same or even better product from a departmental store. Comparison between the departmental store and discount store Departmental store Discount store * It offers its products at variable prices. * It offers its products at discounted prices * Departmental stores provide a variety of goods like cosmetics, clothing, toiletries, toys, and furniture. * The stores focus mainly on prices rather than the quality of services they offer. * Departmental stores are not price motivated. * Discount stores may concentrate on one particular product like electrical appliances or jewelry. Evading middlemen There are instances where retailers do not add value to the product. In such a case, manufacturers may sell their products to customers without involving retailers. For the case of pens, I would advise the entrepreneur to sell her pens directly to consumers. By doing this, she would be guaranteed that the pens are sold at an affordable price, which would boost her sales. Moreover, she would have an opportunity to come into contact with her potential customers thus getting first-hand feedback regarding the pens. Retailing as a potential career Retailing rates are high as a possible career relative to other job opportunities. It does not only require limited capital to start, but also offers a wide area to select. While one cannot be guaranteed securing an office job, he or she can be guaranteed earning a living by venturing into retailing. One needs only to identify a potential market and come up with products or services to satisfy the market. Impacts of corporate social responsibility on stock value Corporate social responsibility such as supporting local schools and participating in environmental conservation projects may help in raising the value of the stock of a retail store. Such an undertaking leads to consumers associating themselves with the store because they enjoy a share of its returns. Eventually, the store’s sales volume increases boosting its reputation. Apart from increased sales volume, engaging in corporate social responsibility helps the store to get consumer feedback regarding its products. Consequently, the store gets an opportunity to improve product and service delivery, thus consolidating its market. Such a store attracts potential investors making the value of its stock rise.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: In "Brave New World," Huxley discusses the risks of trying to improve the world through global management. He warns of the dangers of seeking trying centralizing purpose, and urges readers to remain humble before the power of nature.

In "Brave New World," Huxley discusses the risks of trying to improve the world through global management. He warns of the dangers of seeking trying centralizing purpose, and urges readers to remain humble before the power of nature.

Quotations in Aldous Huxley’s “Brave New World” Essay (Article) Brave New World , by Aldous Huxley “ It was a masterly piece of work. But once you began admitting explanations in terms of purpose–well, you didn’t know what the result might be. It was the sort of idea that might easily decondition the more unsettled minds among the higher castes–make them lose their faith in happiness as the Sovereign Good and take to believing, instead, that the goal was somewhere beyond, somewhere outside the present human sphere, that the purpose of life was not the maintenance of well-being, but some intensification and refining of consciousness, some enlargement of knowledge. Which was, the Controller reflected, quite possibly true? But not, in the present circumstance, admissible. He picked up his pen again, and under the words, “Not to be published” drew a second line, thicker and blacker than the first; then sighed, “What fun it would be,” he thought, “if one didn’t have to think about happiness!” (Huxley, 1965, p. 136). This quotation is Mustapha Mond’s response to a manuscript on the “mathematical treatment of the conception of purpose” (Huxley, 1965, p. 135). His musings express Huxley’s skepticism of the effectiveness of global management. Elsewhere, Huxley communicates both his distaste for his contemporary world and the dangers of trying to improve it, in subtle, often humorous jibes. His vision of the future is of a fragile fabric of control holding down a world that has sacrificed a great deal but resists mightily. Human attempts to re-make the world are, in Huxley’s view, a risky business. No matter how completely the government seeks to manage the population, the citizens are still human. Nature pushes back The residents in A.F. 632 are still a part of nature, with all of nature’s contradiction, capacity for rebirth, and vulnerability. Despite the New World government’s determination to direct everything, including via “the Weather Department’s captive balloon” shining “rosily in the sunshine” (Huxley, 1965, p. 120), natural forces still exert their influence. For example, the urge to procreate remains. Despite unlimited pregnancy-free sex, women feel better after a “pregnancy substitute” (Huxley, 1965, p. 27). As another example, the government beautifies the “Park Lane Hospital for the Dying” , offers painkillers, and performs “wholesome death conditioning” on children (Huxley, 1965, pp. 143-159, passim). Death, a force of nature, remains inescapable. Aging, another natural process, still occurs, as senility, despite advanced interventions. These are described as follows: “We preserve them from diseases.” The government keeps “ their internal secretions… balanced.” They control “ their magnesium-calcium ratio.” They transfuse “ young blood.” The result: “ Youth almost unimpaired till sixty, and then, crack! The end.” (Huxley, 1965, p. 84) Disease, another natural process, stalks any un-inoculated individual. Lenina overlooks a trypanosomiasis treatment, and the resulting sleeping sickness death is the “first in half a century” (Huxley, 1965, p. 143). Human beings are still human Human nature persists, despite efforts to control it. Our tendency to fight, and do dumb things, resists the government’s plans. An example is a disastrous experiment with an all-Alpha settlement. This ended after a mere six years in “a first-class civil war” (Huxley, 1965, p. 172). Prejudice against the ‘other’, by whatever name, remains. It is encouraged, as caste consciousness, by sleep teaching. However, it appears in ways not perhaps foreseen by the Controllers. For example, early conditioning against dirt and illness eliminates sympathy, by the majority of New Worlders, for anyone’s suffering. Linda has no feeling for her weeping son. She says, “If it hadn’t been for you…I might have gotten away.” (Huxley, 1965, p. 97) As another example, Bernard is “profoundly squeamish” at John’s distress (Huxley, 1965, p. 206). Everyone throughout society also expresses, unquestioningly, the scientific racism that values people according to external physical characteristics. For example “eighty-three almost noseless black brachycephalic Deltas were cold-pressing” (Huxley, 1965, p. 122). This occurs despite repeated messages that “All men are physicochemically equal” (Huxley, 1965, p. 57). The New World conditioning does not guarantee happiness for all Despite the early conditioning to poison, stimulate, or sleep-teach “moral education” , fitting each ‘type’ of embryo/child for its eventual job and lifestyle, human individuality persists (Huxley, 1965, p. 18). The major characters of the New World are all, in some way, unique. All, sadly, end up unhappy. For example, Helmholtz regrets the poetry he may not and cannot write because he is writing “about nothing” (Huxley, 1965, p. 54). Lenina falls prey to a “V.P.”, or a violent passion, a confusing, overwhelming, and prohibited attachment for John the Savage (Huxley, 1965, p. 143). She is so torn by her conditioning that she cannot even appreciate John’s lovely compliment to her when he says he wants to outlive “beauty’s outward with a mind That doth renew swifter than blood decays “ (Huxley, 1965, p. 147). . Bernard feels left out, alienated, delighted when he is popular, and devastated when he is exiled from the world he insults. He ends up groveling before the Controller, yelling, “Send me to an island?” (Huxley, 1965, p. 173). The Controller himself is conflicted. He gave up his beloved science to avoid being exile (Huxley, 1965, p. ibid). Fortunately, for him and the “fairly high price” he paid, the Controller has power. He can read ancient books and send other non-conformists away to distant islands with more sheep than people (Huxley, 1965, p. 177). Did Huxley regret that he could not eliminate discontent without total control? Based purely on the evidence of the text, Huxley seems to have feared the future he evoked. At the same time, however, he does not seem to have felt that real life, as he knew it, led inevitably to fulfillment, and the best and highest use of human talents. His portrayal of contemporary family life, especially among the less privileged, is particularly vicious. His description of mother love as “dangerous, insane, [and] obscene” , specifically, is downright disturbing (Huxley, 1965, p. 27). He understood how early negative experiences and deprivation could warp people. “No wonder those pre-moderns were mad and wicked and miserable” , says the Controller (Huxley, 1965, p. 30). This statement demonstrates deep compassion. Given that he expressed distaste for the world around him, how should we interpret his detailed descriptions of ways that people could be made contented, if not happy? Was he revealing a bit of bitterness? Was he wistful about the possibility of solving humanity’s problems? Is it possible that he wished he could predestine contentment? Conclusion “Happiness”, in the quotation of Mustapha Mond cited above, stands in for all the attributes of human life that the A.F. world sacrifices for stability. Huxley was prophetic about so many elements of his world (consider his description of the ‘feelies’!). This precision suggests that he believed many of the inventions and events he i predicted would come to pass soon. He must have been saddened that the elimination of human discontent seemed to require crushing the human spirit. The un-crushable vitality of humanity nevertheless seems to struggle against all these efforts throughout the book. Work Cited Huxley, A. (1965). Brave New World (Harper Colophon ed.). New York, NY, USA: Harper and Row, Publishers. A possible oversight One area where Huxley may not have foreseen, fully, the danger in trying to control everything, especially according to Ford, is in resource use. There is no mention of recycling, but rather “the conscription of consumption” for the greater good and the maintenance of stability (Huxley, 1965, p. 37). The result is what seems to modern eyes massive, deliberate, and enforced waste of resources: * Any new game “requires at least as much apparatus as the most complicated of existing games” (Huxley, 1965, p. 21). * Everyone is conditioned, “So that they consume manufactured articles as well as transport.” (Huxley, 1965, p. 26), * Everyone is conditioned to repeat, “Ending is better than mending” (Huxley, 1965, p. 37) * Round-the-clock energy use abounds. For example, “Flood-lighted, its three hundred and twenty meters of white Carrara-surrogate gleamed with snowy incandescence “ (Huxley, 1965, p. 61). On the other hand, the population figure of two thousand million he mentions is less than a third of today’s actual estimate (Huxley, 1965, p. 26). Could he have imagined such a huge population as our planet carries today? Alternatively, did he indeed imagine it, and deliberately set a conservative limit on the crowding in his envisioned future? Societal stability is easier when everyone’s basic needs are met. Limited population growth would help make that possible. This is especially true since scientific advances are suppressed in the New World. For a modern reader, the absence of any obvious mention of recycling (except for the phosphorous reclaimed from human corpses) stands out like a sore thumb. It is such a rare exception to the completeness and believability of Huxley’s New World. Huxley has, in most other aspects, carefully thought out the design of the society that emerges post-Nine Years’ War, literally, from cradle to grave, and in all sectors of the globe. His foresight is uncanny: consider the television-like appliance that entertains a dying Linda, posited years before the widespread availability of television (Huxley, 1965, p. 153). Consider the anthrax bombs (remember 2001?) which he predicts would wipe out human resistance to massive, unprecedented control – how spookily prophetic he was! (Huxley, 1965, p. 175) Consider in-vitro fertilization, routine use of scent for mood control, synthetic music, and so many other examples of Huxley’s accurate prediction! However, the development of petroleum-based synthetics in manufacturing had just recently begun in 1932, when the book first appeared. He seems to have been aware of cellulose acetate, a plant-based plastic invented in 1927 since this material appears prominently in Lenina’s wardrobe. He does not seem aware of the later, more petroleum-dependent plastic materials, which so revolutionized clothing, toys, and our whole way of living from the Second World War onwards (consider the role of nylon stockings!). Perhaps he could not visualize the increasing pressure on petroleum used not only as fuel for transport, heating, and lighting but also for thousands of our daily objects. He has a small blind spot for this problem, it seems. (It also may be that his imagined factory-style food production system is somewhat in conflict with what we now know about sustainable agriculture, but there is not enough detail to be sure. Interestingly, Mustapha Mond does not seem to be thinking of ecology when he says, “We could synthesize every morsel of food if we wanted to. But we don’t. We prefer to keep a third of the population on the land. For their sakes–because it takes longer to get food out of the land than out of a factory. Besides, we have the stability to think of.” (Huxley, 1965, p. 172)) However if the population is compelled to consume, what does this mean in light of the limitations on natural resources which we are so aware of today? If this is a blind spot for Huxley, it is a dangerous one. We use petroleum for fuel and as a substrate for manufacturing. We face, right now, major challenges in finding alternatives. It is difficult to imagine that a society so pushed to consume, as is the New World, would survive for long without some organized re-use of materials. This draws attention to a very small oversight in the lovingly (if terrifyingly) detailed world he outlined.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay discusses the race factor in university admission decisions, and how the General Motors Amicus Brief defends use of race as a plus factor in making admissions decisions. The essay points out that the representatives of GM should be required to pass the exam on basic knowledge of U.S. Constitution, as it is being the case with Wilkins and with newly arrived immigrants to America.

The essay discusses the race factor in university admission decisions, and how the General Motors Amicus Brief defends use of race as a plus factor in making admissions decisions. The essay points out that the representatives of GM should be required to pass the exam on basic knowledge of U.S. Constitution, as it is being the case with Wilkins and with newly arrived immigrants to America.

Race Factor in University Admission Decisions Essay Race factor in admissions decisions Wilkins’ and Pell’s articles Even though in their articles, Wilkins and Pell do argue in favor of American citizens being provided with equal educational opportunities, regardless of what happened to be the color of their skin, authors’ opinions regarding the legal appropriateness of ‘affirmative action’ policy differ rather dramatically. According to Pell, there are three legal objections against the deployment of such policy in academia: 1. The conceptual essence of ‘affirmative action’ is being inconsistent with U.S. Constitution’s Fourteenth Amendment, which makes this policy anti-Constitutional; 2. The utilization of formal equality principle in academia is the only instrument of ensuring the factual equality of students’ admission; 3. The extent to which representatives of racial minorities have been exposed to racism is the subject of vague interpretations, which is why ‘racial underpriviledgeness’ cannot be considered a legal factor in defining the degree of such students’ academic eligibility. Wilkins’s line of argumentation, in this respect, does not concern the actual law as much as it concerns the particulars of the author’s wishful thinking. According to Wilkins, the reason why the deployment of ‘affirmative action’ in places of learning is being lawful is that: 1. It allows academic institutions to recruit potential students out of ‘society’s rock bottom’; 2. “Affirmative action… engages blacks and whites exactly at those points where they differ the most (?)”; 3. “To blacks, there’s nothing very easy about life in America” (who could have thought?). The very context of Wilkins’s ‘argumentation’ leaves very little doubt as to the fact that it cannot even be considered seriously, as it violates the principle of legal impartiality in the most blatant manner. And yet, it is namely this principle that represents the most fundamental aspect of American living, as we know it. The General Motors Amicus Brief How the General Motors Amicus Brief defends use of race as a plus factor in making admissions decisions, points out to the fact that, just as it is being the case with Wilkins and with newly arrived immigrants to America, the representatives of GM should be required to pass the exam on basic knowledge of U.S. Constitution. According to GM: “Only a well educated, diverse workforce… consisting of individuals from a multitude of races and ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds, can maintain America’s competitiveness” (2). The legal inconsistency of such GM’s claim is being visible even to a naked eye – apparently, it never occurred to the company’s representatives that ‘diversity’ is rather systemic than solely culturological term. What is means is that, for GM to ensure real ‘diversity’ at the workplace, the company should not only be giving preferences to the representatives of racial minorities but to just about anyone who has a reasonable right to claim itself is different from the majority, otherwise, GM’s adherence to the ideals of ‘diversity’ would be deemed conflicting. For example, why should not be bald or one-legged individuals provided with employment preferences, as well? Are they not representing a minority? Are they not being underprivileged? Are they not going to diversify the workplace by their mere appearance there? And, once the right of bald and one-legged people to enjoy equal employment opportunities with the representatives of a ‘majority’ is being confirmed (from a legal perspective, this simply cannot be otherwise), this will create a precedent for the company to specifically aim into hiring cat-lovers, coin collectors, transvestites, organic coffee drinkers, etc. After all, these people will also be able to prove that, due to specifics of their ‘culturally rich’ lifestyle/appearance, they should be considered a minority, and therefore, GM should as much desire them as employees as it desires newly arrived immigrants from Bangladesh, for example. Therefore, GM’s defense of diversity cannot be referred to as anything but absurdist, in the legal sense of this word. On the other hand, Cohen’s stance in this respect appears justified – according to the plaintiff, GM’s utilization of ‘affirmative action’ policy, violates American Constitution, and as such, should become the subject of a criminal investigation – pure and simple. We can only subscribe to Cohen’s claim. Value in racial diversity on college campuses As we are being well aware, during the 2003 Grutter v. Bollinger Supreme Court’s hearing, Judge O’Connor upheld the ‘affirmative action’ admissions policy of the University of Michigan Law School. She motivated such her decision by stating that the ‘compelling interest’ in having race-preference-based admission policy institutionalized, is being concerned with “obtaining the educational benefits that flow from a diverse student body”. It goes without saying, of course, that O’Connor never bothered to specify what accounts for these ‘educational benefits’. The reason for this is simple – there is none! Quite on the contrary – given the fact that, except Chinese, the average rate of IQ among representatives of racial minorities in America (specifically among Hispanics and Blacks) have long ago been proven significantly lower than that of Whites’, for example, providing ‘ethnically unique’ students with admission preferences automatically results in powering America’s educational standards. It never occurred to those who stood behind designing the ‘affirmative action’ policy that; whereas formal equality can and should be legally facilitated, the actual equality cannot be legally enforced, because this would transgress objectively existing laws of evolution, to which people are being subjected as much as plants and animals. And, the price for violating the laws of evolution has always been the same – degradation (in our case, gradual transformation of American colleges and universities into kindergartens). This is the reason why, as of today, more and more America’s corporate employers seek to hire professionals from Eastern Europe, China, and India (Microsoft Corporation is a good example) – apparently, Black and Hispanic students’ talent in ‘celebrating diversity’ does not compensate for their genetically predetermined inability to operate with highly abstract categories. Therefore, only utterly naïve or deliberately malicious people may believe that there can be any value in having racial diversity legally enforced on college campuses. The morality of considering race as a plus factor in admissions decisions It nowadays became a commonplace practice among the supporters of ‘affirmative action’ to justify their willingness to violate the U.S. Constitution’s Fourteenth Amendment by making references to vaguely defined notion of ‘morality’. And, as practice shows, they rarely bother to even try substantiating why it is specifically their stance on moral issues that should be considered valid, and to say the least – legally legitimate. For example, in the article that we have already mentioned, Wilkins had gone as far as applying the label of racism to White people, in general: “Racist and sexist Whites who are not able to accept the full humanity of other people are themselves badly damaged – morally stunted – people”. And, of course, according to the author, ‘morally stunned’ and therefore ‘racist’ people are those who oppose self-appointed guardians of public morality, such as Wilkins himself, in their intention to institutionalize insanity as the integral element of American living. What individuals like Wilkins cannot understand though, is that because the semantic meaning of the term ‘morality’ may be interpreted from a variety of different perspectives, it cannot possibly serve as the legal basis for designing social policies – at least for as long as America remains a civilized country, where the impersonal (colorblind) law represents the voice of supreme authority. And, the law clearly states – regardless of the color of their skin, American citizens have the right to enjoy equal educational opportunities. If individuals as Wilkins experience a hard time, while trying to understand the practical implications of the U.S. Constitution’s stance on the issue, then the FBI should be able to explain it to them. Racial tensions in society It appears that the provided earlier line of argumentation, against the continuous deployment of ‘affirmative action’ policies in the public sphere, is best discussed within the methodological framework of utilitarianism. According to the most prominent proponents of utilitarianism, such as Jeremy Bentham and John Mill, the moral appropriateness of a particular course of action should be measured in regards to what will account for the qualitative essence of action’s actual consequences, and not in regards to what were theoretical considerations, behind the adoption of such course of action. The realities of today’s living proof the full validity of utilitarianism, as a moral theory. For example, when it comes to treating psychologically inadequate patients, psychologists are being at liberty to resort to the utilization of a variety of mutually exclusive theories, such as the theory of Freudian psychoanalysis, the theory of gestalt-therapy, Hubbard’s theory of dianetics, etc. However, in the end, it will matter very little which psychological theory has been used to address a patient’s anxieties – the most important would be ensuring positive dynamics in the process of patient’s recovery. Therefore, theories the utilization of which does not yield positive results are false by definition, and vice versa. When we apply the same thesis, while defining the extent of ‘affirmative action’ moral appropriateness, it will appear that this policy can best refer to as utterly immoral. The reason for this is simple – after having been deployed in many American educational and professional institutions for more than twenty years, it did not result in narrowing the gap between academic achievements of Whites and Asians, on one hand, and the academic achievements of Blacks and Hispanics, on another. The only consequence of this policy’s institutionalization was the creation of additional preconditions for the continuous escalation of racial tensions within the society. In its turn, this confirms once again the validity of a popular saying that the road to hell is made out of good intentions.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The US Institute of Medicine requires the US health care system to provide equitable health care to all people regardless of their gender, race, ethnicity, and socio-economic status. However, this issue has not been adequately addressed since it was raised by the Institute of Medicine in 2001. In a recent article that appeared in the Journal of the American Medical Association, it was found that out of 334,302 people who were exposed to 151 Medicare plans, only one plan covered both the white and black people

The US Institute of Medicine requires the US health care system to provide equitable health care to all people regardless of their gender, race, ethnicity, and socio-economic status. However, this issue has not been adequately addressed since it was raised by the Institute of Medicine in 2001. In a recent article that appeared in the Journal of the American Medical Association, it was found that out of 334,302 people who were exposed to 151 Medicare plans, only one plan covered both the white and black people

Racial Healthcare Disparity in the United States Essay (Article) The US Institute of Medicine requires the US health care system to provide equitable health care to all people regardless of their gender, race, ethnicity, and socio-economic status. However, this issue has not been adequately addressed since it was raised by the Institute of Medicine in 2001. In a recent article that appeared in the Journal of the American Medical Association, it was found that out of 334,302 people who were exposed to 151 Medicare plans, only one plan covered both the white and black people evenly. Even when medical experts determine issues such as blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels, they still practice racism. Though studies reveal that the overall provision of quality health care services is improving, the discrepancies that are observed occur because many black people are not capable of acquiring expensive medical services. Many black people are, therefore, said to rely on exercise and proper nutrition to enable them to live healthy lives (Kage, 2006). In order to address the issue of inequality adequately, the government is advised to make payments to Medicare Plans so as to meet the needs of its members. Some experts argue that the money should be used to support programs that enable people to meet with nutritionists so that they can be able to control their blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels. Though such programs are often regarded as expensive, they are cheaper than paying for programs that people do not bother to use. In a different study which appeared in the journal Ethnicity and Disease, it was noted that out of the people who complained that their health was poor, many of the people came from black residents. The journal focused on the whites, blacks, Asians, and Hispanics who lived in New York City. It has also been noted that in poorer areas, there are often few shops which sell fresh vegetables and fruits. Therefore, it is true that the social system is to blame for the poor health of black people in the US (Kage, 2006). References Kage, B. (2006). Two new studies show blacks continue to receive inferior health care compared to whites. Web.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : This essay discusses the importance of understanding cultural differences in the field of clinical psychology.The essay discusses the importance of understanding cultural differences in the field of clinical psychology. This is important because it can help to avoid misunderstandings and disappointments, legal problems, and personal dissatisfaction.

This essay discusses the importance of understanding cultural differences in the field of clinical psychology. The essay discusses the importance of understanding cultural differences in the field of clinical psychology. This is important because it can help to avoid misunderstandings and disappointments, legal problems, and personal dissatisfaction.

Racial Issues in Clinical Psychology Report (Assessment) Table of Contents 1. Research Topic and Question 2. The relevance of Research Question to Personal Interests 3. Peer-Reviewed Articles 4. Insights and Conclusions of Research 5. References Research Topic and Question Clinical psychology is an important psychological field where people can get a portion of professional help and health care and solve their mental and behavioral problems. However, even though the chosen field of psychology deals with numerous human problems, there are many issues to be discussed to avoid misunderstandings, disappointments, legal problems, and personal dissatisfaction. Though many Americans believe that they are racially blind, some race-related concerns are observed in the field of clinical psychology. The main challenge is connected to deny evident racial problems and the desire to believe that the problem of racial inequality is in the past. Can racial bias define the quality of clinical help and influence personal relations between a helping expert and a patient in the field of clinical psychology? Students and people, who want to connect their future careers with clinical psychology, should try to answer this question before they make their final decisions. The relevance of Research Question to Personal Interests My desire to help people and show them the ways on how to solve their behavioral problems has a long history. Nowadays, people depend on many things: media information, political discussions, or even some personal interpretations of the neighbor’s phrase. Human behavior is a complicated system of thoughts and knowledge that is not always properly recognized. People need professional help, and I want to be a person, who can provide people with the required portion of help and understanding. Clinical psychology is not only a chance to deal with personal problems. It is a good opportunity to connect human behavioral problems and real treatment. Still, I believe that current racial problems should not prevent psychologists from offering appropriate services to all people regardless of their race. Peer-Reviewed Articles Constantine, M.G. (2007). Perceptions of racial microaggressions among black supervisees in cross-racial dyads. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54 (2), 142-153. This article touches upon the relations between Black and White people in the field of clinical psychology, discusses the peculiarities of clinical supervision, and analyzes human behavior that can depend on racial prejudices (Constantine, 2007). The main strategy that was used to locate the article was connected to read its full text and get the explanation of each term. The author of the article reviewed more than twenty articles during the last two decades, added an interview protocol and the example of a checklist to demonstrate the methods used in research. Besides, further implications were given. Iwamasa, G.Y., Sorocco, K.H., & Koonce, D.A. (2002). Ethnicity and clinical psychology: A content analysis of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 22 , 931-944. The authors of this article touched upon the tasks current clinical psychologists face. The evaluation of the demographics of the US population and the analysis of scholarly journals prove the worth of this article. The title (Ethnicity and clinical psychology) and keywords were the reasons for this article’s choice. The intention to explain why the Americans become more ethnically diverse and identify how this diversity influences clinical psychology is the core of the article (Iwamasa, Sorocco, & Koonce, 2002). Sue, D.W., Capodilupo, C.M., Torino, G.C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A.M.B., Nadal, K.L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62 (4), 271-286. Sue, Capodilupo, Torino, Bucceri, Holder, Nadal, and Esquilin (2007) underline the importance to evaluate the reasons for racial microaggressions because their perpetrators are not always aware of the conditions under which they become the participants of such communication and create problems in clinical psychology. The authors introduce racial microaggressions as one of the main barriers to clinical practice and offer the implications that can be used in the field and solve personal and professional problems. The use of many academic sources and the possibility to introduce the results in clear and informative tables are the criteria according to which the article has been chosen. Insights and Conclusions of Research The chosen articles and research help to realize that people are still prejudiced by racial problems and disparities. Clinical psychology should be free from such problems, and students have to learn how to deal with human inabilities to neglect the color of their skin when the question of human instability is raised. This research is an important part of my future career vision because it helps to understand that some improvements can be made. References Constantine, M.G. (2007). Perceptions of racial microaggressions among black supervisees in cross-racial dyads. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54 (2), 142-153. Iwamasa, G.Y., Sorocco, K.H., & Koonce, D.A. (2002). Ethnicity and clinical psychology: A content analysis of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 22 , 931-944. Sue, D.W., Capodilupo, C.M., Torino, G.C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A.M.B., Nadal, K.L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62 (4), 271-286.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: A recent incident points to the necessity to introduce control tools for managing confrontations between indigenous Australians and the representatives of racial and ethnic minorities. Particularly, the accident with Goodes needs to be mentioned. The specified situation shows that there is a strong need to introduce the principles of cultural sensitivity into the realm of Australian society.

A recent incident points to the necessity to introduce control tools for managing confrontations between indigenous Australians and the representatives of racial and ethnic minorities. Particularly, the accident with Goodes needs to be mentioned. The specified situation shows that there is a strong need to introduce the principles of cultural sensitivity into the realm of Australian society.

