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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The report discusses in general experiments that were done on a different category of people. There is data that was collected of an individual, a group of people and global. This was done to determine if people exhibited the condition of a false memory.In an individual experiment, a woman was given some items to recall. She was supposed to present her information according to their position. After doing the experiment, those items that appeared last were presented correctly. She did not remember well those items that

The report discusses in general experiments that were done on a different category of people. There is data that was collected of an individual, a group of people and global. This was done to determine if people exhibited the condition of a false memory. In an individual experiment, a woman was given some items to recall. She was supposed to present her information according to their position. After doing the experiment, those items that appeared last were presented correctly. She did not remember well those items that

False Memory Condition: Experimental Studies Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Methodology 3. Results 4. Discussion 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction A false memory is a condition of giving twisted and biased information. Although a human memory is a powerful tool, it makes someone at some point to give incorrect information. This is caused by some factors like distracters. A good example that demonstrates a false memory is position of items in a list. People are able to recall items on a list depending on their position (Brainerd & Reyna, 2002). For instance, those items that appear last in an item are remembered the most (recency effect), those in the center are not remembered well and those that appeared first are remembered better (primary effect). This also applies to time. Recent events are recalled the best because of the recency effect. It is therefore important to conduct some experiments to see the differences between the correct memory and the false memory. A good memory is supposed to store information like past experiences, study materials and give accurate information when needed. However, this is not the case as memory tends to fade with time. There are factors that lead to false memory apart from time. They include misleading conceptions (distracters), great expectations, anxiety and depression. Misleading conceptions or distracters tend to occupies someone’s memory and hence there is no room for the information that is needed (Brainerd & Reyna, 2002). This is the same with great expectations. Great expectations dominate someone’s mind and all they think is what they are expecting. This is no difference with anxiety and depression. Someone is always anxious about something and this causes false memory. When someone is depressed, he/she becomes withdrawn and do not want to think. There are other factors that contribute to false memory. When someone is given incorrect information, misinterpreting the original information and being emotionally attached to something. When someone is given incorrect information, he/she perceives it’s the correct information and stores it in the memory. This is the same for misinterpreting original information. This report discusses in general experiments that were done on a different category of people. There is data that was collected of an individual, a group of people and global. This was done to determine if people exhibited the condition of a false memory (Pannu & Kaszniak, 2005). In an individual experiment, a woman was given some items to recall. She was supposed to present her information according to their position. After doing the experiment, those items that appeared last were presented correctly. She did not remember well those items that were in the center. Those that appeared first, she remembered well. Data was then collected for a group of people. Some volunteers were given words which they were shown for a short period like two seconds for every word. They were then given response answers with distracters to identify original words. There were independent variables and dependent variables. These will be explained later in the methodology section. This is the same for global. People at one time suffer from a false memory. As mentioned earlier, this is brought about by some factors that make one to forget the information that is needed. One factor is time. Past experiences that happened long ago are quickly forgotten. Anxiety, depressions and great expectations are some of the factors that cause false memory. A good memory is thus needed to solve problems, to make decisions, to discern and to contemplate (Roediger & McDermott, 1995). There are so many instances that rely on memory like getting good reliable witnesses in a court. Students rely heavily on memory when doing exams so as to recall what they have been learning. Students are required to be free of any distracters like anxiety, depression etc. that can make them not to give the information required. Methodology An experiment was carried out for an individual and data was collected. The experiment had items that followed a particular order. The individual was supposed to read and write them later according to their position. This was tested on a woman who was given some items to recall. She was supposed to present her information according to the position of the items. The list had ten items. The items were presented one by one for a second each. After she finished reading the list, she was then told to match the items according to the order that they followed. After doing the experiment, those items that appeared last were presented correctly. She did not remember well the items that were in the center. Those that appeared first, she remembered well. She had high percentages for the first and last items and low percentages for those items that appeared in the center. Data Summary Position for the 10 Items Percentages of the Findings First 75 Middle 50 Last 90 An experiment was carried out for a group of people. Some volunteers were given words which they were shown for a short period like two seconds for every word. They were then given response answers with distracters to identify the words that were originally included. Distracters were words that were meant to confuse them; they were not the original words. There were also special distracters; words that resembled the original words. There were independent variables and independent variables. The distracters and words to be identified were the variables that were independent. The percentages reported were the variables that were dependent (Tan & Ward, 2000). Data Summary for the Group Selected Items Percentage of the findings From the original list 75 Normal distracters 5 Special distracters 65 Global experiment was done through the primary method of observation. People around the globe expect someone to give 100% correct information which is not the case. They don’t expect that people will give normal or special distracters in their answers. The findings of the global experiment resemble that of the group experiment. Results Data was collected for the individual. When the female finished the experiment, those items that appeared last were presented correctly. She did not remember well the items that were in the center. Those that appeared first, she remembered well. She had high percentages for the first and last items and low percentages for those items that appeared in the center. 75% was reported for the items in the first position, 50% for the items in the center and 90% for the items that appeared last. Recalling of items depended on their position. In the group experiment, the volunteers included the special and normal destructors in their answers. This was as a result of false memory. They gave answers that were not supposed to be given. They were under the influence of distracters. This is caused by thinking of the special distracters which are related to the words required. When answering questions, the group of people thought that they were giving the correct answers when they were including special distracters in their answers (Tan & Ward, 2000). From the original list, the percentage of the findings was 75%. This is a high percentage. The percentage of the normal distracters was 5% and the percentage of the special distracters was 65%. Global data was collected through observation. People around the globe want others to deliver 100% correct information which is not possible. They discourage people to give normal or special distracters in their answers. This cannot be the case because at one time, the condition of false memory does occur. Discussion As seen in the tables, there is occurrence of false memory for both the individual and group experiment. In the individual experiment, the woman was able to remember items according to their position. For instance, those items that appeared last in an item she remembered the most (Tan & Ward, 2000). This is termed as the recency effect, those that appeared in the center she did not remember well and those that appeared first she remembered well (primary effect). This also applies to time. Recent events are recalled the best because of the recency effect. She had high percentages for the first and last items and low percentages for those items that appeared in the center. For the group experiment, there was a high percentage of recalling the original words. There were those people in the group who were not largely influenced by the presence of normal and special distracters. This showed that they had a good memory. There is a record of a high percentage of special distracters because they resembled the original words. When the group of people wrote the distracters as answers, they thought that they were giving the correct answers because the special distracters resembled the original words. The global experiment resembles that of a group experiment. People experience false memory because of various factors like distracters. Normal and special distracters distort information that is supposed to be given (Tan & Ward, 2000). Although people around the globe expect someone to give 100% correct information, this is not the case. Conclusion In conclusion, a human memory experiences the condition of false memory when there are factors like distracters. This can be seen when people conduct some experiments to see the differences between the correct memory and the false memory. A good memory is supposed to store information like past experiences, study materials and give accurate information when needed. However, this is not the case as memory tends to fade with time. There are factors that lead to false memory apart from time. Anxiety, depressions and great expectations are some of the factors that cause false memory. Misleading conceptions or distracters tend to occupy someone’s memory and hence there is no room for the information that is needed. This is the same with great expectations. The findings for the three sets of data almost resemble. All the people around the world experience false memory at one point of life except those who have good memory. People around the globe expect someone to give 100% correct information which is not the case. They don’t know that people can include normal or special distracters in their answers. This cannot be possible. References Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2002). Fuzzy-Trace Theory and False Memory. American Psychological Society , 11(5), 164- 169. Pannu, J. K., & Kaszniak, A. W. (2005). Metamemory experiments in neurological populations: A review. Neuropsychology Review, 15(2), 105-130. Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Learning, Memory & Cognition , 21(3), 803–814. Tan, L., & Ward, 0. (2000). A recency-based account of the primacy effect in free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 26(2), 1589-1625.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The paper discusses how a government cannot support domestic audiovisual industry without discriminating against foreign products. It also highlights the importance of audiovisual industry in the world.

The paper discusses how a government cannot support domestic audiovisual industry without discriminating against foreign products. It also highlights the importance of audiovisual industry in the world.

A Government Cannot Support Domestic Audiovisual Industry Without Discriminating Against Foreign Products Coursework Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Impacts of Economic Strategies on Local Film Market 3. Cultural Autonomy 4. Supply and Demand in the Market of Local Film Industry 5. Media Flow 6. Globalization and Liberalization 7. Conclusion 8. Bibliography 9. Footnotes Introduction Several nations have developed ways of safeguarding their local film industries through conserving market share of domestic films against domination by American films. The market share of American’s films is about seventy percent in the entire world. Many countries have created protectionism techniques such as tax concession, import quotas, subsidies, and screen quotas to safeguard their local film industries 1 . Retaining such strategies are beneficial justification since market share of the local film is protected when every nation conserve its cultural autonomy. Nevertheless, the success of these economic strategies is gloomy. In fact, when the strategies do not contribute to any important impact in the local film industry, the best advice is to abandon such strategies. Though, such strategies are recommendable by Global Trade Accord, quotas are not an effective way of protectionist measures because their implementation discourages trade relations with other nations. On the other hand, when tax dispensations and subsidies do not have useful consequence in the local film industry, such strategies would be a waste of public resources 2 . However, there are few consequences of economic strategies such as subsidy, screen quotas, and tax concessions in the local films’ market shares. If such restrictive factors were regulated, the market size would not be an important determinant in the audiovisual industry. Nations, therefore, need to adopt many alternatives ways to enhance market share of their local films industries through promoting average budget in every film, and by enhancing quantity of local films produced. This portrays that production of film should be based on a balance between quantity and quality of goods produced. Countries should adopt International liberalization that does not result in easy deregulation, but in varied regulatory market capitalism 3 . The aim of this paper is to show how a government cannot support domestic audiovisual industry without discriminating against foreign products. Audiovisual industry is one of the fastest developing service industries in the entire world. Technological growth has enabled customers multiple access to information and entertainment services and therefore has enhanced audiovisual industry in the world 4 . Audiovisual industry has played significant role in promoting new technologies. For example, electronically audiovisual goods have enhanced network utility and have promoted business venture of digital networks. Technological growth has promoted cheaper and efficient audiovisual services to customers and has broadened their needs 5 . Due to technological development, audiovisual information has been conveyed through an internet connection. As a result, nations are encountering challenges to restrict importation of foreign audiovisual products into the local markets. For instance, several nations are using quotas for local channels in such as way that broadcasters have to dedicate some time for domestic broadcasting. This kind of restriction is outdated due to technological advancement since local customers can currently download foreign channels at reduce prices due to internet accessibility 6 . Various nations, therefore, have to reform their regulatory policies to take into consideration of global interaction and internet services. The use of internet has minimized cost and has enhanced global sales of audiovisual products. The customers are in a position to bypass retailers with intention of saving cost when purchasing audiovisual products 7 . Technological advancement of internet services has affected films and televisions’ revenues because people frequently access internet more than viewing television and films 8 . Audiovisual industry is an important aspect in conserving cultural democracy; therefore, the main aim of a nation is to provide broad alternative services to customers through enhanced privatization and liberalization. Nations need to conform to expectations of cultural protection and liberalization by forming effective regulatory policies that are updated to correspond with global standards. Liberalization policies coupled with increasing per capital income and developing urbanization have contributed to massive media penetration 9 . Foreign investment and privatization have contributed to technological development in audiovisual products; these have promoted international competition in provision of audiovisual services. Several nations have adopted trade barriers in order to promote and safeguard their domestic cultures and to discourage competition from international players 10 . However, it is broadly debatable whether such trade barriers are really functional in attaining focused aims. Besides that, many nations have experienced difficulty when restricting foreign contents because of the rising need of internet accessibility 11 . Due to technological advancement and rising use of information technology, many nations are changing their regulations in order to expose their markets to the global demands. Business affairs in audiovisual industry are carried out mainly through commercial aims; and due to rising information technology, audiovisual trade has increased across border markets 12 . Indeed, people move from one place to another in search of commercial presence. For example, people move to other foreign nations to pursue studies and training facilities; others also move to shoot their films in affordable international places. Many nations doubted the competence of GAT negotiations in consideration of cultural, democratic and social issues 13 . Some nations have never made any attempt to conserve their cultural identities or to promote their local audiovisual industries. There are only few nations that are committed to introduce trade barriers as way of conserving their cultural identities. Moreover, restrictive policies would limit delivery modes and audiovisual industrial coverage 14 . It is evident that lack of liberalization would restrict trade development not only in the current time but also in the future. In economic presumption, quotas have been perceived as main obstacle to trade affairs. Nevertheless, quotas are used as a way of safeguarding local contents in television, radio, and film sectors; these policies are accepted in the global trade regulation. Screen quotas was established toward the end of World War I, a time when many European nations created quota systems to safeguard their film industries from hostile and abrupt influx of United States’ films 15 . Foreign products have been seen as a threat to domestic cultural ideology. However, there is a need to forbid any kind of discrimination between foreign and local products. Nevertheless, many nations have abandoned the screen quotas since they have faced many challenges when adopting implementation of screen quotas 16 . The disagreement on how to handle trade promotion of audiovisual products has contributed dissatisfaction impacts for every World Trade Organization (WTO) affiliates. Audiovisual involvement is an industrial business that has cultural features, and this differentiates audiovisual industry from other service industries. Actually, people do not expect to repress free speech and creativity in order to promoted cultural development; in fact they need to support domestic audiovisual products as a way that would not discriminate against international products 17 . In addition, people intend to extend the importance of audiovisual products from diversified domestic cultures through the use of impartial criteria to acquire significant and objective audiovisual products. Effective cultural strategy measures need to be less restrictive in order to attain objective results. Cultural protectionism is a constituent of domestic and foreign strategies as an extension of State’s autonomy 18 ; it is an objective and liberal focus which is beyond domestic market. Impacts of Economic Strategies on Local Film Market America films have led the global film markets for many decades; however, several nations have created many ways to safeguard their cultural dominion and local film industries. For example, many European nations like Germany, have forbidden the importation of overseas’ movies; claiming that they are affected by American films. France has established import quotas in the local film markets. Portugal and United Kingdom have enacted screen quotas that expect local artists to screen local films. In addition, several nations have established tax concession and subsidies to enhance domestic film production 19 . Other nations have also formed market entry restrictions and local content regulations. Nevertheless, America under the umbrella of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAAA) has eliminated aggressive strategies in the film market through provision of effective programs that meet global standards 20 . On the other hand, many nations have abandoned the use of quotas since the policy hinders trade relations among nations. Nevertheless, the neoliberalism era was a fair period of regulation; it was the trend of strengthening safety of local film markets in the world and a cycle move in relation of regulating capitalism. The determination to emphasize cultural diversity and local film industry have abandoned quotas in order to adopt the use passive regulatory strategies like tax concession and government subsidies 21 . Protectionism measures such as border measures, local content regulation, tax concession and market entry restriction have created conflict and strife between local cultural strategies standards and trade liberalization 22 . Tax concession, screen quotas and subsides have captured interest as appropriate tools to safeguard the local film markets. Nevertheless, such strategizes have not proved adequate efficiency. Generation of audiovisual information needs huge capital investments; moreover, it’s business success is indefinite. Therefore, to minimize the risk in this industry, business providers need to spread their goods and services in both foreign and local markets. Access to foreign market is emerging to be necessary policy in order to recover production cost. Globalization has reduced production cost of audiovisual products. Furthermore, business joint venture is a means in which foreign operators are capturing markets dominated by domestic country 23 . Domestic markets are encountering stiff competition because of globalization; competition has enhanced service quality given to customers. Digital technology enables audiovisual contents to be utilized in various formats, hence provide broad markets for similar items. Globalization is significant tool in determining best conditions essential for growth of delivery and invention of network contents 24 . The rise in audiovisual trade and globalization has compelled developing nations to open up their existing markets to global interaction. Audiovisual industry should be a trade opportunity just like any other service industries; though, the industry has firm social and cultural impacts in society 25 . Audiovisual industry is significant in diffusion and broadcasting cultural values, therefore restricting its trade is not a best resolution in consideration of developing commercialization in the industry. The existing challenge can be resolved when local markets derive a balance between audiovisual trade liberalization and, conserving and promoting of local cultural identity. Liberalization of audiovisual industry would: broaden alternative services to customers; enhance effectiveness through competition; and would develop technical knowledge in the industry. Cultural Autonomy Most nations in the world perceive the supremacy of American films, in the global markets, as a threat in their local film industries and also toward their cultural autonomy. This is the reason why many nations have devised ways to safeguard their local film markets from American films. As tension on cultural protectionism develops, UNESCO, an agency of United Nation (UN) recommended institutional and economic barriers like screen quotas to safeguard local film industry for conserving cultural diversity 26 . Whereas, one hundred and forty affiliates of UNESCO approved the accord, Israel and America declined to accept the agreement. This is because there has been severe strife between local cultural strategy and trade liberalization standards. The economic strategies in the film business are categorized into two aspects: tax concession and subsidies that are financial factors for suppliers; and on the other hand, there is safety measures of film market through import quotas and screen quotas 27 . Subsidy is the direct public investment in the local film industry, while tax concession comprises of credits, exemption and tax deductions for film productions. Screen quotas refer to a government rule which expected theater owners to screen local motives. Besides that, imported quotas refer to the regulation of the number of imported movies. Nevertheless, such quotas have been discarded by several nations since global technology has overcome such restrictive policies in the entire world 28 . For instance, Argentina attempted to use Reciprocity System on United States’ imports, while Brazil tried to adopt quotas system; however, both nations abandoned such restrictive factors because the need of globalization has overwhelmed such limiting factors 29 . While most nations abandoned various quotas, they have increasingly adopted tax concessions and subsidies for their local film industries as a way for offering fund aid to enhance film production. Nevertheless, many nations that have poor performance records of local film production depend on misguided perception that such economic strategies would contribute prosperity for their local film industry and conservation of their cultural identities. The main aim of financial aid and quotas in the film business is to safeguard market share from being overwhelmed by prominent American films. Adopting such strategies is important since market share of local film is associated with safeguarding cultural autonomy of a nation. However, it is not automatic that such strategies would contribute development of local film industry 30 . For example, quotas are not recommendable way of protectionism since implementing such conditions would discourage trade relations among international nations. On the other hand, tax concessions and subsidies might not provide positive contributions as expected; in fact, such strategies can be waste of public resources of a country. It is thus a wise move to consider whether the economic strategies can contribute positive impacts on the market share of local film industry. It is now proved that screen quotas do not contribute to any economic growth in audiovisual industry. Besides that, government grant is an approach that can be adopted to promote the defective cultural market. However, some people viewed that subsidy is not a primary policy that would promote local film industry since it only act as a temporary relive that enhances little profit in film production 31 . Another device which several nations have adopted is tax concession to safe guide their local film industries. In fact, tax credits from government are effective means to attract international film production to the national market and this would support local film industry to develop. However, the main intention of these strategies is to conserve market share of domestic film against foreign domination, the efficiency of these economic strategies are murky 32 . Supply and Demand in the Market of Local Film Industry Tax concession and subsidies enhance production of products when a government establishes such policies in the local film production. However, the strategies would not affect equilibrium prices since movies’ prices are determined by government departments or Local Film Association despite of the amount of films produced 33 . Actually, these policies do not warrant an increase of market share in local film industry because trade-in global society has reduced production cost with improved quality. When local citizens like American films than domestic films, this would not change market shares of the local film, hence tax concession and subsidies would not develop local film production 34 . Audiovisual industry is an influential and beneficial means for cultural communication; therefore, business in this industry should be regulated to conserve social customs and cultural identity. Media Flow The global world is built with many diverse flows, that is, organizational interaction flow; capital flow; symbol, images and sound flow; technological flow; and information flow 35 . With an increasingly global community, such flows are portrayed as extraordinary development in velocity, volume and direction. For instance, media flow has become diverse global audience that is a unique way of expressing information. The global media is a multifaceted topography of multi-media, multi-vocal and multi-directional flows 36 . The propagation of satellites created by digital technology and the rising online communication have caused media firms to function in an enhanced transnational arena other than national dome; hence seeking and generating new customers globally 37 . However, some nations are focused to develop local media programs within the boundary of their state-country. The increasing viable business of media operations in the world has developed new networks which are focused in advertisement and market revenues 38 . National focus rarely matters in relation of media markets because producers perceive audience as primarily global consumers rather than local citizens. This change of nation-centric perception into international markets has led to increase and development of media flow. American media information is globally focused and many nations have gained a lot from the global perception of United States 39 . The union of broadband and television networks has unwrapped new prospect of media content. America has developed their media content beyond regionalization in focus of global market; many countries have grown from the evolving globalization policies. Some nations have utilized their status in the media multinational resources to develop into global operators 40 . Media globalization has generated professional occupations in the cultural and information industries. The outsourcing of information for International Corporation has contributed the momentum for establishment of significant global focus for creative industries 41 . The operators of global media channels possess strong local presence through focus to get audience beyond their original local constituency. This is a subaltern flow of domestic ideas that flow across the entire world. The evolving geo-cultural and international networks are the globalization of contra-flows 42 . Globalization and Liberalization The global transaction in the cultural products has tripled and has developed in a quick pace due to liberalization of media industries in the entire world. America is the dormant exporter of media and cultural goods in the world, and Europe is the leading market for United States’ films and audiovisual contents. United States’ television channels are broadcasted in more than one hundred and twenty-five nations worldwide. Globalization has given diverse horizontal and manifold flows that have developed geo-cultural business. Nevertheless, the flow of American goods still persists to control the global market. The international business interaction has created diverse disjuncture that is beyond homogenized culture; it has also contributed to cultural hybridity that is generated through the use of heterogonous media products to benefit domestic principles, languages and styles 43 . Some people have claimed that international corporations have exercised indirect domination over developing nations; controlling labor, markets, production and resources of these nations 44 . It is also viewed that International Corporations have destabilized cultural sovereignty in many nations; thus such nations are compelled to depend on global media and communication products that are reliable and affordable resources. Globalization policies represent how international communities cover both geo-cultural and transnational markets through adopting domestic cultures to sustain market flows 45 . The regionalization trend is perceptible in the development of domestic editions of magazines and newspapers, broadcast of television programs in domestic languages, and also in establishing local programming and domestic language websites 46 . Interaction with global cultures would provide diverse impacts; people need to filter and evaluate content products from heterogonous cultures to incorporate them with ideas that originate from domestic cultures 47 . The diversity of media information only exists in the wider fresh liberal ideological agenda. It can be seen that ideology of regionalization develops globalised perception, which focuses on liberal democracy and market primacy. The media industry has emphasized on propagation of multilingual contents stemming from local creative hub. Adoption of deregulated, privatized and digital technology transmission network has contributed to enhanced flow of global media 48 . In addition, audiovisual industries are associated with other service sectors like sporting and cultural, tourism, recreation and software services 49 . For instance, Universal and Disneyland Studios in American film industry are beneficial for tourist services. The rising adoption of technological effects and computer developed production has enhanced the development of entertainment software business 50 . Conclusion Audiovisual products are the main drivers of globalization and also are significant careers of every culture. Audi-visual products play significant formative role in global community. These products provide services related to conservation of social values and cultural identity. The audiovisual services play an important role in enriching public opinion, protecting democratic principles and enhancing creative potentials. It is, therefore, important for nations to offer incentives that would promote local audiovisual industries and to control their contents. There is need of liberalization; however, nations need to protect their local industries from international competition in order enhance their development and safety of their cultural ideology from foreign influence. Nevertheless, the need to enhance social, cultural, and democratic values has to integrate global values for effective development. Audiovisual industry is the quickest developing service industry; its technological transformation has enabled customers access of global multiple information and entertainment services. Technological development particularly digitalization has discouraged governments from limiting imports of foreign media contents into local markets. Due to rising global interaction, the need of internationalization, and easy internet accessibility; many nations are changing their regulatory policies, and therefore promoting their markets for global interaction. However, one problem which needs to be made certain is that various audiovisual facets and associated services should be properly addressed. The variety of cultural attributes embodied in films makes them a powerful medium through which to transmit cultural values and morals. Arguably, the world is experiencing a strong trend toward cultural globalization, and no one nation is immune from the influences of the cultures of other nations because culture, in many respects, defies national boundaries. However, different cultures must be preserved and allowed to flourish, for it is a diversified global culture that benefits the world’s collective well being. Cultural diversification allows people to observe different views and attitudes, test their own biases, and learn from different experiences. Unrestricted homogenization of cultures should be avoided, and diversification of culture should be championed. Films that promote National culture and local cultures should thus be protected by discriminating foreign products. Bibliography Appadurai, Arjun. “Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy.” Public Culture 7, no. 2 (1990): 1-24. Bernier, Ivan. “Local Content Requirements for Film, Radio, and Television as a Means of Protecting Cultural Diversity.” Theory and Reality 51, (2003): 465. Bly, Van der. “Globalization and the Rise of One Heterogeneous World Culture: A Micro Perspective of a Global Village.” International Journal of Comparative Sociology, no. 48 (2007): 469. Burri, Mira. “Enquiry into the Notion of Cultural Protectionism in the Media And It’s Dimensions in Cyberspace.” NCCR Trade Regulation Working Paper 20, no 3 (2011): 35-37. Collins, Richard. “Trading in Culture.” The Role of Language, no.11 (1990): 351- 371. Footer, Mary, and Graber Christopher. “Trade Liberalization and Cultural Policy.” Journal of International Economic Law 3, (2000): 115-144. Jin, Dal Yong. “Cultural Politics in Korea’s Contemporary Films under Neoliberal Globalization,” Media, Culture & Society 2, no. 28 (2006): 36-39. Lee, Gyeoreh. “A Study of the Effect of Economic Policies on the Domestic Film Markets.” Journal of Media Economics 3, no. 17 (2006): 163-176. Mcchesney, Robert. New Global Media: The Global Transformations Reader: An Introduction to the Globalization Debate. Edited by Held Day. Cambridge: Polity, 2004. Pang, Laikwan. Cultural Control and Globalization in Asia: Copyright, Piracy, and Cinema. London: Routledge, 2006. Paxman, Andrew. “Who Killed the Mexican Film Industry: In support of The Decline of the Golden, Age, 1949-1960 .” Presented at the Latin American Studies Association Conference, Rio de Janeiro , May 12-13, 2009. Pauwels, Caroline. Can State Aid in the Film Sector Stand the Proof Of EU and WTO Liberalization Efforts? Media and Cultural Policy in the European Union. Edited by Sarikakis. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2007. Ritzer, George. “The Globalization of Nothing.” SAIS Review XXIII, no. 2 (2003): 189- 200. Stamatoudi, Irini. Copyright and Multimedia Products: A Comparative Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Sweetman, Paul, and Knowles Caroline. Picturing the Social Landscape: Visual Methods in the Sociological Imagination. New York: Routledge, 2004. Thussu, Daya. Media on the Move: Global Flow and Contra-Flow. London: Routledge, 2007. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). “Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, ” United Nations Publications 39, no. 13 (2005): 19-23. Voon, Tania. Cultural Products and the World Trade Organization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Voon, Tania. “State Support for Audiovisual Products in the World Trade Organization: Protectionism or Cultural Policy?” International Journal of Cultural Property, no. 13 (2006): 129-160. Ward, David. The European Union and the Culture Industries: Regulation and the Public Interest. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008. Yecies Brian. “Parleying Cultures against Trade.” Hollywood’s Affairs with Korea’s Screen Quotas, no. 38 (2007): 56. Footnotes 1 Appadurai Arjun. “Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy”. Public Culture 2 (1990): 1-24. 2 Ward David, (ed). The European Union and the Culture Industries: Regulation and the Public Interest. (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008), 264. 3 Pang Laikwan. Cultural Control and Globalization in Asia: Copyright, Piracy, and Cinema. (London: Routledge, 2006), 23-27. 4 Voon Tania. Cultural Products and the World Trade Organization. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 4-6. 5 Pauwels Caroline et al. Can State Aid in the Film Sector Stand the Proof Of EU and WTO Liberalization Efforts? Sarikakis K (ed). Media and Cultural Policy in the European Union (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2007), 23-43. 6 Paxman Andrew. “Who Killed the Mexican Film Industry?: The Decline of The Golden, Age, 1949-1960”. Presented at the Latin American Studies Assn. Conference, Rio de Janeiro. 5 (2009): 78. 7 Bly Van der. “Globalization and the Rise of One Heterogeneous World Culture: a Micro Perspective of a Global Village”. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 48 (2007): 469. 8 “United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)”. Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions 13 (2005): 19-23. 9 Burri Mira. “Enquiry into the Notion of Cultural Protectionism in the Media and It’s Dimensions in Cyberspace”. NCCR Trade Regulation Working Paper 20(3) (2011): 35-37. 10 Collins Richard. “Trading in Culture”. The Role of Language, 11 (1990): 351- 371. 11 Lee Gyeoreh. “A Study of the Effect of Economic Policies on the Domestic Film Markets”. Journal of Media Economics 17 (2006): 163-176. 12 Mcchesney Robert. New Global Media. Held, D & Mcgrew, A (eds). The Global Transformations Reader: An Introduction to the Globalization Debate. (Cambridge: Polity, 2004), 12-17. 13 Stamatoudi Irini. Copyright and Multimedia Products: A Comparative Analysis. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 7-12. 14 Thussu Daya, (ed ). Media on the Move: Global Flow and Contra-Flow. (London: Routledge, 2007), 67-79. 15 Footer Mary & Graber Christopher. “Trade Liberalization and Cultural Policy”. Journal of International Economic Law 3 (2000): 115-144. 16 Bernier Ivan. “Local Content Requirements for Film, Radio, and Television as a Means of Protecting Cultural Diversity”. Theory and Reality 51 (2003): 465. 17 Jin, Dal Yong. “Cultural Politics in Korea’s Contemporary Films under Neoliberal Globalization”. Media, Culture & Society, 28 (2006): 36-39. 18 Ritzer George. “The Globalization of Nothing”. SAIS Review, XXIII 2 (2003): 189-200. 19 Voon Tania. “State Support for Audiovisual Products in the World Trade Organization: Protectionism or Cultural Policy?” International Journal of Cultural Property, 13 (2006):129-160. 20 Bernier Ivan. “Local Content Requirements for Film, Radio, and Television as a Means of Protecting Cultural Diversity”. Theory and Reality 51 (2003): 465. 21 Sweetman Paul & Knowles Caroline. Picturing the Social Landscape: Visual Methods in the Sociological Imagination. (New York: Routledge, 2004), 90-104. 22 Voon Tania. Cultural Products and the World Trade Organization. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 4-6. 23 Footer Mary & Graber Christopher. “Trade Liberalization and Cultural Policy”. Journal of International Economic Law 3 (2000): 115-144. 24 Yecies Brian. “Parleying Cultures against Trade”. Hollywood’s Affairs with Korea’s Screen Quotas, 38 (2007): 56. 25 Collins Richard. “Trading in Culture”. The Role of Language, 11 (1990): 351- 371. 26 Bernier Ivan. “Local Content Requirements for Film, Radio, and Television as a Means of Protecting Cultural Diversity”. Theory and Reality 51 (2003): 465. 27 Bly Van der. “Globalization and the Rise of One Heterogeneous World Culture: a Micro Perspective of a Global Village”. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 48 (2007): 469. 28 Jin, Dal Yong. “Cultural Politics in Korea’s Contemporary Films under Neoliberal Globalization”. Media, Culture & Society, 28 (2006): 36-39. 29 Ward David, (ed). The European Union and the Culture Industries: Regulation and the Public Interest. (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008), 264. 30 Mcchesney Robert. New Global Media. Held, D & Mcgrew, A (eds). The Global Transformations Reader: An Introduction to the Globalization Debate. (Cambridge: Polity, 2004), 12-17. 31 Appadurai Arjun. “Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy”. Public Culture 2 (1990): 1-24. 32 Paxman Andrew. “Who Killed the Mexican Film Industry?: The Decline of The Golden, Age, 1949-1960”. Presented at the Latin American Studies Assn. Conference, Rio de Janeiro. 5 (2009): 78. 33 Voon Tania. Cultural Products and the World Trade Organization. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 4-6. 34 Footer Mary & Graber Christopher. “Trade Liberalization and Cultural Policy”. Journal of International Economic Law 3 (2000): 115-144. 35 Pauwels Caroline et al. Can State Aid in the Film Sector Stand the Proof Of EU and WTO Liberalization Efforts? Sarikakis K (ed). Media and Cultural Policy in the European Union (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2007), 23-43. 36 Yecies Brian. “Parleying Cultures against Trade”. Hollywood’s Affairs with Korea’s Screen Quotas, 38 (2007): 56. 37 Burri Mira. “Enquiry into the Notion of Cultural Protectionism in the Media and It’s Dimensions in Cyberspace”. NCCR Trade Regulation Working Paper 20(3) (2011): 35-37. 38 Lee Gyeoreh. “A Study of the Effect of Economic Policies on the Domestic Film Markets”. Journal of Media Economics 17 (2006): 163-176. 39 Stamatoudi Irini. Copyright and Multimedia Products: A Comparative Analysis. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 7-12. 40 Bernier Ivan. “Local Content Requirements for Film, Radio, and Television as a Means of Protecting Cultural Diversity”. Theory and Reality 51 (2003): 465. 41 Yecies Brian. “Parleying Cultures against Trade”. Hollywood’s Affairs with Korea’s Screen Quotas, 38 (2007): 56. 42 Sweetman Paul & Knowles Caroline. Picturing the Social Landscape: Visual Methods in the Sociological Imagination. (New York: Routledge, 2004), 90-104. 43 “United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)”. Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions 13 (2005): 19-23. 44 Voon Tania. “State Support for Audiovisual Products in the World Trade Organization: Protectionism or Cultural Policy?” International Journal of Cultural Property, 13 (2006): 129-160. 45 Thussu Daya, (ed ). Media on the Move: Global Flow and Contra-Flow. (London: Routledge, 2007), 67-79. 46 Voon Tania. Cultural Products and the World Trade Organization. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 4-6. 47 Ritzer George. “The Globalization of Nothing”. SAIS Review, XXIII 2 (2003): 189-200. 48 Pang Laikwan. Cultural Control and Globalization in Asia: Copyright, Piracy, and Cinema. (London: Routledge, 2006), 23-27. 49 Ritzer George. “The Globalization of Nothing”. SAIS Review, XXIII 2 (2003): 189-200. 50 Bernier Ivan. “Local Content Requirements for Film, Radio, and Television as a Means of Protecting Cultural Diversity”. Theory and Reality 51 (2003): 465.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: In his novel A Lesson Before Dying, Gaines narrates an emotional-evoking story of Jefferson, an uneducated black man, wrongly accused of the robbery and murder of a white male. Notwithstanding the attempts of the defense attorney to persuade the court that Jefferson is not intelligent enough to conduct such a crime, the jury declares the man guilty.

In his novel A Lesson Before Dying, Gaines narrates an emotional-evoking story of Jefferson, an uneducated black man, wrongly accused of the robbery and murder of a white male. Notwithstanding the attempts of the defense attorney to persuade the court that Jefferson is not intelligent enough to conduct such a crime, the jury declares the man guilty.

A Lesson Before Dying: Summary, Characters, Theme, and Personal Opinion Essay Table of Contents 1. Summary of the Plot 2. Analysis of the Two Main Characters 3. Theme 4. Personal Opinion 5. References The issue of racism is prevailing in Gaines’s novel A Lesson Before Dying , wherein the author casts a shadow on the generalized attitudes toward black people in the American South of the post-WWII period. Wrongly accused of the crime by the all-white jury, the protagonist of the story is sentenced to death, facing racial discrimination and belittlement from the community members. An analysis of the novel’s plot, characters, and theme provides a sustainable basis to argue that even brutal racial discrimination cannot eradicate the individual’s right for humanity. Summary of the Plot In his novel A Lesson Before Dying , Gaines narrates an emotional-evoking story of Jefferson, an uneducated black man, erroneously accused of the robbery and murder of a white male. Notwithstanding the attempts of the defense attorney to persuade the court that Jefferson is not intelligent enough to conduct such a crime, the jury declares the man guilty. “Justice, gentlemen? Why, I would just as soon put a hog in the electric chair” (Gaines 1993, 8). As followed by Blanco and Vidal (2014), the black man’s effort to deliver testimony during the trial is not taken into account, as he is convicted of the misdemeanor solely based on his racial features (85). Although slavery was condemned approximately 60 years ago, racial tensions continue to arise in the segregated Louisiana of the 1940s, where the story takes place (Blanco and Vidal 2014, 83). Following the court’s decision, Jefferson stays in the prison cell, waiting for capital punishment. Lonely and humiliated by the insensitive comment made by his defense attorney during the trial, the black man internalizes his remark, losing a sense of self-dignity. To help Jefferson revitalize his belief in himself, his godmother, Miss Emma, persuades Grant Wiggins, a black teacher at a local school, to educate him. As highlighted by Blanco and Vidal (2014), during the several months of imprisonment, Jefferson establishes a tight personal bond with his mentor, undergoing a real spiritual transformation (83). Together with Grant, the man explores the significance of personal choice, self-respect, and the ability to oppose racial inequality in society. “As long as none of us stand, they’re safe… I want you to chip away at that myth by standing” (Gaines 1993, 191). Though at the end of the story, Jefferson is unfairly executed, he walks to the electric chair with a sense of spiritual liberation, symbolizing a living example of humanity for all members of the community. Analysis of the Two Main Characters Gaines’s complex novel contains multiple characters; however, the scope of this literary essay allows us to discuss briefly only the two prominent figures in the story: Grant Wiggins and Jefferson. The only educated black man in Bayonne, Grant Wiggins, serves as a teacher at a local plantation. Reluctant to help Jefferson, at first, he eventually agrees to educate the man, hoping to oppress the stereotypes of the old racist community. “I want you to show them the difference between what they think you are and what you can be” (Gaines 1993, 194). By the end of the story, Grant does not only assist Jefferson in his studying but also revitalizes his belief in the approaching end of racial inequality. Jefferson, a twenty-year-old protagonist of the story, is a black man, unfairly sentenced to death for the murder of a white owner of the store. As explained by Blanco and Vidal (2014), after being labeled as stupid and aggressive by society, the man stops trying to prove his innocence in the court (85). “Because I know what it means to be a slave. I am a slave” (Gaines, 1993, 225). Only when he meets his future educator Grant, Jefferson manages to regain his sense of personal value and stand up against the racial system, teaching the community a powerful lesson through silence before execution. “That’s how I want to go, Mr. Wiggins. Not a mumbling word” (Gaines 1993, 226). Taking the vow of silence, Jefferson demonstrates the towners that, similarly to Jesus, he now dies for the crime he never committed. Theme A Lesson Before Dying combines several ideas; however, the reoccurring topics discussed throughout the novel is a blended mixture of injustice, prejudice, and racism. As followed by Zeitler (2016), in the Bayonne community, all people’s roles and their social status are set following their racial background (130). Notwithstanding the individual characteristics and professional achievements, black people in the novel are more likely to be objectified and erroneously convicted for the crimes, following the patterns of the nineteenth-century racial discrimination. “He told us that most of us would die violently, and those who did not would be brought down to the level of beasts” (Gaines 1993, 62). Such a revelation proves that there was no hope for Jefferson to be justified for the crime he never committed; thus, the only solution for him was to accept the sentence with dignity and humanity. Gaines also focuses on the ways race contributes to the formation of an individual’s perceived identity in society. As noted by Magill (2016), prejudiced perceptions of the black find reflections in the image of the black man’s masculinity of the time, associated with violence and brutality (61). A notable example of such unjust prejudice is a perception of Grant in the community. “I tried to decide… Whether I should act like the teacher that I was, or like the nigger that I was supposed to be” (Gaines 1993, 47). Despite his honorable position as an educator, the man is still disparaged for his background. Personal Opinion In my opinion, the moral behind Gaines’s novel lies in the perspective that racism cannot be eradicated from society only by the passage of new legislation. A collective effort of the individuals is vital for the positive change in the discriminatory attitudes formed and maintained in the community for decades. A Lesson Before Dying also argues that people’s origins should not predetermine their destiny. Racial tensions described in the story do belittle not only the main character but also limit his freedom. Liberty, in this case, does not refer literally to Jefferson’s imprisonment, but rather to the lack of choice, education, and respect given to the black people in the times. “And that’s all we are Jefferson, all of us on this earth, a piece of drifting wood. Until we – each of us, individually- decide to become something else” (Gaines 1993, 143). In his writing, the author encourages readers to oppress inequality and remember that discrimination will continue existing in the community until people consciously choose to reject societal stereotypes. Consequently, a brief examination of the novel’s plot and theme, along with the character analysis, suggests that racial features should not be the reason for an individual’s inhumane treatment. Although slavery was abolished decades ago, Jefferson is erroneously convicted for murder based on the societal racial prejudices. Nevertheless, by undergoing spiritual transformation after meeting Grant, the black man accepts the death sentence with dignity, teaching the community that all people, regardless of the race, deserve benevolence and respect. References Blanco, Maria-Jose, and Ricarda Vidal. 2014. The Power of Death: Contemporary Reflections on Death in Western Society. New York: Berghahn Books. Gaines, Ernest J. 1993. A Lesson Before Dying. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Magill, David E. 2016. “Make Him a Man: Black Masculinity and Communal Identity in Ernest J. Gaines’s a Lesson Before Dying.” Studies in the Literary Imagination 49 (1): 61-76. doi: 10.1353/sli.2016.0005. Zeitler, Michael. 2016. ““Mr. Joe Louis, Help Me”: Sports as Narrative and Community in Ernest J. Gaines’s a Lesson Before Dying.” Studies in the Literary Imagination 49 (1): 129-140. doi: 10.1353/sli.2016.0009.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Despite covering the period of World War II, the novel A Separate Peace by John Knowles does not narrate about military campaigns and battles. Instead, it seems to draw a parallel between an external war and an internal struggle within an individual.Despite covering the period of World War II, the novel A Separate Peace by John Knowles does not narrate about military campaigns and battles. Instead, it seems to draw a parallel between an external war and an internal struggle within an individual.

Despite covering the period of World War II, the novel A Separate Peace by John Knowles does not narrate about military campaigns and battles. Instead, it seems to draw a parallel between an external war and an internal struggle within an individual. Despite covering the period of World War II, the novel A Separate Peace by John Knowles does not narrate about military campaigns and battles. Instead, it seems to draw a parallel between an external war and an internal struggle within an individual.

A Separate Peace by John Knowles Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Summary of the Novel 3. The Characters of the Book 4. The Themes of the Novel 5. Personal Opinion 6. Conclusion 7. Reference List Introduction Despite covering the period of World War II, the novel A Separate Peace , the author of which is John Knowles, does not narrate about military campaigns and battles. Instead, it seems to draw a parallel between an external war and an internal struggle within an individual. This essay will give a summary of the novel, describe its main characters, dwell on the issues raised in the book, and provide a personal opinion. The Summary of the Novel The events of the book are set in the Devon School during World War II. The narrator, Gene Forrester, was 16 years old at that time and had a friend, Phineas, or Finny for short. Finny liked to jump from a tree into the nearby river and encouraged Gene to do the same even though he was scared of it. Finny was so excited about this activity that he organized the Suicide Society. To join it, other boys had to jump from the tree into the water. Perhaps, this occupation was attractive because the school rules forbade it. Finny was the best athlete in Devon, and Gene wanted to be the most successful student to resemble his friend. Gene, therefore, contributed much time and effort to his studies, but as he was continuously distracted by Finny, he thought that his companion intended to thwart his progress. Gene’s grievance against his friend led to deplorable consequences. When Finn asked his friend to jump from the tree with him once again, Gene impulsively shook the branch, on which they were standing. Finn fell off the tree and damaged his leg, which brought an end to his athletic career. While Finny was in the hospital, Gene befriended Brinker Hadley, who jokingly accused him of injuring his mate on purpose. However, this new friend turned out to be an enemy. One night, when Finny was already out of the hospital, Brinker gathered him and Gene in the Assembly Room and conducted a trial, during which Finn became convinced of his friend’s blame for his injury. He rushed out of the room angrily, but fell on the stairs and broke his wounded leg. The following day, Gene managed to talk to his companion and explain to him that he had made the accident happen due to an impulse, not on purpose. The friends made peace, but after a while, Finn died during an operation. Gene returned to Devon 15 years later and remembered all the described events. The novel ends with his reflections about enemies, peace, and war. The Characters of the Book The first main character of the novel is Gene Forrester, the narrator. In his youth, he was “a somewhat athletic, shy intellectual” (S tudy guide , 2015, p. 1). Gene admired his friend’s sports achievements and the ability to talk others into ventures, and it inspired him to improve his academic record to become the best student. However, this desire caused him to develop envy and resentment since he suspected Finny of hindering his studies. These feelings induced a sudden urge that made Gene drop his friend off the tree. Gene did not do it intentionally as he regretted that deed and felt guilty. Perhaps, his self-blame was so strong that he no longer wanted to be himself and subconsciously denied his identity. In the end, he identified himself with his dead friend, which is apparent from the scene of the burial: “I could not escape a feeling that this was my own funeral, and you do not cry in that case” (Knowles, 2014, p. 194). Thus, Gene was not inherently evil, and the sense of guilt made him despise his personality. Another main character is Phineas, Gene’s best friend and roommate. Although he tended to disobey rules and instigated others to do the same, he was a good-natured boy. He trusted his friend, which was why he did not believe Gene’s confession that he was to blame for Finny’s injury. Gene was dear to Phineas since the latter forgave his mate quickly even after he learned that his invalidism was Gene’s fault. Thus, Finny was a kind-hearted and genuine person who became a victim of circumstances. The novel also has an antagonist, Brinker Hadley, who has the leadership among students. His obsession with discipline and will to justice made him reveal the truth about Finny’s fall. Probably, he is partly responsible for Finny’s death because Finny would not have hurt himself once again if he had not been enraged by the trial. Brinker also expressed his interest in war throughout the novel, but eventually, he seemed to become disappointed in it and rejected it. The Themes of the Novel One of the main themes of the book is warfare, as its events happen in the time of World War II. However, there is also another battle depicted in the book. Gene wages his internal struggle because he has contradictory feelings toward his friend. He wavers between admiration and jealousy, affection and hatred, friendship, and rivalry. Eventually, he concludes that people are apt to make enemies of those who do not intend to harm them. Perhaps, this is the reason for many conflicts and wars. Another theme concerns rules and the consequences of disregarding them. The novel shows clearly that all the troubles began when Finny decided to jump from a tree, which was a prohibited activity. Sansom (2018, pp. 22-23) considers this plant symbolic and compares it to the biblical tree, which was also forbidden for Adam and Eve to approach. Thus, the book conveys the thought that rules are invented for a reason, and disobeying them may lead to grave consequences. Finally, the novel raises the issue of such feelings like fear and jealousy. The first sensation is related to the war, as adolescents realize that one day, they may have to fight as soldiers. It also refers to the fear of oneself, when a human understands what terrible deeds he is capable of. The novel depicts that a person consumed with envy may represent a threat to the object of his or her jealousy. Thus, people should be aware of their feelings and prevent negative ones from affecting their behavior. Personal Opinion Apart from the themes mentioned above, the novel shows examples of good and bad friends. Finny represents a person capable of true friendship since he enjoys being together with his companion. Gene, on the contrary, is an example of an unworthy friend because, despite his admiration for Finny, he considered him his rival and envied him, which made their relationship unhealthy. According to Rini (2016, p. 1451), if man rates someone among his friends but subconsciously dislikes him, chances are that in a complicated situation, he will not decide in favor of their friendship. The novel, therefore, teaches that friendly relation implies sincerity and absence of internal grievances that may cause a person to spite his or her mate. Conclusion In conclusion, it should be said that the book is worth reading because it raises the essential problems that people face in their everyday life. Perhaps, after reading this novel, readers will review their attitude to their friends and enemies. The book will be of particular interest to adolescents since its main characters are juveniles who try to find their place in this world and solve interpersonal problems that are common at this age. Reference List Knowles, J. (2014) A separate peace . New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. Rini, R. A. (2016) ‘Why moral psychology is disturbing’, Philosophical Studies , 174(6), pp. 1439-1458. Sansom, J. (2018) ‘The tree of panic in A separate peace ’, Kansas English , 99(1), pp. 22-24. S tudy guide for John Knowles’s ‘A separate peace’ (2015) Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, Cengage Learning.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: Ronald Fairbairn's structural model viewed attachment to excellent objects as the unchallengeable component of ordinary development. The child often sees the parenthood failures as unbearable and begins the dividing resistance that separates the infuriating characteristics of the object adjacent to the part of the personality of the child that merely combines to that component object.

Ronald Fairbairn's structural model viewed attachment to excellent objects as the unchallengeable component of ordinary development. The child often sees the parenthood failures as unbearable and begins the dividing resistance that separates the infuriating characteristics of the object adjacent to the part of the personality of the child that merely combines to that component object.

A Structural Analysis of the Obsessional Character by Ronald Fairbairn Essay The model used by Fairbairn views attachment to excellent objects as the unchallengeable component of ordinary development. The child often sees the parenthood failures as unbearable and begins the dividing resistance that separates the infuriating characteristics of the object adjacent to the part of the personality of the child that merely combines to that component object. This essential defense guards the child against the facts that he is independent of unresponsive objects and conserves his attachment. The arrangements of diversity, part-self, and part-object are excessively disruptive to stay conscious, yet regardless of being reserved make themselves recognized through recurrence compulsions and devolution. The precise distinctiveness of families that bring into being children who are of obsession, impact the developing of the child’s personality structures in comparable ways. This method of developmental account creates unsurprising configurations of self and objects in the internal world, which then interpret via recurrence pressure into a behavior that is of obsession in adulthood. This paper reviews the structural model used by Fairbairn in the structural analysis of the obsessional character. The structural model used by Fairbairn starts with a blameless and legitimately deprived infant, in distinction to the Freudian devilish infant born with a combined, though immature ego, into relations who, either via malice, ineptitude, indifference, or nonattendance, does not to meet his urgent developmental desires. The child undergoes an impossible quandary of being categorically emotionally reliant upon things that he has less or no authority to influence, and which never satisfy his irresistible developmental desires. The theory by Fairbairn theory is a supernatural metaphor made on a sequence of complex relations between three theoretical personality structures of the character and three objective structures that are slowly built in the inner world from real reminiscences of the objects (Fairbairn 126). These personality structures are prearranged, first, to defend and in some scenarios create a deceptive sense of accessory to his objects. Accessory to an object is necessary for his version as lacking it; the child is not able to manage his devastating terror of rejection, which if not reserved in abeyance, might collapse his whole ego structure. The first reaction of the child to sentimental insufficiency is to fixate on the snubbing object for the reason that the support of progression that is missing discontinues all progress towards advanced forms of maturity (Fairbairn120). In children with constantly grudging parents, the intense center of attention on the object is aggravated by demands from present and past unmet requirements. Fairbairn utilized the idea “schizoid” to signify every person who has splits in his ego structure (Fairbairn120). Glimpsing further into the roots of that logic of dissimilarity from others that differentiates the schizoid component in their individuality, facts of these amongst other characteristics are found: * that in their early existence, they achieved the confidence, whether via apparent unresponsiveness or via apparent domineeringness on their mother’s part, that their mother never really adore and treasure them as people in their right; * that, prejudiced by an ensuing sense of deficiency and weakness, they stayed profoundly obsessed upon their mother. Consequently, in the model Fairbairn, it is the deficiency of sensational support that delays the development of the child and, as a result, he stays intensely obsessed on his desirable object, hanging on for the necessary emotional provisions. This obsession on the negligent object makes the child mislay out on necessary developmental practices that are obtainable to his colleagues who are consecrated with caring parents, thus making him plunge developmentally behind equally aged children. The early requirements that are not met accumulate and amplify the requirements on the child for sentimental espousal that strengthens his fascination on the object that is depriving. Internalizing the negligent objects alters the underprivileged concentration of the child away from the unmanageable peripheral world and towards his interior one. The interior world of the child gives him the authority to the objects that are absent that gives him a sagacity of right and also authorizes him to partially pay no attention to the maddening, enraging bewilderment of the being of his family. This concentrated focus on the internal world was one of the modules of Fairbairn’s meaning of the “Schizoid” situation (Fairbairn 127). His poor option of the word schizoid that already had a divided and conflicting analytic meaning and that served as a needless supra grouping under which every other disarray were subsumed, extra confusion to his replica. I have opposed Fairbairn’s state that the two sub characters (defiant libidinal and libidinal) constantly remain reserved, in addition to his supposition that the thrilling object is unbearably teasing and appealing. Working with harshly split averages gives the clinician the authority of seeing patients in which the two ego sub characters (defiant libidinal and libidinal) removes the essential ego and becomes the overriding ego of the character. For instance, these sub egos attain an influence in patients who could, at the heart of a hostile outburst about the rebuffing features of the object, turns out to be panicky about the likelihood of thrashing of the similar object and unexpectedly reverse their situation and affirm their unending love and faithfulness toward that person (Fairbairn 134). These limits show that the essential ego can never remain principal in the confront of the influential sub egos that temporarily turn out to be the cognizant ego. The not uncommon situation of the battered female, who proceeds to her exploiter in a libidinal personality state, apparently ignorant of the fresh physical mistreatment, shows the passion and simplicity of the sub egos when they control the consciousness of the individual My other opposition to the position of Fairbairn is his declaration that the libidinal personality and its thrilling object should be reserved in subjugation for the reason that the anticipation of affection from the thrilling object is excessively frustrating to put up with. Numerous borderlines consciously rely on the appealing feature of the object to maintain themselves from misery and fall by adhering to a deceptive but reassuring fantasy that affection from the thrilling object is just nearby. Both the libidinal personality with its impractical hope and the defiant libidinal personality with its continuous resentment, pessimism, and yearning for vengeance are covered with intense sentimentality and create extremely strong affections to the thrilling/rejecting objects. The superordinate requirement of the child is not for enjoyment or need satisfaction, but a strong bond with a different person (Fairbairn 123). If purely excruciating skills are given, the patience of the child never dies and seek experiences that are pleasurable somewhere else but pursues anguish as an instrument of communication with the significant other. The pleasure is what that is primary than the contact. Sore feelings, self-destructive relations, self- disrupting situations, are re-formed for the whole time in life as a means for the maintenance of early bonds to considerable others. The principled defense and isolating defense together, play essential parts in the internal world of the personality disarray that is of fascination. The earlier dividing defense separates and represses the most horrible reminiscences of desert or abuse, even as the later shaping moral protection consciously exonerates the parents of the future compulsive for their antagonistic and humiliating handling of him. Works Cited Fairbairn, Ronald. A Structural Analysis of the Obsessional Character. The American Journal of Psychoanalysis 67 (2007): 119–140. Print.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : Abnormal from the surface meaning is something that falls outside the norm. The norm of reference belongs to a particular group, age or gender. Most human behaviours follow the normal curve. Individual who falls far from the apex of this normal curve may be considered abnormal.

