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Provide the full text for the following summary: The essay discusses the issue of abuse and neglect in long-term care facilities, highlighting the need for improved policies and support to effectively prevent and address these problems.

The essay discusses the issue of abuse and neglect in long-term care facilities, highlighting the need for improved policies and support to effectively prevent and address these problems.

Abuse and Neglect in Long-Term Care Facilities Essay (Critical Writing) What are your initial thoughts about this article? Have you heard of any similar cases in regards to abuse/neglect of an OA in a nursing home? I have read many articles concerning neglect or even abuse in nursing homes. These issues are rather common in Canadian and US long-term care facilities (Moeller, 2017). Many residents of nursing homes are vulnerable and unable or unwilling to voice their concerns. One of the most alarming trends is the inability of families to address the problem. For instance, Dehaas and Otis (2018) report that a family could not take their older relative from a facility due to financial issues, and the patient died within six months after her admission. What organizational policies and support are required to effectively prevent and address abuse and neglect of older adults living in LTC facilities? One of the most effective solutions to addressing neglect and abuse in LTCs is the establishment of appropriate organizational culture. Killett et al. (2014) state that the development of proper culture is a complex process involving staff training and development. Furthermore, it can be necessary to introduce certain policies and standards associated with the provision of high-quality care, communication, as well as whistleblowing. Healthcare professionals should be responsible and willing to address the needs of their patients. It is also important to make sure that organizational standards include documents where the concepts of neglect and abuse are properly identified. Employees should clearly understand what actions are improper. What are some risk factors that can lead to abuse and neglect by staff in a LTC setting? Some of the common risk factors related to neglect are associated with certain organizational gaps (Killett et al., 2014). The lack of knowledge and experience among employees, their burnout, and excessive workload can lead to inadequate behavior. The lack or absence of policies and standards that could guide the staff can also result in neglect. Finally, employees’ low salaries and unattractive benefits can also be risk factors. References Dehaas, J., & Otis, D. (2018). Families sue Ontario long-term care providers over ‘disgusting’ neglect . CTV News . Web. Killett, A., Burns, D., Kelly, F., Brooker, D., Bowes, A., La Fontaine, J., … O’Neill, M. (2016). Digging deep: How organisational culture affects care home residents’ experiences. Ageing and Society, 36 (1), 160-188. Moeller, P. (2017). Health care watchdog sends urgent alert on potential nursing home abuse . PBS . Web.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay discusses the conflict between Achilles and Agamemnon and its reasons. It is shown that the conflict was caused by the taking of Briseis by Agamemnon as a prize instead of the daughter of Chryses, the priest of Apollo. The essay also talks about the gifts that were offered to Achilles by Agamemnon in order to persuade him to return and help the Achaeans. However, Achilles refused to take the gifts and claimed that he did not believe Agamemnon.

The essay discusses the conflict between Achilles and Agamemnon and its reasons. It is shown that the conflict was caused by the taking of Briseis by Agamemnon as a prize instead of the daughter of Chryses, the priest of Apollo. The essay also talks about the gifts that were offered to Achilles by Agamemnon in order to persuade him to return and help the Achaeans. However, Achilles refused to take the gifts and claimed that he did not believe Agamemnon.

Achilles and Agamemnon’s Conflict and Its Reasons Essay The conflict between Achilles and Agamemnon is one of the major plotlines in the Iliad. One aspect of it concerns Achilles’ woman, Briseis. Agamemnon took her as his prize instead of the daughter of Chryses, the priest of Apollo. Chryses tried to release the daughter. He suggested a ransom, but Agamemnon only agreed to exchange his daughter for another prize. Thus, he selected Briseis as his reward. Achilles was furious with this fact but could not decide what to do, “whether to draw his sword, push the others aside, and kill the son of Atreus, or to restrain himself and check his anger” (Homer 9). That is when Minerva came and told him that “you shall hereafter receive gifts three times as splendid by reason of this present insult. Hold, therefore, and obey” (Homer 10). However, Achilles was blinded by the revenge and refused to fight for the Achaeans. Moreover, he asks his mother, Thetis, to help Trojans win the war. When the Achaeans were almost defeated, Agamemnon decided to send Achilles gifts and persuade him to join the army. Odysseus was the first to speak. He greeted Achilles, described the disastrous situation, and asked him to rise: “So rouse yourself, late though it may be, if you have a mind to save Achaeans from their suffering at this Trojan onslaught. If not, you’ll suffer future agonies. You won’t find any cure for such despair. Before that happens, you should think about how to help Argives at this evil hour. My friend, that day your father, Peleus, sent you off, away from Phthia, to join Agamemnon, didn’t he say this” (Homer 259) Achilles was promised the following presents: “seven tripods which fire has not yet touched, ten gold talents, twenty shining cauldrons, twelve strong horses whose speed has triumphed, earned them prizes- a man who’s won as much as Agamemnon from racing these sure-footed animals would not be poor or lack possessions or precious gold. Then he will add to this seven women of Lesbos, skilled in crafts” (Homer 261). However, Achilles refused to take the gifts and claimed he did not believe Agamemnon. The second man to persuade Achilles was Phoenix. He promised all the possible honors to Achilles if he returns and saves the Achaeans. Nevertheless, Achilles responded that he did not need any honors. The third speaker, Ajax, did not address Achilles directly but spoke to his friends. He claimed that Achilles had no pity and advised Achilles to turn the evil in his heart into good. However, Achilles refused to return and help still feeling insulted by Agamemnon. I believe that the choice of Achilles was not correct. He was one of the prominent warriors of the Achaeans. Since he was a son of a goddess, he was gifted with particular power. Definitely, as a man, he had a right to be offended. Nevertheless, then the lives of his people were in danger, he had to forget his offenses and help. His behavior was selfish. Thus, the criticism provided by Diomedes can be treated as fair. As for Ajax’s argument that even someone who has lost a relative must accept some form of compensation and reconcile, it is ambiguous. On the one hand, no gift can replace a close person. On the other hand, if the fate of many people depends on a person’s behavior in grief, that person should not consider just his or her feelings. Works Cited Homer. The Iliad. Penguin Classics, 1991.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: Acoustic materials can be used to provide a quieter environment. These block or disperse sound waves so as to supply acoustic insulation. The types of acoustic materials include: diffusers, absorbers, insulators, and quadratic and quadra pyramid diffusers.

Acoustic materials can be used to provide a quieter environment. These block or disperse sound waves so as to supply acoustic insulation. The types of acoustic materials include: diffusers, absorbers, insulators, and quadratic and quadra pyramid diffusers.

Types of Acoustical Materials Report A high-quality sound environment is pivotal for comfortable living, for too much noise (such as traffic noise) may disrupt work, rest, sleep, learning, and so on (Taylor, 2016). In order to provide a quieter environment, acoustic materials can be used. These block or disperse sound waves so as to supply acoustic insulation (Half Price Drapers, 2016). Types of Acoustic Materials Diffusers Diffusers are devices (more specifically, panels of specific shapes) which scatter the sound over an area instead of absorbing or reflecting it; they are often used to reduce or eliminate echoes and may be employed along with other acoustic materials (Cohen, n.d.). They are usually utilized on walls or ceilings. The following diffusers can be used: * Pyramidal diffuser . These diffusers disperse the sounds of various frequencies evenly and allow for decreasing flutter echo. * Double duty diffusers . These diffusers not only permit scattering sound but also can serve as a trap for low-frequency sounds. * Quadra pyramid diffusers . These blocks consisting of four differently directed pyramids, allow for creating a uniform polar response at a wide range of frequencies; they provide 16 angles at which the sound is reflected. * Quadratic diffusers . These diffusers are used in order to supply a uniform broadband scattering of the sound and lower the high-Q reflections of sound waves. Absorbers Absorbers are materials that absorb, i.e., nullify, the sound waves passing through them (Cohen, n.d.). They are often thick and porous and have a low mass. Some of the absorbers are: * Acoustic foam panels . Foam panels can be used in a wide array of settings; they can be attached to walls or utilized as baffles or simply free-standing sound absorption panes. * Fabric wrapped acoustic panels . These panels are made of glass fiberboards and are covered with non-soundproof fabric so as to provide maximum sound absorption by the panel. They come in numerous shapes, such as ceiling tiles, wall panels, bass traps, hanging baffles, or acoustical clouds. * White paintable panels . These panels can be used for walls and feature a soft, textured surface. Their standard size (1×2 feet) and the ability to be painted allow for creating various patterns on the walls. * Ceiling tiles . These can be attached with the adhesive not only to ceilings but also to walls. Apart from absorbing sounds, they can provide a unique appearance to ceilings or walls. * Acoustic wall coverings . These are usually made of fabric and are often resistant to rot, bacteria, and moisture. As the name implies, they are usually used for walls. * Ceiling baffles and banners . These are usually utilized in large spaces such as theaters, auditoriums, or arenas. Baffles are usually hung vertically, whereas banners are suspended from bar joists or ceilings. Insulators Sound insulators lower the transmission of sound waves through walls, ceilings, floors, etc., by blocking, deflecting, or damping the acoustic vibrations. In contrast to absorbers, insulators are usually built into walls/floors/ceilings instead of being attached to them on the outside (Taylor, 2016). Sound insulators include the following materials: * Mineral wool . Mineral wools are made of thin mineral fibers; they trap air, which also allows for heat insulation. There are two main types: glass wool, which is made from recycled glass, sand, soda ash, and limestone; and rock wool, which is made primarily of volcanic rock, such as dolomite or basalt. * Expanded polystyrene (EPS) . EPS is created via expanding polystyrene balls by utilizing steam and employing high pressure so as to bond them together into blocks. EPS is employed as heat and sound insulation material in flat roofs, floors, panels, etc. (“Styrofoam Brand Foam,” n.d.). * Foam composites . These are made of materials such as polyurethane foam combined with recycled cotton and permit absorption of both the noise of vibration and the airborne sounds. * Fiberglass composites . These barriers usually have the shape of thin sheets that are 4 square feet or 8 square feet large and can be wrapped around objects such as noisy pipes or air ducts to provide sound insulation. * Quiet Batts . These are made out of cotton fibers and are quite simple to install. They provide high-quality sound and heat insulation and are used mainly for insulating walls (“Quiet Batt Soundproofing Insulation,” n.d.). * Vinyl barriers . Vinyl barrier sheets are usually utilized with the purpose of blocking common noise such as the sound of conversations, stereo systems, or television. They can be employed inside walls, floors, or ceilings and are useful in a wide array of settings. Results and Discussion All in all, it was found out that there exist a variety of soundproof materials which can be utilized for various purposes. Some of them can be used in the process of building structures so as to serve as acoustic barriers inside walls; others are employed after a structure has been built by attaching them to a wall or a ceiling (Taylor, 2016). It is interesting to observe that while some acoustic materials simply absorb sound waves, others (such as diffuser panels) reflect them, which may be used to create specific sound effects (e.g., in music concerts). It should be noted that panels, being sound reflectors, also serve as soundproofing, for the sound is, to a high degree, reflected from them, instead of passing through the wall or the ceiling. Conclusion On the whole, three main types of acoustic materials exist diffusers, absorbers, and insulators. Diffusers of various types are devices that are used to reflect sounds. In contrast, absorbers are materials that are soundproof and are mainly attached to the existing walls, ceilings, etc. Finally, insulators are manly materials that are used inside walls/floors/ceilings and often provide not only sound but also heat insulation. References Cohen, B. (n.d.). Types of acoustic materials . Web. Half Price Drapes. (2016). The importance of acoustics in home and interior design [Blog post]. Web. Quiet Batt soundproofing insulation . (n.d.). Web. Styrofoam brand foam vs. expanded polystyrene (EPS). (n.d.). Web. Taylor, C. (2016). Importance of interior for room acoustics – Getting your room to sound awesome . Web.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: In Act 1, Scene 2 of Hamlet, King Claudius criticizes Hamlet for his continued mourning over King Hamlet. The use of honorifics, stichomythia, and imagery is discussed, as well as the aside, the motif of spying, and the overall mood of the scene will be discussed and evaluated.

In Act 1, Scene 2 of Hamlet, King Claudius criticizes Hamlet for his continued mourning over King Hamlet. The use of honorifics, stichomythia, and imagery is discussed, as well as the aside, the motif of spying, and the overall mood of the scene will be discussed and evaluated.

Act 1 Scene 2 of the “Hamlet” Play by Shakespeare Essay To analyze the play Hamlet written by Shakespeare according to Elizabethan conventions, the paper addresses the important particularities of the scene. The part chosen for the analysis is 1.2.87-117 where King Claudius criticizes Hamlet for his continued mourning over King Hamlet. The use of honorifics, stichomythia, and imagery is discussed, as well as the aside, the motif of spying, and the overall mood of the scene will be discussed and evaluated. In the scene, King Claudius speaks to Hamlet explaining his disapproval of the Prince’s mourning over his father’s death. The King says, “’Tis sweet and commendable in your nature, Hamlet,/To give these mourning duties to your father[…]” (1.2.90-91). When addressing his words to Hamlet, Claudius does not use the honorific form “thou” but says “you” instead. In such a way, it is demonstrated that the conversation is formal and the two participants of communication keep distance. The overall mood of the scene is marked with the King’s failure to understand the depths of Hamlet’s sorrow. The feelings of sadness and impossibility to change the rules of life lead the monologue of Claudius. He states, “’Tis unmanly grief./It shows a will most incorrect to heaven” emphasizing the inappropriate exaggeration of mourning Hamlet experiences (1.2.98-99). The second part of the king’s speech is more expressive and personal. Here, Claudius refers to the need of those who are alive to have a new ruling person “You are the most immediate to our throne” (1.2.113). Thus, the mood of the scene is sad, marked with the necessity to face the truth of death as a part of human destiny. It is also a manifestation of the collision of two worlds: Claudius’ reality and Hamlet’s perception of the tragic events. More about Hamlet What are Hamlet’s last words? 4.5 1074 Why does Hamlet kill Polonius? 5 398 What conflict(s) does Hamlet Experience Inside Himself? 4.3 1533 What Does the Ghost Tell Hamlet? 5 745 In What Sense is Hamlet Wrong in His Plotting Against and Killing of Claudius and in What Sense He is not? 5 678 Which statement best describes why Shakespeare’s Hamlet is a complex character? 5 1172 There is no example of stichomythia in the passage due to a broad monologue of Claudius. Also, Shakespeare does not include any eavesdropping in the scene. The imagery of the episode is reflected in the notion of death articulated by Claudius as a “common theme” (1.2.107). He refers to heaven and nature as the ruling powers of the world, which are impossible to be fought against by a human. To validate his opinion, Claudius says that “your father lost a father,/That father lost, lost his[…]” (1.2.93-94). Such words create a full description of how death is an inevitable part of human nature. The passage contains a long monologue of King Claudius addressed to Hamlet. It is not an example of soliloquy; however, it has some characteristics of an insightful observation of the speaker’s personal experience. The author uses aside in the middle of the king’s speech to broaden the narration. References to natural laws and the inevitability of death are presented in the form of asides contributing to the overall message. Several footnotes added to the text help a reader to understand separate words according to their historical usage. They provide contextualization of the original text, simplifying complex concepts. Concluding the discussion, in the chosen passage from the second scene of the first act of Hamlet by Shakespeare, the author uses specific elements to create a formal, sad and criticizing mood of the scene emphasizing the collision of the two opposing worlds: Claudius’ and Hamlet’s. The imagery of the scene is marked with death and its impact on the lives of people. The difference in the perception of death is included in the king’s speech. Therefore, the passage is a poetic piece remarkably delivering the message important for the whole play. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. Hamlet . Edited by Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine, Simon and Schuster, 2014.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: Addictions in adolescences are a serious problem that needs to be addressed. The article discusses the reasons for addiction, as well as potential treatments.The psychological factors include individual characteristics, such as mental health state, personal history of addictions, or genetic predisposition to develop addiction. According to the research by Adiele and Olatokun (2014), mental health issues in adolescences, including depression, anxiety, or psychotic disorders, are the most common precursors of

Addictions in adolescences are a serious problem that needs to be addressed. The article discusses the reasons for addiction, as well as potential treatments. The psychological factors include individual characteristics, such as mental health state, personal history of addictions, or genetic predisposition to develop addiction. According to the research by Adiele and Olatokun (2014), mental health issues in adolescences, including depression, anxiety, or psychotic disorders, are the most common precursors of

Addiction in Adolescences: Factors and Treatments Term Paper Table of Contents 1. Addiction as a Disorder 2. Influential Factors Contributing to Addiction in Adolescences 3. Prevalence and Parental Involvement 4. Possible Treatment and Ideal Intervention 5. Conclusion 6. References The process of adolescents’ personal development is characterized by a psychological tendency to be independent, make their own decisions, and free choices. However, the character of an adolescent is not formed yet and tends to be easily exposed to harmful influences leading to addictions of different types, including drug, tobacco, alcohol, or Internet addictions. The choice of the topic is dictated by the fact that adolescent addiction remains one of the most serious problems within this age group. The disorder leads to adverse outcomes, such as insufficient school performance or failure, deviant criminal behavior, health issues leading to more severe problems in adulthood. The point is relevant in the modern world reality due to the variety of freedoms and easy access to information and products young people can get today. The scope of scientific literature on the topic is available now. However, most of the researches concentrates on one particular type of addiction without a general overview of the disorder as a whole. It is crucial to study dependence in adolescences in a variety of its forms to identify the decisive tools and methods of influence to provide treatment interventions. Addiction as a Disorder Adolescence is a period in human life that is marked by the need to behave independently. However, such willingness might lead to socially harmful activities and predetermine addictions. Addiction is a kind of disorder that involves an individual’s constant need to use some substance (drugs, alcohol, tobacco, and others), resulting in a set of “behavioral responses characterized by problematic self-control” (Adiele & Olatokun, 2014, p. 100). This disorder becomes the most obvious in adolescence but has relations to the character of upbringing in childhood, psychological family atmosphere, and environmental factors that might have their effect on the earlier stages of development. According to recent studies, drug addiction, “cannabis and alcohol use …, along with tobacco, are the drugs most often used by adolescents” (Moshki, Hassanzade, & Taymoori, 2014; Kelly et al., 2015, p. 627). The abuse of these substances might lead to health issues, academic failure, and more psychological severe disorders in adult life. Influential Factors Contributing to Addiction in Adolescences Any disorder has its reasons to appear, which are based on some influential factors. It is relevant to indicate two main groups of aspects that predetermine addiction in adolescences: social and psychological ones. The social element includes external and internal factors. The external determinants of dependence might be the general availability of drugs, alcohol, or other substances and the unfortunate socioeconomic environment (Kelly et al., 2015). For example, a teenager from an unprivileged neighborhood will be more exposed to drug abuse than a young person from a fortunate environment. The internal ones reflect the influence of family and friends (Kelly et al., 2015). For example, a young person spending time in a group of peers who use drugs is likely to end up using them too. The group of psychological factors includes the individual personal qualities of a person, such as vulnerability to adverse external influences and difficulty in overcoming problems. An adolescent living through a critical phase of personal development struggles to evaluate positive and negative impacts. According to Adiele & Olatokun (2014), Internet addiction is linked to other forms of addiction and is a manifestation of a person’s desire to escape from the negative realities of everyday life. From this point of view, the Internet becomes only a medium helping to access other forms of addiction. Alcohol and drug abuse are also addressed as ways of escape from problems that an adolescent is incapable of overcoming. However, not all cases of substance abuse result in addiction. According to research, there exists a biological factor that contributes to an individual’s overall tendency to develop an addictive behavior (Cassidy et al., 2018). The parallels might be provided with drug addiction, including cannabis abuse, which is also marked by the genetic particularities of a young individual. Thus, the complexity of social, psychological, and biological factors influence a vulnerable personality of a teenager and increases their exposure to harmful, addictive behaviors leading to failure in adult life. To minimize the adverse effect of these aspects, it is essential to address the issue seriously, attracting the acute attention of parents and implementing treatment implementation. Prevalence and Parental Involvement A widely-spread problem of adolescent addictions is addressed by the majority of scholars as to the issue that leads to significant complications in adulthood. According to Cassidy et al. (2018), the majority of “adult cigarette smokers begin smoking in adolescence” and tend to suffer from smoking-related diseases or even die at a young age (p. 153). As for drug addiction, there has been a rise in drug abuse among school students within recent years that implies severe outcomes for the future of these people (Moshki et al., 2014). Also, Internet dependence is regarded as one of the prevailing issues linked to other addictions of young people. The importance of parental involvement in the problem of addiction in adolescences flows out of the internal social factors that include family. Parents should be acutely attentive to their children’s behavior once they reach adolescence. Any deviation in their demeanor, a tendency to isolation, decreasing level of academic performance, or other indicators of the unstable condition should be analyzed and discussed (Kelly et al., 2015). It is important to raise awareness among parents about the complications in teenage upbringing to help them contribute to the future in earlier stages of childhood. Setting a positive example, surrounding a child with proper influences, and conducting some preventive procedures might decrease an individual’s exposure to addiction in adolescence. Possible Treatment and Ideal Intervention Operating with scientific data on the issue, it is vital to incorporate it into a series of preventive and treatment interventions. Addiction is a disorder that should be addressed for its reasons and harmful outcomes. The most effective way to eliminate the problem is to remove the cause of its appearance. Drug addiction is one of the most severe issues capable of ruining adolescents’ lives (Moshki et al., 2014). Similar to other types of addiction, it originates from the inability to solve problems. Such life skills are necessary to be taught to young individuals so they would be able to withstand harmful influences independently (Moshki et al., 2014). Thus, to achieve an ideal result, it is essential to implement government programs concentrating on the needs of teenagers as the most addiction-vulnerable age group. It is critical to improving the social and economic determinants of the environment in which children grow up. A variety of discussions, preventive procedures, and health promotion interventions introduced at both national and local levels would decrease the addiction rates among young people and contribute to the overall well-being of the nation. Conclusion To summarize the discussion, addiction in adolescences is an acute problem that has been addressed by many types of research. It remains relevant in the modern world due to the variety of social and economic factors influencing the availability of addictive substances and the overall acceleration of individuals’ development. It was found out that the majority of adulthood failures, including unemployment, inability to get an education, inability to establish strong social relationships, might be linked to addictive behavior in adolescence. Therefore, it is essential to find ways of resolution of the problem at both national and local levels to eliminate adverse social-economic and psychological factors of addiction development. References Adiele, I., & Olatokun, W. (2014). Prevalence and determinants of Internet addiction among adolescents . Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 100-110. Web. Cassidy, R. N., Colby, S. M., Tidey, J. W., Jackson, K. M., Cioe, P. A., Krishnan-Sarin, S., & Hatsukamic, D. (2018). Adolescent smokers’ response to reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes: Acute effects on withdrawal symptoms and subjective evaluations. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 188, 153-160. Web. Kelly, A. B., Evans-Whipp, T. J., Smith, R., Chan, G. C. K., Toumbourou, J. W., Patton, G. C., & Catalano, R. F. (2015). A longitudinal study of the association of adolescent polydrug use, alcohol use, and high school non-completion. Addiction, 110 (4), 627-635. Web. Moshki, M., Hassanzade, T., & Taymoori, P. (2014). Effect of life skills training on drug abuse preventive behaviors among university students. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 5 (5), 577-583.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The song "Hello" by Adele is a testament to the ever-changing music industry due to the influence it had all over the world. The song's success in the United States and other places around the world still baffles music stakeholders across the world.

The song "Hello" by Adele is a testament to the ever-changing music industry due to the influence it had all over the world. The song's success in the United States and other places around the world still baffles music stakeholders across the world.

Song Composition: Adele’s “Hello” Essay “Hello” is a 2015 song from Adele’s “25” album, and it debuted at number one on “Billboard Hot 100”. This song is a testament to the ever-changing music industry due to the influence it had all over the world. Consequently, it is important to take note of how “Hello” is composed, written, produced, and presented to music audiences. The song’s success in the United States and other places around the world still baffles music stakeholders across the world. Consequently, there is debate as to whether the song’s success was due to good composition or excellent marketing. When it comes to the song’s composition, there is nothing extraordinary about “Hello,” and most of the song’s structure resembles that of Adele’s other music. The song’s composition is based on a dominant piano sound, and it is strategically accompanied by Adele’s strong vocals. The piano sounds are distinctly stereo, with most of the separation is between high and low notes. One aspect of this song that stands out is its reverb elements. The reverbs manage to be noticeable but discrete enough not to overshadow the singer’s vocals and the piano. There is a lot to be said about the vocal production in this song, especially given the fact that Adele is a renowned global vocalist. The vocals are the first element to be showcased in this song, and the singer sings solo in the first stanza and the chorus (“Adele-Hello”). The first installment of harmony in this song comes in the second pre-chorus on the third bar. Background vocals are introduced to the song during the second chorus, and a repetition of some keywords makes the entire ensemble harmonious. The mixing in this song is impeccable, and it is a substantial improvement from Adele’s other piano-based songs. There is a smooth baseline in the song, and it appears to hold everything else together. Work Cited “Adele-Hello.” YouTube , uploaded by AdeleVEVO. 2015,

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Adobe Photoshop CC: Classroom in a Book by Andrew Faulkner and Conrad Chavez is a detailed guide for working with this graphics editor. The book provides helpful information on how to start working with the program even if readers have no experience in this field.

Adobe Photoshop CC: Classroom in a Book by Andrew Faulkner and Conrad Chavez is a detailed guide for working with this graphics editor. The book provides helpful information on how to start working with the program even if readers have no experience in this field.

Adobe Photoshop CC: Classroom in a Book Essay Adobe Photoshop is one of the most actively used programs in order to edit digital images, and these programs are known as graphics editors. Photoshop was developed by Adobe Systems in the 1980s, and its popularity among professional photographers, editors, and designers increases each year. In order to review Adobe Photoshop CC: Classroom in a Book by Andrew Faulkner and Conrad Chavez, which is a detailed guide for working with this graphics editor, it is important to focus on the following aspects: contents of the book, favorite features, and tools, descriptions of some Photoshop techniques that were not covered in the class, and areas for improvement. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the book by Faulkner and Chavez, which explains how to effectively work with Adobe Photoshop. While focusing on the book’s contents, it is necessary to state that this guide covers all possible aspects of working with Adobe Photoshop, starting with the installation of the program and ending with printing photographs after managing them with the help of different filters and instruments. The book provides helpful information on how to start working with the program even if readers have no experience in this field. Thus, a lot of information on the essentials of editing graphics is provided in the first chapters of the book. From this point, the first chapters provide the introduction to the work with Adobe Photoshop with the focus on the editor’s interface, layout, key functions, navigation, tools, and accessories (Faulkner and Chavez 8). The book provides a step-by-step guide on how to work with different formats of images, what tools to apply, what approaches to sharpening photographs to use, how to edit images using basic and advanced tools, how to work with rulers and grids, and how to change colors among other techniques (Faulkner and Chavez 10-18). All the explanations presented in the book can be understood and applied to practice by both professionals and novices. The book also provides a detailed explanation of how to work with the Quick Selection tool in order to choose areas for further manipulations and modification. The Quick Selection tool provided by Photoshop can be viewed as the most important instrument which influences the quality of the work with photographs and other types of images. Thus, each user needs to understand how to select objects and parts of photographs in the most efficient manner in order to decrease the time required for working with the program and increase the quality of editing (Faulkner and Chavez 55). Therefore, it is important to learn how to highlight certain parts of photographs, select different objects, and determine texts to change, how to manipulate only a specific area, and how to make the most accurate selections. Some techniques proposed in Photoshop in order to edit graphics that were covered in the book but not studied in the class include such essential tools as the Custom Shape tool, the Red Eye Removal tool, and the Hand tool, among others. The Custom Shape tool in Photoshop allows users to manipulate different difficult shapes, other than circles and squares, in order to add them to images. The book presents a detailed explanation of how to work with this tool (Faulkner and Chavez 193). While editing photographs that depict people, it is often necessary to remove the effect of red eyes. The Red Eye Removal tool described in the book is useful to work with these photographs to achieve the effect of a natural color applied to the depicted eyes (Faulkner and Chavez 126). Another key tool is the Hand tool which is often used to scroll down images and apply the zoom instrument (Faulkner and Chavez 65). In spite of the fact that the book provides a range of important details and instructions regarding the effective work with Photoshop, there are also some areas for further improvement. The structure of the book is effective in guiding persons who have different levels of skills in editing various types of images. However, it is possible to add even more photographs and examples in the part of the book which explains essential aspects of editing in order to provide readers with more opportunities to apply the studied knowledge to practice. Thus, it is important to state that technical aspects of working with images are thoroughly described in the book, but some more clarifications can be required for those readers who have no experience in working with Photoshop. After reviewing the book on the basics of Adobe Photoshop, it is necessary to note that this work provides all the information required for using this editor effectively. The reader has an opportunity to learn how to install the program, what options and tools to use as basic ones, and what features to utilize in order to edit photographs and other types of graphics at the higher level to provide high-quality digital images. Still, in spite of the fact that real-world examples provided in the book are appropriate to demonstrate how to use this or that tool, it is possible to suggest adding more photographs, images, and explanations to guide potential users. Work Cited Faulkner, Andrew, and Conrad Chavez. Adobe Photoshop CC: Classroom in a Book . Adobe Press, 2015.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: Adolescent egocentrism is normal in teens, it lasts until the teenager is around 16 years of age. Parents should be supportive and understanding to see their teenage sons or daughters have a peaceful and quiet transition into adulthood.

Adolescent egocentrism is normal in teens, it lasts until the teenager is around 16 years of age. Parents should be supportive and understanding to see their teenage sons or daughters have a peaceful and quiet transition into adulthood.

Adolescent Egocentrism and Personal Fable Essay Adolescent egocentrism is normal in teens Adolescent egocentrism is a belief that teens have; they usually feel that people are very keen and attentive to their behavior and appearance. It should not be a cause for alarm since it is a normal occurrence for teens between the ages of twelve or eleven years. It lasts until the teenager is around 16 years of age. Parents should be supportive and understanding to see their teenage sons or daughters have a peaceful and quiet transition into adulthood. The concept of egocentrism was developed by David Elkind who was a psychologist. He developed 2 concepts, imaginary audience and personal fable which are discussed below. Imaginary audience Teens undergo a lot of changes during this adolescence. These changes range from physical changes, social changes to emotional changes. Due to the various changes taking place primarily physically, they feel that everyone has their eyes fixed on them checking out how they have dressed or their appearance and their behavior. This is however not true and it is a false belief. My experience Personally, I attended a boarding high school, and when we used to close school for the holidays, I usually found it hard going to town. Sometimes, my mum would require me to go down and buy groceries or run an errand for her. I would be reluctant because I found going to town, a place full of people intimidating. The reason being, I thought everyone was looking at me and observing my every move. I would take a very long time like an hour just preparing myself to ensure that I look good. If I spotted a pimple on my face, I would try and make it less visible thinking that everyone else knew about it. In town, I would look straight ahead and I would not dare look back or look at a person. Sometimes, when I was not so ok with what I was wearing, I would walk facing down trying to avoid everyone’s eyes. If only I knew that everyone was minding their own business and they did not care how I looked like or the minute pimple on my face. I would be uneasy when conversing with a person of the opposite sex. It would be worse if we were age mates because I had the impression that they knew my flaws. This would make me uncomfortable when talking to them. Approaching members of the opposite gender for a textbook or academic matters would be a great hurdle especially if they were in a group. I would think to myself that they were all watching me as I approach the group and as I walk away from them. It was more relaxing to be inside the house playing video games or sometimes I would decide to watch a movie, than being at the glare and limelight of my tiny world where I thought all eyes were fixed on me. Personal fable A personable fable is a belief that almost every teenager has during adolescence. They usually believe that they are special and unique unlike every one on earth. They believe that everyone is fascinated by them because they are destined to live a life that is full of glam and celebrity status, the life of a hero or legend. My experience In my life as a young teenager, I thought I would be a very rich person who would have homes all over the world. I knew that the world would be awed by me although it was not clear to me how this would happen. Being an innocent teenager, I would vow to help the needy once I became a billionaire. At the time, I knew I would be destined for greatness and stardom but when and how it would come I had no idea. It is a fact that if you ask every teenager, they will tell you they are unique and bound for greatness but if you ask them how that will happen, they cannot tell you. I remember during adolescence, I thought that I was being followed by the secret service because I believed I was not like any other person of my age because I was unique. References Elkind, D. (1967). Egocentrism in adolescence. Child development , 1025-1034. Elkind, D., & Bowen, R. (1979). Imaginary audience behavior in children and adolescents. Developmental Psychology , 15 (1), 38. Enright, R. D., Lapsley, D. K., & Shukla, D. G. (1979). Adolescent egocentrism in early and late adolescence. Eric. Web. Lapsley, D. K., & Rice, K. (1988). The “new look” at the imaginary audience and personal fable: Toward a general model of adolescent ego development . New York: Springer. (pp. 109-129).

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The study found that there is a propensity among young people to overuse IT communication tools, which affects their sleep. The study results inform the choice of the interventions and treatment methods that will help to restore sleep patterns of adolescent people.

The study found that there is a propensity among young people to overuse IT communication tools, which affects their sleep. The study results inform the choice of the interventions and treatment methods that will help to restore sleep patterns of adolescent people.

Adolescent Sleep and the Impact of Technology Use Research Paper Article Overview Study Results Analyzing the effects of media on sleep in adolescents is critical for health outcomes improvement. Table 1 shows that there is a propensity among young people to overuse IT communication tools, which affects their sleep (Johansson, Petrisko, & Chasens, 2016). Therefore, the study results inform the choice of the interventions and treatment methods that will help to restore sleep patterns of adolescent people. Discussion and Conclusion The discussion and conclusion interpret the outcomes of the analysis fully and correctly. Johansson et al. (2016) specify directly that further strategies for convincing adolescents to change their current attitude toward IT tools, in general, and social media, in particular, have critical importance. A significant number of findings in the table bear statistical significance due to the correlation between the variables such as age, gender, use of IT tools, and sleep patterns. Thus, further actions are strongly recommended to address the issue regarding technology and sleep behaviors. Article Critique: Key Points Research Question and Background The research question that the study raises can be considered an important one since it addresses a serious health concern. Particularly, the authors of the study explain why there is the need to know the answer to the question by providing a profound background to the case and stating that innovative technology has a profound impact on the problem of sleep patterns among adolescents and the effects. With the increasing role of social media in young people’s lives and the propensity among the vulnerable population to be on social networks constantly, there is a legitimate threat of sleep deprivation The background of the study, in turn, provides enough support for the discussion, with a number of researches being rendered in the literature review. For instance, the authors outline the need to consider the multifaceted nature of the problem and correlate external (technological) factors with internal (biological ones) (Johansson et al., 2016). Methods: Strengths and Weaknesses The ability to embrace a wide range of people and include diverse participants into the population sample can be regarded as the key advantage of the selected research method. By using the quantitative approach, the authors of the study managed to expand the sample size considerably, thus ensuring that the population is diverse. Consequently, the selected research method can be regarded as an opportunity to include as varied a population as possible. Similarly, actigraphy as the measurement tool can be seen as an advantage of the research since it provided an accurate assessment of the participants’ sleeping patterns (Johansson et al., 2016). Finally, the statistical methods used in the study deserve praise due to the opportunities to visualize the key information. However, the specified method also incorporates certain problems that may have affected the credibility of its results. For instance, the fact that the selected data collection tool implied retrieving information from participants, and thus incorporated a significant amount of subjective information deserves to be mentioned. The large number of participants also may be a disadvantage since it may misrepresent the actual value that the target population contains. Finally, the use of descriptive statistics as a research method does not allow locating direct correlations between the variables. Results Presentation and Discussion The results of the research were presented fully and coherently in the course of the study. The outcomes of the analysis are listed clearly, and one can follow them easily to locate patterns between sleep changes and the use of modern technology. Since the authors of the analysis had designed a well thought-out framework for describing and discussing the outcomes of their study, the results were presented succinctly, coherently, and fully. Johansson et al. (2016) described the main outcomes of the study in the way that offered opportunities for both being concise and representing the essential information that defied the further course of the research. Consequently, the stage was set for a follow-up study on the subject matter. The discussion that followed the presentation of the key findings interprets the research results effectively since the specified results answer main question of the study fully. The authors also determined the presence of limitations such as the fact that some of the data was drawn from another cross-sectional study (Johansson et al., 2016). A range of strengths such as the opportunity to introduce a comprehensive framework for sleep management were also located. Outlining the key effects that the research results would have on the quality of sleep in teenagers, Johansson et al. (2016) managed to set expectations for the next studies, denoting the requirements for the follow-up research and establishing the issues that will require the further detailed analysis. The specified information is included in the conclusion of the study, which also incorporates recommendations. The capacity of the study, which allows including the specified elements into the article, shows that the research was conducted in accordance with the set standards and can be regarded as profound and thought-provoking. Conclusion: Summary and Recommendations The conclusion to the analysis of the sleep issues experienced by adolescents and the effects that technology has on the sleep patterns of the target demographics was brief yet informative. Therefore, the conclusion can be considered appropriate for the rest of the article. Johansson et al. (2016) listed the key outcomes of the analysis, thus concluding that adolescents may require detailed guidelines regarding the management of their sleep patterns. Thus, Johansson et al. managed to integrate both the summary of the research results and the pieces of advice for the vulnerable group under analysis. To handle the specified concern, one should design the management tools that will provide the target demographic with a sufficient amount of independence yet also inform them about the need to select a specific schedule that provides enough sleep. Reference Johansson, A. E., Petrisko, M. A., & Chasens, E. R. (2016). Adolescent sleep and the impact of technology use before sleep on daytime function. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 31 (5), 498-504. Web.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The text describes a case study of a 76-year-old woman with early signs of dementia. The woman was born in Canada and moved to the United States at the age of 6 with her parents who came there to work and stayed for life. She is a widow. Her husband, who was five years her senior, died five years ago. She has three children who are married and have their own families. The client is White. She is Catholic and used to go to church every week.

The text describes a case study of a 76-year-old woman with early signs of dementia. The woman was born in Canada and moved to the United States at the age of 6 with her parents who came there to work and stayed for life. She is a widow. Her husband, who was five years her senior, died five years ago. She has three children who are married and have their own families. The client is White. She is Catholic and used to go to church every week.

Adult Day Health Care Center: Practice Summary Report Table of Contents 1. Description of the Client 2. Type of Practice Setting 3. Number of Contacts with Client 4. Presenting Problem 5. Nature of Dissatisfaction Description of the Client The client is a 76-year-old woman. She was born in Canada and moved to the United States at the age of 6 with her parents who came there to work and stayed for life. She is a widow. Her husband, who was five years her senior, died five years ago. She has three children who are married and have their own families. The client is White. She is Catholic and used to go to church every week. The woman worked as an accountant for over 50 years before she retired. Now she and her senior daughter volunteer in the community center on charity fairs. At present, the client lives with her senior daughter who is 50 years old, and her family in a house located in a peaceful community. She has a separate room with her entrance door that leads to the garden. Growing flowers has been her hobby for many years, and she dedicates all her time to this activity. She sells flowers to the local flower shop and thus makes some money. Her other hobby was reading, but she cannot read much because of eyesight problems. She visits a reading club for older adults at the community center on Sundays where volunteers come to read aloud. The other two daughters live in the neighborhood. The client has seven grandchildren who visit her on weekends. They make an impression of a friendly and caring family. Her only relative apart from her daughters is her cousin. She lives in Canada and comes to the United States once in two or three years. The client had not had any particular health problems when she was young. She prefers healthy food and used to do yoga. At the age of 63, she was diagnosed with hypertension. She takes supportive therapy, and this condition does not substantially influence her quality of life. However, her daughter noticed some disturbing symptoms recently and the doctor diagnosed the early signs of dementia. The woman sometimes forgets the recent events, feels confused, or loses orientation. Most of the time she is active and looks healthy, but her relatives are worried that she can hurt herself or feel worse when everyone is at work. The woman regrets she did not visit her native country because she was always busy with work and family. Her dream is to stay healthy and in sound mind to see her granddaughters on their wedding days. She realizes that her disease is not curable and hopes not to become a burden to her family. Type of Practice Setting My practice setting was Adult Day Health Care Center. It was the first time I practiced in an institution of that type. Its primary goal is to serve frail elderly patients with certain disabilities, such as physical, cognitive, or emotional. Adult day health care center helps to preserve or improve the functional status of its clients. Also, it allows them to stay in their families and communities which helps to avoid being placed in nursing homes. Number of Contacts with Client I had ten contacts with the client. These were face-to-face contacts on a daily basis for two weeks. After two weeks, I was told that the woman went on vacation with her family and they were going to travel to Canada to visit her homeland. Presenting Problem The client was referred to the center by her daughter. After the first symptoms of dementia are revealed, the family tries not to leave the woman alone. Although her condition is not very serious at present, she sometimes feels confused or disoriented. All her children work full time and cannot stay with her during the day. They feel disturbed about her condition and the possible development of the disease, so they decided that staying at an Adult Day Health Care Center on weekdays could be a good solution. The client is a communicative and easy-going person, so she feels good in the company of equals. Nature of Dissatisfaction Despite my theoretical knowledge, I have experienced certain practice skill limitations while working at the Adult Day Health Care Center. During previous practices, I worked in a hospital unit, and my duties were different. At the day health care center, the duties of a nurse are more related to observation and general care than treatment. Of course, we control the patient concerning the administered medicine and provide help in case of necessity, but it differs from the common practice at hospitals. Moreover, I felt stuck because of my emotional condition. The clients of these centers are usually older adults with chronic or incurable diseases. Thus, the thoughts that I cannot really help to cure and my only duty is to provide care and reduce suffering were disturbing me at first. I was too emotional, and it made me feel dissatisfied as a professional. For example, the first time the client told me about her husband and the history of their family I could not help crying which was not professional. On the whole, I was observing discrepancies between my professional duties and personal feelings. I felt stuck because of countertransference between the client and me. I became attached to this client more than to the others. She resembled my primary school teacher who was a very kind and smart woman. I suppose it could be noticed in my actions or non-verbal behavior because I was more attentive to her than to other clients. I guess the old woman was happy with my attention and dedication, but I realize that excessive attachment to one client leaves me less time for the others and is unacceptable. Also, I experienced a lack of communicative skills. I suppose that for nurses occupied in such centers, communicative skills are as essential as the ability to provide care and treatment. I have more experience in patient care related to treatment and following prescriptions, but I do not have enough skill of long-term communication with patients in general and elderly patients in particular. I also felt stuck when the clients wanted to talk about their health condition because not all of them are aware of the seriousness of their condition. Thus, I had to find suitable words to comfort them because most of them are hypertensive and should avoid worries. On the whole, I consider practice at Adult Day Health Care Center a useful experience. It revealed my experience gaps and skill limitations that help to define further directions of professional development. I have realized that continuous education and self-improvement are the necessary components of professional growth because the nursing practice is diverse and demands many skills.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: Alliteration is a literary technique that is widely used in advertising. It is an effective way to create attractive slogans and brand names. Alliteration can have an entire variety of effects on the target audience. For instance, repetition of certain sounds can create a particular tone and atmosphere.

Alliteration is a literary technique that is widely used in advertising. It is an effective way to create attractive slogans and brand names. Alliteration can have an entire variety of effects on the target audience. For instance, repetition of certain sounds can create a particular tone and atmosphere.

Advertising, Branding, and Social Media Essay Table of Contents 1. Alliteration 2. Establishing a Social Relationship 3. Assonance and Consonance 4. Creative Collaboration 5. Conclusion Marketing is comprised of many components. It is an exciting discipline that involves collaboration, teamwork, creative thinking, and problem-solving. I believe that this class was very enlightening, particularly because it allowed me to explore the various techniques that can be used in marketing. As a future marketing professional, I think that a combination of these techniques can help in making the company’s advertising and branding campaigns more efficient. Alliteration Alliteration is the repetition of a letter in consecutive words. It is an effective literary technique that is widely used in advertising. For instance, alliteration can be used to create attractive slogans and brand names. Some examples of this technique in brand names are Kit Kat, Coca-Cola, and Krispy Kreme. Companies such as Nike and McDonalds have also used alliteration in their slogans. For instance, Nike Free Run+ trainers launched with the slogan “Freedom for your feet,” whereas McDonald’s used the slogan “Big. Beefy. Bliss.” to advertise its most popular burgers. Alliteration can have an entire variety of effects on the target audience. For instance, repetition of certain sounds can create a particular tone and atmosphere. Harsh, staccato sounds like “j”, “ch”, “b”, “a”, or “g” create an energetic atmosphere, which can be useful in slogans for sports products, entertainment services, and more. Repetition of soft sounds, such as “o”, “l”, or “m”, on the other hand, creates a calm and pleasant atmosphere; alliteration involving these can be applied to companies producing knitwear, home accessories, as well as to family restaurants. Alliteration can also help customers to memorize the brand name or slogan. Repetition of similar sounds creates a particular rhythm, making it easier to remember. Establishing a Social Relationship As mentioned in class, establishing a social relationship is a complicated technique that is useful in a product or brand advertisement. This technique can be applied not just to advertisement and slogan-making, but also to the company’s customer policy. This technique is frequently used by online shops such as Amazon. For instance, Amazon’s latest advert of Alexa features a line “Learn how Alexa can fit in with your life.” This is effective as it shows that the company is not just trying to sell a product, but instead aims to ensure that it can add something to the customer’s life. One of the slogans used by American Express is “Peace of mind, wherever you land.” It is an effective example of establishing a social relationship with the customer, as it addresses the customers’ widespread worries only to provide reassurance. This emphasizes the necessity of the product and makes it distinguishable from its competitors. Assonance and Consonance Assonance and consonance are the techniques of repetition of vowels or consonants, respectively. Similar to alliteration, these literary techniques are widely used in advertisement and marketing. For instance, a good example of the use of assonance and consonance is Ariston’s slogan “Ariston…and on…and on…”. This slogan is memorable, particularly due to sound repetition. Consonance and assonance are both evident in this slogan and the repetition of “and on” emphasizes the durability of the company’s product. The rhythm of the slogan is also affected, the sound repetition making it somewhat similar to the rhythm of Ariston’s most promoted product – the washing machine. Another excellent example of the use of consonance can be observed in Calgon’s tagline “Washing machines live longer with Calgon.” The tagline is effective and memorable due to the rhythm established through the use of consonance, as well as due to the addition of the company’s name to the end of the line. In general, I believe that assonance and consonance are effective techniques in advertising, and I may use them in my future work. Creative Collaboration Creative collaboration is one of the techniques used in marketing when two or more people work together to produce a slogan, visual advertisement, or a combination of the two. As opposed to when one person works on the advertisement, creative collaboration allows introducing several viewpoints into the process, thus improving the result. I think this would be particularly effective in my work as a marketing professional since it will allow other people to contribute new ideas and concepts. In the contemporary world, collaboration is also important as it can help to target a wider variety of customers. For instance, a person from a different culture may contribute ideas that would make the advertisement appealing to the members of his or her culture, thus making the advertisement more efficient. Conclusion Overall, this class has taught me the foundations of the use of various techniques in branding and advertising. The application of these techniques and devices can help to promote the brand or a particular product. A combination of approaches can be used to make a slogan or a brand name memorable and to attract the customers’ attention, thus raising its popularity and improving the company’s profitability. The techniques we have discussed in this class can be applied both in my future work and in the use of social media platforms, which creates opportunities for effective communication in a variety of settings.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The term "critical mass" about the enrollment of diverse students in institutions of higher education was mentioned in the decision Grutter v. Bollinger, attracting the public's attention in part because of its indefinable nature. The discussion of this specific concept lends itself to an analysis of the potential representation of minority racial groups in terms of enrollment in colleges and universities in the future.

The term "critical mass" about the enrollment of diverse students in institutions of higher education was mentioned in the decision Grutter v. Bollinger, attracting the public's attention in part because of its indefinable nature. The discussion of this specific concept lends itself to an analysis of the potential representation of minority racial groups in terms of enrollment in colleges and universities in the future.