Racism in Australian Football League Sporting Clubs Report (Assessment) Table of Contents 1. Debates 2. Debate Description 3. Northern Territory Intervention 4. Cultural Diversity: Impact 5. The AASW Guide 6. Othering 7. References Debates Despite numerous attempts at addressing problems in interracial relationships, racism remains a despicable yet integral part of the modern world. The issue can be tracked down in the Australian environment as well, with the recent instances of racism being sparked in AFL sports clubs. However, a closer look at the subject matter will reveal that the problem is imprinted deep in the mind frame of the Australian indigenous community. Debate Description A recent incident points to the necessity to introduce control tools for managing confrontations between indigenous Australians and the representatives of racial and ethnic minorities. Particularly, the accident with Goodes needs to be mentioned (Matthey, 2017). The specified situation shows that there is a strong need to introduce the principles of cultural sensitivity into the realm of Australian society (Rigby, 2017). Adam Goodes is an Australian football player belonging to the indigenous Australian culture. He has been known for his stellar achievements in football, as well as his social activities aimed to address the instances of racism against indigenous Australians (Smith, 2017). However, Goodes’s public persona has become quite controversial over the past few years due to his outrageous actions (Matthey, 2017). On the one hand, the fact that Goodes became a victim of racism in 2012 when a racial slur was used against him shows that racism persists in Australia (“Infamous AFL racism incidents,” 2017). On the other hand, him performing an indigenous dance in 2015 indicates that the indigenous population needs further education about cultural sensitivity (“Sydney Swans’ Adam Goodes,” 2015). Therefore, there is a need to focus on the management of relationships between indigenous communities and the rest of the Australian population. The situation with the racial slur being used against the football player shows that racism remains a significant problem for the residents of Australia (Smith, 2017). Particularly, racism affects the members of indigenous cultures (Matthey, 2017). The case under analysis points quite clearly to the fact that the instances of racism against football players in the AFL club may be caused by misinformation or ignorance among the rest of the Australian population (Little, 2017). However, there is another side to the specified argument. One might argue that the very idea of using dance as the means of rendering one’s emotional state and express joy cannot be considered offensive (Rigby, 2017). While the specified assumption is partially true, it is also necessary to consider the goals that the football player pursued with his dance, as Day, Nakata, Nakata, and Martin (2015) explain in their analysis. Therefore, there are solid reasons to assume that the problem of racism is currently spinning out of control in Australian society. Other studies warn that the increase in the levels of social confusion that the specified problem causes is likely to lead to even more drastic outcomes (Day et al., 2015). Viewing the problem from the perspective of the Cultural Responsiveness Theory (CRT), which states that successful leadership and change management is only possible once the culture-specific needs of the target population are taken into account (Sasakamoose, Bellegarde, Sutherland, Pete, & McKay-McNabb, 2017), one must acknowledge the presence of the conflict (i.e., the lack of cultural awareness leading to racism) and determine the strengths of the community (Sasakamoose et al., 2017). In the context of the Australian environment, the readiness to accept the ideas of racial tolerance and cultural diversity can be considered the key assets (Mitha & Adaita, 2016). At present, it is the lack of engagement that defines the increasingly high levels of racism in the community (Sasakamoose et al., 2017). Therefore, to produce a spiritually grounded rise in the social and cultural well-being of the population by the CRT, one will have to consider encouraging the active and consistent knowledge acquisition among the members of the Australian social environment (Mitha & Adaita, 2016). Thus, rapid progress can be expected. Northern Territory Intervention Scott Morrison is a member of the Australian government (particularly, he voices the opinions of the Liberal Party in the Australian House of Representatives) and the proponent of the Northern Territory National Emergency Response, also known as the Northern Territory Intervention (NTI). Accepted in 2007, the NTI implied that a set of rigid rules allowing for law enforcement in the areas where indigenous communities lived should take place (Roffee, 2016). Morrison continued the policy of his predecessor and supported the concept of the NTI, especially as far as the promotion of the welfare credit card is concerned. Spawning the so-called “welfare debate” (Hutchens, 2017, para. 1), the NTI package contributed to multiplying the issues faced by the residents of the Australian aboriginal communities by introducing the “cashless welfare card trial” (Zhou, 2017, para. 1). On the one hand, the idea of increasing welfare levels by introducing a more rational approach toward purchasing goods and allocating the available resources could be deemed as rather reasonable for assisting indigenous people populating the Northern territory (Kennedy, 2012). As Kennedy (2012) explained, by attaching specific conditions to welfare payments, one could create the premises for a rise in the levels of well-being in the target community. On the other hand, patronizing tone toward indigenous Australians has contributed to a massively negative impact of NTI on the specified communities (Zhou, 2017). To be more exact, the adoption of the welfare credit card regulation is viewed as a condescending and therefore, humiliating step in developing the relationships with the indigenous peoples of Australia (Zhou, 2017). One might argue that the regulation was designed to meet the needs of a wide range of Australian aboriginal people, hence the patronizing tone of NTI and the nature of the welfare credit card (Kennedy, 2012). Particularly, the restrictions imposed on purchasing tobacco and alcohol were viewed as the means of addressing the potential social threats faced by disengaged youth (Proudfoot & Habibis, 2015). That being said, the condescending manner in which the cashless welfare card trial was carried out was a mistake since it aggravated the conflict between the government and the members of indigenous Australian populations (“Review of the cashless debit card trial,” 2017). For obvious reasons, the regulation was quickly termed as the “paperless arrest” (Yang, 2015, p. 21) among the members of the indigenous Australian community (Lobo, 2014). The theory of ethnocentrism can be used to analyze the problem in question. Viewing the problem from the Racism, Acceptance, and Cultural-Ethnocentrism Scale (RACES) theory perspective, one will have to recognize the failure of the government, in general, and Morrison, in particular, to recognize the independence of indigenous populations of Australia as the conflict that needs to be addressed (Mitha & Adaita, 2016). Particularly, there are problems with the unidimensional (racial) and multidimensional (socioeconomic, political, etc.) levels (Grigg & Manderson, 2016). Finally, the problem of the welfare card concept may be viewed from the cultural humility theory, which suggests that the priorities should be defined ((the needs of Australian indigenous peoples), the process should be analyzed (i.e., key cultural conflicts), a focus on values must be maintained consistent (i.e., the need for equality), a specific perspective should be set (i.e., the principles of racial tolerance), and a servant’s heart must be cultivated (i.e., a respectful attitude toward the needs of indigenous populations) (Hockett, Samek, & Headley, 2017). Cultural Diversity: Impact The incident with Goodes goes against the foundational principles of ethical practice. According to the AASW Practice Standards (2013), it is imperative to create an environment in which culturally responsive practice can be carried out. The identified scenario, in turn, does not allow building culturally responsive communication. Thus, one should consider developing a program that will provide the members of the White Australian community with the necessary knowledge about the importance of diversity, the significance of multicultural communication, etc. (Berman, Daniel, Butler, MacNevin, & Royer, 2017). Thus, the setting in which the relationships between the stakeholders in question may progress will be built. Furthermore, according to AASW, a social worker “Creatively adapts and modifies practice to work effectively and inclusively with people who have different and diverse cultural identities, values, affiliations, beliefs and customs” (Australian Association of Social Workers, 2013, p. 11) when managing the scenarios implying racial dilemmas (Australian Association of Social Workers, 2010). Therefore, the goal of a social worker in the specified case will imply introducing basic principles of tolerance, the threats of prejudices, and the tools for proper cross-cultural communication into the environment of the Australian sport (especially as far as the setting of the AFL Club is concerned). Considering the problem from several levels, one must mention that the macro-level management will require building a set of rigid ethical standards that will, later on, be introduced into the AFL Club environment. Afterward, the meso-level will be managed by creating group sessions for the AFL Club members to attend so that they could learn the basics of cultural diversity and multicultural relationships. The micro-level framework, in turn, will have to be focused on designing a tool for approaching specific AFL members so that they could build cultural awareness. Thus, the premises for preventing further instances of racism in the AFL environment will be created (Carr, 2016). As a social worker, one will have to consider appealing to the target audience’s concept of social justice by pointing out the absurdity of discriminating against people based on their cultural, ethnic, or racial identity (Bodkin-Andrews & Carlson, 2016). Thus, a better understanding of the principles of cross-cultural communication can be fostered among the target population. Furthermore, a social worker must address social prejudices specifically by subverting the ideas that have been preventing the representatives of White Australian communities for developing proper relationships with the members of indigenous communities in Australia (Carr, 2016). At this point, though, one must mention the fact that the current levels of cultural diversity in Australia are quite high. Indeed, a closer look at a modern Australian indigenous family will show that it is usually very diverse, yet racist attitudes persist in the society despite the efforts made to address them (Waton et al., 2014). A recent study shows that the focus on color blindness has been working to the detriment of the relationships between ethnic minorities and indigenous populations of Australia (Bodkin-Andrews & Carlson, 2016). According to the description provided by Waton et al. (2014), color blindness in the context of racial relationships can be interpreted as the assumption of equality coupled with an “added normative dimension that we should therefore be ‘blind’ to ethnic or racial (i.e., ‘color’) differences” (Walton et al., 2014, p. 113). Therefore, the phenomenon of color blindness cannot be viewed separately from the idea of equality and integrity. The AASW Guide Rooted in the principles of equality, the AASW guide demands that a social worker should act “to bring about social or systemic change to reduce social barriers, inequality and injustice” (Australian Association of Social Workers, 2010, p. 8). In other words, a social worker must reinforce the significance of recognizing the needs of aboriginal Australians and help the rest of the community understand the needs of indigenous Australian populations (Bray, Gray, Hand, & Katz, 2014). Viewing the concept of the NTI and the social welfare card from the social justice perspective, one must admit that the strategy provided by Morrison misaligns with the essential principles of social equality (Australian Association of Social Workers, 2013). Indeed, the patriarchal tone of the welfare card is a misrepresentation of the foundational social justice principles, which imply that all members of the society must be provided with equal rights and viewed as equal participants in political, economic, and cultural processes occurring in the state (Australian Association of Social Workers, 2010). In other words, by depriving Australian aboriginal communities of the opportunity to make choices for themselves, the government violates the idea of equality as the foundational principle of the social justice system (Baldry, Carlton, & Cunneen, 2015). Considering the practice of a social worker in the target environment from three key levels, one must mention the macro level first. The specified perspective implies changes on the state-wide level. In other words, changes must be introduced into the Australian government. The specified modification will require canceling the welfare card concept as the first step to take. Afterward, the active promotion of the framework allowing meeting the needs of indigenous Australian people must be promoted on the government level. Later, the meso-stage will have to be considered. For this purpose, creating organizations that will provide social assistance to Australian indigenous families in need must be deemed as a necessity. Finally, to appeal to people on a micro-level, a social worker must offer counseling services for individuals (Royer, 2014). When handling the issue as a social worker, one must also keep in mind that the application of anti-racist practice concepts and strategies will allow the introduction change to Australian society efficiently. As stressed above, the idea of color blindness has been promoted actively in the Australian environment (Baldry et al., 2015). However, apart from the specified tool, other techniques such as the active use of information and apology (DiStaso, Vafeiadis, & Amaral, 2015) should be deployed. Thus, the values linked to equality, diversity, and multiculturalism can be introduced into the realm of Australian society. Furthermore, the identified alteration will help trigger a political change since it will compel the state authorities to consider the regulation that will take the needs of indigenous people of Australia into account (Bray, Gray, Hand, & Katz, 2014). As a social worker, one will have to use all available tools to promote the principles of social justice based on equality, tolerance, and acceptance to the Australian population. For this purpose, the communication strategies based on sympathy empathy, an apology must be incorporated into the communication process (DiStaso et al., 2015). Furthermore, one must consider using modern media (specifically social networks) as the means of reaching out to both sides of the conflict. Thus, the needs of the vulnerable population will be met successfully (Baldry et al., 2015). Othering Othering can be defined as subjecting the members of a particular minority group to social isolation by the rest of the community members (Heinz, Müller, Krach, Cabanis, & Kluge, 2014). Furthermore, othering can be termed as giving specific members of a community power over the rest of the citizens based on specific ethnic, cultural, or any other characteristics (Jakobsen, 2014). The phenomenon of othering has a distinctly negative effect on the representatives of racial minorities in Australia since it contributes to their further isolation. Applying the concept of othering to the scenario described above, one will reveal that the socio-cultural divide between indigenous Australians and the rest of the Australian population has been in existence for centuries (Sarra, 2014). Furthermore, being unaddressed for the most part, the problem in question has only aggravated over the years of its development. Therefore, nowadays, the process of ostracism in the context of Australian society occurs without any hindrances in its way. The problem faced by Goodes points to the fact that whiteness is currently the dominant concept in the Australian culture, as well as that it has been the foundation for building intercultural relationships for centuries (Sarra, 2014). The specified phenomenon does not align with the foundational principles of the cultural humility theory (Hockett et al., 2017). Indeed, the problem of racism that manifested itself in the incident with Goodes shows that there is a strong need to introduce the ideas of cultural humility, as well as anti-oppressive practices, into the context of the Australian sports environment, particularly, the Australian Football Club. The case under analysis shows that othering was used against Goodes by the football fan when she called him an ape. Thus, the fan specified that, from her perspective, Goodes’s culture was entirely alien to hers; furthermore, it could be argued that the fan referred to Goodes’s appearance. Therefore, the othering technique deployed by the fan concerned polarizing the behaviors to which she was used and the one that Goodes adopted during the game. Furthermore, the technique known as dehumanization was used by the fan. Indeed, by comparing the football player to an ape, she attempted at dehumanizing Goodes and, therefore, drawing a line between her culture and his one (Jakobsen, 2014). The specified incident has a drastic effect on the relationships between White Australian and the representatives of other races and ethnicities in the AFL Club context. Therefore, the problem needs to be addressed respectively (Hockett et al., 2017). The othering technique that is currently accepted in the AFL Club implies the use of us/them concept as the means of isolating specific cultures and races (“Infamous AFL racism incidents,” 2017). Particularly, the members of the White culture are viewed as “us,” whereas the rest of the ethnicities are referred to as “them” in the context of the Australian environment (Little, 2017). Among the interventions that could potentially be used to manage the instances of othering in the realm of the Australian society, one must mention the approaches aimed at preventing the further perpetuation of the White culture dominance in the target environment (Sarra, 2014). For this purpose, programs aimed at raising awareness should be deemed as possible tools for handling the issue. Particularly, the promotion of the idea of diversity and multiculturalism must become the focus of the attention of modern media. Thus, the foundation for introducing the relevant values to the context of the Australian indigenous community will be built. Furthermore, it will be necessary to make sure that the members of the target community should be ready to accept the suggested changes. Thus, the incorporation of a coherent leadership strategy aimed at transforming the current perspective of indigenous populations will need to be utilized (Hockett et al., 2017). The phenomenon of othering can also be tracked down in the debate caused by the introduction of the welfare card into the context of Australian society. By promoting the specified element of the NTI as the means of addressing the needs of indigenous populations of Australia, Morrison indicates that the Australian government has a very poor understanding of its indigenous cultures, in general, and deploys racist tools to address social issues associated with the specified members of the Australian population. Thus, there is a strong need in introducing new and innovative approaches to handle the specified concern (Hockett et al., 2017). The us/them concept is promoted with the help of the welfare card, thus, pointing to the residents of the Northern Territory as “them,” whereas the rest of the community is viewed as “us” based on the NTI provisions (Berg, 2014). The process of othering spurred by the introduction of the welfare card is admittedly difficult to manage. The strategy used by Morrison has undermined the very concept of equality in the realm of Australian society. By validating the policy, Morrison defined the members of indigenous Australian communities as lacking independence and being unable to make choices for themselves. As a result, Morrison drew a very clear line between the two groups in Australia. The specified problem is a graphic example of othering; while Morrison did not make any explicit statements concerning the characteristics of the target population or their ability to make important decisions, he questioned their independence in a very harmful and offensive way. Therefore, the further cancellation of the welfare card concept and its replacement with a more appropriate tool for managing the issues faced by indigenous Australians is due (Hockett et al., 2017). The process of othering launched by Morrison is bound to have drastic ethical consequences unless addressed appropriately. Since the policy that he has supported implies that the indigenous population of Australia should be provided with fewer rights than the rest of the citizens, it is bound to launch a series of social changes in the Australian environment. Particularly, the gap between its aboriginal citizens and the rest of the community will take a drastic shape. Since the regulation perpetuates the idea of indigenous peoples of Australia as lacking independence and being unable to make financial decisions, it is likely to harm the specified citizens’ ability to advance in society. Furthermore, the relationships between the Northern Territory residents and other Australian communities will be hampered significantly, with racial discrimination becoming increasingly more common. The identified process of othering will finally lead to discrimination and racism becoming a norm of social interactions in Australia (Jakobsen, 2014). Therefore, the further promotion of equality and the relevant principles is crucial to the efficient management of the situation (Heinz et al., 2014). Morrison must recognize the problems of the policy that he supported; moreover, the rest of the government members will need to accept the idea that indigenous Australian populations have the right to engage in the same economic, political, financial, and cultural interactions as the rest of the Australian community (Hockett et al., 2017). As soon as the focus of the relevant values is introduced into the political and social environment of Australia, its government, particularly, Morrison, is likely to reconsider the introduction of the welfare card as the means of regulating the issues faced in the Northern Territory. Furthermore, a significant change in the intercultural and interracial relationships between the representatives of different cultures in the context of the Australian society is bound to occur with the reinforcement of equality and the associated values (Hockett et al., 2017). References Australian Association of Social Workers. (2010). Code of ethics. Web. Australian Association of Social Workers. (2013). Practice standards. Web. Baldry, E., Carlton, B., & Cunneen, C. (2015). Penal reform in Australia: Indigenous women, colonial patriarchy, and co-option. Social Justice, 41 (3), 168-189. Berg, C. (2014). Welfare plans an assault on our freedom. ABC News . Web. Berman, R., Daniel, B. J., Butler, A., MacNevin, M., & Royer, N. (2017). Nothing, or almost nothing, to report: Early childhood educators and discursive constructions of colorblindness. International Critical Childhood Policy Studies Journal, 6 (1), 52-65. Bodkin-Andrews, G., & Carlson, B. (2016). The legacy of racism and Indigenous Australian identity within education. Race Ethnicity and Education, 19 (4), 784-807. Web. Bray, J. R., Gray, M., Hand, K., & Katz, I. (2014). Evaluating new income management in the Northern Territory: Final evaluation report . Web. Carr, P. B. (2016). Whiteness and white privilege: Problematizing race and racism in a “color-blind” world, and in education. International Journal of Critical Pedagogy, 7 (1), 51-74. Day, A., Nakata, V., Nakata, M., & Martin, G. (2015). Indigenous students’ persistence in higher education in Australia: Contextualising models of change from psychology to understand and aid students’ practices at a cultural interface. Higher Education Research & Development, 34 (3), 501-512. Web. DiStaso, M. W., Vafeiadis, M., & Amaral, C. (2015). Managing a health crisis on Facebook: How the response strategies of apology, sympathy, and information influence public relations. Public Relations Review, 41 (2), 222-231. Web. Grigg, K., & Manderson, L. (2016). The Australian Racism, Acceptance, and Cultural-Ethnocentrism Scale (RACES): Item response theory findings. International Journal for Equity in Health, 15 (1), 49-64. Web. Heinz, A., Müller, D. J., Krach, S., Cabanis, M., & Kluge, U. P. (2014). The uncanny return of the race concept. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience , 8 (836), 1-10. Web. Hutchens, G. (2017). UN expert accuses Turnbull government of using ‘punitive language’ in welfare debate. The Guardian . Web. Infamous AFL racism incidents. (2017). The Age . Web. Hockett, E., Samek, L., & Headley, S. (2017). Cultural humility: A framework for local and global engagement . Web. Jakobsen, M. (2014). Ethnic Chinese entrepreneurship in Malaysia: On contextualization in international business studies . New York, NY: Routledge. Kennedy, D. (2012). Debate over Australia welfare ‘credit card. ‘ BBC.com . Web. Little, C. (2017). Heritier Lumumba hits out: ‘The AFL is incompetent in dealing with racism’ . The Guardian . Web. Lobo, M. (2014) Everyday multiculturalism: Catching the bus in Darwin, Australia. Social & Cultural Geography, 15 (7), 714-729. Web. Matthey, J. (2017). Heritier Lumumba launches fresh tirade against Collingwood. Australian News . Web. Mitha, K., & Adatia, S. (2016). The faith community and mental health resilience amongst Australian Ismaili Muslim youth. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 19 (2), 192-207. Web. Proudfoot, F., & Habibis, D. (2015). Separate worlds: A discourse analysis of mainstream and Aboriginal populist media accounts of the Northern Territory Emergency Response in 2007. Journal of Sociology, 51 (2), 170-188. Web. Review of the cashless debit card trial . (2017). Web. Rigby, M. (2017). Racism, recognition and reconciliation in AFL: A young player’s perspective. The ABC News . Web. Roffee , J. A. (2016). Rhetoric, Aboriginal Australians and the Northern Territory intervention: A socio‐legal investigation into pre‐legislative argumentation. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 5 (1), 131‐147. Web. Royer, L. (2014). Using one’s right of inspection: Australia, the United Nations, human rights and aboriginal people. Revue LISA, 12 (7), 1-9. doi:10.4000/lisa.6927 Sarra, C. (2014). Strong and smart: Towards a pedagogy for emancipation. Education for first peoples . New York, NY: Routledge. Sasakamoose, J., Bellegarde, T., Sutherland, W., Pete, S., & McKay-McNabb, K. (2017). Miýo-pimātisiwin developing indigenous Cultural Responsiveness Theory (ICRT): Improving indigenous health and well-being. The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 8 (4), 1-16. Web. Smith, P. (2017). Racist AFL fans learn nothing from Goodes experience. Weekend Australian . Web. Sydney Swans’ Adam Goodes celebrates goal with Indigenous war dance, ruffles feathers. (2015). The Sydney Morning Herald . Web. Walton, J., Priest, N., Kowal, E., White, F., Brickwood, K., Fox, B., & Paradies, Y. (2014). Talking culture? Egalitarianism, color-blindness and racism in Australian elementary schools. Teaching and Teacher Education, 39 , 112-122. Web. Yang, D. Y. (2015). Policing indigenous Australians in the Northern Territory: Implications of the “paperless arrest.” Indigenous Law Bulletin, 8 (18), 21-25. Zhou, N. (2017). Northern Territory intervention violates international law, Gillian Triggs says. The Guardian . Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The essay discusses the benefits of increasing speed limits in American high ways. These benefits include reducing the number of accidents, improving the economy, and reducing pollution.The increase of speed limits in American high ways is also bound to reduce the levels of traffic noise and emission of pollutant gases to the atmosphere.

The essay discusses the benefits of increasing speed limits in American high ways. These benefits include reducing the number of accidents, improving the economy, and reducing pollution. The increase of speed limits in American high ways is also bound to reduce the levels of traffic noise and emission of pollutant gases to the atmosphere.

Raising Speed Limits in American Highways Essay There has been considerable controversy over whether raising speed limits in highways is beneficial or not. However, factions that do not support the raising of speed limits of motor vehicles on United States’ highways simply ignore the benefits that accrue with such a decision. After the State of California increased its speed limit, critics of high speed limits predicted carnages on the highways of California. However, it has been three years now and the rate of accidents in Californian highways has, actually reduced. This paper is an, in depth, investigation of the benefits that come with the increasing of speed limits in U.S. highways. As implied in the discussion above, speed limits lead to a reduction of the incidences of accidents on highways. It is, thus, apparent that the adoption of a speed limit of 70mph will save American lives that could, otherwise, be lost in accidents. The reason why higher speed limits reduce the occurrence of accidents is because it leads to fast moving traffic which contributes to uniformity of traffic. This is very important in reduction of accidents since in a scenario where there are slow and fast moving vehicles on the same highway, there will be competition for space which leads to accidents. Additionally, most drivers are comfortable with high speeds and thus more perfected driving will be experienced after implementation of the high speed limit. Another benefit that comes with adopting a high highway speed limit is that it is bound to bring a positive change to delivery of services and transportation. This will, indubitably, have a positive impact on the economy of the U.S. since people will be able to run businesses more efficiently and more transactions will. Therefore, be carried out in a single day. In addition to this, the additional fuel consumption that may result from higher speed limits will undoubtedly be cancelled by the benefit of saving time. The government will get more taxes from fuel and thus it will be able to deliver better services to its citizens. Lastly, the increasing of speed limits in highways will be beneficial since as stated, most drivers like driving at high speeds and thus they can drive well in these speeds. This means that the number of people who default highway laws will be reduced and thus people will do more constructive things instead of concentrating on court cases. The increase of highway speed limit is also bound to reduce the levels of traffic noise which is mostly caused by hooting and screeching. It will also reduce the rate of emission of pollutant gases to the atmosphere. This will be very instrumental in the efforts towards environmental conservation. These pollutants include gases like nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide which are very infamous environmental pollutants. A lot of benefits can be associated with increasing speed limits in highways that one wonders why some states in the United States are yet to increase their highway speed limit. Legislators should appreciate the benefits that have been discussed in this essay to make proper legislation for highway speed limits. Borrowing from states like California which have already implemented speed limits in highways, a speed limit of 70mph has been proven to be good. This is because California’s statistics for accidents since the implementation of this legislation has been relatively impressive. Bibliography Wilson, Marshall. Higher Speed Limits, Lower Death Rates/Statistics Surprise Many. Web. Observers of State Highways . 1998. Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The text discusses the importance of reading aloud in kindergarten and how it can help to develop children's understanding of pictures and text. The author also provides tips for making the most of this activity.

The text discusses the importance of reading aloud in kindergarten and how it can help to develop children's understanding of pictures and text. The author also provides tips for making the most of this activity.

Reading Aloud in Kindergarten: Lesson Plan Essay (Critical Writing) Topic of Lesson Understanding pictures and understanding text: What is the difference? Length of lesson Approximate length should be about two periods, each about 20 minutes. Developmental level/Grade level The approximate age of learners should be four to five years. Grouping The group should consist of approximately 15-20 students. Literacy Development Objective(s) * Learn to understand the meaning of the text after reading aloud; * Learn the difference of reading aloud and reading silently; * Learn to understand pictures and use those to understand the text; * Learn to discuss the difference between a picture and a text. Related State Learning Standard(s) Working on teams can be interesting and exciting for children. They are required to choose a leader of the team and share with this person all ideas for him/her to present those as the final version. Procedures Introduction * Greeting students and explaining the objectives of the lesson to children; * Introducing the activity of reading a big book; * Explaining the rules of this game (this should be introduced as a game because children do not really like learning in its direct meaning); * Giving an example of how the process will take place. Learning Activity * Make children divide into groups with equal number of members (help them to divide themselves); * Give each team a book (the same book); * Make children describe a picture; * Tell children to read the text and interpret its meaning (make them explain what the text was about); * Tell children to compare what they learnt from the book and from the picture. Conclusion * Analyze the effectiveness of children’s interpretation; * Explain if they were wrong (do this on every step so that children were guided by you). Adaptations for diverse learners * If children have poor reading skills, a teacher should organize the reading aloud activity so that every participant knew what the text was about; * If children have poor reciting skills, it is necessary to make them interpret the meaning of the picture in some other way (for instance, children can describe their emotions driven by this picture or choose some colors that characterize the mood of the picture). Oral Directions and Guidance given to children It is necessary to explain the children a step-by-step algorithm so that they could follow it after having divided them in groups in accordance with their leadership competencies and literacy skills: * Choose a captain of your crew; * Let every captain choose a picture from those given in the book; * Try to explain what is depicted there (more than one version is allowed); * Give suggestions on your rivals’ pictures. Materials/Supplies Needed It is necessary to provide each team with the same book. Assessment of learning objectives and state standards The lesson is designed in accordance with the state standards and the activities can be performed by all members of the team. Post-lesson reflective evaluation: I believe that I was rather effective as a teacher and children did neither get bored nor were passive and dissatisfied. I think that I could apply practices involving more individual participation such as preparing and reciting a poem or a song.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The importance of developing efficient teaching strategies that would foster the acquisition of those skills by children.The training module is designed for 3 rd grade children and, therefore, the texts designed for the lessons should not be long and difficult. The volunteers, therefore, should be more focused on analysis of children's aptness to listen to a teacher and provide the corresponding modifications to the curriculum. With regard, the metacognition, graphic organizers, and recognizing the structure of the texts and stories should be among the most effective strategies enhancing reading comprehension.

The importance of developing efficient teaching strategies that would foster the acquisition of those skills by children. The training module is designed for 3 rd grade children and, therefore, the texts designed for the lessons should not be long and difficult. The volunteers, therefore, should be more focused on analysis of children's aptness to listen to a teacher and provide the corresponding modifications to the curriculum. With regard, the metacognition, graphic organizers, and recognizing the structure of the texts and stories should be among the most effective strategies enhancing reading comprehension.

Reading Comprehension and Teaching Strategies Essay Teachers should pay more attention to developing efficient teaching strategies that would foster the acquisition of those skills by children. With regard, the metacognition, graphic organizers, and recognizing the structure of the texts and stories should be among the most effective strategies enhancing reading comprehension. The training module is designed for 3 rd grade children and, therefore, the texts designed for the lessons should not be long and difficult. The volunteers, therefore, should be more focused on analysis of children’s aptness to listen to a teacher and provide the corresponding modifications to the curriculum. According to Cubukcu (2008), metacognitive strategies contribute to the development of vocabulary and reading comprehension. Applying to this technique, a teacher should answer the following questions: 1. “What do I want out of this?” 2. “How do I propose going about getting there?” The importance of introducing graphic organizers is also essential because visual aids can advance comprehension and promote children’s understanding of the major in the text (Leddy, 2011). For instance, volunteers can provide visual materials as a support for the reading texts. Reading accompanied by illustrations fosters’ children’ understanding of the literary resources. In addition, the teacher should also explain children why reading is beneficial, as well as how reading can ensure greater opportunities. Finally, recognition of the text structure is another important technique to de applied in the classroom (Latawiec, 2010). The task of a teacher is to help children design characters, plot, setting, and problems highlighted in the reading. Reading structuring is a part of a cognitive process, and children can learn to structure the text and extract the most important information out of the reading. The Steps Involved In Teaching Each Strategy Metacognition The task of a teacher is to propose students to read the text aloud and retell what has been read. The volunteer should apply a silent reading technique to define whether this approach is more efficient as compared to reading aloud. The teacher should contrast and compare these techniques by asking questions about the text and defining the extent to which children cover the main idea of the reading. Visual Aids and Graphic organizers The teacher should apply additional techniques to accompany reading. For instance, they can provide children with a PowerPoint presentation explicating the content of the reading through illustrations. Alternatively, educators can ask children to draw characters and associated events. They can also apply to bodily language to provide a detailed account about the themes from the reading. Text structure Text structure analysis is also an important contribution to the reading comprehension strategy. The teachers should be concerned with the ways children can extract important information from the text. For instance, the teachers can pose questions that should allow children to search for the answers in the text. In such a manner, students can find out the most suitable topics and ideas. Application of the Proposed Strategies Provided teachers ask students to read a specific passage from the text. In order to accomplish the above-proposed strategies: 1. Conduct a test lesson to define children’s strengths and weaknesses; 2. Divide children into groups in accordance with their abilities and skills; 3. Apply various teaching strategies with regard to the skills. While evaluating children performance, teachers should do assessments individual to measure the performance of each student.It is important for children to find out correlation between the textual information and illustrations. In such a manner, it is possible to define how children’s reading comprehension skills are improved. In addition, it is possible to analyze the pictures that children have provided after reading the text. Finally, the character and theme analysis can also provide children with deeper knowledge of the text and enhance their reading comprehension skills. Applying this technique can also involve listening. For instance, a teacher can read a passage and offer a list of questions that should be answered. All these approaches combined, the education can significantly enhance their teaching strategies, as well as provoke children’s interest into a learning process. In addition, it can also contribute to an individual-centered technique and develop new directions in reading and understanding texts. Discussion of Modifications The analysis of peer reviews has provided a new vision on the analysis of teaching strategies designed for 3 rd grade children. The volunteers should be more concerned with estimating children’s level of reading comprehension, as well as efforts they make to improve their reading skills. The modifications made to the training module also introduce systematic instructions for volunteers who should adhere to a set of recommendations and techniques. They should also be familiar with learner-centered approach, which will allow them to introduce an advanced approach to reading comprehension training module. In addition to the structural correction, specific attention should also be paid to the audience involved into the training model development. Introducing the characteristics of children is indispensible to improving the academic curriculum. Therefore, the correction made in this field will provide a narrow-focused approach to a learning process. Alternatively, generalized strategies will not bring in the desirable outcomes. References Cubukcu, F. (2008). Enhancing Vocabulary Development and Reading Comprehension through Metacognitive Strategies. Issues in Educational Research. 18(1), 1-11. Latawiec, B. (2010). Text Structure Awareness as a Metacognitive Strategy Facilitating EFL/ESL Reading Comprehension and Academic Achievement. International Journal Of Learning , 17 (5), 25-48. Leddy, T (2011). Reading Comprehension Strategy in a Remedial Elementary Classroom. Northern Michigan University, pp. 1-39.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The reasons for the increased absenteeism among employees in the software development and sales company include retirees not being replaced immediately, young people with small children being hired, and a new customer care center opening in India.

The reasons for the increased absenteeism among employees in the software development and sales company include retirees not being replaced immediately, young people with small children being hired, and a new customer care center opening in India.