Abnormal from the surface meaning is something that falls outside the norm. The norm of reference belongs to a particular group, age or gender. Most human behaviours follow the normal curve. Individual who falls far from the apex of this normal curve may be considered abnormal.

Maladaptive Kinds of Behaviours – Psychology Essay A normal person exhibits the constituents of a normal personality. Anyone with an appropriate perception of reality, self-esteem and acceptance, the ability to exercise voluntary control over their own behaviour, productive and ability to form affectionate relationship is considered normal. On the other hand, a person is termed abnormal when he or she exhibits aspects of abnormal personality. Some of the factors that may lead to an individual being pronounced abnormal include deviation from statistical and cultural norms, personal distress and maladaptive behaviour. Some people may be, however, considered abnormal in relation to their cultural behaviour compared to that of the others. Differences in individuals’ culture and situations form significant factors in the classification of abnormal behaviours (Kring & Johnson 2010, 97). In order to answer this question (is it normal to be abnormal?), we are to have a clear understanding of abnormal psychology. Abnormal from the surface meaning is something that falls outside the norm. The norm of reference belongs to a particular group, age or gender. Most human behaviours follow the normal curve. Individual who falls far from the apex of this normal curve may be considered abnormal. From many studies, an apposition of normal and abnormal is not the same as that of good and bad. Abnormal psychology asserts that instead of focusing on the differences between what is normal and what is abnormal, the focus should be on the distress level or disruption that might be caused by a troubling behaviour. If behaviour causes problems in someone’s life or disrupts the comfort of other people, then such a behaviour might be termed abnormal and require some kind of mental health intervention (Carr 1999, 105). Abnormal psychology may be described in different perspectives. There is the behavioural perspective which focuses on the behaviour exhibited by people. In a behavioural therapy, the focus is put on the positive and maladaptive behaviours. This approach of abnormal psychology only emphasizes the behaviour itself and leaves out the underlying factors. The medical approach to abnormal psychology puts focus on the biological causes of the mental illness. This perspective is based on the underlying causes of mental disorders that may include related physical disorders, genetic inheritance, chemical imbalances and infections. The medical therapeutics is naturally pharmaceutical even though they are usually used in collaboration with other types of psychotherapy. Lastly, the cognitive approach of the abnormal psychology focuses on the internal perceptions, thoughts and reasoning that may contribute to psychological disorders. The cognitive treatments allied to these disorders focus typically on helping people in changing their reactions or thoughts. Cognitive therapy may be, however, used in collaboration with the behavioural methods (Boyne 2009, 87). Just as indicated from various studies, an individual who deviates from the norm is termed abnormal. But what norm do these studies refer to? When an individual appears in a different society with the norms different from those he/she has been used to, he/she may exhibit abnormality to the local people. To them, the person is abnormal in terms of the behaviours he or she exhibits, but to the subject, he or she is normal as far as their norm is concerned. Therefore, to this extent, it is normal to be abnormal. However, universal considerations of abnormal individuals have been made by scholars. One definition of abnormality is the statistical deviation. This is witnessed in the curve of human characteristics. Those people who stray much from the average of the curve become universally abnormal. The statistical deviation, however, has its challenges since it does not consider most of the valuable derivations such as being genius (Jones 2005, 134). Personal distress as mentioned in paragraph one is a constituent of abnormality. Generally, if an individual is content with their life, then they do not concern to the field of mental health. However, if their thought and behaviours result in discomfort either to them or to other people, then they are considered abnormal. Maladaptive behaviour may be, however, defined in relation to the society or to one’s self. This provides much flexibility and room for a conforming behaviour to the norms of the society as well as behaviour that id deviant provided it does not result in self damage. Abnormal is, therefore, a relative term and depends upon people’s life and situations around them. Some of the categories of behaviour that may suggest the availability of psychological disorders which are maladaptive in one way or another; they strain the well-being of people and include impaired functioning, long discomfort period, disruptive and bizarre behaviours (Johnson 2005, 210). In every person’s experience, there is some sort of psychological discomfort during some period of his/her life. This may be a result of anything like worrying about a lost loved one. The distress may be related to real events and supposed to pass away as time passes by. However, if such distress persists for extended period and does not relate to the events that surround the person in question, then the person is considered abnormal and may possibly have a psychological disorder. In impaired functioning, the distinction between a prolonged inefficiency and passing period of inefficiency may sound unexplainable. In most life experiences, there exist many things that different people may do while the others find them very strange. For instance, the various piercings that a younger generation chooses today, their lifestyle and dressing may seem strange and bizarre to the elderly. However, their motivations are not difficult to understand, and this protects them from being termed clinically abnormal. Nevertheless, bizarre behaviour with no rational basis indicates that the individual may be confused. This may bring delusions and hallucinations caused by frequent psychoses. Disruptive behaviour may mean impulsive and is apparently an uncontrollable one that disrupts person’s life and that of the others or even deprives other people of their human rights. This kind of behaviour forms a characteristic of a psychological disorder that is severe (Neale 2003, 67). In summary, the mentioned kinds of behaviours are maladaptive because of their nature of directly affecting the well-being of the individual or the people around them. They may also block the fulfilment and growth of the person’s potential. It is, therefore, evident from the arguments above that being abnormal is a normal thing. This is because abnormal is defined by the norms, and the norms belong to specific people and are not particularly universal. If a person behaves in a way not normal to other people according to their norms, they may consider that abnormal. This is a common aspect of human being as they will always tend to behave according to their norms. Whenever an individual exhibits the constituents of abnormal personality mentioned in the first paragraph, then that kind of individual may be universally abnormal. The same is applicable to the exhibition of the constituents of the normal personality (Martins 2008, 120). Bibliography Boyne, E 2009. Psychotherapy in Ireland , Routledge, London. Carr, A 1999. The Handbook of Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychology , Routledge, London. Johnson, S 2005. Abnormal Psychology , Springer, New York. Jones, K 2005. Deviating from the norm , McGraw-Hill, Boston. Kring, D. & Johnson 2010. Abnormal Psychology , Wiley and Sons, New Jersey. Martins, R 2008. Abnormal Psychology , John Wiley & Sons, London. Neale, J 2003. Clinical Psychology , Prentice Hall, London. Ray, M 2002. The Abnormal Normal , Prentice Hall, London.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The essay discusses the debate over abortion and the two groups of anti- and pro-abortion advocates. It concludes that a woman who is letting go a part of her own self should also have the right to decide if she wants or does not want to abort.

The essay discusses the debate over abortion and the two groups of anti- and pro-abortion advocates. It concludes that a woman who is letting go a part of her own self should also have the right to decide if she wants or does not want to abort.

Anti- and Pro-abortion Arguments Argumentative Essay Disagreement on the status of abortion is an old debate dating back to probably nineteenth century. In many countries like the US and Germany, abortion is considered illegal. However, a social movement through the last seven decades has distinctly divided two groups of anti- and pro-abortion advocates. These two divisions are the pro-life and the pro-choice advocates. The anti-abortion advocates believe that the process of fetal killing amount to murdering. They believe that it is an immoral and unethical act and the right to live of a life that has already begun with conception cannot be taken away by human will. The pro-abortion advocates presented various arguments from the issue of paternalistic control over choice of women to the choice of the mother who is the bearer of the life. Abortion is the choice of a woman who bears the child and any decision to terminate the pregnancy by a woman is in a way a suicide she commits even to her ‘self’. I argue in this essay that through abortion a woman commits partial suicide, an assault on her own ‘self’ by ending a part of her own being, and if a woman is willingly ending a life that is a part of her own she should be given that choice. In the first trimester, a newly conceived fetus is bound to the maternal body for all its needs through the umbilical cord. It is bound to the mother’s body and cannot exist independently. As the fetus has no separate existence it cannot be considered separate from the mother and therefore a mother should have the right to abort it is she so feel due to spurious circumstances. From the previous argument, it can be deduced that a woman is the mother even to a fetus. If the fetus is joined to the woman, she too is attached to it not only physically but also emotionally. Women who undergo abortion have to go through a conflict situation to decide to abort, as abortion, in its very nature, is a fundamental assault to a woman’s body. If she ends a life through abortion, she also assaults a part of her own body. A fetus should not only be seen as the budding life of a child but also as a part of the woman’s body and by extension the woman herself. This shows that the fetus is not a lifeless object like a tissue or a fiber but a part of the woman herself. Therefore, the decision and the process of abortion are traumatic even for women as she is willingly destroying a part of her own self. Based on the above argument of a fetus as a part of a woman’s self, I believe that a woman decides to abort a fetus only due to very strong and serious reasons and is not conducted as a frivolous act. A woman who is letting go a part of her own self should also have the right to decide if she wants or does not want to abort. The choice should be given to a woman, as she is the one who is most sympathetically and emotionally attached to the fetus. If she decides that, the continuation of the pregnancy is not desirable it must be for a very serious reason. Many believe that abortion should be an illegal act. However, when a woman decides to forego her pregnancy she takes that decision under a lot of trauma for she is the only one who knows the presence of life in a one-month-old fetus. It is a part of her ‘own’ self. So how can such an act be considered illegal when a woman undergoes the maximum physical an emotional abuse while she decides to abort her pregnancy? Considering such an act illegal is in a way questioning the emotional bonding of a mother to a child. Therefore, abortion should be a choice that women should have so that she can give a quality life to every child that is born and not just existential being.

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Write an essay about: The morality of abortion lies on the moral status of the fetus. The question now is: is the fetus a person? There are arguments and counter-arguments to this question. I am going to present first the different sides or the opposing views of the subject matter according to some authors, and after that I am going to take my side and provide my own arguments for the pro-life side.

The morality of abortion lies on the moral status of the fetus. The question now is: is the fetus a person? There are arguments and counter-arguments to this question. I am going to present first the different sides or the opposing views of the subject matter according to some authors, and after that I am going to take my side and provide my own arguments for the pro-life side.

Abortion: Theories and Moral Issues Argumentative Essay Introduction There are two opposing views on the question of abortion and these are the pro-life and the pro-choice. The pro-life argues that abortion is immoral and in fact constitutes murder because a fetus is already a human being from the time it is conceived. The pro-choice, on the other hand, advocates that a woman has the right to her own body and should decide what is best for her. Those who propose to legalize abortion argue that a fetus is a mere tissue that becomes a human person only when it comes out of the womb of the mother. My staunch on this issue is pro-life. I am going to defend that a fetus is a human being from the time of conception and thus deserves respect and should be provided help until it comes out of the womb of the mother to become a human person. I am going to present the arguments from the moral side and that the right of the unborn child supersedes the right of the mother to do what she wants with her body. Subject Matter The question of the morality of abortion lies on the moral status of the fetus. The question now is: is the fetus a person? There are arguments and counter-arguments to this question. I am going to present first the different sides or the opposing views of the subject matter according to some authors, and after that I am going to take my side and provide my own arguments for the pro-life side. There are terms we would like to clarify before going deeper in the discussion. The main topic is the morality and legality of abortion. Abortion is terminating the pregnancy by killing or removing the fetus from the womb of the mother. A fetus is also called the embryo, the single cell that has come out from the fertilization of the egg. A fetus is sixty days old from the time of conception. (Reiman 8) Hugh Lafollette There is a distinction between being human and being a person. A creature can be biologically human but sometimes cannot be considered a person, for example, someone who is terminally ill and in the vegetative stage. This creature is not anymore a person, according to an argument by pro-choicer. (LaFollette 60) Warren and Marquis argued that the question is not whether the fetus is human but whether it is a person. A fetus cannot be considered a person because it is not yet born just as a person who is in the vegetative stage is not anymore a person. This premise is based on the assumption that a creature can only be considered a person if he/she is whole and is not considered vegetable. Calling a person a human being is to state its biological status and not its moral status. (LaFollette 60) Taking from this point of view, the term ‘vegetable’ figuratively means ‘useless’ (inutile). A person in a vegetative stage is useless, just as an unborn child, a fetus, is useless. According to this reasoning, both are human beings but are not persons. The anti-abortionist theory states that any human being is a person. A fetus is a human being from the time of conception, it has a moral status of a human being, and thus morality dictates that the fetus deserves respect. Killing “it” is murder. But Marquis and Warren’s argument states that there are human beings that are not considered persons (such as the one who is in a vegetative stage) and there could be non-humans who can be considered persons (such as aliens in other parts of the universe who could be caring). The point here is that being human is not a criterion of moral status. Granting for the sake of argument that the fetus is a human being, humanity is not a criterion for moral status. If the fetus is a human being, it does not mean that it is a person. Killing the fetus is morally permissible. Application of LaFollette’s Arguments to Subject Matter There is a line of argument on the question of morality here. We have to determine the similarity or dissimilarity of an adult person and that of a fetus. A normal adult human being has a future and if you kill this human being, you deprive him of his future. That is murder. A fetus has a future and if you kill it, you deprive the fetus of a valuable future. Therefore, a fetus has a moral status like an adult human being. Authors and theorists meet and disagree at some point, that a fetus is a human being from conception and thus, it is immoral to terminate or abort it. Terminating is tantamount to killing. The question is when is the right of the mother comes in? Some authors suggest that the mother has a “bundle” of rights while the fetus only has a right – the right to be born. But the mother too has a right to be alive, to defend herself, to choose what to do with her body. At an early stage, a fetus acquires human characteristics. When it reaches the tenth week, the fetus already has limbs like arms and legs, fingers and toes, and a face. We cannot argue so much in the physical characteristics of the fetus as a human person. Authors however establish arguments to defend that abortion can be morally permissible in some specific circumstances, for example unwanted pregnancy or pregnancy due to rape. Critique and Transition The criterion of moral status can also be applied to our responsibility to non-human animals and the environment. Some animals have a future like human beings and killing them without compelling reasons becomes immoral. This philosophical argumentation that is based on consistency can be applied on the fetus as a human being with a valuable future. A fetus is a human person and has the right to life. The question is: How should the term “person” be defined? This controversial term can be defined according to the psychological characteristics. But pros and cons about the characteristics of a “person” also have come out, and this has become controversial. Proponents of abortion argue that a fetus is not a person and is just a mere bit of tissue that will only become a person during birth. Oppositions to abortion also depend on the argument that a fetus is a full human person at the time of conception. Both are wrong in defending and opposing their arguments. There must be a deep examination of the arguments and facts on hand. Judith Jarvis Thomson The argument that a fetus has a moral status and therefore has a right to life can also be the basis of the argument that abortion can be legal and therefore morally permissible. Thomson states that the status of the fetus is not in question but rather the obligation of the woman who carries the fetus. A woman has no obligation to carry the fetus if she does not want to; therefore we have no obligation toward the fetus. But we have an obligation to the woman – that her right to life should also be upheld. (Thomson 61) We are not obligated to help others unless we volunteer to carry on that obligation. There is another question of morality here: how much are we obligated to help others? The issue of morality in abortion is as questionable as the issue of legality because there are persons who argue that although they opposed abortion, they also do not want to legally forbid abortion. Thomson agrees that a fetus is already a human person from the time of conception but she does not agree that abortion is impermissible. She does state that abortion is morally permissible in certain circumstances. A fetus is a human being before birth and there is no line drawn wherein it can be said that it is a human being before this time or after that time. Since a fetus is a human being, it has a right to life and thus it is wrong to kill it. The mother’s right to decide for her body is superseded by the right to life of another person, the fetus. Thomson provides an analogy of the violinist. The analogy states that one day you wake up with somebody attached or plugged to your body. You are in a hospital and this someone who is a violinist, a well known member of an organization, is plugged into your body. You were kidnapped by the organization and you just woke up with the violinist plugged into your body. They said that you were the only one who had the same blood type as the violinist and they had to use your kidneys to save the life of the violinist. The doctor in the hospital said that they could do nothing because if they unplugged the violinist from your body, the violinist would be killed. It would only take nine months and the violinist would have recovered from his sickness. The doctor said that the violinist’s right to life far outweighs your right to your own body so that it is wrong to unplug the violinist for surely he will die. This is an analogy of a pregnancy due to rape, Thomson says. Those who oppose abortion do not make a distinction whether one is a product of rape or not. The case is close for them, i.e. that it is wrong to terminate a fetus even if it is a product of rape. Another instance is when a mother has a heart condition and that she will die if she will be pregnant for nine months. The fetus and the mother both have the equal right to life. Which one should prevail? Shouldn’t the mother have the right to decide for her own body? Some premises can also be stated in this particular situation. According to Thomson, having an abortion is killing the child but doing nothing and let the mother die is not murder – you just let her die. Terminating the fetus is killing an innocent person because the fetus is already a human person from the moment of conception. Critique and Transition The following are some assumptions. 1. Terminating the fetus is killing a human person, so that abortion should not be done. 2. Killing a fetus is murder; murder is crime and immoral, therefore abortion should not be performed. 3. It is morally wrong to kill a person, more wrong than letting a person die; therefore abortion must not be performed. 4. In choosing the options of killing a person or letting a person die, the latter must be chosen, and thus abortion should not be performed. (Thomson 65) Thomson says that all those premises are plausible simply because a mother, in some specific situations, does have the right to allow an abortion to save her life. Should she only sit and wait for her time to die when she can have the chance to save her life? Thomson further cites the violinist analogy. Since the violinist is plug into your body, the doctor says that the situation has put a great strain on your kidneys but unplugging the violinist will kill him. So which option should be chosen? This situation, according to Thomson, is the same as a sixteen-year-old victim of rape who is pregnant. It is not murder and it is not impermissible if you unplug yourself from the violinist, just as the pregnant rape victim can have abortion. Pregnancy due to normal circumstances is not the same with pregnancy due to rape. Suppose a woman becomes pregnant with her own free will. This is different from the violinist analogy because the woman permitted herself to become pregnant. Abortion is in fact impermissible for this situation. This is because the mother’s life is not in danger and her pregnancy is voluntary. And if the fetus is to be killed because the mother just wants to get rid with it, then it is unjustly killing a person. Thomson’s argument goes back to the violinist. Suppose it would only take one hour for the violinist to be plugged into your body, then it is just and humane that you allow him to be plugged into your body. And also, if it will not cause much strain on your kidneys for only one hour, then you have the obligation as a human being to allow the violinist to be plugged into your body to use your kidneys. Other Authors Mary Anne Warren critiqued the violinist analogy saying that the woman only has the right to choose abortion when her pregnancy is caused by rape or when she is not morally responsible for it. In other words, it has to be determined first what causes the pregnancy before the woman can decide what she will do with her body. In this case, before abortion is to be done, some other persons will have to determine first what causes the pregnancy. Pro-abortionists would not want this kind of reasoning. (Warren – “Moral Status” 75) Warren argues that a fetus has not yet reached a point where it can be called a person and therefore aborting it is not deeply tragic. Moral Issues Compared to a woman who is a complete person, a fetus does not have moral status. A woman has basic moral right than a fetus. The following are the necessary characteristics where an entity can be considered a person: 1. Sentience – this refers to an entity’s capacity to experience particularly those which pertain to pain and pleasure; 2. Emotionality – the capacity to feel through the senses, like being able to feel happy, sad, or angry, etc.; 3. Reason – the capacity to use the mind to solve problems; 4. Communication – the capacity to communicate; 5. Self-awareness – being aware of oneself as a person and as a member of society; 6. Moral agency – the capacity to follow moral principles. (Warren – “Moral Status” 76) Warren said that it is not necessary that an entity should have all of the six characteristics to qualify to be a person. A fetus does not have any one of the six characteristics and so it does not qualify to be a person. Since it is not yet a person it does not have rights that persons do. (Warren – “On the Moral and Legal” 10) But as it grows, a fetus can have a stronger right to life. Warren accepts the fact that a seven-month old fetus can already feel the pain and respond to light stimuli. Warren explains this in her book, Moral Status: Obligations to Persons and Other Living Things , when she says that an embryo or a fetus is not like a born child who has a moral status like other adult human beings who have one or all of the characteristics mentioned above. The philosopher Don Marquis explains in his article, Why Abortion is Immoral , the various arguments of both the anti-abortionist and pro-choicers. There are ambiguities and standoffs in the two opposing views. For example, the anti-abortionists cannot clearly explain that a fetus is a full human being. The question of humanity and personhood are explained but questions remain. There is ambiguity when the anti-abortionist says that a fetus is a human being in the first trimester period, or there has to be a process of development before a fetus can be called a human being. (Marquis 7) While there is ambiguity on this argument, the pro-abortionists also have ambiguities in their arguments. The pro-choicer finds reasons for killing infants or severely retarded individuals. Warren explained that a person has the characteristics of: sentience, emotionality, reason, communication, self-awareness, and moral agency. (Warren – “On the Moral and Legal” 76) The anti-abortionists claim that the biological character makes a person but the pro-choicer claims that being a person can be determined through the psychological criteria. Both groups can demand explanations and there is no end to their arguments. Abortion is killing. Killing is murder and offers a grave consequence because one’s future is deprived. The fetus has a future. It can have a set of experiences, valuable activities and worthwhile living. The gravity of the crime (or sin) in killing a born infant is the same as killing a fetus, an unborn infant. (Marquis 11) There were two issues raised by Don Marquis which Ann Cudd did not agree: the issue whether a fetus has rights of which society has obligations to adhere to and the issue whether these rights are “prima facie” or absolute. Marquis had conflated the two issues. Marquis did not present arguments proving that society’s obligations to foetuses are absolute. Cudd called this philosophically irresponsible, saying that foetuses did not grow in the garden and society’s obligation was to decide what to do with them: bury them or let them grow. (Cudd 15) The question of abortion involves the lives of the mother and the fetus, but there is a “compelling bundle of rights” on the part of the mother. Ignoring the rights of the mother is the same as killing any other adult human being. The mother has the justified right of self-defense. Since abortion is not justified because the fetus has a future just like any other human being, then the principle of killing by self-defense is also not justified. (Cudd 16) Even in considering abortion, we also have to look at aspects like the woman’s privacy, health, and medical care. Issues on abortion have not even considered much of the rights of the woman. If abortion is killing a being that refers to the fetus, then is it not also killing the mother if we allow it to live inside the mother for nine months? (Cudd 16) Discussion The anti-abortionists and the pro-choicers have conflicting views in many ways, but they do meet at some point. Abortion is permissible in instances like unwanted pregnancy or pregnancy due to rape. Don Marquis finds the tasks of both anti-abortionists and pro-choicers as no easy tasks in explaining to the world why and why not abortion is immoral. There are disagreements to their arguments. For example, the term person has to be clearly defined before the moral status can be clearly established. But explanations and evidence vary. Reiman says that if we have a duty not to be cruel to animals even if animals have no right, we also have a duty to the unborn even if we consider that the fetus is not a human being and has no right to life (9). Catholics, Protestants, Orthodox Christians, and almost all the other religions speak of the right of the fetus, of the unborn, as an absolute right. The Christian view holds that human life is sacred and is an expression of who God is. The fetus is human life and an innocent life at that. (Walter and Shannon 151) The Catholic doctrine on human life stems from the time of St. Thomas Aquinas who advocated the teaching of Aristotle, which states that human life starts when a soul is infused into the “animal soul” (MacGuigan 36). This changed during the time of Pope Pius XI who advocated that life begins at the time of conception. The encyclical of Pope Pius XI mentions the Code of Canon Law that states that “the primary end of marriage is the procreation and education of children”. Contraception should be rejected and there should be strong sexual ethics in marriage. Every human being is created in the image and likeness of God. Killing the unborn child is killing God. The church stresses the right of the unborn child. The primary end of marriage is to raise a family. Who can be considered a human person? The Catholic Church does not say explicitly that a fertilized egg is already a human being (MacGuigan 36), but the sacredness of the person must be upheld. According to the Catholic view, a human person is a product of billions of years of evolution. God created the human person unique from other animals on earth. Every person has unique DNA, unique finger prints, and unique and distinct individuality from all the other human persons. Christians and those who belong to other religions believe that God is in every human person and every person is capable of doing good and deserves respect. The popes’ encyclicals and the Holy Bible point to the goodness of God when he appointed man to be a pro-creator; he commanded Adam and the generations to “go and multiply and replenish the earth”, never to destroy his creation, and never to kill. Conclusion Many authors provide arguments sometimes with evidence and sometimes not. When they touch delicate subjects as humanity and personhood and other philosophical subjects, they try to avoid religious views. But when we speak of morality shouldn’t we consult what religion can say? Our views of morality are influenced by our religious beliefs. From what have been discussed in this paper, authors and theorists offered explanations and most of them are conflicting explanations. They are not clear and offered ambiguities, or if they offer valid arguments, most of them are logical and can be considered as valid reasoning. But there are standoffs to their points of views. For when can we say that a fetus is a human being, or a human person, or a person with the characteristics like adult human beings? Opinions have become arguments and arguments are sometimes supported with evidence. Anyone can argue against the other side. Another question is: when can the mother choose what to do with her body? Is the right of the fetus absolute? The question of the right to life of the fetus goes deeper to the question of killing. A fetus has a right to life and therefore should not be killed. Again there are standoffs but I would like to consult what our religion, the past and the present literature, the teachings of the church, can tell us. (Segers 290) The Holy Bible and the popes’ encyclicals have stood over centuries by the doctrine that a fetus is a human being from the time of conception and thus killing “it” is morally wrong and against the teachings of Jesus Christ. This is an absolute right of the unborn. (Hehir 9) But if the right to life is absolute, the right of the mother should also be considered in special circumstances. When the church speaks, nobody can refute it, and it is for this reason that philosophers, theorists and authors seldom speak of the church when they debate and argue of the morality and legality of abortion. When doctrines dominate the debate, it is a question of belief. When beliefs dominate the scene, nobody wins, nobody loses. But is abortion a question of belief? Logic and reason have had their place in the debate over abortion and there is still a standoff. Nobody wins. The question of legality still hangs in the air. There are states that uphold abortion, but many oppose it. While many of the countries “believe” the morality of abortion, they are not prepared for it. Perhaps, in some cases, abortion has to be done. Works Cited Cudd, Ann. “Sensationalized Philosophy: A Reply to Marquis’s ‘Why Abortion is Immoral’.” Moral Issues in Global Perspective: Moral Issues, Second Edition. Ed. Christine M. Koggel. New York, USA: Broadview Press, 2006. 15-17. Print. Hehir, J. Bryan. “1. Murray’s Contribution.” The Catholic Church, Morality and Politics . Eds. Charles Curran and Leslie Griffin. New Jersey: Paulist Press, 2001. 5-10. Print. LaFollette, Hugh. “Abortion.” Ethics in Practice: An Ant hology. Ed. Hugh LaFollette. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2002. 60-62. Print. MacGuigan, Mark. Abortion, Conscience and Democracy . England and New York: Hounslow Press, 1994. 36-40. Print. Marquis, Don. “Why Abortion is Immoral.” Moral Issues in Global Perspective: Moral Issues, Second Edition. Ed. Christine M. Koggel. New York, USA: Broadview Press, 2006. 5-13. Web. Pope Pius XI. Casti Connubii: Encyclical of Pope Pius XI on Christian Marriage , 1930. Web. Reiman, Jeffrey. Abortion and the Ways We Value Human Life . Oxford, England: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1999. 1-10. Print. Segers, Mary. “Abortion Laws.” The Catholic Church, Morality and Politics . Eds. Charles Curran and Leslie Griffin. New Jersey: Paulist Press, 2001. 289-296. Print. Thomson, Judith Jarvis. “A Defense of Abortion.” Ethics in Practice: An Anthology . Ed. Hugh LaFollette. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2002. 63-70. Print. Walter, James, and Thomas Shannon. Contemporary Issues in Bioethics: A Catholic Perspective. UK and USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2005. 147-157. Print. Warren, Mary Anne. Moral Status: Obligations to Persons and Other Living Things . Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. 10-11. Print. —.“On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion.” Ethics in Practice: An Anthology . Ed. Hugh LaFollette. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2002. 72-81. Print.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The purpose of this literature review is to find out the factors that affect academic performance among children, the paper will particularly focus on the contribution made by parents and peers towards a student's success or failure in academic work. The paper will also present theories attributed to these factors and discuss their relevance to the study.

The purpose of this literature review is to find out the factors that affect academic performance among children, the paper will particularly focus on the contribution made by parents and peers towards a student's success or failure in academic work. The paper will also present theories attributed to these factors and discuss their relevance to the study.

Academic Achievement: An Examination Coursework Introduction Psychologists have for a long time been interested in finding out the factors that affect that affect academic achievement as a child undergoes the various stages of development. Most researchers have pointed out to social support, classroom instruction, personal characteristics, and academic achievement, among others, as the main factors that heavily impact a child’s educational achievement (Zsolnai, 2002, Georgiou, 2002, Sumari, Hussin, & Siraj, 2010). In general, factors affecting educational achievement have been divided into three: personal causal factors, academic causal factors, and personal causal factors (Sumari et al, 2010). Peer influence and parental involvement have featured prominently as the leading causes of either success or failure in a student’s academic performance (Epple & Romano, 1998, Zimmer & Toma, 2000). Peer groups have been found to play a notable role in academic performance, particularly through daily interactions between two or more students over many years (Zimmer & Toma, 2000). Parental involvement in their child’s academic work has been found to play a significant in the outcome of their children’s academic scores or performance (Zsolnai, 2002). Factors such as parental expectation and attribution, home environment, discipline, parent-child relationship, and the time spent between a parent and the child have been shown to considerably affect performance in school (Zsolnai, 2002, Georgiou, 2002). Aim The purpose of this literature review is to find out the factors that affect academic performance among children, the paper will particularly focus on the contribution made by parents and peers towards a student’s success or failure in academic work. The paper will also present theories attributed to these factors and discuss their relevance to the study. Significance The significance of this research is to discuss how parental involvement and peer group influence affect children academic achievement (Georgiou, 2002). This literature review will go a long way into determining the strength of parental involvement and peer influence as compared to other factors that have been known to affect academic achievement as outlined above. This study will help both parents and students alike in devising strategies that can help in improving the latter’s academic performance. The question of factors that affect academic performance among children is very pertinent since a person’s performance in school goes a long way into determining their future. Aspects such as occupation, pay, living standard, productivity, and so on, are strongly linked to academic achievement. Hence, this study is very important. There is a strong belief that a relationship exists between parental intervention and academic achievement, and between peer influence and academic achievement. However, a stronger influence is likely to exist under parental intervention as compared to peer influence owing to the level of influence parents have over their children. Literature review Factors affecting academic achievement are centered on achievement goal theory and approaches. There are many factors that influence academic achievement in students, they include; parents, family background, peer group pressure, spread of information technology, the students attitude, and student commitment and many more. However, the scope of this paper only allows for the focus on two aspects only: parents and peer pressure. Parental involvement Parents are the main source of knowledge to children because they spend most of the time with them compared to any other person. They are the main determining factor to whether their child will excel or fail in life, when a child is growing up, he or she will take after the morals the parent instills in them (Caucutt, 2002). It is of great importance that teachers should involve parents in their children’s learning progress (Zsolnai, 2002). Most studies have shown that parental involvement is associated with higher levels of achievements in students and that children whose parents are more involved in their education have higher levels of academic performance than children whose parents are less involved (Mayer, 1997). Parental aspects that have been found to have a strong influence on academic achievements of their children include the parents’ expectations and attribution, home environment, instilling of discipline, parental involvement in their children’s schoolwork, and the time spent the parent and the child (Diaz, 2009). Indeed, in a study of parenting behaviors that facilitate child development, it was found out that parents who practiced authoritative parenting and promoted creativity also displayed low levels of aggression, showed readiness to share control, knew the benefits of play, and felt capable of teaching their children effectively (Georgiou, 2002). This finding shows just how significant positive parenting is to the development of the children in all aspects, including their academic achievement. Parental expectation has a big impact on student educational outcomes than some of the more expressive aspects of parental involvement, like having strict house rules. Parental level of involvement in their children’s’ academic activities has been found to be influenced by the family’s social class, single parent status, family structure (single or both parents present), and parents’ level of education. Indeed, children whose parents took time reading and discussing with them, or generally asking about their schoolwork after school have been known to excel more than those whose parents shoed no concern at all. In another finding, it was observed that parents who raised their children in a religious setup showed more interest in their child’s schoolwork and this compelled them to work harder, hence improve their academic performance. Generally, positive parenting is considered to be the most effective approach for supporting their children’s academic achievement (Sumari et al., 2010). Peer group influence A peer group is a social group of people who are equal in age education or social class, in short, people who share some common characteristics (Zimmer & Toma, 2000). Most experts recognize the impact that a peer can have on a student’s academic achievement. However, the extent of this influence has not been adequately covered by research (Mayer, 1997). In addition, few studies have centered on quantifying the academic results with peer factor (Sumari et al, 2010, Henderson, Mieszkowski, and Sauvageau, 1976). Zimmer & Toma (2000) argue that a child is socialized by the persons with whom he/she associates. Through daily interactions over a number of years, these persons are able to foster either acceptable or unacceptable behavior among these children (Epple & Romano, 1998, Sumari et al, 2010). Other children, or even adults, can have a significant influence on a wide range of issues in the child’s development, including academic performance. Social influence from peers can occur when children spend more time with a specific peer group. The role of peer groups in a child’s development process has long been recognized; peer groups play a normal part in the process of socialization as they provide experiences that shape major decision made in life. In their research, Sumari et al (2010) show that children take solace in interacting with their peers and they prefer to spend longer hours with them rather than with their parents. Peer influence therefore plays a big role on the child’s pattern of behavior particularly their interests, attitudes, value system, emotional expressions, and interactional patterns, and so on (Henderson et al, 1976, Coleman, Campbell, Hobson, McPartland, Mood, Weinfeld, and York,1966). The cumulative effect of these factors is quite critical towards the child’s performance in classroom. For instance, it is known that peer groups influence a child’s interests and this may result into the child developing a liking for matters related to his/her academic work or liking aspects that do not relate to academic work (Mayer, 1997). The latter may hinder academic activities and hence lead to a poor academic outcome while the former may encourage the student in his/her academic and lead to a better academic outcome (Sumari et al, 2010). A child may also look up to peers for approval and/or support, particularly in situations where the atmosphere at home is not sociable (Coleman et al, 1966). The kind of peers that the child turns to may have a tremendous effect on the decisions they make regarding their academic activities. Conclusion An examination of the role of parental involvement and peers on a child’s academic achievement shows that both variables have a strong influence on the academic outcome. However, parental involvement appears to have a stronger influence regarding their expectations and attribution, educational achievement, and generally offering a supportive environment that helps the children to develop in all aspects. Peer influence is seen to take a greater position when conditions at home are unfavorable or not supportive of the child’s perception of an accommodative environment. In spite of these findings, both factors are vital not only towards the academic achievement, but for the holistic development and growth of a child. References Caucutt, E. M. (2002). Educational policy when there are peer group effects—size matters. International Economic Review , vol. 43, no. 1. 195–222. Coleman, J.S., Campbell, E.Q., Hobson, C.J., McPartland, J., Mood, A.M., Weinfeld, F.D., and York, R.L. (1966). Equality of Educational Opportunity . Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. Diaz, A. L. (2009). Personal, family, and academic factors affecting low achievement in secondary school. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology and Psychopedagogy , vol. 1, no. 1. 43-66 Epple, D, Romano R.E. (1998). Competition between private and public schools, vouchers, and peer-group effects. American Economic Review, vol. 88, no. 1. 33–62. Georgiou, S. (2002). Teacher’s attributions of student failure and teacher behavior toward the failing student. Psychology in the Schools , vol. 39, no. 5. 583-596. Henderson, V., Mieszkowski, P., and Sauvageau, Y. (1976). Peer Group Effects and Educational Production Functions . Ottawa: Economic Council of Canada. Mayer, S.E. (1997). What Money Can’t Buy: Family Income and Children’s Life Chances . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Sumari, M., Hussin, Z., and Siraj, S. (2010). Factors contributing to academic achievement and moral development: a qualitative study. The International Journal of Research and Review , vol. 5, no. 2. 18-23 Zimmer, R.W., and Toma, E. F. (2000). Peer effects in private and public schools across countries. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, vol. 19, no. 1. 75–92. Zsolnai, A. (2002). Relationship between children’s social competence, learning motivation and school achievement. Educational Policy , vol. 22, no. 3. 317-330.

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Write an essay about: The essay offers a succinct critique of an essay written by student A entitled Library Action Plan for Serving Deaf or Hearing Impaired Patrons. The essay has been compiled as a PowerPoint presentation with a title page followed by the purpose. The author of the essay aims at developing an action plan that can be put in place in order to improve the current library facilities although the particular library is not mentioned.The essay has failed to offer a holistic solution to people with disabilities in general

The essay offers a succinct critique of an essay written by student A entitled Library Action Plan for Serving Deaf or Hearing Impaired Patrons. The essay has been compiled as a PowerPoint presentation with a title page followed by the purpose. The author of the essay aims at developing an action plan that can be put in place in order to improve the current library facilities although the particular library is not mentioned. The essay has failed to offer a holistic solution to people with disabilities in general

Action Plan for Patrons With Disabilities Critical Essay It is worth noting that library needs for people with disabilities ought to be given utmost priority during the process of planning and designing of the facility. In addition, library planners should take into consideration the dynamism and changing needs of users who are disabled bearing in mind that this class of library patrons is diverse. This paper offers a succinct critique of an essay written by student A entitled Library Action Plan for Serving Deaf or Hearing Impaired Patrons. The essay has been compiled as a PowerPoint presentation with a title page followed by the purpose. The author of the essay aims at developing an action plan that can be put in place in order to improve the current library facilities although the particular library is not mentioned. In a summary form, the prevailing state of the library has been highlighted alongside what can be done in order to make it compliant with the needs of patrons who have impaired hearing (Riley, 2009). For instance, the writer of the essay suggests that in terms of facility planning, it is vital for the library to invest in wiring its facilities with audio induction loop. Another important action plan recommended by the writer of the essay is that the management of the library should work towards acquiring relevant sound equipment to be used by these patrons. Finally, the writer suggests that it would be necessary to improve on service delivery at the library such as making use of interpreters to facilitate transfer of information to the deaf or those with impaired hearing. To begin with, it is imperative to mention that the writer has indeed attempted to cover some of the most integral action plans that could be taken in order to improve library facilities for people with impaired hearing or those who are deaf. However, there are a few points worth noting from the essay. First of all, the presentation has failed to offer a holistic solution to people with disabilities in general who frequent libraries. The focus has been laid on audio disability and ignoring the rest. A comprehensive library facility should be established with the needs of all disabled persons in mind (Birch, 1993). Secondly, such a discussion would also require a specific library in focus in terms of the current facilities and what ought to be improved (Strategic Networks Group, 2011). Although the specific action plans given are sound and practical, there is no mention of where these action plans could be implemented (Green & Blair, 2011). In terms of organization, it would be advisable if the individual action plans could be presented in their own slides. The writer has combined the major concern being discussed in the essay with the action plans. Such kind of essay organization tends to disrupt the reader due to lack of smooth flow from one idea to another (Hamby, 2007). Furthermore, the writing mechanics as well as how the essay has been presented may not appeal to the reader. For instance, some slides have been crowded with words while others are not well positioned with accompanying graphics. The ideas presented in the essay are indeed workable if the target audiences for the library facility are people with impaired hearing (Joint, 2005). However, it is common knowledge that any public library may be frequented by any other user and hence the need to formulate a thorough action plan that takes care of the needs of all types of disabled people (Damer, 2005). To recap it all, it is imperative to reiterate that the writer of the essay is indeed shrewd enough both in terms of research skills and analysis of the case at hand. Nonetheless, some of the weaknesses depicted in the essay ought to be addressed. References Birch, A. (1993). Essay Writing Made Easy: Presenting Ideas in All Subject Areas. Ontario: Pembroke Publishers. Damer, T. E. (2005). Attacking Faulty Reasoning (6th ed.). New York: Wadsworth. Green, R., & Blair, V. (2011). Keep it simple: A guide to assistive technologies. Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries Unlimited. Hamby, B.W. (2007). The Philosophy of Anything: Critical Thinking in Context. Dubuque Iowa: Kendall Hunt Publishing Company. Joint, N. (2005). Disability Issues And Libraries: A Scottish Perspective. Library review 54(8): 449-475. Riley, C. (2009). Training for Library Patrons Who Are Hard of Hearing. Journal Of Access Services, 6 (1/2): 72-97. Strategic Networks Group (2011). Creating an action plan for broadband utilization.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The purpose of this essay was to compare and contrast two Domino Pizza commercials from India and the USA. The essay discussed how the two cultures are reflected in the commercials and how they are different. It also talked about how the product itself is shown in the commercials and how it is different.

The purpose of this essay was to compare and contrast two Domino Pizza commercials from India and the USA. The essay discussed how the two cultures are reflected in the commercials and how they are different. It also talked about how the product itself is shown in the commercials and how it is different.

Ad Comparison: Domino Pizza in India and in the USA Compare & Contrast Essay In the modern globalized world, companies are selling products in different countries and in different parts of the world. It is but natural that each region has certain peculiarities and companies have to take them into account. Advertising is the sphere where cultural peculiarities can be evident as within a short time only particular features of the product are revealed. Clearly, it is possible to understand the difference between two cultures by tracing the differences in commercials. It is possible to compare two commercials of Domino Pizza produced in India and the USA. First, it is necessary to note that two similar commercials are chosen. Hence, in both ads, there is a home setting and pizza. At the end of the commercial, pizza itself is shown to advertise different toppings. The product itself (as opposed to such supportive services as mobile delivery applications) is put to the fore. Although similar advertisements are chosen, they are very different as different messages are articulated. One of reasons for that is peculiarities of the two cultures. Thus, the US culture is low-context while Indian culture is high-context (Lazović, 2012). In low-context cultures, the information is given rather explicit while in high-context cultures a lot of messages remains unuttered (Locker, 2010). As far as the differences in the commercials are concerned, it is possible to single out major ones. In the US commercial, three men are sitting at the table, enjoying their Domino pizzas, and discussing benefits of the product ( Domino’s Pizza commercial , 2007). It turns out they all have quite different preferences. At the same time, Indian commercial features a couple who are about to have some meal ( Dominos Pizza commercial, India , 2012). The woman spoils the meal (it is clear that the food has burnt down) and the man orders delicious pizza. They eat pizza together. These differences suggest that the attitudes towards the products are slightly different in the two countries. Clearly, it is shown that pizza has great flavor and everybody likes it. However, for Americans, pizza seems to be a usual treat that can be eaten during any meal. It can be a treat for friends’ meetings as well as a meal for any other occasion. The major focus is made on particular qualities of the product. The commercial is very precise and explicit. However, Indian commercial is more implicit and fewer details about the product itself are given. In India, pizza seems to be a good replacement of a meal. Thus, the man whose wife cannot cook does not starts an argument but orders pizzas that help them keep good relationship. Importantly, Americans explicitly talk about things they like about pizza (its smell, taste, looks or even the way it sounds). Whereas, Indians do not discuss these features and only enjoy their favorite treat. In conclusion, it is possible to note that the two commercials advertise the same product in different ways. In the USA, pizza is a meal and the features of the product are explicitly discussed, while Indians tend to focus on possible uses of the product (which is a replacement of a traditional meal) and implicit information concerning the delicious taste of the pizza. Hence, it is clear that attitudes towards the product are quite different in the two regions and the advertisements employ these differences to promote Domino’s Pizza. Reference List Domino’s Pizza commercial . (2007). Web. Dominos Pizza commercial, India . (2012). Web. Lazović, V. (2012). Content analysis of advertisements in different cultures. English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries, 10 , 39-51. Locker, K.O. (2010). Business and administrative communication . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Publishing.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The essay discusses the views of Adam Smith on labor productivity and how these views were influenced by the prevailing economic system at the time. It also looks at the impact of free trade on the division of labor and how it has affected labor productivity in different countries.

The essay discusses the views of Adam Smith on labor productivity and how these views were influenced by the prevailing economic system at the time. It also looks at the impact of free trade on the division of labor and how it has affected labor productivity in different countries.

Adam Smith Views on Labor Productivity Essay Adam Smith argues that the division of labor increases labor productivity within an entire economy. A worker would spend more time performing a particular task thus increases his or her skills in performing that task. This is forms the basis of Smith’s argument that the division of labor increases the productivity of the labor force. From a social point of view, the division of labor is evident when particular aspects of production are separated and located in different firms and geographical regions. Such a phenomenon could not exist in a socialist country which was characterized by firms having all aspects of production and individuals not specializing in particular tasks. The benefits associated with the division of labor have therefore helped the once socialist economies change into capitalist economies. The patterns of putting all aspects of production in one firm or one region had to change for these economies to adapt to the world market. Similarly, the failure of individual laborers to specialize in particular tasks had to change for these economies to adapt to the world market. Impact on free trade on the division of labor According to the free trade policy, the determinant of resource allocation is the supply and demand. It is out of the supply and demand that prices of commodities emerge from. Using the supply and demand determinant as a pricing strategy, free trade can be distinguished from other forms of trade policies. The restrictions put in place by the government to protect domestic industries have benefits as long as there is a balance between foreign and domestic producers. Free trade has opened up markets and industries to a global scale. This implies that the scale of production in certain industries has increased. With an increase in the scale of production, there is an increase in the division of labor. Free trade increases production and efficiency. For instance, some countries cannot produce certain goods or services cheaply. However, the same goods and services can be produced in other countries at a cheaper cost. It is, therefore, better for these countries to buy the goods and services from foreign countries at a cheaper cost. This introduces the issue of specialization where different countries specialize in producing specific goods and services based on the low cost of production. Through specialization, countries can increase their production and become more efficient. This implies that countries can allocate resources effectively and purchase goods and services they are not able to produce cheaply from other countries. Outsourcing is a common practice in the free international market. For instance, US companies outsource manufacturing of products in other countries where they can produce cheaply. Both formal and informal institutions play important roles in the disparities of incomes. In a formal institution, expansion of educational infrastructure cannot match up with the expansion of innovation and technology. There is an unequal distribution of resources through redistribution and welfare transfer. Redistribution of resources occurs through mechanisms such as divorce charity, welfare, monetary policies, and taxation. The currently existing policies and government interventions on redistribution of incomes do not favor income equality. The regulation in labor market lack control over executive compensation. In as much as high-income earners are taxed, the policies on taxation do not favor the low and middle-income earners. In regards to the informal institution and social norms, executive compensation has been noted to have a phenomenal increase in the US between 1970 and 2000. This rise is disproportionate to the rise in executives’ productivity and efficiency. In Europe during the same period, no such observation was made. Free trade creates domestic economic instability especially when economies depend entirely on the global market and focus little attention on their domestic markets. This implies that the consumers, businesses, and employees can be affected by the economic crisis of a country’s trading partners. For instance, if economies in Europe experience a recession, there will be decreased demands for goods and services exported to Europe from the US. Such a concern affects the labor market and hence division of labor by reducing job opportunities. How Adam Smith uses history in his thinking The idea of wage compression and minimum wage encourages investment in nonskilled labor thereby reducing the biases witnessed whenever there is technical change. Regulations in the labor market need to be structured in a way that encourages parity in income levels. For instance, there are no regulations to review the compensation for c-level management. Geography becomes an important factor in explaining the difference because of the historical role it plays in economic outcomes. Some of the nations that are rich today have been rich since history, and this can be attributed to their geographical location. The tropic areas were also once richer than the temperate areas, but the impact of colonial activities turned the tables for these areas. Institutions vary over time and across countries. They affect both economic prosperity and the distribution of income. Good and effective institutions imply enforcement of the rule of law and property rights. They give rise to well-functioning markets, development of infrastructure, and innovation. They also increase social welfare. But the change from dysfunctional institutions to good ones may be blocked by powerful groups whose interests may get hurt if the change takes place. What role does the accumulation of capital play in determining wages according to Smith? According to Smith, wages are important to workers because it allows them to reproduce themselves. The growth and maintenance of population are viewed as a consequence of economic development. Therefore wages usually have to suffice to support goods living standards, and if wages drop, workers will not be able to afford subsistent living standard. Smith says that in an economy that is progressively developing under capitalism wages are usually above subsistent levels. The primary reason that Smith gives for this is that an economy requires more labor for capital to be accumulated. This means that higher wages have to attract more labor from the countryside. Therefore, accumulation of wages will help to increase the division of labor which in effect increases wages above the level of subsistence. In essence, when more capital is accumulated, the wages and standard of living for workers are increased. Classification of productive and unproductive labor Smith clear makes a distinction between productive and unproductive labor force. He says that productive labor is involved in increasing the asset stock of a country while unproductive labor drains from the stock. This is why he would classify waiters and performers as unproductive laborers. A waiter is a servant who serves food and waits on tables at a restaurant. It is not that the waiter does not work, but the kind of work they do will not help to increase the stock of the restaurant’s asset. Instead, the kind of work they do drains from this stock. Should college professors be classified as productive or unproductive labor? According to Smith’s explanation of productive and unproductive labor, college professors should be classified as productive labors. Even though they do not produce a tangible product, the professors, the students who successfully graduate still add up to the skilled labor stock of a country. Similarly, even though they consume part of the consumption fund, they have an output that adds up to the stock of a country. The skilled labor force is part of the total asset of a country. College professors and teachers, who are in the service sector, perform a key role in developing skilled knowledge through education. The labor that is viewed as an asset is an essential part of the economic growth of a country. More assets are grown out of the labor produced by college professors. When looked at critically, college professors do not create a drain in a country’s stock. Even though Smith did not regard service labor as productive labor, but his argument would classify some service labor as productive labor. However, college professors also produce workers who join the profession that is considered unproductive. From this perspective, it can be argued that professors do not add to the stock of society’s asset. But instead drains the stock of society’s asset. Nonetheless, if professors produce skilled labors such as engineers, one can argue that they help to increase the social asset base.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The text discusses the problem of low morale among case managers at Adapt of Texas and how this can be addressed. It also talks about the importance of having a leadership approach to motivation.The text discusses the problem of low morale among case managers at Adapt of Texas and how this can be addressed. It also talks about the importance of having a leadership approach to motivation.

The text discusses the problem of low morale among case managers at Adapt of Texas and how this can be addressed. It also talks about the importance of having a leadership approach to motivation. The text discusses the problem of low morale among case managers at Adapt of Texas and how this can be addressed. It also talks about the importance of having a leadership approach to motivation.