Affirmative Action in Student Admissions Research Paper The term “critical mass” about the enrollment of diverse students in institutions of higher education was mentioned in the decision Grutter v. Bollinger , attracting the public’s attention in part because of its indefinable nature. The discussion of this specific concept lends itself to an analysis of the potential representation of minority racial groups in terms of enrollment in colleges and universities in the future. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the difference between the idea of critical mass and quotas while analyzing how educational institutions can apply this measure with a focus on the potential for benefit. In applying the idea of a critical mass of diverse students in terms of enrollment, universities are attempting to address specific goals associated with the academic freedoms guaranteed by the First Amendment. One such goal is to support the idea that all young people, regardless of race or ethnicity, or social status, can have access to higher education. Thus, key academic freedom involves receiving knowledge and education without unreasonable or discriminatory barriers. Another goal is to guarantee that an educational institution will be able to effectively realize anti-discriminatory policies. Moreover, by enrolling diverse students, universities can accentuate an orientation toward building diverse faculties where professors and students are not limited in their freedoms related to their academic needs. One controversial question in this context addresses the difference between the idea of a critical mass as a particular number related to this concept and such measures as quotas and targets. As stated in the Grutter v. Bollinger decision, a quota is a fixed number or proportion of people who should be enrolled according to some criteria; it is important to emphasize that this number cannot be exceeded. Numerical targets also represent the exact numbers or percentages that universities determine in an attempt to enroll students systematically. In contrast, the concept of critical mass is abstract, and unlike quotas and targets, it is not associated with any specific number or percentage. Thus, authorities in educational institutions can conclude their achievement of critical mass only before the end of the admission process. From this perspective, it is necessary to discuss how educational institutions can determine that they have reached the desired critical mass of admissions for diverse students. Without depending on specific numerical targets, authorities for colleges and universities can understand whether a critical mass of minority students has been achieved by the end of the admission process by comparing the numbers of enrolled students of different races to ascertain the proportions and guarantee that minority students admitted in a particular year will not feel isolated or underrepresented. As a result, the practical application of critical mass can be viewed as different each year; moreover, this abstract measure by its nature remains unpredictable. Although people responsible for reviewing admissions can discuss race as a “plus” factor at an early point in the admissions process, a full picture regarding a critical mass of minority students remains unavailable. The main focus at this stage is on trying to achieve a balance in enrolling diverse students. Accentuating the concept of critical mass, educators and authorities emphasize the educational and societal benefits of diversity. Educational benefits can include the development of a diverse learning environment and a creative atmosphere in colleges and universities to promote students’ academic and intellectual potential. Societal benefits include providing all applicants with equal opportunities to receive an education. As a result, such a policy can contribute to improving cross-racial understanding and avoiding any potential for racial stereotypes and prejudice. The decision for Grutter v. Bollinger predicted that in 25 years, the practice of racial preference would no longer be used in educational institutions. Analysis of the current situation in the sphere of higher education makes it possible to state that this point has not yet been reached; a comparably high gap between the numbers of enrolled White and minority students is still observable today. Thus, the members of minority groups remain underrepresented in the educational institutions of the United States because of many social and economic factors. In that light, should colleges and universities fail to apply programs and policies to stimulate the enrollment of minority students, it is possible to expect that the gap may even increase. The analysis of the concept of a critical mass related to admitting minority students to accentuate diversity in US colleges and universities indicates that an opening exists to pursue similar policies in the effort to guarantee a balanced representation of different races in higher education. On the one hand, the idea of a critical mass is abstract and perhaps too subtle to be effectively applied in educational institutions. On the other hand, this approach seems to be less discriminatory and challenging than the controversial use of quotas. From this perspective, it is possible to predict the further application of the concept of critical mass in the sphere of education. Work Cited Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003). Supreme Court of the United States . Web.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay discusses the aging society in Japan and how the Marxism philosophy explains the decline in fertility rates. It suggests that significant increases in wealth often lead to a reduction of fertility rates,

The essay discusses the aging society in Japan and how the Marxism philosophy explains the decline in fertility rates. It suggests that significant increases in wealth often lead to a reduction of fertility rates,

Ageing Society in Japan: Sociological & Philosophical View Research Paper Introduction The world’s population is estimated to be growing at an average of 1.3% annually (Ogawa 2005). However, this growth has not been witnessed in all parts of the globe because fertility rates in developed countries have significantly declined in the past four decades (Ogawa 2005). However, the same phenomenon has not been observed in Asia and other parts of the developing world because of transformational social, economic, and political changes (Otsu and Shibayama 2016). Notably, a population decline in Asia is rarely reported. However, Japan, which is a leading economy in Asia is almost at par with Europe and other parts of the developed world in reporting declining fertility rates (Kudo, Mutisya and Nagao 2015). For example, in 2005, Ogawa (2005) reported that Japan’s population growth was negative. Experts project that in 2050, the country’s population could decline from a high of 128 million in 2005 to a low of 95 million in 2050 (Ogawa 2005). One of the effects of Japan’s dwindling population is an increase in the number of aging people. Using a population-economic-social security model, Ogawa (2005) says that Japan has surpassed Italy in having the highest population of aging people because citizens who are older than 65 years comprise 20% of the population. In 2025, this percentage is expected to rise to 31%, meaning that Japan will be home to the world’s largest population of elderly people (Ogawa 2005). The rate at which Japan’s population is aging is also considered among the highest in industrialized nations (Kudo, Mutisya and Nagao 2015). For example, it has only taken Japan 21 years to increase the percentage of the elderly (people above the age of 65 years) from 10% to 20% (Ogawa 2005). Compared with “welfare nations,” such as Sweden and Norway, it is estimated that Japan’s aging population is rising three times as fast (Ogawa 2005). Reports also show that the percentage of elderly people above the age of 75 years is expected to rise from 40% in the year 2000 to 59% in 2025 (Ogawa 2005). Japan’s population decline is a significant issue that has picked the interest of researchers and experts alike because it is among the first Asian countries to witness a significant decline in its population. Similarly, it is among the first Asian countries to report significant declines in population numbers both within rural and urban areas (Otsu and Shibayama 2016). This paper suggests that the Marxism philosophy explains the decline in fertility rates in Japan because it suggests that significant increases in wealth often lead to a reduction of fertility rates. To support the strength of this philosophy in explaining this phenomenon, the evidence is not only drawn from Japan, but also from other industrialized nations, which have similarly experienced population declines over years because of increased economic growth and wealth. The research questions guiding this investigation appear below. Research Questions 1. Why is Japan’s population on the decline? 2. How will the future of Japan look like with a continued decline in fertility rates? 3. What philosophical premise explains Japan’s decrease in population? Methodology The views that will be presented in this paper were developed from a desk research, which involved the sourcing of credible research sources from three databases – Google Scholar, Jstor , and Science Direct . The keywords and phrases used to conduct the investigation were: “aging population,” “Japan,” and “population decline.” Dozens of articles were generated in the research process, but only seven were included in this study. The exclusion criterion was mostly defined by the limited timeframe of the research because the investigation was only confined to Japan’s population decline between the years 2000 until now. Therefore, studies that did not fall within this category were excluded from the study. Significance of Topic It is important to understand the factors influencing the decline in Japan’s population because it could inform policy development in the country. Particularly, this analysis would be instrumental in better informing policy decisions guiding the development of social and welfare programs in Japan because the state has taken a proactive role in catering to the welfare of its citizens. Therefore, it would be easier for policy experts to understand implementation gaps and factors that have prevented past programs from having a strong efficacy in increasing fertility rates. The findings of this study will also be instrumental to experts who strive to understand population growth dynamics in emerging Asian economic powerhouses because Japan has achieved high levels of development (similar to most developed countries) but it is not completely alienated from its Asian traditions and cultures. Therefore, the findings of this study could be useful to people who want to understand the interplay between cultural and economic factors in influencing population growth. At the same time, through the same analysis, they would better understand the effects of an aging society on countries, like Japan, which share a mixture of traditional and western cultures. Notably, this analysis would be useful in understanding population dynamics among many Asian countries, which are also experiencing rapid economic growth and an increased infiltration of western cultures. Causes of Increasing Ageing Population Researchers have identified different causes for the decline in population growth numbers in Japan. According to the demographic transition theory, the decline in population growth numbers is largely attributed to a shift of values from familyism to individualism (Usman and Tomimoto 2013). Usman and Tomimoto (2013) say that underlying this population is a “rise in cohabitation, extramarital births, divorce, female labor force participation and living alone” (1-2). Usman and Tomimoto (2013) also say that a high rate of suicide among young Japanese men between the ages of 15 and 39 years is partly responsible for the high percentage of elderly people in Japan. This phenomenon is partly tied to the decline in the number of young people available to work because a high rate of suicide could cause a reduction in the number of working-age young people in the country. Similarly, it means a decline in the number of young people who should be having children. The high suicide rate in Japan is partly attributed to a culture of “dying honorably,” as opposed to “accepting defeat.” Usman and Tomimoto (2013) partly attribute this phenomenon to the “Samurai Culture,” which has traditionally promoted the idea that committing suicide and “dying honorably” was better than accepting defeat or failing. Within the larger context of issues that affect Japan’s social and economic dynamics, Marxism provides the strongest anchor for all the underlying causes of the country’s population decline. According to Holt (2014), Marxism refers to a general group of theories, developed by the philosopher, Karl Marx, which tried to explain social and economic conflicts and developments among different classes of people in a capitalist society. The theory postulates that social and economic development of societies could be easily explained using the materialist interpretation of class conflicts (Holt 2014). From an understanding of multiple relations of production, Marxism also explains population growth changes among different cohorts of the society (Holt 2014). Underlying this development is a general understanding that the higher a nation’s wealth, the lower its birth rates (Holt 2014). This statement is supported by Marxist principles, which suggest that historically (particularly, during the agrarian revolution), people had more children because human labor was the primary factor of production (Holt 2014). Therefore, the more people/children a family or nation had, the more prosperous it was. Indeed, to achieve economic prosperity, parents had many children. However, the mechanization of labor and the development of new technologies of production brought a paradigm shift to the social and economic development of many countries by substituting human for mechanized labor as the primary factor of production. The impact of this paradigm shift was an increase in wealth and a lower reliance on human labor for production (Holt 2014). According to Marxist principles, such economic developments influenced people’s decision to have children because human labor was no longer in high demand as it was in the past (Holt 2014). Consequently, people did not see a need to have many children. The effect of this change was a decline in fertility rates among wealthy nations. Japan has experienced the same socioeconomic change because its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) during the post-war era increased at an average of 11% per annum and it was later followed by a decline in fertility rates (Ogawa 2005). This rapid increase in GDP has been fueled by many factors, but as Ogawa (2005) suggests, abundant high-quality labor, the use of advanced technologies from developed nations, and a generally favorable global trading environment accounted for this change. Therefore, by modernizing its economy, Japan became wealthier and more reliant on technology as opposed to people. This change draws the link between wealth creation and a decline in fertility rates in Japan. Consequently, fewer Japanese adults are having children because they enjoy high standards of living and a high per capita income in not only the Asian peninsular but also in the world (Otsu and Shibayama 2016). How Will the Future Look Like? Owing to the increase in Japan’s elderly population, researchers have shown that the familial support ratio in the country is projected to significantly decline because of the imbalance in the population of young and elderly people (Otsu and Shibayama 2016). Supporting this claim, Ogawa (2005) reported that in the year 2000, this ratio was 1.3 and in 2010, it dropped to 0.65. In 20 years, the decline is expected to be 50% (Ogawa 2005). These statistics indicate that the potential for the elderly to rely on young people to cater for their needs in old age will decline significantly (Ogawa 2005). Ogawa (2005) also draws attention to the effects of the population decline on Japan’s family structures because the author suggests that the percentage of multigenerational households (which is estimated at 20%) of Japanese families will decrease as the number of single generation or single person households increase (Ogawa 2005). This observation is made against a backdrop of studies, which have shown that Japan still has among the highest percentage of multigenerational households among industrialized nations (Ogawa 2005; Kumagai 2010; Otsu and Shibayama 2016). For example, compared to America, which only reports 2% of multigenerational households, 20% of Japan’s households are multigenerational (Ogawa 2005). Similarly, compared to Sweden, Japan’s multigenerational families are 20 times more in number (Ogawa 2005). Based on these insights, Japan’s family structure could be affected by the increase in the percentage of elderly people in the country by becoming more individualistic. Government’s Approach to the Problem The government of Japan has been cognizant of the social and economic effects of a decline in the country’s population as well as an increase in the number of elderly people. It has responded to this issue in two ways. The first one is encouraging women to participate in the workforce because of significant improvements in workplace policies that encourage more women to participate in the workforce, as opposed to staying at home, which has traditionally been the norm (Junichi 2014). Most of the focus for implementing these policies has been on empowering women economically to feel confident and comfortable enough to start a family. For instance, the government has legislated against the discrimination of women in the workplace and discouraged employers from not paying women their dues if they get pregnant. Consequently, women in Japan have enjoyed longer maternity leaves and protection from harassment because of their childbearing status. At the same time, the Japanese government has developed policies aimed at increasing the fertility rate of its population through the improvement of child welfare services (Junichi 2014). The second way the Government of Japan has addressed the population decline in the country is by improving the welfare of the elderly. For example, it has formulated new laws to make the elderly participate more in the economic development of the country. Underscoring the government’s efforts to restore a balance in population between the elderly and the young is the need to manage rural-urban immigration, which has seen many young people leave Japan’s rural areas for big cities in search of work. Consequently, the aging population in Japan has been left unattended in the rural areas without proper care in their old age. In response to this crisis, the government has improved welfare services for the elderly in many rural communities by providing nursing care facilities and financial resources through long-term care insurance. For example, in 1990, the government introduced the Gold Care Insurance Plan to reduce the social and economic burden experienced by families when taking care of their aging parents (Junichi 2014). The involvement of the government in improving the welfare of its citizens aligns with Marxists principles, which suggest that low fertility rates are linked to an increase in welfare support (Holt 2014). Indeed, in the past, adults bore many children to take care of them in their old age. However, the government has substituted the role of the young, thereby negating the need to bear children to take care of the elderly. Pros and Cons of Ageing Population Cons According to Otsu and Shibayama (2016), Japan’s aging population is likely to affect its economic growth because the government will have to spend more resources on health care to take care of the needs of the elderly population. Socially, it is estimated that the phenomenon will increase the dependency ratio in the country and decrease its societal vitality (Otsu and Shibayama 2016). Economically, it is projected that the aging population in the country could reduce the number of working age population and the vitality of Japan’s economy (Otsu and Shibayama 2016). The same phenomenon is associated with a decline in the tax base, meaning that the Japanese government could report a decline in revenue to finance its operations because of the shrinking working population. At the same time, the government could experience a shortage in pension funds and a decline in social security funds because a growing elderly population will demand more payouts, which could be higher than the volume of contributions made to these pooled funds. This situation means that Japan could experience “economic stagnation.” Pros An increase in the size of the elderly population in Japan, relative to other age groups, has been reported from a negative standpoint because the phenomenon poses a threat to the economic development and social integration of the Japanese society (Kudo, Mutisya and Nagao 2015). However, this issue is not all negative because the phenomenon has created significant progress in the advancement of women’s issues in the workplace. Indeed, as highlighted in this paper, part of the response of the Japanese government has been the creation of gender progressive practices in the workplace to encourage more women to join the labor force. Consequently, Japan has witnessed the institutionalization of some of the most progressive gender equality policies in the labor movement (Otsu and Shibayama 2016). A decline in Japan’s population has also improved the welfare of its citizens because the government has increasingly recognized children and the elderly as special interest groups whose needs should be taken seriously (Junichi 2014). For example, child welfare services have improved because of an increase in the government’s commitment to encouraging young people to have children (Junichi 2014). In other words, the government’s effort to create an easier environment for young people to have children has had a positive impact on the welfare of children all over the country. The same gains can be relayed to the elderly population because the government’s efforts to improve the social and economic safety of the elderly has resulted in a general improvement of their welfare. Conclusion and Recommendations Conclusion This research paper has demonstrated that Japan is experiencing an unprecedented period of population decline because of low fertility rates and high suicide rates, which have decreased the number of young people and increased that of the elderly. Evidence of this demographic change has been highlighted by the increased percentage of people who are aged 65 years and above in the country. The decline in the population of Japan has largely been attributed to Marxism, which presupposes that an increase in a country’s wealth is often accompanied by a decline in its population. Stated differently, countries, like Japan, which have experienced significant increases in wealth, are more likely to have low fertility rates compared to less developed countries, which have not modernized their economies. A decline in population could negatively affect the economic growth of Japan because of a decrease in the working population and an increased financial burden of taking care of the elderly. Socially, an increase in the population of elderly people has created a need for the Japanese government to improve the welfare services for the elderly and provide financial resources to them through pension schemes. The government’s response has also spread to the improvement of workplace conditions to encourage more women to join the workforce and the improvement of child welfare services to encourage more young people to have children. Although the government of Japan has tried to respond to the decline in the country’s population through appropriate legislative interventions, such initiatives have not yielded the desired results because of deeply entrenched cultural beliefs and stereotypes about childbearing and the family structure in Japan. The difficulty of changing such deeply entrenched beliefs is a barrier to reversing the trend in population decline. However, there is hope for recovery if the following recommendations are adopted. Recommendations Support the Involvement of Immigrant Labor in the Workforce The government of Japan needs to consider increasing the involvement of immigrant labor in the country’s workforce to address the labor gaps created by an increasingly older workforce. Such a strategy will make sure that there is adequate labor to take care of older citizens in the same manner developed countries like America and the United Kingdom (U.K) do (Junichi 2014). The immigrant workforce could also bridge the labor gap that could emerge in some of Japan’s major industries, such as the automobile industry, which require a young workforce to work on the assembly lines. Here, it is important to be cognizant of the fact that Japan’s government has historically promoted a culture of homogeneity, which prefers that the country’s population be largely Japanese (Otsu and Shibayama 2016). This policy is also seen in its strict immigration policies and citizenship acquisition status, which make it difficult for people from other countries to work or live in Japan. The government needs to relax some of these rules to increase the percentage of people from developing countries who want to come to Japan. One of the main reasons for pursuing this strategy is the practicality associated with the proposal because it is easier to relax the country’s immigration policies to allow more immigrants to live and work in Japan, as opposed to convincing native Japanese to give birth to more children. Indeed, convincing the population to have more children would require a significant overhaul of the country’s social architecture – a process that is difficult to achieve. Align Government Objectives with People Goals Part of the reason for the failure of the Japanese government to increase the country’s population growth rate has been its inability to align its population needs with those of the public. On one hand, the government is encouraging the people to give birth to more children to safeguard national economic and social interests, but on the other hand, the people are concerned with how the decision to have more children integrates with their individual lives/needs. Therefore, there is a clash between national and individual interests, which have not been effectively addressed by current government policies. Since the Japanese government is currently considering reinforcing some of its population-centered programs, the process of developing population-centered programs needs to be reviewed to merge national and individual interests. More importantly, future government initiatives aimed at increasing the country’s population should be sensitive to people’s social and cultural needs, as opposed to only meeting national interests. References Holt, Justin. 2014. The Social Thought of Karl Marx . New York: SAGE Publications. Junichi, Akashi. 2014. “New Aspects of Japan’s Immigration Policies: Is Population Decline Opening the Doors?” Contemporary Japan 26 (2): 175-196. Kudo, Shogo, Emmanuel Mutisya, and Masafumi Nagao. 2015. “Population Aging: An Emerging Research Agenda for Sustainable Development.” Social Sciences 4 (4): 940-966. Kumagai, Fumie. 2010. “Forty Years of Family Change in Japan: A Society Experiencing Population Aging and Declining Fertility.” Journal of Comparative Family Studies 41 (4): 581-610. Ogawa, Naohiro. 2005. “Population Aging and Policy Options for a Sustainable Future: The Case of Japan.” Genus 61 (3/4): 369-410. Otsu, Keisuke, and Katsuyuki Shibayama. 2016. “Population Aging and Potential Growth in Asia.” Asian Development Review 33 (2): 56-73. Usman, Muhammad, and Ikufumi Tomimoto. 2013. “The Aging Population of Japan: Causes, Expected Challenges, and Few Possible Recommendations.” Research Journal of Recent Sciences 2 (11): 1-4.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: Air New Zealand's 2016 financial statement was released, showing a profit of $463 million. The statement also showed that the company's total assets were $7,251 million and its total equity was $2,108 million.

Air New Zealand's 2016 financial statement was released, showing a profit of $463 million. The statement also showed that the company's total assets were $7,251 million and its total equity was $2,108 million.

Air New Zealand Company’s Financial Statement for 2016 Report Air New Zealand is one of the largest airlines in New Zealand that is headquartered in Auckland. Air New Zealand was founded in 1940. Currently, the company’s CEO is Christopher Luxon (Air New Zealand, 2016). The size of the company’s fleet is 103 airplanes, including Boeing 777-300ER, Boeing 777-200ER, and Boeing 767-300ER, which serve to carry passengers to more than 50 airports in New Zealand and globally. The company’s staff consists of 10,527 employees (Air New Zealand, 2016; Luxon & McDonald, 2017). In 2016, Air New Zealand carried 15,161 million passengers, and the passenger revenue was NZ$4,481 million (Air New Zealand, 2016). The total operating revenue for the Air New Zealand group was NZ$5,231 million with an operating income of NZ$1,542 million. In 2015, the operating revenue was NZ$4,925 million (Air New Zealand, 2016). While comparing the data for 2015 and 2016 years, it is possible to note that the revenue growth was caused by the demand increase by 17% (Luxon & McDonald, 2017). The profit reported for 2016 was NZ$463 million with a Gross Margin of 83.8% and Return on Equity of 22.74%. Total assets were reported to be NZ$7,251 million, and the total equity was reported to be NZ$2,108 million (Air New Zealand, 2016; Luxon & McDonald, 2017). The latest data regarding the financial results for 2017 indicate that the current earnings before taxation are NZ$349 million, and the net profit after taxation is NZ$256 million (Luxon & McDonald, 2017). It was noted that, for the first part of 2017, the passenger revenue decreased by 4%. The analysts also report challenges in gaining revenues which are associated with the current industry capacity, but positive changes in trends are forecasted for the second part of 2017 for both domestic and international flights (Luxon & McDonald, 2017). References Air New Zealand. (2016). 2016 annual financial results . Web. Luxon, C., & McDonald, R. (2017). 2017 Air New Zealand interim financial results. Web.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The responsibilities of the continuing airworthiness manager and the staff include ensuring that they carry out pre-flight inspections on aircraft, rectifying any defect and damage affecting the normal operation of aircraft, and preparing monthly reliability reports that assess the technical reliability of the aircraft fleet.

The responsibilities of the continuing airworthiness manager and the staff include ensuring that they carry out pre-flight inspections on aircraft, rectifying any defect and damage affecting the normal operation of aircraft, and preparing monthly reliability reports that assess the technical reliability of the aircraft fleet.

Aircraft Maintenance and Quality Assurance Essay Responsibilities of the Continuing Airworthiness Manager and the Staff Continuing airworthiness managers ensure that they carry out pre-flight inspections on aircraft. Pre-flight inspections are achieved through the drafting of appropriate airworthiness management exposition; to be used by the CAMO staff. In particular, the continuing Airworthiness exposition guidelines will help CAMO staff in carrying out maintenance activities on aircraft before they go airborne (Australian Transport Safety Bureau, 2002: 23). Continuing airworthiness manager and staff also ensure that they rectify any defect and damage affecting the normal operation of aircraft. However, while performing this role, they must take into account the requirements of the configuration deviation list which normally specify maintenance requirements for aircraft. The arrangements contained in the airworthiness management exposition should be coordinated to ensure that maintenance activities lead to airworthiness. The manager and the staff will be more concerned with the fulfillment of operator and aircraft registration holder requirements. Failure to adhere to the requirements can lead to accidents. The preparation of monthly reliability reports that assess the technical reliability of the aircraft fleet is also undertaken by the CAMO staff members. In particular, the maintenance planning staff ensures that they perform A Checks and C Checks of aircraft. The quality assurance team ensures that they oversee the work being done by the maintenance planning staff. The work of the maintenance planning team and maintenance control staff should meet the set guidelines contained in the Maintenance Control Manual (Australian Transport Safety Bureau, 2002: 25). The continuing airworthiness management exposition must ensure that there is clarity on who is responsible for certain tasks. In particular, the exposition must state the organization’s commitment to providing continuing airworthiness. In addition, the exposition must clearly state the names of staff members in charge of various maintenance duties (Dalamagkidis, Valavanis, and Piegl, 2011: 72). Airworthiness maintenance is not complete without coordination of scheduled maintenance. Managers ensure that they coordinate scheduled maintenance activities. The activities ensure that there is the appliance of airworthiness commands to the replacement of aircraft parts that are limited, and performance of component inspections to ensure that maintenance work is carried out properly (Dalamagkidis, Valavanis, and Piegl, 2011: 72). Consequently, the continuing airworthiness manager ensures that he or she becomes responsible for ensuring that the CAMO organization works according to the set outlaws in the CASR. In particular, the organization manager must ensure that there is compliance with the aircraft maintenance program as outline in the CASR laws of practice. Other roles that must be conducted by the manager and the staff include the approval of the design for modifications, honoring the manufactures instructions concerning spare parts installation, approving maintenance programs, and using reliability programs in ensuring that maintenance programs are effective (Australian Transport Safety Bureau, 2002). For an individual to become approved as a continuing airworthiness manager, they must have appropriate knowledge in dealing with continuing management exposition. This ensures that all maintenance activities are in line with the rules and regulations of the operator and aircraft manufacture. In addition, the CAMO manager must have an appreciation of the operator’s approved system in carrying out maintenance duties. Operators often have their own requirements unique to every aircraft. Further, the manager must ensure that he demonstrates a clear understanding of the laws and regulations. Finally, the manager must have qualifications, and relevant experience, in aircraft management, or maintenance practices in aircraft (Australian Transport Safety Bureau, 2002). Control over all aircraft maintenance that is completed at the Approved Maintenance Organization (AMO) on the Operator’s aircraft Controlling aircraft maintenance at the CAMO will be successful when the responsibilities of these three areas are carried out effectively. The areas include technical services, maintenance planning, maintenance watch, and ensuring that quality assurance guidelines are met. In achieving success at the organization, I will ensure that the technical services department is continuously involved in maintaining airworthiness control. In particular, I will ensure that the department comes up with monthly reliability reports that contain reliable information concerning the technical reliability of the aircraft fleet (Price and Forrest, 2009: 37). The next indispensable duty in controlling aircraft maintenance at the organization will involve conducting A Checks and C Checks. I will ensure that the maintenance planning process comes up with a work schedule on how the maintenance activities will be carried out. The work schedule will help me, as a manager, to have a 24-hour surveillance activity in ensuring that technical reliability is achieved at the organization (Price and Forrest, 2009: 77). Consequently, the maintenance Control Manual will have to be used in carrying out maintenance duties. The maintenance control manual has operator instruction on what should be done when defects are detected in aircraft. In particular, I will ensure that the quality assurance team is functional. They will ensure that they have control over technical oversight over maintenance providers and maintenance control staff (Price and Forrest, 2009). I will also engage in preparing Continuing Airworthiness Exposition. The exposition will have to be based on the requirements of CASA; this is the only way to ensure that rules and regulations concerning aircraft maintenance are followed. I will also ensure that the CAMO personnel uses the exposition procedures as a guide in carrying out operational and maintenance of operator’s aircraft (Price and Forrest, 2009: 17). The success of the CAMO depends on making follow-ups. Responsibilities given to various persons must be monitored. Every staff member must be made responsible for their actions. In particular, organizational structure sets out the duties but not a chain of command. The responsible persons will have the authority from the Registered Operator to develop an effective system of carrying out maintenance activities on aircraft. Further, as CAMO manager, I will ensure that the organization complies with the Aviation Authority’s regulations in achieving the airworthiness of aircraft (Price and Forrest, 2009). Significance of CAMO Quality Assurance (within CAMO) Quality assurance within CAMO ensures that there is compliance with CASR laws and the relevancy of CAMO procedures. In addition, quality assurance ensures that there are standard maintenance practices being carried out on aircraft. In particular, quality assurance ensures that the maintenance practices meet the requirements set out in CASR Part 42. Consequently, quality assurance ensures that CAMO organizations engage in the collection and recording of all audit findings (Australian Transport Safety Bureau, 2002). Quality assurance within AMO ensures that there is the monitoring of quality systems being provided by the maintenance provider. In addition, the quality assurance team within AMO also ensures that the operator’s quality policies are adhered to. Further, they also ensure that the maintenance control manual (MCM) is used when carrying out maintenance practices to the aircraft. Effective airworthiness can only be achieved through the use of a maintenance control manual. The quality assurance team ensures that no aircraft is serviced without strict adherence to the maintenance control manual. MCM and CASA documents are valuable documents relevant to the CAMO and AMO (Australian Transport Safety Bureau, 2002). The adherence to MCM and CASA guidelines is achieved through frequent audits done by the quality assurance team. In particular, quality assurance assesses the provider’s procedures and practices to determine whether they adhere to MCM and CASA guidelines. References Australian Transport Safety Bureau (2002), Investigation Into Ansett Australia Maintenance Safety Deficiencies And Control Of Continuing Airworthiness Of Class A Aircraft , Sydney: The Bureau. Dalamagkidis, K., Valavanis, K and Piegl, L (2011), On Integrating Unmanned Aircraft Systems into the National Airspace System: Issues. Challenges, Operational Restrictions, Certification, and Recommendations , New York: Springer. Price, J and Forrest, J (2009), Practical Aviation Security: Predicting and Preventing Future Threats, Sydney: Butterworth-Heinemann.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The airline industry is influenced by both internal and external factors, and profitability can significantly change due to the impact of these variables. From the external perspective, customers, suppliers, alliance partners, creditors, unions, communities, and the media contribute to the airline industry. From the internal perspective, employees, stockholders, and board members provide their contributions. In this discussion, the focus will be placed on the role of external stakeholders as their number is large and the possible impact can be broader and less controllable

The airline industry is influenced by both internal and external factors, and profitability can significantly change due to the impact of these variables. From the external perspective, customers, suppliers, alliance partners, creditors, unions, communities, and the media contribute to the airline industry. From the internal perspective, employees, stockholders, and board members provide their contributions. In this discussion, the focus will be placed on the role of external stakeholders as their number is large and the possible impact can be broader and less controllable

Airline Industry: Government Policies and Alliances Essay The airline industry is influenced by both internal and external factors, and profitability can significantly change due to the impact of these variables. From the external perspective, customers, suppliers, alliance partners, creditors, unions, communities, and the media contribute to the airline industry. From the internal perspective, employees, stockholders, and board members provide their contributions. In this discussion, the focus will be placed on the role of external stakeholders as their number is large and the possible impact can be broader and less controllable. It can be hypothesized that to improve the airline industry as a whole, external stakeholders should be managed. In the airline industry, governments and alliance partners play the most important roles in influencing the overall operations and increasing profitability. Governments have influenced the development of air transportation for centuries, ever since 1783 when the king of France ordered the Montgolfier brothers to show him their invention of the air balloon. During World Wars, governments invested in the rapid progress in the airline sphere to gain military advantage against rivals, thus facilitating an exponential leap in development, which shaped the industry as it is known today. According to the Working Paper of the International Civil Aviation Organization, governmental policies can positively influence the economy of the airline industry. For example, governments should impose fewer constraints on companies in terms of financial repercussions, taxes, and charges. When governments make airline carriers pay extremely high fees, the prices of tickets increase disproportionately, thus adversely influencing the demand for air travel (“Government Policies and Their Economic Impact on Airlines”). Another recommendation for governments to have a positive impact on the airline industry is enforcing stronger security measures to prevent the consistent threat of terrorism. For air travelers, safety is the main priority, and the assistance of government enforcement agencies is vital to minimize the rates of terrorist attack occurrence. Overall, governments should decrease the financial pressure on the airline industry, such as increasing taxes and charges on services as air navigation. These increases result in air travelers encountering high prices on tickets and considering other modes of transportation to save money. Airline alliances offer multiple benefits to companies operating in the industry. For instance, customers can gain the advantages of stronger airline networks, the increased efficiency of travel, and the ability to book flights using the same airline networks. In regards to companies, alliances can take multiple collaborative forms ranging from price cooperation for the sharing of airline facilities, all of which add to efficiency and reduced costs (Khan and Khan 64). For alliances to positively influence the airline industry, they should focus first on providing high-quality services to customers through creating large air networks and then consider different methods of cutting costs (“Effects of Airlines Alliances and Mergers on Fair Competition”). Also, it is advised for alliances not to viciously compete against each other but rather create unique service propositions that will differentiate them from others. This strategy is more likely to benefit the airline industry because it will focus on providing value to customers, which, in exchange, will pay for the services offered to them. To summarize, the airline industry is expected to improve when governments consider the economic implications of their policies and when alliances work toward collaboration. The mentioned recommendations point to the volatility of the airline industry and the need to shape an environment in which air travel will be safe, inexpensive, efficient, and stress-free. Works Cited “ Effects of Airlines Alliances and Mergers on Fair Competition and Monopoly Prevention .” ICAO . 2013. Web. “ Government Policies and Their Economic Impact on Airlines. ” ICAO . 2013. Web. Khan, Usman, and Noreen Khan. “Customer Satisfaction in Airline Industry.” International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research, vol. 76, no. 12, 2014, pp. 63-67.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The website evaluation and electronic marketing plan for Emirates Airlines was discussed. The website has several functions and is available in many languages. It also uses an optional type of pricing. The target market is Dubai citizens, upper class from America and Europe. The layout of the home page implies that the most actively promoted service is selling airline tickets. The plan looks adequate and has a good chance of success.

The website evaluation and electronic marketing plan for Emirates Airlines was discussed. The website has several functions and is available in many languages. It also uses an optional type of pricing. The target market is Dubai citizens, upper class from America and Europe. The layout of the home page implies that the most actively promoted service is selling airline tickets. The plan looks adequate and has a good chance of success.

Airlines Website Evaluation and Electronic Marketing Plan Essay Emirates Airlines The website has several functions. It contains information, such as timetables, allows managing booked flights, sells airline tickets, and offers services like booking a guided tour. As for the pricing, an optional type is used, which means that there are a basic price and some additional options which cost extra. The website is available in many languages, so people from any country can surf it. The layout of the home page implies that the most actively promoted service is selling airline tickets. The target market is Dubai citizens, upper class from America and Europe. The layout seems perfect. It is stylish. Any information is easy to access. While scrolling the site, a visitor will always see the form used to purchase flights. On the one hand, it encourages buying tickets. On the other hand, it might be annoying (Emirates Airlines). Electronic Marketing Plan 1) This airline provides services worldwide. 2) It serves clients from different countries. 3) The objective is to increase online sales. 4) The distribution strategy is to be used. 5) It is necessary to improve the form which appears while scrolling. 6) The budget should include the designers’ fees. 7) Since it will increase sales, the plan looks feasible and adequate (Strauss & Frost, 2016). Etihad Airline The website comprises different functions. It provides general information, allows managing booked flights, and sells airline tickets. As for the pricing, and optional type is used. The website is available in many languages, so people from all over the world can purchase tickets without any problems. The layout of the home page implies that the most actively promoted service is selling airline tickets. The target market is top-management and wealthy families, especially from India. The layout leaves much to be desired. However, the information is arranged properly, and it is possible to find the necessary data rather quickly (Etihad Airline). Since it does not give any links to hotels and car rentals, they should be added to the site to offer more possibilities to clients (Zahran, Al-Nuaim, Malcoln & Benyon, 2014). Electronic Marketing Plan 1) This airline is one of the largest in the world. 2) It serves clients of different ages and origins. 3) The objective is to provide competitive services in the segment. 4) It is necessary to apply a mix of product and distribution strategies (Shaw, 2016). 5) It is necessary to find partners that supply the required services, agree on conditions, sign a contract and upload the information. 6) The budget should include the contract’s costs. 7) Since this is a partnership relation, the plan looks feasible and adequate (Strauss & Frost, 2016). Qatar Airways The website combines various functions. It sells airline tickets, supplies information, allows managing booked flights, and offers services, like booking a hotel. As for the pricing, and optional type is used. Most of the website is translated into different languages, so people from all over the world can visit it. The layout of the home page implies that the most actively promoted service is selling airline tickets. Based on the home-page picture, the target market is Pakistani of all ages, ordinary people who travel to Doha and from Doha. The website has a pleasant layout. The information is organized appropriately. However, the privilege club data is available only in English and Arabic. Therefore, it is necessary to translate it into other languages (Qatar Airways). Electronic Marketing Plan 1) This airline provides services worldwide. 2) It serves rich clients from different countries. 3) The objective is to make the website more comprehensible. 4) The privilege club data is to be translated into different languages. 5) It is necessary to translate the information and upload it to the site. 6) The budget should include the translator’s fees (up to $20 per A4 page). 7) Since it might attract more loyal customers worldwide, the plan looks feasible and adequate (Strauss & Frost, 2016). Taken into account the above-said, it is possible to arrive at the conclusion that the best website is the one of Emirates Airlines. References Emirates Airlines. Web. Etihad Airlines. Web. Qatar Airways. Web. Shaw, S. (2016). Airline Marketing and Management, New York, NY: Routledge. Strauss, J., & Frost, R. D. (2016) E-Marketing, New York, NY: Routledge. Zahran, D. I., Al-Nuaim, H. A., Malcoln, J. R., & Benyon, D. (2014). A comparative approach to web evaluation and website evaluation methods. International Journal of Public Information Systems, 10 (1), 21-39.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: In conditions of a highly competitive health-care market, Akron Children's Hospital, like other health care facilities, needs to implement change to both its management and brand. This intervention is expected to create some distinction features able to differentiate the hospital from other clinics in the area.The case study under consideration utilizes observational research thus contributing to developing the positioning and key metrics that can enhance the quality of Akron Children's Hospital.

In conditions of a highly competitive health-care market, Akron Children's Hospital, like other health care facilities, needs to implement change to both its management and brand. This intervention is expected to create some distinction features able to differentiate the hospital from other clinics in the area. The case study under consideration utilizes observational research thus contributing to developing the positioning and key metrics that can enhance the quality of Akron Children's Hospital.

Akron Children’s Hospital’s Service Quality Essay Introduction to Akron Children’s Hospital Case * need for reform in management and brand * lack of attention to internal issues * need for identifying the perceptions of patients * the necessity of quality increase In conditions of a highly competitive health-care market, Akron Children’s Hospital, similarly to other health care facilities, needs to implement change to both its management and brand. This intervention is expected to create some distinction features able to differentiate the hospital from other clinics in the area. There is also a need for the identification of internal issues and determination of its patients’ perceptions. The case study under consideration utilizes observational research thus contributing to developing the positioning and key metrics that can enhance the quality of Akron Children’s Hospital. Hospital and Scenario Background * High competition due to location in Northeastern Ohio * Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital and the Cleveland Clinic as main competitors * 253 beds * More than 30 areas of practice and expertise * Low patient visitation rates * Lack of available bed space The Akron Children’s Hospital is located in Northeastern Ohio, which is a highly competitive health-care market for children’s hospitals. An area is a place for some other large hospitals that provide high-quality care. The major competitors of Akron’s are Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital and the Cleveland Clinic. The first one is nationally ranked in 8 pediatric specialties and has a capacity of admitting 155 children daily (U.S. News, n.d.). Still, Akron’s Children’s Hospital positions itself as a leading pediatric healthcare provider in Northeastern Ohio. It has about 253 beds that are used to provide care in over 30 areas of practice and expertise, including medical and surgical care for children. It possesses innovative medical equipment that enables providing care for children of all ages. For example, the hospital can execute skin transfers and intra-operative MRI for brain tumor removal. Despite positioning itself as a leader in child care, Akron is still losing out to its competitors in the market. Consequently, there is a need for an effective reform to upgrade the hospital’s brand and develop features that distinguish Akron’s Children’s Hospital from competitors. Management-Research Question * management dilemma * management question * research questions * investigative questions * measurement questions * management decisions (Cooper & Schindler, 2013). To identify and address the issues in business research, a management-research question hierarchy can be applied. It involves six specific stages such as management dilemma, management question, research questions, investigative questions, measurement questions, and management decisions. The research process is launched by the demand for a solution or decision created by the management dilemma. This sequence of question formulation empowers a comprehensive investigation of diverse aspects of the case. Management Dilemma * High competition of healthcare market in Northeastern Ohio * The decrease in number of patients * Financial losses * Unclear strategies or management decisions of competitors * A search of reasons for patients’ choice The Akron Children’s Hospital faces a challenge related to a drop in the number of patients and the related financial losses that are caused by a highly competitive healthcare market in the area. The strategies and management decisions of competitors that make them more successful are not evident and thus need a careful study. Moreover, a dilemma to solve is the complex of reasons that make patients prefer other health care facilities and not selecting Akron. Management Questions * How can Akron Children’s Hospital set itself apart from the competition? * What characteristics of the hospital impact patient decision-making and selection of medical services? * How can Akron promote its advanced technology and high-quality medical service to the market? * How can a higher number of patients be attracted to the hospital? The stage of management questions is expected to investigate the hospital and reveal the specific characteristics and benefits it possesses. Research Questions * Do consumer choices correlate with emotional drivers and perceptions of parents about the hospital? * What are the index perceptions of Akron Children’s Hospital in the healthcare market? * What is the satisfaction rate of patients and families at the hospital and what factors are impacting it? The stage of research questions involves the exploration of the general market sentiments and their influence on patient rates of Akron Children’s Hospital. Investigative Questions * How do parents decide which hospital to select when children are in need of acute care? * Are there quality, financial, or any other influential factors at play during this decision-making? * What primary services or activities attract patients in the process of diagnosis and treatment? Investigative questions provide an opportunity to conduct in-depth research of patient needs and develop tools for tracking these needs. Measurement Questions * What differentiates Akron Children’s Hospitals from other facilities? * How can emotional reactions be observed from parents and patients during visits? * Patient satisfaction should be assessed in correlation with treatment. Some aspects of hospital functioning that can influence patients’ choices should be measured. They include waiting time, discharge time, and financial costs of care and services. These issues can cause certain problems for the hospital in case patients are not satisfied with them. Management Decisions * Need for a unique and compelling brand * Need to inform about the services provided * Consideration of diverse channels of advertising * Enlargement of the range of specialists in the hospital The Akron Children’s Hospital demands weighted management decisions to stay competitive in the market. First of all, there is a need for a unique and compelling brand with distinctive features. Also, it is important to inform parents or caregivers of the prospective patients that the hospital provides a high quality of care. To make the promotion effective, diverse channels of advertising should be utilized. Finally, to enhance the improvement of treatment for certain groups of children, the hospital can initiate the expansion of the number of specialties. Observation Study Advantages * informative understanding of patient needs and perspectives * formulation of a rational and logical explanation of the managerial issue of Akron Children’s Hospital * extraction of valuable information to empower decision-making of hospital management * identification of the focus group features * opportunity to target this group on the market through advertising and promotion. Observation study has both advantages and disadvantages. For the hospital under analysis, this study will provide an informative understanding of patient needs and perspectives, such as emotional and behavioral factors. Also, the research will contribute to the formulation of a rational and logical explanation of the managerial problems typical of Akron Children’s Hospital. Moreover, it will help to elicit information that empowers the activity of hospital management and stimulates their decision-making. Finally, investigation of a focus group allows targeting it on the market due to advertisements and attracting attention to promotions. Observation Study Disadvantages * focus on commercialization rather than quality improvement * focus on parental perceptions * much attention to the hospital’s position on the market and its branding value proposition * lack of attention to enhancing treatment. The evident disadvantages of the observational study applied to the hospital include the following. First of all, it is focused on commercialization more than on the improvement of the quality of medical care and service. Also, it considers parental perceptions and the hospital’s position on the market instead of shifting the focus on patients’ needs and enhancement of treatment rather than commercialization. Directing Researchers * determination of hospital specializations and services * comparison of specializations and services to market demand * identification of hospital selection process and its criteria * analysis of parents’ emotions and perceptions * identification of perceptions of the hospital’s history, services, and advertising The major tasks of researchers are to observe hospital services and patient emotional reactions. To achieve them, it is important to take the following steps in this research. First of all, it is necessary to determine hospital specializations and services and compare them to market demands. Next, it is important to identify the hospital selection process as well as its criteria. Also, parent’s emotions and perceptions should be analyzed. Finally, focus group surveys can be used to reveal the perceptions of the hospital’s history, services, and advertising. Brand Promise * significance of trust and respect for a brand * defining reason for choosing a hospital * need for comprehensive and long-term marketing strategy * focus on such aspects of brand value as differentiation, credibility, compelling, exclusivity, and comprehension (Kemp, Jillapalli, & Becerra, 2014). * Importance of high-level medical technology and capabilities for the patients’ choice Branding is a significant component of the healthcare industry. It allows creating an image of a facility that makes it recognizable for patients. For healthcare and treatment, it is critical for patients to respect the brand as they entrust their health to the hospital. In healthcare, the brand name provides guarantees to clients and forms their expectations related to the quality of care and services (Inkwell Global Marketing, 2017). Consequently, branding in healthcare is expected to lead a patent to answer a question about the choice of a facility. Still, it differs from business branding that relies on new products. Healthcare facilities should utilize a different marketing strategy, which is comprehensive and long-term. Some issues of brand value applicable to healthcare include differentiation, credibility, compelling, exclusivity, and comprehension (Kemp, Jillapalli, & Becerra, 2014). The observation study research of Akron Children’s Hospital disclosed the following facts. First of all, it revealed that patient’s hospital-choice decisions were grounded on the accessibility of high-level medical technology and capabilities suggested by a facility. Also, acute care was considered a significant aspect in decision-making during the choice of a hospital. Ethical Issues * Full transparency maintenance * Avoidance of possible violation of patient rights * Focus on treatment rather than on commercial issues * No preferences to patients depending on their income * No discrediting of competitors The task of the hospital is to preserve full transparency in the process of reformation to avoid any potential violation of patient rights. It is particularly important since children are involved. More attention should be given to treatment issues instead of commercial ones. Also, patients with higher income or those who make donations should not have any preferences in treatment. Finally, it is vital to preserve a decent reputation and avoid discrediting other high-quality hospitals in the area. Discussion * Interventions to achieve higher profits and greater efficiency * Enhancement of the quality of care and service * Adherence to the mission statement * Creating value for the hospital’s core patients The Akron Children’s Hospital case study presents an attempt of the hospital to achieve higher profit and increase efficiency. Still, it is crucial not to decrease the quality of care or provide any inconveniences in the process of reformation that can have a negative impact on patients. On the contrary, the primary task of the hospital is to find solutions to enhance its quality of care thus improving its competitive ability in the market. Even in the process of change, the hospital is expected to follow its mission statement, “whether it’s investing in new research, designing our facilities, or simply making our equipment kid-sized, everything we do is for our kids and their families” (Akron Children’s Hospital, n.d.). The mentioned interventions are expected to make Akron Children’s Hospital a leading children care provider in the area. Conclusion * Akron Children’s Hospital needed the analysis of its failures on the market * The benefits of management-research question hierarchy * Opportunity for a comprehensive overview of the perceptions of patients * Development of recommendations The hospital analyzed the case required to discover the issues that led to his low performance in the healthcare market. The utilization of the management-research question hierarchy allowed identifying and resolving the business management problem due to step by step approach.it also empowered the investigation of the patients’ perceptions, which revealed the areas for improvement. Finally, recommendations were developed. They include the creation of an effective marketing plan, the improvement of service delivery, and the implementation of highly innovative medical technologies and procedures.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : Alan Bollard's Leadership and Personal Philosophy EssayIn his essay, Alan Bollard discusses his leadership and personal philosophy. He talks about how he approaches decision-making and how he tries to be as pragmatic as possible. He also talks about how he tries to see the big picture when making decisions. Finally, he talks about how he tries to communicate clearly and simply when making decisions.

Alan Bollard's Leadership and Personal Philosophy Essay In his essay, Alan Bollard discusses his leadership and personal philosophy. He talks about how he approaches decision-making and how he tries to be as pragmatic as possible. He also talks about how he tries to see the big picture when making decisions. Finally, he talks about how he tries to communicate clearly and simply when making decisions.

Alan Bollard’s Leadership and Personal Philosophy Essay Leadership Profile: Alan Bollard Alan Bollard has Honorary Doctorates from Auckland and Massey Universities. He was the head of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand. Before the approval of this post, Bollard served as Minister of Finance, Chairman of the New Zealand Commerce Commission, and the director of the New Zealand Institute of Economic Research ( Executive Director , n.d.). Presently, Bollard serves as an Executive Director of the Singapore APEC Secretariat. This noteworthy leader is best known for his outstanding transformational leadership strategy. In particular, Bollard decreased the rate of inflation in New Zealand, leading the country out of a large budget deficit and raising New Zealand’s interest rates to a high level ( Executive Director , n.d.). He warned people of the necessity to be concise and cautious in the financial arena within the framework of the country’s monetary policy, as property prices might decrease, employment might become scarcer, and banks would not always be operating in a world saturated with low-priced money. Moreover, Bollard stressed the significance of consistent improvement, which occurs due to the realities of the modern world ( Executive Director , n.d.). In its turn, this improvement will promote the design of a new vision that is essential to remain competitive and successful. Bollard is also highly appreciated by his followers and other leaders. For instance, Holmes (2014) states that the flexible approach to inflation conducted by Bollard helped to reduce the negative outcomes of the global financial crisis in New Zealand, while his communication contributed as well. Hackman and Johnson (2013) also emphasize the efficiency of Bollard’s leadership, in particular, his strong arguments and vivid examples that are clear and specific. This leader applies inspirational, motivating leadership, creating an apparent picture of the future that is both optimistic and achievable, encouraging others to raise their level of expectation. He reduces complexity by narrowing the problem to its key issues, and uses simple language to convey the organization’s mission. His emotional intelligence helps Bollard to encourage listeners to use their imagination, suggest thought-provoking ideas, and search for new and creative ways to resolve common problems. Bollard repeats that people should always be improving in order to achieve higher results. All in all, he believes that changes, even minor in nature, will result in a positive outcome. Such an approach encourages people to reconsider their own ideas, together with the organization’s overall goal. As a public speaker, Bollard focuses on intelligence, rationality, and relevance. Bollard is a pragmatic and goal-oriented decision-maker who operates and organizes his work in the most rational way. A significant quality of Bollard’s leadership is his capacity for alternative thinking. For example, in a crisis, he can clearly identify the ways to overcome it. As for the responsiveness of his style, Bollard is ready to respond to the initiative of listeners, and to show appreciation for it. In general, he tends to form a welcoming atmosphere that is of great importance for the right treatment of the leader’s ideas. Thus, I chose Bollard, as he is a transformational leader, developing the innovative thinking characterized by initiative and the ability to create a new vision, new markets, and new leadership approaches. The leadership strategy of Bollard is specific, logical, and convincing, making him one of the most efficient leaders in the world. Philosophy of Leadership Statement In my opinion, leadership plays an integral part in the modern world. In the context of globalization, there is a growing demand for good leaders. It is of great importance to formulate my own leadership philosophy statement that takes my personal peculiarities into account. My thoughts presented below were influenced by several factors, including the experience of successful leaders, appropriate books and films, and my leadership experience. First, I am disciplined, reliable, and ethical at work. I am kind, and relatively modest. My primary interest is the safety and protection of everyone close to me, in particular, family, friends, and employees. Consequently, I am responsible and feel happy if I can protect others from danger, fraud, or other troubles. This means that I am ready to take risks, not only in support of my actions, but also for those of my employees. However, among personal principles I am not willing to violate, there is respect for others’ personality, philosophy, and confidentiality. Thus, I can take risks under the above conditions. Second, I want to be useful to others in the role of leader. I consider that I can effectively reduce and simplify complex issues to concise sentences, resulting in decisive actions. I can take on leadership and responsibility in a difficult situation that needs to be addressed, and communicate as a leader, even if I have neither authority nor power, as I have proven during various group projects. Moreover, I am quite conservative and, consequently, respect existing rules and regulations. However, I am not blinded by them, and am open to changes if new approaches do not oppose my intrinsic values. Even though I have some difficulties in establishing relationships and making new friends in a professional environment, this would not prevent me from moving up the career ladder. I prefer working on a cohesive team where there is no tension between the leader and employees. However, I consider that leadership is not fully positional. There might be some particular qualities in any area, yet a number of general strategies and techniques might be applied, as well. Also, I have a good memory and exceptional imagination that can manifest in different forms. For example, I can clearly notice differences in a story, when a person repeats it a second time and stretches the truth to some extent. Such abilities would contribute to innovative decisions that are significant in a leader’s work. I make my decisions in accordance with the existing evidence and my intuition, yet the last one goes second. I think that a leader should listen to the collective point, but make individual decisions. Sometimes, it might be useful to disregard personal beliefs to prevent misunderstanding. Nevertheless, it depends on the situation. For example, when my leadership beliefs or practices are challenged, it is necessary to examine the situation in detail, and make an appropriate decision while avoiding a value judgment. Finally, among obstacles I might encounter in a professional field, there is the fact that I find it quite difficult to recognize my success, as I tend to downplay my achievements. This can lead to a lack of recognition, missed opportunities, and misunderstandings. However, my strong points, such as assertiveness and analytical thinking skills, would help me to overcome the above obstacles and become a successful leader. Analysis of a Critical Leadership Issue in an Emirati Organization This part of the paper will examine my potential contribution to the future of the Emirati business. Nowadays, “about 640,000 members of the workforce will be needed to fill executive and strategic leadership posts” (Mogielnicki, 2015, para. 2). The above business strategy suggests a focus on the Emiratisation program that would allow attracting more Emirati to leadership positions in the private sector (Mogielnicki, 2015). In turn, it will ensure their control within the country. With this in mind, it is essential to develop an appropriate leadership strategy. Therefore, the future of business in the Emirates should be based on openness, empowerment, and support. Being an emergent leader, I would like to become a part of Emirati business. I want to respect and inspire employees in accordance with my personal principals, a key goal, and a concrete situation. However, our Generation Z is often identified as “a tech savvy, connected and self-educated group, they are expected to be more focused on working for themselves” (Pupic, 2015, para. 26). In other words, we cannot imagine life without the Internet and technology. The decision is to engage Millennials and use their different mindset, applying a personal approach. Consequently, I would like to work with a new generation of leaders, motivating them by my own experience to achieve high results and to be useful to the Emirates. Besides, it is also crucial to pay attention to expatriates working for the Emirates, bringing them closer to the country (Pupic, 2015). In particular, using my analytical thinking and openness, I want to earn and retain the trust of others, identify and simplify a mission, and implement it. References Executive Director . (n.d.). Web. Hackman, M. Z., & Johnson, C. E. (2013). Leadership: A communication perspective (6th ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. Holmes, D. R. (2014). Economy of words: Communicative imperatives in central banks . Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press. Mogielnicki, R. (2015). How Emiratis can shape the UAE’s future . Web. Pupic, T. (2015). Nurturing future Emirati leaders . Web.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay discusses the perception of power in the 21st century and how it has been affected by capitalism and technology. The author argues that the century States must know misleading metaphors of organic decline in order to understand the true nature of power.