Reasons for the Increased Absenteeism Essay Employees are permitted to be absent from work for a number of days in a year. However, research demonstrates that absenteeism cases have been on the rise globally (Pauly et al. 221). Excessive absenteeism has been confirmed to have huge production and financial implications on businesses (Pauly et al. 224). Absenteeism lowers the productivity of businesses because it brings about a situation where employees do not perform maximally to achieve the production goals of business establishments. In the last two years, absenteeism has increased from 2.2% to 4.7% in the software development and sales company. This paper discusses the reasons for the high absenteeism among employees in the software development and sales company. The case facts were identified by the task force that investigated the causes of the high rate of absenteeism in the company. In the last two years, many employees retired from the company. However, only 70% of the retirees were replaced, creating a deficit in the workforce by 30%. The management has argued that the remaining 30% of new employees to replace the retirees would be hired once the economy improves. This is a high number of employees who will be absent from the company for an unknown time. The dearth of employees overburdens the workers because they are expected to preserve the productivity that was in the company before the other employees retired. The current workers might be excusing themselves from work to avoid the stress associated with the expected high personal performance to maintain productivity (Westman and Dalia 600). Retirees in companies should be replaced immediately to maintain regular operations and efficiency within companies. Research shows that lack of immediate employee replacements in business entities might lead to inefficiencies and lowered productivity that might take longer to recover (Ekerdt 79). The other case fact identified by the task force was that the new hires made by the company were mostly young people in their 20’s who had small children. Small children require a lot of care and attention from their parents because they often become ill. This implies that the new hires could be absent from work to provide childcare for their young children. The young hires could not avoid being absent because, in most cases, children fall sick abruptly. The third case fact was that the customer care center opened in India could be contributing to absenteeism among programmers because there were “rumors” that their services could be needed at that place. Programmers could be absent from the software development and sales company because they could be on a job-hunting mission in the new customer care center in India. It has been demonstrated that employees could be absent from work as they organize their resumes and attend interviews for new jobs (Ekerdt 71). The task force also established that employees were absent from work because they contended they were entitled to 10 sick days in a year. They could feign sickness so that they could use all the entitled sick days. This significantly contributed to the high absenteeism in the company. Absenteeism caused by the case fact could not be avoided because there are no clear ways to ascertain the authenticity of sickness claims (Ekerdt 69). The employees argued that it could be essential to use all the 10 days lest they lose them because they could not be carried over to the following year. Works Cited Ekerdt, David J. “Frontiers of research on work and retirement.” The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 65.1 (2010): 69-80. Print. Pauly, Mark V., et al. “A general model of the impact of absenteeism on employers and employees.” Health Economics 11.3 (2002): 221-231. Print. Westman, Mina, and Dalia Etzion. “The impact of vacation and job stress on burnout and absenteeism.” Psychology & Health 16.5 (2001): 595-606. Print.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The article discusses the concept of the relational self and its implications for education. It focuses on two aspects: autonomous self and relational self. However, more emphasis is on the relational self with regard to student-teacher relationships and students' attitudes toward learning. The article concludes by stating that it is impossible to avert hierarchies in society because they are partially dictated by one's qualifications.

The article discusses the concept of the relational self and its implications for education. It focuses on two aspects: autonomous self and relational self. However, more emphasis is on the relational self with regard to student-teacher relationships and students' attitudes toward learning. The article concludes by stating that it is impossible to avert hierarchies in society because they are partially dictated by one's qualifications.

Relational Self and Its Implications for Education Essay Summary In the article “The Concept of the Relational Self and Its Implications for Education,” Xinyan Jiang focuses on two aspects: autonomous self and relational self. However, more emphasis is on the relational self with regard to student-teacher relationships and students’ attitudes toward learning. Autonomous self and relational self are related in such a way that the relational self is part of the autonomous self. The relational self is all about one’s relationships with others through the social roles that he or she plays. This relational self is deemed a determinant of one’s character or virtue. The relational self is in concordance with the autonomous self in terms of making decisions and choices by the self. The relational Confucian theory of relational self asserts that individuals are not equal as denoted by the difference in position and authority, which determines how one relates to others. It is such hierarchical differences that yield harmony in society. It is impossible to avert hierarchies in society because they are partially dictated by one’s qualifications. Some people are teachers based on their qualifications and their role is to educate and guide others. Individuals can play more than one role in consonance with their qualifications. One’s qualifications and execution of his or her social role greatly determine the respect that others accord to him or her such as in student-teacher relationships. Teachers gain more respect if they are more knowledgeable. A student’s performance in school is important for one’s family because it can either bring honor or shame to the family. When a student bears this in mind, he or she strives to make his or her family proud of him or her. Reciprocally, the family finds a good reason to provide support for their child’s education. Soundness of Research The information contained in the article is based on a collection of literature, which is used to formulate theories. The soundness of this secondary literature is not accounted for. The theories discussed are logical because to some extent, they are applicable to real-life situations. For example, social hierarchy is important for harmony to prevail because if we are all equal, then no one would submit to the other and the social world would be in chaos. On another note, the same Confucian theory promotes moral equality in achieving cohesion. Explanations have been used to solidify the theories, but lack of primary evidence makes the information given just theoretical. Gaps The article emphasizes how people’s roles should be commensurate with their qualifications. However, I believe that there is also a need to check their abilities and talents, which augment these qualifications. The article states that people should work hard to be their best at the various roles they play. Examinations are used as a way of selecting the most suitable individuals for particular jobs based on merit. On the contrary, some jobs do not require one to be smart or qualified because the intrinsic ability is more essential. For example, some of the most renowned inventors were not highly qualified but they had special intrinsic abilities that made them stand out as special people. In the case of the relational self, one’s interpersonal attributes determine how well he or she is able to relate to others while performing his or her social roles. The article talks about social status as a governing criterion for social roles. However, it is not clear how this will affect a person’s social roles because even marginalized individuals play vital roles in society.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The essay examines how science and religion influence each other in regards to past scientific discoveries. It also discusses the scientific and religious contributions of Albert Einstein, Isaac Newton, and Charles Darwin.

The essay examines how science and religion influence each other in regards to past scientific discoveries. It also discusses the scientific and religious contributions of Albert Einstein, Isaac Newton, and Charles Darwin.

Religion and Science: Changing Relations Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Isaac Newton, Science, and Religion 3. Charles Darwin, Science and Religion 4. Albert Einstein, Religion and Science 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Introduction There has existed a rift between science and religion since times of antiquity. Whereas some view science as an eye-opener to the existence of several things in the world, others feel that science has rendered God non-existent. In this view, most scientific discoveries have been rendered inconsistent with various religious teachings (Clayton 58). Similarly, the people responsible for such discoveries faced harsh criticism during their times. Several scientists received a mixed set of reactions for their contributions to science. This paper examines how science and religion influence each other in regards to past scientific discoveries. The scientific and religious contributions of Albert Einstein, Isaac Newton, and Charles Darwin are discussed. Isaac Newton, Science, and Religion Isaac Newton remains one of the most important scientists of the 17th century (Clayton 58). He discovered the force of gravity, the laws of motion, and infinitesimal calculus. It is important to note that he regarded himself as a servant of God. Through him, God was manifesting the truths of nature to humankind. Newton considered God’s presence vital in his scientific discoveries. He was considered a Unitarian as far as his Christian life was concerned. Newton was deeply religious and linked all the discoveries to his Christian religion. Initially, Newton argued that the universe was static. However, the Islamic view is that the world is dynamic. Newton’s position about the world has been challenged in subsequent scientific discoveries. In fact, it has been established that the universe is indeed dynamic (Bowler 108). Newton’s work led to cultural scientific enthusiasm as he tried to convince the people about his discoveries. Consequently, some scholars such as Edmund Halley supported Newton’s view about God. They both shared the view that no man was close to God. Others still confirmed that Newton’s work was all-important for people to understand the universe. The fact that Newton was a religious scientist made it possible for him to make more friends than enemies in his scientific discoveries (Bowler 109). Most people asserted that no other person could be compared to Newton because his works were already comprehensive enough. Newton argued that God created us people to explore our academic knowledge. In his view, no person was created to be ignorant. The design of the universe was a clear attestation that God exists. The freedom and wisdom posited by human beings demonstrate how Christianity and science blend with each other. In his discoveries, he asserted that God was in control of all velocities that avoided gravitational collapse. God was existent because no amount of scientific intervention could change these velocities. The fact that Newton wrote many religious books is a clear attestation that he was deeply religious (Clayton 60). Charles Darwin, Science and Religion Charles Darwin is famous for two major theories; the Law of Natural Selection and the Origin of Species. He became concerned with how species came into existence after God’s creation. His scientific findings were not readily accepted by those who were deep in religion. He asserted that the universe was undergoing some evolution responsible for the disappearance and emergence of different species (Ruse 77). The fact that Christians believe that God is the genesis of all animal and plant species put Darwin’s theories on the spot. Christians could not be convinced that evolution was responsible for their existence. The controversy became rampant in the 19th century and is still present today. Similarly, the law of natural selection was greatly opposed. The law claims that stronger species manage to dominate because they are able to adapt quickly. Theologians who contend that God created human beings in His own likeness were opposed to Darwin’s scientific theories. Despite this strong opposition from Christians, Darwin was able to convince some atheists about his theories. It is important to note that Darwin initially wanted to become a clergyman. It is, however, unclear what made him change his mind and become interested in biology. It is presumed that the death of her daughter in 1851, made him develop a critical mind in regards to God’s creation (Ruse 78). Whereas most atheists claim that Darwin’s biological theories are to blame for their states, Christians have constantly argued over the validity of these theories. Consequently, it is clear that though Darwin believed in the existence of God, his theories are divisive in the religious context. The fact that his theories have become a symbol of secular and liberalizing values in most religions is evident. Darwin’s theories are viewed as efforts to nullify God’s creation and existence (Hodge 80). Albert Einstein, Religion and Science Einstein was a renowned philosopher, socialist, and Zionist. His opinions found application in every field. Misunderstandings were therefore inevitable. He was clear on how his theory of relativity impacted religion, morality, and ethics. His scientific teachings were not consistent with people’s expectations. However, everybody wanted to be associated with him. A typical incident where he failed to respond to a letter is a good example. In this view, he was considered a communist and later reported to the FBI (Bowler 110). The belief that God existed was not shared by Einstein. In his famous saying; “God does not play dice”, Einstein criticized the existence of God. In one of his lectures, he claimed, “Subtle is the Lord, but malicious he is not,” This response came at a time when a student challenged his work. The fact that the Lord or God was a metaphor for nature made him use the words interchangeably. He rejected conventional religion when he was a child. Consequently, he did not believe in prayer. However, his mission in life was consistent with most religious ideals. He claimed that a meaningless life was not worth living. He was opposed to the existence of an immortal soul. In his life, Einstein was opposed to the existence of God. However, he advocated for a life full of goodness, truth, and beauty. He supported the idea that there was a religious reason for the existence for science (Bowler 112). However, he was opposed to the existence of a personal God. In addition, he believed that there existed no rift between religion and science. The most important thing was to understand the religion in question. Lastly, he claimed that various beliefs breed intolerance. This is because people believe that their religions are true. Consequently, they fail to accommodate the interests of others. Conclusion In conclusion, the rift that exists between science and religion is debatable. Whereas some scientists were religious, some never gave religion a serious view. Isaac Newton is viewed as a father of both Physics and religion. He applied his religious attributes to understand his discoveries. Consequently, he was able to advance his discoveries with the support of friends. Charles Darwin’s theories of evolution brought rifts among religious groups. He renounced Christianity for science. Lastly, Albert Einstein states many views about religion. He contends that religion influences scientific findings. However, his position is that no personal God exists. Works Cited Bowler, Peter. Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early-twentieth-century Britain . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, pp. 107-114. Clayton, Philip. The Oxford handbook of religion and scienc e. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. 56-60. Hodge, Jonathan. The Cambridge Companion to Darwin . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp. 78-85. Ruse, Michael. Can a Darwinian be a Christian? The Relationship between Science and Religion . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 75-80.

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Write an essay about: The female reproductive tract is made up of fallopian tubes, uterus, ovaries and the vagina. There are various health complications which may affect these parts. Common health concerns that can affect the female reproductive tract include:-Endometriosis-Uterine fibroids-Ovary failure-Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)-Vulvovaginitis-Prolapsed Uterus

The female reproductive tract is made up of fallopian tubes, uterus, ovaries and the vagina. There are various health complications which may affect these parts. Common health concerns that can affect the female reproductive tract include: -Endometriosis -Uterine fibroids -Ovary failure -Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) -Vulvovaginitis -Prolapsed Uterus

Problems of the Female Reproductive Tract Essay Table of Contents 1. Endometriosis 2. Uterine fibroids 3. Ovary failure 4. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) 5. Vulvovaginitis 6. Prolapsed Uterus 7. Conclusion 8. References The female reproductive tract is made up of fallopian tubes, uterus, ovaries and the vagina (Waters, 2008). There are various health complications which may affect these parts. Common health concerns that can affect the female reproductive tract include: Endometriosis Endometriosis manifests itself as abnormal growths in the uterine tissues. When a person develops this disorder, she will complain of abdominal pain. Cases of vaginal bleeding, pain when having sex, nausea and diarrhea have also been reported. Surgical operations can be used to treat this condition. Alternatively, hormone treatment may be used. Uterine fibroids This condition affects about 25% of women who are 50 years old and below. Uterine fibroids cause various problems. For instance, the affected person may suffer from lower back pain and menstrual bleeding. It can also result in reproductive concerns such as infertility. Individuals suffering from uterine fibroids require a lot of attention. This is because the uterine fibroids cause a lot of discomfort. The most effective treatment option for this health concern is surgery. Ovary failure This problem is popularly identified as premature ovarian failure. Basically, a woman who is suffering from premature ovarian failure will experience conception problems. This is because her ovaries will not be able to produce eggs. In addition, victims will experience irregularities in their menstrual cycles. Estrogen replacement is normally used as a corrective measure to this disorder. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) This problem develops when the production of androgens by the ovaries increase. When the level of androgen hormones is high, the ovulation cycle is disrupted. This problem normally causes infertility in women. A person who is suffering from this disorder will experience pelvic pain. The person will also develop an oily skin that is full of acne. Vulvovaginitis It is a vaginal infection that may be caused by various factors. It may result from failure to observe hygiene measures and guidelines. Viruses, yeast and bacteria can also lead to the development of vulvovaginitis. A person who is suffering from this condition will experience inflammations in the vaginal area. In addition, an abnormal discharge from the vagina may be witnessed. In extreme cases, bad odor and discomfort when urinating is experienced. Prolapsed Uterus The uterus is held in its position by special ligaments. This enables it to stay just above the vagina. A prolapsed uterus results from failure of the ligaments to hold the uterus in its position. This condition is characterized by the protrusion of the cervix in the opening of the vagina. Treatment of the disorder entails surgical operations. Once the uterus has been put in its correct position, the victim will be healed. Conclusion The female reproductive diseases that have been mentioned above can affect any woman. Contrary to the popular opinion that it affects certain groups of women, the truth is that all women have equal chances of developing them (Goodwin, 2010). What should be understood is that some conditions increases the chances of getting disorders. All in all, it is important to understand that all the reproductive disorders can be treated if they are diagnosed at an early stage. Always bear in mind that a health concern that is in its advanced stages is not easy to heal. References Goodwin, T. M. (2010). Management of common problems in obstetrics and gynecology (5th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. Waters, S. (2008). The female reproductive system . New York: Rosen Central.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The essay discusses the problems related to defining and regulating crimes in the home. These problems include the fact that the home is considered a private place and the police were not supposed to meddle in family conflicts, the fact that cases of domestic violence were handled when the victims sought for legal action rather than direct state intervention, and the fact that the police forces were male dominated and did not understand female sufferings.

The essay discusses the problems related to defining and regulating crimes in the home. These problems include the fact that the home is considered a private place and the police were not supposed to meddle in family conflicts, the fact that cases of domestic violence were handled when the victims sought for legal action rather than direct state intervention, and the fact that the police forces were male dominated and did not understand female sufferings.

Problems Related to Defining and Regulating Crimes in the Home Essay Various scholars define home crime using different synonyms or by their varied point of views. As a result, their meanings are sometimes misinterpreted to lessen the seriousness of this grievous misdemeanor. They use terminologies such as wife-battering, family conflict and intimate violence to depict family violence. Historically, under the authorities set rules and regulations, the home was considered a private place and the police were not supposed to meddle in family conflicts. They were only supposed to maintain public peace and order, intervened only when extremely necessary. This posed a significant problem in regulating the rampant cases of domestic violence at that time. Moreover, cases of domestic violence were handled, when the victims sought for legal action rather than direct state intervention. Women also feared losing the families’ breadwinners and the male perpetrators who could increase violence once sued. The police viewed home crimes as insignificant, thus requiring little or no attention at all. Besides, the police forces were male dominated and did not understand female sufferings. However, in the modern times, most victims are aware of their rights, but are always unwilling to report the wrongdoers. The concerned parties do not have enough data to help them regulate the ill effects of home-based crimes, and there are no specific rules that protect women from male violence (Palmer 2005, p.1). The law considers a home setting as a private place, and it should not interfere within internal conflicts within the home (Stubbs 2006, p.177). Moreover, in case of domestic violence, the police do not directly involve themselves, until the victims litigate, seeking legal help. Besides, unless the crime committed is grave enough to catch their attention, they always never intervene. Besides, the police are directly involved in other crimes external to family matters and will intervene and act appropriately in such incidences. The police consider the freedom of a person outside the family set-up as public, and their duty is to serve and protect the public welfare and not their private affairs. On the other hand, the law sometimes has prejudice against the poor and does not accord them their rightful privacy (Stubbs 2006, p.178). The emotional depiction of home to different members of the society has different impacts, with regard to the way they face conflicts emanating from other home members. The description of home in regards to women is biased, since it considers home as an environment of uncertainty, as home is a source of happiness and a haven for security on one side. On the other hand, it harbors violence, intimidations, and acts of exploitation towards women. This description serves as a way of victimizing women as insignificant human beings, whose purpose is to serve men without question, making them subject to battering and other forms of misdeed. It shows how the society refers to the man as the head of the family, and the woman as weak, submissive beings. Conversely, the cultural interpretation of home is that of colonial nature, where the native Australians lost their homes through disinheritance and removal of young natives from their motherland. Moreover, the homeless were viewed as a menace to the entire community. This resulted in bringing up adults that are prone to unending domestic violence and political conflicts between them and the law enforcers. Based on the above definitions of home, victims of domestic violence view the vice as an accepted norm, and do not seek legal help from the authorities once victimized. Moreover, the victims are unwilling to sue the perpetrators, who are their own relatives. As a result, the criminologists lack the actual data for analysis and only rely on unfounded information. In turn, this makes it difficult for policy makers to enact laws that control the vice. The differentiation of criminologists’ home offences from street offences also aggravates this challenge (Stubbs 2006, p.178). In addition, the police’s view on the issue is too shallow, since they regard the sin as a semi-crime, not worth their notice. Their view of home crime as private issues is tenuous. References Palmer, D 2005, Crime, Criminology and Policing , Deakin University Publishers, Victoria. Stubbs, J 2006, Crime and Justice: A guide to Criminology, Thomson Lawbook Co., Sydney.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The purpose of Tracheostomy care is to maintain the patency of the airway thereby preventing the skin surrounding the incision. The policy should also ensure that the Tracheostomy management program enlightens all new and current nurses on the definition as well as the purpose of Tracheostomy care.

The purpose of Tracheostomy care is to maintain the patency of the airway thereby preventing the skin surrounding the incision. The policy should also ensure that the Tracheostomy management program enlightens all new and current nurses on the definition as well as the purpose of Tracheostomy care.

Procedures on Tracheostomy For Nurse Research Paper Introduction Tracheostomy is a surgically created operation involving the opening in the trachea. A Tracheostomy tube is placed in the incision so as to secure an airway at the same time preventing it from closing (Carpen 1). Any hospital should first lay down a hypothetical-general structure on how to deal with patients requiring Tracheostomy medical attention, both in terms of operation and care. Therefore, hospitals should ensure that new nurses have an understanding (either basic or professional expertise) on Tracheostomy management. But if the nurse(s) do not have any background on the same, then the hospital should take the responsibility of creating awareness and educating the nurse(s) on management and handling of Tracheostomy. Hospital Policy and Procedures on Tracheostomy Management: Their Benefits & Help to New Nurses A program for Tracheostomy is very essential in any hospital setting. This is so because over the years there has been an increase in the number of patients requiring Tracheostomy care. A proliferation of patients in the ear, nose and throat (ENT) wards has seen their admission to general wards (Russell 1). This calls for any nurse providing services to the hospital to have a clear, definite understanding and at least a basic knowledge and expertise on Tracheostomy management. The hospital should therefore create a policy that ensures all nurses, both new and current, are trained on the basic Tracheostomy management which should enable them to understand the definition as well as the purpose of Tracheostomy care; which is to maintain the patency of the airway thereby preventing the skin surrounding the incision. (RN.com 1) The policy should also ensure that the nurses understand the procedure of Tracheostomy care which starts by suctioning the patient’s airway through a Tracheostomy (RN.com 1). This is followed by removal of the gauze dressing from the site where the amount of color and drainage is noted (Lippincott & Wilkens 453). A sterile technique is used after cleansing the external portion of the tube and the skin using hydrogen peroxide. Then cotton-tipped applicators are used to clean around the stoma (RN.com 1). Then immediately after, the area is wiped by use of gauze which is dipped in sodium chloride there after a new Tracheostomy dressing is applied If it was a post operation for the patient, then the disposable inner cannula is removed but if it is not a disposable cannula then, it is removed and cleaned with hydrogen peroxide then rinsed in sodium chloride before re-inserting it back to the incision. Before the procedure is undertaken, there is the need to have the kit for the operation ready. It should also be noted that prior to suctioning, the patient is preoxyginated and a sedative should be used incase a patient is in pain during the procedure (Carpen 1). The hospital policy should also ensure that the Tracheostomy management program enlightens the nurses on awareness of complications, both immediate post-operative and long term complications associated with the operation. The nurses should also seek to understand the fundamentals underlying routine care which involves: supervision and monitoring, humidification, continuous suctioning, management of abnormal secretions, Tracheostomy tube tie changes, stoma care, feeding and nutrition, oral care as well as home care and communication (Lippincott & Wilkens 462). The program should also ensure that the nurses are aware of the different types of Tracheostomy patients e.g. comatose patients, larynx cancer patients, burnt patients with inhalation damage, COPD patients on mechanical ventilation and pediatric patients with congenital airway obstruction (Russel 1l). They should also understand the various reasons as to why Tracheostomy procedures are undertaken which range from: bypassing an obstruction, maintaining an open airway, removing secretions more easily and oxygenating and providing mechanical ventilation on a long-term basis (Russell 1).The nurses should also learn the decanulation process and procedure as well as be aware of special conditions underlying children, new and current patients. Therefore, the policy should provide compliance to continued learning and research coupled with emerging trends on Tracheostomy care and management by the new and current nurses. This therefore, calls for a specialized nurse to spear-head such a program. This is because Tracheostomy management requires immense training and experience thus basic nursing training is not conclusively adequate. According to Russell, there is a deficit in the Tracheostomy care among nurses in the general ward. Therefore the policy should seek to include at least one experienced, fully fledged nurse in each general ward to guide and direct the new nurses on Tracheostomy-related patient care and medication. The nurse specialist should also ensure the new nurses learn how to do a clinical audit and research on Tracheostomy thus encouraging the continual development of Tracheostomy service within all the wards in the hospital. According to Russell, an audit data shows that the support of nurse specialists on Tracheostomy within all wards has greatly reduced the rate of delays related to discharges. On the other hand, re-admission of the same patients has also reduced in the same specter. Conclusion It should be noted that a nurse specialized in Tracheostomy care and management has an ultimate responsibility in provision of patient care at the hospital and also at a home care setting (RN.com 1). Therefore, the program should be able to equip new nurses with knowledge and expertise that they can handle Tracheostomy patients with temporary or on long-term conditions. With such a program and supporting policy, the nurses and hospital rating would increase as it would yield good patient response which would see hospitals improve their Tracheostomy care services in the long run. Works Cited Carpen Harper. “Tracheostomy Care Guidelines, Nepean Hospital: Sydney West Area Health Service” Nepean Health Library , 2005: 3 – 32. Web. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkens, Best practices: evidence based nursing procedures . Published June 23, 2006. (2 nd edition). Springhouse. Nursing Management of Adult Patients with Tracheostomy. 2010: no pag. Web. RN.com. “Update on Tracheostomy Care: San Diego”. 2006: 4 – 16. Web. Russell Claudia. “The benefits of Tracheostomy specialist nurses: NHS Trust-Cambridge” Journal of Tracheostomy Practioners , 2001: n. pag. Web.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: This essay outlines the process of tablet manufacture with a detailed discussion on aspirin.

This essay outlines the process of tablet manufacture with a detailed discussion on aspirin.