Adapt of Texas: Leadership and Organizational Behavior Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Problem statement 3. Literature review 4. Conclusion and recommendation 5. References Introduction Adapt of Texas organization assist mentally disabled in the community. It consists of the ACT team which is further divided into one supervisor and one case manager with ten managers under him. Case managers are expected to handle ten clients for at least eight hours a month. Clients should be served with notes of the previous day by the case managers. Their other duty is to ensure the completion of clients’ treatment plans every ninety days. Because the plans were done by the supervisors, this has created an extra workload to the case managers who also complain of high gas price, traffic, and unsafe neighborhoods. As a case manager, I feel that the managers are more concerned with billing hours instead of our particular concerns. Problem statement Even with these added responsibilities, overtime is not allowed. It is believed that motivation in organizations is rooted in the propellers or on the managers. Managers at Adapt of Texas have added workload to the team members causing low morale. This is consistent with the reality of organizational behavior; hence there is a need to motivate the case managers. Research without objectives has no worth, and part of the solution to the problem at Adapt of Texas is to induce a leadership approach to motivation. Literature review There are five levels of needs according to Mowen. These are physiological, income, temporary accommodation, and transportation (Mowen, 2000). Managers can respond to these needs. This needs can, however, be fulfilled at a higher level by considering other needs. Security needs, for instance, is important because employees should be motivated by the safety existing around them. Job security, fringe benefits, affiliation needs and a sense of belonging makes an employee feel secure as they perform their duties. Some people just need to feel accepted and trusted. As a result of this, managers always try to incorporate them in decision making and allowing them to express their view. Teamwork also controls schedule, therefore, improving morale. Value and appreciation also motivate people (Gardner, 2010). Most employees can do more work even when they are paid less as long as the work is appreciated. Self-actualization needs to allow one to realize its potential as another self-esteem need. Employers must, therefore, ensure the training of employees is done at all levels to increase competency as well as moral (Weiner, 2005). Conclusion and recommendation According to Sorrentino, the advancement of employees is a motivation factor. Increase in responsibility creates advancement. However, case managers should be motivated to undertake such duties (Serrentino and Higgins, 2001). They need a salary increase as compensation for the hard work they are doing. Frequent feedback as a way of allowing communication between top managers and case managers should be enhanced at all levels of management. This will allow case managers to raise their concerns so that they can feel a sense of value in their respective managerial positions. The organization should also take care of the cost of gas and maintenance to ease the work of case managers. By doing this, it will be easier for the managers to work without fear of risks. Case managers need to feel secure during their operations. If they have to deliver reports, then they must be given enough security to keep them safe. Finally, more case managers should be added to release the current case managers of stress due to a heavy workload. References Gardner, R. C. (2010). Motivation and second language acquisition: The socio- educational model . New York: Peter Lang. Mowen, J. C. (2000). The 3M model of motivation and personality: Theory and empirical applications to consumer behavior . Boston: Kluwer Academic. Sorrentino, R. M., & Higgins, E. T. (2001). Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior . New York: Guilford Press. Weiner, B. (2005). Human motivation: Metaphors, theories, and research . Newbury Park, Calif: Sage.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: Childhood obesity is a medical condition affecting young children and adolescents, whereby the person's weight does not conform to what is deemed normal at his/her age. According to research by Hirsch, one in every five children in the United States is obese. This population, however, grows day by day, backed by the fact that the condition is hereditary. Other causes include lack of enough exercise and a poor eating pattern. When fully developed, obesity presents a vast number of threats to the individual, which is why medical practitioners regard it as a ticking time bomb. With the change in lifestyle brought about by new age technological advances, children no longer go to the park to play. This, valued so much by previous generations, was consequently replaced by video games and online gaming. Children nowadays shift from one screen to another as the order of the day.This has been made worse by the fact that parents now resort to fast foods for their daily meals, averting home cooking which is now regarded as inconvenient. If a change is to take place to review this pattern, it ought to start with the parents.

Childhood obesity is a medical condition affecting young children and adolescents, whereby the person's weight does not conform to what is deemed normal at his/her age. According to research by Hirsch, one in every five children in the United States is obese. This population, however, grows day by day, backed by the fact that the condition is hereditary. Other causes include lack of enough exercise and a poor eating pattern. When fully developed, obesity presents a vast number of threats to the individual, which is why medical practitioners regard it as a ticking time bomb. With the change in lifestyle brought about by new age technological advances, children no longer go to the park to play. This, valued so much by previous generations, was consequently replaced by video games and online gaming. Children nowadays shift from one screen to another as the order of the day. This has been made worse by the fact that parents now resort to fast foods for their daily meals, averting home cooking which is now regarded as inconvenient. If a change is to take place to review this pattern, it ought to start with the parents.

Addressing the Issues of Childhood Obesity Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Controlling Childhood Obesity 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction Childhood obesity is a medical condition affecting young children and adolescents, whereby the person’s weight does not conform to what is deemed normal at his/her age. According to research by Hirsch, one in every five children in the United States is obese. This population, however, grows day by day, backed by the fact that the condition is hereditary. Other causes include lack of enough exercise and a poor eating pattern. Medical conditions affecting the overweight are not common in children, though they face a higher risk of developing obesity through to their adulthood. When fully developed, obesity presents a vast number of threats to the individual, which is why medical practitioners regard it as a ticking time bomb. With the change in lifestyle brought about by new age technological advances, children no longer go to the park to play. This, valued so much by previous generations, was consequently replaced by video games and online gaming. Children nowadays shift from one screen to another as the order of the day. This has been made worse by the fact that parents now resort to fast foods for their daily meals, averting home cooking which is now regarded as inconvenient. If a change is to take place to review this pattern, it ought to start with the parents. Controlling Childhood Obesity Childhood obesity can be easily contained through certain step by step remedies. “The first step is reducing time children spend on television, video, and online gaming to roughly two hours a day” (Mayo Clinic Services). Children impulsively opt for other activities when the screens have been declared off limits. To efficiently utilize this time that has now become available, parents should move to the second step which is involving the children in activities that keep them moving. All children develop an interest in certain fields. If for example, the child is a comic book enthusiast, walk him/her to the neighborhood comic book store or library, and back. This will ensure that the body burns off excess calories stored while increasing blood circulation. To ensure that this does not become a boring affair, parents should let the children pick their preferred tasks and maybe spice it up when need be. Variety would also be better when the children alternate in the choosing of events. Children are known to imitate almost everything their parents do, when, where and how they do it. This means doing it together to present a good example. Parents wouldn’t be helping much if they asked their children to play, and replaced them immediately they leave. After an activity-filled fun day, the whole family should congregate at the dinner table for supper. Dieticians recommend inclusion of fruit and vegetable meals with lower calorie counts. Fast-foods ought to be avoided as much as possible. During this time, the television set should be turned off. “The researchers found children who…eat fewer family meals are more likely to be overweight once they reach first grade” (Decision News Media). While watching television, one does not take note of the quantity of food he/she eats. This amount is mostly on the higher side. Conclusion Charity begins at home. Many a time, the local pediatrician is not needed to keep children fit and healthy. All that has to be done is to provide the body with a little bit of everything it requires, for it’s the little things we do that add up in the end. References Decision News Media. TV’s influence on eating habits re-examined . Web. Hirsch, D. Obesity in Children . Web. Mayo Clinic Services. Childhood obesity . Web.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: Alfred Adler's individual psychology research paper discusses the works of the theorist and how they have contributed to the field of psychology. The paper also discusses the principles of subjective perception, unity and self-consistency, social interest, and lifestyle.

Alfred Adler's individual psychology research paper discusses the works of the theorist and how they have contributed to the field of psychology. The paper also discusses the principles of subjective perception, unity and self-consistency, social interest, and lifestyle.

Adler’s Individual Psychology Research Paper Abstract The field of psychology has benefited from the works of many theorists and scholars. The paper discussed Alfred Adler’s contributions to the field through Individual Psychology. A brief history of Adler and his connection with Freud is given. The major principles of his theory are given, and the importance of human strive for superiority articulated. The paper also discusses the principles of subjective perception, Unity and Self-Consistency, social interest, and lifestyle. Some practical applications of Individual Psychology are given. The paper highlights the most frequent criticisms of Adler’s theory and concludes by reasserting the significance of Adler’s Individual Psychology. Introduction Alfred Adler is one of the most influential psychology theorists of the 20th century. While at first a follower of Freud’s psychoanalysis theory, Adler deviated from this view and implemented his Psychology Theory. Adler presented his theory of Individual Psychology as a holistic framework that took into consideration the complex interplay between the individual and society. His works had a profound effect on later theorists who borrowed his views and incorporated them into popular works such as Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs and Carl Rogers humanistic approach. This paper will engage in an in-depth review of Alfred Adler and his contributions to the field of psychology. It will begin by offering a brief biography on Adler and proceed to explain the main principles of his Psychology theory. Biography of the Theorist Alfred Adler was born in Austria on February 7, 1870, as the second born to a Jewish merchant father and a homemaker mother. In his childhood years, Adler was weak and prone to ailments. He contracted pneumonia at the age of five years and almost died, and this experience motivated him to work hard and become a physician in the future (Hoffman, 1996). Adler was an average student in elementary school, and he did not show any great talent in medical school. He received his medical degree in 1895 and then fulfilled his military obligations in the Hungarian army. Adler then studies for his postgraduate degree in Vienna after which he practiced for a while as an optician. His career as an optician was short lived since he quickly shifted to psychiatry. Alfred Adler has a historical connection to the renowned founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud. These two theorists met in the late fall of 1902 and were a part of the Psychological Society established by Freud to discuss psychology and neuropathology (Hoffman, 1996). Adler was keen to contribute to Freud’s psychoanalysis, but Freud did not agree with most of his input. While Freud’s theory hinged on the impacts of repressed sexual thoughts, Adler thought that psychoanalysis ought to be broader than this. In line with these thoughts, Adler published the “Study of Organ Inferiority and Its Psychical Compensation” in 1907 (Engler, 2008). This publication surmised that physical deficiencies were pivotal to human motivation. From this point, Adler became convinced that Freud’s theory was too narrow. He expressed his opposition to the sexual inclinations of Freud’s psychoanalysis theory. A significant year in Adler’s life is 1911. On October of this year, Adler resigned as president and a member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society founded by Sigmund Freud. This break marked the end of a professional relationship between these two theorists. The break was prompted by irreconcilable intellectual and theoretical differences between Freud and Adler. Following his resignation from Freud’s society, Adler created the Society for Free Psychoanalytic Research. By 1912, Adler had come up with a new approach which he named “Individual Psychology” ((Engler, 2008). “Individual Psychology” therefore became the title for Adler’s school of thought, and it has remained influential in the field of psychology. Adler continued to advance his theories through lecturing and instructing teachers who wanted to follow his concepts. He was a frequent visitor to the US, where he gave lectures on his theories at various universities. Adler died in Aberdeen, Scotland of a heart attack at the age of 67. Mozdzierz and Andrea (1997) contend that in spite of having established the influential theory, his name is less well known since he did not establish a formal organization to perpetuate his theory or write critical books containing his thoughts. The Basic Principles of the Theory A core principle in Adler’s Individual Psychology theory is that all human motivation is driven by a strive for superiority or success. This striving is always directed towards achieving some goal. Each person creates a personalized goal that is determined by his or her creative power as opposed to heredity or the environment (Day, 2008). Adler’s Individual Psychology included the concept of movement where the individual was striving for superiority. He stated that people were driven by a compensating force to overcome, attain completion, and move towards self-enhancement (Lemonides, 2007). This movement is aimed at ending the inner insecurity that plagues all human beings. Individual Psychology borrows some concepts from the Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory (Engler, 2008). This association is because Adler was a close associate to Freud before he broke away and developed his theory. The second principle of Adler’s theory is that perceptions are subjective. The individual’s interpretation of events, and not the events themselves, shape his/her personality (Day, 2008). This suggests that a person’s perception of reality influences their actions. Individual Psychology advances that every person is driven to achieve success to make up for the innate inferiority feelings. However, the actions taken to achieve this success are shaped by the individual’s subjective perception of reality. Adler reveals that individuals have fiction goals that they created for themselves in the early stages of their lives (Silver, 2009). Most people do not realize that these notions are fictitious, and they treat them as if they were a reality. A person can, therefore, be expected to act consistently throughout his life based on his subjective perceptions. Individual Psychology states that every individual is a unique and complete entity. A human being is a unified whole comprised of interdependent parts. As a physician, Adler saw this interdependence as an important means by which the body compensated for deficiencies. Lemonides (2007) asserts that compensation, which is the body’s physiological response to organ inferiority, served as the Adlerian template for psychological adjustment. According to Adler, a disturbance in one part of the body will have effects on the rest of the person, and as such, the disturbance should not be looked at in isolation. Another principle of Adler’s theory states that social interest influences all human activity. Adler introduces the notion that social influences play a critical role in the individual’s personality development. Tedrick and Wachter (2011) note that Adler’s theory of Individual Psychology is built around a social interest or connection with people around oneself. As such, the struggles undergone by a person do not occur in isolation but within the context of society. Adler declared, “Because human beings are socially embedded, the very nature of inferiority is relative to the environmental demands, to the total situation” (Lemonides, 2007, p. 400). Individual psychology also introduces the concept of style of life. This term refers to the personal goals, self-concepts, and attitudes towards life that a person develops. Style of life is a product of multiple influences, including genes, environment, and the person’s creativity. Adler states that healthy individuals have a flexible lifestyle, while unhealthy individuals lead rigid lives (Weber, 2003). A rigid life is marked by an inability to adapt to new situations or events. Adler also addressed the concept of dysfunction through Individual Psychology. The health functioning individual can properly balance his weaknesses through his strengths. In other words, the strengths of the health functioning person can balance or surpass his weaknesses. This ensures that actual or perceived inferiorities are overcome though the will to power of an individual. Adler suggests that dysfunction occurs when a person experiences a damaging childhood (Stein, 2008). In this environment, the individual is inadequately prepared, and this leads to an adverse effect from the natural feelings of inferiority. The feelings of inferiority lead a person to withdraw from society instead of propelling him to strive for superiority. Lemonides (2007) states that the pathological feelings of inadequacy lead the dysfunctional person to protect himself from confrontations. Practical Examples Identifying Faulty Logic There are several practical applications of the principles of Individual Psychology as presented by Alfred Adler. This theory can be used to assist a person to effectively cope with an event or situation which the person deems to be intolerably difficult. Tedrick and Wachter (2011) discuss how Adler’s Individual Psychology can be used to assist Kate, a 19-year-old university student who is distressed at finding out that she is pregnant. According to the Adlerian perspective, a child in the family setting will create a role that fulfills an important function within the family and larger cultural environment. This image of the ideal way of being developed into a lifestyle that the child grows up with. As such, the individual may adhere rigidly to ways of being that were adaptive in their families instead of taking up new practices that are accepted in the larger culture (Stein, 2008). With this in mind, the counselor should understand the experiences from the patient’s perspective. The counselor should observe how the client’s lifestyle affects experiences of and responses to life events. She should then encourage the client to create more appropriate responses to deal with the current situation. The client should be made aware of the unconscious motivations for her behavior and thoughts. Building Confidence Adlerian therapy can be used to build confidence in students and increase their self-efficacy. From the Adlerian perspective, students are viewed as “unique individuals with the ability to be self-motivated, creative, and have the power to contribute both positively and negatively toward their environments” (Brigman & Villares, 2011, p. 409). Individual Psychology can be used to help the students to achieve their lifestyle goals. Brigman and Villares (2011) declare that the counselor can use Individual Psychology to help students to be more capable, connected, and contributing. This can be achieved by developing an understanding of the student’s phenomenological perspective. The therapeutic process is centered on trying to gain an understanding of the patient’s lifestyle and movement. The therapist will assist the student in identifying mistaken goals and faulty assumptions they may have developed over their lives (Silver, 2009). Application of Individual Psychology intervention in the school setting is desirable since it leads to higher self-esteem, lower anxiety, and better social skills and problem-solving skills. Contributions of Adlerian Theory Adler’s theory made some significant contributions to psychology. To begin with, his theory had a positive view of human nature. It suggested that people have great control over their own lives and can, therefore, make changes to overcome negative behavior (Weber, 2003). This view was monumental considering that the prevailing theory of the time was Freud’s theory that stated that humans were motivated by instinct. Adler’s Individual Psychology highlighted the importance of parental training. Parents are individuals with the primary responsibility for the growth and development of the child. They are the people in a position to influence the child during his/her formative years. Belangee (2007) confirms that the family atmosphere has a significant impact on the life of the child. The parent’s values and beliefs are incorporated into the child’s life, and they end up forming the child’s individual core beliefs. The Adlerian intervention aims to restore courage and social interest in the patient since a deficiency of these two attributes is the cause of faulty behavior. The Adlerian counselor endeavors to develop the patient’s social interest by changing the faulty social values that cause its deficiency. The patient undergoes a reeducation of his lifestyle and his relationship to life tasks. Lemonides (2007) elaborates that the patient learns the basic mistakes in his cognitive map and is provided with an opportunity to move away from this unhelpful way and embrace new useful ways. Criticism of Adler’s Theory A major criticism of Adler’s theory is about the role of the counselor. From the Individual Psychology perspective, the counselor exerts some influence on the patient about their behavioral change. This criticism arises from the fact that Adlerian therapists aim to guide the client to modify his/her views and goals (Engler, 2008). The counselor helps the client to identify counterproductive lifestyles and thought. The client is then assisted to change these behaviors and take up ones that are more productive. Critics argue that the counselor’s job is to assist the client in attaining a healthy mental frame and not to influence them directly to change behavior. Adler’s theory is also criticized due to its tendency to oversimplify the cause of human problems. According to Adler, inferiority feelings are the trigger for humans to take action. These feelings are often the result of mistaken appraisals of self-worth (Engler, 2008). In addition to this, Adler views the lack of courage and confidence by patients as the cause of their mental problems. Critics argue that such a simplistic outlook cannot be used to explain severe mental illnesses that afflict patients. Adler’s theory is also criticized for suggesting that people can overcome all the psychological problems they face by modifying their behavior. Conclusion This paper set out to discuss one of the most influential psychologists of the 20th century, Alfred Adler. It started by offering a brief history of these theorists and highlighted his most significant contribution to psychology. The paper has demonstrated how Individual psychology attempts to understand experiences from the individual’s phenomenological perspective. The paper has articulated the principles of Adler’s Psychology and proceeded to discuss the contributions that Adler’s theory made to psychology. Some of the criticisms leveled against the theory have also been offered. Particularly, the oversimplification of human nature has been highlighted as a major weakness of Adler’s theory. Even so, Adler’s personality is mostly viewed positively, and its tenets continue to be applied by many scholars and psychologists to date. References Belangee, S. E. (2007). Couples and Eating Disorders: An Individual Psychology Approach. The Journal of Individual Psychology , 63 (3), 294-305. Brigman, G., & Villares, E. (2011). The Efficacy of Individual Psychology Approaches for Improving Student Achievement and Behavior. The Journal of Individual Psychology , 67 (4), 408-419. Day, S.X. (2008). Theory and design in counseling and psychotherapy . Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Engler, B. (2008). Personality Theories: An Introduction . New York: Cengage Learning. Hoffman, E. (1996). The Drive for Self: Alfred Adler and the Founding of Individual Psychology. Boston: Perseus Books Group. Lemonides, J.S. (2007). Toward an Adlerian Approach to Organizational Intervention. The Journal of Individual Psychology , 63 (4), 399-413. Mozdzierz, G.J., & Andrea, B.M. (1997). A Brief History of the Journals of Individual Psychology. Individual Psychology , 53 (3), 275- 285. Silver, H. (2009). Reflections on Alfred Adler: A Social Exclusion Perspective. The Journal of Individual Psychology , 65 (4), 319-329. Stein, H.T. (2008). Adler’s Legacy: Past, Present, and Future. The Journal of Individual Psychology , 64 (1), 4-20. Tedrick, P., & Wachter, M. (2011). Integrating Crisis Theory and Individual Psychology: An Application and Case Study. The Journal of Individual Psychology, 67 (4), 364-379. Weber, D.A. (2003). A Comparison of Individual Psychology and Attachment Theory. The Journal of Individual Psychology , 59 (3), 246-262.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: Spencer's and Darwin's theories of evolution were both based on the idea of natural selection, but Spencer's theory focused more on the moral implications of the concept. He believed that those who survive a fight are not just the fittest but also the morally best, while Darwin's theory was more scientific in nature, focusing on the selection process itself.

Spencer's and Darwin's theories of evolution were both based on the idea of natural selection, but Spencer's theory focused more on the moral implications of the concept. He believed that those who survive a fight are not just the fittest but also the morally best, while Darwin's theory was more scientific in nature, focusing on the selection process itself.

Spencer’s and Darwin’s Theories Comparison Essay Natural selection and the direct inheritance of learned connections were the approaches used by Darwin and Spencer to explain human mental and moral progress. On the other hand, each stressed the causal link about which they were most enamored. Natural selection is no longer an analytical judgment under Spencer’s “survival of the fittest” rubric: survival is the criteria of suitability, while suitability is the causative condition for survival (Ritzer, 2011). However, Darwin’s original view, which supplied natural selection with a function, namely its creative effect, became more acceptable than Spencer’s negative function of elimination. Unlike Darwin, Spencer thought that learned traits like economy and morality could be passed down through the generations. Spencer was a staunch opponent of any legislation that aided workers, the poor, or people he considered genetically vulnerable (Ritzer, 2011). Nature is considered a force for good in Spencer’s concept of evolution, directing the development of individuals and society, and competition lets the strong flourish by removing the weak. Spencer advocated for the premise that those who survive a fight are not just the fittest but also the morally best. The survival of the fittest was a simply descriptive observation of the evolutionary processes of Darwin. The organisms with the best fitness or adaptability have the best chances of surviving and so reproducing. In essence, this is a selection process, but it happens spontaneously without the intervention of a selection agent, thus the term natural selection (Ritzer, 2011). After all, unlike Spencer, who might be termed a philosopher, Darwin was essentially a scientist who valued factual information. Darwin coined the phrase “natural selection” to describe the mechanism of evolution, and Spencer went on to derive a whole moral prescription for the future from it. Reference Ritzer, G. (2011). Classical Sociological Theory , (6th Ed). Boston: McGraw Hill.

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Write an essay about: Spoken word poetry is a form of literature that has its roots in the U.S. civil rights movement, the Harlem Renaissance, and beat poetry. It is likely that some of the pieces were first printed and then recited out to an audience after they had been published. Performance poetry is a kind of poetry that is meant to be sung or acted out. Even though some of it is written, this form has its roots in performance and oral tradition.

Spoken word poetry is a form of literature that has its roots in the U.S. civil rights movement, the Harlem Renaissance, and beat poetry. It is likely that some of the pieces were first printed and then recited out to an audience after they had been published. Performance poetry is a kind of poetry that is meant to be sung or acted out. Even though some of it is written, this form has its roots in performance and oral tradition.

Spoken Word Poetry as a Form of a Literary Movement Essay Inspired by Beat poetry, Harlem Renaissance, and the U.S. civil rights movement, speaking voice writing is a postmodern literary trend. It’s likely that some of the pieces were first printed and then recited out to an audience after they had been published. Performance poetry is a kind of poetry that is meant to be sung or acted out. Even though some of it is written, this form has its roots in performance and oral tradition. You may find anything from hip-hop to jazz to blues to folk music in the spoken word. Rhythm, repetition, experimentation, and wordplay are common features of spoken word poetry. It is possible to use sound, movement, and other types of performance in these poems to connect with the audience in a unique way. The spoken word has existed for a very long period. Poetry exploited the sound structure of each language to generate auditory patterns that distinguished spoken poetry from everyday speech and made it easier to recall before it was ever written on paper in any format. The poet must first shout out poetry in order to be heard racial. Poets existed long before the invention of printing presses. Stand-up comedy, a collection of short stories, a challenging message such as a break-up speech, or simply a speech on anything, spoken word poetry can be any of these. Spoken word poetry is defined solely by how it is delivered orally. A spoken word poet’s performance style necessitates a certain level of skill. The American Beat Poet movement of the 1940s and 1950s was the first to introduce the spoken word to the general public. As a group of writers in New York, they used their work to explore and impact American society at this period in history. For many years now, poets have been using their words to express their dissatisfaction with humanity. This tradition has continued into the 1970s with punk poets like John Cooper Clarke in the U.K. and dub poet Linton Kwesi Johnson in Jamaica. In 1990, San Francisco hosted the first National Poetry Slam. A yearly event in different places across America has become the most significant international competition in the poetry slam. Slam poetry competitions have been organized worldwide, in venues ranging from coffeehouses to enormous stages, as a result of its growing popularity. Writing poetry in the spoken word style has its own set of rules: Rhyme, rhythm (beats and breaks), diction, and parallel sentence structure are all examples of how to incorporate these elements into a poem. It is essential to pay attention to gestures, eye contact, intonation, expression, and body language to provide an effective presentation. Using Specific Words and Phrases, be sure to choose words and phrases that elicit solid mental images, sounds, and movements in your audience. Listeners will be able to see, smell, and taste what you’re saying if the poem is complete with imagery. Repetition, a repeat of a core phrase or picture, along with an expansion of an image and a concept for each repetition, can assist a writer in developing engaging poems. Rhyming, for example, can enhance poetry and performances if employed with skill, surprise, and moderation. Poetry is a vehicle for expressing one’s thoughts and feelings. There is only one poet’s view of the universe and no one else. There must be courage in a spoken word poem to communicate one’s thoughts and feelings to the world. Spoken word poetry allows one to be anybody they wish to be. A poet can write a poem in the voice of someone or something other than oneself or with a personality attribute that is different from their own. Spoken word has been one of the most significant literary movements recently. It teaches basic communication abilities. Each draft is a new discussion, another opportunity to deliver the point again concisely and effectively. Every poem becomes a conversation between the poet and the audience and the poet and themselves. It stimulates contemplation. Utilizing poetry in the classroom urges students to look not to pop culture or their peers to build their identity but to their own experiences. Their confidence rises with their perspective. Allowing students to express themselves in an encouraging atmosphere switches the traditional academic paradigm to making them the center of their educational experience. It is also an act of reclamation. With a pen and paper, children are given the rare capacity to generate something tangible and constructive from any life experience, self-empowerment. In this sense, spoken word poetry allows young people to become active agents in their rehabilitation. It will enable cathartic release and emotional processing that eventually adds to a more holistic pedagogical space. It fosters a culture of listening actively. The spoken word is just as vital as a platform for expression for young people. It is especially essential when addressing underrepresented narratives or student demographics that are more varied. Performance poetry provides a safe platform for people to share their personal experiences without feeling like they are being compelled to divulge too much information. Regardless of what we’re going through, we aren’t alone in our feelings and thoughts. For far too long, young people have been trained to hide their true selves because of their perceived flaws, differences, and even emotions. As a mirror and a megaphone, poetry does the opposite. In this way, the poet’s personal experience is validated and linked to the poet’s competition standard in spoken-word poetry competitions. Thoughtful people speak their thoughts more clearly than write them down, even though they are the exact words. For one thing, the spoken word doesn’t have the intellectual and arcane following of much-written poetry; you don’t need a literature degree to get into the spoken word; you just need an open mind and an eagerness for storytelling. The spoken word may be therapeutic and emotional, and poetry is meant to be felt rather than comprehended. There’s a place for new ideas to be discussed. Something about the spoken word inspires people to question the world around them and cast a discerning eye. Speaking word is an informal, engaging performance, putting the concepts to life via movement and voice. It’s a pleasant experience to be in a room with a person openly sharing their thoughts and feelings with you, and it will leave a person craving more. Poems read aloud are often more than just a creative outlet for a person’s inner thoughts and feelings. The message conveyed by this art style is typically important or contentious. Racial inequality, sexual assault, sexual coercion, anti-bullying communications, body-positive campaigns, and LGBT issues are just a few of the issues addressed in these types of communications. It is common in Slam Poetry competitions for the poems’ content to be raucous and sound. Additionally, we can find spoken-word poetry on YouTube and in forums like Button Poetry. Poetry that goes viral on social media can be found in TED Talks and articles and on social media platforms like Twitter. A form of art that anyone may participate in is the spoken word. All you need is a pencil and paper; no other equipment is required. The terms will one day alter the world, but first, we must change ourselves. Each one must share our heartbreaks, puppy wake-ups, first kisses, and significant experiences in tiny communities with each other. We can make spoken word poetry whatever we want it to be.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: Roy Keane's biography is an example of how dedication and diligence can change the life. He was born in a rural area, in the family of a poor worker, and seemed to have hardly any chance for becoming a successful personality. Physical labor as a way to make money, which was dramatically scarce, accompanied him since youth. that appeared to contribute to his achievements in sports. The psychological component, however, was equally important for his formation and development as an athlete.

Roy Keane's biography is an example of how dedication and diligence can change the life. He was born in a rural area, in the family of a poor worker, and seemed to have hardly any chance for becoming a successful personality. Physical labor as a way to make money, which was dramatically scarce, accompanied him since youth. that appeared to contribute to his achievements in sports. The psychological component, however, was equally important for his formation and development as an athlete.

Sport Management: Analysis of Roy Keane – Football Player Research Paper Summary of Biography Roy Keane, a football player and a book author, is worth mentioning among textbook examples of how dedication and diligence can change the life. Being born in a rural area, in the family of a poor worker, he seemed to have hardly any chance for becoming a successful personality (Keane, 2011). Physical labor as a way to make money, which was dramatically scarce, accompanied Roy since youth; that apparently contributed to his achievements in sports. The psychological component, however, was equally important for his formation and development as an athlete. Notwithstanding his great desire for playing football at a professional level, which he revealed after several years of boxing, no clubs were interested in Kean initially. He apparently lacked physical abilities as well as technique to enter high-class leagues, for which reason he continued to receive refusals (Keane, 2011). Notwithstanding that, his remarkable perseverance and endurance made him fight to the end not only in amateur youth matches, but in his career ambitions as well. The intensity of the young player that enabled him to overcome any obstacles eventually attracted the attention of Brian Clough, the coach of Nottingham Forest, who became Keane’s guide to big football. Sports challenges, however, were not the only difficulties that Roy faced on his way to success. In particular, his adaptation to the new environment after joining the above team was quite painful, mostly due to the separation from the family, to whom he had considerable emotional attachment (Keane, 2011). In addition, Roy’s tough spirit, which actually was the source of his outstanding persistence, made effective teamwork that requires flexibility by definition challenging for him. The athlete, therefore, had to work on himself not exclusively in terms of physical abilities, but mentally as well to become one of the greatest football players in history. Reflection It is doubtless that the young man who found himself in a foreign country, away from his loved family, and with great responsibility on his shoulders needed psychological support. In fact, Keane received it from Clough, but sometimes in a quite tough form of negative motivation (Keane, 2011). Although the athlete does not feel offended, which actually proves that he is a strong personality, he presumably needed sympathetic spiritual advice as well at the stage of adaptation in Nottingham Forest. The majority of psychologists who work with sportspeople focus on improving their professional competence and productivity rather than their personal well-being. Even those who realize the causal relationship between the latter and the former are “exclusively performance oriented” (Gamble et al., 2016, p. 188). In other words, such specialists see solving personal issues solely as a way to minimize distraction from sports, not as the critical condition for inner harmony, which everybody needs, regardless of his or her occupation. In the context of such a kind as the above, the function of spiritual care frequently belongs to chaplains. It is essential to note that spiritual is not synonymic to ritual; simply stated, sports chaplaincy does not come down to teaching athletes to say prayers prior to matches. Rather, its purpose lies in awakening, restoring, and maintaining faith in sportspeople, for which many of them feel disproportionately strong need in comparison with the rest of the population (Gamble et al., 2016). Prayers, in turn, are a manifestation of the inner belief; in some cases, they also can be an effective team-building tool. The relevance of such a perspective on psychological and spiritual support is apparent from the fact that football players rarely pray for the wins of their teams. Normally, they focus on the topics that are not related to sports, such as their families, friends, and events that happen in the world (Gamble et al., 2016). This allows assuming that Roy Keane most probably would have prayed for the well-being of his parents and siblings. His strong attachment to them would have become an essential point of intersection of him and a chaplain, hence a basement for a trusting relationship. For instance, a chaplain could have asked Roy what he wished his nearest and instructed him to focus on that when addressing the God. The positive emotions associated with such thought, in turn, would have not only inspired and motivated the player throughout the forthcoming match, but also harmonized his personality. The latter actually is even more important than the former is, considering the above characteristic of Keane as an outstandingly persistent athlete but quite a truculent person. Even if pre-match prayers do refer to the game, its result remains beyond the focus. Instead, players worry about “personal matters,” among which avoiding injuries and performing at the maximum of their abilities (Gamble et al., 2016, p. 186). In the case of Roy Keane, playing perfectly well was his priority when he joined Nottingham Forest, as that was the only way for him to realize his dream. The role of a chaplain in such a situation lies in explaining the connection between faith and effectiveness. Notably, a believer acquires additional inspiration and motivation, which makes him or her derive pleasure from hard work. In a combination with Roy’s perseverance, apparently inborn, that would have made him insuperable. In addition, tranquility derivable from faith could have been helpful in controlling his aggression, which presumably distracted him from improving his technique at the beginning of his career. Another point that is worth noting is that the scope of a sports chaplain’s activity should not be limited with a single athlete. Spiritual counsellors actually see providing care to all club staff, including adepts of other religions and non-believers, as their duty (Gamble et al., 2016). Such guidance can serve as an icebreaker, in other words, help team members overcome psychological, social, cultural, or other barriers and unite them. This apparently was critical for Kean during his adaptation in Forest. Separated from his relatives, he needed soulmates in his new circle to smooth loneliness, which sense is dramatically demotivating and even can cause depression. A chaplain, meanwhile, could have guided not solely him, but the other members of the team as well; hence belonging and, consequently, a more comfortable integration. To summarize, the role of a chaplain in the case of Roy Keane after his transfer to Nottingham Forest would have been to assist the athlete in building and/or maintaining faith. The most appropriate ways to do that would have lied in encouraging him to pray for his family as well as good performance, which points apparently were the most important for him at the time. In addition, it would have been reasonable to expand spiritual care to the entire team to alleviate the isolation of the newcomer. References Gamble, R., Parker, A., & Hill, D. M. (2016). Football, chaplaincy and sport psychology: Connections and possibilities. In A. Parker, N. Watson, & J. White (Eds.), Sports chaplaincy: Trends, issues and debates (pp.182-194). Routledge. Keane, R. (2011). Keane: The autobiography . Penguin.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The argument for developing the plan is that it will aid in achieving the more significant aim of increasing participation in sports and physical exercise. This is critical for enhancing health and wellness results, as well as for the provision of the necessary cohesiveness and inclusion.The availability of high-quality and widely available facilities will help the overarching goal of developing healthier lives. There is a need to guarantee that everyone has access to adequate facilities and the ability to participate. The evaluation and analysis conducted to

The argument for developing the plan is that it will aid in achieving the more significant aim of increasing participation in sports and physical exercise. This is critical for enhancing health and wellness results, as well as for the provision of the necessary cohesiveness and inclusion. The availability of high-quality and widely available facilities will help the overarching goal of developing healthier lives. There is a need to guarantee that everyone has access to adequate facilities and the ability to participate. The evaluation and analysis conducted to

Sports Chapel Building Strategy Research Paper The argument for developing the plan is that it will aid in achieving the more significant aim of increasing participation in sports and physical exercise. This is critical for enhancing health and wellness results, as well as for the provision of the necessary cohesiveness and inclusion. Accessibility open areas and possibilities for sport and leisure may make a significant difference in a community’s health and well-being. Planning policies should be predicated on thorough and available evaluations of the demands for open areas, recreation and leisure facilities, and new possibilities. The evaluations should detect particular requirements as well as qualitative shortages or overflows in the local area’s open space, sports, and recreational amenities. The evaluation results should be utilized to decide what available size, sports, and leisure activities are needed. For me, this work is an opportunity to show my strategic skills in building a plan for creating a sports space. The availability of high-quality and widely available facilities will help the overarching goal of developing healthier lives. There is a need to guarantee that everyone has access to adequate facilities and the ability to participate. The evaluation and analysis conducted to generate this strategy reveals a need for some specific provisions across a variety of production units, as well as more general requirements in terms of improving the quality of current facilities and increasing accessibility. To increase the number of people who can participate in society, all new and upgraded facility availability should be completely inclusive. In my case, I want a vote to be held on what precisely the school wants to have in this environment that each student may be interested in because this work will be carried out not for one person, but for a large group of people whose opinions do not always coincide. The process of identifying the functions and needs of the places to be constructed is referred to as programming in architecture. This crucial step should start as soon as the order is initiated. Failure to do so might result in costly delays and, in many cases, a facility that does not match the planned aims. The engineer will develop plans that illustrate specific room measurements, high ceilings, and windows and doors positions, as well as the electricity, drainage, and mechanical systems. This stage is one of the most indicative for me because I believe that having seen the drawings, you can already imagine a general picture of how everything will happen and roughly estimate the success of the project. Most sports facilities present administrative issues that keep management on their feet and endeavor to solve them efficiently. These difficulties can be met in the short to mid-term by hospital administrators. Still, without adequate long-term implementation and scheduling, they may remain to impede operations even if handled regularly. Supervisors will need to view these difficulties through a more conceptual lens in running a profitable sports facility. They will need to take the suggested measures to enhance sports operation and maintenance. Since my strategy is aimed at high school, I believe that the school administration will be able to take care of the preservation and integrity of the sports environment, which will be created and built following all regulations. The first item a public enterprise needs is a well-organized schedule of activities that will assist visitors in understanding the nature of its offerings. Given that prospective consumers might range from inexperienced beginners to experienced athletes wishing to maintain their fitness, individuals must plan a variety of programs to appeal to everyone. Effective program structure can produce positive feedback at school and attract a growing number of specialized audiences. People may also enable facility reservations, which allow members to hire amenities to use on their own time and attract students who are not seeking long-term commitments. I believe that the option of armor by students for a specific part of the environment or some kind of equipment will help create a structured system that will determine who visits the territory more often and who is more passionate about it. This will help in the creation of school teams for competition in sports disciplines. For a production system, developing the layout for various types of amenities such as gyms, play areas, natatorium pools, tennis courts, basketball courts, ball fields, and the like may be an easy way to divide up spaces. Nonetheless, not all training facilities may span a large area. When it comes to space use, the physical architecture of the structure or complex is crucial. Even venues with little space may juggle schedules for many types of games, sports, and activities because many of them are seasonal and not available all year. Second, there are members of various ages and agendas that are better suitable for them. As a result, creating timetables based on facility space is critical. I suppose that this place will be large enough and concentrate a reasonably large number of people. The dimensions of this structure directly depend on the person for whom it is being built. In the case of a school, the building should be pretty significant since schools can accommodate a large number of students. Each sport should be divided equally. The proportions and original rules of the sport must be respected to ensure the best possible feedback from students and overall performance and attendance rates. Meeting or exceeding all construction and fire rules is the surest approach to constructing a safe structure. However, in addition to the fundamentals, consider the demands and liabilities specific to sports departments. The width between the tops of storage containers and the ceilings of fire hydrants is of particular interest to fire departments (Wenger, 2021). Properly located doors enable quicker and more fluid traffic flow, which improves safety dramatically. The capacity to monitor areas and activity within the facility is substantially enhanced by windowed doors and walls. Install surveillance cameras in corridors, equipment rooms, and practice, wellness, and play spaces. Organized equipment is more challenging to steal since it is simpler to identify when pieces are missing. I find that this aspect of building social spaces such as school sports grounds is often overlooked. However, safety should be considered one of the first considerations when planning a building. By providing an environment in which an emergency can occur, anyone, students will not be able to visit this place, and the administration will be forced to conduct constant checks until, in principle, the place is closed because its rating has dropped. To summarize, the justification for designing a plan is that it will help achieve the more important goal of expanding participation in sports and physical activity. Accessibility to natural areas and chances for sport and leisure may make a dramatic contribution to the health and the outside of society. Planning strategies should be based on rigorous and readily available assessments of the need for open space, entertainment and leisure infrastructure, and new opportunities. The increasing availability, of widely accessible facilities, will contribute to the ultimate objective of living healthier lives. It is necessary to guarantee that everyone has enough facilities and the chance to contribute. For me, this task is a chance to showcase my strategic talents in developing a plan for constructing a sports facility. In my situation, I want to vote on what the institution wants to have in this setting that each kid would be engaged in because this job will be done for a massive group of individuals whose ideas do not always match. Having viewed the sketches, I believe you can immediately conceive a basic image of how things will unfold and rate the achievement of project objectives. Because my approach is directed at high school students, I believe that the school authorities will be able to ensure the maintenance and authenticity of the sport setting, which will be constructed and built following all regulations. I believe that allowing pupils to wear armor or use equipment in a particular area of the environment will aid in the development of a structured system that will decide who visits the territory more frequently and who is more enthusiastic about it. When designing a building, one of the primary concerns should be safety. Reference Wenger. (2021). Planning your athletic facility . Wenger.Com. Web.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The works in question cover such an area as sports psychology, which is still developing and improving. Many sports teams are increasingly resorting to the help of specialists in the fields of psychology and spirituality. In this context, psychology is considered not only as a solution to current problems but also as a spiritual part of an athlete's life.

The works in question cover such an area as sports psychology, which is still developing and improving. Many sports teams are increasingly resorting to the help of specialists in the fields of psychology and spirituality. In this context, psychology is considered not only as a solution to current problems but also as a spiritual part of an athlete's life.

Sports Psychologists and Chaplains Essay The works in question cover such an area as sports psychology, which is still developing and improving. Many sports teams are increasingly resorting to the help of specialists in the fields of psychology and spirituality. In this context, psychology is considered not only as a solution to current problems but also as a spiritual part of an athlete’s life. The major themes in the chapters evolve around the idea of the necessity to eliminate the stereotypes about sports chaplains and psychologists’ roles in professional sports (Nesti, 2016). Moreover, the chapters particularly emphasize the need of integrating faith and spirituality as consulted by chaplains into the field of sports psychology (Egli & Fisher, 2016). Both chapters specifically articulate the challenges associated with such integration and outline beneficial athletes’ performance and wellbeing outcomes as a result of chaplainship. Sports chaplains are significantly underestimated these days because their role is most often played by sports psychologists when they try to get closer to players with the help of religion. The article’s author reveals in detail the advantages of this position in sports teams (Egli & Fisher, 2016). It is beneficial to receive such information to understand how valuable it is in the sports world now. Most of the players are religious (Catholics and Muslims predominate), and therefore they need to have a person in the team to whom they can confess, talk about their problems, and pray (Nesti, 2016). When it is possible to reach a certain spiritual level between an athlete and a chaplain, their work begins to bear fruit and positively affect the results of the athlete and the team as a whole. My fundamental position is that a chaplain can only be a church person who understands the spiritual needs of an athlete better and can work with him most effectively. A detailed explanation of the importance of maintaining the spirituality of the athletes deepened my interest in this field. After reading the chapters, I was able to understand the underestimated benefits of the chaplain’s professional roles in sports. Therefore, the readings helped me strengthen my intentions to pursue this field professionally. In such a manner, I will be able to contribute to the quality of chaplainship in professional sports and make a difference by advancing this important profession. a more detailed deepening of this issue. References Egli, T. J. & Fisher L. A. (2016). Moving toward a faithful relationship. Sport psychology consultants speak about the potential of engaging with spirituality in consultation. In Sports Chaplaincy (pp. 170-181). Routledge. Nesti, M. (2016). Serving the spirit? The sport psychologist and the chaplain in English Premiership Football. In Sports Chaplaincy (pp. 158-169). Routledge.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Spotify and Airbnb are examples of the most successful use of various network effects to continuously generate the value of the network members' products and increase their defense in the market.

Spotify and Airbnb are examples of the most successful use of various network effects to continuously generate the value of the network members' products and increase their defense in the market.

Spotify and Airbnb Firms’ Network Effects Essay Introduction Modern society is characterized by a high degree of complexity and is based on interaction and communication between groups or individuals. Companies actively use this aspect to generate product value for users. In particular, they use network effects to increase the number of participants in their network, which not only attracts more users but also generates product value for network members. Several main types of network effects affect a product’s value, increasing it and providing a competitive advantage to companies. Spotify and Airbnb are examples of the most successful use of various network effects to continuously generate the value of the network members’ products and increase their defense in the market. Network Effects Definition and Overview The principles of network effects in modern society and business are fundamental to the development of a competitive company. James Currier underlines that “every new user has the value in your product to other users who are using the product or will use the product” (NFX, 2020, [0:00-0:11]). Thus, the more people use the product, the more valuable it becomes to other existing and potential users. This factor also ensures the company’s growth and development, which provides a competitive advantage in the market. Factors Affecting Product Value Network Effects Types Network effects are particularly significant in contemporary, highly digitalized society. In particular, there are four key defensibilities today, including network effects, embedding, scale, and brand (NFX, 2018). These factors allow companies to create value that cannot be copied or replicated, which increases the company’s competitive advantage in the market (Pidun et al., 2020). As part of technology startups, network effects account for more than 70% of the total value generated by the company (NFX, 2018, [0:20]). There are various types of network effects, which fall into major categories, including direct, two-sided, data, and social. A detailed network effects map is presented in Fig. 1. Network effects map (Currier, n.d). Fig. 1 and describes 13 types of effects as their impact on the value of a company’s product decreases. Direct Network Effects Direct network effects are the simplest and most powerful factors influencing business success. As shown in the map in Fig. 1, this broad group includes five effects: physical, protocol, personal utility, personal, and market network. The physical network effect is based on physical nodes and links, as a network of telephones and wires between them. This effect is the most defensible since it has a direct network effect, as well as “lends itself to the addition of other defensibilities; namely, scale effects and embedding” (Currier, n.d, para. 31). Businesses based on this type such as railway networks or electric networks, require large initial investments. Thus, most of the products and services offered by such companies are utilities that cannot be accessed through other effects. The network effect protocol occurs when communication standards are set by the creator of the node and are available to anyone who can connect to the network using this protocol. For example, the latest blockchain technologies, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, are created according to this principle. The personal utility network effect is built on the principle of personal communication between network members. The main disadvantage of this effect is that when the network is disrupted, people using it experience direct harm from the inability to maintain personal communication. Examples of these networks are instant messaging tools or applications such as WhatsApp or SMS. Fig. 2. Direct network (Currier, n.d). A personal direct network effect occurs when a product provides individual value to network participants. In particular, this is due to the fact that the reputation and personality of network participants are associated with and influenced by the product. In contrast to personal utility networks, this type of effect is not used for vital communication and is less personal in nature. Thus, when leaving the network or destroying it, users do not receive much damage. An example of such networks is Facebook or Twitter, where people can build long-term personal interactions. Finally, market networks are direct communication between marketplace participants. Thus, this effect is very similar to personal but focuses on interactions within a particular market. Examples of this effect are companies like HoneyBook or DotLoop that provide services to other businesses. Fig. 2 shows a typical structure of the direct network effect, which is built on nodes and links between them. Two-Sided Network Effects This group is also often called indirect effects, as it describes the interaction of demand and supply, which generate indirect value for each other. However, network participants on the same side also generate direct value when interacting, which explains the two-way nature of these effects. Most importantly, direct influences often negatively affect the value of a product, while indirect influences outweigh these factors to generate positive value. As shown in Fig. 1, there are three main network effects data types: marketplace, platform, and asymptomatic marketplace. The marketplace network effect implies the presence of sellers and buyers. More opposing parties generate more value for the product. In this case, direct interaction on one side generates a negative value, which is offset by indirect influence. Examples of companies using this effect are marketplaces such as Amazon and eBay, matchmaking apps (Tinder or Craiglist, and payment instruments (Visa or American Express). The platform network effect is similar to the marketplace, but on the one hand, there are the creators of a product that is only available on a certain platform, and on the other, users. This effect is used by the creators of operating software, including Microsoft OS, and iOS, as well as the creators of game consoles and other similar systems. The asymptomatic marketplace network effect differs from the two types described in that they offer a rapid increase in value at the start of product implementation and a decrease in efficiency as the company develops. Typical and deferred value marketplaces, in turn, offer businesses the opportunity for stable growth in the generated value (the factor is illustrated in Fig. 3). This model is the most vulnerable and represents the least competitive advantage for companies but allows a quick start. Examples of companies successfully using this network effect are Uber and Lyft. Fig. 3. Marketplace network effect types (Currier, n.d). Data Network Effects The data network effect describes how an increase in the amount of data leads to an increase in the value of a product. In turn, the growth in the value of the product is associated with the generation of a large amount of data. The interaction between the quantity and quality of generated data, as well as the mode of its usage, can affect the value of a product in different ways. However, the increased use of data and the improvement of the quality of information products leads to an increase in the value of the product for users. Companies that actively use this effect include Google, Amazon, IMDB, and others. Tech Performance Network Effects This aspect describes a situation where the performance of technology grows with an increase in the number of users. A large number of users or devices on the network will make the technology more convenient, cheaper, and more accessible. A feature of this effect is that each new node increases the performance of the technology for all other nodes of the network. Basically, this system is actively used by peer-2-peer technologies and companies based on them, including BitTorrent, VPN services, Hola, and others. Social Network Effects This type of effect generates product value solely through the interaction between people. This group is the most difficult in the long run but can offer a great competitive advantage. Social network effects, including language, bandwagon, and belief, are a form of brand defensibility because they are based on the influence of people’s psychology. However, these aspects still represent a network effect since their effectiveness also depends on the number of nodes and connections within the system. Language is the most common factor that increases the value of a product. In particular, the more people use the brand name in the speech, the more recognizable and defensible it becomes. Language is also a predicate of international development since, for example, a company with a name in English will be much easier to promote globally than using local languages. For example, the company name Google already has a generic designation for Internet search, which greatly increases the value of the product. Belief works in a similar way: the more people believe in the value of a product, the more value it generates. The simplest example of this effect is religions or ideologies that exist solely due to belief and has no physical embodiment. The bandwagon network effect also engages people’s psychology by putting pressure on them to join a movement or group. A good example is Slack, which created a prejudice among tech companies that using their product is what makes a successful business. Therefore, the utility and the product do not match the opinion created around it. The Exploitation of Network Effects Examples Spotify Spotify has become one of the pioneers in using the principles of network effects. This streaming application allows any user to create a profile on the platform as well as share their own or others’ playlists. Additionally, users can add each other as friends, see what music other users are listening to, and create joint playlists. It is also important that the application is integrated into other media platforms and allows users to share their music on Facebook pages and other resources. Recently, the company added the ability to share remote listening for users. Thus, Spotify actively uses several network effects, which together constantly increase the value of the product. First of all, Spotify uses direct effects, including personal utility and personal effects. The personal utility effect is to provide users with the opportunity to communicate with each other and express themselves, as well as search for communities. The personal network effect consists of giving users access to music and various playlists, which creates value in itself. More musicians and listeners in the network generate more and more value for all its participants. The company also uses the two-sided network platform effect, as Spotify delivers value exclusively within its platform, gaining additional value and defensibility. Moreover, the company uses the sided network marketplace effect to provide value-generating interaction between musicians and listeners. Finally, Spotify is actively integrating social networks such as language and bandwagon to promote the brand as well as set trends that influence public opinion. Together, these factors allow the company to constantly increase the value of its product, making it more and more indispensable in the market and increasing its competitive advantage. Airbnb Airbnb is another example of the successful use of network effects, but the company utilizes fewer factors than Spotify. In particular, the company model is based on the interaction of hosts and guests, which is a typical example of the marketplace network effect. Thus, the platform provides network participants with the opportunity to interact. In turn, more users generate increased value and attract new members. In turn, the constant growth of the network increases the value of the company’s product and provides a competitive advantage in the market. Conclusion Network effects are built on the interaction of system nodes and links to generate product value. As one can see from the examples of Spotify and Airbnb examples, companies can use various factors to attract more users and increase the company’s competitive advantage. The most important thing about network effects is that the process does not require any special investments or strategies from the company. The product itself generates value if it is useful to users, which is the main driver of value growth. Reference List Currier, J. (n.d) The network effects manual: 13 different network effects (and counting). Web. NFX. (2018) Network effects predict the future of Facebook. Web. NFX. (2020) What are network effects? Web. Pidun, U., Reeves, M. and Schüssler, M. (2020) Why do ost business ecosystems fail? Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The staffing matrix is a tool used by nurses to make adjustments based on the insight and demands of the patient. The reflection discusses the staffing matrix in detail and indicates how many full-time equivalents (FTEs) should be assigned to the daily routine on the staffing board. As a result, it clarifies the units of service users and all financial management and allocation legislation.

The staffing matrix is a tool used by nurses to make adjustments based on the insight and demands of the patient. The reflection discusses the staffing matrix in detail and indicates how many full-time equivalents (FTEs) should be assigned to the daily routine on the staffing board. As a result, it clarifies the units of service users and all financial management and allocation legislation.