The essay discusses the perception of power in the 21st century and how it has been affected by capitalism and technology. The author argues that the century States must know misleading metaphors of organic decline in order to understand the true nature of power.

Alexander Huamani’s Perception about Power Essay Alexander J. Huamani argued that the twenty-first century should be blamed for the unequal distribution of power resources that saw the United States accounting for the world’s economic output. Its expenses on the military were almost half of what all other countries spend on this department. In addition, he claims that America had the most extensive cultural and educational resources that enabled the public to perceive its administration as robust, just, and fair (Black 2013). These claims are valid and America has never stopped over-investing in the acquisition of military equipment and making unnecessary attacks and trips to other countries. Today, America still has the highest number of air surveillance drones in the world, yet it continues to condemn other countries for making similar attempts (Cain 2013). There is a huge gap between America’s expenses on education, health and infrastructure, and military equipment. This explains why civil societies continue to hold demonstrations to demand that America should start concentrating on its internal affairs and stop interfering in the affairs of other countries. This author argues that power is the ability to attain and advance the interests of an individual using all means that are considered ethical (Rivoli 2009). He argues that Spain, the Netherlands, France, and the United Kingdom took advantage of their resources to exercise power and authority over other nations. He believes that the 21 st century was marked by capitalism that enabled powerful nations to use technology and globalization to spread their ideologies to other nations (Bornstein 2007). He is right in arguing that people must know misleading metaphors of organic decline. This means that the size of an army is no longer important in determining the power of a nation because this has been replaced with the ability to persuade and convince others to follow their ideologies. References Black, J. (2013). War and Technology . New York: McGraw-Hill. Bornstein, D. (2007). How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cain, S. (2013). Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can’t Stop Talking . New York: Broadway Books. Rivoli, P. (2009). The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy: An Economist Examines the Markets, Power and Politics of the World Trade. New York: Wiley.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: Allelopathy is a widespread biological occurrence where one living organism secretes chemical substances that affect the development, existence, and propagation of other organisms. These biochemicals are referred to as allelochemicals and are often non-nutritive materials secreted by plants as secondary metabolites or decomposition upshots of microorganisms. Their effects on other plants may either be positive or negative.

Allelopathy is a widespread biological occurrence where one living organism secretes chemical substances that affect the development, existence, and propagation of other organisms. These biochemicals are referred to as allelochemicals and are often non-nutritive materials secreted by plants as secondary metabolites or decomposition upshots of microorganisms. Their effects on other plants may either be positive or negative.

Allelopathy in Helianthus Annuus’ Germination Report Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. References Abstract Allelopathy is an interaction between organisms of the same or different species where chemical substances produced by one organism exert an effect on the physiological processes of a plant. The observed effects may be negative or positive. Allelopathy plays a vital role in plant interactions as well as species distribution. This experiment aimed to determine allelopathy in the germination and growth of sunflower seeds ( Helianthus annuus ). Sunflower seeds were subjected to density treatments by growing them at a density of one seed per pot in the control and three seeds per pot in the experimental group. A total of 36 seeds were used in each group. The germination rate and mean shoot height were measured after 7 days. The treatment group had a higher germination rate and mean shoot height (84.26% and 9.49 cm respectively) compared to the control (77.77% and 6.47 cm respectively). The differences in the mean shoot heights between the groups were statistically significant ( p <0.05). These effects were attributed to the role of gibberellins as allelochemicals in the germination of sunflower seeds. Introduction An interesting observation in nature is that specific plants only grow in certain areas. This occurrence could be explained by the fact that environmental conditions and soils in certain areas do not favor the growth of some plants. However, studies have shown that apart from soils and climatic conditions, chemical interactions between different plant species also contribute to this observation (Jabran, Mahajan, Sardana, & Chauhan, 2015). Allelopathy is a widespread biological occurrence where one living organism secretes chemical substances that affect the development, existence, and propagation of other organisms (Duke, 2015). These biochemicals are referred to as allelochemicals and are often non-nutritive materials secreted by plants as secondary metabolites or decomposition upshots of microorganisms. Their effects on other plants may either be positive or negative. Therefore, plants that produce these substances are called allelopathic plants. Allelopathy, which falls under chemical ecology, is a sub-discipline that relates to the consequences of chemicals secreted by living organisms on the growth and dissemination of other plants in different ecologies. Consequently, allelopathic interactions are considered among the major aspects that account for species distribution and dominance of intrusive plants (Mod, Heikkinen, Le Roux, Väre, & Luoto, 2016). The positive effects of plant allelopathy include the regulation of agricultural practices such as weed management, crop defense mechanisms, and re-establishment of crops (Cheng & Cheng, 2015). Therefore, allelochemicals can hypothetically serve as growth control agents, herbicides, antimicrobial agents, and insecticides. In contrast, the adverse consequences of allelopathy include soil disorders, autotoxicity, and invasion by other living organisms. Therefore, sustainable agricultural advancement can be attained by taking advantage of cultivation systems that make the most out of the stimulatory or inhibitory impact of allelopathic plants to control the growth and development of plants as well as to circumvent allelopathic autotoxicity. To understand the mode of action of allelochemicals, it is important to look into the specific physiological process that is affected during allelopathy. Germination, which is the first stage in the life cycle of plants, is an appropriate starting point to investigate the potential impact of various chemical substances as allelochemicals. Germination is the process whereby organisms grow from seeds following a period of dormancy. It involves three main stages of imbibition, the emergence of the radicle and plumule, and expansion of the cotyledons to form leaves. Germination is known to be inhibited by factors such as water availability, oxygen, and temperatures. However, a detailed look into the detailed mechanisms involved in the three stages reveals the involvement of chemical substances. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the potential allelopathic effects of sunflower seeds on their germination and growth. It was hypothesized that sunflower seeds would exhibit allelopathic effects on their germination and growth. Sunflower seeds ( Helianthus annuus ) were grown in different density treatments to ascertain the hypothesized effect. Methods A total of 36 seeds were allocated to the control and treatment groups. For the control experiment, a density treatment of one seed per pot was done. The sunflower seeds were planted in holes approximately 1 inch deep in moist potting soil, covered with the soil, and allowed to germinate. Conversely, for the treatment group, three seeds were planted in each pot containing moist soil. The seeds were then observed after 7 days of germination. The total number of seeds that germinated was determined, whereas the shoot heights were measured in centimeters. A two-sample unpaired t -test at p=0.05 was used to analyze the data using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 software. Results It was observed that 84.26% of seeds in the experimental group and 77.77% of seeds in the control group germinated. The control group had a shorter mean shoot height (6.47 cm) than the treatment group (mean shoot height=9.49 cm). The statistical analysis showed that the differences between the mean shoot heights in the two groups were significant ( p <0.05). The findings confirmed the hypothesis that sunflower seeds would exhibit allelopathic effects on their germination and growth. Figure 1 provides a graphical representation of the germination rates between the two groups. On the other hand, Table 1 shows the outcomes of the two-sample unpaired t -test. Figure 1. Germination rates in the control and treatment groups. Table 1: The Independent-sample t-test. Independent Samples Test Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper shoot_height Equal variances assumed 24.242 .000 -3.792 70 .000 -3.023333 .797199 -4.613296 -1.433371 Equal variances not assumed -3.792 49.475 .000 -3.023333 .797199 -4.624975 -1.421692 Discussion The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the potential allelopathic effect of sunflower seeds on their germination and growth. It was noted that the treatment did not inhibit the germination of H. annuus seeds. These observations corroborated the hypothesis that H. annuus seeds would show allelopathic effects on their germination and growth. However, the allelopathic effect was positive (enhanced germination and growth). The sunflower seed has a diploid embryonic sporophyte that is capable of germinating following a period of dormancy. However, imbibition, which is a process where seeds absorb large quantities of water, must take place before germination. Sunflower seeds show resilience and can subsequently grow within a range of temperatures and environmental conditions. During imbibition, the embryonic sporophyte enlarges and breaks through its seed coat. At the same time, increased metabolic and hormonal activities lead to the elongation of the embryo’s cells. In a mature sunflower seed that is not in the dormant state, the multicellular embryonic sporophyte continues to grow and develop when rehydrated. The rate of growth and development is dependent on the availability of biotic and abiotic factors that stimulate optimum seedling growth. Abiotic factors include temperatures between 70 and 78 ˚F in addition to the availability of adequate soil macronutrients, for example, nitrogen. As the seed gets ready to germinate, the synthesis of gibberellic acid is stimulated in addition to the breakdown of abscisic acid to enhance the disintegration of the food reserve found in the two cotyledons. In the experiment, the seeds in the control and experimental setups were grown under similar environmental conditions. Therefore, it was evident that the observed differences in the germination and growth rates were not due to differences in water, temperature, oxygen, or nitrogen. Different chemical families are known to be allelochemicals. They include approximately 18 classes according to their chemical resemblances: alcohols, aliphatic aldehydes and ketones, benzoic acid, unsaturated lactones, alkaloids, fatty acids, quinones, phenols, coumarin, cinnamic acid, tannins, flavonoids, water-soluble organic acids, polyacetylenes, terpenoids, and steroids, amino acids, sulfide, and nucleic acids. Furthermore, plant growth regulators such as gibberellic acid, ethylene, and salicylic acid are also regarded as allelochemicals (Cheng & Cheng, 2015). The germination process of the sunflower seed demonstrates the importance of gibberellins. It has been shown that gibberellins act as chemical messengers by communicating signals within the plant. However, as an allelochemical, it is expected that gibberellins from one plant would influence the biological activities of the other plant. It can be hypothesized that when three sunflower seeds were planted in one pot (the treatment group), the seeds were nearby of each other within the pot. Gibberellins from one seed generated chemical signals that promoted starch hydrolysis in the cotyledons of adjacent seeds by inducing the production of the alpha-amylase enzyme. Consequently, there was an increased breakdown of stored starch to provide energy for germination. These events could explain why a higher germination rate was observed in the experimental group compared to the control category. On the other hand, planting the seeds individually led to the physical separation of seeds, which prevented the described allelopathic interaction thus leading to a lower germination rate. This occurrence confirms the assertion of a previous study that chemical substances also influence the rate of germination and growth in plants (Gurung, Swamy, Sarkar, & Ubale, 2014). Gibberellins also play a role in the elongation of cells, which explains why the rate of growth as indicated by the mean shoot length was longer in the experimental group than in the control. Overall, allelopathy in sunflower seeds led to positive effects in the form of increased germination and growth rates. The findings of this study opposed those reported by Hall, Blum, and Fites (1982) that increasing the density of H. annuus seeds led to inhibited germination and growth. In this study, Hall et al. (1982) attributed the observations to the production of phenolic compounds, which are known allelochemicals. However, in this experiment, the levels of phenolic compounds were not measured. Since a contrasting positive effect was observed on germination and growth, gibberellins were suspected to be the responsible allelochemicals. However, to confirm the involvement of gibberellins in the observed effects, future studies could repeat the experiment and measure the levels of gibberellins in the treatment and control. Conclusion Germination is a vital process in the life cycle of plants. However, the success of germination is affected by a combination of physical and chemical factors. Allelopathy occurs when chemical substances produced by one plant influence the growth of another plant. Therefore, this phenomenon contributes to the chemical factors that inhibit or promote germination. In the case of sunflower seeds, gibberellins, which are known to promote germination and growth of seeds, were probably responsible for the increased germination and growth rates when three sunflower seeds were grown in one pot. This experiment showed that gibberellins, as allelochemicals, did not inhibit the germination and growth of H. annuus seeds. References Cheng, F., & Cheng, Z. (2015). Research progress on the use of plant allelopathy in agriculture and the physiological and ecological mechanisms of allelopathy. Frontiers in Plant Science , 6 , 1-16. Duke, S. O. (2015). Proving allelopathy in crop–weed interactions. Weed Science , 63 (SP1), 121-132. Gurung, N., Swamy, G. S. K., Sarkar, S. K., & Ubale, N. B. (2014). Effect of chemicals and growth regulators on germination, vigor and growth of passion fruit ( Passiflora edulis Sims.). The Bioscan , 9 (1), 155-157. Hall, A. B., Blum, U., & Fites, R. C. (1982). Stress modification of allelopathy of Helianthus annuus L. debris on seed germination. American Journal of Botany , 69 (5), 776-783. Jabran, K., Mahajan, G., Sardana, V., & Chauhan, B. S. (2015). Allelopathy for weed control in agricultural systems. Crop Protection , 72 , 57-65. Mod, H. K., Heikkinen, R. K., Le Roux, P. C., Väre, H., & Luoto, M. (2016). Contrasting effects of biotic interactions on richness and distribution of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens in an arctic–alpine landscape. Polar Biology , 39 (4), 649-657.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: Alpine Beverages Company's Third-Party Logistics Research Paper examines the conditions for choosing a third-party logistics service company for the company's Dubai office. The paper discusses storage and delivery requirements, information systems requirements, and other information. The paper then goes on to recommend the most suitable service provider for Alpine Beverages.

Alpine Beverages Company's Third-Party Logistics Research Paper examines the conditions for choosing a third-party logistics service company for the company's Dubai office. The paper discusses storage and delivery requirements, information systems requirements, and other information. The paper then goes on to recommend the most suitable service provider for Alpine Beverages.

Alpine Beverages Company’s Third-Party Logistics Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Conditions 3. Storage Requirements 4. Delivery Requirements 5. Information Systems Requirements 6. Other Information 7. The Most Suitable Service Provider 8. Reference List Introduction Alpine Beverages is a multinational company with headquarters in Switzerland. It produces almost all possible soft drinks from carbonated to fresh milk ones. I will imagine that I am the Logistics Manager in the Dubai office. The purpose of this work is to decide which logistics service to choose to undertake warehousing and delivery. In the paper, several logistics companies will be discussed according to the conditions given in the task. Storage and delivery requirements will be taken into consideration. Then, it will be decided what online data should be available from the logistics service for Alpine Beverage to manage the process correctly. Finally, the appropriate third-party logistics service company will be selected. Conditions Firstly, the Dubai operation of Alpine Beverages needs 3400 pallet storage places. 3000 of them are required for hermetic cans, bottles, and cartons with long-life beverages that do not need cooling. 400 pallet places need cooling as fresh fruit juice, and flavored milk drinks are going to be kept in them. That is why the company needs an appropriate third-party cooperator that will be able to provide all the necessary pallet spaces. Secondly, a company is needed that can deliver beverages to three regions of Saudi Arabia, namely Dammam, Riyadh, and Jeddah. Moreover, Alpine Beverages have contracts with sellers in Muscat, Oman, and, naturally, the Emirates, where the office is situated. Thus, the transporting company should be the one operating in the whole region of the Middle East. Deliveries are supposed to be on a daily basis. Moreover, it is necessary to take into consideration that Alpine Beverages may acquire conditions that will enable it to expand the distribution network. It would not be very convenient to change the delivering and storing business partner because of that. That is why the third-party logistics service should be ready to satisfy the growing demands of Alpine Beverages. The company expects to increase its sales in the region by 50 percent in the next five years; that is why the logistics company needs to correspond to the expectations and, perhaps, also have clear plans for growing and development. Thirdly, for the sake of safety, drinks are to be transported on wooden pallets. It means that the third-party company should have enough pallets that correspond to the actual safety norms. It should be expected that the losses while transportation will be close to zero. Of course, the conditions that the third-party company provides for storing and transportation should be thoroughly inspected by the logistics manager himself or by the logistics experts assigned by Alpine Beverages. Finally, it is natural that Alpine Beverages would like to require information online at any time of day and night. It is necessary to establish better control of where and how the products move, how many of them have been delivered according to the plan, how many of them are in store, and the percentage of losses. This information may help analyze the effectiveness of the cooperation with the logistics company and recommend measures for improvement. In the next sections of the paper, several logistics companies will be discussed according to the above-mentioned criteria: the sufficient number of pallets for storage (3000 with ambient temperature and 400 with cooling); the geographical scope (with perspectives for growth); wooden pallets; the data that may be provided by the service online; other useful information provided by the logistics companies’ websites. The services will be compared, and the most suitable one will be chosen for negotiations as a potential business partner in the field of logistics. Storage Requirements Al-Futtaim Logistics claims to be the leader of the logistics market in Dubai (Al-Futtaim Logistics 2015). As for warehousing, the company provides 100 000 square meters with ambient and controllable temperature conditions. If Alpine Beverages decides to choose this company, it will be necessary to find out how many square meters may be lent for storing long-life and fresh drinks. At least, according to the information on the website, the company is ready to satisfy the needs of both small and big businesses (Al-Futtaim Logistics 2015). Thus, in this respect, Al-Futtaim Logistics suits Alpine Beverages perfectly. RAK Logistics is a company that presents itself as a global one (RAK Logistics 2017). As for warehousing, although it is not mentioned if they provide cooling or not, the authors of the website try to persuade the readers that the company is ready to satisfy absolutely any needs (RAK Logistics 2017). The requirements of Alpine Beverages are not that complex, that is why one may suppose that RAK Logistics will be able to cater to them. International Logistics Services claims that it provides the whole complex of services in the field of logistics (International Logistics Services 2016). On the website, it is mentioned that they organize transportation by road, sea, and air. However, nothing is said about warehousing. That is the reason why the company does not suit Alpine Beverages’ storage demands at all. Thus, the possibility of business cooperation becomes unlikely before the logistics manager knows for sure if the company provides warehousing services. The next company under consideration is AZ Logistic. Its headquarters are in Dubai, while the whole company operates in 48 countries (AZ Logistic 2017). It is necessary to find out about Saudi Arabia and Oman. On the website, they have a special section that presents their warehousing services. The company states that it is ready to meet any needs (AZ Logistic 2017). They have climate-control zones in their warehouses, that is why Alpine Beverages’ fresh drinks will be safe. In this case, AZ Logistic may be viewed as a future business partner. For now, Global Shipping & Logistics seems to be the most suitable company for warehousing the drinks. Their stores contain cool and cold blocks (Global Shipping & Logistics 2018). Moreover, the system is managed and controlled every day around the clock. The warehouses are equipped with CCTV cameras that may prevent theft. The company claims that it is able to cater to any specific needs (Global Shipping & Logistics 2018). To add, the option of repacking is included in the list of services. Although it is still necessary to require details, on the whole, such a business partner makes a good impression. The last company to discuss is Jenae Logistics. It is stated on their web resource that one of their fundamental operation principles is the combination of warehousing and distribution (Jenae Logistics 2014). For Alpine Beverages, it is quite important as viewing the two aspects of cooperation in a complex will certainly help reach a mutual understanding. However, at the same time, the site does not give any information about the storage conditions. One cannot learn from the given data if there are or are not coolers for fresh drinks. That is why for now, this company is under question and only partly suits the needs of the drink producer before more information about warehousing can be obtained. Delivery Requirements Further on, as for transportation services, Al-Futtaim Logistics states that it has the highest quality lorries to deliver any cargo (Al-Futtaim Logistics 2015). Moreover, one of the advantages of the company is that it delivers goods on the whole territory of the Emirates. This suits Alpine Beverages, but on the website, no other countries are mentioned (Al-Futtaim Logistics 2015). That is why there is a need to find out if they operate on the territories of Oman and Saudi Arabia. Before it is known, the company only partly suits this criterion. Further on, there is no information about wooden pallets. However, by analyzing the information about the modern equipment the company uses to transport goods all around the Emirates, one may guess that Al-Futtaim Logistics does have this simple device or may purchase pallets if the agreement with Alpine Beverages is reached. RAK Logistics provides not only lorries but also planes (RAK Logisiics 2017). That is rather convenient because this makes the logistics manager of Alpine Beverages more sure that the drinks will be delivered to Saudi Arabia and Oman in time and daily. It is also possible that drink distribution may involve transportation by sea, which is also available (RAK Logisiics 2017). In some cases, it may be needed because it will be cheaper, and in other ones, one means of transport may be used instead of another to avoid delays when they are predictable. That is why in this aspect, RAK Logistics is preferable to Alpine Beverages. International Logistics Services works all around the world (International Logistics Services 2016). They claim that the Middle East is the main direction in which they operate. Even if they do not have an office and a warehouse in Oman or Saudi Arabia, it is possible that their broad network of business partners will help. However, this may bring about a number of difficulties. For example, using the services of a partner may cause an increase in the cost of shipping and warehousing. Further on, they emphasize that their business policies are flexible (International Logistics Services 2016). Because of this, there is a reason to hope that they are ready to use wooden pallets if the cooperation with Alpine Beverages is profitable for them. Thus, the company may partly suit the needs of the drink-producing enterprise. It is possible to note that International Logistics Services promise that they are able to deliver cargoes within the period of 24 hours (International Logistics Services 2016). It is important especially for fresh drinks delivery, which may serve as a valuable bonus for cooperation and gaining profit. As it has already been mentioned, AZ Logistic does not give any information about distribution services in Oman or Saudi Arabia. They state that the main sphere of their interests is the Emirates (AZ Logistic 2017). This aspect is to be cleared up. To continue, the company proposes flexible conditions for transportation. On the website, it is stated that they are ready to make necessary changes in their operation to meet the needs and interests of the customer (AZ Logistic 2017). It means that wooden pallets are quite possible as it is not a difficult or costly thing to do to buy them. Global Shipping & Logistics’ head office and main warehouses are located in Dubai (Global Shipping & Logistics 2018). That is why it would be easier to reach an agreement with the company for them to distribute drinks not only around the Emirates but also in Oman and Saudi Arabia. It is quite possible that they will not have to use special storage on the territories of the latter two. If they have ones at their disposal, it is even more suitable, but the goods may be sent to the points of the distribution network by air or by sea from Dubai. This is also a good option as planes and ships (and in most cases, even trucks) are capable enough to deliver the cargo within one day. That is why in this respect, cooperation conditions are worth negotiating. Finally, Jenae Logistics assures that they will do everything in their power to satisfy the interests of the customer (Jenae Logistics 2014). They state that their operation is directed at providing services to distribution networks. This is suitable for Alpine Beverages as a network for selling long-life, and fresh drinks is what the company wants to establish in the Middle East. As Alpine Beverages expects to increase its profit throughout the region by 50 percent within the period of five years, it is possible that Jenae Logistics will be the most valuable partner as usually, distribution networks (if they are successful) tend to develop and expand. Alpine Beverages is an enterprise that sees clear and well-grounded prospects of development. Thus, Jenae Logistics, with its flexible policy of supporting commercial networks, may be of great value and sufficient help. Information Systems Requirements Al-Futtaim Logistics offers a variety of services connected with tracking the products. On the one hand, there is the option of checking the movement route of the cargo (Al-Futtaim Logistics 2015). The system is called Web Track & Trace. On the other hand, there is a link to Stock Status Tracker that allows seeing whether the goods are in the warehouse or are being delivered. Both options are presented on the website, which is rather convenient. The logistics manager of Alpine Beverages may enter it all around the clock, simply insert a track-number and find out about the status of the goods. That is why in this aspect, Al-Futtaim Logistics is acceptable as a commercial partner. RAK Logistics assures its website’s readers that the company uses a warehouse management digital system that allows tracking every item that is kept in the store (RAK Logistics 2017). Thus, the Alpine Beverages logistics manager or any other staff member (if he or she has access) may see and analyze all the goods’ movements. The service allows you to do it anytime. This option is valuable for Alpine Beverages as it enables the company to establish full control of every item. On the website of International Logistics Services, there is no information concerning online information systems. However, on the source, it is stated that the company is ready to establish a system of cooperation that will be suitable and profitable to the customer (International Logistics Services 2016). That is why even if they do not usually practice online tracking, such an option may be requested, discussed, and adopted. If Alpine Beverages negotiate such an opportunity, both companies may reach an agreement. AZ Logistic also uses an electronic system of monitoring and management (AZ Logistic 2017). However, unfortunately, the website gives no information on how it works and if it is possible for the customer to track the goods. This is a moot point, and the information should be required by the manager as the company meets the interests of Alpine Beverages and is likely to be among the preferable ones. Global Shipping & Logistics offers no such services as tracing or tracking. However, on the website, there is information that they may provide date coding, barcoding, and labeling (Global Shipping & Logistics 2018). It means that the company uses special software to control the goods in the warehouses and on the road. That is why it may be reasonable to negotiate using a system through which Alpine Beverages will be able to trace their drinks. There may be hope that the installation of and operating of the software will be cheap enough not to prevent the cooperation of the two companies. As for Janae Logistics, their website gives an opportunity to track the shipping online right on the source (Jenae Logistics 2014). On the one hand, it is convenient as the logistics manager of Alpine Beverages may insert a track-number anytime he needs and get the actual information about the cargoes. However, contrary to the system supported by RAK Logistics, there is no opportunity to track every item. Perhaps, the company provides such an option, but one cannot get any information about it on the site. That is why in this aspect, Jenae Logistics is certainly not a preferred business partner. Other Information As for Al-Futtaim Logistics, it has been operating for about ninety years so far (Al-Futtaim Logistics 2015). If the company has got such a long-term experience, it may be viewed as trustworthy. Moreover, in 2012, the company was certified by DNV on ISO 9001-2008. It means that Al-Futtaim Logistics has high rates in consulting and risk management. It adds to the advantages of the enterprise sufficiently. The history of RAK Logistics is not that rich. The company was founded only four years ago (RAK Logistics 2017). However, its establishment was the result of ten smaller companies merging into one. It is certainly a benefit as the enterprise combines in its daily operation and strategies the experience of the merged businesses. Moreover, their experience was gained in different countries, which is of special value to Alpine Beverages as it operates on an international scale. International Logistics Services have been working for ten years, which is a considerable period of time but cannot stand in the same line with, for example, Al-Futtaim Logistics (International Logistics Services 2016). Unfortunately, there is no data on the resource of International Logistics Services about their experience and the length of operation. As for AZ Logistic, it was founded twenty years that may be estimated as an impressive experience (AZ Logistic 2017). Global Shipping & Logistics have been on the market since 1975, which is not as considerable as the period of the existence of Al-Futtaim Logistics but rather close to it. Finally, Jenae Logistics gives no information on this subject. The Most Suitable Service Provider According to the discussed and analyzed information, Alpine Beverages will most likely choose Al-Futtaim Logistics as it corresponds to all the conditions required by the drink-producing company. Firstly, it has sufficient warehouses and equipment for storing and is able to keep both long-life drinks at the ambient temperature and the ones that need cooling. Secondly, it has a sufficient number of lorries that may deliver the products around the region within 24 hours, although it is still unclear if the enterprise works only in the Emirates or in the neighboring countries also. Thirdly, it has a well-developed and convenient system of tracing. In addition, Al-Futtaim Logistics has the longest experience among the companies under consideration. That is why it may be called the most suitable company, which may be helpful when Alpine Beverages’ volumes of a production increase by 50 percent in five years as planned. Alpine Beverages might also choose RAK Logistics as it satisfies the same demands as the former one. The only aspect that causes doubts is its probable lack of experience and organization as the enterprise has existed only for four years now. As for the other companies, they are not as suitable as the two that have just been mentioned because they do not completely satisfy or do not give enough information about the conditions which are significant for Alpine Beverages. That is why the latter needs to reconsider both options, contact the two chosen logistics companies, and hold official negotiations with them to learn more about the prices and other factors that may influence cooperation and prospects. Reference List Al-Futtaim Logistics 2015. Web. AZ Logistic 2017, Experts IT, Dubai. Web. Global Shipping & Logistics 2018. Web. International Logistics Services 2016, Pandora, Al Ain, UAE. Web. Jenae Logistics 2014. Web. RAK Logistics 2017. Web.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The essay discusses the history of the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, including its origins as a repertory company and its later expansion to include a school and a summer program.Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater began as a repertory company consisting of 7 dancers. The rave reviews of critics about the first concerts of the company in 1958-1960 marked the beginning of a new era in dance performances dedicated to the African-American theme.

The essay discusses the history of the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, including its origins as a repertory company and its later expansion to include a school and a summer program. Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater began as a repertory company consisting of 7 dancers. The rave reviews of critics about the first concerts of the company in 1958-1960 marked the beginning of a new era in dance performances dedicated to the African-American theme.

Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater and Its History Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction Alvin Ailey is an American dancer and choreographer, the founder of the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre, who made a significant contribution to the popularization of modern dance and the emergence of black dancers on the dance scene of the XX century. He once said that one of America’s greatest treasures was African-American culture: “bitter, gleeful, but always hopeful” (Gray 37). The classical ballet “Revelations” is a tribute to this culture and a tribute to the memory of Ailey’s genius. This performance staged to traditional African-American music in the spiritual style embodies the deep sorrow and light joy of the human soul. This masterpiece of choreographic art crowned the long way of the ascent of the Theater to the big stage. The modern Ailey’s dancers carefully carried the heritage of their teacher through the years to remind society of his way of showing the difficult history of his people. Main body Born in Rogers, Texas, on January 5, 1931, he was the only child of working-class parents who divorced when Alvin Ailey was two years old. In 1942, he moved with his mother to Los Angeles (Gray 35). Timid and shy by nature, Ailey suddenly begins to dance on the advice of a classmate from high school, who brought him to Lester Horton’s Hollywood studio in 1949 (Waters 31). Ailey immersed himself in the learning and development of his dance style suitable to him because of his athletic build. In 1954, he moved to New York with his partner Carmen De Lavallade to participate in the Broadway play “House of Flowers” (Waters 32). Successful performances and training from outstanding choreographers and dancers Martha Graham, Doris Humphrey, Charles Weidman, and Karel Shook led Alvin Ailey to the establishment of his dance and theatre company. Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater began as a repertory company consisting of 7 dancers. The rave reviews of critics about the first concerts of the company in 1958-1960 marked the beginning of a new era in dance performances dedicated to the African-American theme (Waters 33). The premiere performance of “Revelations” immediately glorified the dance company of Alvin Ailey as the first interpreter of the African-American experience. Taking as a musical basis a series of selected spirituals and gospels, crafted by Brother John Sellers, “Revelations” portrayed a series of Black religious rites. Thus, “the dance develops in tandem with the spiritual” (DeFrantz 6). It includes a group prayer (“I’ve Been Buked”), a ritual baptism ceremony (“Wade in the Water”), and a sacrament moment (“I Wanna Be Ready”). Then the performance portraits a duet of trust and support for the priest and parishioner (“Fix Me, Jesus”), and the solemn singing of the gospel (“Rock my soul in the bosom of Abraham”). An active study of the history of dance, the diverse repertoire of the company built a substantial part of Ailey’s dancers unique style. According to Ailey, it served as “an impetus to save modern dance, to understand where it came from and how it will develop, and to encourage the participation of the viewer in this process” (qt. in Topaz 18). The eclectic repertoire is represented by choreographers working in various dance styles, including ballet, jazz dance, modern, and Graham, Horton, and Dunham techniques (Foulkes 181-182). Ailey “focused on the theme of African Americans’ struggle for freedom and opportunity in his choreography,” and moreover, “his company cemented the small triumphs in the changing social composition of dance” (Foulkes 182). He encouraged his dancers to give personality-filled and highly emotional performances, which is a strategy that created the first-magnitude dance stars in American contemporary dance. Ailey created his Theater to represent the talents of his African-American counterparts, though the company never consisted exclusively of Black dancers. Ailey commented on the essence of his company: “We try to create a whole range of sensations, both for dancers and the audience” (Truitt 12). These words emphasize modesty and honesty in everything this man did for choreography. For many years, the Ailey troupe has been giving indescribable emotions not only to Black people but also to representatives of all races and nationalities. Ailey’s contribution to world culture is that he was able to show the beauty and depth of the black artist’s dance to the world, giving pride and inspiration to the heart of every African American. Ailey’s legacy for the dance world is the freedom to choose between ballet, jazz dance, and social dance to maximize the expressiveness of a person’s essence in the movement needed for a suitable theatrical moment. Consequently, a positive image of African Americans, their bodies and souls, is created. “Revelations” significantly resonates with me and my vision of the African American culture is based on deep spirituality, and the power of African American spirit and will is reflected in the movements of dancers on the stage. While recreating my own “Revelations” as a dance and revelations as the spiritual breakthrough, I should focus on the beginning of this dance. When a group of dancers stands with their arms spread and heads downward seeming to be ready to fly despite being suppressed, I feel both the dancers and audience will start their spiritual voyage. Conclusion My own revelation is that each person, in spite of his or her race and life situation, has the right to freedom and the chance. Observing this dance, I can learn more about the African American’s cultural heritage focusing on gospel songs and see these people’s desire to be free represented in their impressive movements. Therefore, my own dance to claim spirituality would have the similar amplitude in movements as Ailey’s dancers had, and faces should be directed upward to accentuate the path for the thought. Works Cited DeFrantz, Thomas F. Dancing Revelations: Alvin Ailey’s Embodiment of African American Culture . Oxford University Press, 2006. Foulkes, Julia L. Modern Bodies: Dance and American Modernism from Martha Graham to Alvin Ailey . University of North Carolina Press, 2002. Gray, Allan S. “Life With Alvin: A Kansas City Story.” Alvin Ailey: An American Visionary , edited by Muriel Topaz. Routledge, 2018, pp. 35-40. Topaz, Muriel. “An Inside View of the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater.” Alvin Ailey: An American Visionary , edited by Muriel Topaz. Routledge, 2018, pp. 13-20. Truitte, James. “Dear Alvin.” Alvin Ailey: An American Visionary , edited by Muriel Topaz. Routledge, 2018, pp. 9-12. Waters, Sylvia. “Alvin Ailey Repertory Ensemble.” Alvin Ailey: An American Visionary , edited by Muriel Topaz. Routledge, 2018, pp. 29-34.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: Amazon is a global e-commerce giant with the greatest market value in the world. The company has been successful in invading the market and reaching every family in the globe. However, its activity has a direct influence on the U.S. economy, impacting both investments and job opportunities. Amazon is currently aiming to expand its presence and looks to open the second headquarters in one of the U.S. cities.

Amazon is a global e-commerce giant with the greatest market value in the world. The company has been successful in invading the market and reaching every family in the globe. However, its activity has a direct influence on the U.S. economy, impacting both investments and job opportunities. Amazon is currently aiming to expand its presence and looks to open the second headquarters in one of the U.S. cities.

Amazon’s Acquisitions to Fuel Next Growth Phase Essay Table of Contents 1. Amazon’s Current Situation 2. Applied Strategies 3. The vision of the Company’s Future 4. Conclusion 5. Work Cited Amazon.com has merely invaded the market and reached every family in the globe. Its activity has a direct influence on the U.S. economy, impacting both investments and job opportunities. Currently, the enterprise is aiming to expand its presence and looks to open the second headquarters in one of the U.S. cities. The purpose of this research is to study the giant’s present situation, discuss the applied strategies, and make forecasts regarding its future. It is known that the corporation has the largest market value among all online stores and continues to invest in technologies that assist it with expanding business assets (Columbus). One can assume that in the upcoming years the company will merge with a part of small businesses creating even stronger completion to the rest of the market players. Amazon’s Current Situation At present, Amazon is a global e-commerce giant with the greatest market value in the world. Among all groups of products that the company has in stock, the highest revenues come from electronics. In 2017, the mentioned category of wares brought the corporation an estimated $8.5 billion in sales (Columbus). This year, the retailer announced a multi-year partnership with Best Buy, which involves the launch of HD Fire TV Edition model variations from Toshiba and Insignia (Columbus). Currently, the company operates in the three major dimensions: Amazon Prime, Amazon Marketplace, and Amazon Web Services. Amazon Prime represents the subdivision that is known to every consumer. It covers e-commerce activities, customer communication, product description, and after-sale services. Amazon Web Services introduces a specially designed computing platform for developers, while Amazon Marketplace offers web hosting for third-party sellers. Regarding the size of the company, the retailer employs an extended number of workers. By October 2018 the employee count has reached 575,000, which includes both part-time and full-time hires (Columbus). Hiring contractual workers helps the corporation to keep its expenses in constant check. Market researchers, however, admit that with the rapid growth the company demonstrates, Amazon seriously affects other retailers forcing them to cut back on wages and strictly limit workplaces (Columbus). Thus, regardless of how favorable the situation within the firm is, Amazon’s impact on the overall unemployment rate is not always positive. When discussing the company’s financial portfolio, one needs to operate with both income and investment statistics. At the end of 2017 Amazon’s annual returns showed $22.28 billion in cash equivalents (Columbus). The enterprise also had $737 million of equity investments in private and public organizations (Columbus). The given statistics relate to the fact that the corporation not only focuses on consumers’ satisfaction but pays attention to the importance of aiding smaller businesses. By allowing third-party sellers to list their products on the site, Amazon creates favorable conditions for attracting new customers. Columbus stresses that 900,000 people have been employed owing to the company’s platform for entrepreneurs. It is known that the enterprise is currently in search of a city, which would be the home for its second headquarters. With regards to this fact, one may conclude that additional job opportunities will soon be created granting a chance for new talents to disclose their full potential. However, the number of jobs and average wages depend on the tax regulations applied to the state where the city is located. Applied Strategies At the moment, the company utilizes some strategies to attract new customers and increase its revenues. One of these strategies is focused on the “hunt for underserved market areas with high transaction volumes and undifferentiated channels that deliver margin growth” (Columbus). While the rest of the corporations adhere to the policy of defending acquired territories, Amazon attempts to conquer free zones and expand sales outlets. The given approach allows the enterprise to go beyond the existing model of business and consolidate with the formidable market players. Each time such an opportunity arrives the company refers to its second strategy aimed at integration and combination of assets. Acquiring C.H. Robinson, for example, would allow Amazon to scale up its third-party logistics services and enter new market areas (Columbus). The fact that C.H. Robinson is advanced in using cloud-based applications only makes the idea of consolidation more attractive. Another strategic model is linked to learning and exploiting AI technologies. The corporation makes focuses on developing and further use of virtual assistants that would help consumers to immediately resolve the occurring issues and thus, allow the e-shop to reduce the number of complaints (Columbus). Amazon is also seeking to provide its programming community with the basic AI tools to strengthen its contribution to the company’s market growth. Successful implementation of virtual intelligence would lead to much lower operational costs and additional income from the raised number of platform users. As referred to the customer communication, the retailer works on expanding the available Alexa voice services. Recent company reports have shown that options integrated into the Amazon Echo stimulate customers to order more goods. With regards to this fact, adding new functions to a machine interface is a correct strategic decision that might raise the volume of sales. By optimizing the product search, the enterprise demonstrates its intention to continue conquering the market. The vision of the Company’s Future The company’s future is tightly linked to improving logistics and making shipping fast and convenient. Amazon has recently unveiled the concept of creating flying warehouses that are operated remotely and accommodate drones capable of delivering packages to the ground (Columbus). This airship would remain at high altitudes and would be regularly refueled by an aircraft. At the moment, the enterprise is working on the enhancement of its robots and adapting them to air conditions. Market researchers admit that the introduction of drone delivery would be a considerable step into the future. Regarding Amazon’s financial situation, economists already make forecasts for the next 10 years. If the corporation manages to keep a yearly growth rate at 20% during the outlined period, it can raise its revenues to $1 trillion by 2027 (Columbus). The mentioned goal is much easier to achieve if the company’s intentions are supported by a cost-effective price policy. Lowering prices, in this case, could seriously assist with the task. Conclusion Amazon is a global giant, which disposes of extensive resources and has strictly defined strategies to successfully compete on the market and conquer new territories. A favorable economic situation within the company allows the enterprise to think of opening the second headquarters and creating additional jobs. Also, a clear vision of the future contributes to the corporation’s faster development and leads to the introduction of revolutionary services in the upcoming years. The given advantages stimulate returning consumers to order goods on a more frequent basis. Work Cited Columbus, Louis. “ 5 Acquisitions that Will Fuel Amazon’s Next Growth Phase. ” Forbes . 2018. Web.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The paper examines different modes of transporting a person to a healthcare facility. It is necessary to identify the situations when healthcare providers should rely on ambulance vehicles and when air medical services are more appropriate.

The paper examines different modes of transporting a person to a healthcare facility. It is necessary to identify the situations when healthcare providers should rely on ambulance vehicles and when air medical services are more appropriate.

Ambulance Vehicles and Air Medical Services Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Different Types of Emergencies 2. The Choice between Vehicles and Air Evacuation 3. Conclusion 4. References Medical workers’ response to an emergency depends on the nature of the injury sustained by a patient, the location of this individual, weather conditions, and many other factors. This paper will examine different modes of transporting a person to a healthcare facility. Much attention should be given to the use of ambulance automobiles and air transportation. In particular, it is necessary to identify the situations when healthcare providers should rely on ambulance vehicles. Additionally, one should determine when air medical services are more appropriate. This essay will also discuss whether it is better to use and improve ambulance vehicles or air medical services. Overall, hospitals should focus primarily on ambulance vehicles since they are most widely used for transporting patients; however, they should also work on acquiring capabilities for air evacuation; otherwise, the needs of patients cannot be met. Different Types of Emergencies In some cases, it is more preferable to use ambulance cars instead of helicopters. Firstly, this argument applies to the situations in which a patient is relatively close to the acute care facility (Selbst, 2014). Under such circumstances, the use of helicopters may not achieve any substantial time savings. It is also important to consider the cases in which the healthcare problems experienced by a patient are not very acute (Low & Hulme, 2014). For instance, sometimes, an individual may have already received preliminary medical assistance. One should remember that the injuries suffered by a person differ in terms of their urgency. For example, the needs of a person struggling with a significant blood loss are more urgent than the needs of people who only have skin lesions or bruises. In some cases, the decreased speed of transportation does not pose a threat to the life and health of a patient. Furthermore, very often, the use of vehicles can be the only option available to medical workers. For example, harsh weather conditions can prevent them from using helicopters (Low & Hulme, 2014). Sometimes, there is no opportunity for transporting a person by air because helicopters and airplanes are already being used for the needs of other patients. Thus, healthcare providers have to transport a patient only with the help of vehicles. However, there are situations in which air medical services are more appropriate. Firstly, this approach is more suitable when healthcare providers have to operate in vast areas. In this case, the speed of helicopters or airplanes can play a critical role in saving the life of a patient. Additionally, sometimes, a patient has to be urgently transported to an advanced medical facility where certain types of surgery can be performed (Cone, Brice, Delbridge, & Myers, 2015). Under such circumstances, any significant delay can have catastrophic effects on the health of a patient. Secondly, the application of this method is essential when road transportation is disrupted due to some reasons. For instance, it is critical in case of natural disasters like earthquakes and floods that make road transportation impossible (Motomura et al., 2018). Much attention should also be paid to the emergencies taking place in mountainous areas and other places that cannot be easily accessed by cars (Auerbach, Cushing, & Harris, 2016). It is also possible to mention various combat situations when the use of helicopters is the only possible option. To a great extent, these examples indicate that both vehicles and air transportation may be necessary for the work of healthcare providers. While selecting a mode of transportation, medical workers should take into account various factors such as the location of the patient, the state of his/her health, and availability of resources. The Choice between Vehicles and Air Evacuation Hospitals and policy-makers should focus their efforts on the use and improvements of ambulance vehicles. There are several reasons why this strategy appears to be the most optimal one. Firstly, emergencies requiring air evacuation are relatively rare (Cone et al., 2015). In most cases, it is not necessary to use either airplanes or helicopters. By contrast, ambulance cars are used daily. Thus, they are more important for meeting the daily needs of patients. One should also mention that despite some advantages of air medical services, this option may not be always available to medical workers. As it has been said before, this mode of transportation cannot be selected in case of bad weather conditions (Cameron, Browne, Mitra, Dalziel, & Craig, 2018). In this case, the attempt to use helicopters can only endanger the lives of both patients and medical workers. Furthermore, the use of vehicles is usually more cost-effective than air medical services. Sometimes, hospitals and communities may not have the financial resources to purchase helicopters or airplanes needed for the evacuation of patients (Cameron et al., 2018). Given these issues, hospital administrators should focus on the use of vehicles. To a large degree, this recommendation is premised on the assumption that the resources of medical institutions are limited. Therefore, managers have to choose those alternatives that can maximize the welfare of patients. Additionally, other objective factors can make ambulance vehicles more advantageous than air transportation. Firstly, to provide air medical services, healthcare agencies have to incur significant costs on staff training (Galazkowski et al., 2015). Moreover, hospitals will have to hire pilots who are allowed to fly at night. Each of these tasks requires additional financial resources that medical institutions may not have (Schottke, 2016). Such difficulties do not normally arise when ambulance automobiles are used. Therefore, public administrators should focus their attention on the improvement of ambulance vehicles. This strategy will enable them to ensure more effective use of the funding provided by taxpayers. Moreover, this policy will ensure that hospitals can adequately serve the most pressing needs of patients. At the same time, one should not forget about the benefits that air medical services can bring. In many cases, this form of transportation is the only method of helping patients who require immediate help. Hence, the use of vehicles and helicopters should not be viewed as two mutually exclusive options. More likely, these approaches should supplement each other; otherwise, the needs of patients may not be adequately served. To acquire these capabilities, medical institutions have to work together. In particular, they have to estimate the overall annual need for the use of helicopters. Secondly, they should invest assets in procuring helicopters and recruiting the personnel who will be responsible for conducting rescue operations. By taking such actions, these organizations can increase their preparedness for medical emergencies. Conclusion This discussion suggests that hospital administrators may have to use both ambulance vehicles and air medical services. As a rule, medical institutions have to rely on vehicles to respond to the needs of patients. Therefore, healthcare organizations should use and improve this form of transportation. However, very often, helicopters and airplanes are indispensable for assisting people requiring urgent help. In their turn, medical workers should develop a strategy for using helicopters and airplanes. On the whole, hospital administrators should be able to combine both ambulance vehicles and air medical services. This policy will be critical for safeguarding patients against various risks. References Auerbach, P., Cushing, T., & Harris, S. (2016). Auerbach’s wilderness medicine E-book (7th ed.). New York, NY: Elsevier Health Sciences. Cameron, P., Browne, G., Mitra, B., Dalziel, S., & Craig, S. (Eds.). (2018). Textbook of paediatric emergency medicine (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Elsevier Health Sciences. Cone, D., Brice, J., Delbridge, T., & Myers, B. (Eds.). (2015). Emergency medical services: Clinical practice and systems oversight (2nd ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Galazkowski, R., Wolkowski, W., Mikos, M., Szaija, S., Wejnarski, A., & Swiezewski, S. (2015). The strategy of training staff for a new type of helicopter as an element of raising the security level of flight operations. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics , 21 (4), 558-567. Low, A., & Hulme, J. (Eds.) (2014). ABC of transfer and retrieval medicine . New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Motomura, T., Hirabayashi, A., Yamauchi, N., Nakamura, M., Machida, H., Fujizuka, K.,… Koido, Y. (2018). Aeromedical transport operations using helicopters during the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake in Japan. Journal of Nippon Medical School , 85 (2), 124-140. Schottke, D. (2016). Emergency medical responder: Your first response in emergency care (6th ed.). New York, NY: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Selbst, S. (2014). Pediatric emergency medicine secrets (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Elsevier Health Sciences.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The US Constitution is a remarkable document that represents a victory of democracy, but the victory was also rather biased.The document focused on the interests of a specific group (white middle-class men) when developing the document. On the one hand, the primary goal of the document was achieved, as it defined the scope of the power of the new state. On the other hand, the needs of such people as women, ethnic minorities, immigrants, and the poor were left out of consideration almost

The US Constitution is a remarkable document that represents a victory of democracy, but the victory was also rather biased. The document focused on the interests of a specific group (white middle-class men) when developing the document. On the one hand, the primary goal of the document was achieved, as it defined the scope of the power of the new state. On the other hand, the needs of such people as women, ethnic minorities, immigrants, and the poor were left out of consideration almost

American Constitution, Its Strengths and Gaps Essay The US Constitution is a remarkable document that represents a victory of democracy, but the victory was also rather biased. The Founding Fathers focused on the interests of a specific group (white middle-class men) when developing the document. On the one hand, the primary goal of the document was achieved, as it defined the scope of the power of the new state (“The Constitution of the United States”). On the other hand, the needs of such people as women, ethnic minorities, immigrants, and the poor were left out of consideration almost completely. This approach resulted in the creation of the context for lasting tensions in American society. The US Constitution was a considerable step toward the development of a new nation, but the actual power of the people (which the Constitution proclaimed) was very limited. The first articles and sections of the document address important aspects related to powers, responsibilities, and rights. The country’s pool of voters is claimed to consist of citizens who have reached a certain age and reside in the corresponding state (“The Constitution of the United States”). This may seem to embody a democratic dogma and represent an illustration of the power of the people. However, the real distribution of power was very different from the written text. The wording of the oath of allegiance for those who tried to oppose particular laws reveals some gaps in the Constitution. The men were to acknowledge and profess “the authority and power which is or may be vested by their Constituents in the Congress of the United States” (“Oaths of Allegiance from Shelburne, Colrain and Deerfield”). It is clear that the power of Congress is placed far above the individual rights of people. The authority of the government of a country is rarely subject to scrutiny, as it often ensures the welfare of the entire nation. However, the words written in the US Constitution shed light on some aspects of life in that period. It is important to consider the people behind the words in order to understand the weakness of the document. The Founding Fathers were all wealthy men who represented quite a small group within 18 th -century society (“Meet the Framers of the Constitution”). These people were slave owners, planters, rich businessmen, judges, and members of the wealthiest families in the region. Obviously, such representatives were unlikely to defend the rights of slaves and former slaves, workers, and poor farmers, small traders, and immigrants. The rights of women and children were also absent from their agendas, as they hardly attempted to think about such things. The way people who lived at that time thought about women’s rights is illustrative. The majority of people (both men and women) shared the views of a person who was known as “Friend of the Ladies.” This author wrote a letter discussing the voting rights of women (“Objections of a “Friend of the Ladies” to Women’s Suffrage in New Jersey” 304). In a nutshell, the author states that elections are not suitable events for women who are to maintain their gentleness. This letter is similar to the US Constitution in a way. Both documents claim to be written by the people and for the people. However, in reality, they were prepared by people in power so that the rest of the population would follow their rules. The letter reveals a common view that the discussion of women’s voting rights was hardly permissible, as the very process of participating in elections was inappropriate for females. Women had to fight for their rights for over a century, but they managed to earn these rights with the help of the Constitution and its ambiguity. However, irrespective of its drawbacks and inconsistencies, the US Constitution was a significant historical document that paved the way for the creation and development of a new country. People used their power to become the hosts on their land, even though only a very limited group had almost unlimited power. Although many things remained mere declarations, they became a part of the backbone of the young nation. Later, people managed to win their rights back through protests and even violence. They referred to the Constitution, and, eventually, the USA became one of the most potent democratic societies. Of course, many issues still remain, and they are deeply rooted in this foundational document. In conclusion, it is necessary to stress that the US Constitution is an important historical document that can be regarded as one of the first steps in the creation of the country. It contained important provisions related to the distribution of power. However, it was written by a very small group of people who possessed a large part of the country’s wealth. Of course, this fact contributed to the inclusion of numerous gaps and inconsistencies in the document. Americans could feel truly empowered, but the tools to ensure this empowerment were not properly described in the primary law of the country. It took decades for the American population to become a mature nation, and the US Constitution developed in the late 18 th century was one of the important milestones on its way. Works Cited “ Meet the Framers of the Constitution. ” National Archives . 2018. Web. “ Oaths of Allegiance from Shelburne, Colrain and Deerfield. ” Springfield Technical Community College , 2008. Web. “Objections of a “Friend of the Ladies” to Women’s Suffrage in New Jersey, 1802.” Encyclopedia of Women’s History in America . 2nd ed., 2014. “ The Constitution of the United States: A Transcription. ” National Archives . 2018. Web.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The American dream is still alive for some, but not all, immigrants to the United States. While some immigrants have been able to achieve great success, others have not been as fortunate. The reasons for this vary, but include factors such as the cost of living, the cost of education, and the fact that the American dream is yet to be realized by immigrants in the nation.