Process of Pharmaceutical Manufacture of Tablets Essay Introduction This is a comprehensive essay which outlines the process of tablet manufacture with a detailed discussion on aspirin. Background information is given on tablet manufacture in the ancient days. This essay will bring to light the whole process of pharmaceutical manufacture of tablet making the description as detailed as possible. History of Tablets The use of tablet as a means of drug administration to the body is not a recent practice. It has been shown beyond doubt that tablet were used by the ancient Greeks. It is quite amazing that the tablets used by these ancient people are very similar to what is currently used in the modern day life; think in terms of stability and the different constituents in the tablets. The acknowledgement that the ancient Greeks used drugs in tablet forms surfaced upon the discovery of an ancient shipwreck where 2,000 year old drugs were found intact. Papapostolou (2010) reported that a ship which sank off the coast of Italy n 130 BC gave valuable revelation about the knowledge that the ancient Greeks possessed on matters of drugs. It was reported that tablets were recovered from the wrecks of the ship and some DNA analysis was carried out on these drugs showing amazing knowledge which was not expected to be in existence then. According to the laboratory tests carried out on these tablets it was shown that each single tablet of them contained a variety of plant extracts which were reported to be more than 10. The art of mixing different extracts in a tablet is in line with modern day manufacture of tablets. The fact that the tablets were still intact by the time they were discovered is a sure proof that the ancient physicians knew much about tablet stability. The laboratory analysis showed the following extracts “carrot, radish, celery, wild onion, oak, cabbage, alfalfa and yarrow” (Papapostolou 2010, 1) most of which have been claimed to have high medicinal value: Yarrow staunched the flow of blood from wounds, and Pedanius Dioscorides, a physician and pharmacologist in Rome in the first century AD, described the carrot as a panacea for a number of problems. “They say that reptiles do not harm people who have taken it in advance; it also aids conception,” he wrote around 60 AD. (Papapostolou 2010, P. 1) This discovery of the ancient Greece pills have shown that the arguments made by Dioscorides and Galen of Pergamon were not just about quackery drugs as there are possibilities that the extracts in these tablets may treat some illness effectively. Studies are still taking place to resolve the drug therian which has been described by Galen and claimed to have more than eighty plant extracts (Papapostolou 2010, p. 1). It has not been shown yet how the ancient Greeks went about the process of measuring and mixing the different plant extracts but it is evident that they had rich knowledge about the tablet formation. Tablet Formation Generally the process of tablet formation can be said to go through broad stages which are communition, mixing and compression. Simply defined communition is the process of reducing large sized solids into small sizes. The process is manly mechanical and is used in the process of tablet manufacture. After crushing different extracts they are then mixed and compacted later to form tablet. The process of making a tablet has many cross checks to ensure high accuracy is maintained. Weighing Up The very first stage in the process of tablet manufacture is the weighing up exercise whereby the active and inactive constituents of the drug required are accurately measured as per the drug formula. Whether the tablets are to be manufactured on a large or small scale the measuring has to follow the Standard Operating Procedure for each measurement of each part. As an internal check, two people work on the same weight with one weighing and the second verifying the measured weight (Woodward 2011, p. 1). The weighing exercise is followed by granulation stage. Granulation At the granulation stage, the constituents are crushed together again and again to form fine powder which can be compressed to form the tablets. The granulation process used varies from drug to drug however three methods have pointed out: dry granulation, wet granulation and direct compression. Dry Granulation This type is used to manufacture aspirin tablets. Dry granulation is applied for those drugs which are highly sensitive to moisture and heat and is appropriate for drugs with cohesive powers (Dieing, Hollricher and Toporski 2011, p. 191). The active part of the aspirin tablet is the corn starch. The granulation of aspirin is described as follows: The corn starch is dispensed into cold purified water, then heated and stirred until a translucent paste forms. The corn starch, the active ingredient, and part of the lubricant are next poured into one sterile canister, and the canister is wheeled to a mixing machine called a Glen Mixer. Mixing blends the ingredients as well as expels air from the mixture. (Ling 2011, p. 1) By mechanical means the mixture is separated into units referred to as slugs. The slugs are then pushed through a mesh screen to form small uniform granules. A Fitzpatrickmill is used for the case of large scale production of tablets. A lubricant is added to these uniform granules and they are ready for the compression stage (Ling 2011, p. 1). Moist or Wet Granulation This involves the use of water in the blending process. This granulation type is used in the manufacture of sleeping pills. The constituents of the drugs are put in a blender and some water added to the ingredients. The wetted ingredients are mixed and form a thick paste. The thick paste is then subjected to some means of crushing for example in the case of sleeping pills a hopper with rotating hammers is used to grind the paste. The next step is carried as follows “resultant thick paste is then dried and then pressed through a screen which has small uniform sized holes to create granules of the same size” (Woodward 2011, p. 1). The granules coming out of the screen are ready for compression to form tablets (Woodward 2011, p. 1). Direct Compression This method is used for substances that exhibit cohesive qualities. The direct compression method omits the use of the granulation stage because the substances which are directly compressed are already granules. Amjad (2005) described the granules used in direct compression as thus: “they are small crystallite randomly embedded in a matrix of some amorphous material which readily imparts the desired characteristics of consolidation including plastically deformation to relieve internal stress and strong bonding surface” (306). Tablet Presses After the process of granulation as explained above in section 3.2, the granules are lubricated to ensure that they do not stick to walls of the tablet presses when they are being pressed. The lubricants used are discussed in a different section below. Tablet presses are simple to complicated machines which are used to press the thick paste to form tablets. The tablet presses range from those which can produce one tablet at a time to those which can produce thousands of tablets at the same time. Presses are designed to ensure high accuracy is maintained in the formation of the tablet. Single Tablet Presses Single tablet presses do exist and are used for manufacturing of tablets on small scale. A good example of such a press is the C&C600 model. C&C600 press machine produces single tablets continuously and is specifically suited for “pharmacy, chemical industry, electrical industry, food, laboratory which needs to make powder and granular raw material into tablets” (Cambcavi 2006, p. 1). The design of the machine should be in such a way that it protects the thick paste and tablet formed from dust pollution. Multi Tablet Presses Presses which produce many tablets at the same time are used by pharmaceutical industries for purposes of large scale release. Most of these presses are designed to compress almost all types of pastes into tablets. Some models such as the C&C800A are designed to press paste into “circular tablet, abnormal shaped tablet, graphical tablet, double sided letter tablet, and even redesign the tablet to cope with the user’s need” (Cambcavi 2006, p. 1). The Pressing Process The pressing process depends on the machine used. The pressing process for sleeping drugs is described as thus: Workers feed the powder into hoppers above a tabletting machine. This machine has a rotating tray of hollow dies in the shape of half the finished tablet. The powder falls from the hopper into the hollow dies. Then an arm holding an inverted die of the same shape descends and exerts several tons of pressure on the powder. This compresses the powder into tablet form. Depending on the size of the tabletting machine, it may be able to produce thousands of tablets a minute. The tablets fall onto a belt that counts them into sterile packaging. The packages are sealed, and readied for shipping. (Woodward 2011, p. 1) Figure 1 Single Tablet Pressing Many of the single tablet tablets presses are electrically operated though some which are operated mechanically are available. The single tablet presses usually have the paste fed into one tablet mold by use of a feed shoe. The process can be explained as follows: The feed shoe passes over the dye cavity and releases the mixture. The feed shoe then retracts and scrapes all excess mixture away from the dye cavity. A punch—a short steel rod—the size of the dye cavity descends into the dye, compressing the mixture into a tablet. The punch then retracts, while a punch below the dye cavity rises into the cavity and ejects the tablet. As the feed shoe returns to fill the dye cavity again, it pushes the compressed tablet from the dye platform. (Ling 2011, p.1) Figure 2 Multi Tablet Pressing For the case of multi tablet pressing the process involves the use of multiple dye cavities situated on a large steel plate. The process is as follows: The plate revolves as the mixture is dispensed through the feed line, rapidly filling each dye cavity. Punches, both above and below the dye cavities, rotate in sequence with the rotation of the dye cavities. Rollers on top of the upper punches press the punches down onto the dye cavities, compressing the mixture into tablets, while roller-activated punches beneath the dye cavities lift up and eject the tablets from the dye platform. (Ling 2011, p. 1) Excipients of Tablet In the process of tablet formation there are components which are added to improve the qualities of the tablet. The components added are referred to as excipients and are meant to “improve physical appearance, enhance stability and facilitate disintegration process following administration” (Amjad 1997, p. 304). The most common excipients are “diluents (or fillers), binders, anti-adherents, glidants, lubricants, colorants, and disintegrating agents” (Amjad 1997, 304). It has been noted that the excipients are non therapeutic in nature but play significant roles for instance in enhancing the release of the drug an significant factor in the determination of the clinical effect of a drug. Care should be taken when blending drugs with excipicients not to negatively the quality and efficacy of a drug. The sections below briefly explain expicients. Diluents Diluents form bulky of the tablet and as such are also referred to as fillers. The fillers make the drug easier to handle (Winfield and Richards 2004, p. 230). Choosing of diluents for a drug needs to be done carefully especially for drugs that are moisture sensitive. As a general rule diluents with bound water are given preference over the unbound water ones. The diluents have different behaviours when subjected to compression forces implying that this is likely to affect the following significant characters of a drug: “the disintegration, dissolution and biopharmaceutical profile” (Amjad 1997, p. 307). Some of the commonly used compounds as diluents include “lactose, starch, mannitol, sorbitol, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium phosphate-trihydrate and calcium sulphate-dihydrate” (Amjad 1997, p. 307). Binders These are compounds which are added to the drug powder to enhance the cohesiveness of the powder thus making it possible for the granulation process to be easy. Two factors taken into consideration when choosing binders are compatibility and cohesiveness power. Care has to be taken on the amount of binder added to the tablet as too little will make a loose table and too much of the binder will cause a dissolution problem for drug (Remington 2005, p. 1040). Zimmerman (2006) has given a list of excellent binders: Exemplary binders include acacia, tragacanth, gelatine, starch, cellulose materials such as methyl cellulose and sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, alginic acids and salts thereof, polythene glycol, guar gum, polysaccharide, bentonites, sugars, invert sugars, poloxamers, collagen, albumin, gelatine, cellulosics in nonaqueous solvents, combination thereof and the like. Other binders include, for example, polypropylene glycol, polyxyethylene-polypropylene copolymer, polyethylene ester, polythlene sorbitan ester, polyethylene oxide, combination thereof and other materials known to one of the ordinary skill in the art. (Zimmerman 110) Disintegrants These are compounds which are used to increase the ability of a tablet to disintegrate upon being introduced in an aqueous media. Care should be taken to ensure that the correct amount of the disintegrant is added to avoid maldisintegration. If the disintegrant is too much there is a likelihood that the tablet will disintegrate upon being exposed to slight moisture contents but again if the disintegrant is too little then likely the tablet will mostly not disintegrate as expected upon being taken oraly and this will affect the therapeutic value of the tablet (Remington 2005, p. 1040). Examples of disintegrants are: “pregelatininized starch, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium bicarbonate in combination with citric or tartaric acids, alginic acid, and Ion exchange resins” (Carter 2006, p. 1). However it is worth noting that the above mentioned are not very commonly due to the introduction of super disintegrants. Super disintegrants are claimed to be very effective as they enhance the dissolution process faster than the early disintegrants. Super disintegrants swell up many times their original sizes when placed in water as compared to the normal disintegrants. Examples of super disintegrants are: Modified starches-sodium Carboxymethyl starch (chemically treated potato starch) i.e. sodium starch glycolate (explotab, primogel); Cross-linked polyvinlypyrrolidone-water insoluble and strongly hydrophilic; modified cellulose-internally cross linked form of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. (Carter 2006, p. 1) Lubricants, Glidants and Antiadherents According to Winfield and Richards (2004), lubricants, glidants and antiadherents are “essential for flow of the tablet material into the tablet dies and preventing sticking of the compressed tablet in the punch and die” (230). Magnesium stearate and Talc have been viewed as effective antiadherents while colloidal silica is a preferred glidant. Lubricants are substances which are applied on the powder which is ready for pressing to tablet form. The lubricants are used to make the powder avoid sticking on the sides of the pressing machine after being compressed. Substances which are used as lubricants are usually hydrophilic in nature and include such substances as magnesium, stearic acid, or calcium stearate. Care should be taken on the amount of lubricant used as too little of the lubricant will lead to unsatisfactorily drugs being formed while too much of it will make a tablet which may not disintegrate and dissolve easily (Remington 2005, p. 1040; Wen and Park 2010, p. 106). Tablet Preservative The use of preservative is debated. Arguments have been made that by including preservatives in drugs the tablets will be protected in case they get damp especially in the tropical and humid regions. However these arguments have been met with a lot of opposition due to the fact that a tablet getting damp will imply its inherent destruction. Suggestions have been aired advocating for the use of water resistant coating on the drugs to reduce the probability of water being taken in by the drug (Ash and Ash 2004, p. 547). Colours, Sweeteners and Flavours Colours and flavours are mostly added to tablets which are meant to be chewed. The colours and flavours are added on the coating of the drugs. Apart from the tablet coating containing some sugars and colours they also protect the drug from damage. Flavours are used when the drug has an unpleasant taste. However it has been pointed out that the enteric coatings enhance the resistance of the tablet to dissolve in the stomach but make it possible for it to be absorbed in the intestine (Winfield and Richards 2004, p. 231). Dissolution of a Drug The process of drug dissolution is a very significant one as it ensures that the drug is actually absorbed and consequently utilized by the body. Tablets have to be designed in a way that upon getting in contact with water they disintegrate. Dissolution Path The following figure is a simple outline of the disintegration process. Figure 3 (adapted from Bourne 2010, p. 1) As seen in the above figure, disintegration of a drug is very significant to ensure that the drug wholly dissolved. Intuitively any factor which assists in breaking up the size of the tablet helps in dissolving the drug and thus the drug release. Factors affecting the Drug Release As noted in section 4.3 disintegrants are very important in ensuring that drug release takes place once the drug is in touch with the water in the body. Carter (2009) has identified three major mechanisms through which drugs are released to the body: swelling, porosity & capillary action, and deformation (p. 1). Swelling Swelling has been claimed to be the major mechanism through which drugs are released. Most of the disintegrants take up water and swell up resulting to reduction of the adhesiveness of the ingredients in the tablet. When the adhesiveness of the constituent parts of the drugs is overcome then they fall apart and are absorbed to the body. A good example of a disintegrant that breaks up a drug by swelling after taking up water is starch. Porosity and Capillary Action Some disintergrants do not swell up in the way starch does as seen in section 5.2.1 above but instead they facilitate the disintegration process through porosity action. Disintegrants which do not swell up instead provide path ways through which water is absorbed to break “the interparticulate bonds causing the tablet to break apart” (Carter 2009, p. 1). Deformation It has been argued that disintegrants like starch have grains which are said to be elastic naturally implying that even after being deformed they still can regain their shapes. In the case of tableting, the starch used has been claimed to more be permanently deformed and as such it is claimed to be energy abundant. The energy of the starch in the tablet in the compression state is released once the tablet gets in touch with water. Carter (2009) argued that starch which is rich in energy that is one which is in a compressed state has a higher probability of swelling up as compared to the one which is not compressed. Therefore deforming disintegrants which are elastic in nature makes it possible for them to swell up once in contact with water thus disintegrating the tablet. It has been noted that when corn starch is used it has to be in the range of 5 to 10 percent. It is argued that below the five percent range the compressed starch will not provide enough paths for wicking and thus this will not facilitate the swelling up of the drug. If the range is above ten percent it becomes hard for the tablet to be compressed to the sufficient hardness due to the incompressibility of starch (Carter 2009, p. 1). Other factors which have been listed to affect dissolution of tablet are: “Type and concentration of active ingredient, binder, fillers, and lubricant used, the dissolution testing applied and the tablet manufacturing process” (Carter 2009, p. 1). Stability of a Tablet According to Atia (n.d.), stability of a drug is “is the capacity of a drug product to remain within specifications established to ensure its identity, strength quality and purity” (3). There should be an attempt to maintain the stability of a drug as its instability has the following consequences: a drug may not perform as expected due to the effect likely to occur on dissolution and bioavailability of the tablet; and there is a likelihood of substantial changes on the physical appearance of the drug (Atia n.d. p. 3). The stability of a drug can be classified into three major types: physical, chemical and microbiological stability. When a tablet is physically stable the implication is that its formulation has not been altered in any way. Physical stability is significant because it assures “pharmaceutical elegance, drug content uniformity and drug release rate” (Atia n.d. p. 6). According to Dr. Atia (n.d.), “Microbiological stability implies that the formulation has not suffered from any microbiological attack and is meeting the standards with respect to lack of contamination/sterility” (Ati nd, p. 32) Chemical stability has been viewed as “the lack of any decomposition in the chemical in the chemical moiety that is incorporated in the formulation as the drug, preservatives or any other expicients” (Atia n.d., p. 15). Chemical decomposition of a tablet may have an effect on both the physical and chemical stability of a tablet. Mechanisms of Degradation The mechanisms of tablet degradation are hydrolysis, oxidation, and photolysis Hydrolysis Hydrolysis of tablet is splitting of a tablet by means of water. This most occurs to tablets which have functional groups which hydrolyse in the presence of water for example aspirin has a functional group ester which is easily hydrolysed by water. Table 1 Functional group Example of a drug Esters Aspirin, alkaloids, Dexmethasne sodium phosphate, Nitroglycerin Lactones Pilocarpine, Spironolactone Amides Chloramphenicol Lactams Penicillins, Cephalosporins Imides Glutethimide Malonic ureas Barbiturates Hydrolysis of Aspirin As seen above in table 1, aspirin has the functional group ester which is easily hydrolysed to form salicyclic acid and acetic acid. Chemical Reaction 1 As seen in the above chemical reaction 1, aspirin contains an ester group which is split by water resulting to salicylic acid and acetic acid. Oxidation and Photolysis Some drugs are easily oxidised while some are easily degraded by light. Though tablets are affected by oxidation the effect is not as much as in the case of hydrolysis. Eliminating the degradation effect Care ought to be taken to protect tablets from degradation. To reduce the effect of degradation on drugs, packaging and coating of drugs ought to be carried out carefully to ensure that the tablets are protected from the degrading effect. Tablet Coating Coating of tablets serves many purposes. The coats can be used as water resistant, sweeteners, and even for flavouring purpose. Coats which are water resistant are good as they help to reduce the degradation effect resulting from hydrolysis process and oxidation. Coating of aspirin has been associated more with problems it causes in the stomach (read section 7.1 below) than trying to reduce degradation of the drug. Tablet Package Tablet packaging is very significant and should be done with utmost care. The package used should be water resistant. Aspirin has been shown to be stable in dry air but readily hydrolyses in moist conditions and therefore should be “stored in tight, moisture resistant containers” (Mikota 2006, p. 1). Aspirin Aspirin is a popular drug and used on a non-prescription basis. It is used to “relieve pain (analgesic), to prevent and reduce fever (antipyretic), to reduce inflammation, (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, NSAID), and as a prophylactic to prevent myocardial infarction and stroke for people at risk” (Dashman and Blocker 2005, p. 215). History of Aspirin Felix Hoffman played an important role in the improvement of aspirin for human consumption. In 1890 Hoffman managed to make the drug less irritating by modifying the salicylic acid in it to be less acidic. This is was one of the many modifications through which the bark of the willow trees had undergone. Bellis (2011) has claimed that as early as between 466 B.C and 377 B.C it was known that the willow tree contained some substance which could relief pain. It is claimed that Hippocrates left some records indicating “pain relief treatments, including the use of powder made from the bark and leaves of the willow tree to help heal headaches, pains and fevers” (Bellis 2011, P. 1). In 1828 it was discovered that the willow tree contained the compound salicin which was responsible for the pain relieving. It is recorded that early in 1826 Brugnatelli and Fontana had extracted salicin but in a very impure state. Johann Buchner in 1828 had extracted crystals of salicin. In 1829 Henri Leroux developed a better extraction method which gave more yield of salicin. In 1838 Raffaele Piria made some significant improvement by “splitting salicin into a sugar and an aromatic component (salicylaldehyde) and converted the latter, by hydrolysis and oxidation, to an acid of crystallised colourless needles, which he named salicylic acid” (Bellis 2011, p. 1). Salicylic acid is tough on stomach and so the remaining challenge was how to buffer the acid (Reid, McKay, and Walters, 2010, p. 246; Wachter n.d., p. 1). Charles Frederic Gerhardt by using sodium was able to buffer the acid in 1853. It is recorded that though what Charles had discovered worked he did not pursue it for marketing purpose and thus its formulae was forgotten until its rediscovery by Felix Hoffman later in 1899. Hoffman was working for Bayer and the company started producing the drug. It is said that the people at Bayer named the drug aspirin and patented it in 1900 (Pavia 2005, p. 55; Bellis 2011, p. 1). At first the drug was sold as a powder but in 1915 the first tablets were manufactured (Bellis 2011, p. 1). Pharmacokinetics of Aspirin The process of aspirin hydrolysis in the stomach is the same as shown in reaction 1 above in section 6.1.1.1. It has been shown that aspirin is absorbed from the stomach at a very high rate. How fast aspirin is absorbed has been shown to be a function of the following factors “stomach content, gastric emptying times, tablet disintegration rates and gastric pH” (Mikota 2006, p. 1). The process of hydrolysis of aspirin makes it possible for it to be absorbed and spread out in the body (King and Brucker, 2009, p. 317; Tozer and Rowland 2008, p. 1). It has been shown that the highest levels of hydrolysed aspirin are found in the following areas of the body “liver, heart, lungs, renal cortex, and plasma” (Mikota 2006, p. 1). The following facts have been observed in relation to aspirin hydrolysis: The amount of plasma protein binding is variable, depending on species, serum salicylate and albumin concentrations. At lower salicylate concentrations, it is 90% protein bound, but only 70% protein bound at higher concentrations. Salicylate is excreted into milk, but levels ap­pear to be very low. Salicylate will cross the placenta, and fetal levels may actually exceed those found in the mother. (Mikota 2006, p. 1) It has been shown that the metabolism of Salicylate in carried out through conjugation with glucuronic acid through glucoronyl transferase. When the drugs is used on cats it tends to have a prolonged half life because of the lack of glucoronyl transferase in cats thus the enzymatic pathway is omitted (Siddik 2009, p. 129; Fraise, Lambert and Maillard 2008, p. 1). There are minor metabolites which have been reported to be formed: “gentisic acid and 2, 3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and 2, 3, 5-trihydroxybenzoic acid” (Mikota 2006, p. 1). Though gentisic acid has been said to be an active component it is doubted whether it plays any significant part in the therapeutic process because of its availability in small concentrations. It has been shown that The rate of metabolism is determined by both first order ki­netics and dose-dependent kinetics depending on which metabolic pathway is looked at. Generally, steady-state serum levels will increase to levels higher (proportionally) than expected with dosage increases. These effects have not been well studied in domestic animals, however. (Mikota 2006, p. 1) The method of excretion of salicylate is by means of the kidneys through filitration and renal tubular secretion. It has been observed that salicylate is easily excreted when the pH is high. Peritoneal dialysis is used to excrete the metabolites and hemodialysis even makes the whole process faster. Spectrophotometry of Aspirin Spectrophotometry is used to measure the levels of serum salicylate. This method is preffered because it reduces the limits the detection to around 100micrograms/ml; this amount has been claimed to be enough for toxic and therapeutic reasons (Schror 2009, p. 30). Conclusion It has been shown that tablets were used by the ancient Greeks. The tablets contained many extracts from many plants which have been revealed to be medicinal. The tablet discovered from a shipwreck showed the huge knowledge that the Greeks possessed about tablet manufacture. The stability of the pills which were discovered was also quite amazing. Modern day tablet manufacture goes through three broad stages which involve communition, mixing and comprehension. The process of tablet manufacture has many cross checks to ensure that an error is not committed which will affect the performance of the tablet. In the process of drug formation among the constituents that are added in the tablet are excipients. Excipients serve many purposes and enhance the performance of the drug. Care ought to be taken to ensure that the excipients used do not negatively affect the performance of the tablet; it has been not noted that a failure to use the correct amount of a given excipicient in a drug then there will be likelihood that the tablet performance will be affected negatively. Excipicients are added in form of diluents, binders, disintegranst, lubricants, glidants, antiadherents, colours, sweeteners and flavours. Three majors way in which have been identified through which tablets are released to the body are: swelling, porosity & capillary action, and deformation. Tablets are degraded through three means: hydrolysis, oxidation, and photolysis. Hydrolysis occurs to tablets which have functional groups which hydrolyse in the presence of water for example aspirin has a functional group ester which is easily hydrolysed by water. Tablets can also be degraded through oxidation and photolysis. Degrading can be reduced through packaging and coating of tablets. A good example of a tablet is aspirin. Aspirin has been in use almost through the history of humanity. Though it was shown to have been known as early as 377 B.C., it was until 1890 that it consumption started to spread out widely. Aspiring heals through its hydrolysis in the body to form salicylic acid which is said to have the therapeutic value. Bibliography Amjad, Z. (1997) Calcium phosphates in biological and industrial systems. New York, Springer. Ash, M and Ash, I. (2004) Handbook of preservatives. New York, Synapse Info Resources. Atia, G. (n.d.) Stability of Drugs . Pharmaceutics. Web. Bellis, M. (2011). History of Aspirin . Inventors. Web. Bourne, D. (2001) Tablet Dissolution . Boomer. Web. Cambcavi. (n.d.) Rotating Tablet Press Machine . CAMBCAVI. Web. Carter, J. (2006) The Role Of Disintegrants In Solid Oral Dosage Manufacturing. [Online] Carter Pharmaceutical Consulting Inc. Web. Dashman, T and Blocker, D. (2005) Laboratory Manual for Human New York, Taylor & Francis. Dieing, T., Hollricher, O and Toporski, J. (2011) Confocal Raman Microscopy. New York, Springer. Fraise, A., Lambert, P., and Maillard, J. (2008) Russell, Hugo & Ayliffe’s Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation & Sterilization. New York, Wiley-Blackwell. King, T and Brucker, M. (2009) Pharmacology for Women’s Health New York, Jones & Bartlett Learning. Ling, G. (n.d.) Aspirin. How Products are made. Web. Mikota, S. (2006) Aspirin . The Elephant Formulary. Web. Papapostolou, A. (2010) 2,000 Year Old Medicinal Pills Found in Ancient Greek Shipwreck. Greek Reporter. Web. Pavia, D. (2005) Introduction to organic laboratory techniques: a small scale approach. New York, Cengage Learning. Reid, J., McKay, G., and Walters, M. (2010) Lecture Notes: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics New York, John Wiley and Sons. Remington. (2005) Remington: the science and practice of pharmacy. New York, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Schror, K. (2009) Acetylsalicylic acid. New York, Wiley-VCH. Siddik, Z. (2009) Checkpoint Controls and Targets in Cancer Therapy. New York, Springer. Tozer, T and Rowland, M. (2006) Introduction to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: the quantitative basis of drug. New York, Williams & Wilkins. Wachter, N. (n.d.) Acetylsalicylic Acid. Chemistry Explained. Web. Wen, H and Park, K. (2010) Oral Controlled Release Formulation Design and Drug Delivery: Theory to Practice. New York, John Wiley and Sons. Winfield, A and Richards, M. (2004) Pharmaceutical practice. New York, Elsevier Health Sciences. Woodward, A. (n.d.) Sleeping Pill . How Products are made. Web. Zimmerman, F. (2006) Hypochondriac’s Guide to Tamiflu (Oseltamvir) for Bird Flu: Public Information Resources. New York, Nimble Books LLC.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The paper will review the production stages of shoemaking and discuss the various costs that are incurred in the production of shoes.

The paper will review the production stages of shoemaking and discuss the various costs that are incurred in the production of shoes.

Production and Product Stages of Shoes Market Essay An introduction about the product and its production stages The paper will review the production stages of shoemaking. Further, it will discuss the various costs that are incurred in the production of shoes. The costs will be classified into various categories, these are direct, indirect, variable, and fixed costs. Before manufacturing shoes, it is important to evaluate the target price, the features of the products, and the target market. This will also entail coming up with the production technology to be used in the production process. The manufacturing of shoes goes through seven distinct processes. The first stage is cutting the materials into different sizes and patterns. The second stage entails stitching the section of the shoe that is above the sole. The third stage is stock fitting to make the sole. The next stage is lasting and it makes an attachment of the upper fabric to the sole. The fifth stage is fixing of heels which puts together the heel and the final form. The sixth stage entails carrying out finishing the shoe. The final stage is treeing. At this point, several accessories are attached to the shoe. The resources needed for the manufacturing The resources that will be required for manufacturing the shoe will be in the form of structures, equipment, and materials. However, it will be assumed that the production plant has already been constructed and fitted with the necessary machinery and equipment. The materials that will be required for the production are fabric, plastic, rubber, foams, metal, textiles, and leather. The costs Cost refers to the money paid for the expenses that relate to the production of the shoes. The costs that will be incurred for the manufacturing of the shoes are materials, labor, electricity, fuel, repair and maintenance, factory overheads, administrative overheads, sales costs, distribution costs, interests, and depreciation. Direct These are costs that can be recognized and assigned to the units produced. The direct costs are materials and labor. Indirect These are the production overheads. The indirect costs cannot be attributed to a single unit of shoe produced. The indirect costs are; electricity, fuel, repair and maintenance, factory overheads, administrative overheads, sales costs, distribution costs, interests, and depreciation. Variable These are costs that change with a corresponding change in the number of units produced. The variable costs will increase as the number of units produced increases and decrease as the number of units produced decreases. The variable costs are material and labor. Fixed These are costs that are incurred by the company irrespective of the number of units produced. The fixed costs are administrative overheads, sales costs, distribution costs, interests, and depreciation. Cost object The cost objects for the production of shoes are labor (measured in terms of per man per hour) and materials (measured in terms of dollars per unit). How the manufacturing overheads are being assigned The allocation bases for the manufacturing overheads are summarized in the table presented below. This will be based on the assumption that the company uses activity-based costing to allocate costs. 1 Direct labor hours 2 Production setups 3 Production orders 4 Machine hours 5 Number of parts 6 Numbers of orders shipped Period costs Period costs refer to those costs that cannot be allocated to a specific. In most cases, the period costs related to selling and general administrative expenses are recorded in the period in which they are incurred or against the sales revenue they relate to. The period costs the sales costs and administrative expenses. Does the product belong to job order costing or process costing system? Under job order costing, the costs are accumulated by job while under process costing the costs are accumulated by the department. Under process costing, the costs are allocated to the production process. Therefore, the product belongs to the processing system.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: This literature review explores the possible methods available for productivity improvement in industries.Productivity is affected by various factors but the main ones include work measurement and waste materials. When good working conditions are availed to employees of an organization, their morale is boosted leading to increased productivity of the company as a unit. On the other hand, waste materials in an organization contribute greatly to reduced productivity. Therefore, if waste materials are eliminated in the production process, this can translate to improved productivity in an industry.

This literature review explores the possible methods available for productivity improvement in industries. Productivity is affected by various factors but the main ones include work measurement and waste materials. When good working conditions are availed to employees of an organization, their morale is boosted leading to increased productivity of the company as a unit. On the other hand, waste materials in an organization contribute greatly to reduced productivity. Therefore, if waste materials are eliminated in the production process, this can translate to improved productivity in an industry.

Productivity Improvement in Industries Essay Abstract This literature review explores the possible methods available for productivity improvement in industries. Productivity is affected by various factors but the main ones include work measurement and waste materials. When good working conditions are availed to employees of an organization, their morale is boosted leading to increased productivity of the company as a unit. On the other hand, waste materials in an organization contribute greatly to reduced productivity. Therefore, if waste materials are eliminated in the production process, this can translate to improved productivity in an industry. Introduction Productivity is a very important factor in any industry especially when talking about profitability. Company’s profits do vary proportionately to the productivity level at any particular time. Productivity is the relationship that exists between the total outputs either goods or services and the total inputs of either physical goods or intangible services to the company’s customers (Ali, Yousof, Khan, and Masood 2212). Therefore, for a company to boost its profits, clearly set measurement systems of the productivity level need to be in place to monitor every step the company takes. This means that productivity improvement is capable of use as a unit of measurement of a company’s growth and profitability. Good methods of measuring productivity therefore, need establishment to ensure improvement in industries. Productivity encompasses many departments in any industry ranging from the quality of the finished products, cost of production, amount of capital, and cost of labor. There are also numerous ways of improving the productivity levels of an industry like quality improvement or measurement methods. However, this review limits its scope to measurement methods as a method of improving productivity in industries today since without measurement no improvements can be observed (Williams 9). This review will not only consider the normal methods of measuring productivity through amount of finished goods, but also consider the affairs of the workers and waste reduction. It is within the scope of this review to evaluate some of the traditional methods of gauging productivity coupled with attempts to demonstrate and support the hypothesis as stated above. Background Industrial engineering foundation lies squarely on taking measurements. This department is responsible for taking measurements to make recommendation on any possible changes to improve a company’s profitability. In his presentation, Rauglas observes that companies that use engineered work measurement as part of their management strategy are assured of 20-25% labor conversion and 20-25% increase in the rate of production (4). This observation implies that, in an organization fewer people do the same amount of work leading to reduced cost of labor. Moreover, throughput of the plant also increases. This paper reviews various ways in which productivity improvement is possible in industries today. Traditional Methods Various methods of productivity measurement have been in use until recently. Quality productivity measurements often depend on three pillars that are interdependent to each other viz. finished parts, worker’s safety, and employee attitude or morale (Morris 14). Most industries have used the number of finished products manufactured within their premises and actually later sold, as the major measurement of productivity implying that, the higher the number of finished parts produced and sold to consumers, the higher the productivity of the company and vice versa. As such, the other pillars of productivity measurement are either be neglected or counted as minor contributors to the overall productivity level. According to Morris, some companies go further to establish a condition that only finished parts meeting the Quality Specification Test Count in gauging productivity (14). It is such a pity that such companies have limited themselves to such a small scope of the many contributors to the productivity in an industry. The article expounds that, while other methods of gauging productivity has emerged like the amount of waste produced by the industry, attention also need to be given to the employees. Morris highlights that, improved working conditions for the employees of a company will lead to improved productivity in any particular industry (14). He notes clearly that employee confidence and safety precautions availed to the workers directly link to the productivity of the company. Such safety precaution may include safety jackets, gloves, goggles, overalls, ear shields, and helmets. Depending on the environment that the workers are exposed to, they can either improve the productivity of the industry by working harder and whole-heartedly, or reduce productivity in a bid to protect themselves. This article further asserts that employee downtime results to reduced productivity hence reduced profits (Morris 14); an observation that supports the thesis as stated that productivity measures lead to improved performance of the company. Working Condition Employees form the most important part of an organization; actually, they resemble an engine in a car. Although customers are the final recipients of the goods and services produced by the organization, the employees form the fabric of the organization because they can easily decide to jeopardize the whole process. Byers, in an article explores “how far the employees have to walk from one station to another” (9), implying the pain they go through when serving an organization. The article observes that if the affairs of the employees come first, productivity improves almost immediately. Some of the issues concerning employees that need attention include allowances and benefits extended to them. Insurance, especially for those working under extremely risky environments serves to motivate the employees that the organization has their best interest at heart. The effects of employee’s behaviors and attitudes affect the organization slowly, meaning that the effects are not immediately visible in the productivity level but like cancerous cells, they grow to affect the whole organization over time. The research observed that if employers do not motivate their employees, they work mostly under supervision and not self-drive. Idleness becomes the order of the day in the firm, but if incentives and bonuses are extended to hard working individuals, productivity can be observed to improve. The article insists that each organization needs to create a system of dealing with employee issues whether good or bad. Improved working conditions means improved productivity by industries hence this article supports the hypothesis. Rest As mentioned earlier, measurements will never be divorced from industrial engineering. As such, the performance of the employees at their places of work goes a long way to determine the productivity levels in that organization. The worker’s alertness, mood, ability to make quick decision, and memory are only but a few indicators of productivity. However, due to life demands and stress, most of the employees appeared in foul moods, were subject to memory lapse, and showed lack of alertness. It was discovered that most workers slept for very few hours because of either extra jobs or overworking at their places of work. Such circumstances translated to poor work performances and reduced productivity in the end. These workers sometimes came to work late, escaped some of their responsibilities and always complained incase of any grievances. The author of the article suggested taking short naps during the day to ease the pressure and stress of work. The short naps helped the mind to relax and refresh allowing the worker to be alert and attentive. Although exercise and nutrition received a lot of focus, it was established that sleep contributed greatly to productivity. Hence, emphasis should be given on workers’ rest to increase their productivity at their place of work. Though contrary to what most organizations believe that continuous work without rest increase productivity, this author argued that lack of rest led to reduced productivity due to stress and tiredness. Therefore, the author advocates for companies to arrange for their employees to take short naps during small breaks to help improve productivity. Lean Manufacturing The research further notes that other industries gauge their productivity on the amount of waste produced by their industry. On their part Rey, Ripley and Neal researched the method known as lean manufacturing and its application in the concrete industry (2). They labeled it as a systematic approach to improving productivity thus did a lot of work relevant to this study. Lean manufacturing is the method of productivity improvement that involves identifying and reducing waste materials that goes hand in hand with continuous improvement (Rey, Ripley, and Neal 3). This method was first developed by the Japanese car manufacturing company, Toyota, but later applied by different types of industries including engineering, administration, and construction. The primary purpose of this particular method is to identify waste and reduce costs accumulated by the waste, translating to an efficient, smooth running, and competitive organization. The researchers outlined that the lean process began by establishing the value added to the product on its way to becoming a useful product. The value added in this case implies any works that contribute to changing of the raw material to the final product as required by the customer. Therefore, any processes that consume resources of any kind without adding value to the product receive classification as waste. This stage according to the research is the most important step in the lean process mainly because some of the wastes are very common thus not easily recognizable. Types of Wastes Wastes occur in everyday live and in businesses in any industry. Some of the types of waste may include motion, waiting, defects, transport, people, overproduction, inventory, and process. Motion waste is caused mainly by poor organization, misunderstanding, or poor tool design leading to walking when either looking for tools or counting something. Waiting cannot be classified any different from motion but it results to idle time created when waiting for tools not readily available due to poor schedule and disorganization. Defects may result to poor designs while poor layout and poor design of process flow causes transport wastes. Overproduction waste on its part refers to manufacture of products earlier or faster than actually required. The causes of such wastes include among others, inspection delays and poor schedules of workers. An inventory waste occurs when excess output is obtained from a process implying that, it is more than the amount required in the next step caused by situations of miscommunication or poor scheduling. ‘People’ is the most wasted resource in any given industry; as a waste, people refer to the waste of failing to exploit the employees’ abilities. The causes of such wastes may include low expectations by the employees, poor conditions of working, or lack of good leadership and management teams. These are only examples of wastes possible in any organization but the list is not final. Waste may emerge in different ways depending on the type of industry in consideration. However, the research highlights a much-neglected area that gravely affects productivity in different firms. The list of wastes and their causes indicates that, productivity of any firm can be improved through elimination or reduction of wastes. Rey, Ripley, and Neal state that, the lean manufacturing method has designed tools and methods efficiently to reduce any wastes found within the workflow translating to improved productivity (5). They came up with different strategies that some of them required implementation dependent on others. These tools involved establishing an interdepartmental team to identify the wastes across the whole production process. The method outlined that, the work place organization was paramount to reduced wastes. Visual controls by painting or having signs on the wall as well as the plant layout form part of the lean manufacturing process tools. The other tool involved is balancing of flow in the manufacturing process. This meant establishment of standard tasks, process cycle, and scheduling the workers appropriately. Consequently, walking, waiting, and repetitive material handling reduced, hence, waste reduction. For all the methods and tools mentioned to be effective, the process requires teamwork participation and this way, people would feel appreciated and incase of training and mentorship, employers would be easy to learn and follow. The lean process explained above supports the hypothesis as stated because waste reduction will result to reduced costs hence improved productivity in industries. Measurement In his article, Badiru outlined the importance of productivity measurement as a method of improving the productivity level (24). He categorically stated that, it is impossible for industrial engineers to succeed in their call to facilitate integration and coordination of top-notch technologies without understanding measurement of time, motion, and performance. He observed that to adapt to the ever-changing technology, all the stakeholders have to come together and participate collectively in improvement projects. The author associated work measurement with industrial engineering and insisted on it remaining an important competency test. Achievement of organizational profitability goals required measurement of various effects in a company. Some of these variables include worker’s performance, resources consumption, and productivity levels hence measurement seemed indispensable. Badiru highlights various situations that may occur in an organization and necessitate measurement of their impact to productivity levels (24). Anything that happens in an organization no matter how small or insignificant it may appear, always affects the productivity level. Consequently, measurement is a serious method of improving the productivity of an organization. This article appropriately supports the hypothesis that measuring productivity leads to improvement in industries. Conclusion Every organization’s goal is to boost the annual profits at any given time among others goals. An organization making losses but achieving other goals like community development or technological advancement cannot be said to attain its objectives. Productivity contributes significantly to the profitability of any organization thus productivity measurement and consequent courses of action translate to improved profitability in an organization. When the different methods of productivity measurement were applied and necessary course of action taken from the results, productivity improved significantly. However, productivity measurement is not exploited and other methods of measurements require further studies. Technological developments in the world today depict an ever-changing world hence more studies are required to improve productivity considering the new production methods. Works Cited Ali, Syed, Yousof, Jamil, Khan, Memmona, and Masood, Syed. “Evaluation of performance in manufacturing organization through productivity and quality.” African Journal of Business Management 5.6 (2011): 2211-2219. Badiru, Adedeji. “Long live work measurement.” Industrial Engineer Norcross 50.6 (2008): 20-27. Byers, Robin. “Improving Productivity and Profits.” National Underwriter (Life and Health insurance) 88.35 (2008): 9-10. Morris, Ray. “Productivity: Small Changes Can Lead to Large Gains.” Occupational Health and Safety 80.4 (2008): 14-15. Rauglas, Dirk. “A forgotten Key to Success: Taking Lean to the Next Level: Work Measurement.” MTM Association, 2010. Web. Rey, Bill, Ripley, Paul, and Neal, Doug. “Lean Manufacturing- A systematic approach to improving Productivity in the Precast Construction Industry.” PCI journal 16.4 (2006): 1-10. Williams, Nathan. “Performance Measurement Systems for Converting Operations with Varying Performance Capabilities. IIE Annual Conference Proceedings , 2008. Web.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The text discusses a programming solution for a library reference system research paper. The solution involves an iterating part that involves data analysis and a search cycle.