Staffing Matrix in Healthcare Setting Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Description of Our Staffing Matrix 3. Adjustments Based on Patient Census 4. Reallocation of Resources Based on Variance 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction A staffing matrix is a tool that aids in comprehending the levels of all staff groups required in a consensus-based hospital setup. Nurses utilize the staffing matrix as guidance for making adjustments based on the insight and demands of the patient. A staffing matrix is critical in a healthcare context and plays a vital role in resource allocation. Staffing matrices have been quite beneficial in many healthcare units, ensuring no ambiguity or duplication of resources (Paulsen, 2018). The reflection discusses the staffing matrix in detail and indicates how many full-time equivalents (FTEs) should be assigned to the daily routine on the staffing board. As a result, it clarifies the units of service users and all financial management and allocation legislation. This provides the health unit with a comprehensive picture of human resource management and the unit’s overall development. The staffing matrix assists the company in avoiding resource duplication and ensures effective resource and human resource allocation. The reflection on the staffing matrix establishes and aids in the organization’s daily routine assignment. It creates a consistent work schedule and assigns appropriate duties and functions to individuals working in healthcare. It establishes the amount of finance available to each department, ensuring that there is no overage or wastage of cash. It has demonstrated an exceptional ability to perform this function and has improved the company’s results. According to Riley et al. (2021), all financial principles are used, resulting in a better knowledge of the various financial allocations to different sectors. The healthcare workforce will not grumble, as finances and resources will have been distributed appropriately. The matrix contributes to an increase in the quality of patient care by ensuring that nurses provide superior service due to properly assigned duties (Riley et al., 2021). The matrix fosters collaboration among members, resulting in the increased achievement of objectives. Healthcare is a team effort. Description of Our Staffing Matrix The staffing matrix within our health care setting staffed 20 nurses, two of whom will serve as three health coordinators, five nurse aides (NA), and 12 registered nurses. The staff members work three shifts, with three nurses in charge of daytime responsibilities. The three nurses will complete the assignment on three consecutive days before turning it over to another trio. Week after week, the cycle repeats itself. Because the needs and risks are more significant at night, five nurses will work three consecutive days in shifts. By increasing the number of nurses available at night, the workload and demand are reduced. Additionally, the additional nurses will decrease the likelihood of work being borne out, ensuring that the patient receives the best possible care. The team appears to be balanced, and tasks are being carried out well. The nursing team will provide some positive results following the deployment of this new staffing strategy. Furthermore, the quality of treatment offered is predicted to improve as nurses are able to devote sufficient time to each patient’s condition. The mathematical expectation is that the patient’s risk of death will decrease by 25% due to improved collaboration. Additionally, there is a possibility of receiving no remuneration because the work is done flawlessly and without any issues that may develop following completion. The nurses’ enthusiasm and a well-planned timetable will ensure that they work on time, resulting in on-time delivery. Staff perceptions of their workload should also improve as required objectives are met. Most certainly, opinion will improve by 15%, which is a significant improvement (Alali, 2020). Consequently, the budget is likely to improve, resulting in significant cost savings. This demonstrates that the staff as a whole is being developed and improved. Medical errors will also decrease as a result of enhanced access to patient data by healthcare providers, which will result in the transmission of error prevention signals (Alali, 2020). The automated coding capacity will be expanded and the documentation, making it simple to keep patient information secure and accessible. Moreover, it will benefit the surrounding community and the patients, as they will receive the highest quality care. Moreover, because patient pleasure and safety are prioritized, the hospital will attract additional patients. Adjustments Based on Patient Census However, some adjustments were made to ensure that the required personnel level was achieved. The above was done to adhere to healthcare’s fiscal standards. Certain resources were in short supply, while others were abundant, demanding modifications. Connecting with essential stakeholders and educating nursing units about the project were critical. The nurse units received instruction on float and trip, as well as information on how to delegate support and RNs. Another issue was nurse inadequacy, making it difficult for nurses to manage their workloads. This created inconsistency in the staff’s teamwork, which caused management concern (Penner, 2017). A budget adjustment was required, and the addition of extra nurses, thus, increasing the cost of operating. Nurses were added to reduce the workload, which resulted in the organization attaining remarkable success. These were some of the modifications done to accomplish the objective. Despite the benefits of the staffing matrix, better planning, and enhanced workflow, the number of full-time employees increased over the budgeted level. The above scenario affected how healthcare was delivered and created specific fiscal imbalances. The resources were insufficient for the available labor, as there were more FTEs than resources available. As a result, there were more personnel than resources available. Certain nurses could not devote sufficient time to patients, hence raising the payroll bill. There was a requirement to initiate some measures aimed at resolving the problem. We choose to implement a punishment that will assist in reducing the workforce. The required number of nurses had been exceeded, necessitating a reduction. This is one strategy to employ to maintain the intended balance in healthcare. Reallocation of Resources Based on Variance Patients’ demands and groupings frequently change; therefore, adequate personnel levels may not be maintained. Some nurses were laid off, resulting in a reduction in expenditures that can be used to procure high-quality resources. A thorough investigation of the healthcare workflow is required before this can be implemented successfully. I conducted a standard round of audits and rounding before letting go of a few employees to save money. The acquisition of more medical equipment will allow for the proper functioning of healthcare, resulting in better patient care (Penner, 2017. This shift will be increased, and some of the FTEs will be assigned to this position. As a result, healthcare costs will be reduced, and revenues will be more evenly distributed. Conclusion In conclusion, it is critical to use the personnel matrix and reflect on the organization’s performance. As a result, the organization can better achieve its objectives and avoid unnecessary misunderstandings. There is no waste of time or human resources. One of the most important things to keep in mind while planning an event is managing your time, which was done successfully. As a result, the business runs well, and everyone feels at ease at work. There is no underutilization because the matrix specifies the number of FTEs needed. The matrix prevents resource and human resource duplication, allowing for more efficient use of available resources. The healthcare industry has seen considerable success thanks to implementing the matrix. References Alali, M. S. (2020). Staffing level, wages and banks financial performance. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics , 180 , 48-53. Web. Paulsen, R. (2018). Taking nurse-staffing research to the unit level. Nursing Management , 49 (7), 42-48. Web. Penner, S. J. (2017). Economics and financial management for nurses and nurse leaders . (3 rd Ed.). Springer Publishing Company. Riley, Y., Stitt, J., Hill, C., Stutzman, S., Venkatachalam, A., Aguilera, V., & Ifejika, N. (2021). Implementation of the MATRIX staffing grid improves nurse satisfaction with rehabilitation unit staffing. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing , 53 (4), 183-187. Web.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The text discusses a staffing model for a 30-bed skilled nursing facility. The model is based on the acuity-based patient model and it plays essential functions in regulating the sum of nurses on duty ac. This model is the most appropriate in a 30-bed acute inpatient room.

The text discusses a staffing model for a 30-bed skilled nursing facility. The model is based on the acuity-based patient model and it plays essential functions in regulating the sum of nurses on duty ac. This model is the most appropriate in a 30-bed acute inpatient room.

Staffing Model for a 30-Bed Skilled Nursing Facility Essay Introduction Staffing is typically a day-of-operations function where designated persons evaluate and ascertain the adjustment ratio of nurses to patients. Ordinarily, recruitment processes look no further than 24 hours or 48 hours before a shift. Conscription models contain data about resources, processes, goods, and consumers (Johnson, 2018). Enlistment can be centralized or decentralized; If one uses centralized enrollment, each unit is accountable for all components, including the float workforce. Decentralized enrolment allows the centralizer (nurse practitioners or supervisors) to determine dismissal levels before and during shifts. Staffing Tools Employment tools help firms manage core processes to achieve product and customer goals. Therefore, nurse mobilization frameworks are guidelines that determine the capacity of nurses needed to care for patients (Johnson, 2018). Nurse-to-patient proportions, or the number of people per nurse, are often used in nurse enlistment models. The maximum number of customers per nurse varies by state, and some states require staff nurses to participate in policymaking on facility-level staffing committees. When other factors remain constant, more patients per nurse lead to more negative outcomes for those patients. Since patient care and care facilities vary, distinct nurse staffing approaches are applied in various situations. Staffing Organizations Model The staffing organizational model begins with the organization’s mission, goals, and objectives. It then continues to organizational, HR, and staffing strategies. According to the concept, the staffing model will enhance interaction between the organizational objectives, HR, and personnel strategy. Employees must have specific talents, expertise, and abilities that they can provide to the company (‘Staffing Organizations Model”, 2022). So, while it’s necessary to speak the business’s language to the extent that finance underpins it, the personnel need also to understand what they can offer that the rest of the organization may not be aware of and what they will discover at the base of the structure. A Description of the Chosen Staffing Model Healthcare amenities play a significant role in offering quality care, which improves patient results. Sufficient staffing levels among nurses in various hospitals are directly related to reducing patient mortality rates and contributing to enhanced results. Additionally, possessing various but specific hospitals can cause danger to patient conditions. Even though various staffing models exist, the acuity-based model is the most appropriate in a 30-bed acute inpatient room. Patient acuity denotes patient care necessities, and the model is primarily utilized since it measures the nursing intensity that patients at particular healthcare facilities require. The acuity-based patient model plays essential functions in regulating the sum of nurses on duty according to the needs of patients, excluding their numbers (Long, 2020). Instead of establishing an absolute patient-care ratio, acuity-based nurse staffing assigns specific patients to clinicians depending on the severity of care needed. It is possible to calculate the intervention required for each person based on their medical diagnosis and illnesses, but a preferred system enables an unbiased acuity rating. The Patient Acuity-Based Model The patient acuity-based model considers it illegal to develop the number of health practitioners needed in acute inpatient units depending on the patient’s capacities. For instance, while various patients in a particular hospital may be discharged, others may be in critical conditions that require close monitoring. The ABSM is critical in managing issues associated with low NPR. The framework allows considering the variables that impact low staff numbers from various perspectives (Long, 2020). A deeper examination of the proposed methodology helps fix the problem by locating each nurse. The low personnel is also addressed by specifying the intensity of nursing professionals per section to address the concerns of sick people with varying health records. Identifying the nurses’ skills and knowledge will help them assign tasks efficiently. Significance of the Model The stipulated step will reduce workplace burnout in a nursing facility because each clinician will be provided with a series of jobs that they can handle. The model also allows for rethinking time management. The ABSM concentrates on allocating appropriate time to complete each assignment on time (Long, 2020). As a consequence, the risk of delays is greatly reduced. The desired outcome will significantly reduce adverse patient outcomes. More cohesive time planning will also allow nurses to sleep to do their jobs efficiently. The model helps reform the current tactic of time administration by resettling nurses and reallocating their assignments. Acuity-based staffing takes care complexity into account. Consideration of the Model Those in charge of staffing must consider extra as far as how long it would take to administer medication, assess, or take vital signs. The task-based approach to nursing may undermine the entire extent of the nursing profession. Instead, the acuity-based hiring process should consider the scope of practice and time required to maintain standards. It must allow nurses to complete all tasks assigned to them (Long, 2020). A nurse who only focuses on specific interventions may underestimate the total nursing care required. Instead, she could perhaps consider each component within that applicability to properly plan the time needed for each patient. Quality Measures and Other Information Used to Identify the Best Staffing Model The most popular staffing measurement is recruitment and hiring costs, but turnover and retention are also used frequently. Recruiter workload, market activity, and unfilled positions are other staffing metrics (Gillkin, 2020). These metrics often determine a company’s staffing methods and hiring needs. Hiring performance measures and administration costs are examples of staffing metrics. Overtime rates, total payroll costs, labor costs per unit of service, and nonproductive labor costs are standard metrics (usually often medical vacation and leave). Cost measures are easily benchmarked across industries and organizations. To avoid replacing outgoing employees, many big firms focus on maintaining existing staff by improving productivity and efficiency. Typical Metrics Typical metrics include annualized turnover, the average cost per hire, and time to hire. Unproductive workers drive up prices, so managers strive for maximum efficiency (Gillkin, 2020). It is calculated by multiplying the things an employed person is doing in a given period by the number of hours worked (Penner, 2017). Businesses can create assertive UOS aims to reduce costs and increase worker productivity. Based on the sector, vendor or other partner satisfaction may be necessary. Per-employ Profitability is critical for any successful business, so tracking revenue per employee is critical and is obtained by dividing total revenue by total employees. This computation measures employee contribution to the result and the price of a missing worker’s high turnover (Penner, 2017). The Staffing Model’s Budgetary Implications Significant nurse staffing advantages both nurses and patients without injuring hospital funds. The “acuity patient-based” model optimizes resources, saving money and waste. Acuity-based staffing reduces mortality, adverse events, and hospitalizations (Penner, 2017). “Acuity-based systems maximize patient and nursing outcomes while lowering costs,” Individual nurses can be tracked for cost, quality, and performance using sophisticated acuity-based staffing systems. Thus, better complex healthcare results can be obtained (Penner, 2017). Recognizing variability in patient care and providing funds that can contest a patient’s requirements to the competencies of registered nurses, all in a healthy environment, will help in improving our healthcare systems (Paulsen, 2018). A Plan for Continuously Monitoring the Acuity-Based Patient Model Effectiveness and Efficiency Continuous improvement includes monitoring and evaluating, which occur in a determinative and collective way in semiannual frequency. Workforce preparation shall happen in every exchange in total to create a strategic course. ′ Afterward, workforce valuation shall befall to regulate skill breaches and development to safeguard the efficacy of the prototypical. To attain the plan, a strategy to be adopted will be chosen, then assessing and analyzing the workforce (Penner, 2017). “Plan, do, study, and act” will ensure the model’s effectiveness. Every changeover should include workforce planning as well as strategic direction. After that, a workforce assessment will be conducted to identify skill gaps and plan for the model’s success. Conclusion The acuity-based patient model is critical in limiting the total number of nurses on duty based on the needs of patients rather than their numbers. Developing the number of health practitioners needed in acute inpatient units based on the patient’s capacity is prohibited; hence will allow for the staffing of the 30-bed infrastructure by experts and trained personnel. Critical quality criteria used to determine a company’s staffing methods and hiring requirements include productivity, labor expenses, satisfaction, recruiting, and retention. The model will be reviewed and evaluated regularly to ensure effectiveness. The “acuity patient-based” strategy maximizes resources while reducing waste and saving money. Staffing based on acuity lowers mortality, adverse events, and hospitalizations. References Gillkin, J. (2020). Four Common Types of Staffing Metrics . Web. Johnson, E. (2018). Nursing staffing and patient outcomes. Integrated Studies . 130 , 4-15. Web. Long, N. (2020). Acuity-Based Staffing: Improving Patient Outcomes and Staff Satisfaction . Web. Paulsen, R. A. (2018). Taking nurse staffing research to the unit level. Nursing Management , 49(7), 42. Penner, S. J. (2017). Economics and financial management for nurses and nurse leaders (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing. Staffing Organizations Model . Cdn.citl.illinois.edu. (2022). Web.

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Write an essay about: This paper aims to propose an innovative treatment program that incorporates substance abuse treatment, family treatment, and an ambitious juvenile diversion program to provide holistic treatment to adolescent drug user exhibiting delinquent behaviors.

This paper aims to propose an innovative treatment program that incorporates substance abuse treatment, family treatment, and an ambitious juvenile diversion program to provide holistic treatment to adolescent drug user exhibiting delinquent behaviors.

An Innovative Treatment Program for Adolescent Female Substance Users Essay Introduction Researchers have cited the high rate of illicit drug use, misuse, and dependence as one of the foremost triggers of adolescent morbidity and mortality in the U.S., and a critical primary public health challenge facing the youth across the world (Sussman et al., 2008; Meyers et al., 2010). In one study conducted in 2004, the proportions of 8 th , 10 th , and 12 th graders who disclosed that they had engaged in some form of illicit drug use and abuse in the preceding 12 months were 15%, 31%, and 39%, respectively, with subsequent studies on the population demonstrating that these data have not oscillated by more than 2% since the original study was concluded (Sussman et al., 2008). In substance use and addiction, a number of studies have focused on the critical role played by family environments in the development and entrenchment of adolescent drug problems (Hogue & Liddle, 2009). As a result, clinical practice guidelines for adolescent drug treatment programs put forth by interested stakeholders underline the significance of involving care givers, family, and members of informal networks in which the drug user subscribes. The problem of adolescent drug use, dependence, and abuse is even more entrenched in American juvenile correctional facilities, with various studies demonstrating evidence that the prevalence of substance use disorders is disproportionately high among incarcerated adolescents (Dembo et al., 2004; Erickson & Butters, 2005). A holistic treatment program for adolescent drug abusers, therefore, need to incorporate a juvenile diversion program that not only effectively intervene with these youth and their families, but also provides a framework through which to deal with the system inefficiencies that are characteristic of the many agencies that interact with these adolescents (Cocozza et al., 2005). It is against this background that this paper aims to propose an innovative treatment program that incorporates substance abuse treatment, family treatment, and an ambitious juvenile diversion program to provide holistic treatment to adolescent drug user exhibiting delinquent behaviors. Offender Population This innovative treatment program will target adolescent girls between the ages of 11 and 19 with a recorded diagnosis of substance use, misuse, and dependence, and exhibiting delinquent behaviors. It is a well known fact that substance abuse disorders among adolescent girls often co-occur with other mental and emotional health disorders, including depression, suicide ideation, stress, and anxiety (Nissen, 2006), not mentioning the fact that mental and emotional health disorders further complicate and exacerbate the psychological suffering related to substance abuse disorders among this particular group of the population (Dembo et al., 2004). Moreover, substance use, misuse, and abuse have been positively correlated to recidivism among female juvenile offenders (Ericson & Butters, 2005). These disclosures inform the need to develop the integrative treatment program. Addressing the Risks and Special Needs of Offenders The main objective of this treatment program is to modify the behaviors of adolescent girls with the twin purposes of strengthening their resolve to abstain from drugs and curtailing further involvement in delinquent behaviors. In order to modify substance abusing and delinquent behaviors, this innovative program will purposely target modifiable risk factors that are to a large extent linked to the formation and progression of these behaviors. Dembo et al (2004) and Sussman et al (2008) identify parent-child conflict, unsuccessful parenting practices, negative socialization processes, deviant peer association, academic challenges, insufficient cognitive and social skills, distress linked to past victimization, and leisure and social activities related to disruptive behavior, as some of the risk factors that are directly or indirectly associated with drug dependence and other delinquent behaviors. According to Erickson & Butters (2005), “…youth who are detained in custodial institutions may have treatments needs identified around their use of drugs and their mental health, as well as other areas that may need attention” (p. 958). Cocozza et al (2005) observes that adolescents involved with the juvenile justice system usually exhibits unique needs that require the attention of other service systems, including psychological and mental health drug user treatment, social support, child welfare, re-socialization, and other social services agencies. The family system and juvenile assessment centers will be used to identify the risk factors and special needs of the adolescent drug users. Upon systematic and standardized screening and evaluation of the youth, a decision-tree model will be used to basically establish a level of need and risk for each adolescent with the intention of linking them to appropriate treatment services and supervision (Cocozza et al., 2005). Family history and occurrences of delinquency will be evaluated using the family model to establish the risk factors and special needs of these youth (Hogue & Liddle, 2009). Adolescents drug users who score high on needs evaluation and risks evaluation will be placed in a high need/risk category and referred to the most intensive treatment and interventions principally designed to attend to their substance abuse and psychological/mental health needs as well as their delinquent risk factors (Cocozza et al., 2005). It is proposed that these youth be sent to a highly structured in-home family intervention services to achieve successful treatment. To address the risks and needs facing this sub-set of the population, it is proposed that the in-home family intervention strategies utilize the cognitive-behavioral therapy and a therapeutic community model of service delivery. According to Hall et al (2008), cognitive-behavioral therapy is grounded on the proposition that thoughts, value systems, mores, beliefs, attitudes, expectations, and emotional experiences individually or collectively determines an individual’s behavioral orientation, and that the formed orientation principally determines the individual’s thought system and emotional experiences. Consequently, this therapy is central to any behavior modification process aimed at dealing with high-risk adolescent female offenders in addition to addressing their special needs. These outcomes will be achieved through teaching the offenders about the thought-emotion-behavior link and availing to them techniques and approaches that could be employed to modify their distorted and often defective mind-sets, viewpoints, and attitudes, hence altering their maladaptive behavior or responses (Dembo et al., 2004). Indeed, most prevention and cessation strategies against substance abuse encourage “…adoption of new, healthy behavior” (Sussman et al., 2008, p. 1807). Schroder et al (2009) observe that the therapeutic community model is particularly effective in modifying and reinforcing behavior in that it not only provide intensive and all-inclusive services that empower the target group to actively participate in the management of the program, but it also provides a framework through which services aimed at behavior modification can be implemented in a self-contained residential community, effectively limiting contact between the target group and the rest of the population. As such, therapeutic community meetings will afford the incarcerated girls included in the program with a framework to share aspects of treatment that have borne positive outcomes, share testimonies of growth, and, most important, make use of the framework to confront peers for the purpose of problem solving and developing ideas and solutions to challenges or situations that are affecting the whole group. Lastly, Gender-specific services will be offered by underlining the unique needs of girls and their development, assisting them to develop a vision, and by assessing the influence and importance of societal relationships, empowerment, and independence. Likewise, adolescent drugs users who score moderate ranges of need assessment and risk assessment will be referred to less intensive services and interventions intended to modify behavior. Here, it is recommended that the youth be subjected to individual, group, and family counseling that utilize the biopsychosocial/spiritual model of substance use and addiction and the therapeutic community model. Formulated in 1977 by Engel, this model principally highlights the significance of the interaction among biological, psychological, and social aspects in modifying behavior (Nissen, 2006). In addition, this model brings into the fore the spiritual needs of individuals, especially in respect to the meaning and value that these individuals attach to their lives, hence its importance in addressing the risk factors and needs associated with these offenders. Lastly, adolescent drug users with very minimal ranges of need and risk assessments will be sanctioned, counseled, and released. Service Providers & Team Members involved in Treatment The service providers for this program include extensively trained and skilled primary care physicians, psychologists, psychiatric nurses, religious leaders, behavioral therapists, social workers, and substance abuse counselors. Primary care providers and psychiatrist nurses will function to assess the offenders about any preexisting medical conditions, while psychologists, behavioral therapists and substance abuse counselors will use the theoretical frameworks described in this paper to modify and reinforce behavior. The religious leaders will offer the much needed spiritual and emotional nourishment while social workers will be tasked with the role of following the treatment progress upon the release of these offenders from detention. The team members will consist of selected members of staff of the juvenile correctional facilities, police, members of the offender population, and their parents. Addressing Potential Complications during the Implementation Phase It is expected that complications will arise during the implementation phase of a drug use treatment program, especially one that deals with the rehabilitation of delinquent youth (Erickson & Butters, 2005). Some of the offenders, for instance, may not readily agree that they have a problem that needs to be solved, while others may drop out of the treatment program before the desired outcomes are achieved. Relapsing into previous behaviors is also expected. Complications in substance user screening may present in juvenile assessment centers due to lack of objective assessment instruments and risk assessment tools (Cocozza et al., 2005). To address the potential complications in substance user screening in juvenile screening center, this innovative program will utilize a standardized, normed, and psychometrically viable screening and assessment tools that could effectively be used to evaluate the needs and risk factors of this group of the population. The utilization of a decision-tree model will solve any presenting challenges in needs and risks assessment as well as in allocating resources to the adolescents (Cocozza et al., 2005). To ensure adherence to the treatment program, law enforcement authorities and the family members will be involved. To further eliminate needs and risk-factors miscomprehension, service providers will conduct rigorous and comprehensive evaluations that cover psychological and medical challenges, perceived learning deficiencies, family functioning, and other components of the offenders’ lives with the intention of developing a solid foundation of their background and the best ways to deal with the challenges presenting (Nissen, 2006). It is also necessary for the service providers to develop a climate of trust and mutual respect as this might optimally engage and retain the adolescents in treatment. Lastly, the program will put in place effective follow-up strategies to avoid relapse (Sussman et al., 2008). Case Study Example of the Program in Practice Some strategies of this multi-component innovative drug use treatment program have been piloted in several juvenile correctional facilities and found to be effective in assisting adolescent female offenders to shed off their old ineffective behaviors and maladaptive mind-sets and embrace drug-free living. In the piloting of the therapeutic community model, for instance, it was agreed that daily one-hour community sessions were to be lead by the female drug abusers forming the group, and each was allocated a session. The task of the service providers was to encourage and support the girls to discuss and share aspects of treatment that were bearing positive outcomes and those that were hard to follow. The girls were also encouraged to share their testimonies of growth on daily basis for a period of two months. In these meetings, the service providers also took time to educate the girls about family conflicts, peer association, effects of drugs, and how to develop adaptive coping strategies. The girls were also educated on self empowerment and how to confront some stereotypes which had been highlighted during the sessions as stress-points for the girls. Additionally, the girls were encouraged to confront their friends for the purpose of problem solving and developing solutions to drug-related challenges that were affecting the whole group. After the lapse of the two months of sustained therapeutic meetings, an assessment was done to determine how the behaviors of these young female offenders had been modified. It was found that around 65 percent of girls in the group had developed strong coping mechanisms, and had replaced their previously overwhelming drug use requirement with more focused, mature, and responsible behaviors. Three follow-up visits by the social workers upon the integration of the girls back into the society showed that only 8 percent developed recidivism. This demonstrates that the therapeutic community model is effective in assisting young female drug users to get out of the destructive habit and develop new and effective behaviors and thought patterns. According to Sussman et al (2008), such a treatment approach limits the nature of addiction whilst fostering the patient’s mental capacity to sustain will power. How the Treatment Program can utilize a Case Management Approach Most studies in drug use treatment programs agree that a case management approach is more appropriate in the treatment of drug abusers by virtue of the fact that these people have individualized needs that need to be met for the program to bear fruit (Rhodes & Gross, 1997). According to Sussman et al (2008), individuals in drug use treatment programs need to be considered along variables such as ethnicity, gender, drug use history, social-environmental contexts, and access or receptivity to different treatment options, hence the need for an enhanced intervention strategy. It is imperative to note that substance addicts are faced with a set of unique barriers and challenges. Rhodes & Gross (1997) observes that this group of the population has “…the reputation of being the least desirable group with which to work, the most unstable, the most uncooperative, and the least understood” (p. 3). This observation informs the need to utilize a case management approach to provide a comprehensive individualized treatment program for the incarcerated adolescent female drug abusers. Although some elements of case management approach have been incorporated elsewhere in this paper, it is imperative to mention that this treatment program will utilize the components of assessment, treatment planning, monitoring, counseling therapy, social support, linkage, and advocacy to avail to the adolescent offenders a comprehensive individualized treatment program (Rhodes & Gross, 1997). Participation in the program will not be done using coercive means so as to achieve maximum outcomes. The program is at liberty to hire case managers, who will then identify and bring into the team skilled supervisory staff (service providers) in addition to arranging for their training. It is believed that such a team will be effective in providing a comprehensive individualized treatment program for the offenders, particularly through undertaking needs assessment, treatment planning, counseling therapy, social support, effective follow-up, and clinical monitoring. Conclusion From the statistics cited in this paper, it is evident that a significant number of youth needs professional assistance to drop their drug dependence and other delinquent behaviors (Nissen, 2006). This paper has elaborated on an innovative treatment program which makes use of the biopsychosocial model, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and the therapeutic community model to assist adolescent female offenders shed off their drug-dependent behavior. The proposed model also takes into heart the developmental concerns of the girls in order to form a solid background through which this group can be empowered to develop adaptive coping strategies to the challenges facing them, and which in most occasions leads them into drug use and delinquency. A case study of one of the components of the treatment program has indeed demonstrated that the program can be effective in reinforcing drug-free behavior. Reference List Cocozza, J.J., Veysey, B.M., Chapin, D.A., Dembo, R., Walters, W., & Farina, S. (2005). Diversion from the juvenile justice system. The Miami-Dade juvenile assessment center post arrest diversion program. Substance Use & Misuse, 40 (7), 935-951. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Database. Dembo, R., Schmeidler, J., & Walters, W. (2004). Juvenile assessment centers: An innovative approach to identify and respond youth with substance abuse and related problems entering the justice system. In A.R. Roberts (Eds.), Juvenile justice sourcebook: Past, present, and future . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Erickson, P.G., & Butters, J.E. (2005). How does the Canadian Juvenile system respond to detained youth with substance use associated problems? Gaps, challenges, and emerging Issues. Substance Use & Misuse, 40 (7), 953-973. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Database. Hall, J.A., Smith, D.C., Easton, S.D., Hyonggin, A., Williams, J.K…Mijin, J. (2008). Substance abuse treatment with rural adolescents: Issues and outcomes. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 40 (1), 109-120. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Database. Hogue, A., & Liddle, H.A. (2009). Family-based treatment for adolescent substance abuse: Controlled trials and new horizons in services research. Journal of Family Therapy, 31 (2), 126-154. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Database. Meyers, R.J., Roozen, H.G., & Smith, J.E. (2010). The community reinforcement approach: An update of the evidence. Alcohol Research & Health, 33 (4), 380-388. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier Database Nissen, L. (2006). Effective adolescent substance abuse treatment in juvenile justice settings: Practice and policy recommendations. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 23 (3), 298-315. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Database. Rhodes, W., & Gross, M. (1997). Case management reduces drug use and criminality among drug-involved arrestees: An experimental study of an HIV prevention Intervention . Retrieved from < https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/155281.pdf > Schroder, R., Sellman, D., Frampton, C., & Deering, D. (2009). Youth retention: Factors associated with treatment drop-out from youth alcohol and other drug treatment. Drug & Alcohol review, 28 (6), 662-668. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Database. Sussman, S., Skora, S., & Amos, S.L. (2008). Substance abuse among adolescents. Substance Use & Misuse, 43 (12/13), 1802-1828. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Database.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The article discusses the need for established space lanes in order to prevent accidents involving space faring vehicles.The article discusses the need for established space lanes in order to prevent accidents involving space faring vehicles.

The article discusses the need for established space lanes in order to prevent accidents involving space faring vehicles. The article discusses the need for established space lanes in order to prevent accidents involving space faring vehicles.

An Observation on the Necessity of Established Space Lanes Essay (Article) Introduction As humanity has begun to explore his home system through the use of nuclear fission propulsion technology as a method of effective space travel the privatization and proliferation of various space faring vehicles due to the technology reaching its build out completion has created a sudden boom in the number of space faring craft. This in effect has created a worrying trend wherein due to the inherent nature of inter-solar objects such as asteroids, meteors, comets and micrometeorites, various private vehicles have in effect been subject to sudden jarring impacts radically altering courses or in the worst possible cases causing a subsequent malfunction in the nuclear energy source causing leakage and the subsequent death of the ship’s passengers. While nuclear fission propulsion technology utilizes Uranium 235 as an effective means of creating minor nuclear bursts of energy without having to utilize massive multistage rockets the fact remains that its use is isolated to outer space due to the fact that even minor nuclear explosions on the surface of Earth are considered a danger to the continued health and well-being of people within the immediately area (Reisz and Rodgers, 50). The process starts with a tiny nuclear fuel cube being exposed to an activation matrix composed of neutrinos and electrons in order to “excite” the atoms within the already unstable piece of nuclear material (Reisz and Rodgers, 50). Once a sufficient level of neutrinos and electron streams has engulfed the cube the process utilizes a multistage explosion utilizing various forms of fissile material in order to trigger a small nuclear explosion at the back of the ship (Fittje and Buehrle, 502 – 504). This explosion is usually several million degrees in temperature (3.2 million to be exact) and through the use of an electron stream is encouraged to eject its energy outward following the path of the electrons (Fittje et al., 503 – 508). This in effect creates a chain reaction which incites forward motion and propels the ship towards a given destination at speeds previously unheard of for space faring vehicles (Grandin et al., 26 – 30). Composite materials made out of nano-weave (created through the use of nanomachines and high tensile nanofiber) and titanium X22 (titanium support beams combined with artificial diamonds) have enabled radiation to be effectively sealed off from a ship’s passengers (Zweben, 37). The fact remains though that such materials were never meant to take direct impacts from asteroids a few kilometers across. In fact any given time, numerous planetoids composed of rock, dirt and various minerals proliferate the area between space and planets (Zweben, 37). While some are quite obvious the fact remains that several objects move at varying speeds through space in effect creating obstacles from one point to another. One of the detrimental effects of nuclear fission propulsion technology is that from a rudimentary perspective it is effective in getting an object from one point to so long as the route is in effect a straight line. Course corrections can be made however these take time and with the sheer speed a ship moves at within a given hour (30,000 miles per hour) the ability to effectively create a course correction is inhibited by the fact that an approaching interplanetary object could be moving at a certain velocity as well and due to its sheer size may in effect impact a ship faster than course corrections can be made (Lenard 404 – 408). Within the past 20 years ever since the privatization of space travel has been put into effect there has been a notable rise in the sheer amount of accidents wherein ineffective course corrections have been attempted resulting in the death of passengers and crew. While this paper doesn’t disparage the recent boom in the space travel industry it does criticize the reckless abandon of several space travel agencies that leave at nearly any given time in order to get their passengers from one location to another. Established routes have not been created resulting in an increasing amount of accidents as space travel has grown in popularity. While emergency rescue missions can be mounted the fact remains that upon arrival most ships have either drifted so close to a planet that they are engulfed by a planet’s gravity and burn up in the chromospheres or the impact has jarred the ship in such a way that the occupants are exposed to background radiation in space as well as radiation from the propulsion technology itself resulting in their subsequent deaths. It is due to this that this paper proposes the creation of various signal buoys that can be placed at various areas in order to effectively create interplanetary highways and an advanced early warning system in order to alert ships of incoming objects before they get too close to avoid. Such a system will utilize traditional solar panel technology within areas close to the sun however will have to utilize nuclear fusion reactors in areas closer to the outer planets due to the lack of solar energy (Theodorakos, 72). It is expected that through the strategic placement of possibly millions of these buoys through the solar system that an effective trajectory system can be created wherein routes can be planned out before execution thus preventing future deaths as a result of reckless course trajectories (Janssens van der Ha, 778 – 780). Feasibility and Application The use of signal buoys has actually been a technology that has been utilized on Earth for hundreds of years in order to help ships orient themselves near landmasses. In fact the basis of this particular proposal is based off the design utilized in a light house wherein the constantly rotating energy beam helps ships to know when they are close to a particular land mass. While it is infeasible to place signal devices on every single type of moving object in space what is feasible is the creation of a moving method of detection in order to observe when a particular object is close by. While the use of traditional radar systems is ineffective in space what can be used is a projected gamma wave originating from a rotating gamma energy projected on a buoy. What this does is in effect project two separate gamma radiation beams in two directions in order to seek out large masses in space such as asteroids, comets etc (Razzaque et al., 611 – 615). The reason behind the use of gamma radiation is simple, due to the property of gamma rays wherein the propensity for absorption by a particular object is directly affected by the degree of thickness of the object’s various layers this means that the mass of a particular object can be determined through the level of penetration of the gamma ray beam (Lisitskiy, 103927). A gamma ray buoy can use sensors to determine the degree of penetration of a particular object when a ray encounters it and transmit the information to satellites in order for the information to be relayed to a combined early warning system/course plotter in order to determine a path that avoids certain special masses within a given area (Razzaque et al., 611 – 615). While there are concerns regarding the potential for such satellites inadvertently exposing the passengers of ships to deadly gamma radiation the fact remains that the hulls of all ships are composed of effective lead, titanium and nanofiber shielding that they in effect block all forms of radiation from entering the ship. Solar and Space Weather Phenomenon Affecting Detection Grid The inherent problem with inter-solar (referring to within a solar system) communication is the fact that solar weather and sudden changes in the Sun’s activity can in effect interrupt or delay transmission resulting in possible problems from cropping up in the detection system. Solar wind is a stream of charged particles consisting of protons and electrons originating from the upper atmosphere of the Sun, has been known to cause significant problems for inter-solar communication systems (Lemaire, 20 – 23). The reason behind this is the fact that the charged protons and electrons originating from solar wind in effect creates an ionic discharge from electrical components when the protons and electrons interact within the differently charged electrical equipment usually resulting in up to 1000 volts of static electricity building up as a result of the interaction between the electrical components and the charged particles (Bhardwaj, 526 – 527). As a result of this interaction a significant electrical charge builds up resulting in a subsequent overload of the system as the degree of exposure increases. While such a phenomenon is rare in various communication systems within planetary atmospheres, systems located near the sun have in effect a higher degree of exposure thus a greater likelihood of sudden electrical surges frying the system (Bhardwaj, 526 – 527). Even in cases where the stream of charged particles reaches the outer planets there is still a significant risk of the charged particles negatively affecting equipment which in some cases has been shown to subsequently shut down as a result of an electrical surge due to sudden outburst of high heat from the interaction resulting in 1000 kelvin or more in released temperatures.(Bhardwaj, 526 – 527). While proper shielding can be utilized this is often expensive and limits the number of space buoys that can be released due to the added cost. On the other hand it must be noted that cases of solar wind directly affecting equipment in space are not as high as one may think and as such this could be considered an acceptable margin for equipment error when taking into consideration the number of buoys that can be released. Further examination of other space weather phenomena show that geomagnetic storms which are a result of either solar wind or a coronal mass ejection are capable of creating disturbances in a planet’s magnetosphere resulting in possible fluctuations in the ability of signals to properly transmit (Pandey et al., 366). While this doesn’t affect space buoys located up to 20 to 30 million miles from interplanetary bodies, buoys located near Venus, Saturn, Jupiter and other celestial bodies may be affected if their orbits are close enough to the planet. The true problem with geomagnetic storms lies in their ability to increase the solar ultraviolet emission heat in the upper atmosphere of various planets by up to 1,000 Kelvin or more which in effect causes them to expand. Buoys located near massive planets such as Jupiter and Saturn which already have a significant gravitational pull may cause the buoys to crash into the planets themselves as a result of the upper atmosphere expanding due to the increased heat resulting in the deterioration of the orbits of satellites in orbit around the planetary body (Lago et al., 69). It must be noted that course adjustments can be utilized in order to maintain a proper geosynchronous orbit however this requires constant vigilance and due to the sheer number of satellites involved will require a secondary system in order to ensure that buoys are within their proper orbits. Finally, in regard to buoys located near the inner planets a certain degree of concern must be entailed for the sudden occurrence of solar flares from the sun. Solar flares can be described as an event wherein the plasma located in the sun is heated to tens of millions of Kelvins resulting in a sudden brightening and the release of energy from the sun’s surface (McGregor, 195). Another factor that must be taken into consideration is the fact that most solar flares can reach lengths of several million miles as well as widths of up to 3 million miles or more. The inherent problem with such an event is that it releases electrons, protons, various ions as well as gamma rays into the surrounding environment (Malandraki, 309). For a system that utilizes gamma rays as a method of detection wherein a single beam of high intensity gamma radiation can reach 5 to 6 million miles in total detection area a solar flare can in effect blind most systems or cause a sudden malfunction over a long period of time. This sudden blind could enable large objects in space such as comets and asteroids to all of a sudden escape detection systems due to their ability to travel several kilometers within a few seconds. It is due to this that buoys located near the sun need to take into account solar flares as the cause of sudden malfunctions and adjust accordingly. Planetary Characteristics and their Infeasibility as Possible Detection Platforms So far it has been established that outer space has various detrimental effects that hamper the ability to create a detection network capable of finding large free floating objects in space. It must be noted that even though there are various difficulties in establishing such networks in space the fact remains that attempting to create a network utilizing a planetary base such as Earth could prove to be a far more arduous affair. Current methods of detecting objects in space from a planet are actually not that far removed from technologies established in the early 21st century since it was only in the mid 21st century that nuclear fission propulsion was invented. As such methods of detecting large free floating bodies in space involve the use of radio signals, planetary and atmosphere based telescopes as well as various forms of laser detection systems. The problem with utilizing such systems is the delay in which the data can be properly created and mapped. Not only that, such methods of detection cannot account for the majority of free floating objects in space and as such is an inefficient method of detection. While it has been proposed in the past that establishing observation sites on various planets and combining the data gathered could be an effective means of “mapping” the various objects in the solar system there are certain problems with the condition of various worlds that make this proposal high unfeasible. For example, establishing an observation platform on the surface of Mercury entails having to deal with the 700 Kelvin temperatures that the surface is regularly subjected to resulting in not only the possibility of damage to the equipment but its close proximity to the sun means that it is in the direct line of sight for a vast majority of solar cosmic rays, solar waves as well as solar proton events which have the possibility of causing electrical malfunctions in even the most well protected equipment (Wang and Ip, 34). Venus is also a terrible choice to place an observation platform due to the fact that it has a dense atmosphere composed of carbon dioxide and clouds containing sulfuric acid (Gasparri, 72). Not only that, its surface is well known for having significant levels of volcanic activity which makes establishing an observation platform on the planet nearly impossible without the danger of subsequent eruptions destroying the equipment installed (Gasparri, 72). While the surface of Mars may seem to be an ideal site for an observation platform due to its relatively thin atmosphere and the absence of volcanic activity the fact remains that accumulated data has shown that Martian dust storms that occur regularly are highly corrosive due to the nature of the Martian soil (Millour, 504). Gathered data shows that the average Martian dust storm can corrode even free standing steel structures over a period of time and as such this shows that Mars would not be an ideal location for an observation platform as well (Millour, 504). Jupiter and Saturn are also out of the question due to the fact that the level of gravitational force evident when entering their respective atmospheres would crush any equipment that could be set up there (Barrow and Matcheva, 609). Conclusion Based on the data presented it can be seen that the best and most feasible method of implementing set space lanes and an early warning system for space faring objects is to establish a buoy system within the in-between the distances travelled by ships. While such a system could be vulnerable to the effects of solar weather and other forms of local solar environmental effects that fact remains that its implementation would help to save lives and this can be considered an effect means of promoting safe space travel. Works Cited Alisson Lago, et al. “Interplanetary Origin of Intense, Superintense and Extreme Geomagnetic Storms.” Space Science Reviews 158.1 (2011): 69-89. Academic Search Premier . EBSCO. Web. Barrow, Daniel, and Katia I. Matcheva. “Impact of atmospheric gravity waves on the jovian ionosphere.” ICARUS 211.1 (2011): 609-622. Academic Search Premier .EBSCO. Web. Bhardwaj, Anil. “X-Ray Emission from the Solar System Bodies: Connection with Solar X-Rays and Solar Wind.” AIP Conference Proceedings 1216.1 (2010): 526-531. Academic Search Premier . EBSCO. Web. Chen, Shu-cheng S., Joseph P. Veres, and James E. Fittje. “Turbopump Design and Analysis Approach for Nuclear Thermal Rockets.” AIP Conference Proceedings 813.1 (2006): 522-530. Academic Search Premier . EBSCO. Web. Ehouarn Millour, et al. “The impact of martian mesoscale winds on surface temperature and on the determination of thermal inertia.” ICARUS 212.2 (2011): 504-519. Academic Search Premier . EBSCO. Web. Fittje, James E., and Robert J. Buehrle. “Conceptual Engine System Design for NERVA derived 66.7KN and 111.2KN Thrust Nuclear Thermal Rockets.” AIP Conference Proceedings 813.1 (2006): 502-513. Academic Search Premier . EBSCO. Web. 21 May 2011. GASPARRI, DANIELE. “Beneath the Shroud of Venus.” Sky & Telescope 120.4 (2010): 72. MasterFILE Premier . EBSCO. Web. Grandin, Karl, Peter Jagers, and Sven Kullander. “Nuclear Energy.” AMBIO – A Journal of the Human Environment 39.(2010): 26-30. GreenFILE . EBSCO. Web. George Theodorakos, et al. “The Distress Alerting Satellite System.” GPS World 22.1 (2011): 72. MasterFILE Premier . EBSCO. Web. Janssens, Frank L., and Jozef C. van der Ha. “On the stability of spinning satellites.” Acta Astronautica 68.7/8 (2011): 778-789. Academic Search Premier . EBSCO. Web. Kavita Pandey, et al. “Relationship between interplanetary field/plasma parameters with geomagnetic indices and their behavior during intense geomagnetic storms.” New Astronomy 16.6 (2011): 366-385. Academic Search Premier . EBSCO. Web. 21 May 2011. Lenard, Roger X. “The advisability of prototypic testing for space nuclear systems. “ Acta Astronautica 57.2-8 (2005): 404-414. Academic Search Premier . EBSCO. Web. 21 May 2011. Lemaire, Joseph. “Convective Instability Of The Solar Corona: Why The Solar Wind Blows.” AIP Conference Proceedings 1216.1 (2010): 20-23. Academic Search Premier . EBSCO. Web. Lisitskiy, M. P. “Gamma-ray superconducting detector based on Abrikosov vortices: Principle of operation.” Journal of Applied Physics 106.10 (2009): 103927-103939. Academic Search Premier . EBSCO. Web. O. Malandraki, et al. “Particle Acceleration and Propagation in Strong Flares without Major Solar Energetic Particle Events.” Solar Physics 269.2 (2011): 309-333. Academic Search Premier . EBSCO. Web. Reisz, Aloysius I., and Stephen L. Rodgers. “Engines for the cosmos. “ Mechanical Engineering 125.1 (2003): 50. Business Source Premier . EBSCO. Web. S. McGregor, et al. “Solar Flares and Coronal Mass Ejections: A Statistically Determined Flare Flux – CME Mass Correlation.” Solar Physics 268.1 (2011): 195-212. Academic Search Premier . EBSCO. Web. S. Razzaque, et al. “The Gamma Ray Burst section of the White Paper on the Status and Future of Very High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy: A Brief Preliminary Report.” AIP Conference Proceedings 1000.1 (2008): 611-615. Academic Search Premier . EBSCO. Web. Wang, Y.-C., and W.-H. Ip. “A surface thermal model and exospheric ballistic transport code of planet Mercury.” Advances in Space Research 42.1 (2008): 34-39. Academic Search Premier . EBSCO. Web. Zweben, Carl. “ADVANCED ELECTRONIC PACKAGING MATERIALS.” AdvancedMaterials & Processes 163.10 (2005): 37. Academic Search Premier . EBSCO. Web.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The essay discusses the reality vs. imagination theme in Ambrose Bierce's "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge". It also talks about how the story plays with time and how that reflects on the author's own life.

The essay discusses the reality vs. imagination theme in Ambrose Bierce's "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge". It also talks about how the story plays with time and how that reflects on the author's own life.

Reality v. Imagination in Bierce’s “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Analysis 3. Conclusion 4. Reference Introduction ‘An Occurrence at Owl Creek’ is set in the American Civil War and tells of the execution of Peyton Farquhar, a civilian confederate sympathizer (Sparknotes.com, 2007). The story throws us to different times: the ‘present’ moment of the execution, the past that led to the execution and most notably, to an ‘imagined present’ (Sparknotes.com, 2007). But there’s is no clear distinction between the reality and the imagination if each is to be judged on its own right. Just as the real world has people who can be hungry and tired and in need, so is the world that Farquhar imagines. It is this playing around with time, this irregular time sequence that makes this story famous. From a psychoanalytic point of view, it is quite evident how Bierce’s own life is an influence to this story. Besides having himself been a soldier, Bierce was an outspoken opponent of realism, which insisted on reflecting life as it is, ‘without any subjection whatsoever to creativity of the mind (Sparknotes.com, 2007). Analysis The story is a reflection of some of the issues that Bierce seemed to have been interest in. These include: Reality versus Illusion: Bierce seemed to be of the thought that the line between reality and illusion is not a very obvious one; that these two work side by side (Sparknotes.com, 2007). Bierce, to an extent, manages to bring the audience with him into this thought. The final section, Peyton’s escape to his family, is quite believable in its own right. Of course, there’s a possibility of the reader being confused. Here’s why. The final sentence in section I is “The sergeant stepped aside” (Sparknotes.com, 2007), at this point, we expect that Farquhar is plunging to his death. Now in section III he is ‘really’ escaping to his family; the reader is caught between a fact, as told by the storyteller, and the reality of Farquhar’s escape as created by words. The confusion created by a conscious/subconscious awareness that Farquhar is plunging to his death vis-à-vis his escape, or the acceptance that he is actually escaping, are a reflection of Bierce’ success at making us see that, in spite of the gap between them, the difference between reality and illusion, what it takes to move from one to another, is not so obvious. Bierce also explores the aspect of liquidity of time (Sparknotes.com, 2007). The story moves from the present to the past and finally to the imagined. This structure reflects how fluid time is, as well as the conflict between its competing variants. Section II interrupts the continuing process of Farquhar at the edge, starting to plunge down to his death (Sparknotes.com, 2007). In section III, Peyton has gone into a completely timeless realm, free from the hands of time as counted down by the actual second-hand of a clock. Farquhar manages to do in his mind/imagination what can’t be done in the actual world within the seconds it takes him to go over the edge and the rope breaking his neck. In the end, Bierce’s seems to say that time is subjective, that it can be manipulated to suit need, as does Farquhar. Bierce’s story was seen as a breach of the traditional rules of narration, especially the ending of the story. Bierce’s conclusion is not really of the expected form as it questions the nature of resolving a story (Sparknotes.com, 2007). The conclusion here becomes a distortion of the reality as it is known; Farquhar, in a sense, manages to ‘outlive’ his execution because though his life ends in the first section, his story still extends. Bierce’s unique plotting sees conflicting versions of truth live side by side inside the same story (Sparknotes.com, 2007). In spite of this, Bierce still does his story within the conventions of literature: the story starts, develops and ends; he employs tropes such as motifs and symbols, as well as features of drama such as realism, foreshadowing and tone (Sparknotes.com, 2007). Realism involves making an imaginary world as believable as possible. For authenticity, Bierce gives a vivid and believable description of the setting at the bridge where Farquhar is to be executed: from the time to the position of planks and rope; from the positioning of the soldiers and their guns to their conduct at the ritual of execution (Sparknotes.com, 2007). Again, although the revelation at the end of Farquhar’s imagination is unexpected and shocking, Bierce, by talking of how things ‘seem’ to Farquhar as opposed to what is actually happening is a foreshadowing (helped by the change of tone) of the actual death of Farquhar. Conclusion Finally, it is quite notable the way that Bierce uses imagination to get into Farquhar’s head. Here is a dying man who does not speak his mind, he only imagines it. Yet Bierce takes the “seat of God”; that he’s able to get into Farquhar’s head (Sparknotes.com, 2007). In the end it is this fruit of imagination that brings all that makes this story different and remarkable, both in the arena of literary works, as well as for the reader. Reference Sparknotes.com. (2007). An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge. Web.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The paper discusses community development in the context of helping the youths in Clunes achieve community development. It is argued that community development is necessary in every community and that it is the process through which change is achieved. Old and obsolete activities and practices are abandoned and other upgraded and better practices are adopted.

The paper discusses community development in the context of helping the youths in Clunes achieve community development. It is argued that community development is necessary in every community and that it is the process through which change is achieved. Old and obsolete activities and practices are abandoned and other upgraded and better practices are adopted.