The American dream is still alive for some, but not all, immigrants to the United States. While some immigrants have been able to achieve great success, others have not been as fortunate. The reasons for this vary, but include factors such as the cost of living, the cost of education, and the fact that the American dream is yet to be realized by immigrants in the nation.

Is the American Dream Still Alive? Rhetorical Essay Discussion Members The four members of the discussion would be Tina Pham, her father, Tony Pham, Tina’s grandmother, Linh, and Tina’s favorite cousin Thien. Each of the members of the discussion is associated with being a deep thinker, and they are likely to have good contributions to the discussion topic, particularly because, cumulatively, they have lived through a century. The main reason for choosing them is because they are intellects and they would provide a clearer view of the topic. Discussion Topic The topic of discussion in this setting would be the American dream and the factors associated with the quest. This topic is appropriate for the group because every member is an immigrant, and they had to start from the lowest point when they landed in America. The conversation would start with Linh and Tony Pham narrating their experiences in Vietnam before migrating to the United States. Linh would discuss the many times that her family was internally displaced in war-torn Vietnam. She would vividly narrate the stories as a student trying to gain as much knowledge as she could in business management. She loved reading so much that she was nicknamed “library.” She would then talk about her years working for her mother’s company and how she lost her father. The discussion would then shift to the political changes that she witnessed in Vietnam and how they forced her family to migrate to the South after the nation was split into two. This would invite a discussion on the actual effects of war in nations pursuing revolutionary changes in their regimes and the negative effects of the course on the citizens. Tony Pham would join the discussion by recalling his experiences during the Vietnam Civil War as he builds on the factors that led to his quest for the American dream. He would narrate about the many friends he lost to the war and how he was always afraid of dawn because every day was associated with more deaths and injuries of soldiers and citizens. He would then shift the story to the time he finally managed to escape from Vietnam after several failed attempts that landed him in jail. He would discuss his first impression when he landed in the United States in 1998. The conversation would then shift to the main topic, which is the quest for the American dream. Tony Pham would talk about the expectations he had and the difficulties he met in the United States because of the lack of employment. He would clearly talk about the days he had to work several jobs to earn a living while still studying to get a better job. Tina and her Cousin would then join the discussion and talk about the fact that the same issues are being faced by Americans across the nation. They would talk about the cost of living, the cost of education, and the fact that the American dream is yet to be realized by immigrants in the nation. Tina’s grandmother would be interested to learn that while life was getting better by the day for her son and her grandchildren, the American dream is yet to be actualized for them. Conclusion The discussion would culminate with the inference that the American dream is still alive, but immigrants in the United States are yet to be adequately empowered to achieve it. The family would be glad that they survived the ordeals of war and hardships, but they would still be looking to achieve the American dream. Indeed, the American dream is still alive.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The paper discusses the importance of communication in American healthcare institutions and ways to improve it. It is critical to mention that evidence-based practice can be a useful tool in this respect. In particular, two evidence-based practices that are useful in attaining this goal are discussed.

The paper discusses the importance of communication in American healthcare institutions and ways to improve it. It is critical to mention that evidence-based practice can be a useful tool in this respect. In particular, two evidence-based practices that are useful in attaining this goal are discussed.

American National Patient Safety Goals Research Paper Introduction The need to improve safety in American healthcare institutions has attracted the close attention of many public organizations. For instance, the Joint Commission (2018) identifies a set of goals required for reducing the threats to which patients may be exposed. This paper will be focused on such an objective as the improvement of communication between staff members. In particular, it is critical to discuss two evidence-based practices that are useful in attaining this goal. Furthermore, one should show how nurses will support the adoption of these practices in medical institutions. Overall, these professionals will act as intermediaries who will establish stronger connections between patients and various members of the healthcare team. The Concept of Evidence-Based Practice and Its Relevance to Communication The notion of evidence-based practice (EBP) is closely related to the goals identified by the Joint Commission. EBP can be defined as a set of activities aimed at integrating the most recent and reliable research in the decision-making of healthcare professionals (Hoffman, Bennett, & Del Mar 2013). Medical workers can rely on EBP to analyze their communication in clinical settings. Insufficient exchange of information is reported to carry many negative implications for patients. In particular, one should focus on medical errors leading to complications, injuries, and even deaths (Stapley et al., 2018). Therefore, it is essential to find those approaches that can foster communication among caregivers. Healthcare professionals should adopt those practices whose benefits have been shown by reliable studies (Hoffman et al., 2013). If hospitals fail to perform this task, patients will remain exposed to many risks. Moreover, medical institutions will have to incur substantial costs resulting from lawsuits. There are several methods that should be considered by nurses and other healthcare professionals. Existing Ways of Improving Communication in Clinical Settings Researchers have developed several strategies that can facilitate the exchange of information between caregivers. One of them is the use of structured handoff reports in which patients are actively engaged (Taylor, 2015). The main peculiarity of this approach is that a new member of the healthcare team should always receive certain pieces of information (Taylor, 2015). For example, this professional should be told about the diagnosis given by physicians, patients’ allergies, his/her vital signs, current symptoms, the recommended course of treatment, and other details needed for taking proper decisions (Taylor, 2015). The new healthcare provider is also expected to meet a patient who may tell about any changes in his/her state (Taylor, 2015). This approach is reported to minimize the risk of information loss and avoid various medical errors (Taylor, 2015). It has already been adopted by some hospitals in the United States. Nursing professionals will play a critical role in supporting the adoption of this evidence-based practice. Firstly, these medicals workers will regularly communicate with patients and ensure that their concerns and needs are known to other caregivers. For instance, they will inform physicians about possible changes in the physical and mental state of patients. Additionally, they will interact with physicians and discuss those issues that should be communicated to new members of the healthcare team. Sometimes, they will have to ask additional questions if they think that a critical piece of information has been omitted. Finally, they will alert other healthcare professionals about the key issues relevant to the patient’s needs. To a large degree, they will act as the intermediaries between different professionals who are responsible for treating the patient. Additionally, researchers advocate the strategy known as huddles or regular daily meetings of the healthcare team. During these meetings, medical workers can discuss the current needs of patients (Rodriguez, Meredith, Hamilton, Yano, & Rubenstein, 2015). Furthermore, they will identify those individuals who require additional attention (Rodriguez et al., 2015). For instance, some people struggling with multiple co-morbidities can be more vulnerable to the risks posed by inadequate exchange of information. Medical workers will also speak about those issues that are unclear to them (Stapley et al., 2018). For instance, they can make inquiries about the handoff information that may be missing. The use of huddles can produce several significant benefits. Firstly, this strategy ensures that no member of the healthcare team is excluded from the discussion (Rodriguez et al., 2015). Moreover, this approach is helpful in removing the confusion caused by the lack of clear goals and instructions. Thus, it should be considered by hospital administrators and other medical workers. In this case, nurses will also be instrumental in ensuring that no important information is disregarded. They will interact with patients and their relatives to learn about the major concerns of these people. They will speak about these concerns during huddles if they are overlooked by other caregivers. Furthermore, they will raise the alarm about the issues that can cause misunderstanding of the members of the healthcare team. Finally, they will talk to other nurses to ensure that these people can see the most pressing and complex tasks. Overall, the main function of nurses will be to foster communication between healthcare teams and patients. Ethical Comportment Apprenticeship The focus on EBP will significantly influence my professional activities as a registered nurse. In particular, I will take into account available research findings to assess my current practices and decisions. I will try to determine if they are consistent with the recommendations that have already been tested in various clinical settings. In my opinion, EBP will prompt me to reach higher professional standards. Additionally, I will pay more attention to the importance of communication in the workplace. Some evidence-based practices focus on proper interactions between caregivers. In many cases, this aspect is vital for avoiding dangerous medical errors and delays. The implementation of EBPs is one of the ethical responsibilities that nurses and other healthcare workers should fulfill. Patients put trust in the competence of these professionals. They expect that medical organizations rely on the safest and most effective methods that can ensure the best treatment outcomes. Moreover, they believe that physicians and nurses apply existing research findings to improve their work. The failure to do it can be viewed as the betrayal of patients’ trust. Additionally, it can be seen as the waste of public funds given to healthcare organizations. Thus, medical workers are ethically obliged to study EBPs and adopt them. Conclusion Nurses can help healthcare institutions attain safety goals identified by the Joint Commission. One of such objectives is to improve communication between caregivers. Nurses can act as coordinators and intermediaries between patients and physicians. In particular, they can ensure no vital piece of information is missing. In this way, they will prevent patients from being exposed to the risks resulting from miscommunication. References Hoffman, T., Bennett, S., & Del Mar C. (2013). Evidence-based practice across the health professions (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Elsevier Health Sciences. Joint Commission. (2018). Hospital national patient safety goals . Web. Rodriguez, H., Meredith, L., Hamilton, A., Yano, E., & Rubenstein, L. (2015). Huddle up!: The adoption and use of structured team communication for VA medical home implementation. Healthcare Management Review , 40 (4), 286-299. Stapley, E., Sharples, E., Lachman, P., Lakhanpaul, M., Wolpert, M., & Deighton, J. (2018). Factors to consider in the introduction of huddles on clinical wards: Perceptions of staff on the SAFE programme. International Journal for Quality in Health Care , 30 (1), 44-49. Taylor, J. (2015). Improving patient safety and satisfaction with standardized bedside handoff and walking rounds. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing , 19 (4), 414-416.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The American National Security Challenges and Strategy essay discusses how the United States is dealing with three main national security challenges: terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, and promotion of democracy abroad.

The American National Security Challenges and Strategy essay discusses how the United States is dealing with three main national security challenges: terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, and promotion of democracy abroad.

American National Security Challenges and Strategy Essay It is indisputable that the United States is the only superpower in the current international system, even though it faces several challenges as far as its national interests are concerned. The main interest of any state in the global system is the maintenance of security. The US is confronted with several national security challenges, but terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, and promotion of democracy abroad are some of the top priorities of foreign policymakers. These are the three challenges that this article will talk about in detail. Starting with terrorism, the United States is struggling to overturn the influence of terrorists, both domestically and abroad. One of the strategies utilized is disarming terrorist operations and seizing the initiative from them through the promotion of freedom and democracy. After the 9/11 attack, the United States invaded Afghanistan and Iraq with the main aim of flushing out members of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda, which is a known terrorist group that has always targeted the United States, even in other countries. Therefore, the United States is faced with the enormous challenge of identifying, disrupting and destroying the activities of extremist organizations. It does this through assaulting the leadership, command the communications lines of these extremist organizations. It is noted that terrorist organizations receive funding from some governments, meaning that the United States should always identify these governments and attack them. The second challenge facing the United States as far as national security is concerned is the spread of mass destruction weapons. In the current international system, even weak states such as India and Pakistan are in a position to produce nuclear energy. The main problem is not the production of nuclear energy but its utilization. It is feared that nuclear energy would be a real threat to the interests of all states in the international system in case it gets into the hands of extremist organizations and terrorists. Therefore, the US has formulated some policies to prevent rogue states such as Iran and North Korea from acquiring weapons of mass destruction (Sciolino 56). In 2005, a decision was reached globally that the intelligence community should utilize all possible means to prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction because its consequences are stern. The United States employs a proactive counter-proliferation strategy as one way of preventing the spread of WMD. The main aim of the intelligence agency is to collect adequate information that would help in the mitigation of the problem. In this regard, the inclusion of other actors such as the supranational and other state actors is very important. The United States has been forced to engage other states such as India to help in the collection of intelligence reports in Asia. Lastly, the issue of maintenance and promotion of democracy is another challenge to the United States. As a superpower, the United States has investments in almost all countries in the world. These investments and business interests would only flourish in case of peace prevails. It is confirmed beyond a reasonable doubt that democracy is favorable to trade and commerce. Therefore, the United States engages in programs that promote democracy because of its interests in trade globally. In states that do not appreciate democracy, such as Libya, Tunisia, Ivory Coast, Egypt, and Syria, the United States has always supported all efforts to bring about democracy and open up the economy. Works Cited Sciolino, Elaine. Persian Mirrors: The Elusive Face of Iran . New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The ability to convey to people this or that problem through the cinema is perhaps one of the main advantages of this art form. If it is about documentary films, such pictures, as a rule, do not gain much popularity. However, the project An Inconvenient Truth directed by Davis Guggenheim was a discovery for both critics and the audience ( An Inconvenient Truth ). This documentary presented the story about the dangers and consequences of global warming and described what was previously unacceptable

The ability to convey to people this or that problem through the cinema is perhaps one of the main advantages of this art form. If it is about documentary films, such pictures, as a rule, do not gain much popularity. However, the project An Inconvenient Truth directed by Davis Guggenheim was a discovery for both critics and the audience ( An Inconvenient Truth ). This documentary presented the story about the dangers and consequences of global warming and described what was previously unacceptable

An Inconvenient Truth: Critical Review Essay (Movie Review) The ability to convey to people this or that problem through the cinema is perhaps one of the main advantages of this art form. If it is about documentary films, such pictures, as a rule, do not gain much popularity. However, the project An Inconvenient Truth directed by Davis Guggenheim was a discovery for both critics and the audience ( An Inconvenient Truth ). This documentary presented the story about the dangers and consequences of global warming and described what was previously unacceptable to discuss. Therefore, many people were able to see the picture about the threat to the Earth’s climate and draw appropriate conclusions about what measures could be taken to avoid atmospheric pollution and temperature increase. Human-Induced Climate Change The authors of the film talk about climate changes caused by the human technogenic activity. Many world disasters are caused by too active work on the introduction of new technologies in industrial areas, excessive harmful emissions into the atmosphere, etc. (Cook et al. 2). The picture creators, for example, suggest that the infamous hurricane Katrina, which claimed the lives of many people, could be the cause of climate change, influenced by the human activity ( An Inconvenient Truth ). In addition, the authors mention a gradual annual increase in temperature, which also indicates irreversible consequences in the terrestrial atmosphere. More Action to Mitigate Global Warming Urgent measures to mitigate global warming and its consequences should necessarily be undertaken. The fact is that this issue is connected not only with a gradual increase in temperature; many other problems are also caused by the climate change under the influence of the human activity (Cook et al. 1). For example, the state of the planet’s air leaves much to be desired. The ozone layer that is destroyed under the influence of harmful emissions into the atmosphere ceases to serve as a natural protection against hazardous radiation. The purity of air, water, soil, etc., largely depends on the climate, which tends to gradually deteriorate. To protect the environment, it is necessary to disseminate information about all these problems as much as possible and create more such films as An Inconvenient Truth for people to know about the consequences of pollution. Effectiveness of the Film The effectiveness of the film and its success are beyond doubt. The picture caused a rather large public response, and it is confirmed by several significant awards. For example, in 2007, the filmmakers received two Oscars for their work, one of which was awarded in the nomination for the best documentary. In addition to the audience’s sympathies, the authors also managed to make not just high-quality films but also influence the consciousness of people, perhaps even opening their eyes to the problem with the climate. The success of the picture probably is largely due to not only the quality of the work done but also to the accuracy of all the events and actions that are reflected in it. Movie Recommendations The film undoubtedly should be advised to both friends and relatives as this picture tells about quite essential realities of the modern environment. The problems that the authors of the film reflect concern every inhabitant of the Earth since it is the human activity that has caused many irreversible climate changes. Moreover, the picture is created qualitatively and interestingly, and it will be exciting for an ordinary viewer to observe the filming of nature. Therefore, the recommendation of the film to everyone is an essential and urgent measure. Film’s Influence The film touches upon quite important ethical, environmental, and other issues of the society. It can be assumed that the goal of its creators was not only an attempt to convey to the people the truth of global warming but also to inspire them and try persuading them in their responsibility in relation to nature. The main film’s character and narrator Albert Gore claims that it is much easier to ignore problems than to take an active part in their elimination ( An Inconvenient Truth ). Thus, the creators convince viewers that active measures should be taken right now; otherwise, the consequences of irreversible changes can be hazardous. Misconceptions Related to Global Warming Among some misconceptions about global warming, the authors of the picture emphasize that people do not regard this issue seriously and often do not consider it worthy of attention. Mr. Gore points out that in order to solve the issue, it is first necessary to recognize its existence ( An Inconvenient Truth ). Thus, some people do not see the problem in the fact that the Earth’s temperature is slowly growing, and ice at the poles starts to melt. Moreover, there is an opinion that global warming can adversely affect the climate only in many millennia. Nevertheless, adverse changes under the influence of climate change are occurring right now, and the task of the film’s authors was to convey this information to people and dispel any prejudices and misconceptions. Evidence of the Human-Induced Climate Change As the evidence of a dangerous human-induced climate change, Albert Gore gives several voluminous graphs showing the average temperatures of the Earth earlier and now ( An Inconvenient Truth ). In addition, the authors of the documentary picture regularly demonstrate photographs and newsreels of how certain parts of the planet were transformed under the influence of the human activity. Deforestation, the continuous emergence of new industrial enterprises, and other actions are fundamental reasons why the Earth’s climate is inevitably changing for the worse. Influence of Industrial, Social, and Economic Factors on the Film From the point of view of industrial factors, the global emergence of various enterprises with harmful emissions into the atmosphere became one of the reasons for the creation of the film. With regard to social phenomena, the need to disseminate information about the possible consequences of climate change, as well as the call for responsibility were rather acute issues. Economic factors were expressed in the struggle to save those funds that were spent every year to preserve the natural balance and protect the environment. Bias in the Film Perhaps, there is some bias in the film, which has to do with large corporations and industrial enterprises. The authors of the picture consider big enterprises to be the central sources of pollution. However, some small companies sometimes cause no less damage to the environment, for example, by transporting waste to illegal landfills or destroying vast areas of forests. Therefore, it is essential to pay attention to the full range of problems and not only to the most obvious ones. Impact of the Film The movie had a significant impact on me personally, and I understood why it caused such a stir among the public and received several prestigious film awards. All the problems that An Inconvenient Truth describes are presented in simple and understandable language. Many issues were reconsidered by me, and I received answers to many questions. Nevertheless, some issues turned out to be much more severe than I had assumed earlier. The same reaction probably occurs in other people who watch this documentary for the first time. The Most Memorable Issue Most of all, I was impressed by the question of the extinction of rare animal species caused by the harmful human activities. Mr. Gore presents statistics and claims that a large number of rare species have irreversibly died as a result of technogenic people’s interference in nature ( An Inconvenient Truth ). This issue resonated with me much. I can understand that this problem is not the only one; nevertheless, in my opinion, it deserves particular discussion and attention since the extinction of animals is direct proof of the gross interference of people in the environment. Aspiration for Changes After watching the movie, I will undoubtedly make some changes in everyday life. I understand that the forces of one person cannot solve anything. However, it is essential to try to make sure that as many people as possible learn about this picture and also receive useful information concerning the problem of climate change. Personally, I will do everything possible to never pollute the environment with any garbage and will not damage animals. In addition, I will try to convince my relatives of the danger of harmful gases that cars produce and will do my best to make as many bike trips as possible. Conclusion Thus, the picture about the threat to the Earth’s climate was watched by many people, which would be beneficial in the process of drawing appropriate judgments about what measures could be taken to avoid atmospheric pollution and climate change. The documentary received a lot of positive reviews, and the filmmakers did everything possible to ensure that viewers had a full understanding of all the problems. The success of the movie is mainly due to the successful performance of Albert Gore, the story’s main character, and his speeches regarding the need for urgent measures to protect the environment. Work Cited An Inconvenient Truth . Directed by Davis Guggenheim, performance by Albert Gore, Participant Productions, 2006. Cook, John, et al. “Quantifying the Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming in the Scientific Literature.” Environmental Research Letters , vol. 8, no. 2, 2013, pp. 1-7.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The text discusses the process of analyzing behavioral assessments, including clinical assessment, the interview, intellectual assessment, and legislation.The text discusses the process of analyzing behavioral assessments, including clinical assessment, the interview, intellectual assessment, and legislation.

The text discusses the process of analyzing behavioral assessments, including clinical assessment, the interview, intellectual assessment, and legislation. The text discusses the process of analyzing behavioral assessments, including clinical assessment, the interview, intellectual assessment, and legislation.

Analysing Behavioral Assessments Process Essay Table of Contents 1. Clinical Assessment 2. The Interview 3. Intellectual assessment 4. Legislation 5. Reference List Clinical Assessment It is assumed that to carry out a consistent functional behavior assessment, one can rely on identifying and describing such aspects as motivating operations, individual variables, and consequence variables (Cooper, Heron & Howard, 2007). Therefore, assuming that one is determined to carry out a direct descriptive functional behavioral assessment of a client with a low-incidence behavior, it is suggested that the clinical context is represented by the natural environment, for example, at home. First and foremost, it allows applying a wide range of methods; secondly, it is especially useful in the case of assessing low-incidence behaviors (Steege & Watson, 2009). In the natural environment, it is possible to carry out several assessments. For example, in the particular case under discussion, one can apply scatterplot and descriptive assessments. The former implies recording the exact time at which the behavioral problem occurs as well as the associated activities that might determine its appearance. The natural environment is perfect for this type of assessment as it allows registering all the minor details that might potentially serve to be the clue to the behavioral disorder. The second type of assessment implies observing the client’s behavior about various variables and indicating the interfering factors that mainly affect the behavioral change. It is also critical to consider ethical concerns. Thus, one is obliged to ensure that the performed FBA is technically sound and does not switch from its principal aim – understanding the variables that influence the behavioral disorder. The Interview An interview is an essential element of the assessment process as it is one of the most efficient tools for BAs carrying out. First and foremost, this method is cost-effective and can be applied in any clinical context. Secondly, it enables the specialists to observe both verbal and non-verbal behavior. Lastly, contributes to the formation of trust-based relationships between a health care worker and a client. From this perspective, one might employ either a diagnostic or a case history interview by the initial target (Steege & Watson, 2009). It is essential to stick to the ethical standards – thus, the interview needs to be performed with due respect to human rights and should be aimed at improving the medical condition. The relevant confidentiality level should be guaranteed. Intellectual assessment Intellectual assessment is an essential part of traditional psychological analysis. Its principal benefit resides in the fact that due to the variety of the relevant intellectual tests (ex. Weehsler Intelligence Scale for children), a specialist is enabled to receive a full idea of the examined variables. In the meantime, specialists note that the validity of the results in intelligent assessment depends highly on the clinical context. Thus, the wrong choice of the environment might have a negative influence on the data’s accuracy. Legislation Legislation on the processes of achievement and aptitude assessments is critical as it performs the regulation function. Firstly, these tests often employ high-stake assessment; therefore, a consistent regulation tool is required. Moreover, such kind of legislation might serve to be a useful guideline for the specialists (ex. No Child Left Behind Act) (Steege & Watson, 2009). Meanwhile, there is an opinion that legislation is only needed in carrying out the achievement tests, whereas, in the terms of aptitude assessments, specialists should receive complete freedom (Cooper et al., 2007). Reference List Cooper, J.O., Heron, T.E., & Howard, W.L. (2007). Applied behavior analysis . Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education. Steege, M.W. & Watson, T.S. (2009). Conducting school-based functional behavioral assessments: A practitioner’s guide . New York, New York: Guilford Press.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The text discusses the difference between analysis and summary, two genres of writing that are often confused. It highlights the unique characteristics of each genre and explains how they can be used to improve one's writing abilities.

The text discusses the difference between analysis and summary, two genres of writing that are often confused. It highlights the unique characteristics of each genre and explains how they can be used to improve one's writing abilities.

Analysis and Description Differences Essay Table of Contents 1. Content: Differences 2. Strategies: Differences 3. Purpose: Differences 4. Conclusion 5. References To make sure that a target audience should understand the essential message and ideas, one must make sure that an appropriate style of writing is chosen. Although analysis and a description of a particular piece might seem similar, there is a significant gap between them. By focusing on the unique characteristics of each, one will be able to improve one’s writing abilities and, therefore, the skills of communication extensively. By considering the differences between analysis and a summary, one will be able to identify the goals of their writing and the means for reaching them precisely. While seemingly similar to a description or a summary, analysis implies that a correlation between particular elements should be identified, whereas a summary or a description provides a concise overview of the key data. Content: Differences As stressed above, the elements of analysis are quite different from those of a summary. For example, a summary may include the items such as “background,” “important stakeholders,” “key elements,” “conclusion,” etc. Analysis, in turn, may incorporate the parts such as “introduction” and “conclusion,” yet it will also have a part examining the relationships between the key elements, e.g., “effects of the variables on each other.” The emphasis on interactions between the crucial elements and items as opposed to their description is what sets analysis apart from a summary and description. Furthermore, a summary or a description is likely to include the characteristics of the items mentioned above. The specified attribute is especially characteristic of a description, in which adjectives and adverbs are used extensively to denote the qualities and properties of the described items (e.g., “red,” “bright,” “loud,” etc.). While the inclusion of such characteristics into the analysis is allowed, it is not obligatory and, therefore, rather rare unless a qualitative analysis implying the description of variables is used (“Difference between analysis and summary,” 2017). Therefore, there are significant differences in the content of the analysis and summary. Strategies: Differences The tools used in analysis and description or summary are quite different as well. For example, a comparison is often utilized during analysis so that the relationships between the key variables could be defined and measured. A description or summary traditionally implies using narrative techniques. Purpose: Differences Finally, the purposes of the two genres are entirely different. While a summary or a description is aimed at introducing the target audience to key ideas, concepts, or characteristics of a particular object, person, or phenomenon, the analysis focuses on determining the relationships between specific variables. For example, an analysis of the effects that social media has on people’s behavior will provide the cause-and-effect connection between social networks and the behaviors of its participants. A summary of the identified problem, however, may vary in its content, yet it will never produce unique observations of the phenomena; instead, it will offer an observation of the key behaviors, the social media tools that are used most commonly, the characteristics of the participants, etc. Therefore, the purpose of a summary or a description is to summarize and describe, whereas analysis helps delineate crucial links between objects, people, and observed phenomena. Conclusion The primary difference between a summary and analysis concerns the purpose and the choice of tools for implementing it. Requiring further identification of the links between variables, analysis often demands a comparison, whereas a summary or description suggests that observed phenomena should not be evaluated and should be characterized qualitatively, instead. References Difference between analysis and summary . (2017). Web.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: In the article, the author analyzes the causes of tragic fate in Romeo and Juliet based on Shakespeare's view of fate. The author concludes that Shakespeare, in the play Romeo and Juliet criticized the patriarchal social order.

In the article, the author analyzes the causes of tragic fate in Romeo and Juliet based on Shakespeare's view of fate. The author concludes that Shakespeare, in the play Romeo and Juliet criticized the patriarchal social order.

“Analysis of Causes of Tragic Fate in Romeo and Juliet Based on Shakespeare’s View of Fate” by Jie Li Essay William Shakespeare wrote the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet between 1591 and 1595. The play reveals the theme of the tragic love between Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet, whose families ate centuries of hostility that led to the death of young people. In the play, Shakespeare criticizes the social foundations of the patriarchal society of medieval Italy, and therefore the play is also considered a social tragedy. Critics highly praised the play, and it was one of the most frequently performed during Shakespeare’s lifetime. The author adhered to the tradition of tragic novels when writing the play and skillfully used the poetic genre to characterize the characters. Li (164) analyzes the play in terms of the reasons that led to the tragic ending. In the foreword to the article, the author states that he aimed to present arguments regarding four main reasons that precipitated the tragedy. These reasons are “the two households’ resentment and rage, Paris’s love for Juliet, Romeo’s pursuit for idealistic love, Juliet’s insistence on free love, and the old and patriarchal society” (Li 164). The author also concluded that Shakespeare, in the play Romeo and Juliet criticized the patriarchal social order. Li (164) has duly presented the arguments for his thesis, providing compelling evidence based on the play’s plot. In particular, he explained why the feud between families was such an important factor preventing the two lovers from joining and why Romeo and Juliet were powerless in the face of social norms. Further, the author recalled the importance of minor characters, such as Mercutio and Paris, killed by Romeo, who were also participants in the tragedy. The author convincingly explained why Romeo’s desire for idealistic love and Juliet’s desire for free love precipitated the sad ending. Li (166) has supported his assumptions with examples from the play’s plot, which makes them convincing. The author could use more direct quotes from the text to make the discussion more descriptive. He also did not mention the role of Lorenzo, who gave Juliet poison, which could also help hasten the tragedy. The author also needed to pay more attention to the pressure that families and circumstances put on young lovers. The author used excellent structure, tone, and organization of the article, so it was easy and enjoyable to read it. All arguments were presented clearly and consistently. The author did not show any biases and used objective language in the discussion. Hence, the author achieved his goal and proved his thesis about what factors had a decisive influence on the outcome of the events presented in the play. The author paid particular attention to how difficult it was for young lovers to challenge the feudal system. However, the author should have described in more detail the concept of fate in Shakespeare’s understanding. Although the author stated that he would consider the reasons that led to the death of the heroes in the context of Shakespeare’s concept of fate, he did not give a detailed description of Shakespeare’s vision of fate. Thus, the article “Analysis of Causes of Tragic Fate in Romeo and Juliet Based on Shakespeare’s View of Fate” by Jie Li was discussed. The article is easy to read and makes a compelling case for the reasons that precipitated the tragedy in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. During the play analysis, the author uses the examples from the plot developed and the main characters’ behavior. The arguments presented are compelling, and the author uses objective language for discussion. The disadvantage of the article is the lack of a detailed consideration of the fate concept in Shakespeare’s understanding, although this was declared in the preface. The strong point of the article is a thorough examination of why Romeo and Juliet is a social tragedy and how a patriarchal society tragically affected the fate of the main characters. Work Cited Jie, Li. “Analysis of Causes of Tragic Fate in Romeo and Juliet Based on Shakespeare’s View of Fate.” Academic Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences 3.6 (2020).

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: A well-known analytical tool for strategic planning is the swot analysis. This tool helps to uncover external opportunities, understand internal weaknesses, and eliminate threats. A swot analysis is focused on the external (market trends, economic trends, demographics) and internal (current processes, access to natural resources, trademarks) factors.

A well-known analytical tool for strategic planning is the swot analysis. This tool helps to uncover external opportunities, understand internal weaknesses, and eliminate threats. A swot analysis is focused on the external (market trends, economic trends, demographics) and internal (current processes, access to natural resources, trademarks) factors.

Analytical Tools for Strategic Planning Essay A SWOT analysis is a powerful tool to develop one’s business policy in that it helps uncover external opportunities, understand internal weaknesses, and eliminate threats. Taking time to do a SWOT analysis provides a person with a solid strategy on managing and prioritizing the work for boosting business. A SWOT analysis is focused on the external (market trends, economic trends, demographics) and internal (current processes, access to natural resources, trademarks) factors (Fallon, 2018). Pairing external threats with internal weaknesses may give insight into serious problems faced by a company and determine new leads to pursue. The benefits of a SWOT analysis include its simplicity and utility, focus on internal and external factors, and its importance in the further strategic planning (Jurevicius, 2013). However, disadvantages of this analysis include lack of mechanism to rank the significance of factors, possibility of ambivalent nature of problem attributes (a factor might be both strength and weakness), and lack of detail. Even though a SWOT analysis is a simple and comprehensive method, other analytical tools that are commonly used are PEST (political, economic, socio-cultural, and technological) and SCRS (strategy, current state, requirements, and solution) analyses. Portfolio analysis (PA) is used for establishing the optimal distribution of resources by analyzing the elements of the products of a firm (Scilly, 2016). PA is usually applied to companies that have multiple strategic business units, such as services, products, divisions, categories of consumers. This kind of analysis is applicable to all types of investments, including funds, indexes, equities, commodities, bonds, and securities. In general, before executing a PA, risk concepts of the investor should be examined. The outcome from the portfolio analysis is often used as the input for a SWOT analysis. References Fallon, N. (2018). SWOT analysis: What it is and when to use it . Web. Jurevicius, O. (2013). SWOT analysis – do it properly! Web. Scilly, M. (2016). Comparison of SWOT analysis with portfolio analysis . Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Ancient Egyptian culture was very complex and included many aspects like art, music, and sports.Ancient Egyptian culture was very complex and included many aspects like art, music, and sports.

Ancient Egyptian culture was very complex and included many aspects like art, music, and sports. Ancient Egyptian culture was very complex and included many aspects like art, music, and sports.

Ancient Egyptian Culture: Religion, Art, Sports Essay Table of Contents 1. General Overview 2. Architecture 3. Religion 4. Arts 5. Sports 6. Social Status 7. Music 8. Conclusion 9. Reference List General Overview Ancient Egypt was one of the first civilizations in Africa. The history of Ancient Egypt encompasses more than 3,000 years, from around 3,150 BC when Lower and Upper Egypt united, and the first pharaoh was proclaimed, to 30 BC when Ptolemy XV, the last pharaoh and the son of Cleopatra VII and Julius Caesar, died, and the Roman Empire annexed Egypt. This makes Ancient Egypt one of the longest-lasting civilizations in human history ( Ancient Egyptian culture facts 2016). Certainly, for such a long period, the Egyptians invented many things that were later adopted by other nations and developed their own unique culture that is quickly recognizable nowadays. Architecture Ancient Egyptian Architecture comprises a great variety of structures along the Nile including monuments, temples, and pyramids. The Great Pyramids of Giza, the Great Sphinx of Giza, the Karnak Temple Complex, the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, and the Temples of Luxor are among the most famous constructions in the world ( Ancient Egypt: culture 2015). Since wood was scarce in Ancient Egypt, the two main building materials were stone and sun-baked mud brick. Stones were mainly used in the construction of temples and tombs, whereas mud bricks were used for fortresses, palaces, and walls around towns. The pyramids’ cores consisted of gravel sand, mud bricks, and quarried stone. The houses were made out of mud from the Nile, which was dried under the sun in certain forms and used for construction (Petrie 2013). Thus, due to the hot and dry climate in Egypt, some mud-brick buildings have preserved their original appearance, among which are the fortress of Mirgissa and Buhen, the town of Kahun, and the village of Deir al-Madinah. The majority of constructions in Ancient Egypt were post-and-lintel with flat roofs made of stone blocks that were supported by walls and columns. Interior and exterior walls, piers, and columns were covered with painted carvings and pictorial and hieroglyphic frescoes. Temples in Ancient Egypt were aligned with various important astronomic events, such as equinoxes and solstices that require accurate calculations (White 2013). Besides, the Ancient Egyptian scientists conducted these measurements with extraordinary precision. The most famous Ancient Egyptian architect is Imhotep. He designed and built the first pyramid, the Step Pyramid of Djoser, at Saqqara in approximately 2,630 BC. He is allegedly the first engineer in history ( Ancient Egyptian culture facts 2016). Additionally, he is considered the first person who began to use columns and invented stone architecture. Religion Religion was an indispensable aspect of the daily lives of Ancient Egyptians. Known today as Egyptian mythology, in ancient times, it was considered accepted religion. The Ancient Egyptian pantheon consisted of gods who possessed supernatural powers and were regarded as protectors of people. Egyptians believed that initially, there was chaos, then the great god Atum appeared from it and created Ptah who, in his turn, began creating other gods, Earth, and people ( Ancient Egypt: culture 2015). In Ancient Egypt, gods were worshipped in temples, where priests acting on the pharaoh’s behalf appeased them with prayers and offerings. Every temple had a shrine in its center, from where priests conducted ceremonies. Common citizens were not allowed to worship in the temples. Instead, they had small statues and amulets in their homes that they used while praying (Mark 2013). Additionally, later, a system of oracles was developed aiming to communicate the gods’ will to the common people. The Egyptians believed that humans were composed of two main aspects, namely physical and spiritual. The spiritual aspect was divided into four parts: soul or personality, name, shadow, and life-force. After death, these spiritual parts were released from the physical body and could move separately ( Ancient Egypt: culture 2015). However, the physical remains or their substitute in the form of a statue are needed for the spiritual aspects to rejoin and to ensure life after death in the spiritual world. Thus, the most famous Egyptian means of ensuring immortality after death was mummification. This burial custom aimed at preserving the body. This process presupposed the removal of the internal organs, the envelopment of the body in linen, and its burial in a wooden coffin or stone sarcophagus (Petrie 2013). As for the pyramids, they served as crypts for the Ancient Egyptian elite, while the poor people were buried in the desert. Arts Ancient Egyptian art is unique and therefore easily recognizable. It includes ceramics and stone, wooden sculptures, paintings, drawings on papyrus, ivories, and faience. The art of Ancient Egypt mostly represents their socioeconomic status, belief systems, and history (Wilson 2013). One of the most famous and recognizable Egyptian art forms is hieroglyphic frescoes that were painted on the walls of the majority of buildings. Most of the motifs of these pictures are symbolic and depict the solar disk, vulture, and the Egyptian sacred beetle scarab (Wilson 2013). Additionally, there are pictures of the lotus, papyrus plant, and palm leaves. The hierarchical proportion is crucial in Egyptian art. It means that the size of depicted figures depends on their importance. Therefore, the pictures of the gods are the largest ones, the pharaohs and other officials are a little smaller, the common people are even smaller, and the slaves, animals, trees, and other objects are the smallest. Ancient Egyptian art is imbued with symbolism. For example, the pharaoh’s regalia represented the power to sustain order. Even colors were symbolic: black meant the land’s fertility, white was the color of bones and silver, red meant chaos, blood, and desert, yellow stood for the gold, green meant regeneration and plants, and blue represented water and youth ( Ancient Egypt: culture 2015). Thus, Ancient Egyptian art is permeated with symbols. Artisans of Ancient Egypt carved fine reliefs and statues using stones and their cheaper substitutes using wood. They obtained paints from different minerals such as limestone, charcoal and soot, copper ore, and iron ore. One of the most famous sculptural masterpieces of Ancient Egypt is the Bust of Nefertiti made by the sculptor Thutmose (Wilson 2013). Moreover, the Ancient Egyptian sculptures have many distinctive features that are easily recognizable. Sports Sport in Ancient Egypt was a very important entertainment for young people. Many pictures depicting various sports activities were found on the walls of buildings, on sculptures, and even in tombs. Some activities, such as martial arts, were available only for the elite. Nevertheless, in most kinds of sports, all classes could participate (Petrie 2013). Many sports that were practiced in Ancient Egypt are practiced now, but some of them have completely changed over the years. Thus, among the popular Egyptian sports were athletics, boxing, chariot races, jump with the stick, archery, wrestling, water sports, and others. Many inscriptions on the monuments depict how these sports were practices. The most favorite kind of sport for pharaohs and other nobles was hunting, mainly for wild animals such as bulls, hippopotamuses, crocodiles, and lions (Petrie 2013). Thus, the Ancient Egyptians practice a variety of sports, some of which are extant. Social Status The society in Ancient Egypt was stratified, and the distinctions in social status were vividly expressed. Thus, slaves had no rights and freedom and were considered the lowest caste in society. Farmers who constituted the most part of the population were the next in the hierarchy. They worked on farms that belonged to noble families or the state. The next caste in the hierarchy was craftsmen and artists. Officials and scribes formed the upper class. Another caste consisted of engineers, physicians, and priests, which was equal in rights to the caste of officials and scribes. The highest caste in Ancient Egypt was royalty (Mark 2013). According to Ancient Egyptian law, men and women had equal rights in all social classes. Thus, women as well as men had the right to pursue legal disputes, receive an inheritance, marry and divorce, sign contracts, own property, and rule the state. The latter concerns women as well, as it is seen from the example of Cleopatra VII and Hatshepsut who became pharaohs ( Ancient Egyptian culture facts 2016). However, despite these rights and freedoms, the role of women, particularly in the administration and temples, was secondary. Music Music and dance were also very popular in Ancient Egypt. However, these entertainments were chiefly for those who could afford them. The most popular instrument in Ancient Egypt was a harp, and it is believed that only blind men played this instrument (Mark 2013). Additionally, there were such instruments as flutes, pipes, oboes, and trumpets. In the period of the New Kingdom, such instruments as drums, cymbals and bells appeared. Later, the Egyptians imported lyres and lutes from Asia (Wilson 2013). Additionally, they had the sistrum, a rattle-like instrument that was used in religious rites and ceremonies. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be stated that for such a long period of existence, Ancient Egyptian civilization had managed to create a culture that has many distinctive features which are recognizable all over the world. Ancient Egyptians had their own architecture, religion, art, sports, social division, and music. Some of their cultural features are used even today. Reference List Ancient Egypt: culture, 2015. Web. Ancient Egyptian culture facts , 2016. Web. Mark, J J 2013, Ancient Egyptian culture . Web. Petrie, W M F 2013, The arts and crafts of ancient Egypt , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. White, J M 2013, Ancient Egypt: its culture and history , Courier Corporation, Mineola. Wilson, J A 2013, The culture of ancient Egypt , University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The Roman Republic was a unique political system that combined monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. The system was especially powerful because of its balance between these government forms. Polybius was interested in the Roman Republic because he wanted to explain to his readers (and, perhaps, understand himself) how almost the whole world fell under the rule of one power, that of Rome.

The Roman Republic was a unique political system that combined monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. The system was especially powerful because of its balance between these government forms. Polybius was interested in the Roman Republic because he wanted to explain to his readers (and, perhaps, understand himself) how almost the whole world fell under the rule of one power, that of Rome.

Ancient History. Polybius on the Roman Republic Report (Assessment) As Polybius states himself, he is so interested in the Roman Government because he wants to explain to his readers (and, perhaps, understand himself) how “almost the whole world fell under the rule of one power, that of Rome.” He even marks the rule of Rome as an event that cannot be compared to anything in earlier history. The unique governmental structure that combines monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy is what Polybius finds highly valuable, although he admits that those who are not familiar with this structure might sometimes see it as purely aristocratic. This unique combination of governmental elements is the main strength of the Roman Republic, states Polybius. Namely, the Republic’s balance between these government forms is what makes it especially powerful. Another strength of this government system is, according to Polybius, the people’s role in it. People have the right to impose fines on other citizens, to punish them, or even to sentence them to death. Polybius believes that other societies that have a different distribution of power eventually produce disorder. Compared to the pre-industrial societies described by Crone, the Roman Republic had a much more advanced and complicated societal and governmental structure. For example, Crone states that “nobody that the ability to impose order on everyone else.” As we can see from Polybius’ description of the Republic, people did have the ability to control and punish those who had violated the law. Moreover, people also had the power to approve or disapprove laws, according to Polybius. By comparison, those who lived in other pre-industrial societies typically could have some influence if they had influential relatives or were wealthy, but such conditions are quite temporary. As it was mentioned in the lecture, the Roman Empire was a set of institutions. What is more, existing governments are partially based on these sets of institutions because the existing political systems emerged from an interpretation of those systems that existed in the Roman Empire. Crone compares the pre-industrial societies based on self-help to existing ones. However, the laws that existed in the Roman Empire were in some ways very similar to modern ones; for example, unlike the case in other pre-industrial societies, it was impossible to steal something and go scot-free. Although Polybius argues that the system of the Empire was perfect, it was not entirely democratic as the Senate was by far the most powerful element. Since it had so much power, other parts (the consuls and the people) were dependent; this sometimes led to abuse of authority. Moreover, it seems that consuls were the most dependent branch, although their tasks and duties were also crucial for the well-being and safety of the Empire. Although the Empire tried to balance between the three main executives, the Senate still was the most influential and powerful one. This proves that the Empire was not as balanced as it wanted to appear. I do agree with student A and student B that Polybius tried to remain neutral when describing the Empire because he provided wide-ranging facts and details for his reader. He is a good source because he was a witness of that time, and he tried to describe facts as they were (at least partially). However, I do not agree with student A that his investigation was unbiased. First, Polybius lived in better conditions compared to other hostages, which implies that he was treated more or less equally, which influenced his perception of the Government. Second, Polybius does not explicitly state any weaknesses of the Empire but only argues how perfect and unbreakable it is. As we know, this Empire eventually crumbled and fell.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: Animal testing is a long and un pretty history of inhumane treatment of animals.Animal testing is a long and un pretty history of inhumane treatment of animals. Despite laws prohibiting tests on animals, they are still used as guinea pigs in the large industry that catches animals in the wild and uses them as guinea pigs.

Animal testing is a long and un pretty history of inhumane treatment of animals. Animal testing is a long and un pretty history of inhumane treatment of animals. Despite laws prohibiting tests on animals, they are still used as guinea pigs in the large industry that catches animals in the wild and uses them as guinea pigs.