The text discusses a programming solution for a library reference system research paper. The solution involves an iterating part that involves data analysis and a search cycle.

Programming Solution for the Library Reference System Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Iteration Structure 2. Programming Solution 3. Repeat search cycle 4. Flowchart 5. Reference List Iteration Structure The offered programming solution for the library reference system is required for proper data analysis and search. End-users input the initial search data, while the search engine offers the most suitable variants, that coincide with the initial request. The iterating part of the program code involves the data analysis part, as data matching part of the code will be repeated for several hundred times until the entire data base is scanned. Programming Solution The offered solution for data analysis and search may be regarded as the basic technology for the referencing system. However, this does not involve the opportunity of search result restriction, or advanced search. Setting of the search parameters part will stay the same, while the search part requires cycling. Therefore, the entire data base should be divided into interconnected blocks in alphabetic and research sphere order. When the search parameters are set, the program starts searching. * object item; * item = author; * item = publishing; * item = title; * item = year; * Item = key word * if key word = sphere block; * then start from this block; * else read the first letter of the author or title; * start searching from the corresponding block; for (search cycle) { search item.position; add to output results; } Block +1 (start scanning the next block) Repeat search cycle Therefore, the “Sphere” data blocks will be assigned with numbers, and alphabetic blocks – with letters (alphabetic blocks will be divided into two categories – Author and Title. So any book will be belonging to at least two blocks, and more, if there are two or more authors. The system reminds a data base table, so any duplicates will exist). The search parameters will define the blocking structure, and the search cycle will scan all the blocks continuously, starting from the adjusted. The search request is: * Stephen Covey. Seven Habits of Highly Effective People. * Keyword: Psychology * The program reads the keyword, and finds the corresponding block. * The search structure is defined (sphere blocks); * Then, it starts searching author, and title; * If there is a misprint in a title, the system will find all the books by this author. If the keyword is not stated, or given improperly (i.e. there is no such sphere in the referencing system, but popular psychology instead). Then, system reads the first letter of the surname, and starts searching in C block. All the matching results are added to output. If author is not stated, the system will start searching in S block. Scanning other blocks will be needed for searching similar titles of the book; however, they will be added after the results from the initial block. This will add relevance to the search results. Flowchart The offered flowchart gives the representation of the basic algorithm of the presented code. This defines the key steps of the search algorithm. (Blank and Barnes, 1998) The modules of the flowchart are helpful for imagining the basic outline of the entire search algorithm, as well as for defining the key tasks for the system. The key advantages of such an approach are linked with the opportunity of modular solution of the problem, while each module defines the particular set of tasks for more effective problem solving. (Sidky, Sud, et.al. 2002) Reference List Blank, G., & Barnes, R. (1998). The Universal Machine , Boston, MA: WCB/McGraw-Hill. Sidky, A.S., Sud, R.R., Bhatia, S. & Arthur, J.D. n.d.(2002) Problem Identification and Decomposition within the Requirements Generation Process. Web.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: A proposal for a programming solution to a problem in a library environment would involve defining the problem, then designing the problem based on the requirements that have been set out in technical terms, developing program code, debugging the developed program code to remove any errors inherent in the system, testing the program code and modules using different testing strategies such as bottom up and top down approach.

A proposal for a programming solution to a problem in a library environment would involve defining the problem, then designing the problem based on the requirements that have been set out in technical terms, developing program code, debugging the developed program code to remove any errors inherent in the system, testing the program code and modules using different testing strategies such as bottom up and top down approach.

Programming Solution Proposal Analysis Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Problem identification 2. The role of personnel 3. Program development lifecycle 4. Modular approach to problem solution 5. Benefits of modularization 6. References Problem identification In the hypothetical situation of the library environment, problem identification will be achieved by making observation and inquiry into the functionality of the current system and conducting a comparative analysis of the current system with a functionally operational computerized library system. The preliminary investigation will crystallize the benefits of the proposed system compared with the current system to reinforce the rationale of adopting and implementing the proposed system. The identification process will involve problem understanding of the intended users expressed in technical terms, convincing the users about the viability of the proposed system. Stakeholder problems will need to be identified in the problem space and mapping them into the solution space through specific algorithms (Blank & Barnes, 1998). That will lead to requirements identification and definition. Overly, it will entail a requirements list that will be detailed by a requirements set that will be characterized by user requirements elicitations, requirements validation tailored to meet user needs, requirements verifications, requirements analysis against user needs, and a requirements management. However, problem identification will be conducted by collecting information from the library personnel (Blank & Barnes, 1998). The role of personnel The library personnel will play a critical role in creating the program for the proposed library system because they are and will be users of the current and proposed system. In addition to that, these users provide critical information about the current system that will lead the system developer to understand the problem inherent with the old system, thus enabling the developer to critically develop and outline the problem statement. The personnel know well stakeholders provide further information about the stakeholder. In addition to that, the problem statement will provide a detailed view of the impact of problems inherent with the old system in view of the new system. That will lead to the next level where the problem is translated into technical program solutions. Program development lifecycle A modular approach to program development lifecycle will involve defining the problem, then designing the problem based on the requirements that have been set out in technical terms, developing program code, debugging the developed program code to remove any errors inherent in the system, testing the program code and modules using different testing strategies such as bottom up and top down approach. Then, culminating with maintenance of the modules and program code and ending with extension and program redesign if need arises (Blank & Barnes, 1998). Modular approach to problem solution Once the problem is well defined and requirements list is technically mapped into program code, then the problem will be decomposed and modules developed to reflect the solution to each problem with a precise algorithm. However, the process is iterative and the modules will be integrated gradually to form a single library system. Modules are independent and will reflect all parts of the library such as the database and their interfaces (Sidky, Sud, Bhatia & Arthur, n.d). Benefits of modularization Modules can be delinked from the main system and overhauled. In addition to that other maintenance operations can be performed without affecting the functionality of the whole system. Each module reflects its problem domain and problems can be handled independently. New modules can be added and interfaced with the whole system allowing for system growth and integration with other new systems. References Blank, G., & Barnes, R. 1998. The Universal Machine , Boston, MA: WCB/McGraw-Hill. Sidky, A.S., Sud, R.R., Bhatia, S. & Arthur, J.D. n.d. Problem Identification and Decomposition within the Requirements Generation Process. Web.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay discusses the elements of criminal act and how they relate to the attempted murder charge against Jack.The essay discusses the elements of criminal act and how they relate to the attempted murder charge against Jack. Jack was accused of attempted murder after he shot Pratt, who was accidentally hit when Jack was trying to shoot Bert. The court dismissed the charge, but Jack's lawyer argued that Jack should be found guilty of the crime of attempted murder on the grounds of joint enterprise. The essay was successful

The essay discusses the elements of criminal act and how they relate to the attempted murder charge against Jack. The essay discusses the elements of criminal act and how they relate to the attempted murder charge against Jack. Jack was accused of attempted murder after he shot Pratt, who was accidentally hit when Jack was trying to shoot Bert. The court dismissed the charge, but Jack's lawyer argued that Jack should be found guilty of the crime of attempted murder on the grounds of joint enterprise. The essay was successful

Project: Jack, Bert and Pratt, Elements of Criminal Act Essay Table of Contents 1. Elements of Criminal Act 2. Attempt and Impossibility 3. Moral concerns of granting impossibility 4. References Elements of Criminal Act For an offence to constitute a criminal offence, two elements must be satisfied: the accusers must regard the act as prohibited conduct and the mental intention or a guilty mind. “The prosecution must prove that in the most reasonable contemplation, the defendant alleged act, so-referred to an as criminal act, was constituted by the two elements” (Jackson, 1997, p.42). For example, supposing ‘A’ strikes ‘’B, without his / her consent. The claim of declaring ‘A’ as having committed an assault will hold only if the action of ‘A’ (striking B) stands out as the prohibited act with the guilty mind or mental element standing out as the intention of the striking. An exception of such a requirement is in the case of a strict liability in which the proof of the actual performance of an act is not required for guiltiness to stand. However, a person may strike the other person unwillingly through reckless behavior. In such a situation, assault is not committed since even though the execution of the action stands out, the person who stroke the other had no intent and therefore had not regarded his/her actions. Important to note are the cases of ancillary responsibility. Based on joint enterprise, a person who had not directly committed an act but participated in its planning may pass for a convict of the law. For instance, the guilty of the person who drives a getaway vehicle compares well with the guilt of the person who actually involves himself/herself in a robbery with or without violence. A person may also suffer charges proving him/her guilty of an offense even though the action constituting the prohibited conduct did not go up to completion. Rather the person had the mental intent to commit the crime. Even if the target person or place to which a planned criminal action is to be directed is not selected, the persons planning to commit the crimes can qualify as guilty of the offense on the grounds of conspiracy. For the case in question, Jack’s mission was to shoot Bert but accidentally shot Pratt. On realizing the mistake, he further proceeded to perform the second act: what he had priory intended to do. Unfortunately, the gun failed him. Proceeding to shoot the second time makes it clear that he had put his actions to a reasonable contemplation though never completed the action. Consequently, the element of mind guilt or mental intent to commit a crime qualifies. On such grounds, Jack deserved no acquaintance hence declaring the court wrong in dismissing the attempted murder charge. Attempt and Impossibility In legal terms, criminal attempt “…occurs when a person, with the intent to commit an offense, performs any act that constitutes a substantial step toward the commission of that offense” (Lippmann, 2008, p.107). Criminal attempts appear in two kinds: ‘incomplete’ and ‘complete, but An incomplete. Incomplete attempt takes place when the accused does all acts as intended but does not manage to achieve his/ her criminal objective. ‘Complete, but imperfect’ attempt occurs when the accused accomplishes substantial efforts toward committing a criminal act toward the plaintiff but decides to quit or encounters interception before the complete performance. On the other hand, impossibility, takes the forms of “factual, ‘inherent’ factual, hybrid legal, and pure impossibilities. The case in question pertains to factual impossibility. “Factual impossibility” exists when a person’s intended result constitutes a crime, but he fails to consummate the offense because of an attendant circumstance unknown to him or beyond his control” (Britain, 1990, p.47). Impossibility amounts to an incomplete attempt. Jack could not have managed to shoot Bert since the gun malfunctioned (jammed), something that he could not have controlled to permit the complete performance of his criminal objectives. Applying the general rule, “At common law, legal impossibility is a defense; factual impossibility is not” (Britain, 1990, p.56). In respect to the mentioned case of Jack, Bert, and Pratt, the cited defense of impossibility: factual impossibility should not have warranted the jury to grant it. Having pulled the trigger the intent to kill is clear in the mind jack! Moral concerns of granting impossibility Where acquaintance of criminal responsibility is the granted on successful application of legal defense of impossibility, enormous threats are posed to the ethical and moral perceptions of the criminal by the society. An individual is no single island. He/she lives in a society. For the acute distinction between various societies, there stand various codes of conduct that dictate between the right and the wrong thing or action. “The codes of conduct are the social norms, which are specific and completely distinguish one society from the other” (Kramer, 2004, p.98). Laws purposely govern conduct of individuals by inculcating fear of punishment. Morality “when it is internalized, when it has become habit-like or second nature, governs conduct without compulsion. The virtuous person does the appropriate thing because it is the fine or noble thing to do” (Kramer, 2004, p.109). However, despite the difference between law and morality, laws that defend values justify that morality and law coexist. Such laws include: laws that regulate crimes such as murder, fraud, bribery, etc. if a criminal can escape law, meaning that the person frees from punishment, how possible could the person adore the moral and ethical codes of conduct whose neglect do not involve direct punishment on the person? Erosion of moral or ethical uprightness of a person, reciprocates to permanent rejection of the person in the society. Avoiding criminal responsibility by successful assertion of impossibility defense does not convert the criminal into a better person-so regarded by the society as of good moral or ethical soundness. Rather the person’s moral and ethical force of command dies completely. References Britain, G. (1980). Criminal Law, Attempt, and Impossibility In Relation To Attempt, Conspiracy and Incitement (Law Com). Northern Ireland: H.M.S.O. Jackson, L. (1997). The Framework of Criminal Law (Legal Framework). London: Routledge publishers. Kramer, K. (2004). Where Law and Morality Meet. Oxford: OUP Oxford. Lippmann, W. (2008). Public Opinion . Miami: BN Publishing.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: This study was carried out to determine the prominent synaptic and metabolic abnormalities revealed by proteomic analysis of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dIPFC) in the schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The main functions of the dlPFC are captured in the wilful actions, the working memory and in the making of decisions. There is increasing evidence that shows that this area of the brain fails to function in patients suffering from bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

This study was carried out to determine the prominent synaptic and metabolic abnormalities revealed by proteomic analysis of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dIPFC) in the schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The main functions of the dlPFC are captured in the wilful actions, the working memory and in the making of decisions. There is increasing evidence that shows that this area of the brain fails to function in patients suffering from bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

Prominent Synaptic and Metabolic Abnormalities Report Introduction This study was carried out to determine the prominent synaptic and metabolic abnormalities revealed by proteomic analysis of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dIPFC) in the schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (1). The main functions of the dlPFC are captured in the wilful actions, the working memory and in the making of decisions. There is increasing evidence that shows that this area of the brain fails to function in patients suffering from bipolar disorder and schizophrenia (1). Several studies in the schizophrenic patients have focused on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Previously it has been established that abnormalities in the inhibitory interneuron function, neurotransmission, signal transduction and glial cells are responsible for the neurochemical and molecular basis for the cell alterations (2). Several gene and protein profiling studies have been conducted on post-mortem dlPFC tissue from schizophrenic patients. Proteomic techniques have been utilized in order to gain understanding in the situations where the abnormalities at the gene level are not reflected in the protein expression (5). In the findings of several previous studies, it has been shown significant variations at the protein level with varying PMI times (2, 4). It is possible that the post mortem conditions of the brain tissue such as change in pH may be responsible for the findings that indicate modified metabolism and function of the mitochondria (7). This study was aimed at achieving further characterization of the differential protein expression in the cortical grey matter in the post-mortem brain tissue taken from the dlPFC of 105 patients using a non hypothesis gel-based approach (5). The data collection process Samples for the study were obtained from the Stanley collection of brain tissue in form of blocks of grey matter chipped from the superior frontal gyrus (3, 5). The sample was made up of tissues form 105 patients and was grouped as follows: 35 with schizophrenia, 35 who had suffered from bipolar disorder and 35 controls. Patient information regarding the demographic, histological and clinical details of the cases used for analysis of protein expression was recorded in a table (4). Nine samples were later discarded due to technical difficulties in the verification of demographic data and confirmation of the disease states. The remaining brain tissues were dissected, solubilised and then separated using the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis technique. Image analysis to quantitatively evaluate the proteins was conducted using a personal SI laser densitometer (6, 9). After percentage determination of all the marked spots, the data was sent for evaluation. Data analysis mainly focused on detection of proteins that differed in expression between the control group and either the schizophrenia or the bipolar disorder groups (3, 8). The expression of the proteins in the brain was determined using analysis of covariance to take into account all the errors that may arise due to changes in PH, PMI, age differences of the subjects and the storage intervals. The proteins that showed significantly varied characteristics were identified using the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (1, 5). A database search was carried out on the resulting spectral data and the results stored. Further studies to determine the septin abnormalities showed that two protein spots increased significantly in expression in both disorders(3). The same protein was also found to be higher in the bipolar disorders in comparison to the control group. Main findings A total of 1944 spots across the group of 105 dlPFC were seen using the two dimensional gel electrophoresis technique (2). Subsequent analysis conducted showed that a total of 101 of the gel spots were expressed differently expressed and thus correctd using analyses of covariance. Out of the 101, 35 more were done away with due to difficulties in visual confirmation or were absent in the gel used for protein identification (7). Therefore visual confirmation was carried out for a total of 66 spots of which 11 were in the schizophrenia group, 48 in the bipolar disorder group and further 7 which were found to be abnormally expressed in the two disorders (5). Mass spectrometry analysis identified a total 63 proteins. Forty five of them were found to be considerably linked to the bipolar disorder, 6 were significantly expressed in the two disorders, while 9 showed prominence in the schizophrenia disorder. The identities of the “protein spots, their fold change alteration in volume density on the 2D gel, the theoretical pI and the MW and the peptide matching were done for each protein” and tabulated (7). Functional ontology grouping of the proteins was done according to information derived from existing literature. This helped in the identification of the protein expression abnormality seen in each group and the differences between them (3, 5). Confirmation studies revealed that two out of the six proteins that had differential expression in the two disorders were variants of septin. The investigation done at the transcript level also showed significant abnormality in the expression of up to “1 proteins according to the Stanley Medical Research Institute array database and also at the protein level”(2). The findings of this study indicate that there is a broad variation in the septin protein cluster in both the bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. The findings also confirm the earlier findings that implicated both metabolic and synaptic pathology in the two disorders. Grouping of the proteins based on their functions showed a distinct disease profile in the two disorders. Out of the 15 proteins that had a considerable differential expression in schizophrenia, 7 were linked to the function of the synapses while 4 were associated with metabolic function (5). A tiny fraction of the proteins were also associated with protein folding, cytoskeleton, synthesis and the development of the brain (9). In the bipolar disease, up to 25 of the 51 protein that showed considerable differential expression had a significant association with metabolic function, 9 of the 51 were associated with cytoskeletal function while 6 of the 51 were linked to the synaptic function (7). The remaining categories were associated with development of the brain, proteolysis, protein synthesis, cell division, protein folding and regulation of the blood. Using the controls for comparison it was established that most of the proteins that had an abnormal expression on the bipolar disease were seen to undergo an upward regulation rather than a downward regulation. The best distinction was achieved by the predominance of metabolic-associated protein changes in the bipolar disorder, and of synaptic-associated protein changes in schizophrenia (3). The researchers went further to identify the roles of the identified proteins in the synaptic and metabolic dysfunction in schizophrenia and the bipolar disorder (4). Existing literature indicates that there is vast evidence showing that alterations in the expression of several disorders that are linked to the synapses are usually found in schizophrenic patients. Thus the current research findings that linked the abnormally expressed proteins in schizophrenia to synaptic function are consistent with previous research findings. The researchers were also able to extend the literature by “increasing our knowledge of the identity of some of the synaptic proteins that are associated with the disease process” (9). In this study most of the proteins linked to the synaptic function that were abnormal in schizophrenia were seen to increase rather than decrease. However, this increase can be attributed to the number of septin protein changes in the in the schizophrenia disease (6). The findings of the study also showed evidence of how the septin family of proteins contributes to the both the bipolar disease and schizophrenia. In the study, it was revealed that up to five variants of septin 5 that was present on the two dimensional gels analysed, were considerably high in the bipolar disease, while three were raised in schizophrenia in comparison to the controls (4). The genes of septin 5 proteins are often located on the “chromosomal region 22q11.2, some parts of this region are normally deleted in patients who are diagnosed with velo-cardio-facial syndrome” and who are often found to exhibit higher changes of developing schizophrenia (8, 9). The septin proteins usually function to bind GTP and usually associated with microtubule filaments and actin (2). Earlier research findings have implicated alterations in metabolism and functions of the mitochondria in schizophrenic cases. The findings of the current study have added a new dimension to this by linking the same condition to the bipolar disorder, and by extension finding it to be more prominent in the bipolar disorder than in schizophrenia (3). Significance of the study in the wider context of the area of research This study is of great importance in the wider are of research that aims to establish the underlying molecular mechanisms in schizophrenia and bipolar disease. The two diseases can be identified as the most “prevalent and debilitating psychiatric illnesses” (1). The identification of the genome areas that have the genes that cause the two diseases can play a vital role in the identification of the onset features of the diseases for better management. This particular research has added an important dimension in the understanding of the two conditions by implicating the involvement of the septin family of proteins, something that had not been done before (5). Though the research does not offer conclusive solution to the proteomic understanding of the two diseases, it does add credibility to the long established hypothesis that bipolar disease and schizophrenia do share genetic risk factors (8). The findings of the current research are consistent with previous researches that have carried out association studies and revealed the association of the two disorders. Previously the studies concerning the genetic risk factors in schizophrenia and the bipolar diseases were characterised by data that lacked specificity in regard to multiple mutations and the mutations the different mutations that appear in some series (5). The current paper has managed to bridge much of this uncertainty by linking the underlying protein defects in both the bipolar disease and schizophrenia to synaptic and metabolism functions. This was possible because the current study made use of the largest number of individuals to have ever been used in such studies (8). The contribution of this study will inevitably contribute to the broader identification and understanding of the susceptibility genes, from protein expression point of view. This will go further to identify the molecular targets for which effective drugs can be formulated to establish new therapeutically approaches in the treatment and management of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Vast researches in this area of study have been able to pin point the “specific genes and proteins that are implicated in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia,” but the variants of the genes that are specifically responsible for the disorders are yet to be verified (7, 9). The variations in different subjects in regard to age and other demographics that have been established by this study will form an important aspect of determining the susceptibility of individuals and the treatment of other contra-indications (3). The determination of common protein expression abnormalities in different conditions such as velo-cardio-facial syndrome and schizophrenia can be used as an important tool in the prediction of disease conditions (2). For instance individuals who are diagnosed with the velo-cardio-facial syndrome should be advised to take preventive measures against schizophrenia and by extension the bipolar disorder. The importance linkage between protein expression and the underlying genetic abnormalities in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, as described by this study will ensure more specificity in drug formulations to prevent side effects that are being witnessed currently. For instance, some antipsychotic drugs that are currently in use have been associated with serious side effects such as dyskinesia (7). Thus the identification of specific molecular targets will prevent such side effects and ensure that patients with schizophrenia and the bipolar conditions are given better treatment and management (4). References Broadbelt, K, W Byne and L Jones. Evidence for the decrease in basilar dentrites of pyramidal cells in schizophrenic medial prefrontal cortex. Schizophr 2002; 58:75-81. Eastwood, SL and P J Harrison. Hippocampal synaptic pathology in the schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression: a study of complexin mRNAs. Mol Psychiatry 2000; 5:435-435. Fountoulakis, M and R Hardmei. Postmortem changes in the Level of the brain proteins. Exp Neurol 2001; 167: 86-94. Frith, G and R Dolan. The role of the prefrontal cortex in higher cognitive functions. Brain Res Cogn Brain 1996; 5:175-181. Hakak, Y, et al. Genome-wide expression analysis reveals dysregulation of myelination-related genes in chronic schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2001; 98:4746-4751. Mirnics, K, et al. Molecular characterization of schizophrenia viewed by microarrayanalysis of gene expression in prefrontal cortex. Neuron 2000; 28:53-57. Rosoklija, G, et al. Structural abnormalities of the subicular dendrites in subjects with schizophrenia and mood disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 162:1200-1202. Strakowski, S M, C M Adler and M P DelBello. Volumetric MRI studies of mood disorders: do they distinguish unipolar and bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2002; 4:80-88. Vawter, MP, et al. Microarray analysis of gene expression in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: a preliminary stud. Schizophr Res 2002; 58:11-20.

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Write an essay about: Differential diagnosis is a process of elimination that can help physicians to make the definitive assessment of their patients. It is especially important for oncologists and urologists, as they have to distinguish prostate cancer from other diseases with similar symptoms, such as BPH, prostatitis, and adenosis.

Differential diagnosis is a process of elimination that can help physicians to make the definitive assessment of their patients. It is especially important for oncologists and urologists, as they have to distinguish prostate cancer from other diseases with similar symptoms, such as BPH, prostatitis, and adenosis.