Analysing a community development Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Discussion 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction Community development is necessary in every community. It is the process through which change is achieved. Old and obsolete activities and practices are abandoned and other upgraded and better practices are adopted. It is because of community development that communities improve and grow in various sectors. Community development entails the joining of various forces to help in promoting the well-being of a community. It should be effectively planned out to avoid failure and wastage of resources. This paper will give a practical view of community development with regard to helping the youths in Clunes with the intention of attaining community development. Discussion The word community may have different definitions but, the definition that a community is a group of two or more people with a common goal/interest befits the definition of Clune’s community. Clune’s community is situated in Clune’s village and is within the local government area of Lismore. Clunes is named after an early engineer in the dairying industry going by the name Robert Mortimer Clunes. The median age of Clune’s community is 36 with aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander as the people believed to reside in this village. The highest population comprises of those aged between 40-59 years and they account for 28.8% of the total population, those aged between 0-14 years are 24.8% of the total population, those between 15 and 24 years make up of 10.7%, those aged 25-39 years make up 21.8% of the entire population while those with more than 60 years are 13.85% of the total population (Shantz, 2004). Clune is situated on a hilly but attractive countryside where macadamia and coffee are widely grown due to the enabling factor of volcanic soils found in the nearby Mount Warning. The figure below shows a view of Clunes during the mid afternoon and it is no doubt that the region is indeed attractive (Your information guide to Clunes, 2008). The various fine but ancient Australian churches in Clunes have led to the nicknaming of the village as the “Holy City”. There are a wide variety of ideal local services within the region that include a petrol station, general store and an antiques shop. The area witnesses a large population due to its numerous and attractive North Coast federation houses (Shantz, 2004). Lismore is the regional centre of Northern Rivers in New South Wales and has got a population of around 43,386 people. People in surrounding areas come into Lismore to utilize the wide range of services and facilities in the area. Lismore has however managed to experience steady and balanced population growth over the years regardless of the variation during the 1996-2001 census years. The census results showed a reduction in population growth and this was attributed to escalated growth of coastal shires within its vicinity (Shantz, 2004). The 2001 increase in cost of housing in the coastal shires was associated with an increase in population growth rate and since then, the population growth rate in Lismore has continued to be high (Shantz, 2004). According to the ABS 2001 census, the regional population of Lismore was approximately 262,216 and has progressively increased over the years since according to ABS 2006 census; the population had increased by 6.6% (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2007a). Lismore population is predominantly a young population with average of 35.9 years as indicated by Shantz, 2004. Lismore has continued to experience high unemployment rates coupled with low-income levels as the main socio-economic pressures for this locality (Shantz, 2004). The Northern Rivers are associated with unemployment rates that are above the state’s recommended rates where Lismore has the highest unemployment rates of 12.9% compared with other regions in the Northern Rivers. There are various communities within Lismore and the Clunes community is one of them. Clunes is a village located along the Lismore to Bangalow road, and is approximately 20km northeast of Lismore. Youth activities and centres are of very great need to the villagers because 15-18 year aged young people are evidently seen idling about around the shopping centres. This idling is not healthy because it predisposes this young generation to fighting, graffiti and substance abuse, which are a deemed as a great menace to the peace, tranquillity and development of the community (Shantz, 2004). The youths are an integral part of any general population and therefore, they should be adequately assisted to keep them away and safe from unacceptable behaviour such as engagement in theft/robbery, murder and such related heinous activities that disrupt the peace and tranquillity in any community. In Clunes community, it is perceived that they require a strategy that will help to confine the youths within the area and subsequently help them to be economically independent individuals. In addition, a correct approach is required to ensure that the youths are busy and away from idle mind, which as is commonly believed to be the devil’s workshop. Therefore, there is the need to ensure that the youth in Clunes community are assisted so that they engage in constructive activities that would support the economic development in the region and strengthen the peace and relations between the people. It is important that I carry out a needs assessment from the Clunes community to confirm the existence of the problem perceived to prevail in the region hence, avoid wastage of resources. This also helps to address the relevant problems with regard to community needs but in order to achieve this; a bottom-up approach where the community is actively involved should be adopted. The needs assessment will entail the use of questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions. Key informants will be selected to provide the required relevant information. The community members, represented by the key informants, will be the channel through which the problem will be identified. In assessing the problem, I will look at the causes, magnitude and population affected by the problem. This assessment will also help to come up with the most applicable strategies that can be used to address the problem. The youth, referring to those aged between the ages 15 and 18 years old, in Clunes needs to be indulged in economic generating activities so that they get busy and become economically independent to avoid harmful behaviours such as theft. The fact that graffiti is evident among the youths is an indicator that they are talented in far as art and painting is concerned thus can be helped to nurture this kind of talent. This way, they will enjoy doing what they love best and it will not be perceived as though one is imposing an activity on them. In addition, it will be important to include a counsellor or a person to guide so that they can embrace the correct morals and avoid harmful demeanour such as substance abuse. Despite the fact that graffiti is deemed as vandalism, it can be used to help these youths both socially and economically. It is a talent being used in the wrong way but if properly nurtured, can be of great benefit in the community and among the youth members with regard to community development. A youth centre can be established and these idle youths brought together to work on their talents. Nurturing the graffiti talent however cannot be done without some form of planning on how to implement the planned intervention and bring about community development. Helping these youths nurture their talent will require the participation of various departments so as to ensure cost-effectiveness and efficiency of services offered. Sensitizing the youth to realize that their idleness is a menace to the community is very important. This can be done by holding meetings with the selected youths or holding group sessions with them. Subsequently, it is important to come up with the right intervention strategies by seeking their opinions since they better understand how their needs. Funds are a very integral component of the entire development process. It will be very essential for me to develop a proposal that will help to lobby for funds and related resources from donors and sponsors. The causes related to idling of the youths are varied therefore, it is important to handle each individual in a special way. Some of the youths could be from very low-income families thus have stopped going to school and the shopping centre seems to be the only place where they can seek solace and vent out their problems. Others might be in the streets due to other reasons but, all this boils down to treating this group in a special way if positive results are to be obtained. The funds and resources obtained would help to come up with a centre that would help the youths to nurture their talents. They would work in close association with a counsellor or social worker who would help them to deal with personal problems in the most dignified manner. This would to enable the youths to develop and embrace amicable ways of dealing with problems rather than turn to alcohol and drugs as an alternative. The development process would entail purchasing materials and equipment that would be used by the youth to nurture their talent within the centre. In the case of drawing and painting, an arts instructor would be hired and he/she would help these young people to develop their drawing and painting abilities. The youth would then learn how to make good use of their talents to produce idyllic products. These products would then be used to bring about economic empowerment to the youth once they had been sold. The process would kick off as an informal gathering and later develop into a formal organization with a name like, ‘Clunes Youth Centre’ once the building had been set up. The centre upon construction would consist of various divisions all aimed at ensuring optimal functioning of the centre. Divisions that would be included are such as the social worker division, counsellor section, customer relations coordinator division, administrative division, as well as the office of the director/manager. The centre would provide the youth with something to do and help them to become productive people in the community. They would gain necessary skills to help them change lifestyle with regard to demeanour and attitude. This transformation process in the name of community development might seem to be a simple task, but in reality the entire process is very difficult and challenging. This is because, Clunes is a unique community with its structures and systems in place hence, the idle young people have a certain perception with regard to their community and practice. It would therefore be difficult for anyone to penetrate and change the demeanour and attitudes of these youths. I would have a hard time trying to get my way through and actually get to interview them, engage them in focus group discussions or make them to fill in questionnaires. Getting acceptance from these youths therefore would be a very difficult task. The challenge of facing rejection can be counteracted by first getting in touch with the people who really matter in the community like the head of Clunes as an administrative unit, prominent people in the community and church leaders. The use of highly held persons in the community would help me as the developer to gain the confidence of the youths hence, it would be easier to convince them to accept and take part in the project at hand. These key persons would help to organize for meetings and come up with a plan that would incorporate relevant and effective activities. Bureaucracy and political interest are another factor that would impede development. Political figures in the community would seek to gain recognition in such a project yet they have not made any contribution in as far as the project is concerned. It is necessary that all the stakeholders fully understand that the project in not meant to fulfil personal political interest or whatever interest of whatever nature that a person may be having. Therefore, as a way of counteracting this, I would ask the stakeholders to come up with rules against which projects events and behaviour would be evaluated. Transition to change has never been easy and therefore, I would not expect this to be any easier. The youth might have gotten used to their behaviours in the streets such that change would be a very difficult process to them. Out there in the streets, they are free to do whatever they feel like since no one is looking after them but in the centre, they have to follow laid down rules and regulations and this would be such a great challenge. The youth centre would be synonymous to be a rehabilitation centre for starters and it would not be a surprise if the youths kept on going back to the streets because they had gotten used to that environment. This challenge can be addressed by adequate sensitization and creation of awareness among the youth (15-18 years). Change does not happen overnight. Instead, it is a gradual process that requires patience and step and step training and discipline. That is why; these youths would be treated with patience to allow them time to realize that being in the streets was incomparable to being in the youth centre. In addition, there was need to handle them delicately because a slight maltreatment would mean going back to the streets. Conclusion Community development has always been the backbone of any development in a country. It can be a very successful process if carried out effectively and efficiently however, it can be a total failure if ineffectively and inefficiently carried out. As a community development officer, it is important to clearly understand a problem before embarking on any intervention strategy. This helps to avoid addressing the wrong problem, and wastage of resources. In addition, the community should be fully involved with regard to community development because no other person is better informed about what the community than the community members themselves. It is very important therefore to ensure that the process of community development is carried out effectively and efficiently through effective planning. References Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2007a . 2006 CensusQuickStats. Canberra: Australian Government. Shantz, T., 2004. Community Profile: Lismore Local Government Area . Web. Your Information Guide to Clunes , 2008. Available at http://www.nnsw.com.au/clunes/ .

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The Apple Company case study discusses the company's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.The Apple Company case study discusses the company's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The company has a strong financial position that can be used to expand the company and conduct more research into new products. However, the company is facing increasing competition, as rivals such as Samsung and other phone makers are trying to eat into the company's market share.

The Apple Company case study discusses the company's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The Apple Company case study discusses the company's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The company has a strong financial position that can be used to expand the company and conduct more research into new products. However, the company is facing increasing competition, as rivals such as Samsung and other phone makers are trying to eat into the company's market share.

Analysis of Apple Company Case Study Table of Contents 1. Overview 2. SWOT Analysis 3. Strengths 4. Weaknesses 5. Opportunities 6. Threats Overview The Apple Company was founded in 1976 by the late Steve Jobs and his colleague Steve Wozniak- “Woz.They introduced their first system, owing to their goal which was to create an inexpensive and simple to use computer, on the same year. Their system incorporated an encased circuit board known as Apple I, which sold for approximately $700 in local stores. Jobs and Woz had gained popularity in the computing revolution when the Apple II and Mac were introduced. However, Steve Jobs passed on. Tim Cook was appointed as the new C.E.O of the company. Joining the company in 1998 and working closely with Jobs for over thirteen years, as some of the factors that led that led to his appointment. It is a company that has continued to come up with new inventions in the technological world and most customers are running for their products. What is going on? Wall Street’s Finest was disappointed by Apple’s quarterly earnings. It was noted that the company silenced the loss in iPhone sales by claiming that the customers were waiting early for the iPhone 4S. There was a different pattern noted in its earnings; retail stores increase by 1% yearly, profit decline of 26%, and only 4% of new customers to retail stores. However, from December 2009 to the June 2010 quarter, there was a retail increase from 51 million to 61 million, after the new iPhone began to sell. There was a drop in the number of new visits, from December 2010 to June 2011, by two million. This indicates that something was clearly not going well. SWOT Analysis These are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with the Apple Company. The SWOT analysis is crucial in placing the company back to track and increase its potential. It also addresses various risks and threats that hinder the development of the company. The company’s position is also strengthened by the fact that it enjoys financial liquidity, which can be used to expand the company and conduct more research into new products. Strengths The success of Apple Company is boosted by the large sale of iPod music players, Macintosh computers and the notebooks. Apple has a good IT brands and loyal enthusiastic customers that advocate for its products. Economies of scale, as well as developing a good name for the company in terms of corporate image are major strengths. Weaknesses Apple iPod Nano has been reported to have a faulty screen. The earlier iPods were reported to have faulty batteries. In 2005, Apple announced that it would stop chip suppliers by the known IBM Company. This would confuse customers, who may in return terminate their loyalty to the company. The company is facing increasing competition, as rivals such as Samsung and other phone makers are trying to eat into the company’s market share. PEST Analysis- Stands for political, economical, social and technological factors that influence the results of a company. Opportunities Apple has the opportunity to enable the iTunes into a mobile phone format. It could also earn revenue from subscriptions to watching downloadable radio shows to iPods and music players. Threats The popularity and demand of iPod and will be affected in case of economic alteration. High taxes may work against the company since they would have to increase their prices and this may lead to a lower the number of clients noted.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: Don Quixote's over-romanticized chivalric acts and beliefs are ultimately his downfall. He isolates himself from the realities of his present world, choosing to believe in magic and imaginary knightly quests for undiscovered kingdoms. His faithful companion, Sancho Panza, has a more realistic approach to the world and life, and acts as Don Quixote's voice of reason.

Don Quixote's over-romanticized chivalric acts and beliefs are ultimately his downfall. He isolates himself from the realities of his present world, choosing to believe in magic and imaginary knightly quests for undiscovered kingdoms. His faithful companion, Sancho Panza, has a more realistic approach to the world and life, and acts as Don Quixote's voice of reason.

Analysis of Don Quixote’s Over-Romanticised Chivalric Acts and Beliefs Report Don Quixote ultimately believes in the ideals of a bygone era – that of chivalry, knighthood, and honour. He thus insulates himself from the realities of his present world, choosing to believe in magic; imaginary knighthood quests for undiscovered kingdoms and even mistakes of windmills for giants that want to do battle with him. However, Don Quixote’s knight-errant, Sancho Panza, has a more realistic approach to the world and life, and acts as Don Quixote’s voice of reason and has a stabilising effect on the maniacal Quixote. Don Quixote’s view of life is heavily influenced by chivalric romances. Due to this predisposition, his actions and his general perception of life is far removed from reality. For instance, after his books are spirited way and burned because of concern by his relatives and associates that the books were driving him to insanity, he quickly believes the explanation by the housekeeper and his niece that the books were taken away by a magician (as per the housekeeper’s explanation). His niece, on the other hand, tells him that the devil was the one that took away his books, and he accepts such outrageous claims (De Cervantes Chapt. 7 Par. 8). Don Quixote, due to his belief in the chivalrous mission he has set for himself, goes further than accepting these obviously false explanations. He holds that the alleged magician-devil was his well-known adversary (he even gives him the name ‘Friston’) whom he desired to fend off in his deluded quest for knighthood glory. Additionally, Don Quixote begins a self-declared and fairy tale journey intended to conquer foreign islands and Kingdoms. Intensely influenced by the conquests of real knights of a past era, he recruits his peasant neighbour Sancho Panza as his knight-errant. Don Quixote then sets off on his mission with Sancho Panza, believing himself to be a knight out to conquer evil and restore goodness to humanity. Because Don Quixote’s view on life is based on fantasies, his journey is easily crippled by his maniacal tendency of viewing nearly all things as either his enemies, or as an evil force out to fight him and thus stop his ‘noble quest’ (Williamson 838). He promises his knight –errant Sancho Panza that he was going to make him governor of the lands that he was set to conquer, a practice done by conquering knights of old, whom he read about in books and now wanted to emulate. Don Quixote’s romanticized view of life shows when, during this journey, he perceives windmills as giant enemies (De Cervantes Chapt. 8 Para. 1). His subsequent attempt at fighting these stationary apparatuses leaves him and his horse hurt, and his knight-errant shocked and surprised at his master’s actions. Sancho Panza has a realistic view on life. He acts as Don Quixote’s voice of reason, and many times, he attempts to dissuade Don from undertaking delusional acts in the name of chivalry. Although he exhibits similar predispositions to his master by believing in Don Quixote’s quest for conquering imaginary foreign lands, (believing that Don Quixote would make him governor of these lands), he is nonetheless sober, and his actions are practical and unhinged on utopia, unlike his master. Sancho Panza correctly sees the windmills for what they are, unlike his master who believed they were giant enemies (De Cervantes Chapt. 8 Para 2). Don Quixote farcical chivalric acts are born of a desire to emulate the characters he has come across in the books he read. He is an old man, and looking back at his life, he may have regrets of not having done much right, and his current fantasy-tinged attempts at correcting his past are the cause of his present maniacal behaviour (Worden 18). On the other hand, Sancho Panza has a more realistic worldview because, as a poor peasant, he has experienced the vagaries of life first hand. Panza has experienced hunger, poverty, and want. His life experiences do not afford him the leisure of fantasy and dreamy beliefs like his master. Additionally, having never read romanticism literature that his master had, he is less inclined to believe in the chivalrous notions that Don Quixote swears by. Works Cited De Cervantes, Miguel. Don Quixote . Web. Williamson, Edwin. “The Power-Struggle between Don Quixote and Sancho: Four Crises in the Development of the Narrative.” Bulletin of Spanish Studies 84.7 (2007): 837-858. Worden, William. “Cervantes, Sancho Panza, and the literary world of don quixote.” Hispanofila 144 (2005): 17-31.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The aim of this paper is to highlight what actions have been taken by the director to capture the theme of intimacy on big screen, in the ability to create an outward impression of love and chemistry between the characters.The theme of intimacy is central to the British multi-starrer romantic comedy film, Love Actually. The film features popular English actors including Hugh Grant, Liam Neeson, Colin Firth, Emma Thompson and Keira Knightley. The script centers around feelings of love and affection

The aim of this paper is to highlight what actions have been taken by the director to capture the theme of intimacy on big screen, in the ability to create an outward impression of love and chemistry between the characters. The theme of intimacy is central to the British multi-starrer romantic comedy film, Love Actually. The film features popular English actors including Hugh Grant, Liam Neeson, Colin Firth, Emma Thompson and Keira Knightley. The script centers around feelings of love and affection

Analysis of film Love Actually Essay In this paper, I am going to discuss the theme of intimacy on the basis of the British multi-starrer romantic comedy film, Love Actually. The film features popular English actors including Hugh Grant, Liam Neeson, Colin Firth, Emma Thompson and Keira Knightley. The script centers around feelings of love and affection shared among its myriad characters, covering an entire gamut of expressions from happiness and joy to bitterness and sorrow, self-sacrifice, valiant triumph and ambiguity to decisiveness. The aim of this paper is to highlight what actions have been taken by the director to capture the theme of intimacy on big screen, in the ability to create an outward impression of love and chemistry between the characters. To describe the plot in brief, Love Actually derives from the first-person narrative of David (Hugh Grant), who happens to be the Prime Minister of the UK, ostensibly inspired from the then British Prime Minister Tony Blair, who was known for his youthful appeal, and becoming a media favorite after begetting a child when in office. As is true with gentle British romantic comedies such as Notting Hill and the Bridget Jones Diary, we are introduced to David’s glimpse on how the feelings people have for their loved ones, the bonds of affection, make this world a much more vibrant and enthusiastic place. We are soon led to a number of sub-plots capturing the essence of intimacy, all of them somehow tied to one another through common characters. The film covers an entire gamut of possible sexual relations between couples; homosexual with Billy Mack (Bill Nighy) and his manager Joe (Gregor Fischer), interracial with Juliet (Keira Knightley) and Peter (Chiwetel Ejiofor), love triangles, extra-marital affairs and more. The underlying theme is about human beings who cannot thrive without being loved and treated with warmth and affection (Miller & Perlman, 2008, p.23). The desire for intimacy springs from the characters’ innate need for self-affirmation and the consideration of being treated with kindness and love. What these film try to showcase is that societal values do not always allow these relationships to blossom because of the perceived licentiousness even though Western culture has surged ahead to an advanced state of permissiveness, many unspoken relationships between couples are treated with derision and suspicion (Miller & Perlman, 2008, p.24). To illustrate the same, I shall describe two scenes, elaborating on how the selected scene illustrates the concept of intimacy, while connecting to research findings. In one of the scenes, Juliet (Keira Knightley) is shown walking down the aisle to get married to Peter (Chiwetel Ejiofor) while Mark (Andrew Lincoln) video-tapes the entire wedding as the best man. Even as the priest pronounces the couple as man and wife, it is clear that Mark always had a crush on Juliet, but due to unwitting circumstances, was unable to express himself. Although, Mark is shown to enjoy himself on the wedding day, pouring love and congratulations to the new couple, secretly, it appears as if the wall has come crashing down on him. Later, when he watches the video in his private studio, Juliet trespasses into the finer details of the video, including Mark’s admission that he has always been in love with Juliet. When she confronts him over the topic, he says that while there is no doubt that he has always been in love with her, he did not press ahead because of a strong fear of rejection. Apparently, he was so deeply in love that he couldn’t imagine to be rejected by the love of his life. Research suggests that many human beings willingly or unwillingly enter into hopeless romantic arrangements as conveyed by Mark’s character. This is done with an aim of creating a strong feeling of intimacy with other people who we regarded as our soulmates (Miller & Perlman, 2008, p.45). The subject is under the impression that he/she has a need to linger around the object of his/her affection, thus, living in the hope for a romantic possibility in a distant future (Miller & Perlman, 2008, p.45). Therefore, it’s a subconscious choice with no basis in reality, and the success of such a maneuver in romance could only be described in terms of a fool’s chance. It has also been argued that being on unspoken terms in matters of love protects people from avoiding perceived feelings of hurt upon rejection. This puts them at a huge disadvantage at a later stage, because the desire for intimacy with the subject grows stronger with time, and thus, it’s more beneficial to avow and be rejected, rather than linger on till the very end as in Mark’s case. Mark was walking a tightrope on his feelings for Juliet. On the one hand, he was too proud to admit it, but on the other hand, he needed the reassurance of Juliet’s presence in his life. For this reason, he didn’t mind hanging out with her new lover and husband Peter. He would consider one thing that, somehow, he would remain a very important person in Juliet’s life, if not the most important. Research suggests this is a closed dependency which is devoid of any reason but for some reason, it can show the calculated nature of subjects in creating out-of-the-blue situations and circumstances which may drive them closer into the hearts of the object of their affection (Miller & Perlman, 2008, p.58). Indeed, love is a transient feeling which captures a range of emotions from happiness to sadness. Another scene has the young and bachelor British Prime Minister David (Hugh Grant) having a secret crush for his attractive maid Natalie (Martine McCutcheon). While on one hand, he’s unwilling to admit his craving for her nubile charms, on the other hand, he does not want to create a scandal for the avid British media who watches his every move at 10, Downing Street. No matter how David tried to keep the status quo, his feelings could not be brushed aside forever. In one of the scenes, when visiting American President makes passes at Natalie, David is seen frothing with jealousy and anger. It forces him to come out of his shell and deliver a strongly worded action against the American President’s bullying tactics. This, however, strains David’s relationship with Natalie, which of course, is rectified in the end. What this scene basically describes here is that as human beings, we often set high standards on who we are supposed to fall in love with (Miller & Perlman, 2008, p.45). Whether or not we admit it, status, class and materially relevant things play a huge and significant role in shaping our conscious choices on who may we allow ourselves to fall in love with. This outward demonstration, however, fails to suppress our core feelings of intimacy for the object of our affection. David wanted to be around Natalie and would create unnecessary circumstances and situations for the same. His final outburst at the American President reflects the deeply buried feelings of love he harbored for Natalie. It’s the intimacy which counts in the end. References Miller, R., & Perlman, D. (2008). Intimate Relationships . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The paper explores the influence that the United States had on the social, economic and political set-up of the People's Republic of China in the two decades from 1960 to 1980. It was a time of great upheaval and change in China, as the country sought to modernize and industrialize. The paper also examines the impact of the Vietnam War on the relationship between the two countries.

The paper explores the influence that the United States had on the social, economic and political set-up of the People's Republic of China in the two decades from 1960 to 1980. It was a time of great upheaval and change in China, as the country sought to modernize and industrialize. The paper also examines the impact of the Vietnam War on the relationship between the two countries.

Analysis of Influence of U.S. on China, and Relations in 1960’s and 1970’s Essay The United States has had a lot of influence on countries all over the world. China shares a very interesting diplomatic history with the United States, and thus the study of the influence that the U.S. has had on China has been a subject of interest for many scholars. The relationship between the U.S. and China was, perhaps at its worst during the 1960’s and the 1970’s during the Vietnam War. Due to the collateral effects of the war, and the interactions of the two countries that were necessitated by the war, the two countries had a chance to learn from each other, with China being the greatest beneficiary of the two. This paper is an exploration of the influence that the United States had on the social, economic and political set-up of the People’s Republic of China. There was a lot of influence on the social set-up of the People’s Republic of China from the United States in the two decades from 1960 to 1980. The Chinese community, after interacting with a number of countries, and after learning the social set-up of the United States, embarked on a revolution of its social and cultural set-up. A famous phrase that was popular then is the “Destruction of the Four Olds” (Lum 41), that meant that the republic was trying to abandon old customs, old ideas, old customs and old cultures in a bid to be a civilized society. This policy of cultural and social revolution was an idea spearheaded by the then President, Mao Zedong. It was a policy that earned him substantial popularity, and arguably paralyzed people within the republic who were fighting political battles with him. The revolution also touched on religious issues. During the revolution, religiousness was viewed as a feudalistic aspect. By the end of the revolution, the Republic had also tried to revolutionize its universities to make them better. It was also during this time, in the 1970’s, that the Chinese spelling system became approved by the state. This can also be viewed as an influence of the West and Britain due to their adoption of the English language and English phonetics before the Chinese approved their phonetics. The economy of China was greatly influenced by the U.S. Although no direct link can be established for the influence, educational systems in China mirror those of the U.S. Many industrial ideas that can be credited with the contemporary economic welfare of China have their origin in the U.S. For instance, computer technology, which originated in the United States, is a current sensation among the intellectual community in China. In China, courtesy of the huge population, there are a large number of freelance programmers, website developers, and even support services. China has also developed to be a leader in offshoring, which can be associated with computer technology. The political conflict between the United States and China began with the Vietnam War, during which North Vietnam was fighting with the south, with the U.S. supporting the south and China supporting Northern Vietnam. The relationship even worsened after the United States government made a decision to invade Cambodia, a Chinese territory during the Vietnam War. This occurred in the 1 st day of May, in the year 1970. This event even led to the death of students in the U.S. at the Kent State University, where demonstrators, mostly students, were protesting the decision by the U.S. government to invade Cambodia. After the escalation of the Cambodia situation, the U.S. started diplomatic relations with China, in a bid to end the Cambodia invasion. President Nixon made a visit to Mao Zedong in February 1972. As a result of this meeting, and other measures taken to end the Vietnam War, and recall U.S. troops from Cambodia, the Vietnam War ended in January 1973. This was after the parties who were privy to the war signed a peace pact. The invasion of the U.S. troops in Cambodia was also ended subsequently in the month of August, the same year, ending a series of bombings by the U.S. troops in Cambodia. Even after the end of the Vietnam War and the withdrawal of United States forces from Cambodia, there was still animosity between the United States, and China. This was especially the case with Cambodian forces. To evidence this, two years after withdrawal of United States forces from Cambodia, a U.S. ship, was seized by forces from Cambodia. Although troops from the U.S. later rescued the ship, 38 people are killed. This was a major diplomatic blow for the two countries that were, by the time, trying to strengthen their relationship. The battle that resulted after the seizing of Mayaguez, the ship, went down in history as the last battle of the Vietnam War in official records. After the effects of the seizure of the Mayaguez ship were virtually erased by time from the political memory of the United States, the U.S. and the People’s Republic of China established diplomatic relations (“Republic of China, Circa 1970” 21). This was in the year 1979. Another issue that has been a central issue in the relationship between the U.S. and the People’s Republic of China is the involvement of the Chinese government in the production of weapons of mass destruction. The United States has been concerned about the Advanced Weapons Programme of the Chinese government from as early as the first half of the twentieth century. In a recent attempt to unveil the diplomatic relations between the United States and the Chinese government, a number of documents ranging from diplomatic cables to recently declassified documents were released. In some of those documents, the United States government had been monitoring the progress that was being made by the Chinese government in its Advanced Weapons Programme as early as 1963. The U.S. government even had satellite pictures of nuclear plants in China. The first nuclear bomb made in China was reported to have been tested in the year 1964 (Dernberger 57). This is almost the same time when the U.S. became actively involved in the Vietnam War. The increased production of weapons by the Chinese government, and its support of North Vietnam was a continued offence on the foreign policy of the United States. This is because, as mentioned earlier, the U.S. supported South Vietnam. There was also sufficient evidence showing that the People’s Republic of China was having a missile programme. From the discussion above, it is apparent that the United States has had a lot of influence on the social, economic and political set-up of China. This has been as a result of the relationship between the two countries, which was negative in the 1960’s and the 1970’s. Among the greatest influence of the relationship between the two countries are perhaps the events of the Vietnam War that occurred in the late 60’s and early 70’s. Although the two countries had a negative relationship at the time, it can be argued that the negative relationship made the two countries learn from each other, and gave them a chance to make up for lost time. Currently, there are good diplomatic ties between China and the United States. Works Cited Dernberger, Robert. “Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists”. Journal of Science and Public Affairs. Lum, Thomas. China and the U.S. Comparing Global Influence. New York. Barnes & Noble, 2007. Print. Republic of China, Circa 1970 . Web.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Maurice Ravel's Bolero is a piece of music that was written as an experiment. It was a composition with a flavor that was of Spanish ballet. Ravel was able to produce complete orchestra composition gradually building its volume and tone. The depth of structure is found on its collaboration of a number of rules on development. This resulted to an effect of an overall growth of harmony, dynamics and complexity of timbre elements.

Maurice Ravel's Bolero is a piece of music that was written as an experiment. It was a composition with a flavor that was of Spanish ballet. Ravel was able to produce complete orchestra composition gradually building its volume and tone. The depth of structure is found on its collaboration of a number of rules on development. This resulted to an effect of an overall growth of harmony, dynamics and complexity of timbre elements.

Maurice Ravel: Bolero Analysis of Music Piece – Research Paper Introduction Incidentally just like the minimalist composers of today, Ravel developed the Bolero piece in a controlled form of monotony but contained within its self the capacity to sedate and capture an audience, the Bolero piece is simple, combined with the fact that it is an extraordinarily original piece of music done in the key of C major, carefully brushing into a minor key it produces a beautiful atmosphere, this piece is repeated over and over again, lacking elements of ornaments and is persistent to a constant drone of a side drum. (Gofrredo et al, 2011) When Ravel performed the piece in Paris on 22 nd of November 1928, the piece was an absolute success that amazed even Ravel himself, despite its success Ravel was very interested in how his audience perceived the piece, a prominent lady who was present in the audience during the performance, remarked that Ravel was mad to come up with such composition, when Ravel heard of her comments he smiled satisfactorily and said that the lady had understood the piece!. If any musical piece is taken, depleted of its basic concepts like harmony, melody and rhythm what is left is an abstract nature of music with elements like the tone, color and timbre, the most abstract of the them all is color, composers paid keen interest to color in their music, In this regard Ravel was a master, his creation of color in orchestra composition was exemplary and evident in all his work. How ever Ravel was not locked into a particular cocoon of composing style, also to mention there were factors that influenced his compositions for instance the movement of the Impressionist, though he created a style unique to himself and again very rich in color including Bolero (Rebecca, 2011, 1). Bolero was written as an experiment which surprisingly attached a lot of fame to Ravel, it was a composition with a flavor that was of Spanish ballet; Ravel was able to produce complete orchestra composition gradually building its volume and tone. Ravel himself described it as an orchestra piece that had no music in it. This composition made it evident that with only a variation in the color of composition, in a few minutes of repeating themes can result to an absolute master piece. Bolero’s depth of structure is found on its collaboration of a number of rules on development. This resulted to an effect of an overall growth of harmony, dynamics and complexity of timbre elements. In particular the unusual expositions of the minor and major themes, the themes contained a foundational process of timbral complexity development, while at the same time there is an even exposure of the under laying harmony development. During the performance Ravel plays in an increasing pace, developing dynamics and also restraining how harmony develops which he could apply in vice versa ( Carlos , 2011, 1). The outcome is a sensation that of richness in sound contents while all other musical elements are evolving together with a of evolution that is always fluctuating. Analysis of Bolero Instrument interaction and duplication Bolero contains some duplication of instruments that result to a form of loudness coupled with some form of parallel movement which is hard for the audience to tell apart perceiving as if only the high-pitched instrument is playing, with an indescribable feel to it due to the fact that one instrument is transposed resulting to a feeling of a pulse, this is due to the progression of the two instruments and their effect on each other. Ravel was also able to use dynamics and timbre to a duplicate instrument, this produced different nature of timbre from the other instrument. Even when listening casually to Bolero a there is a feeling of crescendo that progresses all aspects of harmonically to the finale. The intended effect of this kind of duplication was to develop dynamics, timbre and harmony, at this time (1928) the aim to achieve dynamics was somewhat obvious but timbre here was a thing that was somewhat revolutionary, his harmony was in traditional classical in nature. (Blair, 2011) Different harmonic elements in Bolero are used to accompany themes that are in both Major and minor. The texture of Timbre Ravel describes Bolero as an essay of instrumentation that contains no music, Ravel achieved complex timbre by duplication of simpler timbres combined together, by superimposing many simpler timbers with harmony that was related and also by varying dynamics that were related and duplicated with superimposed simpler timbers. Comparison of Bolero and baroque The baroque period refers to the period in which the Roman Catholic church was opposed to the Reformation protestant church, the reformation church concept of music composition was that arts should be a vessel to communicate themes that were religious and more importantly at this time emotional involvement was put into perspective (Academon, 2011, 1), the Roman catholic was opposed to this while the aristo class perceived baroque music as means of showing power and control hence building baroque buildings at the gateways of courts, reception rooms and staircases that were of a grand nature. Baroque composer strived to show the human impact on music which was portrayed directly by human voice when doing solo voice, baroques refused to adhere to the complex nature of polyphony which is found in the later period of renaissance, baroque developed deep application of harmony as the underlining foundation for the polyphonic (Academon, 2011, 1), this had great effect on tone rather than modality, it is where the concept of chords but not notes were responsible for creating an effect of closure, it came to be known as tonality. (Rebecca, 2011, 1) The musical formulations of the baroque period began to evolve and contrapuntal element was regained. The progression of chords was governed by tonality that was not completely developed until the second stage of the baroque period where modes had been reduced to minors and majors, in the second stage of the baroque period saw great and complete development of chordal progression, tonal quality, dissonance, and the formal structure. Baroque music was characterized by excessive details of music which are to some extend vivid in Ravel’s Bolero as far as harmony color and duplication are concerned however Ravel’s way of composing was largely unique (Pascal, 32, 1) Comparison of Bolero with Classical Music in the classical period was highly disciplined in style and its structure, while else contemporary music was developed to allow musician to explore more and be free to work away from the rules of classical period (Blair, 2011, 1). Classical concept was to achieve clarity and make portions of compositions containing melodic elements brief, also the style and how presentation was done was very important. (Blair, 2011, 3) Bolero is a contemporary piece that does not follow the rules of the classical period that were highly strict and complex while we can see that Ravel’s Bolero was just a simple piece with a lot of repetition. Classical music had tendencies of being gallant, comfortable to listen to, classical style was bent on achieving graceful and balanced melodic movements. ( Carlos , 2011, 1) Comparison of Bolero with Romantic period The Romantic period did see a lot expansion of formal rules to fit in new experiments, romantic period is a combination of previous ways of how music was composed, the romantic period does note denote writing songs for love (About.com, 2011, 1), though emotional compositions were prevalent at this stage, romantic period was less stringent and gave composers a lot of room to explore their skill in fact the romantic period is known for bending the rules of the previous’ period (classical) structure the romantic period explored the application of ensembles that were large, emotions that were extreme and a nature of orchestration that was wild. (Rebecca, 2011, 1) We see that Ravel’s Bolero was a very unique piece an also adventurous, by trying out something that was supposedly thought to be monotonous, for instance the way Bolero used reputation and was able to capture his audience in an unthinkable magnitude. Bolero’s composition has traces of elements roughly dating to all the past periods of the music eras though the contemporary form is more evident as far as freedom of play with limited options in his pieces, alluding to the we he uses repetition (About.com, 2011, 1). Works Cited About.com. Romantic period- Music from 1820 to 1900 . About.com, 2011. Web. Academon. Comparison of Renaissance Vs Baroque Art . Academon, 2011. Web. Blair. F. Difference between classical and contemporary Music . Ehow, 2011. Web. Carlos . H. Baroque Music. Essayinfo. Web. Gofredo. H et al. The model of Ravel’s Bolero. Milan: Laboratoria di Inforamica Musicale, 2011. Pascal. R. Bolero. New York: Roult, 2011. Rebecca. R. classical Music . New York: Suit101. Web.

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Write an essay about: The essay compares and contrasts two art works from a collection of ancient arts. The comparison and contrasting is done in view of art aspects such as style, symbolism, materials used, as well as aesthetic issues.

The essay compares and contrasts two art works from a collection of ancient arts. The comparison and contrasting is done in view of art aspects such as style, symbolism, materials used, as well as aesthetic issues.

Ancient Artworks Comparative Analysis Essay Introduction This essay compares and contrasts two art works from a collection of ancient arts. The comparison and contrasting is done in view of art aspects such as style, symbolism, materials used, as well as aesthetic issues. The comparison was done on the, ‘Head and Bust (fragment) of a man’ which is believed to have originated between the period of 1980-1630 B.C. from the Smithsonian’s Museums of Asian Art and Casket with Warriors and Mythological figures, from the Heilbrunn timeline of art history (Freer, 2011). Before drawing the contrast that exists between the two art works, it is imperative that their historical backgrounds are surfaced. The casket with warrior and mythological figures is thought to have been probably made in the formally powerful city, in the Constantinople. The art work bore ornamental strips stuck on wood fastened with a lock plate made in silver. The art work was given to J. Pierpont Morgan as a gift in the year 1917. ‘Head and Bust (fragment) of a man’ was a gift given to Charles Lang freer. The two art works vary in different aspects, first and foremost the pieces of work vary based on the materials that are used in their preparation, the head and bust of a man is made of lime stone while the Casket is made of strips of wood with silver lock (Freer, 2011). Another notable difference in the two sculptures is their origin and the theme that is being passed across in both cases. The Casket was made in the Constantinople according to the historical information. The head and bust, however traces its root to the Egypt in origin. Both works however are both three dimensional. The styles in both works show differences in style although with weak resemblance. Both works reveal an open meaning and the hidden themes to their audiences. The casket is decorated to bring out classical antiquity. On the casket there are soldiers and horsemen. These keen considerations differ from the head and bust which reflect a Pharaoh. The Casket is rich in artistic in terms of content and size as opposed to the head and bust. For instance, the Casket displays an enthroned leader in the military and a youth holding snake that is winged (Frazer, 1985). The widespread use of this type of art also varies with the head and the bust which was largely a preserve of the privileged. The art would only be sold within Egypt to a clique of the privileged. Both the artists in these two structures use the natural color of the material, for example the head and the bust are made of the same color as the material. Chalk color of limestone is used. The casket is also made in natural color although the quality is well refined through polishing (Frazer, 1985). The head and the bust seem to be used to plainly represent the way the Pharaohs used to address. But the image of pharaoh was significant. The use of pharaoh’s image pulls out the abstract ideas and helps present a more realistic figure that was admired throughout the country. The literary depiction on both cases is politics and leadership. This is justified by the historical events that took place simultaneously during the said period (Frazer, 1985). Both the art sculptures are standing upright, with the head and bust completely in a human upright position, although the Casket has an opening, both seems to share their objectives in a less hidden or straight way. The contents in both cases rest on politics, although the artist’s world of imagination was still rife. References Freer, S. (2011). The Smithsonian’s Museums of Asian Art obtained from web. Frazer, M (1985). Medieval Church Treasuries: the Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin , 43, no. 3

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: Angel investing is increasingly becoming one of the viable options for funding business ventures and as such many businesses have benefited from the huge amounts of venture capital those angel investors are able to contribute in running businesses.Angel investors are increasingly becoming one of the viable options for funding business ventures and as such many businesses have benefited from the huge amounts of venture capital those angel investors are able to contribute in running businesses.

Angel investing is increasingly becoming one of the viable options for funding business ventures and as such many businesses have benefited from the huge amounts of venture capital those angel investors are able to contribute in running businesses. Angel investors are increasingly becoming one of the viable options for funding business ventures and as such many businesses have benefited from the huge amounts of venture capital those angel investors are able to contribute in running businesses.

Angel Investing Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Discussion 3. Angel investors 4. Benefits of angel investors 5. Disadvantages 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction Entrepreneurship is all about setting up and successfully running a business venture for growth and prosperity. This noble undertaking involves a host of decisions that the entrepreneur has to make. After conceiving a business idea, necessary steps are taken to ensure that the business idea is fully implemented. Business planning plays a major role in developing the business. During business planning the entrepreneur will take a great deal of time to make projections about the financial needs of the business as well as the possible sources of finances to be pursued in realizing the business dreams. Angel investing is increasingly becoming one of the viable options for funding business ventures and as such many businesses have benefited from the huge amounts of venture capital those angel investors are able to contribute in running businesses. This paper will discuss the critical role that angel investors play in the establishment and development of business ventures. It will also analyze the pros and cons of using angel investments as an alternative source of business finance. Discussion Implementation of a viable business idea will normally require a great deal of capital and the ability of the entrepreneur to raise the necessary capital, the higher the chances of business success. Start ups are businesses at the initial stages and hence there are very limited sources of funds available to such businesses due to uncertainties surrounding their success. Start ups will therefore depend largely on the owner’s capital and contribution from friends. Credit facilities from financial institutions and other lenders will normally require collaterals and this limits the chances of new business owners to secure such findings. In recent times however, the entrepreneurs across the world have been able to get a lot of reprieve from venture capitalist that are willing to support a business idea to its implementation stages. A venture capital is a specialized form of funding that targets high risk high return investments with potential growth in the future. The capital is commonly provided to business start ups that cannot acquire funding from the conventional credit and capital markets. Venture capitalists are unique in the sense that they provide both financial and managerial expertise to the business that improves the chances of success. Venture capital comes from various sources that may include wealthy individuals with investment appetite in the targeted area of business and institutions such as investment banks and corporate orgaisations.The venture capitalist therefore assumes a significant level of control in the business through the share of capital and as well as decision making processes. Although venture capital assumes different forms as mentioned above, wealthy individuals have come handy in the recent past to support new businesses and has formed a greater part of angel investors. This form of investment has played a major role in the development of start ups as a larger percentage of venture capital has comprised of the angel investment options. This paper will discuss the pros and cons of angel investments as a source of venture capital. Angel investors Angel investments have become the new trend in the management of start ups and hence this form of venture capital has the potential of ensuring high levels of business developments and economic growth in any country. Angel investors allow small and medium scale entrepreneurs to acquire the necessary capital and hands on management expertise to run a successful business venture. Preston (2007) defines angel investments as a mutual partnership between entrepreneurs and wealthy individuals who seek to benefit from the early synergies created by a new business idea and make substantial amount of profit as they assist the entrepreneur achieve his r her dream in a specific business. The angel investors will benefit from the high levels of profit as well as capital appreciation while the entrepreneurs will be able to acquire cheap sources of capital and also get managerial expertise. This mutual relationship has led to high levels of success in start ups. Benefits of angel investors The question as to whether small and medium entrepreneurs should opt for angel investors or not comes from the key benefits one is able to get from these sources of venture capital. The increased use of angel investments as an alternative source of funding is attributed to the following benefits that they provide to both the investor and the entrepreneur: Angel investments have been found to appropriately suit the entrepreneurs who intend to start up new business ventures and as such no other source of funding is convenient to businesses like the angel investments. During the initial stages of the business a lot of resources will be required. They range from financial, managerial expertise and technical skills. Angel investments are able to provide all these resources at a lower cost hence it has the best combination of resources that can allow a start up to grow. Angel investors are normally spread across a financial district of any country more so in areas that have adopted new technologies. This makes the source of finance to be the most available. Angel investors are normally driven by success in the business and hence they are keen to mobilize their resources to ensure that the business idea succeeds. They are however flexible and allows for alternative plans. This is the best approach for any entrepreneur who starts a new business since success is not normally guaranteed. In this regards, the angel investors allows for flexible terms of engagement as opposed to the conventional lenders who demand for strict investment in the agreed type of business venture (Benjamin & Margulis,2005). Unlike other lenders, the angel investors demand for direct engagement in the business management to minimize risks of losses. They can therefore provide valuable skills and experiences that allow the business to grow and achieve its goals and objectives. The angel investors also concentrate on developing local businesses and hence they acts as agents of economic development at grassroots levels. This gesture allows entrepreneurs in this area to access capital and open up businesses in areas with minimal competition and hence the chances of success using angel investors are normally high. Disadvantages Although angel investors have positively impacted on the development of new businesses, they present certain challenges to both the investor and the entrepreneurs: Angel investors are success oriented and will strive to provide necessary capital for a successful start up. They will however pay little attention businesses experiencing difficulties since they are risk averse. Although angel investors are easily available, they can sometimes prove costly due to the high level of control they exhibit I business and the fees they demand from the entrepreneurs. The entry of angel investors can therefore erode the mission and vision of a start up business (Shane, 2008). Angel investors are not as popular as other sources of finances; this has particularly made it difficult for them to penetrate certain areas of economy. Conclusion Despite the little set backs associated with angel investors, they still have a significant role to play in the development of new businesses and can be a great tool in providing entrepreneurial skills to the youth. They also provide opportunities for self employment hence the idea of angel investments needs to be popularized in all nations. References Benjamin, G. & Margulis,J. (2005). Angel capital : How to raise early-stage private equity financing . Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley. Preston,L.S.(2007). Angel financing forentrepreneurs: Early stage funding for long-term success . San Francisco, Calif. : Jossey-Bass. Shane,A.S. (2008). Fool’s gold?: The truth behind angel investing in America . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The text discusses the validity of animal tests and gives some alternatives that can be employed in testing chemicals. It further looks at the activities of animal rights groups and their achievements.

The text discusses the validity of animal tests and gives some alternatives that can be employed in testing chemicals. It further looks at the activities of animal rights groups and their achievements.

Effects of Animal Testing and Alternatives Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Validity of Animal Tests 3. Alternative Methods 4. Effects of Animal Testing 5. Animal Rights Movements 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction Before human beings utilize a substance as either a cosmetic or a drug, its effectiveness and efficiency is first tested. Such tests are usually performed in animals mainly because of their inferiority in society. Animals end up with permanent damages or prolonged sufferings due to effects of chemicals. Proponents of animal testing argue that it is better to use animals because human life is more valuable than anything in the world could be. Opponents have stood firm to challenge the position by claiming that human beings should come up with other alternatives instead of using living creatures. Hartung is one of the staunch opponents of animal testing who has overseen reduction of animal testing in Europe. Hartung argues that abolition of animal testing will probably lead to better science since the method was developed out of a crisis (Abbott, 2005). This means that it is not accurate and can lead to more complications in human beings. Indeed, several tragedies have been reported in various parts of the world including the 1930s incident where a woman lost sight after using Lash-Lure to color her eyes. Animal tests should be evaluated carefully because of a number of reasons. One reason is that chemicals can have diverse effects that cannot be determined by animal testing alone. For instance, animal skin is different from that of human beings hence the difference in effects. Again, the policy should be reviewed to conform to environmental demands since some chemicals have been proved to have acute consequences to the environment. This paper analyzes the effects of animal testing and gives some alternatives that can be employed in testing chemicals. It further looks at the activities of animal rights groups and their achievements. Validity of Animal Tests In many tests, only rats are used in studies implying that the sample size for researches is usually limited. Researchers cannot apprehend the full effects of a chemical since more advanced or higher animals are not used. Scholars attempt to research on primates using young animals, which make interpretation of data very hard. Chemicals manufactured after undergoing tests using juvenile primates are usually dangerous to human beings since their effects have no enough literature. Furthermore, there is usually incongruity as regards to the age of species. Researchers approximate the age of animals and equate them to those of human beings. This normally results to serious problems when not carefully considered because days are equated to years of human beings, for instance; a drug that is effective in rats at day two is believed to be functional to human beings at the age of two years (Baldrick, 2010). Chemicals and drugs do not apply uniformly in animals and human beings because environments are different. Before a genuine study is ascertained, many animals are to be used. In the study involving rodents, various species are easily obtained and utilized in research but the case is different for higher animals. It would take researchers a very long time to get species of the same offspring hence they use available ones, which result to insufficient evidence causing major problems afterwards. Scholars supporting this idea claim that getting monkeys with suitable gender is near to impossibility. Another challenge to the proponents of animal testing is related to dosage and the time line for a study. A human being is not exactly equivalent to an animal that is why the quantity of a drug to be utilized is an issue. Researchers have not actually determined the exact dose for human beings in some chemicals, which have led to deaths or harms. Many individuals misuse chemicals since there are no clear guidelines on their usage. Alternative Methods Creton (2010) gives various methods that scientists need to employ in their studies to avoid calamities. Such methods are necessary since they are ethically based and more effective. In fact, Creton argues that animal testing should be applied as a last resort and need to be highly controlled to produce accurate results. The scholar further claims that a number of reasons are to be evaluated first before employing a testing method. One of the simplest ways of validating a chemical is calculating its toxicity in a mixture. This method evaluates the effects of mixtures of chemicals basing on the characteristics of each chemical element hence avoiding animal testing. Environmental hazards of a chemical can determine its effects instead of exposing it to a living organism. This method is mostly recommended in determining the effectiveness or effects of a pesticide. The method employs a formula that calculates the lethal dose in an element. The EU has already incorporated the method in its administrative system to determine the effects of industrial products, biocides and pesticides. Furthermore, the EU explains clearly to users that no further tests are to be conducted using animals because the substance is efficient. Moreover, the internationally recognized body charged with the responsibility of classifying and labeling chemicals has integrated the method in its plans and further suggests that only methods that do not use animal tests are allowed. The global body (GHS) promises to avail data for complex elements, which would aid in their classification without using animal tests. Another technique for identifying an element or testing its superiority is the read-across method. The method permits scholars to come up with structural, chemical and toxicological features of elements that further allow prediction of chemicals without relevant/enough data. The technique definitely trims down the need for animal testing. The international regime (IRP) incorporated the method in its programs long time ago. Before utilizing the read-across method, the UK authorities have established a number of factors to be considered in order to attain good results. These include comparison of the purity and impurity summary of substances, their physicochemical features, their expected lethal kinetics and finally the importance of reading across the outcomes acquired from obsolete test techniques. QSAR is another non-animal testing method that can be employed in establishing the effects of elements, offering data for use in primacy situation, guiding the plan of a testing approach and offering first hand data. To fasten the utilization of QSAR, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has formulated the QSAR utility toolbox-software that offers a translucent and reproducible technique for assembling and assessing elements, as well as employing read-across. The original version of the software has been availed as a free download from the OECD’s Web site. Besides, the OECD has formulated values and regulations on legalization of QSARs to augment the dogmatic recognition of QSAR sculpt for evaluating chemical wellbeing. Effects of Animal Testing The circumstances under which animals are exposed to human testing have led to cancer in rats, although animal experiment outcomes were acknowledged as of little significance to humans. The only justification being presented for this pronouncement is that there are anatomical and physiological disparities between people and animals. It is essential to note that even though animals are usually employed in cancer study, they do not contract the human type of cancer, which attacks membranes such as lungs. Approximately 9% of the sedated animals in the experiments pass on. It is exciting to know that animals and people metabolize 83% of materials separately (Speit, 2008). Majority health specialists concur that information from animal experiments cannot be extrapolated securely to human beings. In animal experimentation, poisonous chemicals to humans are safe whereas friendly chemicals to humans such as lemon juice are harmful. Genetically modified animals (GMA) will never be replicas for human sickness. In reality, drugs that are approved as harmless in animal experiments cause 88% of stillbirths in human beings. Animal Rights Movements The idea of animal rights is not new in the world because it can be attributed to the earliest animal activists in the 6th century such as Pythagoras. The coming of scholars such as Aristotle and Plato relegated animals by placing them in a low status in society. Aristotle wrote much about politics while insisting that man was above everything in society and every creature belonged to man. It was therefore upon man to decide what to do with such creatures. The works of Aristotle inspired the first Greek scientists to use animals for experiments. However, Aristotle’s writings were evaluated in the 19th century when British nationals questioned the rationale behind animal testing. The opponents of animal testing quickly formed an organization and spread their ideas to other places such as the United States. Within no time, the organization had lobbied governments of various states to come up with legislative laws that would protect animals (Hills, 1993). In 1890s, animal rights organizations seemed to progress well when Henry Salt published his first book. Even though Salt’s works were influential, it never attracted huge groups than the 1970s publications did. Scholars in 1970s questioned scientists about why they used living organisms in performing deadly experiments. They claimed that animals are living things, which can feel pain just like human beings. Scholars observed that human beings are accorded fair treatment because of their reasoning capacities (Viren, Funrnham, & Andrew 2008). Therefore, animals are supposed to be treated with morality since they too have mental capacity and can feel pain. The scholars at the time called for immediate abolition of animal diet and adoption of vegan diet to reduce animal suffering. Animal rights groups took advantage of the then developments that were going on in the world. There were various social groups fighting for several rights. Women wanted to be involved in political processes and be treated equally in society while people of color demanded for recognition and abolition of slavery. Animal rights organizations took this advantage to question about why nature was being destroyed by attacking its components-animals. The formation of PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) enhanced the rights of animals in 1980. PETA has seen people pay heavy fines for violating animal rights in various parts of the world. The organization has a well-developed financial base that can deal properly with animal rights violators. It has funded other local organizations in various states that assist it in protecting the rights of animals. Many animal activists are concerned about the basic equality between people and animals. They have a perspective that all living creatures are equal regardless of their mental capacities. Animal rights organizations advocate for the most fundamental rights that all conscious beings wish, such as the liberty to live a normal life liberated from human mistreatment, superfluous pain, misery, and sudden death. These are the concerns of the animal rights groups. They do not demand for exact egalitarianism between people and animals. Advocates of animal safety try to ease the suffering of animals. They never try to inquiry whether it is suitable to abuse animals in the first place. Animal rights values rebuff the notion that animals should have an importance to human beings in order to be justified for rights. Conclusion From the above analysis, it is noted that human beings have a responsibility to undertake as far as animals are concerned. There are a number of alternatives provided by researchers, which can reduce animal suffering. Therefore, animals must not be used for testing since there are other techniques. Animal rights activists have succeeded in instituting legal frameworks that will protect animals, although much needs to be done. Animal testing is not a perfect way of ascertaining a chemical hence scientists must step up and find other effective techniques instead of abusing animals. PETA should step up its efforts by devising techniques that are more coercive for punishing offenders. Animal protection does not mean that human beings should not eat animals. Animal safety implies that non-human creatures must be treated with dignity they deserve. References Abbott, A. (2005). “More than a cosmetic change”. Nature , Vol.438, Issue 10. Baldrick, P. (2010). “Juvenile animal testing in drug development-is it useful?” Regulatory Toxocology and Phamacology , Vol. 57. Online. Creton, S. (2010). “Acute toxicity testing of chemicals-opportunities to avoid redundant testing and use alternative approaches”. Critical Reviews in Toxiology , Vol.40, Issue 1. Hills, A. (1993). “The motivational bases of attitudes toward animals”. Society and Animals , Vol.1, Issue 7. Online Speit, G. (2008). “How to assess the mutagenic potential of cosmetic products without animal tests”. Mutation Research , Vol.678.Online. Viren, S., Funrnham, A., & Andrew, C. (2008). “Personality and Social Sciences: Free the animals? Investigating attitudes toward animal testing in Britain and the United States”. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, Vol.49. Online

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Riding the Rails is a documentary that tells the story of several people who had such experience. These people share their memories revealing hopes, fears and hardships of young people who were riding the rails in search of better lives in the 1930s.

Riding the Rails is a documentary that tells the story of several people who had such experience. These people share their memories revealing hopes, fears and hardships of young people who were riding the rails in search of better lives in the 1930s.