Animal Testing: Long and Unpretty History Essay Table of Contents 1. History of Animal Testing 2. Animal Testing Is Cruel 3. Animal Testing and Its Types 4. Laws and Animal Testing 5. Animal Testing Is Ineffective 6. Examples of the Ineffectiveness of Animal Testing 7. Alternatives to Animal Testing 8. Conclusion 9. References In general, animal testing is allowed all over the world. Some countries impose certain restrictions on that matter, some – do not introduce any restrictions at all. However, even those countries that have certain laws prohibiting tests on animals do not take into account the fact that animals are living creatures and must not suffer for the sake of an experiment. Moreover, in most facilities and laboratories, animals are kept in cages, thereby having absolutely no freedom. Most of the experiments performed on animals bring them suffering, lead to disability, and even death. This inhumane treatment of animals does not justify any cause (Haugen, 2000). Thus, the main reason why these experiments must be stopped is that, according to the statistics, the majority of them are ineffective and inaccurate. History of Animal Testing Animal testing has a long history. Considering the fact that animals are living creatures, medical experiments on them were already conducted at least three thousand years ago. The first records mentioning the experiments on animals date back to the fourth century BCE in Ancient Greece (Murnaghan, 2017). Thus, in ancient times, it was a widely adopted practice to perform dissections of animals in order to understand how to make surgical operations on humans. Since the 18 th century, with the development of medicine, the frequency of animal testing has significantly increased. Moreover, if a couple of centuries ago, there were only single experiments that were performed by separate scientists, now, it has developed into the large industry that catches animals in the wild and uses them as guinea pigs (Scutti, 2013). Thus, although there are many innovative technologies that can serve as better alternatives to animal testing, people are still reluctant to change the current state of affairs. Despite animal testing being rather an old practice, ethical considerations on that matter also occurred quite a long time ago (Scutti, 2013). For example, in the 17 th century, a psychologist Edmund O’Meara stated that animal testing was unnecessary, as it often gave inaccurate results. In this respect, he provided an example regarding vivisection that, as he claimed, placed the body of an animal in an unnatural state, in which it endured a lot of pain that was both cruel and gave false results. The first animal protection law was established in Great Britain in 1822. A significant milestone in the history of animal protection legislation was the introduction of the Cruelty to Animals Act in 1876 in Great Britain. This law was promoted by Charles Darwin who, despite being a biologist and a scientist, was against vivisection. In the 1860s, the movements against animal testing occurred in the USA. As a result, Henry Bergh established the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) in 1866. After that, the American Anti-Vivisection Society (AAVS) was founded in 1883 (Haugen, 2000). Thus, the end of the 19 th century was the time when many articles were written, and campaigns were started calling for terminating the experiments on animals. However, at the beginning of the 20 th century, the tendency of releasing laws about animal protection changed. Unfortunately, the efforts of antivivisectionists to promote their campaigns to make the US government to ban animal testing failed due to the overall support of such experiments by the public, which was assured by the organizations who performed these experiments that animals were kept in good conditions, bred well, and injected with anaesthetics in those operations that could cause them much pain. Therefore, only in the 1960s, the efforts of antivivisectionists were partially justified, with the release of the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act in 1966 (Haugen, 2000). Nevertheless, that law was more focused on the welfare of animals in laboratories rather than on the prohibition of animal testing. Nowadays, there are a great number of organizations that advocate for stopping using animals in the experiments. Although the overall effectiveness of their campaigns is quite low, they have managed to achieve some positive results concerning the problem of animal testing (Murnaghan, 2017). Additionally, considering the current tendency of the active development of various technologies that can easily substitute experiments on animals, there is hope that soon the animal testing industry will cease to exist. Animal Testing Is Cruel The first argument against animal testing is that it is simply cruel. People must understand that animals are the same living creature as them and can feel both psychological and physical pain in the same way as humans. Thus, in the case of experimenting on animals, the ethical and humane aspects of the issue must prevail and give people a stimulus to seek for other ways of studying diseases that can be much better. Animal Testing and Its Types First of all, it is necessary to describe the types of animal testing in order to understand the degree of the cruelty of these experiments. In general, animal testing is the process of experimenting on animals where they usually undergo various medical procedures which cause them suffering or even death. These experiments are usually aimed at finding a cure to some disease that humans and certain animals have in common or at exploring how a biological organism works. During the experiments, scientists usually keep animals in cages and use them in laboratories where they harm them on purpose (“What is animal testing,” 2016). Moreover, there are certain kinds of experiments that cause animals a lot of pain, and, in many of them, animals die. The most common type of an experiment on animals is feeding them with certain substances and injecting them with experimental medications. After the procedure is completed, scientists observe the effects that these substances have caused. In fact, the result is often unpredictable, and animals can die a horrible death with much pain. Another type of experiments is exposing animals to toxic substances and radiation. These experiments are primarily aimed at discovering the effects that radiation and certain chemicals can have on a biological body. Similarly, such experiments make animals suffer (“What is animal testing,” 2016). Moreover, if animals survive after such experiments, the damage that radiation and chemicals have caused to them is often permanent, and they will live the rest of their lives suffering. One more type of experiments on animals is dissecting animals while they are still alive. Certainly, during this operation, they are under anesthetics, but it does not justify the result that they get after the procedure is completed. The main reason for these experiments is to find out how the internal parts of the biological body work. This operation usually involves removing internal organs, pumping out blood, and excising parts of tissues, which makes animals cripples afterwards. Additionally, there is one more type of an experiment that is usually practiced in laboratories. This is a psychological experiment that involves placing animals in situations and conditions which cause them to feel fear, anxiety, or depression. Such experiments are usually aimed at identifying the principles of animals’ behavior and comparing it to that of humans (“The five worst animal experiments,” 2014). Nevertheless, after these experiments, animals usually become very aggressive and cannot normally function in their animal “society”. Laws and Animal Testing According to most religious laws, animal testing is forbidden, as they are defined as the same creatures as humans. Certainly, animals are not as smart as humans, and their perception of reality is different, but they have similar bodies and experience similar feelings. Therefore, before making horrible experiments on animals, humans must think what it would be like if they were experimented on (“The Muslim view on animal,” 2017). Thus, animals have the same right to live their full lives as humans. Although human laws impose a certain restriction regarding the experiments on animals, they are not enough, as they still allow people to torture them in the experiments. According to European legislation, all vertebrate animals including reptiles, fish, birds, and mammals and only some invertebrates such as octopuses are considered “animals”, on which it is prohibited to experiment (“Treatment of animals,” 2016). In the USA, the situation is worse and such creatures as mice, amphibians, birds, fish, and rats are not defined as “animals”, and scientists can freely perform any experiments on them that they want. The system of experimenting on animals has grown into a multi-million dollar industry that has many facilities and laboratories around the world. They also have special facilities aimed at breeding animals specifically for testing. In these facilities, animals usually live in bad conditions being imprisoned and forcibly fed. Using wild-caught animals is prohibited in Europe and in some other countries, but it is allowed in other countries of the world. It is usually forbidden to use such domestic animals as dogs and cats in experiments, but, unfortunately, not in all countries (McKay, 2016). Even monkeys that resemble humans the most are often used in experiments. In terms of animal suffering, The EU even introduced a scale which measures the degree of suffering experienced by animals in a particular experiment. Thus, they distinguish between “minor”, “moderate”, and “severe” suffering inflicted on animals. For example, in 2012, in the UK, more than 60% of permissions were granted by the British government allowing animals to be undergone from moderate to severe suffering. Reportedly, approximately 75% of the experiments were performed without injecting the animals with anesthetics. Moreover, quite a big percentage of those experiments required animals to die (Scheler, 2017). For instance, the tests for various vaccines and chemicals resulted in the death of more than 50% of the animals involved in these experiments. Animal Testing Is Ineffective The second argument against animal testing is that it is often ineffective, as the results received from the experiments can be inaccurate. There are many reasons for this, but, the most important point is that in such science as medicine, the information must be reliable; otherwise, there is always a risk that a particular medicine will cause unpleasant effects in humans or even be life-threatening. Examples of the Ineffectiveness of Animal Testing Despite being cruel and inhumane, the experiments on animals often turn out to be ineffective. The main reason for this is that the animal organism either responds differently to many life-threatening diseases that humans suffer from or is completely immune to them. For example, animals do not suffer from most heart diseases, some types of cancer and HIV, they do not have Parkinson’s disease and the majority of psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia. However, some of these diseases can be artificially induced in them for the sake of an experiment that allegedly shows how these diseases can be cured in humans. Thus, the most important argument is that in these experiments, people usually do not take into consideration other factors that are inherent only in humans and affect the behavior of diseases (“Cruelty to animals,” 2017). These factors include socio-economic conditions, genetics, psychological issues, and personal experience. Indeed, according to the statistics, quite a great number of experiments on animals, that were promising in terms of finding a cure to some diseases, turned out to be ineffective for humans. In this respect, the end does not justify the means, as animals suffered for nothing. As a result, animals’ lives along with the time and money were wasted, and no effective treatment was developed (“Arguments against animal,” 2016). In addition, as it can be seen, after the decades of animal testing aimed at finding a cure for Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, AIDS, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, and cancer, there is still no reliable cure and effective treatment for them. Thus, according to the statistics, the majority of experiments on animals that show promising results, turn out to be ineffective when it comes to humans. Moreover, the experimenting on smaller animals such as rabbits, mice, and rats showed an even lower rate of success, primarily because their organisms differ from that of a human (Scheler, 2017). Additionally, statistics show that only 20% of experimental drugs used on animals are effective in humans. In terms of testing the safety of drugs, only 45% of experiments work for humans. According to the overall results of the experiments on animals conducted all over the world, approximately 120 million animals are used in them, and only about 30 new medications are approved every year, which is far from being efficient. The investment of the U.S. drug industry in the experiments equals $50 billion each year, but the approval rate has not changed since the 1960s. Among those drugs that are approved, not all of them are completely effective for everyone due to different individual reactions (McKay, 2016). Overall, for the last 20 years, only five percent of experiments performed on animals resulted in a successful approval of treatments. Sometimes, animal testing can be dangerous even for humans. A vivid example is a drug called Vioxx that was used for arthritis. After successful experiments on monkeys and on some other mammals, this drug was approved for human usage. However, Vioxx turned out to be dangerous for humans causing more than 300,000 heart attacks all over the world, almost half of which resulted in the lethal outcome. Another example is fialuridine, a Hepatitis B drug that was prohibited for having caused liver damage resulting in five deaths. However, this drug had been several times tested on animals before. One more illustrative example is a monoclonal antibody treatment (TGN1412) that was tested on human volunteers. As a result, it caused an allergic reaction, after which the volunteers were hospitalized (Haugen, 2000). However, this drug had been used on monkeys several hundred times before, and no side effects were identified. Alternatives to Animal Testing Banning animal testing does not necessarily mean that the development of medications that can provide treatment for incurable diseases will stop, as there are always alternatives, which can improve progress in medicine and add humaneness to the science. Thus, with technological developments in the sphere of science, the number of alternatives to animal testing is increasing. In this respect, the main problem is that most people are reluctant to use new technologies (“Animal testing 101,” 2016). Instead, they tend to stick to more conservative and traditional methods that certainly involve animal testing. Another obstacle in the process of adoption of these new methods is bureaucracy. There are a lot of organizations and charities that advocate for the prohibition of animal testing, and they can accelerate the process of implementation of these innovations. In terms of the alternatives, there are several of them that are very effective. The first alternative is growing cells and other organic material in laboratories. Nowadays, almost any type of a human cell can be created in a laboratory. These cells are used in the creation of special devices that are called “organs-on-chips”. These devices can be used for experiments instead of animals. There were already several successful experiments conducted on these devices that involved observing the behavior of diseases and the effects of drugs (“Alternatives to animal,” 2016). Additionally, cell cultures are now the primary focus regarding the development of treatment to such diseases as cancer, AIDS, kidney diseases, and sepsis. Another alternative to animal testing, which is not new though, is human tissues. Human tissues that can be provided by volunteers or extracted from dead bodies can be used in some kinds of experiments. Moreover, there are many operations such as cosmetic surgery, biopsy, and transplants that can serve as a reliable source of human tissues. Using brain tissues from dead bodies has also lead to a better understanding of such diseases as Parkinson’s disease or multiple sclerosis. One more alternative to animal testing, the importance of which has been increasingly growing for the past several decades, is computer models. Indeed, the most powerful contemporary computers in the world are able to simulate many processes that would occur in a human body after taking a particular experimental medication. These virtual experiments are primarily based on the already existing data about a particular disease and its behavior in the human body and on mathematical, chemical, and physical laws integrated into this program of simulation (“Alternatives to animal,” 2016). Certainly, now, computer sphere is not powerful enough for complex virtual experiments, but taking into account the rate of its growth, it will be soon. Conclusion Thus, as it can be seen from the statistics, animal testing is cruel and in most cases, not effective. Therefore, it must be banned, especially now, when there are many innovative technologies that can be used as alternatives. Moreover, these alternatives have already shown great promises in being much more efficient than animal testing. Fortunately, the current tendency shows that these alternatives will be adopted in the near future, thereby bringing the end to violent experiments on animals. References Alternatives to animal testing . (2016). Web. Animal testing 101 . (2016). Web. Arguments against animal testing . (2016). Web. Cruelty to animals in laboratories . (2017). Web. The five worst animal experiments happening right now . (2014). Web. Harm and suffering . (2017). Web. Haugen, D. M. (2000). Animal experimentation . San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. McKay, M. (2016). The cruelty of lab animal testing. Web. Murnaghan, I. (2017). Background and history of animal testing. Web. The Muslim view on animal testing . (2017). Web. Scheler, S. (2017). Everything you need to know about animal testing. Web. Scutti, S. (2013). Animal testing: A long, unpretty history. Web. Treatment of animals . (2016). Web. What is animal testing? (2016). Web.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: Ann Fudge's essay discusses her lessons learned while leading a team at Young & Rubicam (Y&R). She highlights the importance of teamwork and how it can be used to increase employee creativity. She also talks about the benefits of taking a sabbatical, and some potential drawbacks.

Ann Fudge's essay discusses her lessons learned while leading a team at Young & Rubicam (Y&R). She highlights the importance of teamwork and how it can be used to increase employee creativity. She also talks about the benefits of taking a sabbatical, and some potential drawbacks.

Ann Fudge’s Leadership Lessons Essay Where would Ann Fudge be placed in each of the Five Factor Model (FFM) categories? The Five Factor Model (FFM) includes five categories that represent specific traits that can be discussed as typical of leaders. These categories are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. While discussing Fudge’s openness to experience, it is possible to state that she can be scored high according to this criterion. The reason is in the fact that Fudge is a broad-minded leader who is interested in receiving new experiences. Thus, she was focused on finding new impressions when she decided to take a break in her career. Furthermore, Fudge became concentrated on a challenge to take the position at Y&R in order to learn and achieve more as a professional. Fudge is also characterized by a medium level of conscientiousness because she can be both well-organized and creative in order to guarantee that her team works effectively. The factor of extraversion is also important to assess a leader’s traits and qualities. Fudge demonstrates a medium level of extraversion as she is a good motivator and a decisive team leader, but she is also a good listener who can make all members of her team and other employees feel comfortable while working with her. Analyzing Fudge’s agreeableness, it is possible to note that she has a rather high score according to this factor. Thus, Fudge is diplomatic and approachable in her communication with employees to develop their creativity. Fudge also demonstrates a low level of neuroticism as she is optimistic, manages conflicts calmly, and tends to create a positive emotional environment in the company. Consider the components of creative intelligence from Table 6.3. Identify the key components that have affected Ann Fudge’s success. It is important to note that Fudge’s success as a leader who has creative intelligence depends on her ability to provide employees with the required autonomy and to draw their attention to achieving long-term strategic goals. In spite of the fact that Fudge avoids performing as a ‘remote’ leader, her control does not limit employees’ creativity. One more key component of Fudge’s creative intelligence is her focus on teamwork. In addition, this leader is also successful in applying the Six Sigma method to increase employees’ creativity. As a result of this woman’s leadership, employees are encouraged to demonstrate their creativity and innovative thinking while being a part of a successful team-oriented to achieving strategic goals. This approach is effective in guaranteeing that employees can realize their potential to help the company become more competitive in the market. Ann Fudge decided to take a sabbatical to focus on her personal life. Based on her experience, what are the benefits of such a break? What might be some drawbacks? Fudge is a leader who is open to experience and who needs innovative ideas to stimulate her creativity and be able to motivate her team. Therefore, she can benefit from a break in professional activities significantly. The reason is that Fudge can find more sources for her inspiration as a leader while focusing on traveling and yoga. Moreover, Fudge demonstrates the abilities of a thinker who pays attention to details and other people’s behaviors. Therefore, she can improve her skills in managing employees while interacting with different people in her daily life. As a result, while accepting a challenge to work at Y&R, Fudge can be viewed as ready to realize her new innovative ideas in order to improve a situation in the company. However, in spite of many advantages that the break has for the development of Fudge’s creativity and leadership style, there are also some drawbacks. A two-year break can be discussed as a very long period in the sphere of business, and Fudge can require a lot of time for improving her skills in order to adapt to new business environments.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The article explored the problematic negotiations of government worker contracts, especially in terms of their transparency. It was found that while unions may use intimidation, it is often employers who threaten, intimidate, and coerce workers into not joining unions. The article will be used for further analysis to identify examples of misconceptions pertaining to the coverage of unions in media and thus make conclusions as to whether publications present an accurate image of unions as entities.

The article explored the problematic negotiations of government worker contracts, especially in terms of their transparency. It was found that while unions may use intimidation, it is often employers who threaten, intimidate, and coerce workers into not joining unions. The article will be used for further analysis to identify examples of misconceptions pertaining to the coverage of unions in media and thus make conclusions as to whether publications present an accurate image of unions as entities.

“Another Day, More Threats and Intimidation from Unions” by Shannon Case Study Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Do Unions Use Intimidation? 3. Do Unions Make Unreasonable Demands? 4. Do Unions Force Members to Pay Fees? 5. References Introduction The Washington Policy Center article “Another Day, More Threats and Intimidation from Unions” by Erin Shannon (2017) explored the problematic negotiations of government worker contracts, especially in terms of their transparency. The overall tone of the article is hostile to unions as organizations in general, perpetuating the stereotype that all that they do is intimidate and threaten local governments and taxpayers to push their agenda. The article will be used for further analysis to identify examples of misconceptions pertaining to the coverage of unions in media and thus make conclusions as to whether publications present an accurate image of unions as entities. Do Unions Use Intimidation? The first myth that dominated Shannon’s (2017) article is associated with the misconception that unions use intimidation and coercion as a means to gain new members or achieve other objectives. However, as mentioned in the fact sheet regarding the uncovering of union myths, it is often employers that threaten, intimidate, and coerce workers into not joining unions (“Issue sheet 2,” 2008). Wage cuts, the limitations of promotional opportunities, and even permanent dismissal are among the most-frequently-used tactics that employers use to make workers less interested in unions’ winning. In the article, the myth of intimidation was linked to the increased transparency within the process of collective bargaining in Tukwila School Districts, Washington. The author suggested that transparency was unwanted within unions and that “the Open Public Meetings Act (OPMA) meant nothing to the special interests of organized labor” (Shannon, 2017, para. 2). It was mentioned that the unions did not believe that taxpayers contributing to their financial well-being had the right to engage in the negotiating process. Furthermore, Shannon (2017) stated that despite the fact the public was instrumental in providing money for agreements among unions and governments, the executives of unions would like to preserve the secrecy of important and costly expenses until the last moment came. Therefore, it was suggested that the requirements of adopting employee transparency were significantly overlooked by unions and that they perpetuated unfair practices such as intimidation to block the efforts of reaching maximum accountability and honesty of negotiations. Do Unions Make Unreasonable Demands? The second myth that was found when reading the Washington Policy Center article is concerned with the misconception that unions make unreasonable demands and only want to ask for more money from taxpayers. The myth is usually debunked by the fact that although financial support is extremely valuable to unions, the key focus is reaching a high rate of non-wage benefits, job security, safety in the workplace, fair conditions of employment, the respect for diverse workers, and equality (“Issue sheet 2,” 2008). Such a misconception occurred because of the need to support the activities of unions financially and thus enhance the quality of negotiations. The tone of the article was developed in such a way that the author continuously underlined the greed of unions to get more money and avoid being transparent (Shannon, 2017). For example, the author wrote, “labor unions are the definition of a moneyed special interest” (Shannon, 2017, para. 10). Such a representation of unions in media is extremely harmful and does not show them in a favorable light. The author failed to address the fact that there were a large number of employers that stood against any improvements suggested to them by unions. It means that it is often hard to sustain the culture of effective negotiations among unions and employers, especially without substantial financial support for unions. Do Unions Force Members to Pay Fees? The third and last myth associated with labor unions is that they force all members to pay fees. However, nowhere in the article did the author mention that fees sustained the advantages unions granted to their members. It is essential to note that unions do not force anyone to join, but paying fees is essential for maintaining the ‘benefit for benefit’ culture – in order to enjoy the positive effects of unions, their members should contribute to them financially. In addition to this, the structure of unions is similar to the concept of paying taxes. For instance, citizens are required to pay federal, provincial, and other taxes regardless of whether or not they voted for the political party in office (“Issue sheet 2,” 2008). This concept is similar to unions – regardless of who leads them, every employee is protected and has an equal opportunity of receiving the benefits outlined in contracts. A specific quote from the article should be mentioned in regards to the myth. Shannon (2017) wrote, “after all, they [unions] get all their money from workers who are held hostage by compulsory unionism, and they use that money to protect and perpetuate the forced-unionism gravy train” (para. 10). Undoubtedly, the attitude of the author to unions’ collecting fees from workers is extremely negative, and it can be explained by the lack of understanding of why it occurs. Shannon (2017) failed to address the fact that in order for workers to benefit from unions, they should contribute to them financially. Based on the analysis of the article written for the Washington Policy Center , several findings should be noted. First, the author of the article had an overall negative tone when describing the activity of the union, which showed that reporters were not afraid of perpetuating misconceptions about unions however damaging and misleading they could be. The tone of the article was biased and did not align with the idea that news reporters should be impartial and present the audience with facts to allow them to make their own decisions. Second, there were three myths on labor unions found in the article. Prior to the analysis of the report, there were some doubts on whether a six-hundred-word article could contain three examples associated with myths about unions. The following myths were found: “unions use coercion or intimidation,” “unions force everyone to pay fees,” and “unions always make unreasonable demands and only want more money” (“Issue sheet 2,” 2008, p. 2). Despite the fact that the author shed light on the issue of transparency in negotiations between unions and the government, the phrases and the overall tone of the article were negative and showed that media had a tendency of perpetuating union misconceptions. Third, the fact that news and independent reporters perpetuate misconceptions about unions is likely to affect the perspectives that the general public has. Although there are disadvantages to labor unions, it is important to be neutral and allow employees to make their own decisions on whether they should join or not. Overall, the report was biased and did not allow for many considerations in terms of presenting information about union affairs. References Issue sheet 2: Want the straight goods on unions? Check the facts: Uncovering union myths . (2008). Web. Shannon, E. (2017). Another day, more threats and intimidation from unions . Washington Policy Center. Web.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: Silk screen painting in art essay discusses the process of silk screen printing and how it can be used by artists to create unique and distinct artworks. The essay also talks about how fine art print or silkscreen printing is very commonly used by Charles Fazzino who uses various techniques depending upon the desired effect.

Silk screen painting in art essay discusses the process of silk screen printing and how it can be used by artists to create unique and distinct artworks. The essay also talks about how fine art print or silkscreen printing is very commonly used by Charles Fazzino who uses various techniques depending upon the desired effect.

Silk Screen Painting in Art Essay Having completed some artworks with various styles and techniques, I decided to undertake a project with silk screen printing. I think that the idea will be unique and distinct from what I have been doing so far and will help me gain a different experience altogether. I have learned from my research that fine art print or silkscreen printing is very commonly used by Charles Fazzino who uses “different techniques depending upon the desired effect” (www.fazzino.com) an idea which I liked greatly since as an artist, I too do not like to follow any single style or technique but like to blend many techniques together in my works of art. Silk printing enables artists to “utilize bright bold and true colors” in the process of reproducing their original and creative works of art (www.fazzino.com). Through my considerable experience with various artworks, I have learned the distinct elements of design that make a creation attractive and appreciative. Having studied Fazzino’s art and style of silk screen printing, I decided to begin work on my own creation based on this process. However, since I am not used to this form of painting, I am finding it very difficult to adapt to it and continue working on it. I am even contemplating stopping work on this and starting work on something with which I am more familiar. I think that even though I am not comfortable with the idea of working on a novel idea like this, I should continue because this is the way humans learn new things and we should not shy away from innovative ideas. I finally decided to begin work on this creation and so far I have developed an interest in it and have begun enjoying it. The creation of this artwork was indeed a challenge since I wanted this piece of art to be distinct from all the rest I have done so far. I am trying to deviate a little from my basic idea which generally revolved around destruction, bloodshed, environmental degradations and problems on the earth. Through this creation, I aspire to depict the perfect world and what it would be to have such a picturesque and beautiful world without pollution and environmental problems around us. The creation required me to be perfect in order to achieve the 3D look with great precision. I also noticed that most of Fazzino’s creations have glitter on the edges, a technique that I liked and decided to use in my creation as well. I first painted my illustration on canvas and traced it twice to get the best effect similar to what Fazzino does in most of his creations. However, being a great artist that he is, Fazzino sends his original line drawing to a fine art printer, which I obviously cannot do at this stage of my learning process. I noticed that the printer plays a crucial role in the creations and works of Fazzino and this helps him to maintain perfection and precision. I deviated a little from Fazzino’s style which mostly involves painting the canvas, and used photo collage, a technique with which I have tremendous experience and have mastered the art. Even though I am using photo collages instead of colors, I have decided to retain similarity to Fazzino’s style by using Vibrant and bright colors, similar to the types he uses. I began to feel innovative and highly creative and suddenly hit upon the idea of mixing some paint with the photo collage. I also used hot glue sticks which I cut in small sizes so that I could stick them below the pictures to give them 3D effect. However, I had to elevate some parts more than others so that some portions of my work had a single layer, while some had a double or even triple layer of glue to provide the necessary elevation. Fazzino creates individual screens of distinct colors which is a technique I tried to inculcate in my works. I painted the background with different colors to achieve this effect. I also used collage for some trees in addition to paint. I tried to bring out the natural element as much as possible, which was not an easy task, given the fact that the 3D effect had to be achieved. I placed a parrot in the trees which was an extremely difficult task to achieve because I had to fit the parrot in the tree precisely and also ensure that it would be visible. More importantly, I had to ensure that the entire color scheme blended perfectly and did not look blurred or made up, since I wanted to retain the natural element of the creation. I also added some dry artificial flowers and leaves in the trees to give it the real effect and to make the entire look as natural as possible. The leaves and flowers were added on top of the college which made the entire creation look realistic, and this was a very satisfying trial. Indeed, I am getting more creative and innovative by trying different styles and techniques. The addition of artificial leaves and flowers on the collage also achieves the purpose of lending beauty to the environment, something which I would not be able to achieve completion by the use of paint alone. The fixing of flowers has ensured that the creation looks like a perfect landscape, one that appears very attractive and appealing to the human eye and people “feel like” being in such a place. By trying to achieve this effect I want to show people how beautiful the earth will be without all the pollution and related problems and how much humans would enjoy being a part of this beautiful earth. A distinct problem I faced while painting the collage was my initial trial with water collage, for which I painted the collage with white paint. However, this did not turn out to be a very successful idea since the effect was not appealing. The creation was looking very “flat” and not attractive. Additionally, the colors in the background were not getting the much-required boost and the entire effect was dull and lifeless. So, I decided to change the entire color scheme and I removed the collage and re-did it all over again, this time without painting, only using water. Although the entire exercise was tiresome, I managed to achieve the desired effect after much toil and labor. Apart from achieving the completely perfect look, there were other problems I faced during the course of my creation. Most difficult was the cutting of pictures, which I had drawn in multiple layers to achieve the 3-dimensional effects and then gluing them all together so that the entire creation looks like one coherent piece rather than single bits and bits and pieces of cuttings stuck together. This is one of the greatest challenges of creative artists, and I had to ensure that my work looks like someone who has been working on and –practicing art for a long time; not like an amateur who has recently developed a newfound love for art. I also found that this process of mine is similar to Fazzino’s, though not in the actual sense. Fazzino derives his final look by drawing, cutting, painting, coloring and hundreds of pieces of museum board and paper which are then drawn and hand-printed. The process takes up to six months to complete the final effect. I am also impressed with Fazzino’s style and the fact that he gains inspiration from so many places and tries new things like “sketching on paper, envelopes napkins” or anything he finds. I share a similar attitude of trying and testing things before I decide to do something finally. For instance, I used dry flowers and leaves, something which is not generally tried in this kind of artwork. I also used collage and tried using paint to try out new things before actually deciding to use something finally. This method and technique of work is something that I truly enjoy and it gives me immense sense of satisfaction when I am able to achieve the picture I have in mind. Since I was trying to achieve a totally novel style and technique in this creation of mine, I faced several problems, which I now do not regard as problems, but as milestones that enable me to achieve perfection through practice, perseverance and hard work. The 3D layering style was very troublesome and required me to be completely focused on my work. However, after I achieved the final effect I was happy that my level of concentration had greatly improved. I also used several techniques of paint including oil and water paint before actually deciding what is best for my creation. One of my greatest hurdles was trying to mix paint with the photo collage, which despite the experience proves to be a challenge each time. But I endeavored and succeeded in the end. Finally, this creation, this unique artwork of mine gives me a great sense of satisfaction because I have been able to achieve what I had imagined this creation to be. From the very beginning, I had wanted this creation to be a picture of beauty, which is itself a totally different idea from all of my earlier works which illustrate destruction, devastation and death. This creation is not only my individual desire for a beautiful earth but everyone’s wish for a clean and green world. I have also noticed several similarities in mine and Fazzino’s artwork. His artwork Sun Day in San Diego also represents happiness and joy similar to my artwork. The colors used in both the creations are vibrant and bright. However, Fazzino’s artwork is more artistic and reflects greater precision as compared to mine, which I would like to perfect, over a period of time. Additionally, the artwork has a monument with a flag on it, clouds, waves, water and trees which are similar to my artwork. The work is also similar to mine with regard to the water scene created in the artwork. What I like most in his creation is the beautiful dolphin which gives it an extremely realistic and natural look. My creation is a similar depiction of the potential of Bahrain to become a living heaven for people due to its advantage of being surrounded by water on two sides. The presence of the fort of Portugal architecture in the picture is also an indication that the artwork is Bahrain. The clouds, the beautiful rainbow, the vibrant colors and happy people, is my idea of a beautiful Bahrain in a beautiful world. Thus I can conclude that I have achieved greater skill and expertise through this creation. I have improved my ability to work with glue and give my creations a neater look. I am extremely pleased with the use of vibrant and contrast colors which bring out the beauty of the island. I have used the medium of photography to create the mood of happiness and joy. I have maintained balance in the colors of this creation by using bright and dramatic vibrant colors such as red and yellow along with muted and subtle colors which give a pure and gentle effect such as blue and pastel greens. there is a wide range of tonal contrast in the work which has been achieved through the use of saturated, bright and strong colors in addition to subdued, delicate and faded colors to depict nature. There is a kind of buoyant energy depicted in the artwork as opposed to my other works. Energy and movement have been depicted through the creation of waves and I feel that I could have done more by adding some water animals for adding more life to the creation. The distinct styles and techniques of collage, paint, water colors have all added to the overall beauty of the creation. Through my precision in cutting and joining, I have ensured that the line, shape and texture and well balanced in the work. I have also ensured that there is emphasis on natural and realistic beauty by the use of natural mixed colors. This creation is a true reflection of my practice, toil, effort and focus in creating new works of art, which I am now beginning to enjoy and relish. The whole process gives you a sense of satisfaction like giving birth to your own child and being happy when it looks so great after completion. It is through the entire process which involves effort, toil, commitment, focus and the desire to succeed that I have been able to achieve true mastery in bringing my imagination and ideas to life. By using vibrant and a variety of lively colors I have added buoyancy to the work to promote the idea of fun and frolic on the earth, something which every one of us loves and desires to have in life. I have also maintained balance in the artwork by using realism as much as possible for instance, the flowers and leaves which I used in the creation. The texture of the artwork is accomplished using a mixture of collage and variety of paints and colors which provide the piece with a uniform look, more specifically, the 3D look which I wanted to accomplish. Another aspect that helped me tremendously to achieve a realistic picture is the use of glue which I used to make several layers of the different aspects of the creation which enabled me to elevate the different aspects of the picture, for instance the waves which had to be slightly higher and not on a uniform plane. The creation is an illustration of my deepest and true feelings of a clean, green and lively Bahrain, one in which all people are happy and maintain the environment well, as a result of which mother nature blesses all its people. The use of The Bahrain flag is a clear has been used by me to demonstrate that the idea of the creation is based on Bahrain and this has been further endorsed by the use of the Bahrain boat. The entire scene in the creation is full of life and happiness with people swimming, playing, relaxing, tanning and thoroughly enjoying themselves on the beach. Indeed, this aeration would be a dream come true, if it were to happen in real life, something I wish for from the bottom of my heart. Truly, this artwork can be appropriately named “Walking on Sunshine– A Reality in Bahrain”.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: Over the years, the scholars have wrangled whether natural scientific and historical explanations must have the same formal characteristics. They concluded that while both types of explanations seek for objectivity and accessibility of the data to the public, they differ in past-present relations, the subject of explanation, and reliability of findings.

Over the years, the scholars have wrangled whether natural scientific and historical explanations must have the same formal characteristics. They concluded that while both types of explanations seek for objectivity and accessibility of the data to the public, they differ in past-present relations, the subject of explanation, and reliability of findings.

Similarities and Differences between Scientific and Historical Explanations Essay Any phenomenon in this world has a separate explanation. Depending on the type of the phenomenon, this can be either scientific or historical explanation. Over the years, the scholars have wrangled “whether natural scientific and historical explanations must have the same formal characteristics.” (Taylor and Winquist 117) The main similarities between historical and scientific explanations are their striving for objectivity and accessibility of the data to the public, while they differ in past-present relations, the subject of explanation, and reliability of findings. To begin with, both scientists and historians seek for the most objective explanation. Most of the scholars keep to an idea that scientific explanations aim to give an answer to the question why something did or did not happen. (Cohen 252) The structure of a DNA is a good scientific explanation. The purpose of this explanation is to show why there is a definite pattern in DNA molecules. (Kessler and Morin 21) In their turn, the historians try to give an answer to the question how the phenomenon or event take place. (Otterbein 20) Similarly, when giving a historical explanation to the structure of a DNA, the historians will be in the first place interested in how the scientists came to certain conclusions about definite patterns of the chromosomes. Secondly, both scientists and historians try to make the results of their discoveries public. When viewed from this perspective, historical and scientific explanations are interrelated because “scientific explanations have their counterparts in the realm of the so-called human or spiritual sciences, such as sociology and history.” (White 12) This interrelation accounts for the publicity of scientific findings because they become public due to historians’ discoveries. For example, the scientists can give a logical explanation for gravitation but it is only through the historians, who will be able to contrast the scientists’ findings, define whether they conform to general laws (Knowles 95), and explain this, that the public will find out the explanation to gravity. The main difference between historical and scientific explanations lies in the ability of the latter to refer both to the past and the present. Scientists can explore modern phenomena and offer explanations to them, but the historians can provide explanation only to those phenomena which have already taken place. (Wainwright 289) Another difference lies in the fact that historians focus “fundamentally on human actions” (Carretero and Voss 366), while the scientists deal with objects and phenomena. Likewise, historians are interested in definite historical figures and their achievements, whereas the scientists try to explain “a particular event or phenomenon.” (Houser 8) Lastly, historical explanations are always exact, whereas the scientific ones are generalized. Scientific explanations rest on natural law (Lindberg and Numbers 371), which makes them changeable and unreliable. Of course, historical events can be also viewed from different perspectives, but for each scientific explanation there can be an alternative one, while a historic explanation is irrefutable because there is exact evidence supporting it. In sum, both scientific and historical explanations strive to be objective and are left to the evaluation of the public. However, their differences lie in historical explanations referring to the past and scientific explanations referring to both past and present. Historians concentrate more on doers of the action, whereas scientists are interested in phenomena. Finally, historical explanations are more reliable, whereas each scientist has his/her own view on the problem. Works Cited Carretero, Mario and Voss, James F. Cognitive and Instructional Processes in History and the Social Sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994. Cohen, Gerald A. Karl Marx’s Theory of History: a Defense. Oxford University Press US, 2000. Houser, Rick. Counseling and Educational Research: Evaluation and Application. SAGE, 1998. Kessler, James H. and Morin, Katherine A. Distinguished African American Scientists of the 20th Century. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996. Knowles, Dudley. Explanation and Its Limits. Cambridge University Press, 1990. Lindberg, David C. and Numbers, Ronald L. God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter between Christianity and Science. University of California Press, 1986. Otterbein, Keith F. How War Began. Texas A&M University Press, 2004. Taylor, Vistor E. and Winquist, Chrles E. Postmodernism: Critical Concepts. Taylor & Francis, 1998. Wainwright, William J. The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Religion. Oxford University Press US, 2005. White, Hayden V. Metahistory: the Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe. JHU Press, 1995.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay discusses the scientific principles of positive psychology and how they can be applied in order to improve the well-being of employees. The theory states that happiness level is neither static nor absolute, but rather a combination of both positive and negative emotions that are constantly in flux. The key drivers of positive well-being at places of work are interest and challenge, the characteristics that have led to employees exhibiting commitment and satisfactory performance.

The essay discusses the scientific principles of positive psychology and how they can be applied in order to improve the well-being of employees. The theory states that happiness level is neither static nor absolute, but rather a combination of both positive and negative emotions that are constantly in flux. The key drivers of positive well-being at places of work are interest and challenge, the characteristics that have led to employees exhibiting commitment and satisfactory performance.

Singapore: Scientific Principles of Positive Psychology Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Concepts of applying positive psychology 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction Psychology is applied academically in the study of mind, behavior and their underlying mechanisms, especially for the humans. Psychology has a tendency of focusing on negative issues in the human behavior, a characteristic which has been shown in organizations and individuals. Positive psychology refers to the scientific study of the well-being of man as he grows up to old age, what can be referred to as worthy living . This study therefore has revealed that positive well-being and happiness of the employee and the entire management are essential for good business prosperity as it is essential for any individual in the society. The aim of this study is to create an understanding that builds good relationship amongst people in various organizations. Well-being of the employees is becoming increasingly important to many organizations and it provides the link between happy, healthy staff and their long-term success. This has been shown by the ability of people in positive emotions, as having been more creative, deals better with complexity, diversity & stress and seen to be more flexible to any coming new situations. In addition, the study identifies what causes the absence of positive well being in many workers, and uses some sociological theories to explain how this positive well being may lead to the unleashing of the full potential of the employees, leading to better business performance. This brings to the realization that positive well being of employees carries significant benefits in their health. This can be done on different levels in organizations; extra-work activities may be set to allow harmonious interaction among employees and develop the spirit of positive well-being through morale boosting and better workplace relationships. In the other levels, the individual persons can be directed on training and developmental initiatives towards achieving these goals. Lastly, the management can be obligated to enhance the positive well-being of those they manage, to ensure good working environment between them and the sub-ordinates. Concepts of applying positive psychology Some theories have been developed to explain how this “positive psychology” can be achieved in the working environment particularly in the organizations in Singapore and thus leading to well-being of the employees, a thing that maximizes output. They include: Sustainable Happiness Model, broaden and Build theory of positive emotions and the self determination theory. Research has shown that, the key drivers of positive well-being at places of work are interest and challenge, the characteristics that have led to employees exhibiting commitment and satisfactory performance. In the field of positive psychology the “Sustainable Happiness Model” theory indicates that happiness level is neither static nor beyond your control but you can not boost your own ‘happiness levels’ for only your own good, doing so will bring many benefits to you and the people around you. Workers in organizations should be taught on the strategies of sustaining happiness especially in the working place, since this boosts their health and morale while working. Different strategies (depending on the area a person is in), have been developed on ways in which to help individual employees achieve happiness. Prior to learning these strategies, you first have to see happiness as achievable and significant to you, before opening yourself to good health and high output in the daily working occupations plus the lives of the people around you. Some of the strategies include; getting clear about happiness, choosing happiness for your health, being happy and extending the same to people around you, committing acts of kindness, being optimistic and practicing joyful activities. Therefore, organizations in Singapore should make their workers happy, because we have seen that happy people view the world in a positive way and this can enhance the working morale of employees. The other theory of positive psychology is, “The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions”. It gives the concept that positive emotions are comprised in the many forms of functional subsets such as love, contentment and interest factors that promote the ability of the individual to play, explore and integrate with other people in the immediate surrounding environment (what is referred as the “broaden mindset”). This theory has been viewed to be different from the tradition and specific action tendencies, which works better in describing negative emotions. This in the long run builds up individual’s personal resources and thus creates a good mindset to acquire physical, intellectual, social and psychological resources (the reserves for the improvement of survival and performance levels). The organizations in Singapore thus have to use the enhancement of positive emotions to improve the positive well-being of its employees. This can be achieved through creating the tools of positive emotions using strategies such as joy, love, interest and contentment. For instance, Joy can be brought to the employees by the virtue of understanding each other, rewarding the hardworking or through good relationship, which in turn will bring the spirit in workers to play roles and be creative towards their duties. Also interest and contentment is the other tools to be put in use by the organizations in Singapore as forms of creating positive emotions because this allows the development of the urge to explore and learn new information and experiences leading to increased performance. On the other hand, organizations can encourage the development of safe and close interactions or relationships within the employees and promoting the other strategies in the long-run (Fredrickson BL 2004). In practicing the above strategies, employees in these organizations in Singapore can gain creativity, improve their know-how; demonstrate resilience, socially integrated and healthy factors, consequently increasing output in their respective companies. The other theory of positive psychology is the concept of “self-determination theory” (SDT). This is mainly concerned with how people undergo development and functioning of their different personality especially in the environment of work through their action engagements and social behaviors. As people strive to master and understand the daily work challenges and applying their experiences, they forget to develop their psychological growth in active engagement and thus personal development. Therefore in these concepts, lack of provision of the basic psychological needs usually leads to the lack of well-being of the employees and thus sub-optimal functioning. The mini-theories include: cognitive evaluation (which looks on the effects of social behaviors on intrinsic motivation), causality orientations theory (different ways people value self determined behavior and challenge orientation, basic need theory, which relates the availability of the basic needs to psychological health and lastly the organismic integration theory which specify the development of extrinsic motivation in relation to internalization (Richard and Edward, 2004). Thus if organizations in Singapore can identify this, then they will create a positive attitude in the employees and thus improve their final output. Conclusion The study of scientific principles of positive psychology can help improve the well-being of workers in the following ways: making the employees happy, provision of essential basic needs (e.g. through good pay), allowing development of good interaction and relationships in the organizations especially between the management and other employees and finally through enhanced self-determination among the employees. References Christopher Peterson, a Primer in Positive Psychology. Oxford University Press, In Stock (2006). Web. Fredrickson BL. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions , Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Arbor, MI 48109-1109, USA. Linda Gasser. Sustainability and well-being for Cornell employees: new efforts to help, Human Resource News, Office of Human Resource, Cornell university (2006). Web. Richard Ryan, Edward Deci. Overview of Self-Determination Theory (2004).

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The article discusses how the book Utopia by Sir Thomas More is a fascinating amalgam of genres, and how it still remains significant today. The paper under consideration highlights how relevant and reverberant the ideas, perceptions, and thoughts of the famous author are in even today's contemporary 21 st -century society.

The article discusses how the book Utopia by Sir Thomas More is a fascinating amalgam of genres, and how it still remains significant today. The paper under consideration highlights how relevant and reverberant the ideas, perceptions, and thoughts of the famous author are in even today's contemporary 21 st -century society.

Sir Thomas More’s Utopia and the Transformation of England Essay (Critical Writing) Synopsis The literature under consideration is a review of the book Utopia authored by the famous Sir Saint Thomas More in which he presents to his audience an illustration of a politically and socially egalitarian culture. In this essay titled “Sir Thomas More’s Utopia and the Transformation of England from Absolute Monarchy to Egalitarian Society”, authors W. B. Gerard and Eric Sterling study the comparison presented by More in relation to the idealistic Utopian society and the monarchial English society of the then-contemporary Tudor England. They state that although Sir Thomas More’s treatise was based on a fictitious nation named Utopia and the 16 th -century English society under the rule of King Henry VIII, his visionary perceptions are still as significant as they were during his era. Utopia is an unconventional amalgam of genres. It is an illustration of implausible travelogue, philosophical expanse, the satire of the then existent English social order, and most importantly a visualization of an idyllic and egalitarian society. More uses the speech of Raphael Hythloday’s in Book I to refer to the tribulations that encompass the English society, and in Book II, he highlights the Utopian culture and put side by side the political beliefs and social commandments of Utopia and that of England. Is the title clear? The article under consideration is titled “Sir Thomas More’s Utopia and the Transformation of England from Absolute Monarchy to Egalitarian Society”. The clarity of the title is quite evident as a reader gets an idea about the forthcoming matter of discussion in the exposition just by looking at the title of the dissertation. The article is based on Sir Saint Thomas More’s famous book Utopia. It deals with the evils of the monarchial rule in 16 th century England under the regime of King Henry VIII and observes the comparison with the idealistic and communal Utopian society brought forth by the author. Thus, the subject of discussion is well represented by the one-liner heading. What is the research question/thesis? The matter of observance in this article is Sir Thomas More’s futurist perception of the social issues faced by the people in any existent culture or civilization. His fascinating endeavor to compare the tribulations in the English society with a fictitious nation named Utopia possessing an idealistic, egalitarian culture brings forth his concerns about these issues. The paper under contemplation highlights these concerns by reflecting on the juxtapositions presented in the book it reviews. It also brings out how relevant and reverberant Sir Thomas More’s ideas, perceptions, and thoughts are in even today’s contemporary 21 st -century society. What is the focus? Is the focus clear? The article titled “Sir Thomas More’s Utopia and the Transformation of England from Absolute Monarchy to Egalitarian Society” does justice to the name it has adapted. The focus of the paper is primarily on the Utopian political and social framework, which brings out the perfection desired by the affiliates of any society. It contrasts these romantic features of the Utopian social order with the realistic evils and harms of the 16 th century monarchial English society. The focus of the article becomes clearer to the reader as he proceeds through the article and encounters actual comparisons between the Utopian and English societies. The reader identifies the troubles experienced by the poor of the 16 th century English civilization and understands the idealistic view of the author by referring to the Utopian scheme of things. Is the line of argumentation clear? The authors of this article make an effort to bring out the reality, which was experienced by people of the English society under the command of King Henry VIII. The vast social gap between the rich, the poor is evidently brought out by citing examples from Sir Thomas More’s book called Utopia and constructing a well-developed discussion out of them. The realism in the issues discussed is augmented when contrasted with the egalitarian political and social structures of the fictitious Utopia. The level of reasoning presented by the authors of this article as well as that of Sir Thomas More makes the line of argumentation as it brings out the reality methodically. Are paragraphs coherent, unified, and well developed? The article is logically ordered and a well-developed dialogue is presented to the user. The authors make a transparent attempt to unify the parts of the discussion to bring out the quintessence of the article. However, I feel that the authors would have done more justice to this particularly well-written article had the introductory paragraph would have been more elucidating. Following is my effort to introduce the article. Sir Thomas More’s Utopia , fascinating and unconventional literature, is an illustration of implausible travelogue, philosophical expanse, a satire of the then existent English social order, and most importantly a visualization of an idyllic and egalitarian society. More, having the first-hand experience in administrative operations, observed the shortcomings of the society with a keen eye and close proximity. With reference to his vision, this study focuses on the framework applied to the political and social dynamics of the 16 th -century English society in contrast to the fictitious, idealistic, and egalitarian Utopian culture. Utopia represents a standard of idealism against which the realism involved the 16 th century English culture is measured. More utilizes the voice of Raphael Hythloday to deal with the tribulations faced by the English society in Book I while in Book II he concentrates on bringing forth the comparison between the Utopian epitome of idealism and the real political and social philosophy of then-contemporary England. By putting side-by-side Utopian and English cultures, this study reflects on More’s structure. In particular, More’s contemplation of the Utopian scheme of things in terms of economic, political, and international affairs is reflected in this article. The essentiality of More’s visionary insight continues to prevail until this day. Are sentences linked in an original way? Technically, the authors have demonstrated excellent skills in their writing style. The link between sentences is plain and obvious. They are logically derived from sources originating in Sir Thomas’s book Utopia and perfectly analyze the content. However, as is the case with any literary document, it comes up with a few shortcomings, which too are dependent on the person reading the document. In some cases, I found that the links between the sentences could be made much more profound. In some cases after a sentence ends the reader is left guessing. This could have been done away with a few more explanations or else the subject should not have been mentioned. For example, on page 79, the article quotes, “Every person (and this includes women as well as men) learns a second trade, besides agriculture” (More, 1516/1992, pp. 36–37). In fact, the treatment of women in Utopia and in England parallels the treatment of the poor in these societies.” Here a disparity is found due to a mention of the second trade. In the following sentence, there is no effort to explain the relevance of the second trade, which confuses the reader to a certain extent. Are sentences varied in length and complexity? Sentences throughout most of the treatise are considerably long and the extensive use of punctuations increases the complexity of the sentences to a certain degree. For example, in the following sentence, the overuse of commas and semicolons makes it complex. “The administration of justice is adapted for a host of factors rather than relying on the application of a basic, catch-all definition of a crime; this, in combination with the lack of a potentially tainting precedent, seems to guarantee the most appropriate punishment for each individual crime.” (Gerard, 75-89) Nevertheless, the reader also encounters shorts sentences, which are quite easy to decipher as effortlessly understood. For example, “Representational government in Utopia is equally straightforward. Every year a syphogrant is elected by every 30 households.” (Gerard, 75-89) Is the amount of detail sufficient? The authors demonstrate a good understanding of the literature they review as their analysis provides sufficient amount of detail. For example, in the case of explaining the status of women in the society they explain how the women’s involvement in the Utopian workforce increases their status in the society. Why women in English societies are treated as second-class citizen is also explained aptly by referring to other relevant studies and analyzing the context to bring out the essence of the discussion. How is the article organized? Is it well organized? The article is extremely well organized. It first introduces the topic, clarifies More’s perception on various issues and then provides its own analysis relating to a certain context based on their own understanding as well as references to other relevant issues. This approach brings out a coherent, logical and ordered discussion, which makes sense to the reader. How are sources quoted and documented? Is it acceptable? Throughout the text, the reader encounters various excerpts from the book, which it reviews. It provides a reference for the analysis it provides and helps the reader relate to it. Also, while analyzing a certain context authors make extensive referrals to various other works by different authors and cite their sources properly. This helps establish a sense of validity of their argument, which is completely acceptable. Work Cited Gerard, W B & Eric Sterling; Sir Thomas More’s Utopia and the Transformation of England from Absolute Monarchy to Egalitarian Society; Contemporary Justice Review; Vol. 8, No. 1, 2005, pp. 75–89; ( Taylor & Francis Group Ltd )

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Provide the full text for the following summary: Skepticism is a philosophical doctrine that questions the things that are regarded as simply acceptable by the others. It can be scientific, religious, and philosophical. When considering skepticism as a philosophical doctrine, it is the most interesting because it gives an opportunity to obtain a new perspective on the perception of life. Owing to the qualitative illusion, people perceive the material objects incorrectly and can never be sure that something they hold in their hands is indeed what they think it is.

Skepticism is a philosophical doctrine that questions the things that are regarded as simply acceptable by the others. It can be scientific, religious, and philosophical. When considering skepticism as a philosophical doctrine, it is the most interesting because it gives an opportunity to obtain a new perspective on the perception of life. Owing to the qualitative illusion, people perceive the material objects incorrectly and can never be sure that something they hold in their hands is indeed what they think it is.