Prostate Cancer Pathophysiology and Management Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Differential diagnosis 2. Diagnostic testing 3. Epidemiology of prostate cancer 4. Expected standard of care 5. Patient and family education 6. Reference List Differential diagnosis Prostate cancer is associated with such symptoms as haematuria (blood in the urine), pain during urination, weakening or slowing of the urinary stream, the swelling of lymph nodes, pain in the pelvis (Murray, 2009, p 34). However, these symptoms may be caused by other diseases, in particular, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatitis, and adenosis. (Paner, Luthringer & Amin, 2008, p 1388). This is why physicians have to apply such a method as a differential diagnosis to make the definitive assessment of the patient. Differential diagnosis has become an inseparable part of contemporary medical practices, and it can prove to be very beneficial for oncologists or urologists. A physician, who tries to distinguish prostate cancer from BHP, has to conduct a series of blood tests; it is necessary to focus on the level of prostate-specific antigen or kallikrein as it is also known (Korbakis, Gregorakis, Scorilas 2009, p 905). Low levels of PSA support BHP diagnosis while higher levels indicate the possibility of prostate cancer. At the moment, the use of tumour markers such as kallikrein is the most widespread method of differentiating these two disorders. One should consider is that benign prostatic hyperplasia is the most common mimicker of prostate cancer, and it is of crucial importance that physicians can distinguish these disorders. Additionally, the symptoms of prostate cancer can be similar to that one of prostatitis, especially if we are speaking about painful sensations during urination and nocturnal urination. To confirm or rule out the prostatitis hypothesis, one has to carry out urine and blood tests: namely, one must look at the level of leukocytes in urine and the Biernacki Reaction or the rate at which erythrocytes sediment (Shoskes, 2008, p 22). High levels of leukocytes and increased rate of Biernacki reaction are characteristic of prostatitis, while normal values eliminate this hypothesis. It should be mentioned that by ruling out the possibility of prostatitis, one cannot prove that the patient has prostate cancer. In this way, a physician manages to reduce the range of diagnoses and make the final assessment more accurate. Finally, prostate cancer can be confused with adenosis or disease of glandular tissue (Armah & Parwani, 2008, p 3). It is also accompanied by painful urination. Under the circumstance, a physician has to use immunostains such as CK903/34βE12, p63, or AMACR to determine whether the symptoms are related to adenosis or not (Armah & Parwani, 2008, p 3). Overall, at the core of differential diagnosis lies the process of elimination. As we have identified there are several mimickers of prostate cancer and it is necessary to use various methods to ascertain which prostate disorder the patient has; otherwise, there is a great likelihood that the patient will receive inappropriate treatment. Diagnostic testing Several tests are used specifically for patients who may have prostate cancer. One of them is prostate biopsy or removal of small tissue samples from the patient’s prostate gland. As a rule, physicians take from 6 to 18 samples from different regions of the gland (Murray, 2009, p 34). The sensitivity of this test is always disputed; according to the statistical evidence biopsy fails to detect prostate in 20 per cent of cases and at times it is necessary to conduct this test several times (Cheikh et al, 2009, p 770). The average cost of prostate biopsy is $ 2.000, yet the price may vary. Additionally, digital rectal examination (DRE) is used for the detection of prostatic disorders. However, this test is more likely to identify an abnormality, but it will not give a definitive answer about the origins of this abnormality. As a rule, this procedure will cost the patient approximately $ 200. Among other widespread tests, we can single out the use of tumour markers, especially prostate-specific antigens such as kallikrein (Korbakis, Gregorakis, Scorilas 2009, p 905). The sensitivity of this method is 80 per cent. A patient would pay from $70 to $400 to undergo this test. Epidemiology of prostate cancer According to the finding of the National Cancer Institute (NCI), approximately 217,730 males are diagnosed with prostate cancer, and more than 10 percent of these cases prove to be fatal (2011, unpaged). Additionally, the statistical data indicate that the African-American population is more likely to be affected by this disease (234.6 per 100,000 men), they are followed by the white population (150.4 per 100,000 men). The occurrence of prostate cancer among Hispanic males is 125.8 per 100,000 men. the fourth place is occupied by Asian people (90.0 per 100,000 men). Finally, this disease is least widespread among Native Americans (77.7 per 100,000 men). Furthermore, one should bear in mind that the median age of the patient with prostate cancer is 67 years (National Cancer Institute, 2011, unpaged). Judging from this statistical data, one can argue that African Americans, aged above 60 are probably the most vulnerable group. Apart from that, it is possible to argue that the occurrence of this disease in the United States has dramatically increased over the last two decades. Overall, this information is of great importance for nurses who bear major responsibility for the screening of patients. These people need to know which groups are most exposed to this risk. Early identification of prostate cancer can significantly diminish the mortality rate which is very high at the moment. Expected standard of care At this point, we need to speak about the so-called gold standard of patient care or the treatment mode which is supported by evidence-based research. At this point, the gold standard of care for patients is hormone therapy (Anderson, Abrahamson, Crawford, et al 2008, p 1497). This treatment mode is primarily aimed at reducing male hormones such as testosterone which stimulates the growth of cancerous cells. This method is particularly beneficial when there is a risk of metatarsal developments. Even though hormonal therapy may entail significant side-effects such as liver damage or the loss of muscle mass, both physicians and patients prefer this treatment mode over others (Anderson, Abrahamson, Crawford, et al 2008). Overall, hormonal therapy can be viewed as the first line of treatment. The key advantage of this treatment mode is that its effects are reversible, and the same thing cannot be said about radiotherapy or surgery. The second treatment mode is surgery, in particular, prostatectomy. This option is recommended by 93 percent of urologists (Murray, 2009, p 180). On the whole, physicians’ resort to prostatectomy if hormonal therapy fails to produce any results. Surgical removal of the prostate is usually associated with such aftereffects as the importance and lack of urinary control. Besides, prostatectomy is more suitable when a tumour is localized, but not in those cases it has given rise to metastases. It is worth mentioning that as a second-line treatment, physicians often choose radiotherapy and its survival rates are similar to those of prostatectomy (Murray, 2009, p 333). The advantage of radiotherapy is that it can be applied at different stages of cancer development. However, it can also result in colon cancer. These are the standards to which oncologists and urologists when they try to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different treatment options. Patient and family education Medical workers should never underestimate the role of patient and family education. First of all, physicians must convince patients with prostate cancer that they still have a good chance of survival and that it is not permissible for them to become despaired. The second task is to explain the advantages and disadvantages of each treatment method available to them. They need to know about hypothetical side-effects of hormonal therapy, orchiectomy, brachytherapy, etc. Additionally, medical workers must explain to patients what kind of diet they must keep increasing their chance of survival. Additionally, the physicians, as well as nurses, should encourage patients to undergo tests regularly. This argument is particularly relevant for those people who have prostatitis or BPH since they are at great risk of developing prostate cancer. It is necessary to persuade these people not to be afraid of medical examinations as they can help them avoid many health problems. This discussion shows that patient education is an important part of medical science. Reference List Anderson J, Abrahamsson P, Crawford D, et al (2008) Management of advanced prostate cancer: can we improve on androgen deprivation therapy? BJU International. 101, 12, 1497-1501. Armah H. & Parwani A. (2008). Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (adenosis) of the prostate: a case report with review of the literature. Diagnostic Pathology 3:34. Cheikh. A. Girouin N. Colombel M. et al. (2009). Evaluation of T2-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in localizing prostate cancer before repeat biopsy. Springer Science & Business Media . (19) 3, pp. 770-778. Korbakis D. Gregorakis, A. & Scorilas. A. (2009) Quantitative Analysis of Human Kallikrein 5 (KLK5) Expression in Prostate Needle Biopsies: An Independent Cancer Biomarker. Chemical Chemistry. (55), 5, pp 904-913. Murray F. (2009). How To Prevent Prostate Problems: A Complete Guide to the Essentials of Prostate Health. Basic Health Publications, Inc. National Cancer Institute. (2011). Surveillance Epidemiology. Prostate Cancer: Factsheet. Web. Paner G. Luthringer D. Amin M. (2008) Best Practice in Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry. Prostate Carcinoma and Its Mimics in Needle Core Biopsies. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (132), 9, p 1388-1396. Shoskes. D. (2008). Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. NY: Humana Press.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The text discusses the importance of protecting intellectual property rights in America. It also highlights the role played by the American government in this endeavour.

The text discusses the importance of protecting intellectual property rights in America. It also highlights the role played by the American government in this endeavour.

Protection of Intellectual Property Rights Essay (Article) The name America is synonymous with innovative product developments (Cole, para. 1) and application of various cutting-edge technologies. This has helped in revolutionalizing the world in very many spheres including the technological aspects. It is therefore imperative that the American government protect the intellectual property assets because her legacy, health and economy are hinged on it. When the people of America joined the rest of the world in commemorating World Intellectual Property day, on April 26, it marked the celebration of the input that the American people have made in music, literary work, film, and their continued inventive prowess. This has made America stand tall among her peers. Over the years, there has been continued growth in technological innovations. The citizens can access internet services than ever before because of increased broadband access. All these together with the current global manufacturing distribution channels have enhanced the rate at which American products and their creative contents are marketed in the world market. It is quite absurd that some people have capitalized on advancement in technology to enrich themselves albeit illegally. They further this by infringing copyright laws, counterfeiting trademark, and engaging in economic espionage. These are just some of the intellectual property offenses that have hit hard authors, artists and inventors. It is thought provoking that the American citizens who are supposed to be helping in abetting such criminal activities have helped further its course by buying these counterfeit products. National Crime Prevention Council purports that many Americans do not understand the gravity of engaging in infringement of copyright laws and espionage. Most of the people who engage in such activities cite tough economic times as a major driving factor. A perception that intellectual property crime is risk free and victims should be divorced from people’s faculty of thought by initiating legislations that would protect the citizenry and ensure they are consuming high quality products and services. Intellectual property crime leads to job losses as revenues to the tunes of billions of dollars are lost. Worse still, the American people continue to use low quality goods and services which impact negatively on their health and safety. When talks of intellectual property crime many tend to think that it is something that is a mirage away from them. They fail to recognize that it affects them basically in all aspects of their day to day lives from batteries used in homes to armed forces installations. Department’s Task Force on Intellectual Property intends to achieve their objectives by reigning in on perpetrators of such activities both locally and internationally by partnering with state and relevant law enforcement agencies. This body has managed to nab those who sell fake pharmaceuticals on on-line basis, all sorts of smugglers, proprietors of stores that stock pirated movies, and hackers. Many have been prosecuted and incarcerated this year alone for engaging in automobile specification design theft among other crimes. Arrests have also been made on people who allow for unlimited download of movies even before they are premier at the theatres. Money to the tune of 4 Million dollars has been disbursed to various agencies to help in combating IP crime. Counterfeiting has made the citizens to use prescription drugs that are merely imitations of the original drugs. Consumers part with their hard earned cash in exchange of substandard goods which are a health scare. The department has vowed to use much of its resources to frustrate foreign criminal counterfeiters. This has been characterized sending of high government delegations to places like China to impress on them the need for enforcing IP laws. The department also intends to partner with state department to conduct training of personnel from all over the world on IP issues. This war cannot be worn without the valuable input from the public. Summit signs power contract Seven months ago today Summit, a local power company, won three major power deals with the government. They have undertaken to formalize that deal by signing a final binding agreement to generate 1017 megawatt to the national grid within a time frame of three years. In the initial contract, summit was supposed to generate 341 mega watts each in both phase I and II projects. In the final phase, Summit was supposed to generate 335 mega watts. Protracted negotiations between the government and Summit then ensued. The contents of the negotiations dueled on the nature of the contract that was supposed to run for a record 22 years. Over this period, the government was supposed to buy a specific unit of electricity from Summit. This became the biggest first ever private sector contract the government had ever engaged in (Staff correspondent, para. 1). Many people attributed delay of signing contract between the government and Summit to Summit’s inability to finance the project. Summit however, downplayed this by saying that myriad financial institutions and corporate bodies had shown interest in their business and had in fact promised to extend funding to the tune of 800 million dollars, the amount that the three projects are supposed to cost. Some of the delays in signing the final contract between the government and the Summit have been attributed to inability of the law ministry to clear the contract documents in good time. The law ministry developed cold feet because they never wanted to allow British Law to be used in adjudication of two of the three contracts. The law ministry preferred Bangladeshi arbitration laws. However, the project financiers threatened not to fund the project if adjudications were not held under international legislation. The lenders strengthened their case by alluding that bidding documents were written according to international laws. The prime minister ruled in favor of British law. The contracts for the power projects were won by Summit in October 2011 as their prices were the lowest. The plants will begin operating fully in 2013. By 20 th March this year, Summit had managed to build 102 mega watts rental plant in Narayanganj. This shows that they have managed to run their operations ahead of the stipulated time frame. Summit is through with 115 mega watts installation at Khulna and a 40 mega watt facility at Noapara. The facilities are currently undergoing running test operations. The installations power supply to the national grid will boost this month’s commercial operation. Did the United States government contravene International Law by killing Bin Laden In less than a fortnight after United States specialized military unit SEALs oversaw the killing of Osama Bin Laden in a suburban Pakistani neighborhood, the relatives of Bin Laden have dared the United States government to prove that Osama is dead. They have suggested that investigations be carried out to ascertain how he was slain (Kernis, para. 1). They want to know what exactly transpired and why anybody never bothered to inform them. This has come only a few days when Omar Bin Laden and his brothers intimated to New York Times how they felt about their father’s death. They felt that their father had been summarily executed without due regard to international law. They allude that even the United States legal standards were not heeded. The statements replayed the mystery that shrouded the trial of both Saddam Hussein and Slobodan Milosevic. They say that Bin should have been subjected to due process of law and should have been presumed innocent until proved guilty. Commentators in legal spheres have continually asked whether the US violated Article 51 of the United Nations charter. Definitions of events that have unfolded since the September eleventh terrorist attack on America and how the killing of Bin Laden in Abbotabad can help in giving insight into whether International law was indeed violated. All and sundry know that America has been at the forefront in combating international terrorism and Al Qaeda and Osama is the undisputed leader of Al Qaeda. Thus under the law of war Osama becomes the ultimate target of lethal assault wherever he is. If somebody feels that the CIA instigated attack targeting Bin Laden is legal it therefore follows that there is some legality in trying to avert civilian casualties. By the virtue of the fact that Bin Laden was being sought by the American federal agencies for wanton deaths on its citizens and personnel in American geographical territory he ought to have been captured and subjected to the American criminal justice system. The American government has been so passionate in sustaining war against terror and enforcing antiterrorism war. This is exemplified in their undertakings in Pakistan and Yemen. Indictment of Osama Bin Laden and his allies in the federal courts is a clear sign that federal criminal law is alive albeit under great duress. The activities that characterized the May 1 st ordeal in Abbotabad clearly show that the war agenda superseded the law enforcement agenda. Many have kept asking why Osama could not be captured alive and subjected to due process of law as an international terrorist. CIA director has indicated that the navy SEAL 6 was pursuing a one way agendum: to capture Bin Laden alive if he showed the will to surrender, or be killed if he resisted arrest. If the order were that he be captured and killed when circumstances called for that, there would have been much stronger legal grounds. The alternative that the navy seal 6 team could capture Osama and kill him if necessary was open ended in the sense that they had the discretion to kill Bin Laden in split second impulse if they thought of him as a potential threat. In special operations, many criminal have been captured in many parts of the world and brought to justice. Was it justified to shoot Osama in the head rather than shooting his legs to incapacitate him bearing in mind that his wife was short in the legs? This is a major departure from federal indictments that presume suspects guilty until they are charged. On whether US violated Chapter 51 of UN Charter the Obama administration argues that Osama death occurred as a result of the elite team’s self defense. Terrorists deserve a right to be subjected to due process of law. However, when leaders of terrorist organizations are combatant they may be killed. War crimes Act of 1996 could have been used to prosecute Bin Laden in federal courts but it would be difficult to prosecute him on terrorism charges. The killing of Bin Laden is likely to complicate the issue of international law. Works Cited Cole, James. Protecting America’s Intellectual Property Assets. The Connecticut Law Tribune , 2011. Web. Kernis, Jay. Did U.S. violate international law by killing bin Laden? Cable News Network , 2011. Web. Staff Correspondent. Summit to sign biggest ever power deals today. The Daily Star , 2011. Web.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: Underage drinking is a major public health challenge that has ruined the future of millions of teenagers across the world. If the challenge is not addressed in the next 10 years, risks associated with underage drinking will increase significantly.

Underage drinking is a major public health challenge that has ruined the future of millions of teenagers across the world. If the challenge is not addressed in the next 10 years, risks associated with underage drinking will increase significantly.

Public Health Challenge: Underage Drinking Essay Definition and numbers Underage drinking is defined as the illegal consumption of alcohol by persons less than 21 years of age. In the US alone, it is estimated that underage drinking contributes to about 4,700 annual deaths among persons aged less than 21 years. It has been shown that teenagers consume 11% of the total alcohol consumed in the US annually. It has also been shown that underage persons drink more beer per sitting than adults (Miller, Naimi, Brewer & Jones, 2007). A total of 189,000 underage persons visited healthcare emergency departments with injuries caused by alcohol consumption in 2010. Underage drinking is a major public health challenge that has ruined the future of millions of teenagers across the world (Collins, Ellickson, McCaffrey & Hambarsoomians, 2007; Miller, Levy, Spicer & Taylor, 2006). Factors that influence underage drinking: social cognitive theory Social cognitive theory is used in social sciences to describe how individuals acquire behavior by interacting with other members of society (Coreil, 2009). The theory is based on the reciprocal process of interaction (Coreil, 2009). The following components are contained in the theory: 1. Modelling 2. Outcome expectations 3. Self-efficacy 4. Behavioral capability Modeling is defined as the process of acquiring behavior through social interactions. For example, a teenage girl in high school may have observed her elder sister drink alcohol and heard her sister’s story about how alcohol helps an individual to solve issues in life. This modeling may lead her to start drinking alcohol when she encounters issues. Outcome expectations are beliefs about the consequences of undertaking some actions in life. For example, the teenage girl may believe that drinking alcohol will help her to overcome challenges in life as her elder sister told her. Self-efficacy is defined as an individual’s perceived ability to express behavior. For example, the teenage girl in this example may believe that she can drink alcohol because it was demonstrated by her elder sister. Behavioral capability is defined as an individual’s real ability to undertake the behavior in real-life events. For example, a teenager may believe that he or she can drink alcohol when faced with challenges, but when the time comes to act, he or she lacks the courage to withstand the smell of alcohol (Coreil, 2009). Failing to address the challenge If the challenge is not addressed in the next 10 years, risks associated with underage drinking will increase significantly. More teenagers will: 1. Drop out of school 2. Commit suicide 3. Engage in crime so that they could get money to sustain their drinking habits 4. Have impaired judgment that could impact driving, violence, and irresponsible sexual activities 5. Have brain development problems Therefore, underage drinking is a major public health challenge that should be addressed urgently. Governments and non-governmental organizations should combine efforts to eliminate the challenge from society. Recommendations and suggestions Public health programs should be geared towards understanding personal, social, and environmental factors that influence underage drinking (Spoth, Greenberg & Turrisi, 2008). When these factors are known, then public health personnel could develop the best approaches to reduce underage drinking cases in society. Another recommendation is that continuous screening should be carried out to assess drinking habits by underage persons. Knowing drinking habits would go a long way in ensuring that preventive measures are put in place to reduce underage drinking cases in society. References Collins, R. L., Ellickson, P. L., McCaffrey, D., & Hambarsoomians, K. (2007). Early adolescent exposure to alcohol advertising and its relationship to underage drinking. Journal of adolescent health , 40 (6), 527-534. Coreil, J. (Ed.). (2009). Social and behavioral foundations of public health . Sage Publications Ltd. Miller, J. W., Naimi, T. S., Brewer, R. D., & Jones, S. E. (2007). Binge drinking and associated health risk behaviors among high school students. Pediatrics , 119 (1), 76-85. Miller, T. R., Levy, D. T., Spicer, R. S., & Taylor, D. M. (2006). Societal costs of underage drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs , 67 (4), 519. Spoth, R., Greenberg, M., & Turrisi, R. (2008). Preventive interventions addressing underage drinking: state of the evidence and steps toward public health impact. Pediatrics , 121 (Supplement 4), S311-S336.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: In the text, the author discusses the role of public health personnel in disaster management. They are responsible for ensuring that the population is fed with the right information, providing food and safe drinking water to the victims, and ensuring that food products delivered to the victims are safe for human consumption. They also issue directions on how the food in refrigerators and stores can be used and stored safely to avoid contamination. Public health personnel are also supposed to issue press briefs to explain how the situation is and

In the text, the author discusses the role of public health personnel in disaster management. They are responsible for ensuring that the population is fed with the right information, providing food and safe drinking water to the victims, and ensuring that food products delivered to the victims are safe for human consumption. They also issue directions on how the food in refrigerators and stores can be used and stored safely to avoid contamination. Public health personnel are also supposed to issue press briefs to explain how the situation is and

Public Health Nurse Involved in the Disaster Management Research Paper Disaster is the biggest catastrophe that puts the lives of human beings in danger. Disasters can either be man-made such as terrorism or natural disasters such as hurricane or tornados. Public health nurses need to be well prepared in order to act immediately in case a disaster happens. There are various roles that public health personnel or nurses need to perform in times of disaster. In this case, the public health personnel are given the responsibility of ensuring that the population is fed with the right information concerning the step by step occurrences at the scene of the disaster. It is the duty of the public health personnel or nurses to provide food and safe drinking water to the victims and ensure that food products delivered to the victims are safe for human consumption. The personnel are supposed to issue directions on how the food in refrigerators and stores can be used and stored safely to avoid contamination. Public health personnel are also supposed to issue press briefs to explain how the situation is and offer the various alternatives that can be used in order to ensure each individual is safe (University of Minnesota, 2011). Public health personnel are also supposed to inspect all the temporary shelters erected for the purposes of evacuating the victims by ensuring that they are of recommended conditions in terms of hygiene and human safety. Public health personnel should also ensure that all medical facilities required are provided and inspected to ascertain that that they are suitable for human use. Such measures will ensure that people are not evacuated from stressful conditions to other condition that contains another form of stress. The public health personnel should inspect the damage caused by the disaster and come up with a detailed report concerning the number of deaths that arise as result of the disaster. They should also establish the injuries sustained and those are still missing in order to advice the rescuing team. Lastly, the public health personnel should inspect all the restaurants, their employees and finally the overall hygiene standards of such restaurants. The chain of command used in this simulation is very simple and well selected to ensure that the information flows from one unit to the next without any delays. A well-organized chain of command ensures that the rescue work flows well without any interference as each manager understands his or her responsibilities. The chain of command starts from Incident Command who is in charge of the whole team, each department should report to him or her. Under him is the Public Information Officer who is in charge of ensuring that the correct health information is disseminated to the public at the right time. He or she ensures that the public health personnel and other rescuing agents are well informed about the rescuing progress. In the same line with the Public Informational Officer is the Liaison Officer who acts as a point of support by assisting the rescuing agents in answering their questions and giving brief information of the rescue progress when necessary. He or she interlinks the rescuing team with other departments (University of Minnesota, 2011). Below the Liaison Officer is the Operational Officer. A Liaison officer is responsible for developing and implementing various strategies and tactics to help in rescuing and evacuating the victims. He or she organizes, assigns and monitors or supervises the field resources used by the rescuing team. The next in line is the Planning Officer. He or she is in charge of the planning process and mobilizes an action plan to be taken. The other person in management chain is the Logical Officer. He or she is responsible for ensuring that all that is needed is in order for the job to be done. He or she ensures that equipment, space and any other necessary supplies that will increase the rescue efforts is provided at the right time. The last in chain is the Financial/ Administrative Officer who ensures that financial resources are available and well used. There are a number of resources that can be used by the public nurses to perform the duties of rescuing communities at risk and ensuring that the population is out of any danger that could be caused by the disaster. The public health community should make sure that they liaise with various agents to assist them in delivering the services to the community at a satisfactory level. This agent may include the Mental Health Department which will assist in giving guidance and counseling to victims who have the sign of stress and are suffering from the aftershock caused by the disaster. They should also work hand in hand with Environmental Specialists in order to give guidance and procedures that should be used when cleaning the affected areas. Also, the public health nurses should work together with Environmental Specialist in assessing areas affected by chemicals and take the necessary measures to avoid further damages to the environment and people living around the affected areas (University of Minnesota, 2011). Another resourceful agent that the public health officer should use when dealing with disaster is the Police Department. The Police Department will assist in maintaining order and restricting people from moving to prohibited areas where there might be spilled chemicals. The Police Department will also assist in evacuating stranded people to safer places. The last resourceful agent that the public health personnel should make use of is the media. This will assist in preventing the spread of rumors about the aftermath of the disaster. On the other hand, it will assist in calming down the population in large, as it will assure them that the public health personnel in conjunction with other rescuing agents are in the position of safely evacuating them. The public health nurses have to take immediate action depending on the response given by the victims visited. One of the actions taken by the nurses is to advice the victims on how to keep themselves safe and avoid any danger that may be caused as a result of the disaster. The nurses should compile a report and send it immediately to the Emergency Operation Center so that the necessary actions can be taken. In case he or she comes across victims whose health condition is not fit. They should examine the patient and offer the necessary advice to the patient. If the victim’s condition is out of his of her ability to handle due to lack of necessary medical facilities, he or she should arrange for immediate evacuation by calling the Emergency Operation Center giving the detailed account of the patient and the immediate action needed to be taken. The nurses should advice the owners of the houses on the right procedures to be followed when cleaning up the apartment. They should assess the situation and recommend specialists where need be in order to assist in the cleaning process with the necessary equipment that can be used in cleaning without causing any harm or damage to the environment. The public health nurse plays a major role in assisting people affected by the disaster to cope with the situation in various ways. One, they ensure that all people interviewed are given the right advice concerning their current situation. Secondly, those in need of medical attention are referred to the right personnel or the specialist is sent to assist in examining them and giving them the correct treatment. Thirdly, those in need of assistance in cleaning up their houses are given advice on how to go about with the cleaning process. In cases where there is chemical contamination, environmental specialists are sent to advice on the best cleaning procedures (Vogt, and Kulbok, 2008). Fourthly, those in need of specific supplies such as food, water and other house commodities are linked with the right department which supplies them with the necessities to assist them in continuing with their lives normally until the situation is fully settled. Fifthly, those whose houses are fully destroyed are linked with the right departments which are supposed to assist them in rebuilding their houses. In order to calm the fears, the public health personnel should ensure that they give the correct response to the question asked by the people. They should ensure that they do not give uncertain answers. Uncertain answers increase fear as they neither address the situation nor give solutions. They should be brief and direct to the point (Vogt, and Kulbok, 2008). They should ensure that they link the interviewed persons with the right personnel who can offer the needed support and advice to the interviewed person. They should record all details about the person interviewed such as house number, the street, number of people stranded in the compound, what the family needs in order to keep them surviving and any other necessary information. This will enable the person interviewed to feel that all his or her needs are being catered for and thus, he or she has nothing to worry about. The public health personnel needs to be well trained in various fields such as communication skills in order to be able to disseminate and convey the information to the victims and the public in general without creating panic, fear or uncertainty. The public health department should organize training in order to educate the nurses on how to use the Emergency Communication System in case the cell and land line controlling towers are not functioning. Still under communication skills they need to be trained on how to use sign language to enable them communicate with people speaking different languages from theirs and overcome all form of language barriers. Another area they need to be trained on is in the management skills as they need to integrate various departments in order to achieve their motives of saving life. Therefore, they should be well trained on management skills and leadership skills (Williams, Nocera and Casteel, 2008). References University of Minnesota. (2011). Disaster in Franklin County Simulation. Web. Vogt, V. & Kulbok, P., A. (2008). Care of Client in Disaster Settings Community Health Nursing: Advocacy for Population Health . 5th Ed., Vol. 2. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Williams, J., Nocera, M. and Casteel, C. (2008). The effectiveness of disaster training for Health care workers: A systematic review. Annals of Emergency Medicine , 52(1), Pp. 211-222.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The public health perspective on tobacco control essay discusses the importance of the international community in sustaining availability and accessibility of management of tobacco addiction. The international community can contribute to the development of the national policy guidelines for the mentioned issue by offering a forum for exchanging and disseminating information, preparing guidelines and appraisals on appropriate activities, raising funds and developing cooperation with academic and research organizations in the location of smoking cessation.

The public health perspective on tobacco control essay discusses the importance of the international community in sustaining availability and accessibility of management of tobacco addiction. The international community can contribute to the development of the national policy guidelines for the mentioned issue by offering a forum for exchanging and disseminating information, preparing guidelines and appraisals on appropriate activities, raising funds and developing cooperation with academic and research organizations in the location of smoking cessation.