“Riding the Rails” by Lexy Lovell Film Analysis Essay Riding the Rails dwells upon the times of the Great Depression when thousands of young people were living on a road. The video tells the story of several people who had such experience. These people share their memories revealing hopes, fears and hardships of young people who were riding the rails in search of better lives in the 1930s. During the 1930s 250 thousand teenagers (males as well as females) were riding the rails. Teenagers had different reasons to leave their homes. The majority of young people were trying to help their parents to provide for family. They were trying to find the way to earn money and send it home. Some were distressed and simply wanted to get out of their homes not to see their parents’ despair. Sometimes there was no serious reason. For example, a girl left her home because of a quarrel with her father ( Riding the Rails ). Some teenagers had to leave because their parents told them to do so. Besides, many young people just wished to try a new life full of adventure. Teenagers thought they could become glorious cowboys in the west, others were dreaming of various opportunities they could find in big cities in the east. They thought they could see a lot of interesting things or even travel abroad. However, the ‘adventure’ was not that pleasant and exciting as many thought. In the first place, it was extremely dangerous as teenagers risked falling down all the time. There was also a risk of suffocating by smoke in tunnels. More so, armed rail road detectives were trying to put them off. There were many dangers in cities as people were really desperate then. Those were times when a man could be killed for a pair of shoes. Nonetheless, teenager continued their journey since when they came to one more city and saw there was nothing good for them, they could not stay there. They had to get out of there and continue their search of better lives. It goes without saying that it was the Great Depression which was the primary reason for riding the rails. People tried to solve their financial problems in different ways. Riding the rails was a kind of a chance to change the life for better: teenagers were trying to find new opportunities in new places. Unfortunately, many teenagers failed to find better conditions, they were often starving. Fortunately, they could get some food in missions of salvation armies. Young people could also have some sleep there and have some rest. Apart from this, they could get some food from farmers and housewives. Obviously, the years of the Great Depression were really hard (Chernin). People worked many hours a day, but received low wages. More so, they could lose their jobs and it was nearly impossible to find a new job. Landlords and shopkeepers could raise prices with no reason. People were absolutely insecure. Such people as Rose Chernin were trying to change things. Chernin was trying to organize people and this enabled them to change things. Chernin stated: “We got into control of our lives. We were no longer victims.” (Chernin 1). These people organized meetings, they tried to resist. They wanted the Congress to listen to them. They wanted jobs or financial support. They used different ways to struggle. They monitored prices and let everyone know that some prices were too high in particular places. They tried to resist landlords. Not each of their attempts was successful. However, on the whole, they managed to make the Congress consider the needs of Americans. Those people started the process which resulted in 8-hour working days. People became more secured. Therefore, people like Chernin put a start to reorganizing essential things in the society. People acknowledged that they could change their lives for better if they were organized. Works Cited Chernin, Rose. Organizing the Unemployed in the Bronx in the 1930s. 1949. Riding the Rails . Uys, Michael and Lexy Lovell. American Experience . Web.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: In regards to culture, China is defined by a strong cultural setting that continues to offer formidable challenges to business opportunities in the country, especially to foreign investors.

In regards to culture, China is defined by a strong cultural setting that continues to offer formidable challenges to business opportunities in the country, especially to foreign investors.

Riordan Manufacturing Company International Market Plan Essay This is a research assignment based on the international market plans for Riordan Manufacturing Company to sell their products in China. Riordan Manufacturing is a global manufacturer of plastics which is based in San Jose, California. The company is fully owned and operated by Riordan Industries. Their main products include plastic parts, plastic fan containers, and plastic fan parts. All these products are produced independently, in different branches of the company. Plastics and containers are listed as the major exports of the company. Having an annual earning of about $46 million and a workforce of 550 people, Riordan Manufacturing is arguably one of the most reliable branches of Riordan Industries, Inc. Over the years, the company has tried to extend its operation capabilities by taking the business to the international scenes as one way of achieving its business goal of becoming a distinguished leader in the plastic industry. This plan has enabled the company to establish operational plants in various regions of the world, such as China, Michigan, and Georgia. However, the company’s plans to market its products at a global level have been fraught with numerous issues in various cross-cultural contexts. This paper examines the three most pertinent ethical issues that would face the company in its international mission in China . Riordan has many customers for its vast plastic products from all over the world, and most of these customers would constitute of beverage makers, military departments, automotive makers, appliance manufacturers, and aircraft manufacturers. With its strong economic profile, China has the potential of creating a constant market for the company’s top-selling products. Manufacturers of automotive and aircraft parts are some of the major industries that utilize Riordan’s products in China (Wasley, 2008). Riordan Manufacturing established its operations in China in the year 2000 as one of its most recent expansion plans to foreign markets. This expansion would see the company’s fan manufacturing operation being shifted from Michigan, where it had been situated previously in China. As an industry leader in plastic products and containers, Riordan had to deal with several ethical issues in its plans to take its top-selling products to the international market. In China, for instance, issues such as cultural differences, corruption, and legal policies continue to affect the way the company conducts its business operations there. In regards to culture, China is defined by a strong cultural setting that continues to offer formidable challenges to business opportunities in the country, especially to foreign investors. The ancient philosophical schools of thoughts have dominated China with strict values which continue to pose serious impacts and implications to the international businesses operating in the region. Chinese culture and tradition have always had a significant impact on the operations of all businesses in the region. In this regard, many international businesses planning to succeed in the region have no other choice but to comply with the requirements of the country’s social values and standards. In most cases, these are some of the standards expected to guide businesses and organizations in China. Also, in line with culture, the Chinese are known to harbor many taboos that tend to have a great impact on businesses in the country. Most of these taboos would be based on superstition, social norms, and religious values, among other cultural aspects. For instance, the Chinese are so much concerned with numbers and letters that they believe could be signals of either fortune or fate. Foreign investors in the country may never get to understand some of these cultural beliefs and would, in most cases, end up violating them, unknowingly. This would, in turn, bring negative effects to the company’s overall business operations within the country. Whereby it is a necessary move for Riordan Manufacturing always to ensure that they consider and respect business ethical standards in their international expansion plans, conducting business in China has never been so easy. This is owing to the country’s strong business cultural perceptions, that greatly interfere with the company’s normal operations as stipulated by the American culture, which is different from that of China. Another ethical issue that affects Riordan’s market operations in China is corruption. As the fastest advancing economy in the world, China has never been lucky to escape some of the worst vices in society. Corruption stands out as a common practice in the country’s expansive business sector, and this brings serious effects to foreign investments, in terms of economic development. Prevalent political and bureaucratic corruption in China stands out as a negative factor that continues to impact serious implications for the country’s future economical position (Satish, Jacob & Xianon, 2010). As with any other thriving economy, the success of most international business transactions in China has been achieved through the incidence of corruption and one common way through which corruption is exercised in various segments of the giant economy is through bribery. This clearly explains the reason why many foreign investors would be disappointed in their attempts to take an active part in China’s business environment. Establishment of good business relationships with relevant authorities in the country has often relied on significant, influential factors such as bribe and other incentives. Due to their outstanding ethical standards in business, Riordan Manufacturing may never stoop to this level and compromise with the idea of paying bribes to conduct business in China. This, however, would mean partial success for the company in the country, since their interactions with partners in business, suppliers and government agents may be limited, as a result of the heightening corruption in the region, which continues to pose serious challenges to foreign investors. Discrimination is the other pertinent ethical issue which is likely to affect the business operations of Riordan Manufacturing in China. As the company goes on with its mission of offering competitive products to satisfy the global plastic demands, it can not escape the fate of competition as new firms continue to join the industry. Most of these firms are likely to establish their business operations in China and India, among other strong economies. Heightening competition in the sector may also encourage domestic investors in China to venture into the business to compete with foreign investors. This way, there would be a likelihood of discrimination of foreign businesses. Suppliers, customers, and other key business players in the country’s economical channels would tend to favor domestic firms to foreign investors. In conclusion, all these ethical issues continue to pose serious impacts and implications to the marketing efforts of Riordan Manufacturing, Inc., in the Chinese business environment. To be able to prosper in their international business plans, the company should adopt new policies that are certain to help at improving its business strategies in regions that present high ethical issues. References Satish, D., Jacob, J. & Xianon, S. (2010). Ethical climate and managerial success in China. Journal of Business Ethics, 99 (4), 527-534. Wasley, P. (2008). University of Phoenix lets students find answers virtually. Chronicle of Higher Education, 54 (48), A1-A10.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: Robert Frost's "The Road Not Taken" is a poem about a person's consideration of life paths from different perspectives depending on the age of a person. The poem is about how people view life when they are young and how they view life when they are old.

Robert Frost's "The Road Not Taken" is a poem about a person's consideration of life paths from different perspectives depending on the age of a person. The poem is about how people view life when they are young and how they view life when they are old.

Robert Frost “The Road Not Taken” Literature Analysis Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Author’s Consideration of a Poem 3. Poem’s Content and Principal Theme 4. Poem’s Form and Structure 5. Personal Response to the Poem 6. Conclusion 7. Works Cited Introduction Robert Frost is a prominent poet of his time. Creating the masterpieces of literature, this person could not even imagine that his creativity is going to be so touching and impressive. There are a lot of different interpretations of Frost’s “The Road Not Taken” that it is easy to appear in the situation that one cannot understand what the poems are about. At the same time, having read several interpretations, it is possible to consider the ideas which are more relevant to the theme the author wanted to deliver. Frost’s “The Road Not Taken” is the presentation of human consideration of life paths from different perspectives depending on the age of a person. Therefore, Frost’s “The Road Not Taken” is the interpretation of the author’s vision of a youth, middle age and an older age of a person who makes decisions, stating that youth and older age are the most emotional periods while during the middle age people are the most reasonable in their choices. Author’s Consideration of a Poem Many critics tried to connect Frost’s “The Road Not Taken” with his personal life, searching for the most incredible issues there, however, according to Frost, who tried to explain the poem himself, it was rather complicated from what it was seen from the first sight. Frost tries to make sure that his poem is correctly understood and writes many letters to critics and even publishes a poem. In a letter to Miss Yates in April, 1925, Frost says that the final words are rather puzzling for the reader as trying to tease the audience the writer creates an impression that the author is sorry for the life he has lived, however, this is not really so (in Finger 478). Moreover, to make sure that all the readers who are interested in Frost’s poetry get the correct vision of this piece of writing, he writes the explanation in prose “The Constant Symbol” and publishes it in the Atlantic Monthly . Two paragraphs of the explanation are read as “a metaphorical gloss of the poem” (Eisiminger 114). The author wants to assure the public that he does not regret about the life he has lead. The poem is absolutely about other things. The author presents the example of the President in the White House, a person who has achieved much and does not want to live another life, however, he is interested about what would be if the circumstances were different. This is exactly about Frost’s life and prose (Eisiminger 115). Poem’s Content and Principal Theme Therefore, the main theme of the poem is not the regret about life but different perspective of life which may be followed in different age periods. Being young and inexperienced, people are usually more emotional and the ways they choose are considered absolutely different, and they believe that they are offered a plenty of choices (George 230). Frost writes And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there (Frost 10). It seems that the author has chosen the path which required more attempt to go through it. It seems that the author has chosen they way which was more complicated. However, the nest passage sates that “both that morning equally lay / In leaves no step had trodden black” (Frost 10) meaning that looking at the situation from the middle-age perspective, a person sees the situation more objectively (Bassett 43). Finally, the last lines inform the reader that “Two roads diverged in a wood, and I — / I took the one less traveled by” (Frost 10) meaning that with age a person again becomes emotional and cannot consider the situation objectively (George 231). Therefore, it ay be concluded that he main idea of the poem is to show how a person’s vision of the life evolves with age, when time passes. Poem’s Form and Structure The poem consists of four stanzas five lines each. The first three stanzas of the poem provide the reader with the comparative analysis of the younger personal identity with the middle age ones. The last stanza is a vision of the situation which happened with a young person from the perspective of an older personality. Therefore, the whole poem is the vision of one person at the situation being in different age groups. The main purpose of this logical structure is to show the aging of a person and the changes which occur in the perception of life. The whole poem has nothing to do with regret and the form and structure of telling supports this idea. Personal Response to the Poem As for me, a poem is a great example of how people should behave and how people are to see their lives. First, when having appeared in the situation people are to choose the way which seems less investigated, people should choose the way which is not chosen by others or others do not choose it due to its difficulty. This slight difference is not seen in the middle age as people in this age lack emotional aspects and they become more practical. I see how people of the middle age make decisions, they refer to facts and practical appropriateness of the decisions, while younger people also pay attention to intuition and other emotional aspects. The final stanza is the most important, as for me. It presents the vision of the life from the perspective of lived years. Only in this age people can look at their life and try to imagine what would be if they chose another way, another pass. And looking at their lives, those who achieved something, those who in youth chose more difficult path (as they believed), they saw the difference, they understood that in case of another choice they would not be proud of their destinations. Therefore, I am sure that the poem may be considered as the example of the human growth both in age and in mental perception of the world. Conclusion Thus, Frost’s poem “The Road Not Taken” is a great example of human development, the example how people who have achieved much view at their lives from the perspective of time. Moreover, the poem is a little tricky that confuses the reader making him/her think harder. It is not the statement of the regret about the past. Vise versa, the poem is the vision of wise people of the possibilities of their lives and the analysis whether those possibilities were used or not. Reading this poem one should think about his/her personal life trying to understand at which position he/she appears now and where there is a possibility to change something, if necessary. Works Cited Bassett, Patrick F. “Frost’s THE ROAD NOT TAKEN.” Explicator 39.3 (1981): 41-44. Print. Eisiminger, Sterling. “Robert Frost’s essay ‘The constant symbol’ and its relationship to ‘The Road Not Taken’.” American Notes & Queries 19.7/8 (1981): 114-116. Print. Finger, Larry L. “Frost’s “The Road Not Taken”: A 1925 Letter Come to Light.” American Literature 50.3 (1978): 478-480. Print. Frost, Robert. The Road Not Taken, Birches, and Other Poems . New York: Coyote Canyon Press, 2010. Print. George, William. “Frost’s The Road Not Taken.” Explicator 49.4 (1991): 230-233. Print.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: Robert W. Cox's essay examines the contribution of his works to the wider field of international relations. He reflects on his autobiography and development of his scholarship, which has facilitated the understanding and explanation of events and phenomena in world politics as well as informed associated policies and practices. Robert W. Cox's essay also examines the contribution of his works to the wider field of international relations through a critique of his texts based on the introspection of two authors who have proactively engaged with

Robert W. Cox's essay examines the contribution of his works to the wider field of international relations. He reflects on his autobiography and development of his scholarship, which has facilitated the understanding and explanation of events and phenomena in world politics as well as informed associated policies and practices. Robert W. Cox's essay also examines the contribution of his works to the wider field of international relations through a critique of his texts based on the introspection of two authors who have proactively engaged with

Robert W. Cox’ Contribution in the International Relation Essay Introduction International relation is a discipline principally developed as an avenue of facilitating peaceful processes of change hence avoiding mass conflicts in the future after WWII. Since the modern international relations view this aim as crucial in that field, political complexities are characterizing the modern world call for an extension of the discipline to incorporate wider perspectives. International relations theories entangle “the development of conceptual frameworks and theories to facilitate the understanding and explanation of events and phenomena in world politics, as well as to analyze and informing the associated policies and practices” (Jones 2000, p.11). To provide an impeccable understanding of international relations discipline, people have advanced several theories since its inception. The paper presents the contribution of the works of Robert W. Cox in enriching the discipline of international relations. It accomplishes this by sketching his autobiography, development of his scholarship thereby conducting a summary of his work followed by evaluation and contextualization of the contribution of his works to the wider field of IR. It also warrants a critique of Cox’s texts based on the introspection of two authors who have proactively engaged with his work. Autobiography Born in 1926, Robert W. Cox graduated with a master’s degree in history from Mc Gill University situated in Montreal. He started his professional career life in 1947 where he worked at the international labor organization based in Geneva, Switzerland. During this time, he proactively participated in the engineering of the international institute for labor. In 1965 to 1971, he served as the director of the international institute for labor studies, a constituent organization of the international labor organization. Upon leaving the international labor organization, he joined the Columbia University, teaching staff. Later in 1977 to 1992, he worked in York University situated in Toronto, Canada in the capacity of a political science professor. Upon his formal retirement, he continued to give occasional lectures at the same university. Development of Robert W. Cox scholarship Robert Cox is perhaps famous for “his fierce and unwavering challenge of orthodoxy, as well as his historical approach” (Moolakkattu 2010, Para 2) in his scholarship. His first scholarly contributions, while at the University of Columbia, were merely conventional and predominantly reflective of his experience at the ILO. As Moolakkattu (2010) notes, while at York University “he began to reassert himself in a historical manner, reflective of his previous training at McGill University, which enabled him to take on more ambitious themes” (Para.3). It is from here that Robert W. Cox emerged as a critical theorist, highly inspired by Marxist theories. He argued, “Theory is always for someone for some purpose” (Cox & Sinclair 1996, p.76). Building on the earlier ideas brought by Gramsci, coupled with some other sources, he developed the critical theory of international relations. In addition to Production, Power, and World of Orders, Robert W. Cox also wrote publications such as Forces in Making of History in 1987 and Political Economy of Plural World Critical Reflections on Power and civilizations in 2002. Summary and contribution of Robert W. Cox’s work to the wider field of international relations His inputs to the field of international relations tend to hold the discipline of international relations in a framework that is transformational. As Moolakkattu (2010) reckons, “his theory goes beyond the neorealist state-centric framework, bringing out the connections between material conditions, ideas and institutions in what he terms the formation of world orders” (Para.1). In the production sphere, people organize themselves in certain ways. Cox asserts that these ways affect not only people’s lives but also their states and the order of the world. In his scholarly work, he objects the propositions of Marxism proclaiming that the changes of an order may emanate from material conditions, institutions and or spheres of ideas. He “identifies the creation of a vibrant civil society, emergence of organic intellectuals representing the marginalized, development of community-level solidarity, participatory democracy, non-violent methods of conflict resolution, pluralism and multilateralism as key elements of his transformational agenda” (Cox & Sinclair 1996, p.53). Through this theory, he adds an incredible amount of information into the existing knowledge of international relations. His ideas focused on transformations of the discipline of international relations coupled with the conception of strategies deemed appropriate for such transformations. In the wider field of international relations, the contribution of Cox’s work narrows down to the development of neo-Gramscian perspectives. The key influencers of his scholarly work such as Braudel, Vico, and Gramsci portray Cox’s commitment to the historical methodology of bringing in new approaches of understanding the concerns of international relations. This is contrary to “an alternative tradition to positivist social science and…is the proper route towards the study of historical structures and structural change” (Cox & Sinclair 1996, p.29). The ontology of the world of orders constitutes another significant contribution of his scholarly work toward widening the knowledge base, as well as the capacity to understand the field of international relations. In this ontology, some topics are imperative towards fostering this contribution. One of such topics is “the role of a revitalized civil society in determining the future of global governance and the prospect of generating legitimacy through the coexistence of peaceful civilizations” (Cox & Schechter 2002, p. x). By noting the complexity of the modern political interactions, this topic has immense substance on the new approaches of international relations in the future political conflicts resolutions. Scholarly Criticisms Richard Wyn Jones is one of the scholars who rose up to applaud the critical theory. In his book Critical Theory And Worlds Of Politics, he claims that historical awareness is a central feature of the critical theory, which recognizes that all categories and perspectives have to be amended, even abandoned entirely, as societies change” (Jones 2000, p.43). This truth is, in fact, present in the Marxism IR theory. In an attempt to place dialogue, exclusion, and the existence of differences at the fore fronts in the resolution of international stalemates, according to Jones’ critical theory is subtle for consideration. However, he believes that “one recurrent criticism of critical theory in international studies is that it has to deliver a substantive research agenda” (Jones 2000, p.45). This criticism extends to concerns of ontology. In this context, Jones argues based on how IR stands out as a misleading and an inadequate approach of attempting to find the objects of searching for ample knowledge in the manner in which the international community interrelates. This argument is significant since the critical theory is part of the wider discipline of IR. Leysen is yet another scholar significantly inspired by the work of Robert W. Cox. In The Critical Theory of Robert W. Cox, he argues, “The inspirations’ wellbeing of Robert W. Cox’s work is often misunderstood and incorrectly represented” (Leysens 2008, p.5). He further asserts that Cox’s works, especially the critical theory, presents both opportunities and challenges for future economists who deploy political perspectives, which are critical in nature. Cox’s tolerance to ambiguities of diversity, according to him, is vital for bridging the gap “between rationalists and interpretive approaches to political economies by pointing us towards a critical empiricist theory of political economy” (Leysens 2008, p. 47). Cox’s contribution to the IR body of knowledge is significant especially in the modern world of diversity and sophistication of political systems. Personal criticisms Upon reading Robert W. Cox’s Critical Theory of World of Order, several queries come to mind. The magnitude of the truth of Cox’s claims about the role of critical theory in the field of international relations intrigues me. His ideas on the role of the theories of IR perhaps depict more of an endeavor to introspect the world the way it is instead of unveiling the way it ought to be: the reality. In this extent, he inculcates a methodology of understanding it coupled with altering it via the power of criticism. According to him, a theory serves two principle functions. “…One of them is the problem-solving purpose that is synchronic, which deals with the givens, trying to manage the smooth functioning of the system” (Cox 1985, p.91). The second purpose perhaps exemplifies itself in the critical theory. In this end, theory purposes in aiding one to “become aware of the situations not chosen by one, and to establish an emancipatory perspective” (Cox 1986, p.87). Consequently, from a Coxian frame, it is perhaps evident that the concerns of international relations resulted from its inception, following the end of the Second World War. They relied on the purposes of theorizing the necessity of a smooth system. Realism, as a form of a critical theory of international relations, is impeccably dependent on Robert W. Cox’s interpretation and differentiation of problem-solving and critical theory. Critical theory is predominantly normative. It advocates for a conception of probable structural transformations. On the other hand, problem-solving approaches in international relations tend to be tactical. Now, Cox deserves to admit that his proposed critical theory is perhaps an attempt to advocate for a critical approach to handling international relations matters. The question here is what yields more fruits in terms of resolution of international stalemates. Is it adopting problem-solving strategies or critical introspection of the causes of such stand offs? This question is perhaps significant by noting that the former concerns itself more with looking for a solution that fosters coexistence in the future upon the resolution of conflicts. The latter seeks to unveil the realism of such conflicts. Conclusion The discipline of international relation came after the Second World War as a means of fostering a peaceful coexistence of people across the globe. Since then, people have put forward many theories to explain the concerns of the discipline. Robert W. Cox is one of such theorists. While noting the contribution of his critical theory in the international relations discipline, the paper recognizes the need for additional theories and frameworks in an endeavor to amplify the scope of the existing understanding of the discipline. This perhaps may result in the emergence of more subtle practices and policies that are essential for giving rise to better ways of handling international conflicts of the future. References Cox, R., 1985. Realism, Marxism, and an approach to a critical theory of world order , in Approaches to World Order . Cambridge: Cambridge University. Cox, R., 1986. Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory. New York: Columbia University Press. Cox, R., & Sinclair, T., 1996. Approaches to World Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cox, R., & Schechter, M., 2002. The Political Economy of a Plural World: Critical Reflections on Power, Morals and Civilization. London: Routledge. Jones, R., 2000. Critical Theory and World of Politics . Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Leysens, A., 2008. The Critical Theory of Robert W. Cox . New York: Mac Millan Publishers. Moolakkattu, J., 2010. Robert W. Cox and His Critical Theory of International Relations . Web.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay compares the love poetry of Rodney Stenning and Christopher Marlowe. Stenning's poem is about a nymph who is more practical than the shepherd, while Marlowe's poem is about a shepherd who is more idealistic. The essay concludes that Stenning's poem is a better representation of love.

The essay compares the love poetry of Rodney Stenning and Christopher Marlowe. Stenning's poem is about a nymph who is more practical than the shepherd, while Marlowe's poem is about a shepherd who is more idealistic. The essay concludes that Stenning's poem is a better representation of love.

Rodney Stenning’ and Christopher Marlowe’ Poems Comparison Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Shepherds Love 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction For me, the nymph in her practicality is a far better choice than the shepherd who is trapped in his ideal illusionary world. In essence the poems of Marlowe and Raleigh reflect opposite sides of the coin of love, with Marlowe’s version reflecting an idealistic and passionate lover while Raleigh’s response reflects the views of a more jaded and cynical individual that bases her views on the reality of life (Edgecombe 39). Since I am an inherently pessimistic individual I cannot help but concur with the approach of Raleigh in his views on love. The shepherd for me is far too idealistic, he promises gowns, gold and finery as exemplified in the stanza “with buckles of the purest gold” (Various 28) which shows his overly simplistic idealism since he makes no mention of how he expects to attain such items without money. The approach of the shepherd to love is simplistic, verging on the ideal rather than the reality of existence and as such represents a type of love doomed to failure rather than success. The Shepherds Love The shepherd’s love is based on idealism and materialism; he views his love as an ideal and states his intentions of dressing his love in the finest materials available. Yet the nymph wisely realizes the folly in his statements for an ideal quickly fades through the passing of time. The line “but could youth last and love still breed” (Jokinen 1) indicates how through time the nymphs own beauty will fade, the ideal of the shepherd will be lost and what is left is not what the shepherd desires (Hamilton 11). For what the shepherd wants is not his love in her entirety but rather that which is connected to her beauty (Edgecombe 39). There is no mention of mind, intellect, grace or talent but rather of desire on the part of the shepherd. He merely desires her and shows no care for what is beyond that which he desires. Not only that it can be considered that the shepherd himself has a serpent’s tongue for how can he bring gold and finery to the nymph when he is but a mere shepherd? The line “and truth in every shepherd’s tongue” (Jokinen 1) indicates how the nymph is dubious over the ability of the shepherd to actually care for her. This approach to love, for me, is far too idealistic which as a result shows how the shepherd gets lost in his own ideal world, lying in order to gain what he wants. For me Raleigh’s approach to love is far more fitting and appealing, the quote “in folly ripe in reason rotten” (Jokinen 1), is an adequate expression of the love portrayed by Marlowe, lacking in reasoning and being utterly ridiculous (Hamilton 11). While there is such a thing as desire, a person must learn that his grasp should never exceed his reach, in that the person he goes after and what he promises must be something which is attainable. The line “we will sit upon the rocks seeing the shepherds feed their flocks” (Various 28) indicates nothing more than idealism and a loss of reality on the part of the shepherd for he describes shepherds as being separate from himself however in reality he is also a shepherd. It must also be noted that the shepherd believes the nymph to be materialistic, the line “if these pleasures may thee move” (Various 28) indicates that he believes if he provides these things the nymph would accept to be his love (Edgecombe 39). There is no feeling of deep romance; rather, it is a shallow version of love which is seated in desire rather than something which is pure and truly loving. The approach of Marlow shows nothing more than an idealistic fool who believes that a woman would be swayed by gifts and nothing more (Hamilton 11). Conclusion In the end the love of the shepherd which is full of idealism, lies and desire is doomed to fail. This is reflected in the nymph’s reply to the shepherd where the promises and idealism presented in the message of the shepherd to his love are picked apart and shown for what they really are. For me love goes beyond simple promises and gestures, rather, love is often based in the reality of a situation with a person’s supposed ideal love often times being the worst possible person to fall in love with. In essence the approach of Raleigh is that of practicality, of knowing who to love and what to promise rather than give into idealism and foolish desire. Works Cited Edgecombe, Rodney Stenning. “Marlowe, Heine, and “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love.” ANQ 17.2 (2004): 39-40. EBSCO. Web. Hamilton, Lynn. “Donne’s THE BAIT.” Explicator 46.3 (1988): 211. EBSCO. Web. Jokinen, Aniina. “Raleigh’s Reply.” Luminarium . Web. Various. “The Passionate Shepherd To His Love.” Old Ballads . 28. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, 2006. EBSCO. Web.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The role of education in modern society is to provide knowledge and experience that will help students succeed in life.The role of education in modern society is to provide knowledge and experience that will help students succeed in life.

The role of education in modern society is to provide knowledge and experience that will help students succeed in life. The role of education in modern society is to provide knowledge and experience that will help students succeed in life.

Role of Education in Modern Society Essay There is no use denying the fact that education plays an important role in the life of modern people. It is difficult to imagine a person who wants to achieve some great goals and who does not obtain good knowledge. Education is the thing which helps to obtain this very information. That is why, it is possible to say that a person, who graduates from college, differs greatly from a freshman. Resting on my own practice, it should be said that the thing which is the most important and makes the difference is experience. It is easy to determine whether a person is experienced or not. The thing is that during the process of study a person obtains not only knowledge. Student teaches how to communicate and how to behave in society. It is a very important process which leads to the formation of experience. However, it is not professional experience as it can be obtained only while working, though, it is that sort of knowledge which will be very useful while communicating with employers and looking for some information. This experience can also help to use knowledge obtained in the process of study (Dewey 13). Nevertheless, it is another thing which differs me from a freshman. Knowledge, which I was given, will help me to become successful and make me more confident and this confidence can be easily seen. Additionally, knowledge helps to find better job as qualified specialists are more appreciated. Finally, friends and acquaintances are another thing which should be mentioned. In the course of study I made many friends who could help me in the future life. Moreover, some of them can help to find a job and build a career. With this in mind, it is possible to say that things which differ a freshman from a graduate are knowledge, experience and friends. These things are very important for the future of any person that is why college can be taken as a perfect place which creates a good basis for the further development of a person. Speaking about all these changes which happen to a person, it should be said that they are possible due to the wise combination of in and out of class activities. The thing is that a students life is comprised not only of classes and the process of obtaining knowledge. There is no use denying the fact that this aspect is very important and it should be given great attention. However, the life of a student out of a class should also be given attention. Socialization is very important for a person as he/she is a part of society and should understand the main regularities according to which it functions (“Importance of Education Speech” para. 5). That is why, college or some other educational institution is the best place which can teach a person how to behave in society and how to survive. It is also obvious, that a graduate does not have enough knowledge to become an ideal worker, however, his/her social experience can help and show the best for him/her to develop, obtain knowledge and achieve success. That is why, it should be said that knowledge obtained in class can become useless if a person is not able to understand how to use it. At the same time, self confidence without knowledge can be taken as some sort of arrogance (Kidwai para. 5) and will not have positive influence on the life of a person. That is why the aspect of education, that supposes in class work, should not be forgotten. Students have to divide their time between different tasks and activities for them to be able to get the most out of the whole course. Thus, they should also choose priorities which, they think, will be the most important in their future life. Only such subdivision and combination of in and out of class activities can lead to the balanced development of personality of a student. With this in mind, it is possible to say that the majority of changes happen both under the influence of in and out of class exercises which promote a freshman becoming a good specialist in the chosen sphere. It is obvious that all changes in the life of a person happen under the influence of certain factors which became topical at the given moment of time. Problems that a person faces and stresses connected with it make him/her accept a certain decision which influences the whole life and helps to form the character. The process of studying is not an exception. Being very important for the life of every person, it has its own factors which influence his/her becoming a new person with new skills and experience. There are several important factors. The first one is stress which a student feels when he/she just enters a college. The thing is that this event can very often be taken as the beginning of a persons individual and independent life. He/she does not live with parents anymore, moreover, he/she should count only on his/her forces. That is why, this period is very important and obviously influences the character of a person. Student teaches how to live alone and how to study. Moreover, he/she starts to realize himself/herself as the part of society. Adaptation to new conditions can take several month and is obviously the first important event which influences significantly the whole life of a person. The second important event is recognition of the importance of knowledge and experience which are obtained during the course. There is no certain time when it could happen, however, it contributed greatly to changes which appeared. Having realized necessity of all skills and information which a student can obtain while studying, he/she starts to do his/her best in order to get the maximum (“Education” para. 6). This recognition can be taken as a certain turning point as since that time a person starts to work for himself/herself and do everything which is possible to become the best student of the course. The last important event which could also have significant influence on a person is graduation. Having received his/her diploma, a person understands that he/she just starts the long way to success and that he/she has to do a lot to succeed. Diploma is the thing which can help, however, a person still has to work hard. Summing it up, it is possible to say that these three events can be taken as the most important things which influence student significantly. Summarizing the given discussion, it should be said that importance of the whole process of study could hardly be overestimated. A person rises from an inexperienced freshman to qualified specialist who could work and succeed. The process of development is very important and environment and educational institution helps a person to evolve. A graduate obtains priceless experience and knowledge which could help him/her in his/her future life. These phenomena are obtained due to several factors and events which happen during the whole course. Necessity to become independent and recognition of the role of a specialist in society influence a person and make him/her work harder. Moreover, a student is surrounded by people who help him/her to socialize which is also an important aspect of human life. Some of people will become friends for a student while other will be able to help in some complicated situations. However, all these people are very important for any person as they comprise the network of acquaintance which is vital for a social being. Additionally, combination of in and out of class activities helps to teach a person not only the knowledge which is the part of curriculum. However, a person also teaches show to divide his/her own free time and how to choose priorities. With this in mind, having analyzed the whole process of study, it is possible to make a certain conclusion. Education is a thing which helps a person not to get lost in the modern world as it gives confidence and needed experience (“Improve your personality through education” para. 6). It should also be said that a person, who graduated from any educational establishment, can easily be detected as he/she differs from the rest of young people who do not have education (“The Difference Between Being Educated and Uneducated” para.7). Under these conditions, it seems logic to recommend people to obtain education as it gives obvious advantages and helps in their life. Works Cited Dewey, John. Experience and Education . n.d. Education . n.d. Improve your personality through education . 2010. Importance of Education Speech . n.d. Kidwai, Anam. Top 15 Reasons why Education is Extremely Important. 2014. The Difference Between Being Educated and Uneducated . n.d.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The Roman legacy is one of the most historically significant occurrences. There are contemporary practices largely drawn from Roman philosophies. For instance, the military power has been given prominence. Presently most states have applied military power to guard their resources and interests within a global perspective.

The Roman legacy is one of the most historically significant occurrences. There are contemporary practices largely drawn from Roman philosophies. For instance, the military power has been given prominence. Presently most states have applied military power to guard their resources and interests within a global perspective.

Roman Lifestyles’ Influence on Civilization Essay Table of Contents 1. Roman Legacy 2. Augustine’s Christianity 3. Islam and Christianity Made Visual 4. The Medieval Experience 5. References Roman Legacy The influence of Roman lifestyles on civilization is eminent. Notably, there are similarities between the ancient Rome and the contemporary U.S. lifestyle. Some elements that were noted in the fallen empire are presently practiced. It is critical to highlight these similarities. Evidently, both the U.S. and Roman societies valued family principles. Particularly, the societies shared similar sentiments on the purity of marriage. For instance, the case of Lucretia indicates the perception of the ancient Romans on the matter (Barnstone, 2003). However, this trend changed in the rule of Caesar Augustus. Immorality came into foreplay. This trend of immorality is observed within the contemporary American lifestyle. Sex has gradually become sporadic. People do not respect the sanctity and fidelity in marriage. Notably, there are several instances of homosexuality. This includes same sex marriages. The instance of moral decadence within the contemporary America is similar to that in the ancient Rome. The Roman legacy is one of the most historically significant occurrences. Several instances in the contemporary world have been associated with the ancient Roman philosophy. Evidently, the contemporary U.S. depicts some of these elements. Occasionally, the U.S has been regarded as the contemporary Roman Empire. The capacity to dominate and conquer is explicitly depicted in the Roman Empire (Gardner & Kleiner, 2010). Presently, it is notable that Americans have a greater global dominion. There are contemporary practices largely drawn from Roman philosophies. For instance, the military power has been given prominence. Presently most states have applied military power to guard their resources and interests within a global perspective. There are several cases that can support this argument. An example is the dominion of the U.S. military force on war tone third and middle level states. Augustine’s Christianity The architecture of Ravenna depicts significant perceptions on Christianity articulated by Augustine. In “Confessions and The City of God,” Augustine presents his personal opinions on the topic of Christianity. Foremost, the art of Ravenna indicates an important theological history. This architecture echoes vital reiterations made by Augustine concerning the creation of mankind. In his views, Augustine has strong conviction on the concept of creation by God (Cohen, 2008). The interaction of man and earthly occurrences is portrayed in the art. Augustine’s views rest on the relationship between man and earthly occurrences, with dominion of God. As indicated in the “city of God,” the art potentiates the importance of three basic elements in man’s Christianity. Basically, the church forms the first existence. As indicated by the philosopher, the art also recognizes the presence of the heaven’s city. The art signifies the basic interaction between these two dominions and the “City of the World.” These are clear philosophies of Augustine as eminent within the “Confessions and The City of God.” (Bottero, 1995). From the architecture, there is eminence of dominion and divinity of the church. Augustine indicates the importance of the church. In addition, its significant role in leading the entire mankind to the long-lasting goodness is recognized (Gardner & Kleiner, 2010). The influence of man from the worldly affairs can be easily noted in the art. Perhaps, this communicates Augustine’s views on the issue of politics on the virtues and human mind. However, the connection of these communities in the essence of seeking wellness is eminent. The two invisible cities are also contrasted in the art. Generally, this provides the disparity between the individuals destined for complete salvation and those headed for damnation. Indeed, the art communicates a lot regarding Augustine’s views. Islam and Christianity Made Visual Several considerations may be drawn from the visual analysis of the calligraphy and mosaic. Generally, the Islamic calligraphy represents the literature and beliefs of the people who adopted the religion as early as 17 th century. The Islamic calligraphies are viewed to be largely nonrepresentational. However, they look attractive and decorative. The application of the Arabic language is evident in these Islamic calligraphies. However, this is not applicable in the Christian mosaics of Ravenna. From the Islamic calligraphy, a high depiction of the mosque and other associated buildings is noticed. On the other hand, the Christian mosaic of Ravenna tends to major on the concept of spirituality and the relationship with God. Thus, there is an element of structural identity depicted in the Islamic calligraphy. The Islamic artistic presentations of the “Dome of the Rock and Alhambra” have very intrinsic meanings to the Muslim society (Gardner & Kleiner, 2010). For instance, they fortify the conviction that Muhammad ascended from the “Dome of the Rock.” The Christian mosaic of the Ravenna presents a belief in the existence of God. The association between different states of humanity, the earthly influences and the interception of heavenly power is communicated. Apart from these, a historical analysis of Christianity can be drawn from the mosaic. This also includes the diverse views of ancient philosophers on the subject of Christianity. The Islamic calligraphy represents the firm beliefs in Quran. Indicatively, the calligraphy and the general artistic presentations at the “Dome of the Rock” have immensely influenced the structural appearance and pattern of the mosque. The Christian mosaic has a minimal structural presentation. It is important to note that the mosaic of the Ravenna dwells more on the spiritual interaction and significance of the existence of a mighty power. The Medieval Experience The medieval period was characterized by several occasions of pilgrimages and crusades. The pilgrimages were predominantly associated with the Muslims. On the other hand, the Christianity held crusades. Indeed, there were notable disparities that could influence an individual’s choice (Mackenzie, 2001). Personally, I would prefer to attend the crusades if I lived in the medieval period. The pilgrimages occurred over extremely long distances. There were also inhumane restrictions. Unlike the practices and restrictions in crusades, this could possibly compromise an individual’s wellbeing. The total devotion and belief of the pilgrims led to the development of self sacrifice and jihad mentalities. This was absent in the Christian crusades. The crusade was rooted on effective and harmonious relationship with one another. The occurrences within the Bayeux Tapestry are critical. In a real film, the Bayeux Tapestry would entail a series of battles. The conflict is based between the duke and the earl. The film would present a captivating conflict of Hastings. As depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry, the fifty scenes would provide an interesting film for the audience. The customary setting of the Bayeux Tapestry is also important (Gardner & Kleiner, 2010). In a film, this aspect would present a unique historical prologue of the ancient world. This would provide the film with a distinct sense of attraction. The risky missions in the Bayeux Tapestry could impart a sense of empathy in the audience. References Barnstone, T. (2003). Literature of Asia: From antiquity to the present . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Bottero, J. (1995). Writing, reasoning, and the Gods . Chicago. Univ. of Chicago Press. Cohen, J. M. (2008). A history of Western literature: From medieval epic to modern poetry . Piscataway, N.J: Aldine Transaction. Gardner, H., & Kleiner, F. S. (2010). Gardner’s art through the ages: A concise western history . Australia: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Mackenzie, L. (2001). Non-Western art: A brief guide . Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: Rudolf Carnap's view on cosmological argument is that it is not a deductive argument because it cannot be used to prove the existence of God. He believes that the best way to explain the universe is through the laws of physics, not through religious explanations.

Rudolf Carnap's view on cosmological argument is that it is not a deductive argument because it cannot be used to prove the existence of God. He believes that the best way to explain the universe is through the laws of physics, not through religious explanations.

Rudolf Carnap’s View on Cosmological Argument Essay The Cosmological Argument There are many arguments and justifications regarding the existence of God. Some people argue that there is God, while others believe that God does not exist. The arguments that support the existence of God can be divided into two categories; the posterior arguments and the ‘ a priori’ arguments (Rowe 16). The former refers to the arguments that are developed based on the premise that is only known through the experience that people have in the world. The latter, on the other hand, is based on the premises that can be known without the world experiences. One of the arguments that have been developed is the Cosmological Argument. This is an argument that supports the fact that there is a God. The other two arguments are the Ontological Argument and the Design Argument. The Cosmological Argument is a posteriori argument. The Design Argument is also a posteriori argument, but the Ontological Argument is a priori argument . The Cosmological Argument has two parts. The first part attempts to prove the existence of a being that is not like other beings, while the second part of the argument proves that this special being has some features, such as perfect goodness, omniscience, and omnipotence. Moreover, this being is the creator of the world, and it is separate and independent of the world. The two parts of the Cosmological Argument face objections from other philosophers, with the first part being the most objected. The first part states that “every being (that exists or ever did exist) is either a dependent being or a self-existing being. Not every being can be a dependent being; therefore, there exists a self-existing being” (Rowe 18). A dependent being is a kind of being whose existence can only be accounted for by the results of the activities carried out by other things. In other words, it is the kind of being whose existence can only be explained by another being. On the other hand, a self-existent being is a being whose existence does not have to be explained by another being, but its own nature accounts for its existence. God is a self-existing being (Rowe 17). The premises of the first part of the Cosmological Argument and the part that has been focused on in the article have been criticized for not being deductively valid. In other words, they are said to be true, but their conclusions are not true. For instance, the argument states that God is a self-existing being, but it fails to provide enough grounds to prove that God really exists. The premises are true, as God is truly a self-existing being. However, the conclusion that God exists is not true because they fail to prove that God truly exists. The argument is good because it is able to justify the existence of a special being, but it is not deductively valid because it fails to prove the existence of God. The Carnap’s discussion about the explanation using the laws can be connected to the Cosmological Argument. The argument by Carnap does not explain why God exists. Instead, it tries to explain how God exists. It gives the laws that try to explain how God exists through three premises. For instance, the third premise, which could be termed as the third law, explains that God is a self-existent being. In other words, God’s existence does not depend on the existence of another being. Therefore, the Cosmological Argument is consistent with Carnap’s discussion of explanation by the laws (Carnap 142). Works Cited Carnap, Rudolf. The Value of Laws . New York: IMG, 1966. Print. Rowe, L. William. The Cosmological Argument. New York: Fordham University Press, 1998. Print.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: Segmentation, Targeting and positioningThe company will target the high number of recreation surfers found in Australia's beaches and coastlines. The other segment will be the surfing sportsmen and women who dominate international surfing sports. The products will be positioned based on the level of quality, price, class, user, application, and attitude.

Segmentation, Targeting and positioning The company will target the high number of recreation surfers found in Australia's beaches and coastlines. The other segment will be the surfing sportsmen and women who dominate international surfing sports. The products will be positioned based on the level of quality, price, class, user, application, and attitude.

Rusty’s Surfboards Product Segment Essay Segmentation, Targeting and positioning The company will target the high number of recreation surfers found in Australia’s beaches and coastlines. The other segment will be the surfing sportsmen and women who dominate international surfing sports. Rusty products will be positioned based on the level of quality, price, class, user, application, and attitude. The targeted segments will be located based on geographic location, occupation, and professionalism. According to Cant, Strydom & Jooste (2006) segmentation, targeting and positioning of a product success depend as heavily on the adopted marketing mix. Therefore, the 4Ps of the marketing mix should be well researched in this case. International marketing strategy Product The products will have a competitive advantage as they have been made uniquely compared to the existing products in the market. Because of the high surfing levels as a cultural activity, the products will require no further modification. Customers in Australia have a high purchasing power, which will enable high customer reliability. However, the products will be differentiated to accommodate the different targeted segments. For instance, there will be special products for international surfers and the rest of the surfers. Promotional strategy Customers demand always needs to be stimulated. Personal selling and advertisement will be used to promote products. For example, the company will hold shows around the beaches to promote the products. One or two professionals will be endorsed to carry a campaign on the need to have the new surfing board. Promotions will be carried along the beaches where potential customers can be reached. Pricing strategy Other than putting into considerations the legal forces, price escalating factors, and government regulations, the company will adopt premium-priced, hand-made skateboards. The premium prices will range from a wide surf board to a narrow surf board. In other words, size and the purpose of the boards will be considered while pricing the products. Place The Surfboards Rusty Company will place its products in strategically accessible points. For example, stores will be placed around the beaches where customers can walk in a have the surfers at affordable prices. However, surfers’ boards will be placed in different areas where products targeting professionals will be placed in different stores. This will ensure convenience and increase reliability through time-saving. Channels of distribution The company will have its distribution channels fixed according to convenience and affordability. Dent (2011) note that a well designed and operated distribution channels should be adopted to ensure that products are available to customers at the right time. Some of the distribution channels available for Surfboards Rusty Company are through the use of retailers, distributors, wholesalers, franchise systems, and final-tier channels. The place and the entry of mode determine the distribution channels be adopted by the company. Modes of entry According to Ramaswami and Agarwal (1991), the major modes of entry in foreign markets are a sole venture, joint venture, licensing, and exporting. The company will have to choose one of these modes based on three main factors, namely advantages associated with internationalization, advantages associated with the location of the market, and ownership advantages of the firm. Given the high market potential in Australia’s market, the joint venture would be most preferable. The joint venture allows the company to jointly cooperate with another existing firm in the foreign market. The advantages associated with ownership and locations are very high compared to the other entry modes (Ramaswami & Agarwal (1991). Reference List Cant, M. C., Strydom, J. W. & Jooste, C. J. (2006). Marketing management . Cape Town, SA: Juta Dent, J. (2011). Distribution channels: Understanding and managing channels to market . London, UK: Kogan Page. Ramaswami, S., & Agarwal, S. N. (1991). Choice of foreign market entry mode: Impact of ownersip, location, and internationalization factors . Journal of international Business studies, 1-27

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The essay compares the characters of Saboteur by Ha Jin and Every Day Use by Alice Walker. The first story is about a man who is unfairly punished and his strange way to take revenge on people. The second story is about a mother and her two daughters and their different understanding of identity.

The essay compares the characters of Saboteur by Ha Jin and Every Day Use by Alice Walker. The first story is about a man who is unfairly punished and his strange way to take revenge on people. The second story is about a mother and her two daughters and their different understanding of identity.

“Saboteur” and “Everyday Use” Literary Comparison Essay The stories we are going to talk about are Saboteur by Ha Jin and Everyday Use by Alice Walker. The first one centers around some unfair punishment, which the main character Mr. Chiu is suffering and his strange way to take revenge on people. The second story describes the life of a common family in which even tenor is interrupted by the visit of one of the daughters of Mama and their different understanding of identity. These two stories are absolutely different, and the main characters are different too. They possess qualities that distinguish them from each other, making Mr. Chiu and Mama absolutely dissimilar. The main character of the story, Saboteur, is Mr. Chiu. He is a very well educated person working as a lecturer at Harbin University (Jin para. 34). He has just returned from his honeymoon and wants to enjoy a day to day routine. However, there is one thing that darkens his life. It is the fact that “he had suffered from acute hepatitis” (Jin para. 4) This knowledge becomes very important for the development of the story. Being imprisoned, he shows qualities which are peculiar for a noble, high educated though a bit naive person. He believes in justice and the ideal of tolerance as it was proclaimed that “all citizens were equal before the law” (Jin para. 27). However, another part of his nature is shown at the end of the story. Being irritated, he just wants to take revenge, infecting people with hepatitis. He serves as a typical image of a despaired intellectual who is totally exhausted. The main character of another story is Mama. She is totally different. She serves as an embodiment of the image of the working woman “I am a large, big-boned woman with rough, man working hands. In the winter, I wear flannel nightgowns to bed and overalls dur.ing the day. I can kill and clean a hog as mercilessly as a man” (Walker, para. 5). Of course, she is not educated. She finished only one class, and she cannot even read. Her character corresponds to her look. The story is presented from her point of view, and her thoughts sound very steadily without any complicated constructions. However, she is a good woman who is satisfied with her life, and she loves her children and cares about them. Her daughter Dee comes to her after a long pause, totally different; however, she does not deprive her of mothers love. From the first point of view, these two main characters seem to be very different. It is possible to oppose well educated and intelligent Mr. Chiu to uneducated mother of two daughters. He believes in some high ideas of tolerance and human rights, while she seems to be totally indifferent to these words. Life is her best teacher, and she shows the existence of some kind of worldly wisdom. While Mr. Chiu does not have any sign of it. His attempt to go against the system perfectly demonstrates it. It can be taken as the great desire to attain justice; however, form another point of view, he just behaves himself silly admonishing the policeman. The great difference can also be seen in the endings of the stories. An uneducated woman shows more compassion, love, and understanding of her identity than intelligent Mr. Chiu, who infects a great number of innocent people in his blind desire to take revenge. Works Cited Jin, Ha. Saboteur. 2000. Web. Walker, Alice. Everyday Use. 1973. Web.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The essay discusses the sacredness of the Native American religious groups and how they differ from contemporary religious settings. It also talks about how Native American religions have a strong believe in the sacred way of living and sacredness of the earth.

The essay discusses the sacredness of the Native American religious groups and how they differ from contemporary religious settings. It also talks about how Native American religions have a strong believe in the sacred way of living and sacredness of the earth.

Sacredness of the Native American Religious Groups Research Paper The sacred way of living is a common phenomenon among most of the Native American religious groups. Their practices also involved searching for holy places or seeking the sacredness of the earth. According to Hartz (2009, p.8), a good example is the Lakota Nation of the western plains whose holy men had to choose sacred countryside locations to perform a four-day Lakota ceremony known as the ‘Sun Dance’. The holy men had to perform religious rituals on the chosen land and sanctify it to assure sacredness. This is a clear indication that religious groups have a strong believe in the sacred way of living and sacredness of the earth. About Hartz’s writing (2009, p.8), Lakota religion had to alternate the sacred places every year. Native religions, therefore, had implicit relationships that outlaid them as part of a religious lifecycle for life. Religious ceremonies are a reminder of sacred origins and indicate the necessity of harmonious way of life and a balance of the universe. Ideas that promote harmony between human existence and the planet Moral parameters About Buerki and Vottero (p.46), on the identification of moral parameters, it would be important to engage in a personal debate over the extent to which decision would have on one’s reputation for instance; to what extent would evil deeds affect segments of the sacred way of life. Involving moral parameters assist in formulating the process of problem analysis and identification. Sacredness should also involve analysis of the effects involving legal constrains in any given circumstance. Relevant Sacred human values The decision one makes ought to enhance the sacred relationship with others rather than conform to a fixed code of ethics or religious culture. Administrations design some earthly internal bureaucratic rules and regulations in such a way that they enhance the internal efficiency but on the other hand, compromise the holiness. Ethically these are third party constraints (Buerki and Vottero, p.46). Native Vs Contemporary Religious Settings Native American religions and Eastern/Western religions have a strong devotion to religious practices and strongly believe in the role played by God in shaping lives. Religious exercises depict God grace over life through the enhanced safety and wellbeing and also disappointment or disapproval in the form of the existing misfortunes as well as tragedy. Considering the insight into the seventeenth century, the role of England Kings and the political role show needs to demand leaders who do not meander in the illusion of entitlement (Rowlandson, p.21). There is a thin line between civilization and savagery. This is a forced upon the journey to the civilization of the twenty-first century and an indication that contemporary leadership depicts civilization as a radical and permanent change of the sacred salvation as indicated by lack of connection to nature (Rowlandson, p.21). Conclusion The sacredness of the Native American religious groups shows a huge distinction between good and evil, or savagery and civilization. Although they have, a wide range of ambiguous practices and uncertainties, the religious groups shows faithfulness, grace, and providence to shaping the world and that everything occurs for a purpose. People believe in showing the importance of accepting religion and aim at making sense out of such religious believes or preparations. Various quotes from the holy books act as strengthening points for believers. According to Rowlandson (p.19) quotes from the Bible, for example, “the Load still showed mercy to me, and helped me; and as he wounded me with one hand, so he healed me with the other” is a close reference to immediate situations. Sacredness assists people in making the best out of a situation for a better situation and having a strong believe regarding religious believes is evident in today’s setting. Works Cited Buerki, Robert and Louis Vottero. “ Ethical Responsibility in Pharmacy Practice.” Chicago: Amer. Inst. History of Pharmacy Publisher, 2002. Print. Hartz, Paula. “ World Religious Native American Religions .” (Third Edition). New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers. 2009. Print Rowlandson, Mary. “ The Sovereignty and Goodness of God.” Bedford/Saint Martin’s publishers, 2002

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The paper examines the use of safety management systems in the aviation industry both among the military as well as the civilian airlines. The two bodies work together to enhance daily activities without compromising each other.

The paper examines the use of safety management systems in the aviation industry both among the military as well as the civilian airlines. The two bodies work together to enhance daily activities without compromising each other.