Skepticism is a Philosophical Doctrine Essay Skepticism is a philosophical doctrine the aim of which is to question the things that are regarded as simply acceptable by the others. Skepticism can be scientific, religious, and philosophical. Considering skepticism as a philosophical doctrine is the most interesting because it gives an opportunity to acquire a new perspective on the perception of life. With regards to philosophy, skepticism avoids making truth claims. However, skeptics do not deny truth because stating that truth is impossible would be a truth claim by itself. Among the most well-known skeptics there is Rene Descartes who is believed to have developed global skepticism trying to find absolute certainty to base his philosophy on. His argument that absolute certainty exists bred external world skepticism, or the idea that human senses are deceptive and that, in reality, none of the people can know for sure that they live in a definite place and have a definite appearance. One of the most compelling arguments for skepticism about the external world concerns the existence of material objects; this argument can be considered with regards to qualitative illusion, the reality of these objects, and the questions about their qualities. First of all, according to the external world skepticism, the objects surrounding people are a result of qualitative illusion. For instance, Butchvarov mentions that qualitative illusion can be regarded as “unreality of a perceived perceptual expanse, and thus the problem of its distinguishability from qualitative vertical perception can be understood as a special case of the problem of the distinguishability of unreal objects of perception from real ones” (57). This, of course, is possible only if the real objects do exist. All the material objects are perceived by people the way they are only because their consciousness makes them believe that these objects really look like this. A bright example of this argument is the movie The Matrix according to which all the people live in virtual reality and the objects that surround them have the qualities that the system allows them to have. Therefore, owing to the qualitative illusion, people perceive the material objects incorrectly and can never be sure that something they hold in their hands is indeed what they think it is. Secondly, as stated by the external world skeptics, it is not the qualities of the objects that should be questioned, but their reality as such. The greatest question here is whether the object a person holds in his/her hands really exists or whether this person is made to believe that he/she holds this object. A perfect illustration of this is an episode from The Matrix where Neo watches a little boy bending a spoon by only looking at it. In this episode the reality of the objects surrounding people is questioned. The boy convinces Neo that bending the spoon is possible and that it is not necessary to possess paranormal abilities to be able to do this. One has only to believe that the spoon does not exist because it is so indeed. Similarly, the external world skepticism questions the reality of all the material objects surrounding people prior to questioning the qualities of these objects, such as shape, smell, taste, etc. Therefore, it is typical for the external world skeptics to state that the material objects may not be real. And finally, the qualities of the material object are worth questioning only if one makes sure that the object is real. Taking into account this belief of the external world skepticism, “questions about what qualities a perceived material object really has can arise only if we have answered affirmatively the questions whether the object is real” (Butchvarov 57). This further creates an idea that an unreal (or hallucinatory) object is perceived by people in a definite way because the system makes the person believe that this object has these qualities. With regards to this, one of the most frequent questions asked by the external world skeptics is which qualities the material objects have indeed. However, asking this question does not make any sense, as long as a person is not sure that the object (even though with hallucinatory qualities) exists at all or its existence is dictated by the system as well. Thus, before asking the questions about the qualities of the material objects, the real existence of these objects has to be questioned. In conclusion, skepticism makes people consider the issues they have never paid attention to before. For instance, external world skepticism makes it possible to question the existence of the objects people are surrounded by. External world skepticism states that these objects are perceived by people in a definite way due to qualitative illusion. However, even though the qualities of the objects around us should be questioned, it does not make sense doing so until the reality (and the existence) of these objects is proven. In this way, people should not believe everything around them because their senses are deceptive; thus, people do not know anything about the external world. Work Cited Butcharov, Panayot. Skepticism about the External World . Oxford: Oxford University Press US, 1998.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The skyway project is a proposal to replace an 11 mile road build in 1928 with a skyway to address the issue of the Everglades restoration. The project is to be carried out on Tamiami Trail (US high way 41) that cuts through Shark River Slough. This is one of Everglades deepest and regarded as the most important passageway. The restoration of Everglades is expected to be achieved through the returning historic sheet water flow through the parched Everglades

The skyway project is a proposal to replace an 11 mile road build in 1928 with a skyway to address the issue of the Everglades restoration. The project is to be carried out on Tamiami Trail (US high way 41) that cuts through Shark River Slough. This is one of Everglades deepest and regarded as the most important passageway. The restoration of Everglades is expected to be achieved through the returning historic sheet water flow through the parched Everglades

Skyway Project: Benefits and Advantages Essay Table of Contents 1. Skyway proposal 2. City of Miami 3. Social and monetary cost of the project 4. Benefits of the skyway project 5. References Skyway proposal * It is proposed to replace an 11 mile road build in 1928 with a skyway to address the issue of the Everglades restoration * The project is to be carried out on Tamiami Trail (US high way 41) that cuts through Shark River Slough. This is one of Everglades’ deepest and regarded as the most important passageway * The restoration of Everglades is expected to be achieved through the returning historic sheet water flow through the parched Everglades National Park into Florida bay * The project is estimated to cost $300 million dollars * The proposal rejects the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers alternative of rebuilding the 11mile trail with a bridge that is one mile and an addition of eight miles of dirt berm then another bridge that will be two mile with a total cost of $128 million (Miami Herald) * It is argued that the Army Corp’s project does not do enough to restore Everglades water flow which is viewed by scientist to be very important in improving South Florida’s aquifer and its ecosystem that is very fragile * Research is being done to find new potential funding which will supplement federal money * There should be political will for the project to succeed * The Army Corps of Engineers project crusaders argue that their project has already consumed a lot of money in terms of design, engineering studies and planning and after all they see no chances of the skyway project being funded City of Miami * City of Miami Beach * City of Miami Gardens * City of Coral Gables * City of North Miami * Town of Miami Lakes * Miami-Dade County * Monroe County * 1000 Friends of Florida * Audubon of Florida * Biscayne Gardens Civic Association * Builders Association of South Florida * Chamber South * Clean Water Action * Council of Garden Club Presidents of Dade County * Dade Heritage Trust * Defenders of Wildlife * Izaak Walton League * Everglades Coalition * Everglades Foundation * Everglades Law Center * Everglades Trust * Florida Biodiversity Project * Florida Federation of Garden Clubs * Florida Keys Fishing Guides Association * Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Advisory Council * Friends of the Everglades * Miami-Dade Citizens Transportation Advisory Council * Miami-Dade Green Party Social and monetary cost of the project * The project is estimated to cost $300 million (Miami Herald) * If the alternative of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers project is abandoned for this project there will be losses incurred. These loses should be accounted as part of the cost of the skyway project * If the project will see many people especially men moving away from their home to the site to work on the project. This will bring about social disharmony at their homes which can be counted as a social cost * The men being away from their spouses may resort to sexual immorality as an alternative * The project brings together experts who may be from different religious backgrounds, which may cause religious disharmony at the project site. * There are people who are for the other alternatives instead of the skyway project. This will likely cause differences between people who are for the skyway project and those against it * Projects of this magnitude and nature are always associated with accidents which make people lose their lives or become permanently impaired. This has both social and monetary implication for the fam This project will see many employees leaving their jobs to join the companies that will have won the contract in the project. This will affect these companies negatively. * The project will bring about the polluting of the environment because of the petroleum products that will be used by the vehicles involved in the transportation of goods and also the machines used in the excavation works * Vehicles that will be involved in the transportation works are likely to bring about traffic jams on the road and also might be involved in accidents * There is a lot of material like sand and concrete which will be needed for this project. This will mean a lot of quarrying activities which could be detrimental to the environment at the quarrying site * There is likelihood of accidents at the quarries leading to permanent impairment or death * The structure will be raised from the ground and such places are likely to be used by people to commit suicide. The workers are likely to be affected health wise because of working in marshy areas which might be having disease causing organism Benefits of the skyway project * Will be important to wildlife as it will reduce fragmentation and also prevent cases of animals being knocked down on the road. This is because the structure will be raised from the ground with free space below to allow for free movement of wildlife * The project will boost tourism as it will ensure that wildlife will flourish since the skyway will make the place accessible apart from it being a tourist attraction in itself. * This project will create market for construction materials like steel, that will be used as reinforcement and guard rails, fasteners, cement, sand and concrete * Will create jobs for professionals like engineers, accountants, architects and quantity surveyors * There will be other non professional workers who will be needed for the projects for the manual jobs in addition to the technical workers like electricians and masons who will be in great demand * These projects will bring about increased quarrying and sand harvesting activities which will increase jobs in these mining industries. If the people working on this project interact positively, there will be cultural integration which could be beneficial to the individuals and to the whole nation. * The project will have many professional gain in high level experience because of being part of such a big project * The project will give market to food vendors who will be selling food stuffs at the project site and other areas that will be affected by the project like the mining sites * The project is likely to bring about positive change in life of youth who could be involved in negative activities due to idleness * It is approximated that after completion of construction of skyway there will be about 6000 created and $600 million dollars new revenue ( Miami Herald Editorial). References “Everglades Skyway Coalition.” Miami Herald, 2005 Florentine Phillips L. “Build skyway to restore free flow of fresh water.” Miami Today, 2006 Dan Dolan. “Transportation agency endorses skyway over 11-mile stretch of Tamiami Trail.” Miami Herald, 2007

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Write an essay about: Snowboarding is a sports event that was developed in the United States and is practiced during the winter seasons. It involves sliding from a slope usually snow by a rider whose feet have been fastened on a snowboard. This game originated from surfing, skateboarding, and skiing.

Snowboarding is a sports event that was developed in the United States and is practiced during the winter seasons. It involves sliding from a slope usually snow by a rider whose feet have been fastened on a snowboard. This game originated from surfing, skateboarding, and skiing.

Snowboarding Sports History From the Early 1960s to Nowadays Essay Snowboarding is a sports event that was developed in the United States and is practiced during the winter seasons. It involves sliding from a slope usually snow by a rider whose feet have been fastened on a snowboard. This game originated from surfing, skateboarding, and skiing. Snowboarding has undergone gradual transformations since its inception in the1960’s to incorporate varieties of styles. Over the years, Snowboarding has gained popularity, and is estimated that by the year 2004, participants were approximately 7 million. However, the contestants reduced to an estimated 5 million in 2008 a fact attributed to unfavorable weather. Snowboarding began as a simple sport in the early 1960s but has grown over time to incorporate varieties of styles which has made it very popular in recent times. The introduction of different styles increased the number of participants thus making the game more and more interesting. The styles introduced made it easier for different categories of people to participate in the sport. For example, it provided opportunities to amateurs, professionals, and other groups of people to participate in the game. The styles introduced such as freestyle and freeride will be discussed at length in the following paragraph (Reichenfeld, 1995). Snowboarding is practiced during the winter seasons on sloppy snows. Basically, snowboarding cannot take place in flat areas therefore cross country competition is impossible. Unlike skiing which incorporates the use of a pole, snowboarding sports occur without the use of a supporting pole because riders have to balance their body while snowboarding. Snowboarding has five basic fundamentals; the first one is stance and balance which essentially requires an individual to have stability in various situations while sliding and at the same time applying different techniques; secondly is pivoting, this requires an individual to be able to develop a turning technique that would include rotation and counter-rotation; thirdly is edging, this is used while changing direction and it involves incorporating skills such as steering, inclination, and angulations; fourthly is pressure control which requires a rider to be able to ease pressure on the board at various points in time using various skills such as weighting, extension flexion and weight transfer; lastly is timing and control. Therefore, snowboarding is easy to learn and practice given the above fundamentals and that’s why it has attracted many participants over the years. Different styles have been incorporated into snowboarding and include freestyle, dry slope, and carving. The free ride is the most commonly practiced snowboarding sport since it is the easiest style to learn. Secondly, there is freestyle whose tricks have been imitated by free riders. The board used in freestyle is normally short with broad width to provide enough balance. This has been designed to offer a great challenge to the rider because it requires various skills and tactics to participate in. The type of surface on which the freestyle is practiced is normally designed to suit a particular event; for example, it can be designed to include features such as jumps, half pipes, mailboxes, and handrails. Thirdly there is curving which involves snowboarding in one particular direction. Its board is longer, a bit stiff, and narrower in the middle to allow a nice turning curve by the rider. Carving is usually carried out on hard slopes. Lastly, there is the dry slope, which acts as an alternative to snowboarding during summer. The boards used in dry slopes are normally worn out faster and the old boards are always incorporated to avoid the loss caused by the wear and tear of the board. Looking at the styles mentioned above, participants have wide varieties to choose from thus making the sport even more popular. (encarta.msn.com) Snowboarding competitions are managed by the International Snowboard Federation (ISF) and Federation Internationale de Ski (FIS). The competitions include racing, rail jump, slopestyle, half-pipe, border cross (border X), and Indy cross. Most competitions are done in America which includes winter Olympics that incorporate; men’s and women’s Half-Pipe, men’s and women’s Parallel Giant Slalom, and men’s and women’s Boardercross. America also hosts Winter X games which incorporates SuperPipe, SlopeStyle among others. America also hosts the Chevrolet U.S Snowboard Grand Prix competition which lasts for a longer period than any other snowboarding event; that is, two months (Talk on.it, www.talksnowboarding.co.uk) Snowboarding is a very dangerous sport especially for learners who have various injuries while training. Therefore, it is highly advisable that whoever participates in this sport should wear protective gear such as helmets and wrist guards to protect against injuries that would occur in the head and ankle respectively. The most common injury in this sport is the ankle and wrist, which are in most cases being broken. Therefore, for a rider to be on the safe side, protective measures must be observed. References Reichenfeld, Rob. Snowboarding . Human Kinetics, 1995. Snowboading. 2009. Web. Snowboarding. 2009. Web. Talkon.it. Snowboard Competitions. 2009. Web.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The statement of the problem for this research paper is that the majority of the poor in Africa, and indeed the whole world, live in rural areas. It is estimated that 2.5 billion people in the developing world derived their livelihoods from agricultural production. Despite this, agricultural performance in Africa, and especially sub-Saharan Africa, has failed to keep pace with population growth. The research objective is to develop sustainable approaches to poverty reduction through smallholder agricultural development in rural South Africa and Kenya. The

The statement of the problem for this research paper is that the majority of the poor in Africa, and indeed the whole world, live in rural areas. It is estimated that 2.5 billion people in the developing world derived their livelihoods from agricultural production. Despite this, agricultural performance in Africa, and especially sub-Saharan Africa, has failed to keep pace with population growth. The research objective is to develop sustainable approaches to poverty reduction through smallholder agricultural development in rural South Africa and Kenya. The

Social and Economic Policy Program: Globalization, Growth, and Poverty Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Statement of the problem 2. Research objective 3. Summary of the methodology to be used 4. Works Cited Topic: Sustainable approaches to poverty reduction through smallholder agricultural development in rural South Africa and Kenya Statement of the problem The majority of the poor in Africa, and indeed the whole world, live in rural areas. It is estimated that 2.5 billion people in the developing world derive their livelihoods from agricultural production. Besides direct dependence on agriculture for livelihood are the strong links it has on other sectors of the economy (Maxwell, 2004). However agricultural performance in Africa, and especially sub-Saharan Africa, has failed to keep pace with population growth. Cereal production from 1961 to 2001 increased from 40-116 million tonnes, 80 % of the increase came from expanding the area under cultivation rather than an increase in yields per hectare, which increased only from 0.8 to 1.2 tonnes. This is a rather dismal performance compared to the Asian region where cereal output increased from 309 to 962 million tonnes over the same period, clearly outstripping population growth by far with an average increase from 1.2 to 3.3 tonnes per hectare (Wiggins, 2006). In the current global economic crisis, hundreds of millions are hungry and dying in smallholder farm families in Sub-Saharan Africa. By improving agricultural production in smallholder areas, it is possible to fight poverty in three ways: increased food production, therefore, lowering food prices; raising the income of the poorest in these areas; and reducing poverty through commercialization of subsistence agriculture according to the Ad Hoc Advisory group, (2009). The majority of Sub-Saharan Africa’s small-scale farmers, Kenya and South Africa included, own less than two hectares, where they either grow crops or rear livestock in dire need of improvement. They lack basic inputs such as fertilizer, improved seeds, adequate extension services, water management, inadequate or total lack of transport and veterinary care for their livestock, and the inevitable low morale. This has consequently led them to perverse poverty. Governments, NGOs, private players, and donors, in the last two decades, have cut aid for agricultural production. This has resulted in a food crisis and extreme poverty which has also been accelerated by human-induced climate change (Jayne et al, 2001). The inspiration for agriculture-led poverty reduction comes from the success story of the Green Revolution in Asia. For the past three decades; the region has recorded economic growth and structural transformation. Poverty is estimated to have reduced from 50% in the 1970s to 18% in 2004 and hunger from 30% to 16% in the same period. The success of the Green Revolution is pegged on the development high yielding varieties of rice and wheat, improved access to fertilizer through subsidies, financial access, improved infrastructure, and development of new technologies through research and extension, and market intervention. The set is now ready for a Green Revolution in Sub-Saharan Africa and the governments are very supportive of this as shown by NEPAD’s Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) (Ad Hoc Advisory Group, 2009). In South Africa, 40 to 50 percent of people live in poverty and 25 percent of these live in extreme poverty. Poverty is more prevalent in rural areas especially former homelands. 65 % of the poor are found in rural areas and 78% of them are chronically poor. Though the country is classified as upper-middle-income, poverty is prevalent due to disparity in income distribution between the poor and the rich. This is the reason the government has formulated a broad-based policy, the Black Economic Empowerment Act of 2003 (Machethe, 2004). In Kenya more than half of the population (53%) is poor and of these, three-quarters live in rural areas. The poorest of the poor live in arid and semiarid areas which comprise a big chunk of the country. The majority of the poor in the country are smallholder farmers in rural areas. These are characterized by low agricultural production, unemployment and low wages, poor access to financing, bad roads, and poor governance among other things (Swallow, 2003). This study is carried out in rural South Africa and particularly in the 138 smallholder irrigation schemes in Limpopo province and seven smallholder irrigation schemes in the Eastern Province of Kenya. The study expects that farming contributes the greatest chunk of incomes for poor households. For the rich households, non-farm incomes contribute more to their income which is mostly pension and wages. The UN Comprehensive Framework for Action on the Global Food Security Crisis has stressed the need to improve smallholder food production. This is in the aim of feeding the vulnerable communities and implementing sustainable policies and measures for the growth of agricultural production by both the private and public sectors. This paper proposes sustainable enabling measures to poverty reduction through smallholder agricultural development both in long term and short term (Irz et al, 2001). Research objective To suggest and implement sustainable approaches and policies to poverty reduction through improved agricultural production in smallholder irrigation schemes in Limpopo Province, South Africa in Province, and in Eastern Province, Kenya. Summary of the methodology to be used The study will take on a participatory research methodology. This means that data and information will be collected from respondents in the study areas and those involved in small irrigation schemes. The research project will use several methods to generate the required data to inform the objectives of the study. A review of the literature on the subject and the issues related to the areas of study will be done. Data will also be collected from the sample population using both open-ended and structured questionnaires. Interviews with various stakeholders will also be conducted. Group focus discussions will be used which will bring different stakeholders on board in order to gain information and learn from all perspectives. There will also be the use of theater and photography and video materials in information gathering and learning. Country in which the project will take place – South Africa in Limpopo Province and Kenya in Eastern Province. Works Cited Ad Hoc Advisory Group. Smallholder Food Production and Poverty Reduction: Principles for a financial coordination Mechanism to support Smallholder Farmers. A Report, 2009. Web. Irz, Xavier, Lin, Lin, Thirtle, Christopher., Wiggins, Steve. Agricultural Growth and Poverty Alleviation. Development Policy Review , 2001, 19 (4), 449-466. Jayne, T.S., Yamano, Takashi, Weber, Michael, Tschirley, David, Benfica, Rui, Neven, David, Chapoto, Anthony., and Zulu, Ballard. Smallholder Income and Land Distribution in Africa: Implications for Poverty Reduction Strategies. International Development Paper 24, East Lansing, Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University, 2001. Machethe, Charles. L. Agriculture and Poverty in South Africa: Can Agriculture Reduce Poverty? Presentation at the Overcoming Underdevelopment Conference held in Pretoria, 2004. Maxwell, Steve. New directions for Agriculture in Reducing Poverty. Essay to launch DFID Consultation, 2004. Web. Swallow, Brent. Fractal Poverty traps: Implications for poverty reduction in Kenya. World Agroforestry Center, 2003. Web. Wiggins, Steve. IDRC Working papers on globalization, growth and poverty: Agricultural Growth and poverty reduction: A scoping Study. IDRC, March, 2006.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The paper analyzes the social and gender relations of the pharaonic Egypt as described in TheInstructions of Ptah-Hotep. The original situation within the society was shown in fiction by ancient authors of the myths, as all the events, associated with gods, wonders and adventures were shown on the background of the Egyptian society, as it could be observed. Wellbeing within the society, Marriage and gender relations.

The paper analyzes the social and gender relations of the pharaonic Egypt as described in TheInstructions of Ptah-Hotep. The original situation within the society was shown in fiction by ancient authors of the myths, as all the events, associated with gods, wonders and adventures were shown on the background of the Egyptian society, as it could be observed. Wellbeing within the society, Marriage and gender relations.

Social and Gender Relations of the Pharaonic Egypt Essay (Critical Writing) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Wellbeing within the Society 3. Marriage and Gender Relations 4. Social relations 5. Hierarchies 6. Conclusion Introduction Originally, social and gender relations of the Pharaonic Egypt are studied by various historical documents and evidences, while the real model of relations may be traced in literature and mythology. It is doubtless, that the original situation was shown in fiction by ancient authors of the myths, as all the events, associated with gods, wonders and adventures were shown on the background of the Egyptian society, as it could be observed. The aim of this paper is to analyze The Instructions of Ptah-hotep, and describe the key features of social and gender relations, which may be traced in the text of this writing. Originally, Ptahhotep, was a vizier under King Isesi of the Egyptian Fifth Dynasty (c. 2414-2375 BC), so, the witnesses, which he offers, are trustworthy. Wellbeing within the Society Originally, the ancient society was featured with the extensive gap between the riches and poor people, as the rich often tend to become richer, and poor people become even poorer. Moreover, the development of slavery made the situation within the society even more aggravated, as dissatisfaction grew, and the ruling dynasty could do nothing, or did not wish to do anything. The words by Ptahhotep: O King, my lord! Age is here old age arrived. Feebleness came, weakness grows, Childlike one sleeps all day. Eyes are dim, ears deaf, Strength is waning through weariness, The mouth, silenced, speaks not, The Heart, void, recalls not the past, The bones ache throughout. Good has become evil, all taste is gone, What age does to people is evil in everything. The nose, clogged, breathes not, Painful are standing and sitting. (p. 29) The world becomes colorless, and money makes people evil and heartless, while the others suffer from this disparity. In the light of this fact, there is strong necessity to mention that the original situation within the Egyptian society may be regarded even more awful, than Ptahhotep describes it, as the real sorrows of the poor people could not be realized fully by the top of the society. Marriage and Gender Relations As for the matters of relations between men and women, it should be stated that originally, marriage, as the culmination point of gender relations, was regarded as a private matter. The household keeping and bearing, as well as growing up children were considered to be the main aims of these relations. The fact is that, it is not pictured directly and openly in the Instructions of Ptah-Hotep, nevertheless, he claims that men respected their wives: If you take a wife a spnt Who is joyful and known by her town, If she is fickle and likes the moment, Do not reject her, let her eat, The joyful brings happiness. (p. 34) Moreover, it should be emphasized that Marriage did not require any sanction of the governmental authorities. Social relations As for the matters of social relations, there is strong necessity to mention that impossible to make precise estimations of these relations in accordance with the instructions, given by Ptah-Hotep, nevertheless, there are numerous recommendations and prescriptions, which may be used as the key factors for defining the social values and tendencies. Originally, the Egyptian society was featured with the firm social borders and strong prerequisites, associated with every particular social group. Considering the fact, that the instances of career and social growth were not rare, and people could finish their lives in the social groups, different from those, they were born, Ptah-Hotep gives numerous recommendations and instructions: If you are a man who leads, Who controls the affairs of the many, Seek out every beneficent deed, That your conduct may be blameless. Great is justice, lasting in effect, Unchallenged since the time of Osiris. One punishes the transgressor of laws, Though the greedy overlooks this; Baseness may seize riches, Yet crime never lands its wares; In the end it is justice that lasts, Man says: “It is my father’s ground” (p. 30) Thus, justice, honor, nobility and other positive features were valued highly. The fact is that, these are the universal values for every civilization, for every developed or developing society, consequently, the problems are also similar: bureaucracy, pride, bribery among authorities and judges etc. Otherwise, Ptah-Hotep would not pay so much attention to it. The fact is that, some people originated from lower social classes, nevertheless, managed to reach some heights during their lives. While in Medieval Europe these people would not be accepted as the equals with those, who are originally from high classes, Egyptian society does not accept this disparity, nevertheless, most of these people felt themselves superior, and afforded themselves behave not in accordance with their real position in society, and Ptah-hotep pays some attention to it. Don’t be proud of your knowledge, Consult the ignorant and the wise; The limits of art are not reached, No artist’s skills are perfect; Good speech is more hidden than greenstone, Yet may be found among maids at the grindstones. (p. 29) As for the matters of education, which is also mentioned here, and which is regarded as an integral part of any society, as well as the development of the arts, it should be stated that the wisdom of this generation impresses. Originally, this passage is aimed to emphasize that any skills may be developed constantly, and there are no limits of development, especially if someone is aiming to study arts. Any sphere of life is not limited, and there is space for the further development, which may be used for everyone, who wishes to reach the peak of perfection. Hierarchies As for the matters of hierarchies, which are revealed in the text, it should be stated that Ptah-Hotep does not pay too much attention to it, nevertheless, he claims that those who are higher, should take care and respect those who are lower, as those who are lower may become higher, and disrespect the others. Considering the fact that the growth opportunities were equal, the social hierarchy was rather flexible, and often subjected to changes. There was no essential disparity in gender relations, thus, there is no sense to talk of the hierarchy or inequality issues between men and women. Conclusion Finally, it should be stated that the instructions of Ptah-Hotep offer rather smattering information on the matters of social and gender roles and relations in the Egyptian society. The fact is that, these are more recommendations, how people should behave, and the considerations, based on these recommendations are rather subjective.

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Write an essay about: American Theocracy is a treatise against the political order inspire by Philips. He faces disillusionments on America's leadership class including the present political status. Philips' has offered a sequence of interlocking criticisms as regards trends by the party of Republican. American Theocracy broadly analyses his previous arguments into a coherent whole and mixes historical analysis with political polemic.

American Theocracy is a treatise against the political order inspire by Philips. He faces disillusionments on America's leadership class including the present political status. Philips' has offered a sequence of interlocking criticisms as regards trends by the party of Republican. American Theocracy broadly analyses his previous arguments into a coherent whole and mixes historical analysis with political polemic.

Social and Political Theory: American Theocracy Term Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Changing American Electorate brief overview 3. Introduction to Economic and Political Class warfare 4. Class struggle and what it implies 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction American Theocracy is a treatise against the political order inspire by Philips. He faces disillusionments on America’s leadership class including the present political status. Phillips’ has offered a sequence of interlocking criticisms as regards trends by the party of Republican. American Theocracy broadly analyses his previous arguments into a coherent whole and mixes historical analysis with political polemic. Phillips identifies tri-central, unifying planks in the Republican coalition- oil, radical religion and the unprecedented levels of national and consumer debt. Rules for Radicals by community organizer -Saul D. Alinsky-attempting to impart his theory and organization methods to the existing generation of youthful activists, squarely based on self experiences. He urges that the generation should change the world from what it is to what it should be. The Prince, by Machiavelli, was written for the Haves on how to stick to power. The Changing American Electorate brief overview Based on reputable statistic –in 1980, 32 % of the electorate was white Democrats. In 2008, 32 % were white Obama voters. However in 1980, approximately 9 % of the electorate were nonwhite Carter voters, 21% of the electorate are noted to be nonwhite Obama voters, 2008. Hence Carter defeated widely, while Obama defeated John McCain by a strong margin, Nate Silver. The American electorate is viewed as two contrasting electorates; one partisan (Democrats vs. Republicans), the other non-partisan. The former are extremely politically attentive/ involved, and have progressive voting behavior as compared to nonpartisans. Observers have suggested the polarization of the American electorate, a fact denied by others. Introduction to Economic and Political Class warfare The working masses which include the working class and working peasants are producers of all social wealth- intellectual and manual labor forming the crown of all societies. Political class of the products is being controlled by ownership of the minority, by supervisory strata, renowned military politician’s officials of the state. The other side of this domineering and/or exploitative rule of the bosses bears the misery and suppression of the laborers. Most people suffer various degrees as regards denial whilst the small minority enjoys all the pleasures and treasures of this world. Class struggle and what it implies Capitalism and the State rely on the exploitation of the majority of humanity. The class exploitation creates class warfare between the exploiters and those exploited. It occurs both at work and in the community, and may have resulted from ideological differences including nationalist, religious, feminist ideologies of which have a substantial variation from Anarchism. To terminate the class system, Anarchist/Syndicalists rely on the working class revolution. Revolution would take place either for black or white, intransigent or progressive despite of the ruling class which the citizens belongs to. The revolutions have been done through training which was done in a class system where citizens were being trained about their rights. The revolution will help to destroy capitalism, the State and other forms of oppression, generating a new self- managed society relying on worker and community councils and needs assessment distribution (Phillips, 2006). The coercive authority, exploitation, and oppression entrenches political and economic class warfare and should be avoided. Consequently, it will most likely disintegrate before and during the revolution of those in support of the bosses against those in support of the working class. Despite this, it is crucial to lay emphasis on the middle class people joining the workers’ movement to join as comrades with their abilities and interests at the mercy of the masses, instead of pausing as experts and leaders who give the orders. Capitalism and the modern State generate various other oppressive relationships including imperialism, homophobia, sexism, racism and environmental degradation which are believed to be responsible for super-exploitation of socially weaker sections of the working class by the capitalists creating divisions of the working masses through ideological manipulation with evident inequality of rights. They are core to class struggle which does not ignore sexism, racism among others as far as most of people affected by them are working class, so long as these oppressions are evident in the capitalist system, and also if the working class can be united and mobilized with regards to opposing all oppression, these issues remain class issues. Mobilization of a working class calls on dealing with all the issues affect them. Hence an economic and political class struggle succeeds where it is anti-racist, anti-sexist etc. Non- united, disintegrated, non- internationalist class struggle politics will be another cause of class warfare. None of the sections of the working classes can attain freedom on their own; it calls for unity and internationalism-because no revolution can suffice a success in an individual country. The fight against racism will soon generate class warfare. The fight against racism is seen that against capitalism and the State. Because these structures are beaten through class struggle where no careful handling is shown, it creates political and economic warfare. Most of the citizens of different groupings felt that they are marginalized because the law was not protecting them like other groups have been protected by the law. This has necessitated the parliament to explore opportunities in which groups which felt that they are marginalized like women, less privilege of black Americans and homosexual’s privileges are addressed by legislation of law. The working masses are powerful and carry society on their shoulders through their labor. They therefore have real power, which can be harnessed to halt and defeat the class enemy. Strikes in excesses will generate economic and political class warfare as they can injure the boss class. The ruling class which is mainly in parliament during revolutionary period did important concessions by being pressurized of mass action which was demonstrated by the citizens who needed change. The citizens experienced warfare which was as a result of control over resources such as mines, land and factories to be controlled by workers associations instead of bosses. This is in deed a crunch to the economy and political stability of a nation. Elections should not be seen as a form of class struggle. America categorically is in support and defense of the right to vote, inclusive of the other civil and political rights that accompany it in a democracy that is bourgeois and capitalistic (Alinsky, 1998). However, these rights were only won and defended by working class struggle. Use of neutrality by the state was used for the disposal of the majority which is used by bosses as weapons which controls operations of the boardrooms and decisions being made by the companies, military and state bureaucracy and not in the parliament. It was decided that 400 people will be elected in parliament to represent the entire population of 40 million citizens and make decisions on their behalf. This generates warfare since all power must be exercised by the working class wholesomely through grassroots worker and community councils with the unions and the civic associations as reliance of these councils. Concerning how it will spread to the south, Philip argues insinuates the American South successfully repositioning itself at the forefront of culture in U.S. society just the country faces a number of deep-rooted energy, geopolitical, and financial crises. United stated devised the most appropriate means of governance during the period of revolution. They therefore opted to have American electorate who were empowered to control the economy and activity of the state in religion, oil sectors and other sectors of the economy. Conclusion Phillips says that fundamentalism experienced an upsurge in audience and played a vibrant role in shaping the parameters of public discourse. In the southern there was decline of cultural issues, social polarizations as it had been realized in Britain and Spain when it was undergoing revolution. Christianity played a major role in revolution as it provides the guidelines to the ruling community and provided boundaries which the state manifested on and improved to prepare their laws which governed the operations of the government and addressed the social problems of American. The dilemma of concern in America, as asserted by Philips, doesn’t underlie moral ramifications of sexual norms and/or abortion practices, but on the mushrooming financialization as regards the national economy. With a focus on decline of American manufacturing sector and later expansions of national liability, concluded that United States is rapidly treading towards economic wreck which will spread even to the south. References Alinsky, S. (1998). Rules for Radicals. Lincolnshire: Vintage. Phillips, K. (2006). American Theocracy: The Peril and Politics of Radical Religion, Oil, and Borrowed Money in the 21stCentury. New York: Viking Adult.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The cultural myth of femininity is based on the natural roles, and the three main social institutions enforcing gender-related myth are community, family, and market.

The cultural myth of femininity is based on the natural roles, and the three main social institutions enforcing gender-related myth are community, family, and market.

Social Constructs in Gender: The Social “Cover” of Biological Sex Essay Gender is nowadays commonplace in terms of psychological and civil rights debates, and due to its popularity as an issue of discussion, it is viewed as a routine ground for everyday activities, in which every ordinary person is an expert. Gender is normally considered through the concept of biological sex and the complicated and sophisticated human behavior is often reduced to the basic physiological processes. However, gender as a sociological term fully refers to the social “cover” of biological sex, i.e. the system of norms, values, expectations, and patterns, associated with sex. Considering the essays entitled “The Story of My Body” and “Becoming Members of Society: Learning the Social Meanings of Gender” by J.Cofer and H.Devor respectively, it is possible to assume that the cultural myth of gender is based the natural roles, and the three main social institutions enforcing gender-related myth are community, family, and market. The cultural myth, judging from the literary works of Cofer and Devor, refers to the organized set of beliefs and prejudices which refer to certain social constructs. In particular, in her exploration of the cultural myth of femininity, or external indicators of the female sex, Cofer’s work suggests that the young narrator failed to comply with the skin and color-related expectations imposed on American girls and women, she was ignored by her classmates and mistreated by peers from the same community, probably because she didn’t look beautiful and feminine enough from their perspective. In the United States, the cultural myth of femininity prescribes that women be light-skinned, slim, healthy-looking, and have well-underlined secondary sex features like thin voices and notable breasts. As Cofer’s protagonist confesses she was extremely thin and thus was consumed by the desire for developing into a strong and athletic woman with a powerful and probably larger body (Cofer, p.429). In this sense, it is important to remember Devor’s idea of femininity, which he associated with the realization of the reproductive function: “Feminine characteristics are thought to be intrinsic to the female facility for childbirth and breastfeeding. Hence, it is popularly believed that the social position of females is biologically mandated to be intertwined with the care of children and a “natural” dependency on men for the maintenance of mother-child units” (Devor, par. 15). Women’s dependency on men is translated in the cultural myth of femininity in terms of woman’s inferiority, both physical and intellectual; in order to act as an independent breadwinner, the woman must compete with males and have the same talents and capacities, whereas the lack of such skills and abilities automatically points to women’s dependency upon men. Thus, the cultural myth of femininity implies that women show poorer performance in educational and occupational areas. At the same time, the narrator in Cofer’s short story appears to have quite high academic achievements at school and exceeds her classmates by her intellectual development. Consequently, in her adolescence, the protagonist suffers from loneliness due to the fact that her peers (especially boys) are not interested in socializing with her and label her as “brain” (Cofer, p.429). As one can assume, according to the cultural myth of gender, being a “true” woman means having a more “voluptuous” body with well-developed sex features and being inferior to males in terms of intellectual abilities. The role of community in the construction of the cultural myth of gender is well-described by both Cofer and Devor. In particular, Judith Cofer recounts her immigration experience and states that after moving from Puerto Rico to the United States, she faced immense social pressure dictating her the way a true American female was supposed to look like. Accordingly, she endured humiliation because of the improper “dirty-brown natural” (Cofer, p.426) color; for instance, salespersons from the supermarket refused to let her in: “Don’t come in here unless you gonna buy something. You PR kids put your dirty hands-on stuff. You always look dirty” (Cofer, p.426). Further, in the context of body size, the narrator was often teased by her classmates because of her excessive thinness and fragility (Cofer, p.429). Similar to Cofer, Devor stresses the crucial role of the “significant others”, or members of the same community or reference group, in the communication and enforcement of the cultural myth of gender (Devor, par.10). Thus, the community acts as a censor and surveyor of the observance of gender norms. The practice of keeping within the frames of the gender role can be viewed as a criterion for inclusion into or exclusion from making community decisions. Moreover, the power of community’s control can be also approached as a power of social pressure which the narrator of Cofer’s story, when she appeared to look dissimilarly as compared to other White American and even Latino girls. In the context of family as an agent and communicator of standards, referring to the cultural myth of gender, Cofer’s narrator recognizes that her mother, a very attractive woman with long black hair and round body curves, was the person who taught her to “move, smile, and talk like an attractive woman” (Cofer, p.430). Owing to family support, the girl realized in her adolescence that she was gorgeous according to the standards of her cultural group. In this sense, H.Devor also implies that family is a primary environment, where gender is constructed: “Five-year-olds, for example, may be able to accurately recognize their own gender and the genders of the people around them, but they will often make such assumptions on the basis of role information, such as hairstyle, rather than physical attributes, such as genitals, even when physical cues are clearly known to them” (Devor, par 5). Due to the fact that such young children have very little or no experience of interacting with other reference groups apart from the family, one can clearly conclude that family teaches the basic concepts of gender to the immature personality in a natural way. Critically consider Cofer’s text, it is also important to note that adult relatives use non-harassing and non-pressuring gender construction techniques like expressing an expert opinion (in Cofer’s case, the mother was definitely an expert) and positive reinforcement (e.g. praising). Therefore, the family is an institution of convergence between the psychical (or psychological and personal) and the political (or collective), i.e. it acts as a mediator between the personal interests and the social norms dictated from outside. Family, as compared to the other institutions, provides a smoother construction of gender identity and gender roles in each particular person, due to the fact that it “marries” the personal and the collective interests. Finally, the market as the carrier and agent of cultural myth is not mentioned by Devor and briefly addressed by Cofer. In particular, the narrator states she was compared to popular actresses like Audrey Hepburn given her delicate features and thin neck. Thus, her beauty and femininity as perceived by others were based upon certain objective standards, which originated from the culture industry, namely popular films. Thus, beauty (in particular, female beauty) has become an object of commerce and production, as the modern canons and requirements cannot be met by an average woman without changing her physical appearance. In the last centuries, beauty was amongst the major virtues of woman as well as the major determinant of her popularity and chances to get married and have a stable family – this principle has survived up to the present day, moreover, it has been complicated by actresses and models, who hold the beauty standard. A number of theorists note that in the society-driven formation of gender attributes, beauty is a value in itself (especially for women), due to the fact that the male’s role is a watcher and the female is the person who is being watched. To sum up, the two works suggest that gender as a construct is enforced by the community by means of social pressure and social inclusion or marginalization, by the family through teaching and modeling role behaviors attributed to either masculinity or femininity and, finally, by the market, which overemphasizes the importance of certain gender characteristics through popular media and consequently “sells” them to the population. References Cofer, J. “The Story of My Body”. In Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing, edited by G.Colombo, R.Cullen and B.Lisle. Bedford, 2001, pp.423-432. Devor, H. “Becoming Members of Society: Learning the Social Meanings of Gender”. In Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing, edited by G.Colombo, R.Cullen and B.Lisle. Bedford, 2001. Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: A business from scratch is a business that starts with small capital and grows over time.A Business from Scratch is a business that starts with small capital and grows over time.

A business from scratch is a business that starts with small capital and grows over time. A Business from Scratch is a business that starts with small capital and grows over time.

A Business From Scratch Essay (Critical Writing) Introduction A Business can either start from a simple project that involves the individual application of small capital to a business this is the business from scratch. Another ownership is from buying an already existing business from a willing buyer. Another still can be owned from the franchise which includes a method which a company uses to help distribute its trademark products through engaging small retail outlets owned by independent individuals (Finell, 2007). Main body The pros of a business from scratch are that the business is entirely owned by the person and he has full control of his business decision-making and selling products of choice this gives a maximum effort in the relationships with customers. The cons are that the owner handles all the loss of the business alone and this creates a risk of maintaining this business since severe loss can lead to failure. The pros of buying an existing business are that one will have an already stocked business and will not struggle to get documents of acquiring a business and they will still have total control of these businesses. The con is that one cannot know the processes and plan of running such business in that particular area or they will not know the issues that made the owner sell such business (Fred, 2008). For the pros of a franchise, the new management will bring in new development to the various sub-businesses thus creating an improvement in marketing strategy and in selling the company’s products. Its cons are that the ideas by the new management might not be appealing to the sub-run businesses under that umbrella thus creating a misunderstanding between employers and thus low sales. These businessmen do not have the same approach since they handle customers at different levels and will do it again because of one on one contact with customers. For the existing business one, they would not because of the reasons under which the business was sold and lastly for franchise one it is difficult to have a hands-on activity. The surprise is everybody will want to start over again to improve the business further. References Finell Dorothy.The area of expertise Shop: How to Create Your Own exclusive and Profitable Retail commerce, AMACOM American Mgmt Assn. 2007. Steingold Fred. Legal Guide for opening & Running a Small company, Nolo Publishers. 2008.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The church uses a functional structure to group people and resources. It groups people together because they hold similar positions in the church. They perform a similar set of tasks and use the same kind of skills.

The church uses a functional structure to group people and resources. It groups people together because they hold similar positions in the church. They perform a similar set of tasks and use the same kind of skills.

A Church’s Organizational Structure and Behavior Essay (Critical Writing) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Why the organization uses this form of structure 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction Organizational structures have evolved over time from simple forms to very sophisticated types. They have been refined through experience and experimentation. They have adopted scientific management theories that have made the theme compatible with the modern technological world. Various people such as F. Taylor were instrumental in this development. These systems contribute to the wellbeing of the society through various means, for example, they bring together resources in order to accomplish a society’s needs, help to facilitate innovation, they facilitate easy accommodation of ongoing cultural, social, economical, and economic changes, they control and monitor the development of consumer goods and services, they foster communities’ participation In the process of development and also control the use of resources. The church uses a functional structure to group people and resources. It groups people together because they hold similar positions in the church. They perform a similar set of tasks and use the same kind of skills. Why the organization uses this form of structure It facilitates easy communication among the people involved. People are grouped together according to their abilities and they can communicate and share information. They are grouped vertically according to their specialization and horizontally according to their level of qualification. The structure facilitates quick decision-making because the approach to problems is from the same perspective. Learning is made easier since employees can learn from each anthers experience. This helps the employees to improve their skills and thereby enhancing individual and organizational performance (Don, 1999). This structure has a greater motivational advantage. Supervisors are in a good position to monitor individual performance, motivate the employees to give their best, and discourage social laxity. The members monitor and control each other’s behavior and performance since teamwork spirit is developed. The hard-working employees can be promoted to a higher level or position. Yes, another structure with appropriate stratification of position would still be appropriate and would produce even more desirable results. A different structure may bring into play various advantages that the functional system does not have. It may also help overcome the shortcomings of the functional system. In the organization’s structure, there are seven levels. The organization has the right number of levels because the duties are well shared throughout the structure. The authority is decentralized among the various secretaries and the chairmen in the management. However, the management board reserves the right to pass major decisions and formulate the laws. The organization always uses mutual adjustment and standardization to coordinate its activities. It has rules set that are used to govern its activities. In cases where adjustments are required, they are done in accordance with the church’s own constitution. The constitution provides guidance on what should be done and when it should be done. Teams or cross-functional teams are normally formed to perform specific functions when there is a need for their formation. However, they are normally dissolved after the completion of the stated task (Shivgansen & Beena1992). The church uses rules and regulations formulated by the management board as provided for by the church’s constitution. Conclusion The development and evolution of human societies is a continuous process. Societies become complex and sophisticated with time. This calls for continued refining of organization systems and structures in order to ensure proper management of our scarce resources. Churches are instruments of change and thus should also participate in the refining of such systems to ensure the development of perfect systems. Organization structure and culture influences the employees or workers behaviors, motivation teamwork, performances and relations. References Don, S “(1999) Structural problems suppress incorporated accomplishment.” promotion News, 33. American Marketing Association. Shivgansen & Beena. (1992) calculation of Organizational success as a utility of a managerial Structure. ” Social Psychology Journal , 132. Heldref Publications.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: A clinical-based study of young adults who have diabetes found that most victims believe that diabetes mellitus also known as type 2 diabetes is greatly caused by the presence of the disease in the family history, high intake of food rich in sugar and fat while at the same time engaging in a very little exercise.

A clinical-based study of young adults who have diabetes found that most victims believe that diabetes mellitus also known as type 2 diabetes is greatly caused by the presence of the disease in the family history, high intake of food rich in sugar and fat while at the same time engaging in a very little exercise.

A Clinical-Based Study of Young Adults Who Have Diabetes Dissertation Introduction Type two diabetes’ prevalence is known to increase with age and in young people, it is known to account for about 3% of all the other types, and in the U.S.A as high as 45% of the cases of patients suffering from diabetes due to type 2 which amount to about 16 million individuals. Reports indicate ever-increasing cases of type 2 diabetes between the ages of 18-40 years especially in ethnic groups with higher risks of type 2 diabetes. High risks are determined by family history, presence of metabolic syndrome like abdominal obesity but research indicates that high prevalence and symptoms of type 2 diabetes are greatly reduced by a well-controlled diet and enough exercise among the people exposed to these risks.( Kanerva,2004pp43-45) Attitudes and beliefs among patients suffering from type 2 diabetes Research data indicates most victims believe that diabetes mellitus also known as type 2 diabetes is greatly caused by the presence of the disease in the family history, high intake of food rich in sugar and fat while at the same time engaging in a very little exercise. Other factors that precipitate the condition are experiences of strong emotions like fright, acute anger, prolonged sadness as well as depression. Most patients who participle in the oral interview express their belief in the importance of strictly following the recommendations designed by the doctors regarding diets and regular exercise, medication administered orally, herbal therapies such as aloe Vera and prickly pear cactus. Such information is important in designing interventions aimed at reducing the heavy burden of type 2 diabetes worlds wide. Most respondents in the study of perceived barriers concerning self-management of type 2 diabetes express feeling that the disease is a serious condition and its long-term complications can greatly be reduced if they controlled it through self-management activities. In the study, personal models, as well as barriers, make a significant prediction regarding levels of self-management of diet, glucose testing, and exercise after the influence of demographic as well as medical history is controlled. The majority of the respondents amounting to 24% agree that there is a lot of benefit in taking medication and this belief is strongly associated with willingness to adhere to regular medication. About 13% of the respondents have a negative belief and argue that regular intake of the medication can cause side effects which would include weight gain and that any change to their daily routine would only increase their difficulty to regularly take their diabetes medicines. These beliefs are important in informing intervention development, implementation of research findings as well as evaluation in studies that are randomized and controlled. (Philip, 2003pp33-39) Practice in relation to exercise controlled physical activity, appropriate endurance as well as resistance training are key therapeutic modalities for patients with type 2 diabetes but unfortunately, the majority of the patient underutilize it and this contributes to fast deterioration of tolerance to favorable changes in levels of glucose and sensitivity of insulin. Even when the patient has had a physical activity the tolerance can still deteriorate after 72 hours from the last session. Most victims do not manage in achieving the recommended 1000 Kcal wk and have a lower level of fitness. They lack the information that exercise intensity requires to be maintained at a comfortable level at the beginning and then progressed cautiously until the patient improves intolerance. Lack of resistance training by the patients due to lack of understanding reduces their potential in improving muscle strength and reduces their body flexibility and therefore increases risks for cardiovascular diseases as well as a decline in glucose tolerance. Most obese patients with type 2 diabetes exhibit a decline in blood glucose shortly after mild-to-moderate physical activity but the magnitude of the decline depends on the duration and intensity of the exercise which is attributed to a gradual increase in glucose utilization in the muscles during the exercise. Most patients who respond well to prescribe programs believe in benefits associated with physiological as well as psychological aspects of regular exercise because of the effect it has in reducing stress, depression. The belief is that regular exercise heightens one’s self-esteem and plays a role in reducing emotional perturbation that is attributed to stressful events in their daily life but unfortunately these beliefs rarely receive much attention from the majority although they have a lot of benefits as far as self-management of the disease is concerned. Research indicates that management of type2 diabetes is stressful especially between the ages of 18-40 years one of the reasons being a reduction of activity as the individual gradually gets out of the teenage years when most individuals are known to be naturally very active.( Bolden,2006pp41-48) Dietary habits Among those who suffer from this condition of type 2, diabetes the majority have dietary habits that contribute to the development of a fatty liver which consequently increases the early development of diabetes mellitus. Most of them are obsessed and register a significantly high intake of diets with high content of fat and sugar compared with those without fatty liver especially conventionally in between meals as well as food rich in lipids and consumption of alcohol especially among non-aged. Most of the participants usually have their diabetes well controlled when they start the program on dietary habits because they are able to change food habits and consequently register improvement in metabolic control. However, it is not everyone who engages in the dietary study who manages to change his food habits and some even literally disagree with the advice. Those participants who agree to take a fat-modified and fiber-enriched diet register a significant loss in body weight even after one week. (Dupre, 2001pp26-32) An attitude of the patient with diabetes toward the disease Research studies indicate a direct relationship between the condition of type 2 diabetes and the emotional health of the victims because when an individual with the condition is diagnosed he tends to feel hopeless and also upset and this is worsened when the victim starts experiencing difficulty in the management of the condition which eventually leads to the feeling of depression and anxiety. The patients who participate in the interview believe that when they are stressed out or directly sad this affects their blood sugar. Among the factors cited by the most participant as the major contributors of the effect of emotions and diabetes are family stressors as well as those from society in general and therefore it is important for the patient with diabetes to be diagnosed of their emotional health to help in screening for stress and depression because this helps in eliciting preferences about their treatment when indicated. (Wayne, 2003PP19-26) Conclusion a clinically based study of young adults who have diabetes register varying beliefs and attitudes towards controlled management and this affects their perception towards the patterns and intensity of exercise and recommended diet especially if they are not informed of the benefits associated with these control measures. The diagnosis of the condition also is not met with a positive attitude by a majority of the victims and this demands a counseling session for the patients so that they can adhere to the doctors’ program. (Parker, 2004PP23-28) References Parker M. (2004): reflections on life with diabetes: virtualbookworm. pp. 23-28. Dominic A. (2000): a memoir of growing up with diabetes: Simon and schuster pp. 14-19. Kanerva J. (2004): Fathers’ journey into the world of diabetes: Trafford publishing pp. 43-45. Philip M. (2003): Adults’ diabetes: icon health publications pp. 33-39. Bolden T. (2006): my journey to better health: atria books pp. 41-48. Dupre J. (2001): early prevention of diabetes mellitus: Bcdecker pp. 26-32. Wayne D. (2003): diabetes mellitus: icon group international pp. 19-26.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The article examines and analysis the differences between public and private sector organizations.The authors underline that planning and management can lead to an increased ability of state and local government managers to evaluate, select, and implement alternative approaches to the financing and delivery of needed public services.