Public Health Perspective on Tobacco Control Essay Literature review WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control The position of the global community in sustaining availability and accessibility of management of tobacco addiction is critical (Wilson, 2002, pp. 14-15). The international community can contribute to the development of the national policy guidelines for the mentioned issue by offering a forum for exchanging and disseminating information, preparing guidelines and appraisals on appropriate activities, raising funds and developing cooperation with academic and research organizations in the location of smoking cessation. Consequently, various organizations, social groups and universities can contribute significantly in tobacco control efforts through sustenance of environmental reforms that favour non smoking as a social standard or through direct approach to smoking cessation. In this respect, the copy of the final draft the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control underscores in the Preamble “the special contribution of nongovernmental organizations and other members of civil society not affiliated with the tobacco industry … to tobacco control efforts nationally and internationally and the vital importance of their participation in national and international tobacco control efforts” (Document A56/8 – Annex – Preamble, paragraph 17). Focusing on smoking cessation and management of tobacco addiction, the copy of the final version of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control identifies the Preamble that “cigarettes and some other products containing tobacco are highly engineered to create and maintain dependence, and that many of the compounds they contain and the smoke they produce are pharmacologically active, toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic, and that tobacco dependence is separately classified as a disorder in major international classifications of diseases”. The draft outlines the arrangement by the WHO to establish and spread appropriate, extensive and incorporated guidelines depended on research findings and best practices, considering national status and priorities, as well as take significant initiatives to support cessation of tobacco consumption and sufficient treatment for tobacco addiction (Document A56/8 – Annex – Article 14(1)). WHO Tobacco Free Initiative An important stage of the task on the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) is scheduled to start after its approval by the WHO Member States. Member States require support to confirm and subsequently implement the treaty of concern. To allow the WHO Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI) to respond to appeals for technical support in regard of legal, policy, scientific and reasonable measures following the implementation of the WHO FCTC, it is presently engaged in creating diverse guidelines for nations. These guidelines meet the local needs of the respective countries, which are implementing tobacco-control initiatives ( Policy Recommendations for Smoking Cessation and Treatment of Tobacco Dependence, n.d., pp. 55-61). Other approaches adopted by WHO Tobacco Free Initiative to accomplish this mission include: 1. a forum with health professionals groups on the way forward in executing the policy recommendations for management of tobacco addiction and smoking cessation; 2. pilot study of the Policy Recommendations for Smoking Cessation and Treatment of Tobacco Dependence ; 3. integration of such Policy Recommendations in area training workshops structured to develop national capacity; 4. collection and spread of useful practices; 5. compilation of useful manuals and background resources for health specialist and; 6. endorsement of the incorporation of tobacco control practices, counting smoking cessation and treatment of tobacco addiction approaches in other WHO technical plans ( Policy Recommendations for Smoking Cessation and Treatment of Tobacco Dependence, n.d., pp. 55-61). Overview of FCTC According to the WHO (2011), an international mechanism for tobacco control was conceived in May 1995 during the World Health Assembly. This was followed by the adoption of the resolution WHA49.17 by the 49 th World Health Assembly in the following year. This resolution required the Director-General to kick off the establishment of WHO FCTC. This vision saw the launching of the first WHO treaty-making venture. Nevertheless, practical negotiations began in 1999, a year following the prioritizing of worldwide tobacco control for WHO by the WHO Director-General, Brundtland. The FCTC is the veteran world’s global public health treaty. It highlights lawful binding values and objectives that countries or institutions like the European Community (EC), who sanctioned and subsequently accepted to execute the Treaty. Its aims encompass protection of the present and upcoming generation from overwhelming health, environmental, social and economic effects of tobacco usage, and susceptibility to tobacco smoke. Articles of the FCTC Article 8: protection from exposure to tobacco smoke This article concerns the mission of the FCTC of protecting the current and the upcoming generation from the devastating economic, social, environmental and health implications of tobacco consumption as well as exposure tobacco smoke. The article emphasizes the risks of “second-hand tobacco smoke” (SHS) and the susceptibility of the unaware public. The article reports that approximately 79,000 European adults’ deaths are related to SHS, while 7.5 million labourers in Europe are subjected to second-hand smoke at workplace (Article 8, 2008, April, Issue Two). Article 8 is too brief and broad such that the member organizations required further guidelines to help in implementing their mandates. However, these guidelines are consistent with scientific evidence and recognize the prominent elements of legislation required to successfully safeguard the public from exposure to SHS. However, it not only describes the way the guidelines were developed by the affiliate countries, but also its key elements. These elements include; smoke-free environments, legislation, people, planning and resources, civil society, enforcement and monitoring, and new scientific findings. Finally, it describes the operations of FCTC member nations. There is concrete evidence that the rigorous smoking bans yielded favourable effects on public health. For instance, with respect to Ireland, a 2007 survey found that a comprehensive workplace smoking ban leads to a considerable decline in air pollution in bars and an enhancement in respiratory health in bar employees. In Scotland, a survey of hospitals revealed a 17% decline in heart attack cases within the first year with the corresponding implementation of the smoking ban. Similarly, in the United States, a 2006 findings on The Health and Economic Impact of New York’s Clean Indoor act indicate that the “the law has not had an adverse financial impact on bars and restaurants. Article 14: Demand reduction measures concerning tobacco dependence and cessation This essentially concerns the steps that are adopted to lower the rate of tobacco addiction. This means that the member nations are imposed by this article to implement policies and measure that will accomplish a decline in tobacco dependence, while improving cessation. Henri-Christine, (2008, p. 3), suggests that strategy for implementation of this article is dependent and entail the following steps: 1. A serious review of all findings including population centered research and survey on the cost benefits of various treatment plans and modalities; 2. A special revision of agenda that successfully handle the demands of developing country Parties as well as Parties which have economies in change; 3. An examination of experiences gained from treatment schedule that have been successful in managing other public health concerns; 4. A decisive review of the way socio-economic condition, age, gender, ethnicity, education and other elements impact tobacco addiction and treatment; 5. A guideline to involve all healthcare sectors and providers; 6. A sketch of important program parts which are forceful and cost-effective, particularly for building country Parties and Parties that have economies in change; 7. Steps to assess outcomes and successes that would sustain programs improvement; and 8. Detecting gaps in awareness and encouragement of study and dissemination of information as per Article 20. Components of the FCTC Based on the second forum of the working group on the WHO FCTC (2000, p. 1), the suggested components include; advertising and sponsorship, the eradication of tobacco smuggling, and management of tobacco dependence. Also under Article 15.1 of the FCTC, besides the elimination of illegal trade on tobacco commodities, such as smuggling, and illegal manufacturing and counterfeiting; other components of FCTC include the establishment and execution of relevant national legislation, and sub-regional, regional and international agreement. FCTC implementation in South Africa South Africa has implemented Article 13 of FCTC, which concerns tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship. This is accomplished through the monitoring by the Conference of the Party on the measure undertaken by the working group. Thus, the South African delegation is focused on the eradication of cross-border advertising, funding and promotion, as well as recommends options for additional work in this field to the Conference of the Parties (FCTC, 2010). FCTC in Scotland, Ireland and the US Currently, based on McGrady (2009, p. 5) there are three areas on which the U.S. is highly positioned to contribute greatly to worldwide tobacco control. These areas include; surveillance and monitoring of tobacco control, tobacco product regulation, and illicit trade in tobacco commodities. The state of California was the first region to implement the indoor smoking ban legislation in 1995. This was subsequently adopted across the US. Eventually this law was implemented by other nations beyond the US borders. Ireland was among the first European nations to enact the laws on indoor smoking ban, in 2004. Scotland implemented this law in 2006 (Tobacco Control Office Department of Health, 2010). In Ireland the FCTC is implemented through the Office of Tobacco Control. This body facilitates the objective the FCTC through dealings with the government and other relevant organizations on matters of tobacco smoking (Public Health Tobacco Act, 2002). Scotland on the other hand, achieves the FCTC guidelines through the Scottish Ministries under the Smoking, Health and Social care Act 2005 (1) besides other jurisdiction pass regulations pertaining tobacco control (Scottish Statutory Instruments, 2006 No. 90). Article 15: Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products Under the Article 15.1 of the FCTC, Parties regard that the eradication of all types of illicit business in tobacco commodities, such as smuggling, unlawful manufacturing and counterfeiting. They also regard institution and execution of relevant national legislation, apart from the sub-regional, regional and international treaties to be critical elements of tobacco control (Hammond, & Assunta, 2000.). This group highlights the requirements of Article 15 for the Parties to the FCTC in their efforts to address illicit tobacco dealings. These recommendations can be applied in Ghana by various ways based on the Framework Convention Alliance). Owusu-Dabo et al. (2010, p. 1) assert that questions have been raised about the implementation of the various FCTC Articles, whether it will pose no challenge to the Party states. Ghana was the 39 th country to ratify the FCTC. First step includes monitoring, documenting and controlling tobacco products dealings and limiting the flow of products and their legal positions. This also includes monitoring and analyzing cross-border trade, counting the illicit trade. Further, it also involves monitoring, documenting and controlling the warehousing and distribution of tax suspended commodities (WHO FCTC, 2007). Second measure includes ensuring that all tobacco commodities packages have trade mark to enable the Parties to determine the manufacturers identity, and to show the intended destination of the product or to establish its sale warrant status in respect to the local market. Third way is by enacting or reinforcing laws against illegal trade encompassing counterfeits and contraband cigarettes, with relevant penalties and resolutions. Fourthly, integrate proper measures to guarantee destruction or disposition of the confiscated manufacturing equipment and contraband and counterfeit products as per the article 15.4e. Finally, Ghana should endeavor to ensure compliance of its subjects companies, organizations or the public to the relevant legislation and treaties, collaborate globally, by being involved in helping other Parties in recognizing the point of diversion of commodities into the illegal market. Also this should involve sharing information among consumers, tax and relevant powers. Moreover, it entails fostering cooperation on inspections, proceedings and prosecutions between national bureaus and related local and worldwide intergovernmental organizations. Surveillance and monitoring of FCTC Monitoring of the FCTC guidelines encompasses response to the tobacco manufacturers’ efforts to weaken smokefree initiatives (Article 8, 2008, April, Issue Two). The WHO in collaboration with the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Canadian Public Health Association invented the Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS) to enable FCTC Parties to implement and sustain tobacco control surveillance and monitoring. This system offers a flexible framework that comprises common data elements which allow member countries to incorporate significant characteristic information at their judgment. Besides, it employs a popular survey process, common field protocols for data collection, and standard data management and processing techniques. Moreover, the GTSS involves data collection via several surveys including; the Global Health Professional Student Survey, the Global Personnel Survey, and the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (Warren 2008). Warren (2008) further asserts that various countries across the globe can apply both the GYTS data to monitor and assess Tobacco Control Action Plans and articles from WHO FCTC. The GYTS offers pointers for determining success level of various WHO FCTC articles including surveillance and monitoring, children’s access and availability, media and advertising, cessation, school based tobacco control, exposure to SHS, and prevalence. According to the Institute for Global Tobacco Control (2011), another tool projected for use for surveillance and monitoring is the FCA FCTC Monitor . This tool was recently developed by the Institute for Global Tobacco Control in liaison with the Framework Convention Alliance for Tobacco Control. It is data collection scheme used to monitor the application of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) treaty. Further the author affirms that the FCA FCTC Monitor is intended to be a yearly report distributed at the Conference of Parties (COP) to offer a baseline of data to support governments’ actions to attain their mandates as per the treaty promptly. This tool focuses on the prominent requirements of the treaty, such as tobacco sponsorship, advertising and promotion; packaging and labeling of tobacco commodities; exposure to tobacco smoke; and price and tax of tobacco commodities. Furthermore, the FCA FCTC Monitor will examine the influence of non-party players on the execution of the treaty, including the assessment of non-government tobacco control initiatives, media coverage and tobacco trade intervention. Reference List Article 8: protection from exposure to tobacco smoke. 2008 April. Spotlight on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Web. Hammond, R. & Assunta, M., 2000. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: promising start, uncertain future. Web. Henri-Christine, R., 2008. Briefing 7: Elaboration of guidelines for implementation of Article 14 (Demand reduction measures concerning tobacco dependence and cessation) .Third session of the Conference of the Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, Durban, South Africa. Geneva; Switzerland: Framework Convention Alliance. Institute for Global Tobacco Control, 2011. FCTC Monitoring. Johns Hopkins University. Web. McGrady, B., 2009. U.S. Engagement in International Tobacco Control – A Report of the CSIS Global Health Policy Center, 2009. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Web. Owusu-Dabo E. McNeill A. Lewis S. Gilmore A. & Britton J., 2010. Status of implementation of Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in Ghana: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2010, 10:1. Web. Public Health (Tobacco) Act, 2002. Number 6 of 2002. Web. Policy Recommendations for Smoking Cessation and Treatment of Tobacco Dependence. n.d. Chapter 6: The role of WHO, its partners, and the WHO FCTC provisions. Web. Scottish Statutory Instruments, 2006. Public health: The prohibition of smoking in certain premises (Scotland) Regulations. Web. The Health and Economic Impact of New York’s Clean Indoor Air Act , 2006. New York State Department of Health. Web. Tobacco control office Department of Health, 2010, November. International Trend in Tobacco Control. Web. World Health Organization. 2011. The history of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. WHO. World Health Organization: Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, 2007. Conference of Party Report, Ghana. Warren, C.W., 2008. The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS): linking data to the implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. BMC Public Health 2008, 8 (Suppl 1): S1. Web. Wilson E., 2002. Smoking Cessation in Canada and International Opportunities. Presentation at the WHO meeting on Global Policy for Smoking Cessation hosted by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The Ohio Department of Health offers guidelines on how to prevent food born diseases. * The Ohio Department of Health offers guidelines on how to prevent food born diseases.These guidelines include the use of a thermometer to measure the temperature of perishable foods before cooking or eating, and ensuring that the foods are in good condition.

The Ohio Department of Health offers guidelines on how to prevent food born diseases. * The Ohio Department of Health offers guidelines on how to prevent food born diseases. These guidelines include the use of a thermometer to measure the temperature of perishable foods before cooking or eating, and ensuring that the foods are in good condition.

Public Service Bulletin: Food Safety Issues Report (Assessment) Table of Contents 1. Food Safety Measures and how to keep off Food borne Illnesses 2. Illnesses and Problems Associated with Food Contamination 3. Ways of Preventing Food Borne Illnesses 4. Criteria for Determining Suitable Information Sources 5. Reasons for choosing Criteria 6. References Food Safety Measures and how to keep off Food borne Illnesses Food purchase, storage and consumption are sensitive issues that require to be addressed carefully. There is different food borne diseases illnesses that should be avoided at all cost. The following are some safety issues associated with food purchase, storage and consumption. * Some illnesses are caused by contamination of food while others emanate from pathogenic bacteria. Scientists are in agreement that microorganisms are a serious threat to the health of human beings as opposed to other microorganisms. * It should be noted that food itself does not cause illnesses but what causes illnesses are the pathogens and bacteria present in food. * Raw foods that are derived from animals such as fish, eggs and poultry have frequent cases of contamination from the bacteria that exist in the process of processing them for consumption. In some other cases, food may be contaminated by those who handle it as a result of bacteria which exist in the human body (Ohio, n.d) The wellbeing and health of individuals is an important treasure in today’s society hence is regarded as key player in this issue. Problems arising from food safety are complex owing to the fact that consumers are at different levels of knowledge regarding food safety science. Failure to comply with safety issues or other sensitive issues regarding food safety may cause illnesses or problems associated with this. Illnesses and Problems Associated with Food Contamination There are several illnesses commonly referred to as food borne diseases that arise from food contamination. * The first illness caused by food contamination is Salmonellosis which is a common illness in many regions. It is caused by a bacterium and characterized by headache, fever, diarrohea and abdominal pains (Medline, 2011). * The second illness resulting from food contamination is cholera. Cholera is a serious illness in many developing countries and causes great economic losses due to costly treatment. * Campylobacteriosis is the third food borne disease caused by food contamination. It is a widespread infection and its cases are more than those of Salmonellosis. The Ohio department of health offers some guidelines through which consumers can protect themselves from food borne diseases. Ways of Preventing Food Borne Illnesses * The first way of preventing food borne illnesses is the use of a thermometer to measure the temperature of perishable foods before cooking or eating. This ensures that the foods are in good condition (CDC, 2011). * The second guideline encourages consumers to dispose perishable foods that are beyond 40 degrees Fahrenheit. The disposal should be done in an appropriate manner to keep rodents away from Public places where food is frequently handled (Wardlaw & Smith, 2008). * The third guideline is that refrigerators should be well closed to ensure that the foods remain cold for a long period of time. More information on food safety and how consumers can protect themselves from contaminated food can be obtained from www.odh.ohio.gov. Criteria for Determining Suitable Information Sources Since there are different sources of information on nutrition and health in general, it is important for consumers to identify the sources that will give them credible nutritional information. * The first criterion that consumers should use in identifying credible source of nutritional information is to look for government related sources. For instance, information from department of agriculture, department of health and department of job and family services. For example, department of agriculture advises consumers that food can be refrozen if it has ice crystals or if it is below 40 degrees Fahrenheit. * It also advises that restaurants without power should stop serving food and keep their equipment well closed. * The second criterion that consumers can use in determining sources with credible information is to look for sites that provide true information without any exaggeration. For instance, some sources only show the positive side of foods with the aim of encouraging consumers without informing them of the negative sides. * The fourth criterion that should be used by consumers is to ensure that any statements on food containers have a mark of food and drug administration. This is a secure way of ensuring that consumers get the right information. Reasons for choosing Criteria The reasons for encouraging consumers to use these criteria include: * Differentiating genuine nutritional sources of information from those that are not genuine. * To avoid being misguided by the different types of information * Consumers also need the capacity to make informed choices. References CDC. (2011). Healt and Safety Topics. Web. Medline. (2011). Food borne Illnesses. Web. Ohio. (n.d). Public Health and Safety. Web. Wardlaw, G., & Smith, A. (2008). Contemporary Nutrition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: Climate change is a global problem that has been causing rapid changes in our Earth's climate. This has had a profound effect on many species, including the mountain pygmy-possum. The predicted loss of snow cover due to climate change will have a negative impact on the density and habitat use of the mountain pygmy-possum populations in the Australian Alps.

Climate change is a global problem that has been causing rapid changes in our Earth's climate. This has had a profound effect on many species, including the mountain pygmy-possum. The predicted loss of snow cover due to climate change will have a negative impact on the density and habitat use of the mountain pygmy-possum populations in the Australian Alps.

Pygmy-Possum Burramys Parvus: The Effects of Climate Change Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Background 2. Research Questions 3. Study Design 4. Predicted Results 5. List of References Background In the recent past, it has come to the attention of wildlife researchers that the consequences occasioned by global climatic variations, such as global warming and related effects, are not just threatening biodiversity, but are challenging both traditional and conventional matrixes of wildlife conservation (Considine, 2011). Indeed, scientists are today, more than ever, struggling to develop viable conservation solutions in a bid to preserve species, whose habitats are fast disappearing under climate change, and who may not be able to adapt to other bioregions (Gorman-Murray, 2009; Hughes, 2003). One such species, according to Slattery (1997), is the marsupial mountain pygmy-possum Burramys parvus , the only Australian mammal whose natural range and distribution does not extend below the winter snowline. This effectively implies that the species can only survive in Australian alpine and subalpine bioregions as it is entirely dependent on winter snow for hibernation (see fig 1). These bioregions are rare in Australia, comprising only 0.15 percent of the total landmass (Gorman-Murray, 2009), but whose importance in conservation efforts is felt globally. According to this author, “…the significant contraction of this ecosystem means a severe reduction in numbers – and even total loss – of alpine-adapted fauna and flora species endemic to the Alps” (p. 3). Although studies have been done on the effects of climate change on the alpine-adapted ecologies, including that of the mountain pygmy-possums, few studies have ever attempted to evaluate the specific effects of climatic variations on the density and habitat use of this species. Such an evaluation will therefore form the basis of this particular study. Research Questions The study will be guided by the following research question: In what ways will the predicted loss of snow cover due to climate change influence the density and habitat use of the mountain pygmy-possum populations in the Australian Alps? The following will form the sub-questions to the study: 1. Are the observed variations in climate-related to the marginalization of the mountain pygmy possums’ natural habitat? 2. How do changes in temperature and precipitation directly affect the density of mountain pygmy-possum populations in the Australian Alps? Fig 1: Australian Alpine and Subalpine Regions. Source: (Gorman-Murray, 2009). Study Design As noted by Morrison et al (2008), “…ecological research projects require well-thought-out questions, adequate sampling, and experimental designs, which ensure the target population is identifiable” (p. 65). In the light of this observation, the proposed study shall use a longitudinal observational research design, with measurements taken during snow-free months and in winter, to study a population of mountain pygmy-possums in alpine and subalpine areas of Kosciuszko National Park, NSW, to establish the effects of climate change on the density and habitat use of this species. According to Johnson (2002), longitudinal observational studies are advantageous in that they are more informative, though they have been accused of lacking the significant component of control by the researcher. It is imperative to note that this particular study will take three years to complete, from 2012 through to 2014, and will utilize trapping and radio-tracking techniques to observe 60 individuals (mountain pygmy-possums), 35 individuals during the snow-free months and 25 during the winter period. According to NPWRC (2006), the radio-tracking approach “…requires the live-capture of animals and usually the attachment of a collar or other device to them…It then requires someone to listen for a signal from the device periodically” (para. 1). These devices offer endless possibilities in wildlife research, including the ability to locate species with great accuracy and precision (Milllspaugh & Marzluff, 2001). However, they come with high initial costs and employ intrusive methods to collect the data required The proposed study purposes to use GPS-enabled transmitters, embedded on the radio-tracking device, to collect the requisite data on the mountain pygmy-possums. Being an observational study, the proposed study shall utilize a correlational approach to have a deeper comprehension of the mechanisms that influence phenomena of interest; that is, to evaluate how climate change – the independent variable – influences the density and habitat use of the Mountain Pygmy-Possum in selected areas. Consequently, the density and habitat use of this species become dependent variables. It, therefore, implies that climate change data, such as temperature shifts and precipitations, will be collected from the alpine and the subalpine regions of Kosciuszko National Park, NSW, while data on density, hibernation patterns, and habitat use will be collected from observing the mammals over three years. Some confounding factors that may be put into consideration when researching the mountain pygmy-possums, according to the Australian Government (2010) and Mansergh & Scotts (1989), include the availability of food (Bogong months), wildfires, and being preyed upon by larger predators. Predicted Results It is expected that density and habitat use of the mountain pygmy-possums will be strongly correlated with high snow cover, and is expected to change with the season. It is also expected that a slight increase in temperature in the Alps bioregions will be strongly collated with the marginalization of the mountain pygmy possums’ natural habitat. Consequently, a null and alternate hypothesis can be developed from the above discussion: * H0: The predicted loss of snow cover due to climate change will not affect the density and habitat use of the mountain pygmy-possum populations in the Australian Alps * H1: The predicted loss of snow cover due to climate change will affect the density and habitat use of the mountain pygmy-possum populations in the Australian Alps List of References Australian Government Department of Sustainability, environment, water, population and Communities (2010). Burramys parvus, Mountain Pygmy-Possum . Web. Considine, M.L (2011). Moving on Relocating Species in Response to Climate Change. ECOS , Issue 160, pp 11-13. Gorman-Murray, A (2009). The Australian Alps and Climate Change. Geodate , Vol. 22, Issue 2, pp 2-5. Hughes, L (2003). Climate Change and Australia: Trends, Projections and Impacts. Austral Ecology , Vol. 28, Issue 4, pp 423-443. Johnson, D.H (2002). The Importance of Replication in Wildlife Research. Journal of Wildlife Management , Vol. 66, Issue 4, pp 919-932. Mansergh, I.M., & Scotts, D.J (1989). Habitat Continuity and Social Organization of the Mountain Pygmy-Possum restored by tunnel. The Journal of Wildlife Management , Vol. 53, Issue 3, pp 701-707. Millspaugh, J.J., & Marzluff, J.M (2001). Radio Tracking and Animal Populations . San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Morrison, M.L., Block, W.M., Strickland, M.D., Collier, B.A., & Peterson, M.J (2008). Wildlife Study design , 2 nd Ed. New York, NY: Springer. Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center (2006). A Critique of Wildlife Radio Tracking and its Use in National Parks . Web. Slattery, D (1997). Australian Alps: Kosciuszko, Alpine and Namadgi National Parks . Sydney: UNSW Press.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: A good nurse leader must have the ability to communicate effectively, motivate employees, and make decisions.A good nurse leader must have the ability to communicate effectively, motivate employees, and make decisions.

A good nurse leader must have the ability to communicate effectively, motivate employees, and make decisions. A good nurse leader must have the ability to communicate effectively, motivate employees, and make decisions.

Qualities a Nurse Must Possess to Be a Good Leader Essay Introduction Nurses have a chance of making a difference in the society by caring for the sick in hospitals. It is impossible to run a healthcare facility without nurses. Nurses help healthcare institutions to run smoothly and effectively. A leader is a person who is charged with the responsibility of directing or guiding a group of people with the aim of achieving a set goal (Glazer 2011). To be a good leader, one has to possess certain qualities. The following are the qualities that a good nurse leader must possess. Effective communicator A good nurse leader must have the ability to communicate effectively. A good nurse leader should be able to effectively communicate with patients and fellow employees. Research has shown that a leader who is able to communicate effectively is likely to be successful (Kelly & Tazbir 2012). A good leader should also be able to listen to the views of fellow employees so as to improve the performance of the organization. Motivator A good nurse leader should be able to motivate nurses and other employees in a healthcare facility to work harder. Motivation improves the morale of employees (Clark 2009). They will want to work hard to achieve the goals of the organization. A good nurse leader should be able to inspire the employees of the organization to give their best as they discharging their duties. Organized A good nurse leader should be able to effectively delegate duties. A good leader has to make choices that will have a positive impact on the organization (Kelly & Tazbir 2012). Decisive Leaders are responsible of making hard and timely decisions in an organization. A good nurse leader should never be afraid of making decisions. Some situations require leaders to make decisions that will have an effect on the well-being of the organization (Kelly & Tazbir 2012). It is important to have all the information needed before making any decision. A good leader should be able to stick to the decisions that he or she makes. Visionary A good nurse leader should be able to see into the future (Kelly & Tazbir 2012). A good leader learns from past mistakes. A role model People in leadership positions should act as role models to their subordinates. A good leader will practice what he or she preaches. A good leader should be able guide the employees of an organization to achieve the goals of the organization (Clark 2009). Being a good role model will help a leader to get the best from their subordinate employees. Caring A good nurse must be understanding and nonjudgmental. He or she should be able to empathize with patients (Kelly & Tazbir 2012). A good nurse leader should be able to relate effectively with patients and their families. A good nurse leader should interact with patients on a daily basis as this is the only way he or she can be able to improve patient care in a health care facility (Glazer 2011). Conclusion Healthcare institutions like all other institutions and organizations need strong leaders. These leaders should be able relate well with other employees and patients. They should be able to motivate and guide their subordinate employees to work hard so as to achieve the goals of the organization. It is also important that nurse leaders be good role models to their subordinate employees. References Clark, C. C. (2009). Creative nursing leadership & management . Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Glazer, G. L. (2011 ). Nursing leadership from the outside in. New York: Springer Pub. Co.. Kelly, P., & Tazbir, J. (2012). Essentials of nursing leadership & management (3rd. Ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The essay discusses the importance of Quality Assurance programs in healthcare organizations. It outlines how these programs can help improve and maintain quality care. The essay also talks about the healthcare coverage debates in Congress and how they could impact the Quality Assurance programs.

The essay discusses the importance of Quality Assurance programs in healthcare organizations. It outlines how these programs can help improve and maintain quality care. The essay also talks about the healthcare coverage debates in Congress and how they could impact the Quality Assurance programs.

Quality Assurance Program and Its Importance Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. QA Program in Hospitals and their Importance 3. Improving and Maintaining Quality Care 4. Healthcare Coverage Debates in Congress 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction Quality assurance can be referred to as a set of activities taken to ensure that healthcare organizations’ standards are maintained. It also entails evaluating the situation to improve performance. The ultimate goal is to provide effective and safe care. The Healthcare industry is characterized by an exorbitant amount of protocols. Quality assurance (QA) programs are therefore used to monitor and ensure services offered are of quality standard. QA programs are key areas in healthcare organizations and are thus emphasized. The department of the same is managed by a dedicated team of professionals headed by the medical director.QA program department is responsible for analyzing healthcare requirements and ensuring protocols are observed within the organization. To meet their goals as a department, the team employs a quantitative approach to collecting and analyzing data necessary for the task (Nelson, et al ., 1999). QA Program in Hospitals and their Importance QA programs have been the center of attention for many healthcare organizations. This has seen most of them lay workers off. They have concentrated on this department at the expense of others. This is because many organizations allocate most of their resources and funds to this department. Moreover, the proposed policies and projects are carried out without much consideration of other departments. All this is done for the good of the organization. It is recorded that negligence of these programs has led to failure of many healthcare organizations. QA programs ensure the harmonization of all the other departments in the hospital. It ensures that things run well in the hospitals by identifying areas in the departments that need quality improvement and coming up with policies to rectify the situation as well as outlining procedures of doing things in the organization. A quality performance is used to measure performance during auditing. In case the collected data indicate that the expected standards have not been met, the department comes up with quality improvement projects to address the issues affecting them. The programs also ensure that the healthcare organization complies with crucial requirements such as legal procedures. These programs thus ensure that the organization is committed and maintains compliance. QA programs need to be efficient and effective. For this reason, many health organizations use measurability in order to get a level of evidence. In addition, it ensures that more relevant information is collected hence quality improvement is easier (Hess, et al ., 1999). Health systems need Quality Assurance to attain the objectives of the organizations. This can only be achieved by improving service delivery as expected by the public. In other words, healthcare services provided are of high quality. This also means that every staff performs his/her duties to the best of their knowledge with an aim of satisfying the public. Being in between the management and the organization itself, the department is seen as a hindrance to good coexistence especially when enforcing policies. Resistance is another challenge faced by the QA programs team. This is because members of the staff are involved in quality improvement projects. In addition, performance is emphasized (Donald and Douglas, 2000). Improving and Maintaining Quality Care There are some aspects of QA programs that are important in improving and maintaining quality healthcare. For example, the programs should be patient-based. That is, the policies and projects established should aim at improving the conditions of the patients. Once the patients are satisfied with the organization’s services, the public will and thus the healthcare will gain self-confidence. The performance of the staff in another area should be evaluated since it contributes immensely to the quality of care. The QA programs should evaluate the performance of staff. The most productive members of the staff should be the only ones maintained and awarded. Good staff performance translates to improved quality care. Healthcare Coverage Debates in Congress The ongoing debate on healthcare also emphasizes QA programs. In ensuring its promotion, the committee proposes some recommendations. For example, they suggest that healthcare organizations should promote and support Quality Improvement Boards. This will work for hand in hand with the QA team in improving the quality. QA programs depend on data gathered to improve. Healthcare organizations should therefore continually give support towards this process and provide the best facilities for the task. In addition, they should invest in the training of this team. The staff should be encouraged to participate in the reviewing of the policies influencing the Quality and selection of the QA members. Conclusion Modern trends and the high population seeking medical attention have influenced the healthcare industry today. The health organizations, therefore, have to adopt the new protocols to offer efficient services to the public. Quality assurance programs have thus been put in place to address this issue. With the information gathered, the team can monitor quality based on performance. The programs are also responsible for implementing policies and projects that improve care quality. Any health organization should therefore invest in QA programs more than any other department because their impacts, positively influence all the others. References Donald, E. & Douglas, C. (2000). Principles and methods of quality management in healthcare. Aspen publishers: Gaithersburg, Maryland. Hess, A. et al. (1999). Building and Idealized Measurement System to Improvement Clinical Office Practice Performance. Managed Care Quarterly , 7(3): 26-38. Nelson, E. et al. (1999).Building Measurement and Data Collection into Medical Practice. Annals of Internal Medicine , 128: 460-466.

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Write an essay about: The text discusses the importance of having the correct tool for analysis and how it is also vital to utilize that tool efficiently by accurately interpreting and implementing the analysis results too. The text concludes that although computers have no brain, they can still be a useful tool for analysis if used correctly.

The text discusses the importance of having the correct tool for analysis and how it is also vital to utilize that tool efficiently by accurately interpreting and implementing the analysis results too. The text concludes that although computers have no brain, they can still be a useful tool for analysis if used correctly.

Quality Management: Efficient Analysis Tool Application Essay Having the correct tool for analysis is merely one side of a coin as it is also vital to utilize that tool efficiently by accurately interpreting and implementing the analysis results too. Thus, the correct tool for analysis will be useless if inexperienced managers are unable to accurately interpret and implement the product. A useful tool needs to have good data as well as a good interpretation of outcome; if these two are nonexistent the tool cannot be efficient (Tague, 2005). For instance, an excellent sports car cannot generate an excellent outcome without an outstanding design (data) or outstanding workmanship (interpretation). Accordingly, outstanding tools can make excellent managers superior or substandard managers worse, based on the need for good data and interpretation (Tague, 2005). However, presuming that we have good data, the analysis tool can be excellent since the inexperienced manager can be able to use it provided s/he is at ease in asking assistance from an experienced manager if the assessment would be right according to the results generated by the analysis system. Thus, the tool for analysis can be utilized in a variety of circumstances or departments especially by the experienced manager compared to inexperienced managers (Wislon, 1993). For instance, an analysis tool for operational costs, particularly for manufacturing firms, can help financial divisions too to make the correct prediction on the firm’s financial performance. But the data used may be wrong which inexperienced managers may not detect leading to the incorrect outcome and only experienced managers can detect such errors (Wislon, 1993). Although the features and functioning of these tools are advanced, they will never completely replace seasoned managers since it is the skill, experience, and inventive brains of experienced managers that completely make use of the analytical products of such tools. For instance, an excellent sports car will be of no use if the car driver is inexperienced and is a learner. A good example is the MRP system (GIGO) that assists customers to solve their acquisitions; this system needs correct stock as well as lead time from dealers (Heberts.net, 2009). If the system deems there are goods in the store when no goods are available, then it will not alert the buyer to purchase, conversely if the lead time is three weeks it alerts the businessman to buy goods three weeks before requirement and if the dealer has the lead time reading six weeks thus the firm will not have stock for three weeks. Therefore, the MRP system will be useless with no experienced businessman utilizing them as well as interpreting its outcome every day (Heberts.net, 2009). So such tools cannot substitute experienced managers. Computers have no brain as they just offer solutions to particular questions which do not need interpretation. They do not provide solutions to questions like “How is the XYZ product market?” Should the firm expand its target market?” in real sense computers are just instruments and can never learn from previous mistakes but human beings can detect incorrect information provided by the computer and adjust the computer program to generate problematic results (Collier and Evans, 2009). Computers may also figure out the information keyed in by the people and produce easy answers to complicated issues that are hard to be resolved by a human brain. Although, these answers require to be construed in the right way and be implemented by people only therefore since computers are programmed to think in a certain direction and can never diverge to the opposite direction or go an additional mile or outside the package. Thus, computers never learn from errors and never transform their environment therefore only human beings can best put these machines to better use (Collier and Evans, 2009). References Collier, D. A., & Evans, J. R. (2009). OM 2008 edition . Ohio: South-Western. Heberts.net. (2009). Data analysis tools . Web. Tague, N. (2005). The quality toolbox, 2 nd edition. New York: ASQ Quality Press. Wislon, P. (1993). Root cause analysis: a tool for total quality management . Carlifornia: ASQ Quality Press.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The essay discusses how persuasive precedent is a prior legal case that is not binding to courts but aid and guide lawyers in making current rulings to be consistent with previous rulings thus enhancing justice. The persuasive precedent also enables the lawyers to make instant decisions with confidence of exercising justice.