Safety Management Systems in the Aviation Industry Research Paper Statement of the Project The report based on this project is going to analyze the use of safety management systems (herein referred to as SMSs) in the aviation industry both among the military as well as the civilian airlines. The two bodies work together to enhance daily activities without compromising each other. The report found out that the project exhibits a mutual relationshipbetween the two parties. For instance, players in the aviation industry are most likely to use the same facilities in the surrounding. For this paper to be effective and achieve the purpose intended, the author is going to first outline the plans and procedures that the aviation industry is intending to put in place for the sake of safety in the field. This will be followed by a deeper analysis of the plans and procedures put in place so that the credibility of the operations is maintained. The safety systems’ plans and procedures are to be in accordance with regulations put in place by the two bodies formulated to oversee the safety management practices in the aviation field. These are the Federal Aviation Administration (also known as FAA) and the International Civil Organization (also known as ICAO). The author of this paper will compare the two bodies (FAA and ICAO) and analyze the requirements of the two organizations when one wishes to engage in the aviation industry. The two agencies will also be analyzed in terms of similarities and differences in their efforts to control the choking aviation industry. Their duties as well as strengths and weaknesses will also be put into perspective. The author will also analyze other related organizations that work hand in hand with the agencies. This is for example the Occupation Safety and Health Administration (also known as OSHA) and the various stipulations it provides for the aviation industry. Following the regulations that are put in place by these organizations goes a long way in harmonizing operations between civilian and military aviation (Federal Aviation Administration [FAA], 2010). Program Outcomes Addressed FAA description of the SMSs Safety management systems provide an integrated and systematic way to manage air traffic control safety. Elements of the FAA safety management systems include policy, architecture, assurance and safety promotion. System SMS is the functional framework that is used for safety management. It is the combination of the interrelated and interacting elements in an organization which function to achieve identified objectives. It can also be viewed as a system that can modify its operations for the achievement of anti-entropic ends. In designing the system, it is essential to focus on context, process, and function perspectives in order to comprehend the whole. At first, the approach focused on structure but later the emphasis shifted to functions and objectives. Afterwards, this was followed by total quality management that focused more on process and control. The three perspectives together with the environment are collectively exhaustive, mutually exclusive and interdependent. Classification, method and model are therefore related. These notions are taken into account when designing SMSs for both civilian and military aviation (FAA, 2011). Management In safety management endeavors, how safety is defined determines the means and objectives of management. Management is concerned with the control of the system’s functions towards the achievement of the safety goals. It is a process that requires resources, actionable data, means and goals. The FAA point out that safety is the managerial process that is shared between government regulators and service providers or aviation operators. The implication is that the management of safety is about organizations that control safety through the handling of risk and performance and not about a human operator. Peterson (2008) is of the view that safety management in the aviation industry is successful when it is independent, involved, informed, and informative. The results of the four aspects should undergo constant evaluation to find out how they affect the processes, functions and structure of the SMS. Safety Safety operationalisation should provide ways of measuring and ‘controlling safety’. On the basis of manageability, regulatory organizations such as FAA and ICAO transform safety into a risk that is acceptable. Factors that are likely to cause accidents and severity of outcomes can be analyzed. In this regard, safety management is actually risk management. Much of the emphasis for FAA and ICAO, while defining safety, is on risk management. The FAA further introduces the aspect of safety assurance in order to apply an approach of quality management. Generally, safety can be regarded as the absence of undesired outcomes. This definition is wide enough to create room for more perspectives on the issues that affect safety. But it has to be specified to meet the needs of safety management in the aviation industry. The general definition supports a safety perspective in various departments of an organization such as the health and safety office and aircraft maintenance. Bos & Caldwell (2007) posit that safety should be considered as a dynamic non-event. It is more of a culmination of sophisticated processes than a function of fixed parts. Accidents are the results of disharmony or dysfunctional interactions and disturbances between components of the system. Thus, safety can be regarded as a problem that emanates from control deficiencies. The objective of safety management is therefore to control the process performance of systems and sub-systems. When safety is considered as a problem with control, a control theory perspective is used for safety management and in formulating safety and accident models. The Airspace Conflict In the recent past, military aviation activities have endangered air routes and greatly inconvenienced civil aviation. One of the most notable events that highly affected the operations of civil aviation was the firing of nuclear missiles in Korea on the 5 th of July 2006 by the military. The missiles crossed international air routes and close extrapolation found that the firings had crossed air routes over the Pacific Ocean and Japan. Annex 11 of the Chicago Convention outlines the manner in which military activities in the airspace should be managed to ensure they do not conflict with civil aviation (Bos & Caldwell, 2007). The second chapter of the Annex explains the relationship between ATS and the military. The two are supposed to cooperate and take responsibility for any occurrences that may interfere with civil aviation. Because of the importance of both military and civil aviation, there should be SMSs that manage the airspace as a whole. Because the airspace is very essential for both parties, there should be minimal restrictions on access and usage. Cooperation between the military and civilian aviation authorities is made more urgent because of the fact that airspace resources are subjected to a lot of strain due to the growth in international air travel. This cooperation is not only about sharing airspace but also efficient airspace allocation especially in the case of military flights that operate under special-use airspace. This implies that there is supposed to be cooperation between authorities in the military and those in the air navigation service. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is currently calling for the establishment of a cooperation that is similar to that of the Single European Sky legislation. The SES applies to all European Union countries and other states that surround the EU. This legislation is complimented by a program that runs the infrastructure’s modernization program in EU air traffic control. ICAO Initiatives The ICAO has put several measures in place to ensure the harmonious coexistence between military and civil aviation. One of the most recent initiatives is the Global ATM (air traffic management) Operational Concept. This concept portrays a harmonized, integrated global ATM system. ICAO has also provided guidelines on coordination of activities between ATS and military authorities. The guidelines point out that when there is a sudden armed hostility outbreak, the ATS and State authorities, pilot in-command and other aircraft operators should assess the scenario on the basis of available information. Their actions should be planned in a manner that does not jeopardize safety (Bos & Caldwell, 2007). These guidelines outline that when a civil aircraft is approaching a region that the military has designated as a ‘dangerous’ area, restricted, or prohibited or any other area that may be considered potentially hazardous, the ATS unit that is responsible should issue a warning to the civil aircraft. This warning should include information on how to head away from the area. In the event that it is not possible to communicate with the ATS unit, the military unit should transmit a warning to the aircraft through VHF emergency channel 121.5 MHz. The warning given to the civil aircraft should emphasize on the appropriate change of path. The reason is that uncoordinated warnings may culminate in more risk to the aircraft, especially collision with another plane (Bos & Caldwell, 2007). Prevailing Trends in the Aviation Industry The current situation in the aviation industry is characterized by increased flight operations on a daily basis. The reported trends include: * Incidents and accidents * Complying with the regulations * More barriers due to the increased number of players in the aviation industry * New hazards * Improving the current safety management system Figure 1: Types of Incidents that Involves SMSs’ Interventions Type of Incidence (Surface or Airborne) An Example Pilot deviation (surface) A pilot taxis across a departure runway without clearance Pilot deviation (airborne) A pilot levels off at the wrong altitude and flies too close to another aircraft resulting to loss of separation Operation error (airborne) An air traffic controller does not maintain separation standards when sequencing two aircrafts on approach for landing resulting in a loss of separation Vehicle and pedestrian deviation(surface) An aircraft- fuelling truck crosses a runway without authorization from air traffic control resulting in a runway incursion Air traffic control surface events(surface) An aircraft enters an occupied runway after an air traffic control fails to ensure the pilot repeats instructions correctly, resulting in a runway incursion Source: FAA (2011) Figure 2: Negligence of SMSs and the Consequences Air Traffic Quality Assurance (ATQA ) Risk Analysis Process (RAP) Air Traffic Safety Action Program (ATSAP) Inappropriate use of displayed data perception Clearance problems Read back Memory Air space violations Improper use of visual data Pilot actions Expectations bias Area of occurrence Organizational factor Aircraft observation Pilot noncompliance Source: FAA (2011) Figure 3: Trends of Occurring Incidences that are Reported and Those that are not Reported. Source: FAA (2011) For these issues to be addressed effectively, the military and the civilian operators ought to work together for effective implementation of the identified strategies. Data Collection The aviation industry has several advantages over other modes of transportation in the world. For example, it is regarded to be one of the safest as compared to the others. However, accidents still happens and there is need to address the problem in attempts to reduce the number of casualties and avert accidents as a whole. Proactive measures that are in place have to be scrutinized and their effectiveness analyzed to determine whether they are fit for the operations. The information and data for this report was obtained from reports that recorded the various accidents in the aviation industry and the trends of flights in the market (Peterson, 2008). The reliability of information is ensured as it was derived directly from aviation literature and reports that were compiled after catastrophic events occurred in the sector. The figure below explains the trends of the incidents reported in the past few years: Figure 4: Accidents and Incidents in the Aviation Industry in the Recent Past. Source: FAA (2011) Figure 5: Some of the Incidents that have Taken Place Due to Lose Safety Measures Event Date 1. N661FT Aircraft Accident Morristown , NJ November 13, 2011 1. Cruss Incidence ….poor inspection May 17, 2011 1. N911TE Aircraft accident …..miscommunication in Tererbo , NJ January 31, 2011 1. N71MC-mid air collision August 8, 2009 1. N559DW-Emergency landing at south west Florida IAP. April 12, 2009 1. FLL Runway incursion July 11, 2007 Source: FAA (2011) Findings of the Report The research was carried out to confirm the many incidences experienced in the aviations industry involving stakeholders from both the civilian as well as the military sectors. The findings are overwhelming and depict the fact that the aircraft is considered to be the most efficient mode of transport. In spite of this, incidents that pose a threat to the safety of the sector have been reported in the past (Wetmore & Przetak, 2006). It is noted that as the aircrafts takeoff and even land, the SMSs have been ignored and the situation has resulted to hazardous incidents. Such incidents have even led to fatal accidents in the aviation industry. Surface areas around the airport have been left unattended and wrought with confusions as the pilots and the control tower operators disregard the importance of ensuring the safety provisions are followed to the letter (FAA, 2011). At the beginning of this report, the author indicated the plans that are underway and which have been initiated by both the FAA and ICAO. Some of them include; * The most recent strategies that FAA has implemented to make sure that the safety measures in the terminal area are efficient * Recent trends in the terminal area (either surface or airborne) that contribute to the hazardous threats * Further actions that the two urgencies opt to undertake following the recent incidents The current problems are different from what happened several decades ago. The findings of this report will first address the nature of the safety challenges encountered in the past and in recent times. Figure 6: Forms of Safety Mechanism that has taken Shape in the Aviation Industry Proposed Structures and Policies The overall gain of employing safety mechanisms in the aviation industry is enhanced and efficient service delivery. This incorporates systematic, proactive as well as properly defined SMS strategies to address the increased threats in the aviation industry. Forecast reports indicate there will be increased air transport hence the importance of new measures to respond to the frequent incidences emanating from the operations of the aviation industry (Bos & Caldwell, 2007). Rule making is one of the structures initiated by FAA and ICAO to ensure that all airports- including military facilities- operate within the stipulated safety measures. Figure 7: The Number of Incursions at Towered Airports Fiscal Years 2001 to 2011. Source: FAA (2011) Safety Management System Proposal for the Military and Civilian Aviation Industries The SMSs are vital requirements for the efficient operation of the aviation industry and it encompasses policies and procedural approaches to oversee the safety measures. One major objective of this move is to come up with a structured management system to look into risk management procedures. All these take into account the organizational level and the nature of all stakeholders involved in undertaking the safety processes (Bos & Caldwell, 2007). For the process to be effective, SMSs needs to be planned, organized, communicated, and finally used in providing direction when responding to safety issues. The safety measures are initiated by putting in place the governing policy to which the military and civilian operators are expected to adhere (Bos & Caldwell, 2007). Several simple proposals are put in place to make sure the safety measures are easily achieved. These are; * Safety policy * Safety assurance * Safety improvement * Safety culture Recommendations on the SMSs and their Impacts on Human Life For personal growth, quality of life needs to be given priority over anything else. Different incidents that happened in the past can be analyzed so that the current and future occurrences are controlled. New flights that are coming into the market should be capable of adapting to the challenges that flights experienced in the past (Bos & Caldwell, 2007). The agencies that are involved in flight dispatch have the challenge of reviewing the policies constantly with the increased usage of the aviation industry. Civilian aviation is constantly evolving with personal crafts operated by private pilots and which are choking the airspace. As such, there is a need to go back to the drawing board and review the aviation regulations to meet the current scenario in the market (Bos & Caldwell, 2007). Aeronautical Science This is the general science that is involved with the designing and construction of aircrafts. It also stretches to include the nature and use of aircrafts such as rockets, spacecraft, and so on. There are flights that stay in the earth’s atmosphere and there are those that fly outside the atmosphere. Generally, the discipline transcends aerodynamics, propulsion, avionics manufacturing and many other different fields which come together to establish a common ground for safety measures (Wetmore & Przetak, 2006). The field is well acquainted with SMSs and there is demand to produce flights that strike a balance between performance based on the technology at their disposal and the cost of manufacture. Costing means that the cheaply manufactured planes may not adapt effectively to the environmental changes and maneuvering capabilities. As such they may impact negatively on SMSs practices (Wetmore & Przetak, 2006). Aeronautical scientists develop new ways to be used in the aviation industry for both civilian and military systems. Aviation Legislation and Law The main difference between the operations of civil and military aviation is that they utilize the same airspace in diverse ways. The difference is what led to the adoption of the Assembly Resolution A10-19 which focused much on the mandate of ICAO to manage safety in the skies while recognizing that the airspace and other services and resources are shared between the military and civil aviation (FAA, 2011). Another important legislation is the Assembly Resolution A36-13 which was adopted during the thirty sixth ICAO Assembly. This particular legislation recognizes that many resources and facilities including the airspace should be used commonly by military and civil aviation. It adds that the management of the skies should be flexible. This common usage is to be arranged to ensure efficiency, regularity, and safety of international air traffic. The activities of member states are thus not supposed to interfere with the efficiency, regularity and safety of international air traffic and should conform to the stipulations of Chicago Convention’s Annex 2. The resolution also pointed out that the ICAO council would guide and advice member states who wished to formulate military-civil agreements (FAA, 2011). Air Safety Air safety comprises of a number of issues that pertains to flight failure and controlling such failures in the future. The prevention of such failures is achieved through training and educating of the public on how to behave in case of such incidences. There are a number of factors that threaten the air safety for both the military and civilian aircrafts. These include; * Foreign objects and debris * Misleading information as well as insufficient information both on the surface and on air * Military action in the event of criminal acts such as terrorism * Weather conditions like lightening, ice, snow and so forth * Fire outbreak during a flight * Structural failure during a flight * Accident survivability The above threats have been addressed by different agencies across the globe to make sure that necessary actions are undertaken in case of such events. The partnership brings together the operators, regulators, manufactures, agencies and other concerned stakeholders who contribute to the formulation of air safety strategies (Stringer, 2006). Some major contributors to air safety (such as Commercial Aviation Safety Team [CAST] and European Strategic Safety Initiative [ESSI]) have been created to reduce air fatalities in the world by 80%. With the contribution of aviation regulatory bodies like the FAA and ICAO, air safety is expected to take a new form by 2013 (Bos & Caldwell, 2007). Conclusion As indicated above, there are safety management systems that have been put in place to ensure harmony between military and civil aviation. Nonetheless, there are still some loop holes such as the lack of clarity in some regulations. This is for example the Chicago Convention’s Article 89 which lacks effect and certainty. The other area that has been a cause of many debates among different stakeholders is testing of missiles like in the Korean 2006 case. This particular case led to outcry from many nations and organizations such as the ICAO and the UN Security Council which had to organize an urgent meeting. However, in spite of the Resolution 1695 that was formulated after the incident, the country went on to fire another missile in May 2009. Although Chicago Convention’s Article 1 recognizes the airspace of a nation as a sovereignty entity belonging to that nation, some regulations have to be put in place to protect the civilians of many nations who are passing over the skies of such nations. This is given the fact that it is not only the nation under the airspace which makes use of the same. Other countries around the world use the airspace to access other regions of the world. As such, it is important to ensure that the airspace in such a case is safe for military and civilian aviation originating from the nation and other parts of the world. References Bos, P., & Caldwell, W. (2007). System safety application: Constructing a comprehensive aviation system safety management model (ASSMM). International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies , 7 (1), 28-45. Federal Aviation Administration. (2010). Advisory circular 120-92 (AC120-92): Introduction to safety management systems for air operators . Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Federal Aviation Administration. (2011) . Advisory circular 150/5200-37: Introduction to safety management systems (SMS) for airport operators. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Peterson, D. (2008). Safety management: A human approach . Goshen, New York: Aloray Inc. Stringer, T. (2006). Action research: A handbook for practitioners . Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. Vincoli, J. (2008). Basic guide to system safety . New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Wetmore, M., & Przetak, R. (2006). A new approach to enhance airline safety: Using system safety techniques. Journal of Air Transportation , 11 (2), 113-139.

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Write an essay about: Salesforce.com applied cloud computing in several ways, including the use of a contemporary Saleforce.com web site that focused on cloud computing and grading of commodities into three basic forms of clouds, namely; custom clouds, service cloud and sales cloud. The firm also applied both Sales and Service clouds in enhancing client related services. Notable challenges experienced by the Force.com included heightened competition from both conventional industry leaders and contemporary companies that attempted to copy the firm's success, as well as

Salesforce.com applied cloud computing in several ways, including the use of a contemporary Saleforce.com web site that focused on cloud computing and grading of commodities into three basic forms of clouds, namely; custom clouds, service cloud and sales cloud. The firm also applied both Sales and Service clouds in enhancing client related services. Notable challenges experienced by the Force.com included heightened competition from both conventional industry leaders and contemporary companies that attempted to copy the firm's success, as well as

Salesforce.com: Cloud Computing Case Study Salesforce.com applied cloud computing in several ways. One of these ways included the use of contemporary Saleforce.com web site that focused on cloud computing and grading of commodities into three basic forms of clouds, namely; custom clouds, sevice cloud and sales cloud. The firm applied both Sales and Service clouds in enhancing client related services. The firm also utilized the Force.com to enable its clients comes up with personal applications for utilization within the wider firm’s network. That is the Force.com offered both IT services and tools that gave clients the capability to tailor their customer relationship management applications. The firm also collaborated with Amazon to allow its clients exploit Amazon’s cloud computing services that controlled cloudburst computing functions of the Force.com applications that needed additional processing power and storage ability. The firm also offered a platform that enabled its clients come up with and ran business softwares and websites that were five times faster and at the partial cost of non-cloud options. Notable challenges experienced by the Force.com included heightened competition from both conventional industry leaders and contemporary companies that attempted to copy the firm’s success. The firm also faced the challenge of demonstrating to its clients that it was dependable and safe enough to manage their corporate data and applications remotely. The firm had service outages that had immensely affected the clients’ transactions. The firm also experienced the challenge of becoming equal and also reaching the market share of its larger rivals such as IBM and SAP. Lastly, the firm experienced the challenge of security breach through the hacking of the corporate passwords. These exposed its clients to authentic torrent of highly beleaguered scams and hacking trials (Velte, Velte, Velte, & Elsenpeter, 2009). In order to resolve the challenges, Salesforce.com provided tools to guarantee clients about its system dependability and also consequently provided personal computer applications into the firm’s service that enabled clients to work offline thereby eradicating the problem of frequent outages. In order to cushion its clients from security threats such as hacking, the company together with the clients’ security auditors conducted regular security checks. Lastly, the firm also initiated its own social media platform through an application known as chatter that enabled its staff generate profiles and updated the firm’s status that apppeared on the clients’ profiles (Benioff, Carlye Adler, & Benioff, 2009). Organizations that stood to benefit from shifting to Salesforce.com included software creating firms, publishers and firms that required constant updating and upgrading of softwares. This was solely because the use Salesforce services reduced the overall costs of having to set up a server and the subsequent costs of maintenance and management. Salesforce provided over 950 software applications to clients (Baun, Kunze, Nimis, & Tai, 2011). In deciding whether to use Salesforce.com for my business, I would take into deliberation factors such as the requirement for servers and the consequent costs of operation. I would also consider the security of data and lastly the cost of software in the long run. According to Baun, Kunze, Nimis and Tai, an organization could not run its entire operations through Salesforce.com and AppExchange due to constant threats from hackers and outages. It was noted that an attack on one client affected all clients due to use of the same server. Therefore business could not rely on cloud computing (175). References: Baun, C., Kunze, M., Nimis, J., & Tai, S. (2011). Cloud Computing: Web-based Dynamic It Services. New York City, U.S: Springer. Benioff, M., Carlye Adler, C. A., & Benioff, ,. M. (2009). Behind the Cloud: The Untold Story of How Salesforce.com Went from Idea to Billion-Dollar Company–And Revolutionized an Industry. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons,. Velte, T., Velte, A. T., Velte, T. J., & Elsenpeter, R. C. (2009). Cloud Computing, A Practical Approach. New York City, U.S.: McGraw-Hill Prof Med/Tech.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: In as much as it is fundamental to embrace salvation by accepting the lord almighty (Jesus Christ) as the sole savior, liberator or protector of all beings, it is also necessary to analyze and understand the process through which individual receive salvation as evidenced by Langston Hughes' salvation experience.

In as much as it is fundamental to embrace salvation by accepting the lord almighty (Jesus Christ) as the sole savior, liberator or protector of all beings, it is also necessary to analyze and understand the process through which individual receive salvation as evidenced by Langston Hughes' salvation experience.

“Salvation” by Langston Hughes Literature Analysis Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Thesis 3. Analysis 4. Conclusion Introduction The interpretation of the term salvation can take different dimension depending on certain aspects such as one’s background or age. Children, for instance, have their own understanding of religion and salvation as explicated by Langston in his literal understanding of the term salvation. His inadequate understanding of the term resulted to an unwilling salvation process as a way of pleasing church members and his friend, which left him doubt on whether he received the real salvation. This document, therefore, is going to, extensively, analyze Hughes’s salvation scenario, in order to achieve a clear understanding. Thesis In as much as it is fundamental to embrace salvation by accepting the lord almighty (Jesus Christ) as the sole savior, liberator or protector of all beings, it is also necessary to analyze and understand the process through which individual receive salvation as exemplified by Langston Hughes’s salvation experience. Analysis By analyzing the article on “salvation” by Hughes, it is undoubtedly clear that Hughes never received salvation, despite being part of the salvation prayers held at the church. However, several factors contributed to Hughes’s situation of never receiving salvation, which includes his misunderstanding of the salvation process. Hughes understood the term salvation in a literal perspective, instead of getting the deeper meaning of the term. He thought that when one receives salvation, he or she must physically observe Jesus Christ coming to his rescue. His understanding followed various explications by his aunt and other elderly individuals, whereby they claimed that one must see and feel the presence of Jesus Christ while receiving salvation. In addition to his limited understanding ability, her aunt’s inadequate explanation of salvation also significantly contributed to Hughes’s literal thoughts of the salvation process. Hughes’s aunt should have given a detailed explication so that Hughes comprehends salvation process adequately and not in a literal perspective. This would have helped Hughes to receive salvation in a comfortable and acceptable manner, rather than to act in pretense. Moreover, it would have also helped the young lad to not to, unwillingly, deceive the entire congregation that he wanted to receive salvation. Conversely, it is also not fair to, completely, blame her aunt’s description, since Hughes was young and could not adequately understand the inner meaning of the salvation process. Whether Hughes’s aunt could have deeply explained the meaning of the salvation process or not, it is highly likely, that Hughes could have misunderstood the whole process. This is because of his tender age, which limits his understanding capacity. Aside from the factors that contributed to Hughes misunderstanding of the salvation process, it is also clear that Hughes’s decision of receiving salvation had some influence from the church congregation and his friend. This, therefore, meant that Hughes decision of receiving salvation was not his own will, but rather a way of pleasing the congregation and his friend. In other words, Hughes never received real salvation. Conclusion Hughes is a young lad who misunderstood the salvation process thus making him question whether he received salvation. He argues that he never literally saw Jesus Christ in the process of getting salvation; thus, he never received salvation. His misguided thoughts about salvation, however, are due to a number of reasons. Some of the aspects or factors include his tender age and his aunt’s inadequate explanation of the term salvation. His limited capacity of giving the term a deeper meaning also played a central role in Hughes’s misunderstanding of the term salvation.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The research paper examines the issue of sanitation of reserve resources, focusing on unsafe drinking water. It discusses the health consequences of using untreated water, and recommendations on how the issue can be arrested.The research paper examines the issue of sanitation of reserve resources, focusing on unsafe drinking water. It discusses the health consequences of using untreated water, and recommendations on how the issue can be arrested.

The research paper examines the issue of sanitation of reserve resources, focusing on unsafe drinking water. It discusses the health consequences of using untreated water, and recommendations on how the issue can be arrested. The research paper examines the issue of sanitation of reserve resources, focusing on unsafe drinking water. It discusses the health consequences of using untreated water, and recommendations on how the issue can be arrested.

Sanitation of Reserve Resources: Unsafe Drinking Water Term Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Issues Pertaining Clean Water 3. Health consequences 4. Conclusion 5. Recommendation 6. Works Cited Introduction Canada is one of the developed countries in the world. It has an established system of education. On average, the living standards of people are high. According to Milbourne (13), Canada is one of the countries in the world considered the best when it comes to offering basic needs to citizens. Properly treated tapped water is supplied to various residential and business units in various areas in the state. As Milbourne (21) notes, Canada is advanced both socio-economically and politically. However, behind all these successes, an ugly closet hides the sufferings of some nationals of this nation. It is shocking to note that some Canadians have no access to clean water. The researcher realized that some people staying in the reserves use untreated water, which is a threat to their health. Westhues (59) reports that several previous researches have proven that water used in these reserves have EColi , which is a virus that is very dangerous to human health. The sanitary conditions of this nation are also under contentions. People living in these areas are poor. They cannot afford to treat drinking water. This puts them at a very dangerous position of contracting various diseases caused by viruses. Because of their limited economic capacity, they may not be in a position to seek proper medication, a fact that may put their lives in danger. The Aboriginal Communities living in reserves are the worst hit by this unfortunate phenomenon. They are unable to access clean water in various regions where they stay. A region in specific that was noted was Kashechewan reserve in the Northern Ontario state. The research therefore seeks to uncover issues relating to unsafe water in this region, the health concerns associated with the same, and recommendations on how this issue can be arrested to save lives of several Canadians staying in these regions. This would prevent them from eminent danger they face. Issues Pertaining Clean Water Clean water is a necessity to every human being. As Milbourne (28) states, water is life. Water defines every activity of a person. One needs clean water to drink, cook, and wash utensils. Clean water is needed for domesticated animals. Uses of water are numerous. Water is found naturally in lakes, rivers, seas, wells and springs. Spring water in most cases has proven to be very pure. It passes the standards of health and for this reason can be considered safe for consumption. However, other sources of water are unsafe and therefore should be treated before consumption by either humans or animals. Water treatment needs some good amount of finances for it to be considered successful. This is so because of the machinery and medication involved in the treatment process. The communities living in the reserves have no proper finances that can enable them put up such processing plants. The government also seems to be less concerned about these individuals. Although most parts of the state are supplied with treated water, this region seems to be forgotten. People in this region therefore have no alternative but to take this contaminated water. This has adverse effects on their health as is discussed below. Health consequences Human health is easily affected by what is taken in or what the body is subjected to. Although other types of food may be cooked, drinking water is rarely boiled within these societies. Westhues (68) says that most of the inhabitants of this region have traditional reasoning on matters pertaining to health. Westhues uses an example of an individual who was actually a leader in this community saying that water is naturally clean and therefore needs no further cleaning. This reasoning is not only retrogressive, but also dangerous because it fails to realize the dangers posed by consumption of such water. The researcher worked at the Union Gospel Mission in East Downtown Vancouver from which a number of individuals who had once been residents of these reserves recounted their experiences. From the reports they gave, it was evident that Aboriginal people have been subjected to highly contaminated water. This explained the prevalence of such issues as dysentery and diarrhoea in this region. As Westhues (71) notes, there are also high prevalence of diseases in this region. Health clinics found in this region are ill equipped, with physicians who are not fully trained to provide health solutions to patients. This has seen various patients succumb to simple and treatable health complications such as dysentery and chorea. Such diseases would easily be treated by antibiotics. According to the Indian Act of Canada enacted in 1876, there was a provision that clearly defined how those living in the reserves would be treated by the central government. This law has since been reformed to reflect the current societal needs. Some of the provisions of this act state that the central government would provide proper infrastructure and other facilities that are basic such as healthcare to its citizens. Also mentioned in this act is the provision of clean water for domestic use. The Canadian government therefore has a responsibility to ensure that these individuals are provided with the basic needs if they are to be saved from the dangers of diseases emerging from the use of contaminated water. The Canadian population staying in towns may also play a role in ensuring that living standards of those staying in reserves are improved. A unified effort can bring this change. The indifferent attitude adopted by the Canadians is a cause of concern. Other parts of this country have excess resources ranging from the transport system to banking units and recreational facilities. Supply of clean water is constantly available. Moreover, these people have enough money to afford bottled water, an item that is very rare among those living in reserves. It is therefore heartbreaking when some nationals blame the Aboriginal Communities for their deteriorating health conditions saying that they should learn to be clean enough. Pushing the blame to them may not help unless clean water is provided to them. It is through this that they would be in a position to maintain their cleanliness. It is the only way the government and the entire community can be certain that health conditions of those staying in reserves is taken care of. Conclusion Aboriginal people living in reserves are faced with challenges ranging from poverty and lesser levels of literacy among its populace to lack of proper infrastructure and other basic items such as water. In this research, it was sad to realize that most of the people staying in these reserves undergo serious health problems that could be easily avoided if they were provided with clean water. The water they use in these reserves is dirty and health experts confirmed that they are contaminated with Ecoli, a virus that causes diseases. The locals do not seem to realize the dangers posed by taking contaminated water due to their limited education. For this reason, they take this water without boiling it hence introducing the virus into their bodies. Because of the financial constrain in their present situation, proper treatment may be a burden to them. This has seen some of them succumb to simple ailments that would be avoided if clean water could be supplied. Recommendation There is need to ensure that every Canadian has access to the basic requirements, which are to be supplied by the state. One of the most important basic needs is the provision of clean water for domestic use. The government has the responsibility to supply water to the reserves, just as it does in other parts of the country. Although this task should be left to the government, other societal members can take it upon themselves to ensure that water is supplied to these people. Boreholes can actually be constructed to supply water. This would need some financing. Well-wishers can therefore donate some money for this project. A credible institution such as the Union Gospel Mission in East Downtown Vancouver can manage the project so that people in the reserves can access clean water. In the mean time, concerned authorities should lay out plans on how to supply this region with clean tap water. Human beings cannot survive without water hence the government and other concerned authorities should concentrate on providing it to the locals. Without proper budgeting, this would be a difficult task. Works Cited Milbourne, Paul. Welfare Reform in Rural Places: Comparative Perspectives . Vancouver: Emerald, 2010. Print. Westhues, Anne. Canadian social policy: issues and perspectives . Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2006. Print.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: This essay explores the specific features of Sappho's poetry, including the themes of love and friendship, female desire, and the intimate world of her poetry.

This essay explores the specific features of Sappho's poetry, including the themes of love and friendship, female desire, and the intimate world of her poetry.

Sappho’s Poetry Specific Features Essay Table of Contents 1. “Deathless Aphrodite of the Spangled Mind” 2. “He Seems to Me Equal to Gods” 3. “Some Men Say an Army of Horse” 4. Works Cited Sappho is a Greek poet, who lived on the island of Lebos in the seventh-sixth centuries B.C. (Reynolds 3). She composed lyric poetry. Unfortunately, only fragments of her poetry have survived (Williamson 1). The target of her affections described in the poetry was female (“Sappho circa 630 B.C.” par. 4). Careful study of the existing fragments of her poems helps to explore the intimate world of her poetry and determine its specific features. “Deathless Aphrodite of the Spangled Mind” This poem explores the theme of love and friendship. The poem is written in the form of appeal to Aphrodite, the ancient Greek goddess of love, beauty, and sexuality. The speaker praises the goddess, asks for her mercy and prays her to appear and comfort the suffering caused by love. The speaker appears to entreat Aphrodite before. It can be proved by such words presented in the poem: But come here if ever before you caught my voice far off and listening left your father’s golden house and came. (Sappho Feminist Writings 9) This episode proves the fact that the speaker has met Aphrodite before. The verbs used to describe the previous appearances of the goddess in front of the speakers are put in the past tense. That means that the speaker requested for the goddess’s mercy before, and she accomplished his request. The poem explores female desire, as Aphrodite appears to be the one who deals with the speaker’s love concerns. The speaker is a woman as the goddess clearly addresses Sappho. The speaker is longing for “heart longs to accomplish”. The poem can be considered exploring homoerotic friendship, as the object of the speaker’s love appears to be female. It can be proven by numerous usage of “she” during Aphrodite’s monologue: For if she flees, soon she will pursue. If she refuses gifts, rather will she give them. If she does not love, soon she will love even unwilling. (Sappho Feminist Writings 10) “He Seems to Me Equal to Gods” This poem is considered exploring both homosexual and heterosexual love. Though the hero of the poem is not clearly differentiated, the female hero appears to be the object of the speaker’s love. That means that the speaker describes her heterosexual love. In the same time, the object of her love appears to be involved in heterosexual relations with a man: “It seems to me that man is equal to the gods, that is, whoever sits opposite you” (Sappho Victorian Sappho 29). The speaker focuses on her emotional experience related to love relations. She describes the feelings she experiences when the object of her love is present next to her. The description of these feelings is very expressive and full of bright illustrations. “Some Men Say an Army of Horse” The argument of the poem is what can be considered the “most beautiful thing on the black earth” (Sappho The Cambridge Companion 161). The speaker claims that what you love can be considered the best thing. She supports her argument with an example of Helen, who left her bravest husband. This example illustrates the argument that no treasures and valor are stronger than the power of love is. Studying the poetry of Sappho reveals the most distinctive features of her poetry and demonstrates the amazing mastery of the author to describe and analyze intimate feelings and emotions. Works Cited Reynolds, Margaret. The Sappho Companion , New York: Random House, 2010. Print. Sappho circa 630 B.C . n.d. Sappho. “Deathless Aphrodite of the Spangled Mind.” Trans. Anne Carnson. Feminist Writings from Ancient Times to the Modern World: A Global Sourcebook and History: A Global Sourcebook and History . Ed. Tiffany Wayne. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2011. Print. —. “He Seems to Me Equal to Gods.” Trans. Anne Carnson. Victorian Sappho. Ed. Yopie Prins. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1999. Print. —. “ Some Men Say an Army of Horse.” Trans. Anne Carnson. The Cambridge Companion to Archaic Greece . Ed. Alan Shapiro. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print. Williamson, Margaret. Sappho’s Immortal Daughters , Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1995. Print.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The reader is extremely important for the writer because reading is the significant act in disclosing the generosity of the work, and the writer should understand for whom he writes because the reader is free in reading, and he is also responsible for the work and for the produced universe. From this perspective, in "Why Write?" Jean-Paul Sartre recognizes the importance of the reader's personality for the general act of writing, reading, disclosing the world. Sartre notes that "the one who writes recognizes … the freedom of his readers" (Sartre 67).Thus, Sartre focuses on one of the most important questions for the writer in order to provide the contest for the ideas of generosity, essentialism, freedom, and justice. This question is "For whom does one write?" (Sartre 69). Concentrating on the role of the reader, Sartre receives the opportunity to discuss the complex process of writing as the act in which both the writer and reader are responsible for disclosing the aspects of the world.

The reader is extremely important for the writer because reading is the significant act in disclosing the generosity of the work, and the writer should understand for whom he writes because the reader is free in reading, and he is also responsible for the work and for the produced universe. From this perspective, in "Why Write?" Jean-Paul Sartre recognizes the importance of the reader's personality for the general act of writing, reading, disclosing the world. Sartre notes that "the one who writes recognizes … the freedom of his readers" (Sartre 67). Thus, Sartre focuses on one of the most important questions for the writer in order to provide the contest for the ideas of generosity, essentialism, freedom, and justice. This question is "For whom does one write?" (Sartre 69). Concentrating on the role of the reader, Sartre receives the opportunity to discuss the complex process of writing as the act in which both the writer and reader are responsible for disclosing the aspects of the world.

Sartre’s “Why Write?” and Miller’s “Narrative” Essay (Critical Writing) The reader is extremely important for the writer because reading is the significant act in disclosing the generosity of the work, and the writer should understand for whom he writes because the reader is free in reading, and he is also responsible for the work and for the produced universe. From this perspective, in “Why Write?”, Jean-Paul Sartre recognizes the importance of the reader’s personality for the general act of writing, reading, disclosing the world. Sartre notes that “the one who writes recognizes … the freedom of his readers” (Sartre 67). Thus, Sartre focuses on one of the most important questions for the writer in order to provide the contest for the ideas of generosity, essentialism, freedom, and justice. This question is “For whom does one write?” (Sartre 69). Concentrating on the role of the reader, Sartre receives the opportunity to discuss the complex process of writing as the act in which both the writer and reader are responsible for disclosing the aspects of the world. From this point, addressing the freedom of the reader, Sartre clearly states, “both of us bear the responsibility for the universe” as the world of writing (Sartre 66). Thus, the reader is responsible for the universe while referring to the idea of generosity. Disclosing the world, both the writer and reader should be not only free but also generous. That is why, the reader and his freedom are the focus for the writer who often writes for the certain public. In this case, literature becomes not only the product of writing but also the product of relations between the writer and his audience because the written world can reveal itself clearly only within the context of the reader’s perception and vision. People need narratives in the form of fiction and repetition of many stories in order to understand their place in the world, find the solution to the typical problems, and try the effective scenarios. In this case, narratives as the stories representing the occurred events and legends as the stories representing the classic scenarios are important to assist a person in coping with the concrete situation. In the work “Narrative”, Hillis Miller states that narratives are important to stimulate the person’s typical activities such as role-playing and daydreaming. Thus, the “make-believe is a fundamental human activity” (Miller 68). Fiction as the type of literature stimulates persons to make up situations and solutions in order to adapt to the reality. In order to find the place in the world, a person chooses to imitate the actions presented in narratives. Miller explains this practice while stating that “we need fictions in order to experiment with possible selves” (Miller 69). From this point, narratives can be discussed as safe places which can also present the plan of actions. Furthermore, legends and myths are more important in this context. People need the repetition of the same stories in order to add some sense to the world. Legends and myths can provide the formula which works in the real world. In spite of the fact that plot elements cannot be identical every time, “etiological myths” are significant to provide the information on the mankind’s origins as well as effective scenarios (Miller 72). Such myths as the myth about Oedipus are important for the person because they provide the effective explanation to the things which cannot be discussed logically. As a result, the person receives the hints to solve issues which can be indicated as taboos or other controversial problems. Works Cited Miller, Hillis . “Narrative”. Critical Terms for Literary Study . Ed. Frank Lentricchia and Thomas McLaughlin. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2010. 67-79. Print. Sartre, Jean-Paul. “What is Literature?” and Other Essays . New York, NY: Harvard University Press, 1988. Print.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The novel Saturday by Ian Mc Ewan does not appear to contain anything extraordinary element in it in the beginning. The novel revolves around the life of Henry Perowne, a successful neurosurgeon, who seems to be happy with his life and family. The novel is about how Perowne spends his Saturday and how the small insignificant parts of the days, which we tend to avoid, make our whole life.

The novel Saturday by Ian Mc Ewan does not appear to contain anything extraordinary element in it in the beginning. The novel revolves around the life of Henry Perowne, a successful neurosurgeon, who seems to be happy with his life and family. The novel is about how Perowne spends his Saturday and how the small insignificant parts of the days, which we tend to avoid, make our whole life.

“Saturday” by Ian Mc Ewan Literature Analysis Essay The novel Saturday by Ian Mc Ewan does not appear to contain anything extraordinary element in it in the beginning. The novel revolves around the life of Henry Perowne, a successful neurosurgeon, who seems to be happy with his life and family. The novel is about how Perowne spends his Saturday and how the small insignificant parts of the days, which we tend to avoid, make our whole life. His family includes his wife, Rosalind, a newspaper lawyer, whom he loves, his daughter Daisy, who is a poet, and a son who is a very talented blues musician. Even though life Perowne is somewhat perfect, his thoughts reflect a kind of discomfort and confusion regarding the political situation of the country. Though Perowne is a surgeon by profession, his thoughts seem to be that of a deep thinker and philosopher. Mc Ewan describes Perowne as “a habitual observer of his moods; he wonders about this sustained, distorting euphoria” (Ewan 5). The novel takes place on February 15, 2003, the day a protest was held in London against the Iraq invasion. The political situation is sensed by the reader at the very beginning of the novel. Perowne has his whole day planned as it is his day off from work. Perowne has his whole routine in mind, i.e., playing squash, visiting his mother who is suffering from dementia, fixing dinner for his family, but as he performs these chores, he comes face to face with some hard realities. On his way to the game, Perowne has a little accident and encounters Baxter, a young man who appears to be dangerous at first, but soon he realizes that Baxter is suffering from the Huntington’s chorea and is somehow able to avoid the situation. It is this incident which keeps him thinking all day about his own life. Perowne has a habit to medically explain everything that is happening in his life, and it is because of this habit that he was able to tot detect something was wrong with Baxter. On his way to the squash game, the reader realizes that there is a big protest going on in the street, and this is when one comes to know about the political views of Perowne. He is confused about whether the country should go forward with the war or not because he seems to understand both sides of the argument. He knows through a client that it is better to overthrow Saddam Hussein but knowing the consequences of war, Perowne is not sure about the situation. One can tell that he is a very rational person who likes to analyze situations scientifically and understand the deeper meaning in them. It is this ability of his that makes him realize that even though his life is perfect and in control in his world, he has no control over the outside situation. Though it is never fully disclosed in the novel, a fear of terrorism is detected through out the day. When Perowne sees the plane on fire when he wakes up in the middle of the night, he cannot help but think that it is a terrorist attack. Moreover, he is unconsciously worried that the impeding war may threaten his and his family’s freedom. As Greer explains that “its this fear of terror that has overtaken the Western world since 9/11, that thousands of happy lives, if not more, could be snuffed out in moments during this war with Islamists” (Greer). It is this very fear that makes him uncomfortable despite having a perfect life and family. Works Cited Ewan, Ian Mc. Saturday. Anchor Books, 2006. Greer, W. R. “A Day in the Life.” 2010. Reviews of Books. Web.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The issue of school bus fees has been rising steadily in the past few years nationwide. In many schools of such states as New York or California parents have paid school transportation fees, but at the same time in some states like Indiana or Massachusetts there were no school bus fees. Parents have been working very hard to pay school fees for their children and the free transport has been a great incentive not only for the parents, but also for the students.

The issue of school bus fees has been rising steadily in the past few years nationwide. In many schools of such states as New York or California parents have paid school transportation fees, but at the same time in some states like Indiana or Massachusetts there were no school bus fees. Parents have been working very hard to pay school fees for their children and the free transport has been a great incentive not only for the parents, but also for the students.

School Bus Fees Policy’s Claims Essay (Critical Writing) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Other ways 3. The kids-walk-to-school 4. Conclusion 5. Works Cited Introduction The issue concerning bus fees has been rising steadily in the past few years nationwide. In many schools of such states as New York or California parents have paid school transportation fees, but at the same time in some states like Indiana or Massachusetts there were no school bus fees. Parents have been working very hard to pay school fees for their children and the free transport has been a great incentive not only for the parents, but also for the students. Of course, when school bus fees had been introduced in such schools the majority of parents opposed it. However, not many parents have expressed their point of view. It was just accepted that students would pay for their transportation. Only a few attempts to raise the question were undertaken, though the issue needs thorough discussion. For instance, Leister schools did not require funding for school bus services from parents several years ago. Basically, it is possible to keep it that way even in the period of economical constraints which both schools and parents are experiencing. The bus fees hike have been introduced recently. In Fontana, parents started paying the introductory bus fees hike in 2005 (FUSD). The fee is $120 per child per school year which is quite expensive, especially if a family has several school-aged children (FUSD). Nowadays, every state and every county faces many financial difficulties. For instance, the state of Indiana had to resort to a $300 million “cut in state education spending” (Wilson). Of course, Leicester has also certain financial constraints which made school boards to introduce bus fees. Admittedly, school boards try to make it affordable for as many families as possible. For instance, according to FUSD there are certain groups of student eligible to free transportation or reduced bus costs: those “qualifying for free or reduced lunch” (FUSD). Other ways However, there are many students ineligible to free transportation which does not mean that it will be affordable for their families, so they will have to find other ways: parents will have to take them to school, or students will need to walk, they will have to use public transport. Of course, this will cause additional inconveniences for families. They will spend more time solving the problem of getting to the school rather than concentrating on their classes. Parents will need to take their children to school much earlier so that they could get to their work on time. Some will even need to reshape their schedule. Besides, not all families, especially in inner-city neighborhoods, have cars. Thus, there is not much of a choice for many families and students will need to walk to their schools. Students going to school on foot will need to join groups because, unfortunately, there are many quite dangerous neighborhoods. It is very good if there are several (at least two) siblings in a family, but some families have only one child who will have to join other children to go to school and go back home. Apart from financial problems and safety concerns there can one more issue which rises from the bus fees introduction, which are psychological issues. Thus, students who cannot afford transportation will feel uncomfortable and can face mockery from the part of other students of their school. The kids-walk-to-school For example, the schools offer two programs of transport, the bus system and the kids-walk-to-school, which insinuates some form of discrimination. To be part of these programs means having the money or not and lack of money is not a choice. It is simply irrational to justify walking to school due to lack of bus fees as a way of improving health to both the students and the environment. Moreover, free school buses service is, in fact, the best alternative for cities (and school boards) and the entire country to save money and improve environment. As far as saving money is concerned, according to American School Bus Council “total U.S. savings in fuel cost per year by students riding school busses” are more than 6 billion dollars. As for the environmental issues the amount of emissions will increase since parents will have to drive their cars to take their children to school. Thus, the introduction of eco-friendly technologies (hybrid buses) in school bus services will not work. It will become a waste of money for the city budget. For instance, Clean School Bus USA encourages schools to join the movement to improve environmental situation in cities. They suggest “retrofitting” (upgrading buses) and replacing the oldest buses (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). They also suggest a very interesting program which, to my mind, can help school boards to save money and join environmental protection movement (spending no dollar on it). This program presupposes elimination of “unnecessary public school bus idling” (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). Thus, Clean School Bus USA calculated that it is possible to save $120 a year on each school bus after 20 minutes idling reduction (provided, fuel gallon costs $4.00). It is only necessary to think over routes more thoroughly and make the drivers acquainted with some driving secrets available on the official website of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Thus, it is clear that the bus fees will cause many inconveniences, money waste and even more serious problems like safety issues. Basically, the schools should not shift their responsibility of ensuring satisfaction of students’ needs to the parents. When schools introduced the bus system, they seemed to be delegating their responsibilities of ensuring the safety and transport of the students to the individual parents. On the other hand, it is difficult all across America and we all must tighten our belts and make sacrifices. However, these sacrifices should be thoughtful. Education should not become a tool of overcoming financial constraints by school boards since education is the basis of the nation’s wellbeing. Schools, as well as household budgets, are significantly constrained – making most parents unable to shoulder the responsibility of paying for their children’s school transportation. Conclusion The school boards should look for other means to solve the problem of their budgets cut. In the first place, it is necessary to rethink routes and the use of school buses (to reduce idling, remove unimportant drives and routes, etc.). It is also possible to raise funds for school bus service. For example, charity can be a good source of funding this service. Besides, parents should express their position against the introduction of school bus fees. Thus, parents can and should influence the situation; they only should be more organized and address respective school boards. It is necessary to start the discussion and finally find an appropriate solution of the issue. Works Cited Arsenault, Charlene. “Paying to Ride the School Bus – Do You Care about the Fee? Oh, and Your Town’s Politics?” The Daily Leicester. 2010. Web. Clean School Bus USA. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2008. Web. “FUSD – Transportation Services.” Fontana Unified School District . Web. “National School Bus Fuel Data.” American School Bus Council . Web. Wilson, Charles. “Indiana AG Says Schools Can’t Charge Bus Riders.” Wish TV. 2010. Web.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The introduction of the bus system has forced many parents to give an extra dollar to the fees they have been paying for their children. Children have been enjoying free ride to and from their respective schools but due to the economic constrains, the Fontana Unified School Districted has decided that every child must pay $120 as bus fees.The increase of bus fee from $0 to $120 is not rational because parents are also experiencing the economic constrains that the schools are experiencing. What the schools are doing is to cushion themselves against economic constrains at the expense of the parents who are already overstretched by paying the school fees.

The introduction of the bus system has forced many parents to give an extra dollar to the fees they have been paying for their children. Children have been enjoying free ride to and from their respective schools but due to the economic constrains, the Fontana Unified School Districted has decided that every child must pay $120 as bus fees. The increase of bus fee from $0 to $120 is not rational because parents are also experiencing the economic constrains that the schools are experiencing. What the schools are doing is to cushion themselves against economic constrains at the expense of the parents who are already overstretched by paying the school fees.

School Bus or Walking Persuasive Essay The introduction of the bus system has forced many parents to give an extra dollar to the fees they have been paying for their children. Children have been enjoying free ride to and from their respective schools but due to the economic constrains, the Fontana Unified School Districted has decided that every child must pay $120 as bus fees. From the economic perspective of the school, this increase is in tandem with economic status of the country, but from the parents’ perspective, it is quite unfair. The increase of bus fee from $0 to $120 is not rational because parents are also experiencing the economic constrains that the schools are experiencing. What the schools are doing is to cushion themselves against economic constrains at the expense of the parents who are already overstretched by paying the school fees. The drastic introduction of the bus system to the schools is a novel idea but the exorbitant bus fees do not fit well in the economic status of the parents, since a parent who has two or more children will experience the brunt of this new bus system. Parents have been working very hard to pay school fees for their children and the free transport has been a great incentive not only to the parents, but also to the students. Given that a child’s education is paramount both to the school and to the parent, how can the school be very insensitive to the need of improving quality education of the students? It is true that there are expenses occurred in running free transport for the students but drastic change of policies does not justify the need to for the bus fees. The consequences of introducing bus fees will reverse the objective of education since many students will not afford and can decide to walk to school, others will use private means, while others will resort to truancy. In addition, students who walk long distances to their respective schools through dangerous parts of the district will risk their lives. All these factors have cumulative effects of lowering school attendance and quality of education. Due to these dire consequences, the schools should reconsider their policies whether the priority of the education lies in the bus system fees or the quality of the education they offer. The educational fees should be in a package tailored to the students’ needs and thus the schools must own up the responsibility of providing all educational needs of the students including the bus fees. The schools’ claims of offering two programs of transport, the bus system, and the kids-walk-to-school, insinuates some form discrimination. To be part of these programs means having the money or not and lack of money is not a choice. It is irrational to justify walking to school due to lack of bus fees as way of improving health to both the students and the environment. Education must be accessible and affordable to all students and not only a few who can afford transport. The schools should not shift their responsibility of ensuring satisfaction of students’ needs to the parents who have already paid the fees. When schools introduced the bus system, they seemed to be delegating their responsibilities of ensuring the safety and transport of the students to the individual parents. Who knows, next they will say every parent must own a private teacher to aid in the teaching of the students. The schools should be responsible for all the needs of the students and offer them in one package affordable to the parents.