The article examines and analysis the differences between public and private sector organizations. The authors underline that planning and management can lead to an increased ability of state and local government managers to evaluate, select, and implement alternative approaches to the financing and delivery of needed public services.

“A Comparison of the Strategic Priorities of Public and Private Sector Information Resource Management Executives”: Article Critique Essay (Critical Writing) The article by M.A. Ward and S. Mitchellb (2004) examines and analysis the differences between public and private sector organizations. Special attention is given to the strategic and planning priority selected by information resource management. The authors underline that planning and management can lead to an increased ability of state and local government managers to evaluate, select, and implement alternative approaches to the financing and delivery of needed public services. Such application of strategic planning, thinking, and management–drawing upon the vast resources of a variety of organizations and institutions–can have significant positive effects on the efficiency of state and local government, the improvement and simplification of selected service delivery functions, and the financial viability of individual agencies and jurisdictions. Thesis I agree with the authors that private-sector information management pays more attention to IT and innovative solutions providing market-oriented planning and development. The authors state that public organizations pay no attention to IT and software development using old-fashioned tools and techniques. I agree with Ward and Mitchellb that ” a new software personnel system created by the private sector could be adopted by the public sector to provide employees with better access to their financial records, benefits packages, and so on” (p. 300). The overall strategic plan was adopted by the local government and civic leaders of the community and was systematically tied into their operating budgets. Details were then worked out as to responsibilities and timing for implementation. A private, nonprofit organization called the Council for Educational Excellence has been established to increase citizen awareness of the link between quality education and economic growth. These situations are typical of much of the program and policy planning that takes place in government today. Unfortunately, many public decisions must be made in an environment where the goals, constraints, and consequences of possible actions are not precisely known (Lynn, 2006). The main difference between public and private sectors is explained by the fact that the private sector concentrates on economic, well-defined long-term strategies while the public sector concentrates on politics and very broad short-term strategies. In carrying out its mission, the strategic planning team developed several key strategies (Simon, 2007): I suppose that private organizations are better prepared for changing market environment by adopting IT solutions and innovative techniques. Companies have invested increasingly in communication technology since the early 1990s. In 1991, America’s service sector companies spent over $100 billion on hardware, equal to more than $12000 per information worker. Assuming that companies spend their resources wisely, it is tempting to conclude that higher expenditure on communication technology will increase a firm’s overall performance. If investment into IT has not increased the value produced, management must rethink communication technology strategies (Carr 2004): This has put managers responsible for determining the level of communication technology expenditure in a difficult position. While communication technology is viewed intuitively as an important asset, managers do not know how to measure its impact, how to decide on the area in which to invest in it, or even how much to invest into it. T technology suggests that a strategic communication technology system should reduce costs, add value, or create significant switching costs that result in financial benefit before competitors are able to copy the technology. Productivity, customer value, and above-average returns are, however, different measures that do not necessarily coincide. Information technology, in particular, has been found to lead to both increased productivity and customer value, yet the link to supranormal business profitability has not been confirmed. What may be a short-term competitive advantage translates into an obligation for continued competitive viability. It is, therefore, less surprising to find that case studies and anecdotes propose that communication technology in itself does not lead to sustained performance advantages. Rather than viewing communication technology as the factor enabling companies to achieve a competitive advantage, it has to be viewed as a ‘strategic necessity’ Public sector organizations that do not adopt communication technology will have a higher cost structure and be at a competitive disadvantage. In addition, since communication technology is readily available to all companies, including competitors, it cannot be a factor for sustained competitive advantage (Carr 2004): Rather than viewing communication technology as an opportunity on which to build a future strategy, it is more likely to be a threat, since avoiding investments into communication technology may be a reason for competitive decline (Lynn, 2006). Overall private organization IT planning is conducted at the next higher level and is concerned with the overall organization. Issues like new services, consolidations, joint agreements, and major reorganizations of departments are examples In sum, the authors are right that public sector organizations lack a strategic vision of the future and spirit of the age. If they adopt IT solutions and strategies used by private organizations, it will help them to improve performance and reduce the number of routine tasks. This process should move through successively higher levels within the organization until the chief executive (or perhaps the elected body or clients) makes the final decisions about priorities. It does not take into account interdependence among items, programs, projects, and events. Putting IT resources into a planning effort should result in more knowledge for decisions and, therefore, better organizational performance. According to the resource-based view of firms, companies should invest in technology in areas that together form a resource configuration providing a competitive advantage. It has been suggested that, by exploiting pre-existing, complementary human and business resources, communication technology creates an advantage. References Carr, N. G. (2004). Does IT Matter? Information Technology and the Corrosion of Competitive Advantage. Harvard Business School Press. Lynn, L. E. (2006). Public Management As Art, Science, and Profession (Public Administration and Public Policy). Chatham House Publishers. Ward, M.A., Mitchellb, S (2004). A comparison of the strategic priorities of public and private sector information resource management executives. Government Information Quarterly . 21 (284–304. Simon, H.A. (2007). Administrative Behavior , 4th Edition. Free Press; 4 Sub edition.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court by Mark Twain is a novel that examines the power of the church through various periods of history.The novel has an underlying meaning for the readers of every age and this meaning becomes clear when the novel is used to understand the power of the Church through various periods of history.

A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court by Mark Twain is a novel that examines the power of the church through various periods of history. The novel has an underlying meaning for the readers of every age and this meaning becomes clear when the novel is used to understand the power of the Church through various periods of history.

“A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court” by Mark Twain Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The description of the novel 3. The main theme 4. Works Cited Introduction Literature and literary pieces, like any work of art, is the treasure of humanity for every age and this characteristic feature of the literary creations meaningful to the people of every age and place. The novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court by Mark Twain presents one of the most apparent illustrations of this universality of literary works. The novel has an underlying meaning for the readers of every age and this meaning becomes clear when the novel is used to understand the power of the Church through various periods of history. The description of the novel A critical analysis of the main themes of the novel by Mark Twain categorically proves the role of the church in the lives of its followers and the power it has bestowed upon the world through various periods of history. A Connecticut Yankee in King Author’s Court , written in the late 1800’s, can be regarded as a slam by the writer on the church, the views of slavery, and even the advancement of technology. Specifically, the power which the church holds in connection with the lifestyles of its followers, advancement in technology, and government becomes one of the focal points of the novel. In fact, the relevance of these concepts of the writer may be found in the way they affect the past as well as the present which was the future at the hands of the novelist. Therefore, it becomes evident that the church, in the past, enjoyed such great powers which helped it in creating laws, regulations, and even initiating wars with the tap of a pen. In the present era, the power of the church has diminished considerably and not so many people are afraid of the power of the church which could take away their ability to be upfront with their tactics as they must also use politics in the form of government to make changes. However, it does not mean that the church does not have great significance, but in fact the church still plays a major part in world decisions backed with the power of money. In the essay, the focus has been on a comparative investigation into the power of the church through the 6th, 19th, and even the 20th century and the use of the novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court by Mark Twain has been used as the setting for the analysis of the power of the church. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court has been praised for the variety of underlying themes and the power of the church in affecting the lives of its followers. The source of the brilliance, humor, and the themes of the novel, as the Connecticut Yankee perceives it, is the concurrence of times and its attendant values. Hank Morgan may be related with the mythic King Arthur, who represents his age and the age of romantic chivalry, and the type figure of the nineteenth century man is freedom minded, shrewd and technocratic. This context presents the background of the major themes of the novel and the power of the church appears to be the leading theme of the novel. The Yankee in the novel presents the most apparent illustration of the manipulative power of the church and this has been clarified by the analyses of the novel’s themes. “Twain’s Yankee’s greatest fear and ultimate enemy is the Roman Catholic Church, which to him embodies the evils of manipulating religion for political purposes. He states that ‘the established church is only a political machine,’ bereft of the spiritual functions that it purports to serve. Hank accuses the church for shoring up the ills of the sixth century society: superstition; hereditary nobility; social inequality; the meek subservience of the masses to authority and tradition.” (Major Themes). Thus, the novel’s core theme relates to the overwhelming power the church and the fictional story has been effective in deriving several ideas of the irresistible power of the church. In the given background of the novel and the theme of the overwhelming power of the church, it is pertinent to relate that the power at the hands of the church has affected many decisions from home to government. The unchecked power held by the church also played a formative role in the educational system of the world and the schools used to be regulated by the church. However, in the present era, these educational systems are being slowly pushed out of the power of the church. In an understanding of the seminal role of the church in the world affairs, it is also considerable that every form of currency around the world has been directly related to a specific religion in some way, usually in the form of slogans or pictures of religious leaders. The relevance of the church in this relation is indisputable. Also, the governments of the world were, once, ruled by the church and its institutions. In the current times, the church realizes its own role with the use of the same government they regulated as a loop hole into current rules and regulations. All these aspects helped Mark Twain when he used his status as a writer to bring forward these problems to common view. Unfortunately, he was unable to speak down on the church directly. Therefore, he used imagination and fiction to represent the church in his time through the stories of past times and the novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court is the result of such an attempt. There are several instances where the novel connects to the Roman Catholic Church’s sarcastic influence on society. In one of such instances, the narrator of the novel remarks, “In two or three little centuries it had converted a nation of men to a nation of worms. Before the day of the Church’s supremacy in the world, men were men, and held their heads up, and had a man’s pride and spirit and independence; and what of greatness and position a person got, he got mainly by achievement, not by birth. But then the Church came to the front, with an axe to grind; and she was wise, subtle, and knew more than one way to skin a cat — or a nation; she invented ‘divine right of kings,’ and propped it all around, brick by brick, with the Beatitudes — wrenching them from their good purpose to make them fortify an evil one…” (Twain, pp 45-46). Thus, the novel is categorical about the unrestrained power of the church in affecting the lives of its followers. Mark Twain perceives such an unwarranted role of the church as a tool for repressing the freedom and sovereignty of human beings by way of removing their inbuilt power from them and subordinating them to the dominant people who allege to speak on behalf of God. And the wrath of the author is not against the Catholic Church alone but every conventional church which implements the power on the followers. This alarming role of the church and its power on the different institutions of the man becomes evident in an analysis of the historical facts. The role of the church has been, through years, related with power and domination through various agencies and institutions. Its power has been historically felt in the governments, the educational systems, and other modes of power systems and the rules and regulations of the church have been held closely by the several nations. The earliest history related with the rise of Jesus Christ and the growth of Christianity may be considered here. In fact, the punishments instilled on those who followed Christianity as well as the suffering of the early Christians have become forgotten history. The emergence of the church as in the fifth century A.D as the Roman Empire came to a collapse has significance as it marks the surfacing of an era of unwarranted power. The Middle Ages has seen the emergence of the church as one of the crucial powers of the world. “Over the next seven centuries, until the beginning of the Renaissance, the European continent was intended to function as one Christian state, with the Catholic Church playing the central role in governing the lives of its people. In 1231, Pope Gregory IX officially formalized the mission of the Holy Office, or Inquisition, to deal with heretics against the church, as well as moral crimes.” (Surviving History: Could you have survived?: Fall of the Empire, Rise of the Church). For the following years of the history, the world has evidenced the importance of the role played by the church. Thus, the church became an institution of power to carry forward the rules and regulations of the powerful empires such as the Ancient Greece and Rome. The overwhelming power of the church in determining the government policies is evident also in the rule in England following the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603 and the civil war that followed due to conflict with the Puritans and Catholics. The struggle of the Catholics at the hands of new government also suggests the power at the hands of the church machinery. “The new Stuart monarchy clashed with Parliament, Puritans clashed with the Church of England and Catholics continued to be persecuted… The new regime, and especially the policies of Parliament during this time, moved away from the strict moral codes of Puritanism and an increased repression of non-Anglican Protestants and Catholics. After Charles’ Catholic brother, James, was crowned king in 1685, the country headed straight toward revolution, as James’ opponents enlisted the king’s own son-in-law, the Dutch prince William of Orange, to invade England and take the throne in 1688.” (Surviving History: Could you have survived?: Century of Upheaval, 17th-Century England). The history of England proves role of power at the hands of the church in the continuous struggles that followed. The Salem Witch trials in 1692 will also be comprehended in this connection. The 17th-century Puritans got refuge in the Massachusetts Bay Colony when they were persecuted in England for their strict religious beliefs. There, they were able to go about their business comparatively free from the colonial government and the city of Salem exhibited the strong bond between the church and the government. The mass hysteria surrounding the Salem Witch Trials also suggests the result of the overwhelming power at the hands of the church. “In a Puritan town such as Salem, Massachusetts, close ties existed between government and clergy, and it was against the law not to go to church. In 1691, seeking to exercise more control over their New England colonies, the British set up a new colony incorporating Massachusetts with Plymouth, Maine and the islands of Nantucket and Martha’s Vineyard. The mass hysteria surrounding the Salem Witch Trials began in early 1692, when Massachusetts was awaiting the arrival of a new royal governor and a new charter.” (Surviving History: Could you have survived?: Salem Witch trials, 17th-Century England). All the aforementioned historical events are significant in an understanding of the role of the church in the system of government. The power at the hands of the church which has been unchecked has been greatly linked to the policies and functioning of the government. Therefore, the role of religion and, to be specific, the church in the government institutions has been clearly related with power. Similarly, religious reign over education also proves the importance of power in the church. It is relatable here that the church had the supreme power over every way of education. The prime example of the power of the church over the educational process is the fact that the bible was written only in Latin until approx. early 1500’s and the superior authority in every form of learning has been the church. The role of the church as the main agency of learning and education becomes clear when it is related with the power it enjoyed in the European nations. The superiority of the church as a power of education becomes more apparent in an analysis of the experience of Galileo who was forced to disavow his belief that the earth revolves around the sun in 1633. In the background of the power as enjoyed by the church, Galileo’s inventions were disregarded by the church. In 1610, he came up with a new invention on the night sky with the assistance of his machine, the telescope. The findings of the invention would challenge the Church’s view of the universe and the very word of God. As he was about to unlock the secrets of the heavens, Galileo was under the threat of mortal danger which led him to a critical moment of trial by the Holy Roman Inquisition. In fact, his findings, based on a study of the heavens through his new telescope, were very clears to him. The study findings made him to propose a heliocentric view of the universe which was unacceptable to the church. He was guilty of going against certain biblical passages and the teachings of Aristotle which regarded the Earth as the center of the universe. He supported the heliocentric theory of Copernicus and explicated that the church was in error. All these drew him to the power of the Roman Catholic Church and to face the Inquisition to shield him against charges of heresy. Thus, the events in the life of Galileo prove the role of power at the hands of the church. “Facing torture and death, the brilliant scientist is forced to read and sign a confession, disavowing his belief that the Earth revolves around the sun. Found guilty of a ‘grave suspicion of heresy’, Galileo’s sentence is announced to the world – life in prison, with his book banned and ordered to be burned. After ten months in custody, Galileo is allowed to go home to Tuscany, where he will be under strict house arrest for the rest of his life. There he picks up his early experiments on motion and begins writing again. In 1636, his final book “Discourses on Two New Sciences” lays the foundation for modern physics. His ground-breaking research and discoveries remain the basis of modern science. On October 31, 1992 after 359 years, the Roman Catholic Church admits that it erred in its persecution of Galileo.” (Galileo and the Sinful Spyglass). These historical developments in the life of Galileo illustrate the type of power that the church exhibited. It is also significant, in analysis of the power of the church, to have an overview of how the power of the Church influenced the Crusades in Medieval times. There are several reasons for the significant power of the church through the crusades. The power of the church was the result of the land it possessed, the money and positions it enjoyed, the support of the kings and kingdoms it had. The Crusades, which were expeditions by the Christian Europe in an attempt to recover the Holy Land, expressed the want of the church for more power. An understanding of the consequences of the crusades clarifies the idea and the main result of the crusades is the increased power of the church. “First among the results of the Crusades is to be counted the great increase they brought about in the power of the Church and of the papacy. The achievements of the religious wars fell far behind expectations; but the idea became firmly fixed that the pope at the head of armed Christendom had affected the conquest of the Holy Sepulcher.” (History of the Crusades). The significance of the church machinery and the power increased and the common man suffered at the hands of the church. The people of the Europe responded to the call by the Pope for the crusades mainly because they were afraid of the power of the church including physical and moral. In the current age, the power of the church has diminished considerably and the nations of the world are more led by the political power than the religious power. The religious freedom offered to every citizen of the nation may be realized in this connection. The example of the American educational system which offers the freedom of religious expression illustrates that the power of the church is very much limited. Richard W. Riley points out that the history of America as a nation “reflects the history of the Puritan, the Quaker, the Baptist, the Catholic, the Jew and many others fleeing persecution to find religious freedom in America. The United States remains the most successful experiment in religious freedom that the world has ever known because the First Amendment uniquely balances freedom of private religious belief and expression with freedom from state-imposed religious expression.” (Archived Information). This is an illustration of the fact that the power of the church has significantly decreased. An examination of the recent history of the Jalisco also confirms that the role of the church and its power have weakened a great deal. There has been various confrontations between the church and the state. “The new constitution of 1917 placed political and economic restrictions on the Roman Catholic Church in response to claims that the church had abused its power. These restrictions increased friction between the church and the government…” (Jalisco: History of Jalisco). In the modern materialistic world, the power is mainly enjoyed by the state and the subsequent agencies of the state, rather than the institutions of the church. A very recent comment made by George W Bush also points out the scope for religious freedom and the decrease in the influence of the church in world affairs. “President Bush, in a clear reference to China’s tight control of churches, said Sunday that no country should ‘fear the influence’ of religious freedom. His comments came with added punch as he delivered them after attending church services in the heart of the Chinese capital during Beijing’s Olympic moment.” (On Steps of Beijing Church, Bush Talks of Religious Freedom). The main theme The main theme of the novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court by Mark Twain can be realized as true in an investigation of the historical facts. The power of the church has been instrumental in determining some of the crucial aspects of the world. This paper has been significant in revealing the overwhelming power which the church enjoyed. However, the intention of the paper is not to turn over any religion or religious belief held by any man or woman. This paper has attempted to point out the flaws that await people as a mortal man is given power without a just cause. In fact, power is based on a common belief and fear and the theme of the novel justifies the overall situation of the world. Works Cited Archived Information. ED. 2000. Web. Galileo and the Sinful Spyglass. History. 2008. Web. History of the Crusades. Religion Facts. 2008. Web. Jalisco: History of Jalisco. Mexico. History. 2008. Web. Major Themes. Gradesaver. 2008. Web. On Steps of Beijing Church, Bush Talks of Religious Freedom. CNN. 2008. Web. Surviving History: Could you have survived?: Fall of the Empire, Rise of the Church. History. TV Series. 2007.Web. Surviving History: Could you have survived?: Century of Upheaval, 17th-Century England. History. TV Series. 2007. Web. Surviving History: Could you have survived?: Salem Witch trials, 17th-Century England. History. TV Series. 2007. Web. Twain, Mark. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court. Hayes Barton Press, pp 45-46.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The coffee crisis had a great impact on international trade and partnerships between international and local companies. The proposed policy solutions are based on the law of comparative advantage concept.

The coffee crisis had a great impact on international trade and partnerships between international and local companies. The proposed policy solutions are based on the law of comparative advantage concept.

A Cup of Coffee – a Ton of Struggle Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Proposed Policy Solutions 3. Costs 4. Conclusion 5. References Introduction Recent years, the coffee crisis affected many regions in the world leading to price decrease and market failure of many companies. The main tendencies on the coffee market today are uncertainly and instability. If nothing is done, the crisis will affect farmers and trade organizations leading to the bankruptcy of small and medium-sized enterprises. Because of the crisis, 26 million coffee farmers lost their source of income and bankrupted (Walk the Talk 2003). The consumer-buyer and his decisions are central to any market analysis that seeks to explore the relationship between forms of competition and consumer choice. To the business firms that sell to consumers, however, this aspect of demand is less important than consumer preferences, for it has been shown that families and individuals seek variety in goods and services and in shopping methods. The newly established price, 65 percent a kilo, could not cover all expenses and saved farmers from poverty. Another problem identified by economists is that global coffee consumption has failed and this situation worsened the crisis. “The quoted price had dropped below &1 per pound” (Walk the Talk 2003). Thus the lowest price was reached in 2003, 42 cents per pound. The problem is important because it has a great impact on international trade and partnerships between international and local companies. In the markets in which consumers buy, competition takes many forms. Most models of economic theory analyze markets using a conventional definition of demand framed in terms of prices and quantities, which shows that buyers choose smaller or larger quantities, at higher or lower prices, of the same product or service. Strategy is not a game played against nature. Instead, it is an activity geared to secure an advantage over or deny advantage to, an adversary who is motivated, and not infrequently able, to thwart a company (Barro and Grilli 2003). The main countries that suffered from the coffee crisis are developing regions of the world relying on coffee export and favorable market conditions. The main regions affected by the crisis are Latin America, Africa, and East Asia. Proposed Policy Solutions The first of the proposed policy solutions are based on “the law of comparative advantage’ concept. The proposed policy is to export coffee beans with the lowest relative costs. Thus, these costs should cover the main expenses: amortization and labor resources. According to this model, countries export products with the lowest relative costs. In this case, because strategy is always devised ‘at home’-nationally or within a coalition — through the workings of a process beset with myriad domestic difficulties, the enemy is often neglected in deliberations. In fact, from the peacetime point of view of the strategic planner, the adversary is actually the easiest variable to manipulate (Froyen, 1995; Barro and Grilli 2003). This model will help to employ people and reduce the current unemployment rate which reaches 50% among farmers. The second proposed concept is the specific factors model. The advantage of the country is based on “immobile endowments” which can be unique coffee beans and a country image. The proposed policy is product differentiation. It will be difficult to achieve it is the only possible solution to sell coffee beans on a global scale. The relation between non-price competition and consumers’ preferences makes information, on both sides of the market, critically important. As buyers of a general class of products, consumers confront many sellers of products that are closely equivalent: the consumer’s taste for variety is satisfied by the existence of a wide range of differentiated articles (Barro and Sala-i-Martin 2003). Given information about the differences in products and prices, an astute buyer could select the particular item that best fits his set of tastes and preferences; his choice would reflect not only the availability of substitutes but the degree of closeness to which they are equivalent. The third concept for the coffee market is the imperfect competition model. The trade will be affected by the economies of scale and it will help coffee companies to overcome the crisis and add value to their products. The proposed policy is price competition. Sellers thus differ only in the quantities they offer at a given price; buyers differ only in the amount they are willing to purchase at a given price. Competition in such a market is price competition: many buyers and many sellers, each a minor part of the whole market, help to establish the equilibrium price that results. As in the case of monopoly, a specific example of the competitive model can be found only with an extremely narrow definition of the product (Wickens, 2008). Costs The costs of the first model are low but it will take time to introduce the policies. If consumers want what a monopolist is selling, they must either buy from him or go without. To cite a specific example of an existing monopoly, however, requires an extremely precise definition of the product or service. For example, in most urban areas public utilities are monopolies: there is only one telephone company, water company, gas company, electricity supplier. But if telephone service is defined as a form of communication, more than one supplier of such facilities exists telegraph, mail, and face-to-face conversation are among the other forms communication can take. Only insofar as the consumers find telephone service unique and are unwilling to substitute for it another form of communication does the company have a monopoly. The strength of the monopolist’s power, therefore, is a reflection of consumer preference (Wickens, 2008). The costs of the second model are low, but it will bring desired outcomes only in half a year. The general class of products is differentiated because Brazilian coffee beans are not identical to other coffee beans. Each processor has taken steps to ensure this — by his selection of particular ingredients and the specific details of his technology; by the use of distinctive packaging and a brand name to identify his product; by his advertising of its superior quality or its appeal to gourmet tastes. But all such attempts are worthless unless the potential buyers — the consumers — are willing to recognize significant differences between coffee beans. If a firm competes by changing its output — for example, by introducing a product variation — its competitive position will be improved only if consumers accept the change, and prefer it to what is offered by others (Mankiw, 1994). The third policy is the most efficient for the coffee market. Yet in neither case is the consumer indifferent to the sellers from whom he buys. It is true that one share of common stock is identical with another share; but the consumer is not only buying common stock, he is also shopping at his broker’s. Similarly, the consumer may well be indifferent as between the coffee beans from one country and that from another-but not if the first case sells to Starbucks and the second to a less known company. differ in the abundance (and relevance) of the information they offer and in their provision of credit; retail dairies may have different delivery schedules and will surely have nonidentical routemen (Froyen, 1995). The expected outcomes of the first model are improved market position and stable growth achieved in a year. So the consumer’s preference for one seller over another exists; because the shopping or buying process cannot be separated from consumer choice, there is no possibility of finding identical sellers to consumers, and the model of pure or perfect competition is irrelevant to an analysis of consumer markets. The outcomes of the second model are product differentiation and short-term market stability. And each variation introduced into the shopping process will actually serve to differentiate only when consumers accept it as a means of distinguishing one retailer from another (Mankiw, 1994). The best model for market change is the third one. Exactly parallel reasoning applies to firms. As sellers of a general class of product or service or shopping process, firms face many buyers, who have closely similar, yet different, preferences. Given adequate information about consumer preferences as well as estimates of the quantities that buyers will take at different prices, the profit-maximizing firm could produce the particular item that best fits its available resources of technology and know-how. The seller can differentiate his output from that of competitors most successfully by incorporating in his product or service the differences that consumers will find significant — by giving consumers, in short, what they want. The more information he has about consumer preferences, therefore, the better off is the supplier (Froyen, 1995). Conclusion The selected model will help to overcome the market crisis and stabilize the price of the international coffee market. In competition, each competing seller offers a unique output, but one that is closely similar to the output of others. The amount of differentiation depends on consumer preferences: the long-standing and acrimonious debate over “real” or “imagined” differences and “rational” or “irrational” preferences is quite beside the point. Future research is needed to analyze the industry product differentiation and selling costs. Clearly, it is consumer preferences that establish the existence and the extent of product differentiation. The model of monopolistic competition places its emphasis on sellers’ attempts to differentiate their offerings via variations in the product or service or shipping process rather than price competition. All the empirical data so far presented support this analysis for the markets in which consumers buy. This is not to say that pricing is never used as a competitive weapon, or that these characteristics of comparative advantage apply with equal strength to all consumer purchases. The main limitation is the lack of market information and real-life examples of model applications in the coffee market. Both types of information, however — that which is sought by consumers and that which is sought by producers -have an important bearing on market structure. References Barro, R. J. and V. Grilli (2003). Europea Macroeconomics , London: Macmillan. Barro, R. J. and X. Sala-i-Martin (2003) Economic Growth , New York: McGrawHill. Froyen, R. T. (1995) Macroeconomics: Theories and Policies , 5th edn, London: Prentice Hall. Mankiw, N. G. (1994) Macroeconomics , 2nd edn, New York: Worth. Wickens, M. (2008). Macroeconomic Theory: A Dynamic General Equilibrium Approach. Princeton University Press. Walk the Talk . Oxfarm Briefing Paper. 2003.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: In the article "A Marriage in Full" by Gary A. Anderson, the author puts his emphasis on the aspects of the institution of marriage. He starts his article with a criticism of Dietrich Bonhoeffer's letter on marriage. He mentions that "In a world that extols the autonomy of the self as the highest possible value, Bonhoeffer insists that in the sacrament of marriage we enter a covenant that presumes natural affections but goes far beyond them."

In the article "A Marriage in Full" by Gary A. Anderson, the author puts his emphasis on the aspects of the institution of marriage. He starts his article with a criticism of Dietrich Bonhoeffer's letter on marriage. He mentions that "In a world that extols the autonomy of the self as the highest possible value, Bonhoeffer insists that in the sacrament of marriage we enter a covenant that presumes natural affections but goes far beyond them."

“A Marriage in Full” by Gary A. Anderson Essay (Article) Summary In the article “A Marriage in Full” by Gary A. Anderson, the author puts his emphasis on the aspects of the institution of marriage. He starts his article with a criticism of Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s letter on marriage. He mentions that “In a world that extols the autonomy of the self as the highest possible value, Bonhoeffer insists that in the sacrament of marriage we enter a covenant that presumes natural affections but goes far beyond them.” (Anderson, 1) The author, then, considers examples from the Old Testament to prove that marriage is just about the individual application of love and has nothing to do with future development or God’s will. The narration of the Book of Ruth and Ruth’s story indicates that there is more to love than a simple man-woman relationship beyond materialism and God or divinity graces this metaphysical element. However, the author is quick to remind us that it is the common love that makes a marriage successful and not the other way around or the intervention of divinity. This visualization of love and marriage, as seen by the author is in alignment with the modern world, it is the materialistic feeling between a man, and a woman that is what marriage is all about. The author indicates, like advocacy of this thesis, that “What makes Ruth particularly virtuous is not simply her desire to marry and have children but a willingness to understand her marriage in a way that will favor her adopted mother-in-law.” (Anderson, 4) He also states that in the parameter of modern time having children in marriage is optional and economical and that proves the unworthiness of the biblical social system and pre-modern views on marriage and love. Interpretation & Reflection For many years, social scientists have debated the advantages of marriage due to the characteristics of people who marry and stay married. Do marriage itself – and the status of being a married person create certain advantages? The answer is both. Economically and educationally advantage people, who are religiously observant, and who grew with married parents are more likely to marry and stay married than others. Marriage itself can transform people’s lives, changing their lifestyles, habits, associations, and in ways that are personally and socially beneficial. As the primary social institution leading familial and kinship relationships, marriage is a source of social capital. The social bonds created through marriage benefit not only family members, but others as well. As an example, a married couple is more likely to vote and to be involved in the community, religious and civic associations. Marriage embeds people within larger social networks; married parents have a better chance to recruit help, friendship, and emotional support in the community. Through marriage, men become more involved with others. Married fathers serve as an important role models for their own children and other people’s children also. They can be a valuable social resource in communities to children who lack responsible fathers or positive male role models. In their own future dating and marriage relationships, children benefit from the models set by their married parents. Children whose parents stayed married have more fulfilling dating relationships, a more optimistic attitude toward future marriage, and greater success in forming lasting marriages. Young men raised in a two-parent household also have more positive attitudes toward women, children, and family life than men who were raised by a single parent. Married people are less likely to have moral or mortal risks, and are even less inclined to risk-taking after they have children. Their health habits are better and they receive more regular health care. They are less likely to attempt or commit suicide. A major life crisis, such as severe illness, job loss, and the needs of sick children or aging parents is easier for them to cope with. An expanding set of binding obligations between spouses, between parents and children; and between married couples and their families are also created through marriage. As a result, marriage generates a higher level of help, support, and care from the extended family than any other kind of family arrangement. Married couples are also better able to help elderly parents and relatives, an important benefit in an aging society. Marriage is also a central institution in civil society. It performs certain critical social tasks and produces certain social goods that are valuable to the community. Marriage does not solve all of society’s problems. There is still poverty and crime, disadvantage and discrimination. Marriage is not an anti-poverty strategy and should not be a substitute for effective anti-poverty strategies such as reducing the number of unwed teen pregnancies. The advantage of marriage should not be used to pressure everyone into getting married. Marriage is far from perfect and getting married does not turn people into saints. But, in spite of its acknowledged problems and flaws, marriage remains a vital source of social good, individual benefits, caregiving, emotional attachments, and long-term commitments. People who are married, though far from perfect, try to behave in ways that benefit themselves, their children, and society as a whole. Thus, marriage is more about practicality and materialism rather than divinity accomplished. Works Cited Anderson, Gary A; A Marriage in Full; First Things (2008).

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Jonathan Swift's A Modest Proposal is a masterful satire of the life in Ireland, where the majority is poor and destitute. Through this book, Swift is proposing a way to mitigate the misery of the poor by telling them to sell their poor, one-year-old child to the wealthy as food.

Jonathan Swift's A Modest Proposal is a masterful satire of the life in Ireland, where the majority is poor and destitute. Through this book, Swift is proposing a way to mitigate the misery of the poor by telling them to sell their poor, one-year-old child to the wealthy as food.

Mockery of the Life in Ireland in “A Modest Proposal“ by Jonathan Swift Essay Introduction Jonathan Swift, the author of the famous Gulliver Travels, takes a dig at the Irish and British Bureaucracy in his masterful satire, ‘A Modest Proposal,’ which in the true sense is a mockery of the life in Ireland, where the majority is poor and destitute. Through this book, Swift is proposing a way to mitigate the misery of the poor by telling them to sell their poor, one-year-old child to the wealthy as food. He makes a mockery of meat when he says that the fattened children would make great food for the rich at parties and meetings and that the money that they got from selling their children could be used to support their family. Discussion Swift is made to touch upon this topic after seeing the millions of poor beg for food on Dublin’s streets with no solace in sight. The men have no jobs and the women are treated like slaves, only to get impregnated and deliver babies who languishes their life in rags. Left to fend for themselves without food and shelter, these children finally grows up to become thieves or leave the country to fight for the so-called pretenders in Spain. ‘It is a melancholy object to those who walk through this great town or travel in the country, when they see the streets, the roads, and cabin doors, crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, … or leave their dear native country to fight for the Pretender in Spain, or sell themselves to the Barbadoes’ (Swift, 1729). While the book reflects the author’s sentiments and feelings for the poor, the book is a manifestation of Swift’s outrage at what he saw were the scandalous economic and political policies of the Irish and English governments during that time. Ireland was in turmoil in the twentieth century and Swift was a spectator to what was going on in that country. Despite the turmoil, the life of the Irish was not spared, as the wealthy British continuously oppressed these poor for their happiness. He reflects on the way the wealthy British partied, when there was widespread poverty in the streets of Dublin. The poor in the street would indulge in begging and sex and this led to more and more ill-fed children roaming the streets. It was with sarcasm that Swift portrayed these women, for even though they had nothing to eat, and no proper clothes to wear, they indulged in sex without thinking about its consequences. These kids, if and when they survived, would then be big enough to join the rebels and fight in Spain or work for the British, doing nothing for the country they represent. Even when the name of England is used, Swift never proclaimed it in first tense: “He could name a country which would be glad to eat up our whole nation without it,” his attack is on the English, … no expence and little trouble, full in our own power, and whereby we can incur no danger in disobliging England’ (Swift, 1729). England had things its way and all that the Irish people could do was watch in pain as they dictated terms to them.’ The English were rich and got what they wanted from the Irish without a fight and Swift was also a spectator to the atrocities committed on his native women who were raped and left to fend for themselves. The poor could do little for a living. With no jobs or opportunities, Swift recommends that these women who were periodically raped, and begged for food, could do away with their fat young, tender babies to the rich for a paltry sum, instead of suffering on the streets of Dublin. The book has no luxuries, only pain and struggle as, in another part of the book, Swift challenges his proposal to be rebuked by wise men, and says that there would be none; for if that was to happen, he would ask them: ‘How would they will be able to find food and raiment for an hundred thousand useless mouths and backs’, and… beggars by profession to the bulk of farmers, cottagers, and laborers, with their wives and children who are beggars in effect’ (Swift, 1729). This was precisely what was happening in Ireland. The rich were not concerned for the poor and spent time indulging in good and healthy food, wine and women. They were so self-centered that they ad no qualms of being under the watchful eyes of the English, who dictated to them. Therefore, ‘I am not so violently bent upon my own opinion as to reject any offer proposed by wise men, which shall be found equally innocent, cheap, easy, and effectual.’ Giving birth to babies and having them breast-fed was not going to hurt the poor. It was the easiest, cheapest, and effectual way to survive for the poor. So, should there be any other who could find a better solution to this problem of abject poverty, Swift was willing to listen and support. The government of Ireland was doing nothing to find a solution to the problem and was too busy with their parties to address this malady in society. Swift satirizes those who propose solutions to political and economic issues without any consideration for human beings. It is with this in mind that Swift brings out the inhumanity of schemes for alleviating the suffering of the poor. Without being satirical, Swift, towards the end of the book, lists numerous reforms that could help the country fight poverty. He believes that these reforms would not be accepted without objections, and that whatever he said was his own and none others. He says that instead of the poor sacrificing their children, it would be practically possible for the rich to sacrifice some of their luxuries to support the poor. The country was thrown into abject poverty and he knew that the only way he could perhaps get someone to understand the plight of his countrymen and women was by making this harsh, yet forlorn comment on the society in Ireland. He knew for sure that there would be a lot of criticism for what he wrote but that was possibly the only way to elicit a response from the bureaucracy that ruled the nation. Was there another way to overcome the misery of the people of Ireland? Though it sounded cynical, Swift was sure that he sounded the unequivocal thoughts of the millions on the streets of Dublin, who were fed up with the administration and sought some solace. He challenged the administration to come forward and propose a change which will alleviate the feelings of the poor on the streets of Dublin: ‘I can think of no one objection, that will possibly be raised against this proposal, unless it should be urged,… fair proposal of just dealing, though often and earnestly invited to it’ (Tamsen Connor, 2006). References Jonathan Swift: A Modest Proposal, 1729. Web. Jonathan Swift, A Modest Proposal, 1969, Plain Label Books. Web. Tamsen Connor, Satire and Significance in Jonathan Swift’s ‘A Modest Proposal,’ Brown University, 2003. Web.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The article discusses the negative impact of human activities on the environment and the potential of eco printing to help reduce these impacts.The article highlights that the aggressive activity being conducted by the humans has reached to a level of over capacity amounting to 20 percent which cannot be met by the resources provided by the environments and nature. As a result drastic actions have to be implemented form now in order to stop the usage in overcapacity by humans and explore new methods of conducting activities in a more environmental friendly

The article discusses the negative impact of human activities on the environment and the potential of eco printing to help reduce these impacts. The article highlights that the aggressive activity being conducted by the humans has reached to a level of over capacity amounting to 20 percent which cannot be met by the resources provided by the environments and nature. As a result drastic actions have to be implemented form now in order to stop the usage in overcapacity by humans and explore new methods of conducting activities in a more environmental friendly

A Negative Impact on the Ecology Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Summary of the Research Article 3. Arguments Presented in the Article 4. The Main Points Discussed in the Article 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction The actions of humans have a negative impact on the ecology and the environment around us. The degree of pollution which is emitted into the environment as a result of the human actions, the industrial activity as well as the way humans lead their lives has been lading the world towards an imminent environmental crisis. Humans have been exploiting the environment and it resources at an increasing state predicts that they will be left with little or no resources to sustain their current activities. In lights of these problems, steps have been taken to explore use of eco printing for sustaining the environment for the future. This paper provides a critical review of the article ‘Can eco-foot printing analysis be used successfully to encourage more sustainable behaviour at the household level?’ by Marcus Sutcliffe, Paul Hooper and Ros Howell Summary of the Research Article The article highlights that the aggressive activity being conducted by the humans has reached to a level of over capacity amounting to 20 percent which cannot be met by the resources provided by the environments and nature. As a result drastic actions have to be implemented form now in order to stop the usage in overcapacity by humans and explore new methods of conducting activities in a more environmental friendly manner. For this Sutcliffe, Hooper & Howell explore eco foot printing and how we can make use of the concept to monitor and reduce the negative impact of human activities on the environment. The article depicts that eco foot printing technique provides us with the potential to protectively measure how the global unsustainable consumption is related with the lifestyle of the people. Through this technique the individual consumption as well as the components of waste can be converted into and which has the ability to be bio-productive. The nature and the characteristic of this land is to encourage and sustain the activity of the humans while minimizing the impact o the environment. Sutcliffe, Hooper & Howell have conducted an empirical pilot study which seeks to determine whether the eco foot printing analysis technique can be employed at the level of the individual households to see whether it can result in any change in the lifestyles of the households towards a less resource intensive and a more environmentally friendly lifestyle. The results of the study under taken in the article indicate that using the ecological foot printing technique, the change in the individual households lifestyles can have a positive impact on the environment by reducing the use of scare resources by the households. Arguments Presented in the Article The arguments that are presented by Sutcliffe, Hooper & Howell in the article pertain to the fact that eco footprinting analysis technique has been used by each and every household to reduce their respective contribution to the environmental crisis which would also reduce the level of their economic footprint. The authors ground their argument on the fact that if humans live sustainable by utilizing the resources and the products which are renewable in nature, the resources that are used up by humans can be replaced over a smaller period of time which can increase sustainability of the resources in the long run. The authors support their theory by drawing form different researches conducted by environment monetary agencies which depict that “the effect of increasing footprints on other species is significant; as footprints increase, biodiversity reduces.” (Sutcliffe et al., 2007) The report provided by Sutcliffe et al presents that the individual foot prints of the households do not poise a threat to the environment, but their combined footprint does have a significant negative impact on the environment and its availability of resources. Therefore when the individual households adjust their lifestyles including their way of spending, their behaviour relating to use of eco friendly transportation methods, nourishment of nature as well as the management of their energy consumption and waste management reduced the overall footprint for the cumulative households on the environment Through the pilot study that is conducted as part of the research, the authors present that there is definitely a link between the environmental attitudes and the future state of the environment with the activity conducted by human, their lifestyles and their behaviour. The study pointed out that when the respondents accepted responsibility for their actions and changed their way of living, their lifestyles and behaviour pertaining to consumption of human resources and the management of waste, their efforts resulted in reducing the amount of pollution and exploitation of the environment and its resources. Aside from this, the cumulative impact of all the respondents was also significant as each of the participants contribution lead to a greater degree of sustainability and renewal of the environment and its resources. The Main Points Discussed in the Article The lifestyles, the behaviour as well as the activities undertaken by individuals can greatly effect the environment. The current trend however is towards the exploitation of the environment and its resources which does not provide for sustainability for the future as most western countries are operating at over capacity. A study conducted by Rees provided that “whenever a population grows beyond carrying capacity, the environment is degraded and future carrying capacity is reduced with climate change, ozone depletion, sea level rise, deforestation, fish stock collapses, land degradation, etc” (Rees, 2007) aside from this the environmental degradation also leads to displacement of the species form their original habitats which limits their changes of survival resulting in extinction. Individuals can monitor and reduce their ecological footprint by changing their behaviour and lifestyles when it comes to using and utilizing the natural resources like water, plants, lands and the man made resources which use up natural resources like electricity. Aside from this the consumption pattern of the individuals and their waste management practices can also reduce the ecological foot print on the environment. The authors of the research article presented in their discussion of the pilot study undertaken that when the households took an active part in managing their waste, and participated in recycling greatly contributed to the reduction of the combined foot print for the households. “High levels of engagement with household waste reduction coincided with the introduction of a more extensive door to door recycling scheme in one area containing 12 households in the study. The scheme was introduced during the study’s duration, thereby maximizing the potential for participants to change behaviour” (Sutcliffe et al., 2007) The individuals can reduce their ecological footprint by using less of the natural resources and making the utilization more efficient. People can reduce their water usage by installing flow reduction systems in the water dispensers and the water showers at their homes. Routine maintenance of plumbing and fixing of leaks can also significantly reduce the amount of water consumed at homes. Moreover in regions where there is plentiful rainfall, the rain water tank can be use to supplement the water source at homes. When it comes to reducing the utilization of energy, people can reduce the use of standby devices which use up to ten percent of the energy bill. Aside from this investment in insulation of homes, and shutting down lights, fans and appliances which are not in use can also greatly reduce the electricity bill as well as the eco footprint of the households. Individuals can also reduce their use of energy and fuel by using public transportation or using hybrid cars for transportation. Alternatively people can also take up walking and cycling to reduce use of carbon emitting vehicles for transportation. “Encouraging walking and cycling around the development and, if possible, ensuring walking-distance access to public transport nodes can reduce the transport component of residents’ eco-footprint.” (Baynes, 2008) For reducing waste, reducing the consumption can directly lead to generation of less waste by households. The bio degradable waste form the kitchen can be used as soil and compost by recycling while using consumer durables packaged in bio degradable or recycled and recyclable packaging can also greatly reduce the ecological foot print of the households. In his article titled ‘Calculate your eco-footprint and save a planet’ in Western Mail, Williams also supports the view point and the arguments presented by Sutcliffe, Hooper and Howell by stating that “consumers can reduce one planet worth of resources through taking actions such as recycling; reducing the volume of goods bought or by using less oil and gas to heat our homes” (Williams, 2007) Conclusion The article by Sutcliffe, Hooper and Howell provides comprehensively the relationship between the ecological foot print and the behaviour of the households which can directly impact the sustainability of the environment in the future. The research that is conducted by the authors is comprehensive and valid while the ideas proposed for monitoring and managing their ecological footprint are also very practical. The one criticism about the article or the arguments presented by the authors is the application of the conditions and strategies used in the pilot study to the real world. People are comfortable with how they live and are resistant to change. As a result it can take significant effort to get households outside the test environment to improve their behaviour and lifestyles for a more sustainable environment. References Rees, E.W., ‘Eco-Footprint Analysis: Tracking (Un)Sustainability, UBC School of Community and Regional Planning , 2007. Web. ‘Reducing Your Ecological Footprint’, 2003. Web. Sutcliffe, M., Hooper, P., Howell,R., ‘Can Eco-Footprinting Analysis Be Used Successfully to Encourage More Sustainable Behaviour at the Household Level’, Sustainable Development , 2007. Web. RPA, ‘A review of recent developments in, and the practical use of, ecological footprinting methodologies’, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs . Web. ‘City of Wanneroo – Your Eco Footprint’. Web. Baynes, T., Ecological Foot Print, Your Development , 2008. Web. ‘Lesson Plan: Map Your Eco-Footprint’. 2008. Web. Khiev, K., ‘How to Live Green – Eco Friendly Tips For Reducing Your Carbon Footprint’. Web. Williams , S., ‘Calculate your eco-footprint and save a planet’, Western Mail , 2007. Web. ‘UBC Prof Who Coined “Eco-Footprint” Concept Earns Trudeau Fellowship’, University of British Columbia, 2007. Web.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: A peptic ulcer is a disease that affects the linings of the stomach or duodenum. It occurs as a result of distorting in the acidic environment of the stomach when the wall lining of the stomach or duodenum erodes due to an increase in gastric acid; this triggers the development of a peptic ulcer.

A peptic ulcer is a disease that affects the linings of the stomach or duodenum. It occurs as a result of distorting in the acidic environment of the stomach when the wall lining of the stomach or duodenum erodes due to an increase in gastric acid; this triggers the development of a peptic ulcer.

A Peptic Ulcer: Medical Analysis Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Etiology of peptic ulcer 3. Classification and different types of peptic ulcer 4. General signs and symptoms 5. Major imaging or laboratory 6. Pathophysiology 7. General treatment 8. Conclusion 9. References Introduction A peptic ulcer is a disease that affects the linings of the stomach or duodenum. It occurs as a result of distorting in the acidic environment of the stomach when the wall lining of the stomach or duodenum erodes due to an increase in gastric acid; this triggers the development of a peptic ulcer. The patient experiences extreme pain in the stomach and sometimes, at a critical stage, may call for duodenal or gastric perforation. Etiology of peptic ulcer There is no single factor that can be said to be the main cause of the peptic ulcer. The disease is caused by a combination of factors that contribute to its development. It is believed that peptic ulcer is caused by acid and pepsin, but other factors should not be left behind. When the degree of acidity increases in the stomach or duodenum, it affects the mucus that protects the wall lining of the stomach. Erosion of stomach lining among individuals contributes to the development of the disease. An increase in gastric acid may be brought by poor eating habits, excessive use of drugs, and stress, just to name but a few. “Individuals or children taking medicine known as non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) have been diagnosed with ulcer later in their life. Scientists have discovered that peptic ulcer is caused by a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori.” (Finbarr & Daniel, 1998) The bacterium is contracted in the early stages of childhood mainly from contaminated food, water, or other infected people through body contact. Though one may be having the bacterium, the symptoms may stay for a very long period of time without displaying. For this reason, it is believed that the majority of people are living unaware that they are infected by the bacterium. Classification and different types of peptic ulcer The disease is classified according to the various locations it may arise. It is usually referred to according to the location. For instance, the one which arises in the stomach is referred to as the gastric ulcer. The one that affects the esophagus is called esophageal ulcer, which arises in the duodenum is called duodenal ulcer, and that affects Meckel’s diverticulum is referred to as Meckel’s diverticulum ulcer. There are four types of the peptic ulcer which are known. The first type is the ulcer that affects the lesser curve of the stomach. The other type is a combination of two ulcers, one gastric and one duodenal, when they arise together. The third is a prepyloric ulcer, and the last type is a proximal gastroesophageal ulcer. General signs and symptoms Individuals with peptic ulcers experience abdominal pain normally after or before taking the meal. It is believed that for the duodenal ulcer, pain decreases after taking food, while for individuals having gastric ulcers, the pain increases shortly after taking food. However, this should not prove that one is suffering from a peptic ulcer. Patients also experience the rush of saliva, and this helps the acid in the esophagus to be reduced or diluted. They vomit a lot and experience bloating, nausea, and abdominal fullness. “Loss of appetite eventually leads to weight loss. Sometimes they vomit blood, a condition known as hematemesis.” (Richard A. 2001). This occurs mainly due to the bleeding of gastric ulcer as well as damage of food pipe from excessive vomiting. Oxidized iron from hemoglobin makes the fecal material of the patient have a bad odor or foul smell. It should be noted that it is on rare occasions that peptic ulcers can lead to either duodenal or gastric perforation. Perforation is so painful, and it requires the patient to undergo a surgical operation. Patients may also experience severe heartburns though this does not mean individuals who experience this suffer from peptic ulcers. The victim may also suffer from feeding difficulties and have frequent burping and hiccups. We should note that some of these symptoms appear in most of the kids, and this does not mean that they have peptic ulcers. Major imaging or laboratory Images are very vital in differentiating between peptic ulcers and other cell growth. Laboratory information or outcomes must be put into consideration before the patient is treated for the disease. “Optical gastroscopy need to be carried which involves scanning of duodenum and stomach lining to know whether they are worn out.”(Fibarr & Daniel, 1998) This may include the x-ray of the esophagus, duodenum, and stomach. If the doctor suspects that a patient has an ulcer, then a flexible tube with a tiny camera is inserted into one’s throat for the doctor to see whether the linings of the stomach, duodenum, and esophagus are worn out. A PH probe may also be carried out that measures the amount of gastric acid going to the esophagus. It is after the laboratory results that the doctor can know the right cause of action. If an individual has a peptic ulcer, then he/she must test positive to have the bacterium. Some of the tests that are carried in the laboratory to detect whether one has an ulcer include; tissue, blood, stool, and breathe tests. Pathophysiology There are several myths that are associated with the cause of the peptic ulcer. Some believe that cigarette smoking, eating spices, poor eating habits, and blood group inheritance are some of the factors that contribute to peptic ulcer development. These are not the cause of the disease. The main cause of peptic ulcers is the failure of antibodies to clear the inflammation caused by the bacterium called Helicobacter pylori. The bacterium interferes with the process of gastric production in the stomach. The result is either an increase or decrease in the amount of gastric acid produced in the stomach. A decrease in gastric production does not have much effect, but an increase in gastric acid produced contributes to the wear of the stomach lining. The doctor recommends that to reduce the gastric acid, one needs to eat cabbage or take cabbage juice. Individuals are also supposed to use drugs that will reduce stomach pain. General treatment The patients are given antacids before the test is carried out on a patient who is suspected of having peptic ulcers. In order to reduce the side effects brought about by taking NSAIDs, the patient should be prescribed to take Misoprostol. If the bacterium Helicobacter pylori are found in the body, then the patient should be given two antibiotics from Amoxicillin, Metronidazole, Clarithromycin, or Tetracycline and combine with Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI). Prescription can also be three antibiotics and PPI. In case the bacterium is not found, then the patient is supposed to take PPI for a long period of time. The surgical emergency of peptic ulcers is not many, but in case a patient has a perforated peptic ulcer, then they can be referred to the theatre. Conclusion To summarize, peptic ulcer is a very common disease that may cause stomach cancer in life if not treated early enough. People need to consult doctors for medical check-up whether they have the bacterium. “In United States, one in every ten people got an ulcer in their lifetime.” (Richard A. 2001). References Finbarr Martin, Daniel Stiel, (1998 ) Peptic ulcers . New York: Hamlyn paperbacks. Richard A. Lenhe, (2001) Pharmacology for Nursing Care. Michigan: University of Michigan.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The essay discusses the most common issues affecting leaders and managers today, including not having enough authority to carry out responsibilities, pursuit of conflicting goals, and too much uncompensated overtime. These issues have led to ineffective planning and implementation due to poor management in Singaporeans university.