The essay discusses how persuasive precedent is a prior legal case that is not binding to courts but aid and guide lawyers in making current rulings to be consistent with previous rulings thus enhancing justice. The persuasive precedent also enables the lawyers to make instant decisions with confidence of exercising justice.

R vs.Howe: Persuasive Precedent Analysis Term Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Defense of Duress 3. Decisions and Opinions 4. Courts’ Precedents 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction Persuasive precedent is a prior legal case that is not binding to courts but aid and guide lawyers in making current rulings to be consistent with previous rulings thus enhancing justice. The persuasive precedent also enables the lawyers to make instant decisions with confidence of exercising justice. Bronaugh argues that, “…persuasive precedents are powerful and fair instruments of invention because, when convincing, they will show ways in which again rationally and in all fairness –the fetters of binding precedent can be slipped” (1991, p.247). Hence, the rulings of lawyers depend on the binding and persuasive precedents. The binding precedent has overriding effect on persuasive precedent meaning that persuasive precedent can only be effective in absence of the binding precedent. Lawyers have prerogative in deciding how and what persuasive precedent is applicable to the cases at hand. This paper explores how R v Howe (1987) works as a persuasive precedent in justification of criminal acts. Defense of Duress A persuasive precedent such as R v Howe (1987) is very crucial in justification of criminal acts that defendant commits under duress. According to R v Howe (1987), defense of duress should not be applicable in justification of criminal acts such as murder and attempted murder. The doctrine of duress holds that, “…threats of immediate death or serious personal violence so great as to overbear the ordinary powers of human resistance should be accepted as a justification for acts, which would otherwise be criminal” (Jepson 2008, p.4). R v Howe (1987) made obiter dictum that the defense of duress should not apply in justification of criminal acts such murder or attempted murder. The obiter dictum made in R v. Howe (1987) later became a persuasive precedent to the Court of Appeal when they made a ruling in R v Gotts (1992). Therefore, the obiter dictum in R v Howe (1987) sets persuasive precedent in justification of other criminal acts except cases that involves murder. Decisions and Opinions The decisions of the Privy Council are not binding but persuasive to the lower courts. The Privy Council decisions cannot have a binding effect on the justification of crimes but can have persuasive effect similar with the case of R v Howe (1987). This case provided that the cases of murder or attempted murder are not justifiable by defense of duress. In the cases of murder, Privy Council can make decisions regarding the nature of criminal acts and their respective justification that can have persuasive effect to the courts. Moreover, R v Howe (1987) has persuasive effect on the decisions of the Privy Council since the Supreme Court considers it as a persuasive precedent. Bronaugh argues that, “…persuasive precedent is fair and that not to follow one is unfair” (1991, p. 227). The persuasive precedent provides basis of ensuring fairness because they are diverse and unique cases in justice system that have common ruling. If the persuasive precedent is quite fair, then subsequent cases will enhance its fairness and set another fair precedent. O biter dicta are persuasive because lawyers analyze the persuasive precedents and further recommend on their application. R v Howe (1987) examined the circumstances surrounding murder where a defendant argued that he was under threats to commit a murder but the court ruled that justification of murder was not applicable in cases of murder. “In their judgment, the House of Lords made obiter dictum that duress should not be available to someone who has been charged with attempted murder” (Jepson 2008, p. 5). The obiter dictum subsequently became persuasive to the Court of Appealed when they ruled case R v Gotts (1992) where the defendant aged 16 argued that he injured his mother since his father threatened to kill him if he did not commit the criminal act of killing his mother. The Court of Appeal followed the persuasive precedent R v Howe (1987) and rejected the defense as inapplicable in cases of murder or attempted murder. The obiter dictum restricted justification of criminal acts based on duress by providing exceptions. Usually, the opinions of the supreme or higher courts are persuasive to the lower courts thus considered obiter dicta. Although persuasive precedents are worth applying, dissenting judgments do arise regarding their validity. The precedents determine the bearing of the case and “…dissents may strongly influence what the law becomes later … when a case is a precedent today, it is a case valid today in its own domain, not having been overruled or ever become dead-letter there” (Bronaugh 1991, p.219). The dissenting judgments seek to overrule the validity of the persuasive precedents and establish new precedents that deem valuable. For instance, in justification of crimes based on R v Howe (1987), dissents can overrule that the precedent is invalid because there are special circumstances that warrants justification of murder or attempted murder due duress. Such dissenting judgments invalidate old precedents and set up new ones that will enhance justice in the society. Courts’ Precedents Decisions of courts from other countries can form persuasive precedent that influences landmark rulings in a country. Due to globalization, many countries have common and similar justification of criminal acts. The persuasive nature of the foreign court decisions depends on a number of factors. Wyner argues that the persuasive nature of the precedents depends on “…the rank of the court in the hierarchy, the prestige of the judge(s) involved, the date of the case, whether judgment was reserved or given ex tempore , whether there was any dissenting opinion, a case contested, or conceded” (2007 p.12). In this case, the justification of criminal acts tends to follow international precedents set by powerful countries with credible justice system, hence justification of crimes on the basis of duress as in the cases of R v Howe (1987) and R v Gotts (1992), have an international persuasive effect. So long as the lower courts apply the legal principles of justice that upholds constitution, their judgments can be persuasive to the higher courts. The application of the law is consistent throughout the justice system, and thus the higher courts have an obligation to act in consistency with the lower courts. Tufal argues that the higher courts have prerogative to overrule persuasive precedents of the lower court and this “…can occur if the previous court did not correctly apply the law, or because the later considers that the rule of the law contained in the previous ratio decidendi is no longer desirable” (2007, p. 2). Although the persuasive nature of precedents depends upon the hierarchy of the courts, the lower courts can also set persuasive precedents by observing proper legal principles in their rulings. Conclusion Persuasive precedent provides a platform where lawyers can argue concerning their independent rulings, while in contrast, binding precedent restrict lawyers from making independent rulings. These two types of precedents determine the bearing of the landmark rulings. The persuasive precedents are very flexible because they are not binding thus lawyers have freedom to choose and apply appropriate precedents to the cases at hand. The justification of crimes depends on the persuasive effect of the R v Howe (1987) which provides that defense of duress is not applicable to the cases of murder and attempted murder. References Bronaugh, R 1991, Precedent in Law , Oxford University Press, New York. Jepson, P 2008, “Duress by Threats”, Criminal Law Journal , vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 1-5. Tufal, A 2007, “Judicial Precedent”, Law Journal , vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 2-10. Wyner, Z 2007, “Precedent and Procedure: an Argument Theoretic Analysis”, Law and Governance , pp. 1-15.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The paper analyzes the performance of a radio department manager by the budget performance. It also discusses the need for an analysis of the budget so as to find out the variance and later on find the remedy for the variance.The paper analyzes the performance of a radio department manager by the budget performance. It also discusses the need for an analysis of the budget so as to find out the variance and later on find the remedy for the variance.

The paper analyzes the performance of a radio department manager by the budget performance. It also discusses the need for an analysis of the budget so as to find out the variance and later on find the remedy for the variance. The paper analyzes the performance of a radio department manager by the budget performance. It also discusses the need for an analysis of the budget so as to find out the variance and later on find the remedy for the variance.

Radio Department Manager at Work and in Business Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Budgetary variances 3. Analysis 4. Introduction of a new product 5. Negative variance in quantities 6. Average cost 7. Effectiveness of the manager 8. Conclusion 9. References Introduction Each company has short-term, medium-based, and long-term plans. All these are presented in terms of budgets and approximations as long as they are quantifiable items. However, due to the changes between the time of budgeting and the running of the business and other unexpected events, the budget does not represent the real accounts in the running of a firm. This gives rise to the need for an analysis of the budget so as to find out the variance and later on find the remedy for the variance. There are two types of variances; positive variance and negative variance. Positive variance is that which exceeds the approximations while negative variance reflects performance below the approximations. This paper analyzes the performance of a radio department manager by the budget performance. Budgetary variances Item Budgeted actual variance DRG A cost $ 114, 750 $150,000 $35,250 DRG B cost $ 192,000 $ 200,000 $ 8,000 DRG C cost $ 0 $ 95,000 $ 95,000 DRG A quantity 9 10 (1) DRG B quantity 24 20 (4) DRG C quantity 0 1 1 Total cost $ 306, 750 $ 445,000 $ 130,250 Total volume 33 31 (2) Average cost $9,295 $ 14,355 $ 5,060 Analysis From the face value, the approximations that had been done five years ago are well below the actual targets that the company has witnessed. This is depicted by the positive variances that are registered by virtually all products in terms of costs. However, there is the negative variance that is recorded in terms of the quantities (Collier & Agyei-Ampomah, 2009). It is a common scenario that due to the inflationary effects the cost of living goes higher than expected. This is most cases is pushed by the rise in the cost of commodities. Even though the budgetary team may be able to foresee the events that can lead to such occurrences, some events are unforeseen. This seems to be the case for the company in question. The approximated costs are below the actual costs. It is expected that the rate of inflation is thus higher than what was expected at the beginning of the five years. Introduction of a new product For a company to introduce a new product it must have been catered for in the budget. However, if it is not then its performance has to measure against the existing products of a firm. From the available information, the company had not budgeted for product C. however, its introduced beard fruits as it moved 1 volume in the year of introduction. When compared to the previously existing products- A and B, product C may appear to be performing poorly. The volume of C is ten percent that of A and five percent that of B. however, it is not feasible to measure a new product with established products. This volume can even rise above the volumes moved by the established products once the product is also established in the market (Collier & Agyei-Ampomah, 2009). Negative variance in quantities From the data above it is evident that the established product experienced a negative variance in volumes. This scenario is often caused by several factors. One of the common factors is the introduction of a new competitor without an increase in market size. This implies that the existing products have to give out part of their market to the new competitor. From the analysis, the new competitor cannot be the new product C. the aggregate positive variance of products A and B is far above the positive variance of product C. The other scenario that may lead to a decline in volumes that are moved by a product is the loss of market to an existing product. This means that the volumes that are moved by the competing product are increased by the same variance. This is only proven once the competitors release their financial records. At that time data that is needed for such comparison is available (Prowler, & Morgan, 2005). The loss of market to a competitor can be explained by two major reasons; laxity by the marketing team, and production of products of lower quality than before. However, improved marketing by competitors and improvement on the quality of the competing product without equal change to products A and B could as well have resulted in this scenario (Prowler, & Morgan, 2005). Similarly, change in prices affects the number of volumes that are moved by a particular product in the market. According to the cost figures that are provided, the average costs of A and B recorded positive variances. It is expected that the variances are reflected in the prices of the same products. This may explain the decline in quantities from what was budgeted. However, this is only possible if the competitors either did not alter their prices or had a less price increase than the company (Prowler, & Morgan, 2005). Average cost The average cost is the cost at which each item of the company is sold at. From the data available, the average cost of the company had a positive variance. This is a result of the positive variance that is evidenced in the budgetary variance table above which is discussed in other sections of this paper. It is worth noting that, the changes in volume whether positive or negative do not affect the average cost variance. A product and a company can report a positive variance in average cost but due to negative variance in volumes report a negative variance in profits (Cleverly, Cleverly & Song, 2010). Effectiveness of the manager The manager is trying to fight the effects of positive variance in costs to sustain the market. The positive variances in A and we are 33% and 2 % respectively while the negative quantity variances are 1% and 16 % respectively. This implies that the manager has performed poorly in product B and commendably in commodity A. the manager should thus work towards rectifying the performance of product B either to be at per with the cost variance or even lower (Cleverly, Cleverly & Song, 2010). Conclusion From the above information, it is evident that the products of the company were not performing badly in terms of costs. This is commendable as long as it does not result in loss of market to the competitors. However, the marketing department should work towards getting back the lost market. The marketing of the new product C should also be stepped up o that it can perform at comparable levels with products A and B. References Collier, P. & Agyei-Ampomah, S., 2009. CIMA Official Learning System Performance Strategy . New York: Butterworth-Heinemann Cleverly, W., Cleverly, J. & Song, P., 2010. Essentials of Health Care Finance . New Jersey: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Prowler, M. & Morgan, E., 2005. Financial management and control in higher education . New York: Routledge

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Write an essay about: The aim of this project is to raise awareness among school children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia about food poisoning. The project will measure its success by the number of children who are able to correctly identify the causes of food poisoning after three years.

The aim of this project is to raise awareness among school children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia about food poisoning. The project will measure its success by the number of children who are able to correctly identify the causes of food poisoning after three years.

Raising Awareness on Food Poisoning Among Children Riyadh Essay Introduction Different countries face different health challenges and problems that require concerted efforts to address them. However, most health challenges for instance diseases such as HIV/Aids and Malaria and problems like child mortality and maternal care are of global scale and importance (Hassan et al., 1998, P. 2). Compared to the above named health problems, conditions such as food poisoning don’t draw a lot of concern. This is despite the fact that food poisoning is an important health challenge that kills thousands of people annually besides making individuals and authorities incur huge medical bills. Many countries from Europe, Asia, Africa and America experience this problem in different proportions (Jones et al. 2002, p. 67). One of the countries that this paper will focus on and where food poisoning is very prevalent is Saudi Arabia. Project overview Food poisoning has become a worldwide health concern. It occurs when a person ingests foods with toxic chemicals, food that is contaminated with chemicals such as pesticides and heavy metals such as lead and mercury and ingestion of food that is contaminated with pathogens such as viruses and bacteria (SC, 1997, p. 54). Food poisoning is only second to respiratory diseases as the leading cause of adult deaths in the world and a leading cause of child mortality globally (Hobbs et al 1978, p. 23). The leading causative pathogen of food poisoning in Saudi Arabia like in many countries is Salmonella Species. Besides Salmonella, Escherichia Coli is also becoming increasingly linked to food poisoning in Saudi Arabia (Bower, 1999, p. 30). Food poisoning instances in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia peaks in the months during the summer when the Hajj season is going on. These causative agents are mainly passed through meat and chicken products in the cities that host pilgrims after their trip to Mecca (Mead, 1999, p. 16). Riyadh being both the commercial and administrative capital is home to many activities that involve food handling (Parry, 2003, p. 49). As such, it receives the bulk of food poisoning cases in KSA. Despite the fact that food poisoning affects people of all ages, the fact that children form a big chunk of the affected has been overlooked by a lot of works of research (Shewmake, 1998, p. 53). Children are especially vulnerable given their lack of knowledge on causes of diseases and susceptibility due to the above pointed ignorance (turkington, 2009, p. 144). Alongside the many curative health measures that have been put in place by authorities to address food poisoning cases among children, there have also been programs mostly educational that have been put in place in order to raise awareness among these schoolchildren especially those aged 8-15 years (LIRS, 2006, p. 109). The main aim is to raise awareness among this group by 40% within a period of three years in Riyadh Saudi Arabia. Measurement of the success of this project will be done through the assessment of whether the goals of this project have been met. Parameters to determine if awareness has been raised will be set at the beginning and assessment will be done in a continuous basis. If the targets are achieved, food poisoning cases will be reduced by the same margin potentially lowering fatalities brought by the condition. Goals and Objectives Main Goal The main goal as stated earlier is to raise awareness of food poisoning in Riyadh Saudi Arabia by 40%. Effectively, infection cases are expected to reduce, which forms the second objective. Purpose of the project Raising awareness on food poisoning among schoolchildren aged 8-15 in Riyadh Saudi Arabia within three years. Project objectives Objective 1 Increasing knowledge on food poisoning among schoolchildren aged 8-15 in Riyadh over a period of three years. Knowledgeable children will be very much aware of the dangers posed by food poisoning and will be in a better position to take the necessary measures (Feldman et al 2005, p 23). Objective 2 Training parents and guardians on food poisoning in selected areas in the city of Riyadh Saudi Arabia Objective 3 To reduce the cases of food poisoning among children aged 8-15 by 40% in Riyadh Saudi Arabia Objective 4 To increase the number of children who have access to information on food poisoning in Riyadh Objective 5 To increase availability of food poisoning information among the target group Selection of strategy In KSA, food poisoning incidents are rarely reported. Many of the cases that get reported occur during the summer months of June to August which falls on the summer holidays for school children (Deckelbaum, 2009, p. 432). This is the time when they are most vulnerable to food poisoning. During this time, many families spend their time mainly out of their homes and most foods are obtained from fast food restaurants, canteens and other food joints. According to Nnakwe (2009, p. 189) increased demand for food put pressure on the supply forcing food preparation to be done sometimes under unhygienic conditions. Additionally, the hot climate under which the food is prepared increases their chances of contamination (Parnes, 2004, p. 53). This is the time when adult care and food poisoning awareness among children is needed most (Manas, 2005, p.13). Besides, children access food from food joints with inadequate storage facilities, and food that is cross contaminated with raw ingredients. Objective 1 Strategy Many children consume contaminated food due to ignorance on the dangers associated with such foods (Williams, 2008, p. 132). Lack of information is to blame for the non awareness displayed by these children. If equipped with knowledge, these children will be in a better position to make informed choices about safe food (Chandran & Kilara, 2011, p. 257). Knowledge will be availed through educational lessons that will take place in schools in Riyadh. Efforts will be made to avail presentations in schools during official class hours to ensure maximum number of children receive the information. Furthermore, information booklets containing the do’s and don’ts to avoid food poisoning will be supplied to the participating schools in Riyadh. Additionally, posters with simple and understandable information will be pasted in all participating school notice boards for the children to read. The above efforts are aimed at increasing the knowledge base of the children so that they can be aware on what to do to avoid food poisoning. The strategies will be carried through formal education and campaign. Objective 2 Strategy Though parents are supposed to be the guardians of children who impart social norms concerning children, some don’t have enough information about conditions such as food poisoning (Ham, 2009, p. 78). Parents in other households may be carrying out practices that may be unhygienic effectively increasing their children’s chances of food poisoning. Furthermore, other parents may not have enough information about the city’s dubious sources of food and the dangers that children are exposed to when they obtain food from such sources (Metcalfe, 2009, p. 56). Parents will be educated through public forums such as seminars, media adverts and literature and advice from health centres. Parents will be educated on food safety practices that lessen the risk of food poisoning. They will also be enlightened on the various risks associated with buying food from uncertified food vendors and how to identify foods that are prepared in unhygienic conditions. The strategy will involve education and community organization. Objective 3 Strategy Food poisoning cases among children occur in Riyadh frequently. Children consume contaminated food knowingly or unknowingly (Williams, 2009, p. 67). In both cases, ignorance plays a big role. Increasing awareness therefore will reduce ignorance which in turn will lead to decreased food poisoning cases among children in Riyadh (Ronzio, 2009, p. 143). The strategies that are used in objective one and two will be employed to ensure objective three is achieved. Children will also be given information on the sources of food that don’t meet set health standards. Like the parents, they will also be taught on ways to identify food that is likely to cause food poisoning. Careful monitoring of the children will be done through social work volunteers and medics. The strategy described above will not be an easy one to implement. The volunteers will need to be dedicated and motivated for it to succeed. Additionally, it will succeed subject to availability of funds from donors and the government. The strategy in the long-run will aim at the internalization of food poisoning information by children in the target group. Objective 4 Strategy A good number of children in Riyadh don’t have access to information on the appropriate ways of preventing food poisoning (CDC, 2006, p.23). Furthermore, when children learn from some of their parents who don’t have the right information about food poisoning, it produces a ripple effect of incorrect information among children which increases their chances of getting infected. Increasing the number of children with the correct information about food poisoning will therefore have a lasting impact on in controlling food poisoning cases (CDC, 2007, p. 21). The strategy will focus on enrolling as many schools as possible in the larger Riyadh area to reach the areas not yet covered. Additionally, there will be fun events and campaigns aimed at appealing and attracting children who fall in the target group. Participants will be educated on predetermined dimensions on food poisoning. There will also be campaigns mainly carried out through media that children can easily access eg video games. The main strategy here will be the campaigns that will aim to show up information among children who for one reason or another don’t have access to that information. Impromptu surveys will be used to assess the extent to which children have received the information. Objective 5 Strategy Increasing the number of children who access information on food poisoning will be good step forward (Fieldman, 2005, p. 48). The amount of information however in the public domain will also determine the efficiency and success of the food poisoning initiatives (Karalis, 2000, p. 109). Plenty of information will be availed to children ensuring every targeted child access enough. Scanty information may not be suited for everyone considering the differences that exist among human beings. Information will be increased through educational seminars, media campaigns, home visitations and printed materials that will be available in schools, hospitals and public places frequented by children. It’s hoped that the information will reach children directly through reading and indirectly through parents and guardians. Project description Performance Indicators Means of Verification Assumptions * Support from schools and parents Goal To increase food poisoning awareness in Riyadh Saudi Arabia by 40% in 3 years among children aged 8-15 years. Raised awareness will be indicated by the reduced cases of food poisoning among the targeted group. Examining medical records from health facilities. An analysis will be carried out to determine the trend and if there are any indicators regarding rising awareness. * Support from Riyadh City authorities * Availability of funds from the city and central government authorities * Participation of the involved community * The date from hospitals and other health facilities on food poisoning among children is accurate Purpose This project aims at increasing awareness about food poisoning among school children aged 8-15 in a span of three years. Food poisoning cases among children of the target group in Riyadh before and after completion of the project Occasional but regular assessment of food poisoning rates among children in the target group. * Guaranteed community participation in Riyadh School and medical records will be analysed to come up with verifiable empirical information. * Support from educational facilities where children attend * Willingness of the children in the target group to participate in the study * Children will be willing to abandon food habits that are likely to put them in danger of food poisoning Objective 1 Increasing knowledge on food poisoning among school children aged 8-15 in Riyadh over a period of three years. Knowledgeable children will be very much aware of the dangers posed by food poisoning and will be in a better position to take the necessary measures. The number of children from the target population seeking treatment on food poisoning Assessment of the knowledge levels among school children in Riyadh on food poisoning * Parents will be willing to acknowledge that some of the food habits they practice increase chances of food poisoning Changes in the lifestyles of children in the target in an effort to avoid food poisoning Observation of the food habits of children aged 8-15 in Riyadh to determine of the information is put to use. This will be done through a random survey and observation among the participating population of children * Increased information will help in reducing food poisoning cases among children * There will be overwhelming willingness among children and other stakeholders to participate in the project Attendance levels of parents in the food poisoning training meetings in Riyadh * Parents are willing to participate in the food poisoning awareness Objective 2 Training parents and guardians on food poisoning in selected areas in the city of Riyadh Saudi Arabia Number of parents and guardians that are willing and those that come forward to participate in the training seminars about food poisoning in children Survey study on will be carried out on the level of incorporation of food poisoning measures that are learnt at the parent and guardian training seminars * Parents participation will be crucial in raising awareness on food poisoning among children * Parents have more far reaching impact on their children than other stakeholders Reduced cases of food poisoning reported at the health Analysing data from health facilities on cases of food poisoning among the target group * Children will positively take the food poisoning message and apply it in their daily lives Objective 3 To reduce the cases of food poisoning among children aged 8-15 by 40% in Riyadh Saudi Arabia Reduced cases of food poisoning as reported by parents Surveying households and education institutions to determine the rate of occurrence of food poisoning cases to come up with data food poisoning cases and the levels of reduction. * Children and other stakeholders will be willing to participate and put to use the information learnt in the course of the project Comparing the above data with what it used be at the beginning of the project to determine if there is any positive changes * Children will be willing to learn and participate in the project Objective 4 Increase the number of children who have access to food poisoning information in Riyadh Saudi Arabia Reduced cases of food poisoning among children in the target group A survey to determine the net gain in the number of children who have benefited from the food poisoning project * Schools will be willing to cooperate on all fronts to have their children participate in the program More schools incorporation of more schools into the program The survey will be carried out through interviews on children * Parents will be willing to participate in the program * Authorities will be willing to participate in the program Availability of food poisoning informational materials in the places frequented by children Assessment on the level of knowledge children in the target group have in terms of food poisoning through a survey study on the target population * Children will be able to read the information materials availed to them Objective 5 Increasing food poisoning information among children in the target group in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Availability of food poisoning information materials in residential places and children healthcare facilities Survey on the presence of informational materials in the places frequented by children in the city * Materials will be written in a simple manner that children will find easy to read and understand Availability of food poisoning information materials in all activities that children in the target group engage in Survey on the availability of the informational materials in school and homes of children in the target group * Children will be willing to read the materials availed to them in the course of the project Increasing knowledge on food poisoning among children aged 8-15 1. Outputs 1 1. School based teaching on food poisoning The number of children who would have received food poisoning information through school teaching Assessment of attendance through examination of school data records * Willingness of children to learn about food poisoning Analysis of short tests children will be taking on food poisoning * Children will grasp all the concepts on food poisoning that they will be taught Over 80% will get the required knowledge through the formal education system since majority are within the school going age 1. 1. Food poisoning health drills with prizes to be won Interest and participation by children in the target group Surveying through registers the turnout and attendance by children from the target group. * Children will be attracted and motivated through by the availability of prizes and gifts The program will help over 50% of the targeted group in Riyadh going by the figures of children involved in fun activities in Riyadh Training of parents and guardians on food poisoning in Riyadh Saudi Arabia * Parents will be willing to participate in the program at home and at work Outputs 2 2.1 home based training of parents and guardians The number of parents and guardians willing to participate in the programs from home or places of their work Studies and survey studies on the level of implementation of the food safety concepts at home as learnt by the parents * Parents recognise the importance of food poisoning knowledge among children Over 70% of parents will be targeted in their homes and offices through visitations by healthcare professionals 2.2 availing of printed information meant for parents in various homes and public places Number of parents and other people who will be interested in taking acquiring the public information on food poisoning Survey on the uptake and consumption of food poisoning information that is available in the public domain through random studies and interviews * Majority of parents are literate and can easily read the information available in the materials The program is projected to avail information to almost 80% of people who will be visited and who visit public and private offices in the city * Authorities will support the printing and distribution of the materials Reduction of cases of food poisoning among children in Riyadh by 40% Analysis of health facilities documents on the reduction cases of food poisoning that are reported Output 3 3.1 careful monitoring of the food habits of the children in the target group Reduced number of reported cases of food poisoning among the target group at home, schools and the health facilities Survey on homes to determine through interviews the frequency of occurrence of food poisoning cases * Both children and parents have internalised the information given during the trainings to help in reducing the number of cases of food poisoning 75% of current cases of food poisoning will need to be eliminated to ensure the cases drop by 40% Output 4 Increase number of children who have access to food poisoning information in Riyadh Saudi Arabia Reduction of cases of food poisoning among the target group in Riyadh. Permitted inspections to school teaching databases determine if the schools are offering the proposed information through the regular curriculum * Schools will cooperate and help implementing programs that promote availability of information 4.1 implementation of the food poisoning information in all public and private schools in Riyadh Enrolment of more schools to the program Impromptu interview survey on children to determine the level of access of the information * All children will be willing to participate in the program Output 5 Increasing food poisoning information among children in the target group Level of circulation of food poisoning materials and popularity of the campaigns An audit on the penetration of the food poisoning information availed through the campaigns and educational ventures. This will be done through surveys on the target population * Availability of plentiful information will increase awareness among the target group 5.1 carrying out information campaigns through activities suited for every child * Children will be willing to participate in the available events Project Description Inputs Means of Verification Assumptions 1.1 Increasing Knowledge on food Poisoning among children 1.1.1 Willing teachers, and volunteers 1.1.1 Inspection tour in schools Activities 1 1.1.1 put poster in school notice boards where children can access the information easily 1.1.2 Stationery and photocopiers for printing 1.1.2Examination of the booklets distributed * There will be availability of volunteers to carry out the activities 1.1.2 provide information booklets on food poisoning to children in the target group 1.1.3 Willing teachers 1.1.2 Contractual agreements with the willing teachers * Availability of funds for printing and payments 1.1.3 launch food poisoning lessons in classrooms 2.1 Training of parents and guardians on food poisoning 2.1.1 willing healthcare professionals and volunteers 2.1.1 availability of home training manuals * Parents will be willing to create time for the seminars Activities 2 2.1.1 home visitations by healthcare professionals and volunteers 2.1.2 training venues and trainers 2.1.2 inspection of training venues * Volunteers will be available to help in implementing the program 2.1.2 Convening of seminars and training workshops 2.1.3 printing materials and funds 2.1.3 actual literature materials * Funds will be available to cater for the expenses 2.1.3Food poisoning literature Activities 3 3.1 Reduction of food poisoning cases among children 3.1.1 Volunteers and teachers 3.1.1 volunteers and teachers * Children will be willing to be guided on the do’s and don’ts of avoiding food poisoning 3.1.1 careful observation of children in the target group * Careful examination and guidance will help children adopt good habits in the long run 4.1 Increase the number of children with access to information on food poisoning 4.1.1 volunteers to travel around the city to carry out the enrolment 4.1.1 availability of volunteers Availability of funds Activities 4 4.1.1 enrolling as many schools as possible to the food poisoning information program 4.1.2 project officers to lead the investigations 4.1.1 funds to help in logistical support of the volunteer activities Availability of skilled project officers 4.1.2 investigating and covering areas never covered before Availability of volunteers Activities 5 5.1 Increasing food poisoning information among children in the target group 5.1.1 photocopiers and printing machines 5.1.1 information booklets and posters Availability of funds 5.1.1 printing and availing information on food poisoning in schools and homes 5.1.2 Volunteers to distribute the information 5.1.2 volunteers and project managers Availability of the skilled labour needed for the project Conclusion It’s important to note that different situations need different measures as far as mitigation measures are concerned. The plan described above is meant to be used in Riyadh Saudi Arabia. Whether it can be implemented in another area of the country is subject to discussion. This is because every area’s problems are unique and will need unique solutions. Emphasis has been put on the strategies and ways of improving flow and access to information so that children aged 8-15 can have their awareness on food poisoning raised. Most of the strategies involve educational efforts that can only be achieved through team efforts, a point that has been thoroughly stressed on. For the achievement of the anticipated success, there will be need for a constant flow of resources. Availability of resources will ensure implementation of projects in time while volunteers and other personnel involved will be paid their stipend for motivation. Given the magnitude of the project it will be imperative if both the government and private donors collaborate to avail the required resources. 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