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Write an essay about: School vouchers are basically certificates issued by the federal government, which parents and guardians can apply toward tuition of their children at a private or religious school rather than at the public school to which their children are assigned. The continuing debate about the education system in the U.S. presumes, albeit incorrectly, that there is no basis for the school voucher system. However, there is compelling evidence that school vouchers do work, at least if the successes of publicly funded vouchers in the states of Milwaukee

School vouchers are basically certificates issued by the federal government, which parents and guardians can apply toward tuition of their children at a private or religious school rather than at the public school to which their children are assigned. The continuing debate about the education system in the U.S. presumes, albeit incorrectly, that there is no basis for the school voucher system. However, there is compelling evidence that school vouchers do work, at least if the successes of publicly funded vouchers in the states of Milwaukee

School Vouchers System in California Essay School vouchers are basically certificates issued by the federal government, which parents and guardians can apply toward tuition of their children at a private or religious school rather than at the public school to which their children are assigned. The continuing debate about the education system in the U.S. presumes, albeit incorrectly, that there is no basis for the school voucher system. However, there is compelling evidence that school vouchers do work, at least if the successes of publicly funded vouchers in the states of Milwaukee, Cleveland and Florida are anything to go by (Cal-Tax Digest, 2000). Extant research in educational systems in the U.S. demonstrates that the state of California is faced with similar educational challenges that used to face Cleveland prior to the latter’s adoption of the school voucher system. As such, it is generally felt that California can also benefit from school vouchers, particularly in improving math’s test scores. Some important reasons why the state of California should implement the school voucher system have to do with improving the quality of education, giving true freedom of choice for schooling, and entrenching proactive competition within the school setup. The first reason why California should implement the school voucher system has to do with improving the quality of education. Equipped with this voucher, parents and guardians will have the capacity to send their children to a high-end private or religious school, where they will be admitted into a system that will inarguably put the interests and pursuits of the children at the core of their education (Cal-Tax Digest, 2000). Such a move, according to educationists, would assist children in non-performing or low-performing public schools improve their grades for the betterment of their own future and that of society. The second reason why California should implement the school voucher system is related to giving true freedom of choice for schooling. Seminal studies in states that have already implemented the system demonstrate that school vouchers not only provide parents with real educational choice, but also improve public schools without a corresponding increase in tax (Cal-Tax Digest, 2000). This is welcome news for parents as well as their children, particularly after the realization that freedom of choice for schooling will, in the long run, instill creativity and innovativeness into the minds of the young children. Today’s workforce trends emphasis the importance of these two attributes as benchmarks for a competent employee. Finally, the third and most noteworthy reason why California should implement the school voucher system is related to entrenching proactive competition within the school setup. Comprehensive studies conducted by the Manhattan Institute and Harvard University demonstrates that the school voucher system force American public educational institutions to improve, at least academically, since they are in a position of competing for students (Cal-Tax Digest, 2000). It should be noted that prior to the introduction of school vouchers in states such as Cleveland and Florida, public schools in these states were constantly accused of using huge sums of taxpayers dollars only for them to produce failures. The situation has radically changed in these states, in large part due to school vouchers, which force public schools to restructure and become competitive or risk closure for lack of students. The same can be done in California. Of course some critics of the system posits that the school voucher system lacks accountability benchmarks, and that teachers would not be necessarily required to have the mandatory teaching credentials in the event that the system is adopted (Cal-Tax Digest, 2000). The truth of the matter, however, is that no hard evidence exists to support such claims. No accountability claims have been reported in the states that have so far implemented the system. There are many reasons why California should take a bold step and implement the school voucher system. The truth is that the educational and personal benefits accruing from the system far outweigh the related risks. The school voucher system, in my view, is the next frontier in attempting to improve the already badly performing public schools in California. Reference List Cal-Tax Digest. (2000). School vouchers: Pro and con views . Web.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: This work provides a simple overview based on chapters in the book 'Scramble for Africa' by Pakenham. The essay helps answer pertinent questions about the scramble for Africa.The Scramble for Africa was triggered by the upsurge of interest in Africa by competing for European powers. By the early 1800s, several European powers laid claim to many territories in Africa. The five nations that were at the center of the scramble included: Britain, German, Portugal, Belgium

This work provides a simple overview based on chapters in the book 'Scramble for Africa' by Pakenham. The essay helps answer pertinent questions about the scramble for Africa. The Scramble for Africa was triggered by the upsurge of interest in Africa by competing for European powers. By the early 1800s, several European powers laid claim to many territories in Africa. The five nations that were at the center of the scramble included: Britain, German, Portugal, Belgium

Scramble for Africa by Pakenham Essay Introduction This work provides a simple overview based on chapters in the book ‘Scramble for Africa’ by Pakenham. The essay helps answer pertinent questions about the scramble for Africa. Of key concern in this essay are the participants in the scramble, their motivations, the different personalities, and their decisions, African’s reaction to the scramble and finally factors that led to the scramble out of Africa. The Scramble The scramble for Africa was triggered by the upsurge of interest in Africa by competing for European powers. By the early 1800s, several European powers laid claim to many territories in Africa. The five nations that were at the center of the scramble included: Britain, German, Portugal, Belgium, and France. One leader at the heart of the scramble for Africa was King Leopold of Belgium. Historians’ explanation of the Scramble There are many reasons or factors leading to the scramble for Africa. Despite many other reasons, e.g., need to stem out slavery, historians explain that tensions between European powers are the reason or factor that led to the arbitrary subdivision or partitioning and apportioning of Africa. Author’s intent Pakenham, in his book, tries to distinguish between the selfish interest of rulers and the good intentions of explorers and missionaries. Two important figures in the book are King Leopold and Dr. Livingstone. While Livingstone, the explorer, and missionary were genuinely interested in discovering more about Africa and its people, the king and other colonialists were interested in the economic benefits that would accrue from Africa. David Livingstone Dr. David Livingstone was an early explorer, missionary and philanthropist from Great Britain. He is one of the early explorers into the interior of Africa Dr. Livingstone contributed in a big way towards the scramble for Africa. He was opposed to the slave trade and thus encouraged Britain and others to rein on the practice. Slave trade had been abolished on the coasts, but it thrived in the interior of Africa. Livingstone wrote about this phenomenon in his reports, which were used by movements in Great Britain to push the government into considering doing something about it. He also urged Europeans to contribute towards bettering Africa through (3 Cs) commerce, Christianity and civilization. Response to 3Cs Call Livingstone 3 Cs’ call buoyed the capitalists in Europe who saw a great opportunity in doing legitimate business in African resources once the slave trade had been abolished. The explorers, Livingstone included, described the vast resources and markets in Africa. Colonialists Interest Commercial interests were the basic interests of the colonialists. Industrialization and new technology played a critical role in facilitating the scramble for Africa. The industries in Europe needed raw materials which were abundant in Africa. As a result, many traders headed to Africa, and competition among them contributed to annexing of Africa. For example, the English had discovered great deposits of gold in the Transvaal and thus did everything to ensure their control over the area was not challenged. Another critical motivator for the colonialists was the desire to prove their power. European countries at that time were eager to prove their power. Acquisition of colonies was like a fashionable thing for the imperialists. The scramble of Africa could thus be understood to be about the balance of power in Europe. It was about supremacy or sphere of influence between the European powers. The colonialists were also motivated by new technology. New technology had enabled easy traveling either on water or by rail — this facilitated movement. At around the same time, quinine had been discovered, and thus, deadly malaria was no longer a challenge to those who wished to reach the interior of Africa. Britain’s Role in the Scramble Unlike other colonialists, the English were more concerned about the spread of Christianity and abolishment of the slave trade than say the French or Belgians under King Leopold II. The British had managed to contain slave trade on the east African coast and the West African coast. However, the interior of Africa was a haven for the slave trade. Therefore, the Englishmen moved into interior Africa with the motive of containing slave trade and protecting the citizens. African Response to Scramble Majority of Africans rejected or revolted against the scramble for Africa. Many armed resistances are recorded against the annexing of Africa and colonialism in general. The only problem was that Africans resisted with their spears and arrows while the colonialists used rifles or guns. Several massacres are recorded due to the use of guns by the Europeans. Symbol of Age in Africa Although Dr. Livingstone had prescribed Christianity, commerce, and civilization as the sure way of liberating Africa and ending the slave trade, this was later forgotten and only the gun dictated operations. Death and Reputation of Livingstone Livingstone is said to have died in present-day Zambia. By the time of his death, he was searching for a connection to the Nile. The Nile was believed to be the one opening into the interior of Africa; an easy access route from Europe and Asia. Livingstone was obsessed about finding the source of the Nile. He did not manage to find it but his efforts informed later explorer Stanley who is claimed to have found the source. Livingstone was posthumously declared national hero due to his exploits as a scientific explorer, anti-slavery crusader, an informer for the British government which was instrumental to British exploits in East and southern Africa. Morton Stanley Stanley was a reporter in New York before embarking on exploration. His first assignment was to find Livingstone after the latter had disappeared in Africa. He was able to search and find Livingstone at Ujiji in Tanganyika which is part of present-day Tanzania. Later, Stanley was contracted by the King Leopold II of Belgium to explore and make treaties with chiefdoms in Africa leading to the establishment of a state owned by the king in the Congo basin. Stanley is known to have despised Africans and treated them inhumanely (Pakenham 1992, 28). Lieutenant Verney Cameron Cameron was sent out to Africa to assist Livingstone. However, by the time he arrived Livingstone was already dead. Guided by Livingstone’s writings, he was able to explore the greater part of equatorial Africa. He is famed for having crossed the whole of Equatorial Africa from the east to the west or sea-to-sea. King Leopold II of Belgium Cameron’s reports caught the attention of King Leopold II of Belgium because of the enormous diversity in the hinterland that they described (Pakenham 1992, 15). Leopold II had this obsession of making finding a colony for Belgium. The details that Cameron established helped Leopold II to understand how to access the Congo basin, thus his sending Stanley. Stanley’s mission in the cong basin was to establish treaties with the chiefdoms for Leopold claiming ownership (Pakenham 1992, 23). The British were keen on curbing the expansionist moves of France. Leopold II tapped into the crusading spirit of the British by asking them to support his plans as a way of cutting off French interests in the interior of Africa but also in the exchange of favorable treatment in commerce. Jules Devaux Jules Devaux was a secretary in King Leopold’s kingdom. Jules did not support Leopold’s Quest for a colony in Africa. He reckoned that this was an expensive affair that would not pay off (Pakenham 1992, 15). At the Berlin conference, Leopold II was triumphant because he insisted his intentions were purely philanthropic. To achieve his aims, Leopold II needed Stanley who had been in Africa and understood the area well enough. By that time Stanley was in Africa doing more exploration on the Nile and Congo basin. Stanley had a great desire to be recognized as follower or disciple of Livingstone. He had pledged to complete Livingstone’s work and successfully solved the mystery that was the interior of Africa. Unlike his predecessor Livingstone who was magnanimous, Stanley despised the locals and condoned or encouraged their maltreatment. Cameron and Livingstone had failed to navigate further after reaching Nyangwe. However, although facing the challenge of hostile communities, Stanley with the help of Tipu Tipu was able to explore and determine the Congo River (Pakenham 1992, 29). Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza Brazza was an explorer from France. He was born an Italian but naturalized to become a Frenchman (Pakenham 1992, 143). He was a charming individual whose ways were very agreeable among the Congolese. De Brazza achieved his mission of reaching the source of the Congo River. He later settled as a colonial appointee but fellow colonialists were unhappy with his ways. An embarrassing article was written about him but the national assembly supported him. In Congo, Brazza was the greatest enemy of Stanley who was helping establish an empire for Leopold II in the name of Comité d’Études du Haut Congo (CEHC), which was a fake exploration and philanthropic organization; it aimed to exploit Africans (Pakenham 1992, 150). Jean Jaurenguiberry Jean was a French admiral, elected as life senator due to his exploits in the military. He was suspicious of Brazza because by Brazza raising attention and attracting French government investment in the Congo, fewer funds would be available to continue flowing towards West Africa, which was of great interest to him (Pakenham 1992, 145). Jean was also suspicious of Brazza because according to him, Brazza was just an Italian aristocrat who had succeeded through being favored (Pakenham 1992, 145). Admiral Montagnac Admiral Montagna was a French admiral, a predecessor of Jaurenguiberry. He is known to have supported Brazza in every way. He is the one who approved Brazza’s mission to Congo (Pakenham1992, 145). Makoko Treaty The Makoko treaty was between the French and king Makoko of the Batekes. This treaty meant the Bateke kingdom was under France’s protection thus establishing a strong French presence in the Congo basin. The treaty limited or halted Leopold II’s interest to the other side of the Congo River. The decision to ratify the Makoko treaty had been encouraged by a treacherous maneuver by the British in Egypt, bringing it under their occupation. The ratification of the Makoko treaty caused fears and anxiety among other powers. They feared a replication of the same in some other areas by France. Many countries responded to the happening differently. This scenario led to the initiative of Otto Van Bismarck, which culminated into the partitioning of Africa. Arthur Hodister Arthur Hodister was a British ivory trader in Africa who was well known for his charming and charismatic approach to business. He was rumored to have been murdered in 1892 by the Arabs who had become a powerful force in the interior of Africa (Pakenham 1992, 434). Guillaume Van Kerchkhoven Guillaume was a Belgian soldier sent by Leopold to complete a mission abandoned by Stanley of hacking through the Ivory reach rainforest from Congo and connecting with east Africa as Britain was rumored to be planning a withdrawal from Uganda (Pakenham, 436). Armed with the best weaponry, Guillaume was successful in the initial phase of his expedition having dealt mercilessly with Arabs, but he was later murdered (Pakenham 1992, 438). Francis Dhanis Dhanis was a Belgian garrison commandant charged with the responsibility of ruling the entire region between Kasai and Katanga. He was shaken at the news of Hoddister’s death because it was a gruesome death meted by angry Arabs out to avenge for Guillaume’s actions. After Hoddister’s death, despite many expecting him to yield and give in to the Arabs, he resiliently refused to yield and put up a resistance (Pakenham 1992, 442). Lieutenant Michaux Michaux was a young officer in Dhani’s army sent to patrol the river banks. He is the one that led the attack on Sefu’s fort (Pakenham 1992, 443). Nyangwe After the defeat of Sefu, Dhanis was buoyed and wanted to bring down the Arab dominion headquartered at Nyangwe (444). Aided by Gongo’s cannibals, he was able to march over the Arabs at Nyangwe and defeated them completely (Pakenham 1992, 447). Gongo His support to Dhanis had given a reason to his rivals who plotted for his assassination. Dhanis’ effort at rescuing him was unsuccessful leading to an enraged confrontation with Gongo’s native army (Pakenham, 448). This outrage culminated into a mutiny later on that denied Leopold the final hoped for the hold on the Nile basin (Pakenham 1992, 449). Lord Rosebery He was a British prime minister who had pushed for Uganda becoming a British protectorate. To prevent the French advance on the Nile Basin, he proposed to Leopold to lease the region from Britain in exchange of a Belgian corridor south of German East Africa (Pakenham 449). Leopold accepted the proposal; however, he became treacherous by trying to sign another secretive treaty with the French. The secretive treaties became known and a tussle for control ensured with Leopold as the main looser (Pakenham 1992, 451). Belgian solution to Congo problems Leopold’s single interest in the Congo was to blunder and grab the abundant resources in the region. He mistreated natives and to hide his heinous acts chased away missionaries from the region. The ills committed by Leopold and his agents had reached Europe through reports by missionaries, the USA and Britain chose to intervene. However, Leopold fought back through a campaign aimed at attracting sympathy (Pakenham 1992, 659). In response to the crisis, the Belgian government proposed a Belgian solution. The Belgian solution was to turn Congo into a Belgian colony as opposed to Leopold’s property. Sir Edward Grey Sir Edward was the Prime Minister in Britain. He was confronted by pressure from humanitarian groups led by Moreland the Belgian Kings’ opposition to the Belgian solution. However, he was unable to confront the Belgians because he did not fancy the idea of appearing to bully the weak (Pakenham 1992, 660). Cohesion Treaty In the face of Leopold’s opposition to Congo becoming a Belgian colony, the government proposed what was called the cohesion treaty. This proposal advocated for Belgian takeover of administration of Congo from Leopold but not the revenues (Pakenham 1992, 661) US and British demarche Realizing that Leopold was hell-bent on retaining control over revenues from the Congo, the US, and Britain, yielding to pressure from the public, issued a directive that the Belgian government takes over the Congo and stops abuses in line with the Brussels and berlins acts. Further, Belgium had to respect the rights of missionaries, institute freedom of trade, and stop the mistreatment of natives (Pakenham 1992, 662). Schollaert Schollaert, then leader of the Belgian government, dealt with pressure from the US and Britain by reaching a deal with the King. According to the deal, the king hands over Congo and is compensated for his sacrifices (Pakenham 1992, 663) Berlin Act Suspecting mischief in how easily the king had given up on Congo, Sir Grey appealed to other nations not to recognize Belgium. However, due to selfish interests or not understanding what the fuss was about, the other nations did not heed Grey’s call (Pakenham 1992, 664). Morel Morel was the major player or force behind the pressure on Sir Edward Grey. He seriously campaigned for the rights of Africans in the Congo. However, with the king still at large, the gains could easily be eroded. Although the Belgian parliament had proposed far-reaching reforms, the king was secretly still in control of affairs in Congo (Pakenham 1992, 668). This is why Morel still opposed the stated plans or reforms. The Scramble out World War I ended with German losing its colonies to other powers. After the Second World War, the League of Nations has formed as well as the mandate system (Pakenham 1992, 673). The system of mandates meant that former colonies that could not stand on their own are governed until such a time when they could stand on their own. This system did not succeed because the powerful nations continued their imperialists or colonialists approaches in the mandates (Pakenham 1992, 673). Attitude after Mussolini exit in Ethiopia After Mussolini’s exit, the colonialists’ attitude changed to ‘last in and first out’ kind of approach (Pakenham 1992, 673). This expeditious approach meant more hurried plunder than say focus on building structures. Apart from amassing wealth for the colonialists, this approach created huge opposition to colonialism. European powers were in a hurry to leave because if they did not leave they would be shuttled out by the guns of Africans fighting for independence and western interest groups pushing for African independence (Pakenham 1992, 671). While the scramble was driven by an alliance between business people, missionaries and imperialists, the scramble out was due to change in thinking, especially among Christians and business people. For the business oriented, the colonies were no longer profitable while the opposed religious colonialism on humanitarian grounds (Pakenham 1992, 674). Mode of leaving: France and Britain The colonialists had to leave the colonies or allow for independence due to widely changed times. The colonies had largely become unsustainable while natives strongly and even violently agitated for independence. The British tried to prepare their colonies for independence while France was more hurried in leaving (Pakenham 1992, 278). Reference List Pakenham, Thomas. 1992. The Scramble for Africa: White Man’s Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876-1912 . New York: Harper Perennial.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The birth of a second child brings an additional responsibility to the parents, who should provide essentials for proper child growth. These responsibilities include allocation of time to take care of two children, noting that the degree of care for the two children is different due to their age differences.

The birth of a second child brings an additional responsibility to the parents, who should provide essentials for proper child growth. These responsibilities include allocation of time to take care of two children, noting that the degree of care for the two children is different due to their age differences.

Second Child Effects on the Family Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Negative Outcomes 3. Positive Outcomes and Solutions 4. Reference Introduction The birth of a second child brings an additional responsibility to the parents, who should provide essentials for proper child growth. These responsibilities include allocation of time to take care of two children, noting that the degree of care for the two children is different due to their age differences. The time constraint brought by the second childbirth leads to increased business in the family and in cases where parents do not plan adequately for child attention, the children will feel deprived of attention and interfere with parents’ normal routines. The interferences to personal schedules of parents, with the responsibility of taking care of children, affects personal concentration and productivity of the parent and may lead to cases of high stress that further complicate their ability to provide proper child care. Negative Outcomes A second childbirth presents a compulsory increment in family spending because the second child must be fed, clothed, and educated among other necessary provisions. Furthermore, the immediate months after childbirth present an uncertain learning period for the parent as they learn the sleeping and feeding patterns of their newly born. Increased expenditures force the family breadwinner to earn more to maintain the living standards of the family. Parents in this case are forced to look for additional jobs in cases where their existing jobs barely support the family before the second child arrival. Other than immediate increased spending, the long term savings are also altered to accommodate the anticipated child needs as they grow up to adulthood (Spangler, 2010). Parents have to reorganize their daily schedules, stretched with the baby’s requirements, in addition to personal matters and the firstborn’s needs. The attention direction to the second child in addition to that going to the first child ultimately reduces the time couples spend together for their own personal matters. The interpret bonding in the family reduces and personal conflicts in the family take longer to resolve (Spangler, 2010). One parent may feel neglected and resort to substituting family time with other activities, further worsening the lack of bonding issue. As family tensions build with delayed conflict resolution, parents may be tempted to indulge in harmful habits such as alcohol drinking that may eventually develop into an addiction. Mothers are likely to suffer depression caused by increased exhaustion and an anxiety towards the baby, also known as baby blues. Positive Outcomes and Solutions Arrival of the second child also brings positive outcomes to the family. Parents become more confident of their parenting abilities, their knowledge of parenting and add up to their experiences of child upbringing. Spangler (2010) explains that families also find out that what seemed like an uphill task for raising the first child now becomes ordinary as they use their previous experience to bring up the second child. As mothers get used to caring for the second baby, they realize that their love and care for the first child does not diminish. In some cases, the arrival of a second child bonds the family more strongly as parents settle for family goals for the long term and abandon tendencies to think of individual benefits only. To remedy the bonding challenge posed by the second childbirth, parents should set aside a special period every week to leave baby care, concentrate on their relationship, and iron out any issues that might arise because of the second childbirth. Reference Spangler, T. G. (2010). The challenges of a second child . Web.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The segmentation, targeting, and positioning (STP3) strategy is the core of strategic marketing. This technique enables marketers to narrow their focus and effectively communicate the preferred qualities of a commodity to intended customers. A captivating marketing slogan is, therefore, the fruit of STP, coined to entice consumers into purchasing a commodity.

The segmentation, targeting, and positioning (STP3) strategy is the core of strategic marketing. This technique enables marketers to narrow their focus and effectively communicate the preferred qualities of a commodity to intended customers. A captivating marketing slogan is, therefore, the fruit of STP, coined to entice consumers into purchasing a commodity.

Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning Strategy Essay Table of Contents 1. Segmentation 2. Targeting 3. Positioning 4. References The best marketing planning method is based on the mission that guides business operations. It leads to the identification of needed markets, and the structuring of precise marketing strategies and objectives for each commodity that an organization intends to present to customers. Given this, it becomes the role of the organization to create value and delivery process. The segmentation, targeting, positioning (STP3) strategy is the core of strategic marketing. This technique enables marketers to narrow their focus and effectively communicate the preferred qualities of a commodity to intended customers. A captivating marketing slogan is, therefore, the fruit of STP, coined to entice consumers into purchasing a commodity (Quinn, 2009). Segmentation According to Tuma, Decker, and Scholz (2011), segmentation of the market is an adaptive business promotion tactic. It involves the division of the customer base to pick on one or more segments of the market for target advertisements. This will enable marketers to develop particular marketing strategies that address specific market needs. Additionally, the strategy of market segmentation enables an organization to expand its competitive scope and returns. Segments may be defined by geographic, social structure, or psychographic aspects of the market. For example, commodities that college students prefer to buy may not be similar to those of youthful professionals. Young parents may be interested in different commodities than their age mates buying their personal effects (Pirinsky, & Wang, 2011). The market division may include the identification of divisions for which an organization would be more appropriate to supply by enjoying a competitive edge against market rivals, such as dropping the adaptation costs. Targeting Targeting involves the making of decisions based on the right market segments. The practice enables organizations to focus their marketing plan on the right group. For example, an organization may spot a whole group of young adults in a market segment; however, the company would probably gain more returns on its marketing efforts if the resources were channeled to a more precise group, which is more interested in a product or service being offered: for instance, marketing new brad of nappies to younger adults with children would be more positive than marketing the same item to all adults. Each segment develops different perceptions of a market commodity (Tuma, Decker, & Scholz, 2011). Positioning Quinn (2009) suggests positioning involves crafting uniqueness of a commodity to occupy the consumer’s mind. The principle of positioning, generally, revolves around establishing a mental pointer or product shortcut in the consumer’s mind. Positioning enables customers to make purchases of the same brand of product because they are used to the adequate nature of the commodity, during previous usage (Tuma, Decker, & Scholz, 2011). This strategy saves the customers the daunting task of researching to determine the better option, hence enables them to keep going for one brand. Consumers build heuristics for opting for products that please them, so marketers are forced to communicate product qualities that can match the customer’s emotional needs. A well-structured positioning strategy rings in the customer’s mind, thereby enabling him or her to go for the good being advertised instead of the ones that they do not view to be popular with them. Usually, the principle behind positioning revolves around the need to use the simplest terms possible in marketing initiatives, to enhance easy remembrance by customers References Pirinsky, C.A., & Wang, Q. (2011). Market Segmentation and the Cost of Capital in a Domestic Market: Evidence from Municipal Bonds. Financial Management, 40(2), 455-458. Quinn, L. (2009). Market segmentation in managerial practice: a qualitative examination. Journal of Marketing Management , 25(3/4), 253-272. Tuma, M.N., Decker, R., & Scholz, S.W. (2011). A survey of the challenges and pitfalls of cluster analysis application in market segmentation. International Journal of Market Research , 53(3), 391-414.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The paper argues that the short stories in the Selected Works of Lu Hsun present a picture of the social realities of China and the emergence of the new Chinese nationalism in the post-May Fourth revolution era.

The paper argues that the short stories in the Selected Works of Lu Hsun present a picture of the social realities of China and the emergence of the new Chinese nationalism in the post-May Fourth revolution era.

Selected Works of Lu Hsun Research Paper Fiction, written by Lu Hsun, the father of modern Chinese literature, is a critically realistic work that mirrors the societal veracity of his time. Lu Hsun was a brilliant writer who had a clear insight into the social history of the country and understood the Chinese culture and society impeccably. His writings are found to be embedded with elements of imagism, surrealism, and symbolism; however, the realism of the time that is presented in his stories bear secular importance as they paint a historical picture of the social era of China. He has used various postmodernist forms to enhance his representation of a culture that is vast and ancient. Though a modernist/postmodernist in style, Hsun presented an apt realism in his work that enhances our understanding of the history of China in the 1920s. Jaroslav Průšek points out that Lu Hsun gathered a lot of the material for his plot and stories from historical sources and traditional documents (Průšek 171). Consequently, historical facts and social cohesion of the Chinese society is abundantly present in the stories written by Hsun. In this essay, I will argue that the eighteen short stories in the Selected Works of Lu Hsun presents a picture of the social realities of china and present the emergence of the new Chinese nationalism in the post-May Fourth revolution era. In this essay, I will discuss the short stories written by Hsun. The short stories by Hsun are enriched with tropes of satire, realism, symbolism, and psychoanalytic. Thus, a single trend is insufficient to grasp the complete theme of the short stories; rather, they represent a series of trends that are collected together in the stories. Social history and symbolism are the two basic elements that may be found to run consistently in the stories written by Lu Hsun. This paper will undertake an analysis of the selected short stories to demonstrate the presence of realism in Hsun’s stories that present a clear picture of the Chinese national character and social history. Drawing from the inferences made by Fredric Jameson on Chinese literature, one can assume that Chinese literature written in the 20s and 30s were predominantly memoirs of social history. Jameson points out that third world literature is predominantly “national allegories”: “All third-world texts are necessary, I want to argue, allegorical” (Jameson 69). Jameson went on to emphasize the Chinese literature’s overemphasis on the allegorical social structures in literature arose from the struggle with western imperialism and hence, affected their skillfully hidden depiction of the historical facts of the time under tropes of allegory. The Chinese stories written in the 20s and 30s represent the social histories of the era, especially the social and political contexts of the time. Detailed analysis of the stories of Hsun particularly presents a picture of the Chinese social realities. Arguably, the literature defines the historical facts in a social context and, therefore, presents the real nation to the readers of the future. While reading “Diary of a Madman,” western literary understanding would make the readers believe that it is a story about the psychological breakdown of a man (“Diary of a Madman” 3). The madman in the aforementioned story by Hsun is engulfed in a psychotic-break wherein he believes that the people around him were harboring a secret from him. Moreover, his delusional mind assumes that the secret must be their indulgence in cannibalism. When the man had reached a climax of his delusions and was about to harm himself physically, he faces the truth of his cannibalistic brother, who had murdered his little sister years ago, which he believed was due to illness. Like any other modern western tales of psychosis, Hsun creates a halo of objectivity wherein the readers are unable to separate the truth from the madman’s fictitious phobia. When the protagonist hears a conversation between his brother and the doctor (whom he assumes to be another cannibal), the charade between reality and fiction completely shatters. Nevertheless, where do we find any relevance to history in a madmen babbles? The truth, when stripped-off of all its illusions, becomes a naked fiction. This is what Hsun observes in this story. Hsun reconstructed the “grisly and terrifying objective real world” underneath the charade of the illusive world we live in. The existence is stripped bare through illusions of a madman (Jameson 70). The narrative by Hsun employs the existentialist trope of reality and illusion to create a literary effect and presupposes, unlike traditional Chinese works on realism, a prior “personal knowledge” (Jameson 70). Hence, the underlying assumption that Hsun makes is that the readers have a distinct understanding of the dark world of a neurotic mind to appreciate the realism in his story. The symbolic realism that is expressed through the explicit use of cannibalism relates to Chinese society. This figurative description of the Chinese society by Lu Hsun turns out to be more “literal” than the “literal” level of the text” (Jameson 71). The society that Lu Hsun describes through this story is post-imperialist Chinese society where men and women literally act as cannibals as they try to devour on their fellow citizens in desperation. Their souls maimed and retarded by the traditional rules of society, and they consume on one another just to stay alive. Lu Hsun observes this phenomenon in all hierarchies of society. Hence, the story of the madman by Hsun is actually a symbolic representation of the terrifying social history of the time. In another story, “The True Story of Ah Q,” Lu Hsun presents a social satire on Chinese national character through the story is about a dim-witted, drunkard, laborer (Hsun 10). The story relates to the frivolous daily routine of a man who has almost no work or education. The story symbolizes self-deception even when a man faces extreme disgrace and downfall. When Ah Q faces humiliating moments, he convinces himself of his moral superiority over his oppressors and succumbs to their tyranny: If the idlers were still not satisfied but continued to bait him, they would, in the end, come to blows. Then only after Ah Q had, to all appearances, been defeated, had his brownish pigtail pulled and his head bumped against the wall four or five times, would the idlers walk away, satisfied at having won. Ah Q would stand there for a second, thinking to himself, “It is as if I were beaten by my son. What is the world coming to nowadays?” Thereupon he too would walk away, satisfied at having won. (“The True Story of Ah Q” 10 ) The above quote is a true depiction of modern China that was built between from the 1900s to 1940s. The introduction of western philosophy into Chinese society updated the intellectuals of the May Fourth era with a new awakening, and they started questioning the traditional mores of the Chinese society and blamed it for the country and society’s backwardness. Then the Chinese nationalism that brewed in the country was painted with disgust and abasement of the cultural norms of the country, which is evident in “The True Story of Ah Q.” Hence, Chinese society was moving towards an anti-traditionalistic nationalism that detested the cultural and social norms of the old purists. The intelligentsia that grew with the May Fourth hailed western liberalism as the way ahead for the development of the backward Chinese society. The satire becomes more blatant at the end of the story when Ah Q executed for a minor crime, definitely bringing forth the faults in the traditional Chinese society. Ah Q becomes a metaphor for all Chinese men and women who lived at that time. He, therefore, becomes a symbol of the traditional Chinese excess so loathed by the modern intelligentsia of the 20s. In the preface of “Call to Arms,” Lu Hsun expresses his disgust for the traditional backwardness of the Chinese society and his motive for using literature as a medium to fight against traditionalists: The people of a weak and backward country, however strong and healthy they may be, can only serve to be made examples of, or to witness such futile spectacles; and it doesn’t really matter how many of them die of illness. The most important thing, therefore, was to change their spirit, and since at that time, I felt that literature was the best means to this end, I determined to promote a literary movement. (“Preface to Call to Arms” 1) In the story “Some Rabbits and a Cat,” Lu Hsun describes a group of children, adults, and a dog adults gathered in a circle to watch the small bunnies playing. The description resembles the gathering of people awaiting public execution. Even in this case, the crowd had gathered to satisfy their curiosity as they would in case of a public performance. However, once the curiosity of men and women dissipated, the bunnies were locked up in an iron cage in the backyard. The bunnies are described as naïve, almost like the Chinese people, especially the younger generation, who were trying to find a place in the hostile and caged Chinese society. However, there is an element of hope in the story. The rabbits are creatures that breed and survive their oppressors, as Hsun believes, would the Chinese people. The rabbits are downtrodden, which occupy the lowest echelon of the Chinese society. Though the downtrodden are often trampled under the oppression of the powerful, they always survive. This story depicts the spirit of survival of the Chinese youths and the poor. The story has another metaphor in the black cat that preys on the first two bunnies. It depicts the ugly class of men who devour on the society, the elite, powerful, and rich class. Here too, Lu Hsun implicitly talks of the cannibalistic tendency of Chinese society. In “A Comedy of Ducks,” the readers, now in the form of a little duckling, encounter similar images of cannibalism. The duckling represents the naïve youth of China who treads on an unimaginative, discoursed path of set patterns and behavior, and gobbles the people who digress from the norms. The story relates the condition of a “silent” China that had lost its voice. The voiceless, apathetic people of china are the real ducks in the story. The imagery of the cannibalistic Chinese society again becomes apparent in the story. Other stories like “My Old Home” and “The New Year’s Sacrifice” to show a strong urge in the narrators of the stories to depart from the traditionalist culture of the old China. The urge to create a new identity for the Chinese people, separate from the old, claustrophobic Chinese identity, becomes apparent in the stories. In “My Old House,” the narrator of the story realizes his doubts about the traditional ideologies present in society. He begins to doubt the reasons behind the life’s adversity that Jun-t’s, the narrator’s childhood friend, faces every day. When the narrator returns after a long absence from his home with many new experiences, he somehow is unable to reconcile between his newfound life and his old life. The identity crisis that the narrator faces is established through alienation from his old way of life that he had renounced a long time ago. His doubt about the bleak old ways are voiced when he says: As we drew near my former home the day became overcast, and a cold wind blew into the cabin of our boat, while all one could see through the chinks in our bamboo awning were a few desolate villages, void of any sign of life, scattered far and near under the somber yellow sky. I could not help feeling depressed. (“My Old Home” 9) Doubts about the traditional past become more apparent when the narrator asks the existential question if the old-fashioned past has any place in the new modern world. The narrator talks of Jun-it’s as a mirror image of his former self and questions the ideals he held earlier. He also evaluates the meaningless meddling of the older ways in Jun-Tzu’s wretched life. “The New Year’s Sacrifice” narrates the story of a woman who was twice married and divorced, then raped and lost her child, had become suicidal in the end. When she actually died, the narrator cannot understand the reason behind her existence in the first place. The narrator of the story believes that the main protagonist, the wife of Hsiang Lin, of the story leads a meaningless life immersed in traditionalism, does not denounce the traditional way completely. The narrators in both the stories are unable to fathom the reason behind the silent observance of the traditional ways of life by Jun-the and Hsiang Lin’s wife in the hands of poverty and patriarchy. In both the stories, “My Old Home” and “A New Year’s Sacrifice,” the narrators are unable to create a self-identity separate from the traditional self, and that is why they talk of the meaningless existence of Jun-t’s and Hsiang Lin’s wife. They believe a separate identity can only be created with meaning reason for existence when that identity is separated from the clutches of traditionalism. The only way the characters in Lu Hsun’s stories can create a separate identity is by denouncing the traditional way and accepting the new. In this similar fashion, Lu Hsun creates characters in almost all his stories, as grotesque and extreme. They are distortions of the traditional Chinese society that the modern intellectuals detested. The history of the transformation of Chinese society from imperialism to communism cannot simply be marked by eleven years of violent events. The struggle emerged from within the society. The change brought forth through a series of social struggles within the enlightened minds that struggled to create an identity separate from that of the traditionalists. Lu Hsun’s stories represent these minds that deliberately wanted to break free from the shackles of old China. Hence, the stories he wrote were filled with symbolism and imagery of a naïve, senseless, and quixotic world that did not have an identity. The older world was so desperate and oppressed that their cannibalistic instinct became apparent, and they devoured on the flesh of fellow citizens merely to ensure their survival. The stories of Lu Hsun are replete with this social history of China. Lu Hsun relates a history that does not talk of the wars and revolutions but of small internal struggles of men and women to survive in an increasingly cannibalistic and power-hungry society. The emergence of the new Chinese nationalism from the May Fourth revolution creates a space for the downtrodden, who remained as invisible in the traditional Chinese societies. They were mere cogs in a machine that was dispensable and had no individual identity. The characters of the lunatic, the wife, the friend, the ducks, and the bunnies are symbols of the underdogs in the traditional Chinese society who had no meaning for their existence; they were devoid of identity and lived a life of perpetual fear. Lu Hsun, in his stories, creates little symbols that paint the picture of a society that China in the twenties was trying to topple. Thus, the stories are true histories of China and the Chinese people and narrate to the readers the true pulse of the Chinese nationalism of the twenties. Works Cited Hsun, Lu. Selected Stories of Lu Hsun. Trans. Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1972. Print. Jameson, Fredric. “Third-world literature in the era of multinational capitalism.” Social Text 15 (1986): 65-88. Print. Průšek, Jaroslav. “Lu Hsün’s “Huai Chiu”: A Precursor of Modern Chinese Literature.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 29 (1969): 169-176. Print.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Organizational behavior refers to all the professional expertise affected by behavioral aspects in addition to personal skills like motivation, imaginations, beliefs, unconscious drives, as well as values in an organization. Self-understanding, on the other hand, refers to the self-actualization that workers get to understand about themselves in the course of their working in an organization.

Organizational behavior refers to all the professional expertise affected by behavioral aspects in addition to personal skills like motivation, imaginations, beliefs, unconscious drives, as well as values in an organization. Self-understanding, on the other hand, refers to the self-actualization that workers get to understand about themselves in the course of their working in an organization.

Self-Understanding Role in Organizational Behavior Essay Organizational behavior refers to all the professional expertise affected by behavioral aspects in addition to personal skills like motivation, imaginations, beliefs, unconscious drives, as well as values in an organization. Self-understanding, on the other hand, refers to the self-actualization that workers get to understand about themselves in the course of their working in an organization. Self-understanding requires that a worker gets to understand his content about the job or task allocated to the person (Colquitt, Jason A., Lepine, Jeffery A. And Wesson, Michael J.). This calls for the person employed to get an insight into self-evaluation concerning the task in question in a given organization. This self-identity of employees at work place may be influenced with either positive worth and value or harmful value. The assessment and content of self understanding encompass negotiations of an individual’s understanding in interacting with other employees. Self actualization among employees is expected to grow in a manner that by presenting themselves via interactions with team members get to know if or if not their opinions concerning themselves are validated or reinforced by other employees. How Are You Motivated To Do Work In attaining self understanding in an organization, employees need to be self-motivated in doing their different tasks in an organization. Employees get motivated to work through the conviction of doing the assigned task in an organization. This infuses confidence and courage in an employee to focus towards the set goals. A strong conviction helps employees to accept organizations goals as true as well as align their goals to that of the organization hence getting the meaning of their role in a team. Secondly, motivation calls for an attitude change that is positive towards life. This calls for all the workers to behave and think positively hence approaching the assigned tasks positively. In addition to this, an attitude that is positive towards work indicates that individuals will work with belief, pride as well as passion giving their best (Cunningham,J.B. & Eberle,T 57). This enhances motivation towards the work, thus contributing to the success of the set objectives. In addition to this, it’s important that employees plan their day so that they can be motivated to work. For instance, it can be so frustrating for workers to watch the clock as it ticks as they wait for the close of the business, which in this case might seem to be an eternity. Hence planning for the daily activities with breaks in between helps time to move fast as the workers work hard to meet the deadlines. Employees get motivated when they are given opportunities to manage their projects. For example, if someone is running an overwhelming or daunting project, the individual will be required to break down the project into manageable tasks for effective working. Forecasting, as well as achieving small objectives, will provide further inspiration as well as enhance the achievement of organizational goals. Employees should keep in mind what they enjoy most in their various tasks. Even those team members who regret about the job they are doing have at least one think that makes them smile. Therefore, the employees should consider that particular thing that pushed them to that job appreciate it, and this will inspire their working in an organization (Human Resource Management). Delegation of duties is very important in motivating employees. This will cut down the bulk of the work as well as offer a fresh challenge to other employees. Therefore by unfolding the puzzle of the challenges to those delegated with duties motivates both parties to even work harder. Finally giving employees’ breaks in between the day, for instance, tea break, lunch break as well as four o’clock tea break will enhance efficiency in working, thus motivating the workers. Developing Motivational Interests Concerning Work Associates In any given organization, employees need to come up with motivational interest regarding their team members, supervisors, and managers. Many a time these people are thought to be difficult to be differently motivated by their employers or employees. Team building works well in such a scenario because it helps people understand why team members do certain things as opposed to them. Hence team building will help employees filter all the decisions made including assessing the needs as well as probable consequences of the decisions within a team and also to their managers. Employees will need to understand the goals of the team, team members, where the authority of the team lays risks and rewards associated with the team and the avenues in which team members benefit by the virtue of being members of the team. Understanding the purpose of the team is important in the functioning of a team. Providing challenges to members of the team as well as supervisors is also important in motivating the two groups of people. The Several Companies and Websites That Offer Various Tests and Methods of Assessing Peoples Aptitudes and Interests in Personal or Work Performance Several websites and companies provide assessments as well as different methods of evaluating an individual’s interests and aptitude in work or personal performance. Such websites include kenexa.com, Abso.com, Brainbench.com, Gneil.com, Eskill.com, Fadvassessments.com, Criteriacorp.com, Previsor.com, and Wonderlic.com. (interview) Examples of companies offering such kinds of tests are the Price water coopers, Institute of Psychometric coaching (IPC) and Web ring Inc. For instance, one of the methods used by IPC provides is the DiSC(Dominance, Influence, Steadiness, and Conscientiousness) Model. This model is based on William M. Marston, who is a psychologist. This approach is very important because it is a very simple, straightforward, and standardized approach of evaluating behavioral preferences and styles. The test scores are easily attained because of the results a quick as well as reliable outcome (Mind Tools.com). The approach can be completed with the help of online software, thus reducing cost as opposed to other methods. This approach does not restrict people to a given place hence, can be taken anywhere’s. Works Cited Colquitt,Jason A.,Lepine,Jeffery A. And Wesson,Michael J. Organizational Behavior. McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2011. Cunningham, J. B. & Eberle, T. “A Guide to Job Enrichment and Redesign.” Personnel (1990): 57-60. Human Resource Management. The Human Performation Juxtaposition Site. Web. Mind Tools. Essential Skills for an Excellent career. Web. XInterview. Web.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Ernest Finney's Sequoia Gardens is a book of short stories about life in California. The book portrays California as a place of opportunity for immigrants, and explores the common person and the way of life in the state.

Ernest Finney's Sequoia Gardens is a book of short stories about life in California. The book portrays California as a place of opportunity for immigrants, and explores the common person and the way of life in the state.

“Sequoia Gardens” by Ernest Finney Literature Analysis Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. California in Ernest Finney’s imagination 3. California 4. Conclusion 5. Work cited Introduction Ernest Finney, in his book, Sequoia Gardens presents California in a rich and complex manner. This in a way contradicts the present California as it is, and at the same time echoes some activities which take place in California. In the stories, ‘Sequoia Gardens’, ‘Olive Princess’ and ‘Up On The Yuba’, Ernest Finney portrays California in different ways ranging from the people, the activities they do , the law governing those activities as well as people’s thinking and way of life. He takes the struggling people and mimics their way of life in the stories, representing the poor in California. Each story is a form of its own in that, some are festive and cheerful while some are dark and savory, all these representing the poor people in California. Finney drapes the reader skillfully with each character and explores the common person and ordinary people like us. Raul, a struggling young man, is portrayed as hard working amidst all the danger and hardship. Lindsay and Gabe (Gabriel) in olive princess are seen as two different characters. Gabe struggles to change Lindsay’s shallow thinking as he struggles with his life amidst police brutality, and attains success in the end. In the story, ‘up on the Yuba’, Hiram is a struggling miner who is hell-bent to prove to the people that he can make two cups even if others cannot. He is determined to make a lot of money despite how tiresome this is. In all the stories, struggle is a dominant theme as well as hope for success in the future. California in Ernest Finney’s imagination In all the three stories, Ernest Finney portrays California as full of immigrants seeking work or other things like education. In sequoia garden, there are various immigrants brought to California by Arturo to work in the drug farms including Argentinean, Armenian, Indians and even Cuban (Finney 4). In the olive princess, Finney portrays Gabe as an immigrant who moves to California and is a little different with the natives like Lindsay and her family who marvel at his deed while Lindsay copies part of his way of life. Hiram known as Hy, a character in ‘up on the Yuba’, grew up in Illinois and moved to California to mine gold along Yuba river to make a living (Finney 260). California is portrayed by Finney in the three stories as a haven for foreigners who seek to find a better life. In the process of struggle for these poor immigrants, some give up in the process while others make it to the end. For example, Marcus, Tyler and the Indians working with Raul gave up mining gold along the Yuba River. According to Finney, California offers many opportunities which people venture into. Such opportunities include, growing crops which are drugs in the Sequoia garden, going to school and attaining education in the olive princess (183), and mining gold along the Yuba River. The opportunities are available in California for the betterment of people’s lives. They come in different packages. The immigrants have to struggle to earn a living unlike the natives like Lindsay’s family in the ‘Olive Princess’, who depend on the state for help like welfare check and unemployment benefits (Finney 180) given to the unemployed and the poor to aid their living. He portrays the difference between the classes available in California in the olive princess, where Lindsay says that their family never went to Christmas balls to avoid people looking at them. Lindsay even compares herself with the girls at her school, their clothes and their families. Injustice by the authorities is portrayed in Ernest Finney’s stories. The scout or the law makers who are supposed to report against drug farming but instead extort money from the workers in order for them not to be reported (Finney 26). Instead of enforcing the law against drugs, Jack, a government agent, violates it. Police brutality is evident in the olive princess where Gabriel is beaten up by police, who are supposed to protect the mass, just because of protecting Lindsay from an officer’s insults. Gabriel is hospitalized and false charges made against him. The charges could have landed him a thirty year jail term if he was not a minor (Finney 193). The agents of the law, expected to maintain peace and order, disrupt peace and instead of protecting Gabriel, they hurt him. The use of firearms like guns is prominent in California as portrayed by Finney in the three stories. Arturo in the Sequoia Gardens uses a gun to scare the workers into conformity (Finney 6) just like one would use a cane to scare children. Having a gun holster is evident in the fact that Gabriel, a student, has a gun (Finney 191). The miners are always constantly fighting each other and even shoot at one another (Finney 267). According to the California created by Finney, the firearms laws are extremely lax. California California located west coast of the United States, has a Mediterranean climate with some parts further inland experiencing colder winters and hot and dry summers as explained by Finney in his three stories. He mentions incredibly cold weather and some parts as deserts. In 2010, illegal foreigners composed of 7.3 percent of the total population, totaling to up to 2.6 million. The gold rush (January 1848) in California saw many immigrants move to California, and for the first time starting 2010, the native Californians have managed to constitute the majority in the state’s population. The gold was found in Sutter mill near the American river. Carrying and use of firearms anyhow in California is illegal unless one is licensed but not to threaten people, unlike portrayed by Finney in his stories. Police brutality is also common although it is against the law. The class division is also there in California as portrayed by Finney, and the struggle by the working class and the illegal immigrants who cannot get legal employment. Conclusion Finney in his books describes California state and the geography of Sierra. Most of his stories touch on the mountains, and they give authenticity to the people living there. Sequoia Gardens explore the ordinary person, and the kind of life people leads. Life brings sudden surprises and ghastly experiences. These experiences move people past places, through numerous risks, towards hope for a better future, and to attain success in life. Finney explores all these facets of life in his stories, giving people a glimpse of the life led by the working class, their determination, the risks and the joy that comes with the success despite the fact that some live in uncertainty. Work cited Finney, Ernest. Sequoia Gardens: California Stories . USA: Southern Methodist University press. 2010. Print.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The essay discusses a situation where the customer was provided with wrong food which was delivered for too long time. The customer called to the Grub Hub restaurant and was told that a courier was a new employee who does not have experience. The company promised to solve the problem within the shortest period of time, but the customer was too hungry to wait for a new order, therefore, he agreed to eat what he was brought. In 30 minutes Grub Hub delivered a dessert to his house which had to be an apology for a wrong delivered order.

The essay discusses a situation where the customer was provided with wrong food which was delivered for too long time. The customer called to the Grub Hub restaurant and was told that a courier was a new employee who does not have experience. The company promised to solve the problem within the shortest period of time, but the customer was too hungry to wait for a new order, therefore, he agreed to eat what he was brought. In 30 minutes Grub Hub delivered a dessert to his house which had to be an apology for a wrong delivered order.

Service Marketing: Food Market Essay Table of Contents 1. Details 2. Comments 3. Analysis 4. Future Action Steps by Management 5. Key Services Marketing Concepts Details Having ordered a diner, I was provided with wrong food which was delivered for too long time. Having made an order, I was promised that an order is going to be delivered within a short period of time which comprised about one hour. My order was delivered within two hours and when I opened it, I saw that it was totally wrong. Having called to the Grub Hub restaurant, I was told that a courier was a new employee who does not have experience. The restaurant promised to solve the problem within the shortest period of time, but I was too hungry to wait for a new order, therefore, I agreed to eat what I was brought. In 30 minutes Grub Hub delivered a dessert to my house which had to be an apology for a wrong delivered order. Comments I suppose that hiring a new employee, the company should teach him/her the specifics of the service. Moreover, the company should be responsible for their employees and the check of the service quality. The dessert as apology was a good step, however, this is not the way out. The company cannot make such mistakes, deliver the orders too late and try to cover a failure using another order which I did not order. I am not allowed to eat sweets, that is why their delivered spoiled my mood up to the end. Analysis The market of fast food is too varied and the competition is high as well. To remain successfully developing companies, such failures cannot be made. It is important to serve the customers fast and quality. The variety of offers at the food market allows the customers to choose the services, therefore, one failure may lead to the refusal of many people from the service as I am going to tell my friends about the accident and I think that some of them will refuse using this service being too demanding. As for me, I will give this service one more chance. The company is responsible for its failures and tries to improve negative experience by means of responsiveness and an attempt to create a positive impression. Future Action Steps by Management The manager of the company should create the teaching hours for those who make failures and make the newcomers to listen to the lectures of the experienced couriers. Moreover, a day with an experienced employee will give practical experience for those who are new in the service. The company should not refuse from the services of inexperienced couriers, they should just spend more time on their teaching. To make sure that each employee is highly motivated, the manager should create a system of motivation and encouraging. I offer to create a feedback link on the site to give the customers an opportunity to express their point of view about couriers. Those couriers who get many positive feedbacks should be offered a financial support at the end of the month. The fines for those who have many negative feedbacks should also be. Therefore, the employees will be financially motivated and the service delivery may be improved. Key Services Marketing Concepts Failure, responsibility, quality, fast delivery, experience, development, high competition, responsiveness, timeline

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The text discusses the importance of sex education and how it can be implemented in district schools. It also highlights the benefits of sex education and how it can help in controlling misinformation on sex.The text discusses the importance of sex education and how it can be implemented in district schools. It also highlights the benefits of sex education and how it can help in controlling misinformation on sex.

The text discusses the importance of sex education and how it can be implemented in district schools. It also highlights the benefits of sex education and how it can help in controlling misinformation on sex. The text discusses the importance of sex education and how it can be implemented in district schools. It also highlights the benefits of sex education and how it can help in controlling misinformation on sex.

Sex Education in District School Curricular Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Importance of sex education 3. Sex Education in School Districts 4. Conclusion 5. Works Cited Introduction Sex education refers to the education about human sexuality. The education normally covers topics that are related to sex such as sex organs, reproduction, sexual intercourse, abstinence and emotional relations among others. Schools have been one of the identified locations where sexual education can be conducted. This paper seeks to discuss the difference in coverage of the subject of sexual education by district schools. The paper will undertake the identification of the difference in the extent to which sexual education is being included in the curriculum of different school districts. Importance of sex education With the development of advanced media technology such as the internet and social networks, there is exposure to sexuality that carries a variety of sexual contents. The youth from tender ages are therefore exposed to diverse information about sex that calls for guidance into sexuality. This has called for the need to include sex education in schools curriculum in district schools. This will be very important as it will help in controlling misinformation on sex over the young age group. Sex education lays facts about sexuality information based on academic research thus taking students from myths or false beliefs created by individuals. Adoption of sex education in school syllabus has also been identified to be beneficial to students. According to Carroll, sex education drives away curiosity among students and students who engage in sexual education are reported to be less permissive to sex activities before marriage. The level of sex education availed to a student has also been associated with “self image and self acceptance” besides interpersonal behavior that include how the students may relate with people in future (Carroll 211). Sex Education in School Districts The level of sex education as reported by students indicates a variation depending on factors such as the level of study of the students as well as their schools. According to a research, high school students are more informed about sexuality as compared to students in middle schools. Such differences were also realized in the elements of sex education that the students are offered. It is for example noted that more education is offered to students regarding abstinence and the control of sexually transmitted diseases as compared to education over contraceptives. Apart from the disparity in the elements of sex education with respect to study level, gender determines the level of sex education. Consideration of the use of contraceptives for example reveals more education being offered to girls as compared to boys (Guttmacher 1). A study of sex education as was conducted in the late twentieth century reveals the same trend in the level of education with respect to level of study. During the period, it was noted that not all school districts were offering sex education as a significant number of students; about twenty percent never received sex education. The topics that are included in the sex education syllabus also vary with some schools omitting topics such as “sexual relationships, communication and decision making, intercourse and pregnancy” (Sonenstein and Pittman 1). An analysis that was conducted by Dailard Cynthia revealed that about seventy percent of school districts have policies over sexual education. The partial adoption of the policies by school districts is an indication that there is a varied level of adoption of the subject of sex in the schools with some schools having absolutely no policy for ensuring sex education. The number of school districts that offers sex education also varies from region to region. The identified regions, “northeast, south, Midwest and west”, are identified to have only a few schools offering comprehensive sex education and the number of schools that offer such educations vary from region to region (Dailard 11). The variation is recognized with a higher percentage of schools in the northeast region offering comprehensive sex education while more schools in the south region offers more of abstinence based education and less on comprehensive sex education (Dailard 11). Instructors in schools are also a factor to the provision of sex education to students in schools. The basis of variation by region of sex education reveals a general opinion of the regions of what ought to be taught regarding sex. This could be in relation to conservative believes that such topics as sex should not be taught to students (Dailard 11). This opinion is supported by the fact that legislations in different states over laws regarding sex education also vary. Since such laws are enacted by political representatives, it can be concluded that different regions have adopted different laws to regulate sex education. Variation in the education is also reported within states (Rigsby 1). Conclusion The application of sex education in among school districts varies depending on a number of factors. Some of the factors include regions, regional legislations and instructors. The variation in sex education is therefore driven by the level of conservativeness among societies according to regions. Works Cited Carroll, Janell. Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity. New York, NY: Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. Dailard, Cynthia. Sex education: politicians, parents, Teachers and teens. Guttmacher, 2001. Web. Guttmacher. Facts on American Teens’ sources of information about sex. Guttmacher Institute, 2011. Web. Rigsby, David. Education law chapter: sex education in schools . The Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law, 2011. Web. Sonenstein, Felix and Pittman, Ken. The availability of sex education in large city schools . NCBI. Web.

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