The essay discusses the most common issues affecting leaders and managers today, including not having enough authority to carry out responsibilities, pursuit of conflicting goals, and too much uncompensated overtime. These issues have led to ineffective planning and implementation due to poor management in Singaporeans university.

A Perspective on the Piece of Human Resources Report Introduction The most common issues affecting leaders and managers today include not having enough authority to carry out responsibilities. Leadership is the prominent growth over and above mechanical compliance with the custom directives of the organization (Hellmann, 1997). It’s also a process where an individual controls a group of individuals to attain a common goal (Michel & Jacuis, 1975.due to lack of enough authority leaders in Singaporean association face problems of deficiency in mandate to implement their objectives in their leadership. Main body Pursuit of conflicting goals is also challenge to most leaders and managers. A good leader is shaped by his /her principles values and ambition. Leaders of Singapore Student association have diverse ambitions in their leadership hence diverse goals. There is ultimate friction of goals when everybody focuses what they believe is right. This leads to delay in planning and implementation, absenteeism in the meetings and eventual reduced productivity. It’s imperative that leaders learn how to cooperate so as to come up with harmonized goals which are measurable, realistic and also time bound. Incorporation and achievement of the targets is only possible when leaders speak with one voice. Leaders are also subjected to too much uncompensated overtime. Juggling leadership with educational commitment require one to work extra hours. When leaders are not compensated, they work with little motivation and yet they are expected to deliver. Leaders and managers suffer from too many headaches related to busy schedule. With the meetings to attend, books to read and organization projects among other things forms a very busy schedule for them. In most cases leaders find themselves alone hence suffering from loneliness. One example of a workplace issue that I identify which require urgent management intervention in Singaporeans university association is the lack of commitment amongst the leaders. Most leaders are not seriously committed to their responsibilities and are absent during important meetings and committee functions. Such functions are either postponed or delayed due to in attendance of important members. This leads to eventual delays in decision and policy making. Absenteeism is an issue mostly with senior managers who are expected to set the pace to their junior counterpart. Laziness is another issue which is mostly with the junior managers and leaders in Singaporean university association. Idleness in workplace, lack of morale and general tiredness makes leaders not to answer calls from their senior, deferred assignment and postponement of crucial committee summit. During paintballs for example committee members tasked to head and organize the event only give lip service leaving most of the work undone. These issues have led to ineffective planning and implementation due to poor management in Singaporeans university. Our administration in frontline management will ensure that those given responsibilities deliver to their respective areas. Absenteeism and laziness will not be tolerated among leaders. We will also ensure development of realistic policies which are goal driven. Skilled personnel will then be deployed in the implementation, monitoring and evaluation phases. Change management strategies are priority.it is essential for any organization that needs to grow. Although change is inevitable, resistance to change is a human condition. Everybody has always wanted to remain in the current status quo. Bringing new ideas, skills and knowledge in an organization is not easy. It is always encountered with resistance. As a front manager within my work place, I will put in several strategies in respect to dealing with complex staffing situation such as conflict.Staffs form the vital human resource needed by any organization. The frontline manager dealing with the staffs is also referred to as human resource manager. His responsibility includes recruitment and planning. Effective planning by a human resource manager brings accurate results that a company wants.Conflict can arise due to complex staffing which a root in planning (Zimmermann, 2008). Under staffing result to the drop of the industries economies of scale and field of specialization. In such situations low profit is realized. Overstaffing is extravagant and expensive, if continual, and it is costly to get rid of because of contemporary legislation in respect of joblessness payments, consultation and minimum periods of notice. Significantly, overstaffing reduces the competitive effectiveness of the business. Our planners will and should always ensure that the institution has the right combination of personnel deployed in the right places. This should vary from long-range planning for large and stable department to short-range departments. Effective planning by a human resource manager clearly brings accurate results that an institution wants.I will ensure that adequate staffing is done. An assessment of current and future needs of the student association has to be evaluated with present and future predicted resources when considering staffing. When proper steps are used in planning, it brings demand and supply into balance (Fleetwood & Hesketh, 2008).The future demands of the university are influenced by the predictions of the personnel manager, who examine and adjust the simple delivery of the other managerial staff and also recruitments. Recruitment of staff is crucial in dealing with conflicts due to complex staffing. Our human resource manager will be involved in identifying people who could fill positions within the association and then securing them as applicants. He has to plan a good job picture for the position and also specify the talent and aptitude the entrant ought to have. A potential applicants list is developed from various sources, depending on how the supervisor settle on to promote the work available (Clegg & Sparrow,2007) Note that most of the front office managers are elected politically therefore lacking the direct scrutiny of the human resource manager. Change management in the university Singaporean institutions can be understood to mean empowering individuals and the student organization as whole for taking new responsibility that may arise in future. Each year the university association experience great inter and intra changes which can not be handled by a leader or an association that maintain the same status quo. Change management is therefore an approach for transforming individuals, clubs or association from the present state to the desired state (Brewster & Vernon, 2007). One strategy has been to develop a vision and mission for our organization. The vision represents what the institution need to achieve in a specified period of time frame. The mission statements have been developed based on the premise that the world is changing and our institutions should keep on the tracks of change too. Each institution in the Singaporean university association has its own mission vision statement. Departments like the library have also developed theirs as chain goes down. Long term vision is subdivided to short term goals which are measurer able. The next strategy has been to build a strong manpower which will be responsible for implementing our plan (Fleetwood & Hesketh 2008). Contribution from all including students is needed hence the reason to first sensitize people on our course of action. Training personnel is also necessary especially when the goal involves technical personnel. For the university to embrace information communication and technology training of staff on the same is mandatory. Reviewing the current institution curriculum to suit the current world job market is another strategy developed in the university Singapore institutions in response to change management. Information communication and technology courses and actuarial sciences are highly demanded in the modern world than before. Bibliography Brewster, C., & Vernon, G. (2007) global Management by the managers , 2nd Edition, London licenced foundation of workers and expansion. 218 pp. Clegg, C Sparrow, P.R. (2007) predicting future proficiency supplies : a three-phase tactic, Personnel Review, 36 (1): 65-90. Fleetwood, S. & Hesketh, (2008) A perceptive on the piece of Human Resources , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press., in press 270 pp. Zimmermann, A. (2008) combined alteration course in worldwide teams : course for the learning of extradition. global managing and society. 37 (3): 67-80.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: "A Thousand Splendid Suns" is a 2007 book by American writer Khaled Hosseini, his second, after his bestselling debut, The Kite Runner (2003). The subsequent novel from Khaled Hosseini (The Kite Runner) has received mostly positive reviews with the Rocky Mountain News saying, A Thousand Splendid Suns is a significant, confrontational work. The wealthy and violent account of Afghanistan offers a backdrop that notifies and drenches the story. Hosseini's natures, Mariam and Laila, are memorable; their sympathy for each other and love for their children is overwhelming.

"A Thousand Splendid Suns" is a 2007 book by American writer Khaled Hosseini, his second, after his bestselling debut, The Kite Runner (2003). The subsequent novel from Khaled Hosseini (The Kite Runner) has received mostly positive reviews with the Rocky Mountain News saying, A Thousand Splendid Suns is a significant, confrontational work. The wealthy and violent account of Afghanistan offers a backdrop that notifies and drenches the story. Hosseini's natures, Mariam and Laila, are memorable; their sympathy for each other and love for their children is overwhelming.

Khaled Hosseini: A Thousand Splendid Suns Essay (Book Review) Introduction “A Thousand Splendid Suns” is a 2007 book by American writer Khaled Hosseini, his second, after his bestselling debut, The Kite Runner (2003). The subsequent novel from Khaled Hosseini (The Kite Runner) has received mostly positive reviews with the Rocky Mountain News saying, A Thousand Splendid Suns is a significant, confrontational work. The wealthy and violent account of Afghanistan offers a backdrop that notifies and drenches the story. Hosseini’s natures, Mariam and Laila, are memorable; their sympathy for each other and love for their children is overwhelming. “A Thousand Splendid Suns” narrates the story of two women against the backdrop of the previous forty years in Afghanistan. Mariam was born as an unlawful child in 1959 and was violently married to a man from Kabul when she was 15. Her husband was insulting and mean and he obliged her to wear a burqa even though lots of liberal women in Kabul were enabled to go without it. Laila was born just before the Russian assault and had daydreams of a life of schooling and traveling. A bomb kills her family and she recuperates from her injuries in Mariam’s house. While she is occupied, Mariam’s spouse pays attention to Laila. With the appearance of the Taliban, the women have few choices, if any. While Afghanistan has almost vanished from the newspaper headings, Hosseini’s goes on, and “A Thousand Splendid Suns”, provides all the crowd-agreeable appeal of his success, with some star-crossed devotees thrown in for good calculate. The key action starts in the early 1970s, when 15-year-old Mariam, after her mother’s suicide, is rudely obliged to marry Rasheed, a seriously older Kabul shoemaker. One of the most disgusting men in current literature, Rasheed has ‘diluted bloodshot eyes and fingernails yellow-brown, like the decaying apple. He’s not only unattractive on the appearance: He remains his nubile bride in the burqa, fundamentally joined to the views of their scruffy house where, step by step, year after year, she gradually loses prettiness, teeth, and her combating courage. All Mariam could do in the appeared circumstances was to tell Laila to leave Kabul with Tariq, Aziza, and Zalmai. Laila at first rejects to leave without Mariam and asks her to come, but eventually, she and Tariq take the kids and depart to Pakistan, where they get married and snuggle down. Mariam gets back to the Taliban, admits to killing Rasheed, and is put to death. In 2003 (almost two years after the collapse of the Taliban to NATO arms), Laila and Tariq decide to get back to Afghanistan. They settle in the town near Herat where Mariam was grown up, and determine a package that Mariam’s father had left after for her: a cassette of Pinocchio, her split of the family heritage, and a note from Jalil clarifying how much lament he felt in marrying her off just to keep dignity. They get back to Kabul and whip up the orphanage. The book ends with an orientation to them concluding new names for Laila’s new baby, but they’re only disputing male forenames, as Laila already recognizes the name if it’s a girl. It is entailed that the name would be Mariam. Ethical matters The narrative magician Khaled Hosseini has interlaced his magnificence around the reader’s heart and mind at once. If The Kite Runner was a gauge for averages, this latest novel is surely a shot conqueror. Hosseini has a ball pointed the most conspicuously simple terms, which have, as the name proposes, the most impressive collision. Relating the ethical matters, revealed in “A Thousand Splendid Suns”, it is necessary to mention, that it provides a sight of the rise and fall of Kabul, originally set in the Soviet period and moving right into the ominous epoch of Taliban-isation. On the other hand, the concentration of this story is on two women, demonstrating their changeover from a society that squeezed femaleness to a world that sought to smother it. Similar in theme to its precursor, the plot and personalities produced by Hosseini in this book are casualties of deep pain and affecting trauma – the degree to which is unfeasible to figure out right from the very first episode and down to the last word. And yet, this dazzling writer copes to enrapt the readers in the curls and spins of this story rather deep to make the reader believe all the truth of the situation, and realize all the horrors and challenges of military conflict in Afghanistan. The characters of Splendid Suns are Mariam and Laila – two ladies uniformly strapping in their ethics and values, and yet so various in their characters. Mariam is regarded as a childlike young girl, an illicit child who is taken off the family as a bride to the respected Rasheed. Laila, alternatively, is the brilliant, determined daughter of a highly rational and moderate father. The book exchanges quickly between the self-governing existences of the two women, and every episode offering various viewpoints on the status of a woman in Afghanistan in the years previous to the invasion and its succeeding collapse. With each page, readers regard Mariam and Laila adjusting in rejoinder to the occasions both in their individual lives as well as the community around them. Their worlds abruptly crash at a time when contentment appears to be a miserable, outlying expectation for each and yet, is the only highway to individual freedom. Under the supremacies of the egotistic Rasheed, the hostile to the Taliban armed forces, these women tolerate tremendous emotional trauma almost every day. Certainly, the root cause of his great success, Hosseini’s words strike home once again. We see this in the simple motherly advice given to Mariam by her mother. Nana: Like a compass needle that points north, a man’s accusing finger always finds a woman. Always a simple analogy that screams out the plague that is gender inequality. Most of the touching positions made in the book are meant to evoke compassion for the women, although Hosseini has been careful to make certain that not all Afghani men are seen as the devil’s advocates. Laila’s infancy best friend Tariq is one such instance. As crafted out by the author, Tariq’s personality is the ideal foundation of the company in times of need. I was glad that Hosseini coped to strike this balance in his story, for fear that he would just be written off as a biased, radical feminist. Although it is necessary to admit, the story leaves the reader deeply saddened and discomforted. Several scenes in the book may seem too heavy to digest, but they are certainly essential to the development of its characters and plot. This roller-coaster ride of lies, trauma, endurance, oppression, love in all its forms, willpower, and political turmoil are truly indicative of Khalid Hosseini’s immense talent as a writer. If comparing the ethical matters of the novel with the notions by philosophers, it is necessary to mention, that Immanuel Kant commenced his moral hypothesis, which sought to institute the highest standard of ethics. He stated that an ethical system exists whereby moral prerequisites are prerequisites of basis, and the correctness of achievements is resolved by their agreement with moral rules. As a result, a depraved exploit will always be judged an illogical action. The ultimate moral standard is a reliable “working criterion” that confirms to be “sensibly accommodating and hypothetically informative” when applied by normal mediators as conduct for making individual selections. Aristotle imagined an ethical system that may be expressed in “self-realization”. When an individual performs according to one’s origin and realizes the full potential, one will do well and be satisfied. Aristotle noted, “Nature does nothing in vain.” Consequently, it is essential for individuals to act accordingly with their character Happiness was held to be the eventual aim. References Khaled Hosseini A Thousand Splendid Suns Riverhead publishers; 2007.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The origin of Aboriginal land rights is grounded on the refutation of Aboriginal ownership, the methodical taking of land, and burdening Aborigines with the freedom to work and occupy the land according to their customs. There are currently no suggestions for Aboriginal land rights. As an option, the State Government's policy offers three types of tenure: a system of 99-year rents over existing Aboriginal Reserve territories; excisions of small plots of land on countrified leases; and 50 or 25 year particular aimed leases.

The origin of Aboriginal land rights is grounded on the refutation of Aboriginal ownership, the methodical taking of land, and burdening Aborigines with the freedom to work and occupy the land according to their customs. There are currently no suggestions for Aboriginal land rights. As an option, the State Government's policy offers three types of tenure: a system of 99-year rents over existing Aboriginal Reserve territories; excisions of small plots of land on countrified leases; and 50 or 25 year particular aimed leases.

Aboriginal Land Rights, Laws, and Regulations Essay Introduction The origin of Aboriginal land rights is grounded on the refutation of Aboriginal ownership, the methodical taking of land, and burdening Aborigines with the freedom to work and occupy the land according to their customs. There are presently no suggestions for Aboriginal land rights. As an option, the State Government’s policy offers three types of tenure: a system of 99-year rents over existing Aboriginal Reserve territories; excisions of small plots of land on countrified leases; and 50 or 25 year particular aimed leases. Aboriginal tenure Aboriginal issues are generally dealt with under the Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority Act 1972, which also entails the Aboriginal Lands Trust; the Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972; and the Aboriginal Communities Act 1979. There is no stipulation for unchallengeable freehold title of Aboriginal land. The best agreements accessible are the 99-year leases over Aboriginal preserve land which give restricted control to domestic people. These agreements do not take the full explanation of Aboriginal land requirements or traditional possession. In lots of cases, the terms and circumstances of these 99-year leases are not discussed by the local customary owners and guardians. The Ngaanyatjarra people seem to be the only group to have productively discussed appropriate regulations and conditions. This contrasts poorly, for eg., with the Northern Territory where the regulation of the terms and conditions is performed by Aboriginal controlled institutions. Currently, the Department objects, per se, to the yielding of Aboriginal reserve rank. The opposition is not only in contact with living spheres on pastoral leases but also with other stipulated living spheres. The future probabilities of land regulations in the State bases on Aboriginal people stating property rights following the principles of the general law and laws of title inside the lawmaking system. There lingers for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people the predicament of the competing maintains of prior possession and land estranged by or under the control of the government. The matter of its declaration was taken up, in part, by the Aboriginal Land Inquiry Report. The Report offered standards that were regarded to be preserved in legislation to deal with this, and other kinds of competing attentions, as well as instruments, to decide matters. Political complexities hindering declaration of this matter stay the same but are now outshined by financial matters. The initial invasion of Aboriginal territories – in what turned to be regarded as Western Australia – originated in 1829 when Captain Stirling landed on Nyungar Land. Conclusion Despite the fact, that the laws and regulations are intended to be equal for everyone, the only fact, that aborigines either do not know about the existence of these laws, or they simply do not speak English. The programs, created to intake equality for aborigines, surely, reach their aim, but as a consequence make the situation even more complicated. Under the policy of assimilation, the intention is that Aboriginal people should have the opportunity of living without any limit on the exercise of their Australian citizenship, and equal terms with all other Australians.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Abstract expressionism is an American art movement that emerged after World War II. With the increasing acceptance by critics and the general public, the term, abstract expressionism, has met with increasing opposition from the artists involved. They object to the association of the word abstract with the art of pure formal relationships. They object to the association of the word expressionist with a subject matter of social protest. Minimalism was a movement in American art, originating in New York in the mid-1970s, in which painters and other artists produced works that were simple and without expressive content.

Abstract expressionism is an American art movement that emerged after World War II. With the increasing acceptance by critics and the general public, the term, abstract expressionism, has met with increasing opposition from the artists involved. They object to the association of the word abstract with the art of pure formal relationships. They object to the association of the word expressionist with a subject matter of social protest. Minimalism was a movement in American art, originating in New York in the mid-1970s, in which painters and other artists produced works that were simple and without expressive content.

Abstract Expressionism and Minimalism Essay Abstract expressionism is an American art movement that emerged after World War II. With the increasing acceptance by critics and the general public, the term, abstract expressionism, has met with increasing opposition from the artists involved. They object to the association of the word “abstract” with the art of pure formal relationships. They object to the association of the word “expressionist” with a subject matter of social protest. Above all, they object to a single all-encompassing label for a painting whose essence is the expression of the individual, for painters as different as Pollock and Rothko, or de Kooning and Gottlieb (Amason and Kalb 55, 58). Abstract expressionism is defined as an art movement that empathizes and portrays subconscious and automatic reflections caused by emotional intensity and self-denial. A direct source of inspiration came from the European Surrealists who took refuge in the USA during the Second World War. The most important in this context was Matta. The main techniques of abstract expressionism were used with an explorer’s spirit and with new demands for functional use of images (Amason and Kalb 558). Its dramatic potentialities were exploited and the masses of black and white made to clash in rhythms. Some abstract impressionism features represented a mixture of the old principles which had initiated the era of modern art. The immediacy of handling, spontaneity of vision, a new decorative attraction was the main priority. Abstract immersionism rendered natural forms and represented a spontaneous abstraction of the details in nature influenced in their shape and direction by the inner tensions of the design. Many artists were well aware of the danger of schematization, but they supposed that it would help them to create a new and warm response to the unconscious. This very feature was felt throughout abstract works as a most natural outcome of his sensitive and excitable temperament. Abstract impressionism is perceived as merely a broad (and inaccurate) label for certain exciting experiments which were carried on by widely different painters in the United States. Many paintings remind Picasso and cubism but abstract impressionists maintained a strong unity by color relationships and by the manipulation of lines. The artist once described how he reached a greater power of expression by disregarding light and shade. A type of abstract art, particularly sculpture, characterized by extreme simplicity of form and a deliberate lack of expressive content; it emerged as a trend in the late 1950s and flourished particularly in the 1960s and 1970s. Their activities included releasing small quantities of inert gases into the atmosphere and taking photographs of their dispersal (which is completely invisible (Amason and Kalb 560). Minimalism was a movement in American art, originating in New York in the mid-1970s, in which painters and other artists produced works that consist essentially of complex and generally brightly colored patterns (abstract, figurative, or a mixture of both). The movement was one aspect of the reaction against the stark impersonality of minimal art and also represented a defense of the idea that decorative art is a humanizing influence and should not be regarded as inferior to ‘fine’ art. Many of the artists involved in the movement were women, influenced by the feminist concern with highly decorative crafts such as quilt making that have traditionally been the preserve of women (Amason and Kalb 484). They included Valerie Jaudon (1945), whose work is influenced by Celtic patterns, Joyce * Kozloff, and Miriam * Schapiro. The New York Pattern and Decoration Group first met in 1975 and organized an exhibition the following year. Many of the members were taken up by the dealer Holly Solomon, who had recently established a gallery in New York, and their work enjoyed considerable success in the later 1970s. Such documentation takes varied forms, including photographs, sound and video cassettes, texts, maps, diagrams, and sets of instructions, but some Conceptual works do not have any physicality at all (Chipp 570). It is possible to say that minimalism evolves out of abstract impressionism reflecting its main features and borrowing its techniques. Minimal art developed mainly in the USA rather than Europe and its impersonality is seen as a reaction against the emotionalism of Abstract Expressionism. Leading sculptors of the movement include Carl Andre, Don Judd, and Tony Smith; leading painters (for whom the immediate precedents were Albers and Reinhardt) include Frank Stella (in his early work), and Hard-Edge abstractionists such as Ellsworth Kelly and Kenneth. Often industrial materials arranged in geometrical or highly simplified configurations we may experience all the more strongly the pure qualities of color, form, space, and materials (Chipp 571). Minimal art has close links with Conceptual art Minimalist sculpture often has a strong element of theoretical demonstration about it, with the artist leaving the fabrication of the design to industrial specialists, Like Pop art, Minimal art proved a commercial success for many of its leading practitioners, and it generated a huge amount of critical commentary; sometimes it seemed that the less there was to see in a work, the more verbiage it attracted. Works Cited Amason, H.H., Kalb, P. History of Modern Art: Painting Sculpture Architecture Photography. Prentice Hall; 4 edition, 1997. Chipp, H. B. Theories of Modern Art A Source Book by Artists and Critics (California Studies in the History of Art). University of California Press, 1984.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Acute and Post Traumatic Stress Disorders is an anxiety disorder, which develops after a person is exposed to a traumatic event in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened. The signs and symptoms of a person with PTSD include: losing interest in things, which were enjoyable earlier, getting startled easily, becoming emotionally numb, inability to feel affectionate, irritability, aggression, etc. A person with PTSD tries to avoid situations that remind them of the original incident. During the daytime, they

Acute and Post Traumatic Stress Disorders is an anxiety disorder, which develops after a person is exposed to a traumatic event in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened. The signs and symptoms of a person with PTSD include: losing interest in things, which were enjoyable earlier, getting startled easily, becoming emotionally numb, inability to feel affectionate, irritability, aggression, etc. A person with PTSD tries to avoid situations that remind them of the original incident. During the daytime, they

Acute and Post Traumatic Stress Disorders Essay Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD is an anxiety disorder, which develops after a person is exposed to a traumatic event (like a violent assault, natural or human-caused disasters, accidents, or military combat) in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened (NIMH, 2008.) The signs and symptoms of a person with PTSD include: losing interest in things, which were enjoyable earlier, getting startled easily, becoming emotionally numb, inability to feel affectionate, irritability, aggression, etc. A person with PTSD tries to avoid situations that remind them of the original incident. During the daytime, they tend to relive the trauma in their thoughts, and during sleep, they have nightmares; these are called flashbacks, which consist of sounds, images, smells, or feelings. The flashback may be triggered by ordinary events (NIMH, 2008). While the symptoms of PTSD usually begin within 3 months of the incident, they might even occur a year later (NIMH, 2008). According to the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV), six criteria must be fulfilled before the diagnosis of PTSD can be made (Kinchin, 2004). These include: 1. Trauma- the person must have been exposed to a traumatic event or events that involve actual or threatened death or serious injury, or threat to the physical integrity of self or others. 2. Intrusive-the event must have been persistently relieved by the person. 3. Avoidant-the person must have persistently avoided stimuli associated with the trauma. 4. Physical-the person must have experienced persistent symptoms of increased arousal or ‘over-awareness.’ 5. Social-the disturbance must have caused considerable distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. 6. Time symptoms linked to point 2,3,4 must have lasted for at least a month. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of counseling, which includes cognitive therapy and exposure therapy. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a similar kind of therapy for PTSD (National Center for PTSD, 2007.) In cognitive therapy, the therapist helps the patient to understand and change the thinking process about the trauma. The goal of cognitive therapy is to make the patient understand how certain thoughts about the trauma can cause stress and aggravate their symptoms (National Center for PTSD, 2007). The patient learns to replace these thoughts with more accurate and less distressing thoughts, as well as learn to cope with feelings like anger, guilt, and fear (National Center for PTSD, 2007) The goal of exposure therapy is to have less fear about traumatic memories. (National Center for PTSD, 2007). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a new kind of therapy for PTSD. It is similar to other types of counseling, wherein a person learns to change the reaction to traumatic memories. As the patient talks about his or her memories, the therapist asks them to focus on distractions like eye movements, hand taps, and sounds (National Center for PTSD, 2007). Another type of therapies for PTSD includes: individual psychotherapy, family therapy, or group therapy (Helpguide.org, 2008.) Medications, which are useful in PTSD, include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). These are antidepressants that raise the level of serotonin in the brain. They include: fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), citalopram, and paroxetine, (National Center for PTSD, 2007.) Acute stress disorder (ASD) is a condition, which develops “after a person experiences or sees an event involving a threat or actual death, serious injury, or physical violation to the individual or others, and responded to this event with strong feelings of fear, helplessness or horror” (Psychology Today, 2007). In order to diagnose the condition as an acute stress disorder, the symptoms must persist for a minimum of two days to up to four weeks within a month of the trauma, and if other mental disorders or medical conditions cannot explain the symptoms (Psychology Today, 2007). If the symptoms persist for more than a month, then it is diagnosed as post-traumatic stress disorder (Psychology Today, 2007.) The symptoms include: lack of emotional responsiveness, detachment, a reduced sense of surroundings, depersonalization, an inability to remember parts of the trauma, “dissociative amnesia,” increased state of anxiety and arousal, inability to experience pleasure, repeatedly re-experiencing the event by images and/or thoughts, dreams, illusions, flashbacks, avoidance of exposure to thoughts, emotions, conversations, places or people that remind them of the trauma, feelings of stress interfering with functioning and impairment of social and occupational skills (Psychology Today, 2007.) Treatment for ASD includes cognitive-behavioral, psychological debriefing, and anxiety management groups. Psychological debriefing is done immediately after the trauma, wherein the affected individuals talk out openly about the trauma. An anxiety management group involves people with ASD who share coping strategies and learn to tackle stress (Psychology Today, 2007.) For my loved one, I would choose cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) because it is known to be the most effective type of counseling for both PTSD as well as ASD. Reference Helpguide.org. “Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.” 2008. Web. Kinchin, D. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder : The Invisible Injury. Success Unlimited, 2004. NIMH. “Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.” 2008. Web. National Center for PTSD. “Treatment of PTSD.” 2007. Web. Psychology Today. “Acute stress disorder.” 2007. Web.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The paper seeks to discuss the statement that investors, according to Adaptive Market Hypothesis (AMH), are not necessarily irrational when they are just applying their old heuristics to new market conditions. The discussion will be accomplished with particular reference to Lo's "Practical Implications" from AMH.AMH is a theory proposed by Lo (2004) as a way to reconcile the seeming deficiencies of the Efficient Market Hypothesis and behavioural finance.

The paper seeks to discuss the statement that investors, according to Adaptive Market Hypothesis (AMH), are not necessarily irrational when they are just applying their old heuristics to new market conditions. The discussion will be accomplished with particular reference to Lo's "Practical Implications" from AMH. AMH is a theory proposed by Lo (2004) as a way to reconcile the seeming deficiencies of the Efficient Market Hypothesis and behavioural finance.

Adaptive Markets Hypothesis: Practical Implications Essay Introduction This paper seeks to discuss the statement that investors, according to Adaptive Market Hypothesis (AMH), are not necessarily irrational when they are just applying their old heuristics to new market conditions. The discussion will be accomplished with particular reference to Lo’s “Practical Implications” from AMH. Analysis and Discussion What is AMH? The AMH is a theory proposed by Lo (2004) as a way to reconcile the seeming deficiencies of the Efficient Market Hypothesis and behavioural finance. In arriving at the concept, Lo (2004) factored in the dynamics of evolution, natural selection and other related factors which determine the efficiency of markets and the increasing and decreasing financial institutions together with their investment products, and even institutional and individual affluence at the end of the day. What are the practical implications of AMH from Lo (2004)? Do they deny or confirm the rationality or lack of it by the investor? First implication Lo (2004) gave several practical implications of AMH. The first implication, according to Lo (2004), is the extent of the relationship between risk and reward, which he asserts to be unlikely stable over time. In effect, Lo (2004) admits of the relationship of risk and return and which is still a sign of rationality of the investors but asserts that the relationship will not be stable over time as he relates the same with different factors such as the relative sizes and various population of market ecology including the institutional aspects such as regulatory environment and tax laws. He explained that there would be changes with factors; thus, changes in risk/reward relation must also change (Lo, 2004). There is the basis to agree with Lo as it could be, in fact, shown that different sizes and populations of investors do not necessarily have the same reactions to similar situations and the different regulatory environments and tax laws have different stages of development that may cause different reactions from investors in making decisions. Lo (2004) also asserted that as an upshot of the first implication, it could be further implied that the equity risk premium also varies with time and path. His argument sustaining the presence of rationality lies in the fact that the equity risk premium must vary in relation to changes in risk preferences over time (Lo, 2004). It is not difficult again to agree with Lo’s inference of consequence on the implication asserted since varying risk premium is a sign of periodic lack of stability in terms of risk/return relationships. Lo (2004) further explained by asserting that the possible increases in the stock price are not always constantly happening but are affected by natural selection forces. To justify the position taken, he cited the recent case of US markets that were populated by a significant group of investors who have never experienced a genuine bear market. He pointed out that this fact had undoubtedly shaped the aggregate risk preference of the US economy when compared with the experience of the last four years since the bursting of the technology bubble has affected the risk preference of the current population of investors (Lo, 2004)—using natural selection factor as one characteristic of AMH, Lo (2004) that asserted that the same factor determines who participates in market interactions to the effect that those who experienced considerable losses in the technology bubble are more likely to have gone out of the market and such phenomenon would have left a diverse group of investors more in recent times than almost half a decade ago. He further explained that through the forces of natural selection, what happens in the past is relevant; thus, the paths that that market prices have taken over the past few years could determine the current aggregate risk preferences. In this sense, it could still be deciphered that investors are still rational by further considering what happened in the past as the basis of their decisions in choosing investments. Second implication Lo (2004) cites a second implication which is contrary to EMH—that is, arbitrage opportunities do arise from time to time in the AMH. Arbitrage opportunities do provide incentives for investors to gather information in order to benefit from the seeming overvaluation or undervaluation of prices of investments in the market (Van Horne, 1992). He also asserted from an evolutionary perspective that the fact that financial markets are characterized as liquid could also mean the presence of profit opportunities (Lo, 2004). Being motivated, therefore, by profit opportunities, is a sign of rational investors in that everybody wants to beat the market as much as possible, and by the belief that at certain times market prices of stocks are undervalued, the investors would likely buy stocks for the purpose of selling the same. On the other hand, if stocks are overvalued, they would most likely dispose of their stocks at the earliest possible time before the anticipated decline will ensue. Third implication AMH’s third implication is that investment strategies will sometimes increase and decrease in yield or profits and may do well in certain situations and not well in other situations (Lo, 2004). He explained that AMH implies that such investment strategies may fall for a time and then reclaim profitable positions during conducive times. He contrasted this position with the classical EMH in which arbitrage opportunities are driven away due to competition and thus will, in due course, eliminate the profitability of the strategy designed to exploit the arbitrage (Lo, 2004). His argument is based on the relativity of time, which could have different meanings to different investors. Since investors believed incorrect timing of decision under this implication, it could be further asserted that there is still rationality by the use of some techniques to choose their investments. Fourth Implication The fourth implication of AMH, as cited by Lo (2004), is the assertion that innovation is the key to survival. He explained that the classic EMH proposes that a certain level of expected returns is attainable by bearing a sufficient degree of risk. In comparison, AMH proposes changing strategies to achieve a consistent level of expected profitability or returns by sellers due to risk/reward relations having to vary over time. A better way to achieve a consistent level of expected returns is to adapt to changing market conditions (Lo, 2004). Again, an attribute of rationality is still consistent with AMH since there is an intention to achieve a consistent level of returns by adapting to certain conditions. A rational mind adapts precisely to changing environments. Fifth implication This implication is, in effect, the outcome of the earlier implications. It asserts that survival is the name of the game, and it is only the thing that matters (Lo, 2004). Because of changing conditions, investors need to adapt. Otherwise, they could be left losing money as a result of the struggle in fighting what will justify the risk of investments. Again, survival could be mean rationality. Conclusion There is the basis to agree with AMH that investors are not necessarily irrational and that they are just applying their old heuristics to new market conditions. AMH believes in changing market conditions which demand changing strategies for investors. Changing conditions change the level of returns, which must vary over time; hence strategies must also be changing accordingly. Since AMH has its roots in evolutionary concepts and natural selection, it goes without saying that those who deserve to survive are those that are most adaptable to changes. Adaptability is still rationality; thus, investors under AMH are still indeed very much rational. References Lo, A. (2004) The Adaptive Markets Hypothesis. Journal of Portfolio Management, Vol 30, pp.15-29. Van Horne (1992) Financial Management Policy, Prentice-Hall, Inc., London, UK.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The ADDIE model is a framework for developing instructional design coursework that It consists of five main stages: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The model is sequential and the results of one step are transferred to the next.

The ADDIE model is a framework for developing instructional design coursework that It consists of five main stages: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The model is sequential and the results of one step are transferred to the next.

ADDIE as a Model of Instructional Designs Coursework According to the Allen interactions website of interactive design, instructional design has been described as, “The process by which instruction is improved through the analysis of learning needs and systematic development of learning materials. Instructional designers often use technology and multimedia as tools to enhance instruction.” It is within this picture that the ADDIE model is viewed. The Florida State University is stated to have developed the ADDIE model 1975 in some literature, and though it is further confirmed by many others that the time around which the model came into existence was that period, the mid-70s dedicated research by Michael Molenda of the Indiana University in his report, “In Search of the Elusive ADDIE model” (2003)claims that, rather, as a matter of fact, ADDIE model “is merely a colloquial term used to describe a systematic approach of instructional development.” He asserts that the model does not have a particular developer and just evolved informally as it is an overall term covering a number of models which have procedural frameworks that are similar. For the final model to come up, though, there are a number of stages through which the instructional design models went before they were finally recognized as such. The basic principles of ISD originated from the model which was used by the US army and developed by the Florida State University in the mid-70s and after successive improvements came to be called the IPISD (Branson, 1978). According to the findings of Molenda, although the principles used in ADDIE were already established long ago, it was referred to as the ISD model and not ADDIE in particular. The frequency with which instructional designers used the ADDIE procedure, as it was common in all the other ISDs, finally led them to start referring to ISD models generally as ADDIE models. (Molenda,2003). ADDIE refers to the main procedures comprising the broad process of ISD employed by the developers of training and instructional designers. It has five main stages, i.e., Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. (Molenda,2003). The steps are sequential, and the results of one step are transferred to the next. During analysis, the designer gets to know what the learning problem is, the learning surrounding, what is already known and the specific requirements of the target audience, and also the timeline for delivery. At the design stage, learning goals are set, prototypes, and the contents are also developed here (Learning Theories, 2008). These are systematically followed with the development, implementation, and finally, the Evaluation. Instructional design is also the methodological procedure that is used to produce regular and dependable teaching and educational programs; it is iterative and ingenious (Reiser and Dempsey, 2007). Simply put, it helps to establish the best ways of teaching different courses. ADDIE model, when used, due to its detailed nature, gets the learners to really get involved in the learning process. The main objective is to help the students get the best and fully realize their potential, and also meet the set standards of the curriculum through evaluations of the student’s needs, employing the best techniques with basis on proven theories. There are a number of theories of learning integrated with the ADDIE model. Behaviorism is rooted in the stimulus-response theory that …” a stimulus will cause a response either by pairing a response with a reflective trigger…; or rewarding a response in the presence of a stimulus….” Skinner’s operant conditioning applies to voluntary behavior, and its effect on ISD is due to the fact that behavior, i.e., learning, can be affected by altering some aspects of the environment. This is further entrenched by Skinner’s view on programmed instruction which has pre-set behavioral goals, guidelines, dynamic responses of the learner to set queries, self-assessment, and instant opinions with regard to particular responses. Skinner concludes that in such as case, the trainer can be rendered unnecessary with programmed learning materials. This is to the effect that the results attained in learning with the ADDIE model will be determined by the objectives set. Behaviorists are of the view that learning is an action that can be observed, can be repeated and results in behavior change (Reiser and Dempsey, 2007). Behaviorism has affected different educational sectors, e.g., systems approach and in ISD, the objectives of behaviorism are the task of learning, divided into unique tasks by analysis (Outsource2India Instructional Design, 2008). In this way, the learning can be controlled by the trainer by subjecting him/her to the objectives set by the instruction designer. In philosophy, constructivism views knowledge as the product of experience mediated by an individual’s past understanding and the experiences of other people. Unlike the objectivists who agreed with a static reality that does not rely on human cognition, the constructivists state that we can only get to know a reality that corresponds to human thought. According to Duffy and Cunningham in their chapter on Constructivism and its implications for the design and delivery of Instruction, constructivism describes learning as “an active process of constructing rather than acquiring knowledge” and also that “instruction is a process of supporting that construction rather than communicating knowledge.”(Duffy and Cunningham). In Bruner’s view, constructivism is a theory of learning postulating that the experiences gained by an individual in the process of developing their own knowledge enable learners to develop a more comprehensive stable understanding of the issues by establishing their personal guidelines and frameworks for synthesizing the experiences. (Overbaugh, 2004). According to Vygotsky’s social constructivism or the social development theory, which implies that society occupies a central place in the development of cognition, this is due to the belief that the community greatly helps in helping us understand meanings of issues. Cognitivism asserts that learning is meant to solve problems and come up with hypothetical reasoning; by assimilating others and getting more new experiences through getting solutions for challenges and through equilibration, a learner’s intelligence increases (Driscoll, 2005). The rate and quantity of learning are dependent on the maturity of the learner and the new opportunities presented for learning. This gives the cognition instruction designer power to guide the learner by controlling the learning experiences and tasks for improving reasoning skills which are dependent on the particular set objectives and goals. When learners use the ADDIE model, it is found that its stages are dedicated to aiding the learners to attain the set performance results. The objective when training the learners is to ensure that they become relatively more effective in the tasks they perform. With the application of the highly methodological procedure in the development of instructions on the basis of particular, assessable objectives, the learners are able to have a particular and clear bearing in the process of instruction development, and when they finally realize the set objectives, the learners get a sense of achievement. The trainers usually are charged with the task of transferring the instructional knowledge contents to the learners; it is also their responsibility to build up the contents for the learners. In this respect, it is imperative that they understand the intricacies of the functioning of the ADDIE model so as to have the capacity to create a comprehensive content of instruction. Due to the familiarity developed with the terms used by the instructional designers, the trainer becomes able to present, to the instructional designers, effectual pointers and opinions that can be used in advancing the features of the particular content of instruction the trainer is using. The other instructional design models have more and cumbersome steps, but ADDIE has sort of compacted them into a comprehensive frame of five major steps (personal communication 2004). This makes it easier for the designers to use. In spite of the widespread benefits of the ADDIE model, it still has some inherent limitations in the forms of criticisms from those who have had an experience with it. Gordon and Zemke suggest that the model is “ineffective and inefficient.” The implication of this is that its use does not guarantee the best results in terms of instructional solutions. This is in addition to the fact that it is one hell of a time consumer. According to Trip and Bichelmeyer, its efficiency with financial resources is also not favorable as its seen as expensive. Since the model has a rigid linear approach, it is also not viewed favorably technology-wise since its incapable of utilizing digital technology, which employs a less linear approach to instructional design. To cap it up, it was criticized by Rowland as not show the main tasks involved in instructional design (1993). Due to its comprehensive and detailed requirements, when used in teams, many may only be able to little and not succeed in satisfying the important elements. It has been found that the ADDIE model does not take into account some vital political facts. In this regard, some good opportunities are missed, needed resources may not be provided, and as support is not provided, the set goals may shift (Allen Interactions, 2007 ). The other problem with this ADDIE model is that the detailed nature of its steps stifles creativity and renders it nonsensical. This is on top of the fact that in the process of the ADDIE model, there is no provision for addressing any problems or suggestions which may come through. This situation exists because the objectives for this model are to follow the set criteria in terms of time, cost and this does not allow for the identification of any inherent changes in the behavior of the learners (Allen Interactions, 2007). Despite the criticism which has been directed at the ADDIE model, I still feel that the advantages that it has brought to the field of instructional design still far outweigh the demerits. To a big extent, it is more of a guideline that has hugely contributed to the unique development of the IDS field and, as such, becomes the central part of the whole procedure. References Barbara A. Bichelmeyer. The ADDIE Model” – A Metaphor for the Lack of Clarity in the field of IDT. Indiana University. 2008. Web. B. F. Skinner – Behaviorism and Programmed Instruction – 1940s. Branson, R. K. (1978). The Interservice Procedures For Instructional Systems Development. Educational Technology , 11-14. Bruner, J. (1990) Acts of Meaning Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Driscoll, M. (2005). Psychology of learning for instruction. Boston: Pearson. Gagne, R. M. (1965). The Conditions of Learning . New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Gordon, J., & Zemke, R. (2000). The Attack on ISD. Training, 43-53. Gordon, J., & Zemke, R. (2000). The Attack on ISD. Training, 43-53. 2008. Web. ADDIE Model . 2008. Web. Martin Ryder. Handbook of Research on Technoethics. 2008. Web. Michael Molenda. In Search of the Elusive ADDIE Model. Indiana University. 2003. Rapid Interactive Design for E-Learning Certificate Program 2007 Allen Interactions. Web. Reiser, R., & Dempsey, J. (2007). Trends and issues in instructional design and technology (2 nd ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Richard Overbaugh. An Overview of Jerome Brunner His Theory of Constructivism. 2004. Web. Skinner, B.F. (1974) About Behaviorism. New York: Knopf. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The issue of aging has always been important for people during the development of mankind. In different epochs and cultures, this very issue was examined from different perspectives but the essence of it always stayed the same – people can not automatically become adults as soon as they are 21 or more. The main factor determining the status of an adult or a teenager, or a child, is the feeling of a particular person.

The issue of aging has always been important for people during the development of mankind. In different epochs and cultures, this very issue was examined from different perspectives but the essence of it always stayed the same – people can not automatically become adults as soon as they are 21 or more. The main factor determining the status of an adult or a teenager, or a child, is the feeling of a particular person.

Adult Development and Aging Essay The issue of aging has always been important for people during the development of mankind. In different epochs and cultures, this very issue was examined from different perspectives but the essence of it always stayed the same – people can not automatically become adults as soon as they are 21 or more. The main factor determining the status of an adult or a teenager, or a child, is the feeling of a particular person. This means that one who does not feel like a grown-up does not want to make a family, marry, or become a parent. In Asian cultures, the age at marriage is 13 – 14 years, while in the cultures of the Western Civilization this data is much more liberal. In the past young people used to marry and have children at the age of 20 – 21 and this seemed to be an adequate age for making such decisions and for beginning to feel adult (Devadason, 2007). But nowadays, the issue of adulthood is gradually becoming one of the most important because the borders between adolescence and adulthood are not fixed which leads to the mixture of generations, and to the process when large groups of people can not refer themselves to any of the existing age-groups. Scientists try to explain the phenomenon by giving various definitions and theories, but all these theories touch on one or several aspects of the topic. We consider that only the idea of Dr. Arnett covers properly all the sides of the adulthood issue and explains in detail the causes and effects of the aging phenomenon which transforming in today’s human society. This theory is called “The Theory of the Emerging Adulthood”, and the plot of this theory will be analyzed further in this essay. In order to avoid any possible ambiguity concerning the terms used in the work, we should at first define the specific phenomena. Firstly, adulthood is a period in a human’s lifespan when maturity in physical and mental regards is attained. It is commonly thought that adulthood is reached at the age of 20 or 21 but nowadays this common idea is being neglected by the events taking place in the modern world. That is why Dr. Arnett has developed his theory of Emerging Adulthood. Emerging adulthood, according to Dr. Arnett’s definition, is a period in a human’s life, between late teens and early or middle twenties (age of 18 – 21/25 years), when a person is no more a teenager, but not yet an adult. Adolescence is in the past but adulthood is not at present. There is no strict parents’ control, but there are also no adult responsibilities, so the person is free in his or her choices and actions but is somehow afraid of this sudden freedom (Arnett, 2001). The basis of the theory of Emerging Adulthood was taken by the author from the modern processes in the world. Dr. Arnett says that there is “a new and historically unprecedented period of the life course” (Arnett, 4) of young people, which can not be explained by any outside factors and demands only its internal consideration. According to the interviews and polls conducted by the author, there is a tendency in the modern world towards the increase of age at marriage and the age when people start feeling adults and planning families. From the given data we can clearly see that since the time of 1950s up to these days the average age at marriage increased from 22 for men and 20 – 21 for women to 27 for men and 24 for women (Arnett, 2001). The author of the Emerging Adulthood Theory explains this phenomenon by the change n human psychology caused by the improved living standards of the modern society compared to one of 1950 – 1960ss. Dr. Arnett believes that this changed allowed young people to think less about their future and about the development of their careers and personal lives. Nowadays people can afford prolonged studying which includes four years of courses for the Bachelor’s degree and several years of undergraduate study because they are not pressed for time and can live at their parents’ expense. Youth is also not stable in a job, meaning that work-places are frequently changed because young people are looking for well-paid jobs that would, moreover, let them express their personalities and develop talents. All these factors lead to the phenomenon called by Dr. Arnett “emerging adulthood”, which is the period consisting of a lot of choices, stresses, considerable instability, and great hopes and possibilities. Young people try to take as much from their temporary freedom as possible because they feel relieved from their parents’ control and sure to face the adult duties and responsibilities (Arnett, 2001). Among other scientists, there are several other theories of the development of adulthood. Such theories can be singled out as Erikson’s one (Theory of Identity Development), the ideas by Loevinger (Ego Development) and Vaillant (Adaptation to Life), as well as Levinson’s theory of Seasons of Adulthood. These theories have many differences but they are united at the point that they do not consider the transitional stage from adolescence to adulthood to be a problem because they view the process of aging as a quite individual process. According to the theory by Erikson, a person’s aging is determined by several factors that include biological, environmental, social, and psychological ones. Every human being has his/her psychological peculiarities according to which aging takes place for a certain person. Although all people have more or less similar biological features, processes of aging begin at different stages of this or that person’s life and are accompanied by different characteristics. One person can experience early aging because of the influence of a set of the above-mentioned factors combined with his or her biological and psychological peculiarities, while another can feel a child at the age of 30, or be full of energy at old age (Brannen, 2002). Levinson develops the idea that the process of aging is the interaction of certain elements of human life, into which he includes parents, children, spouse, relatives, friends, and all other people with whom a person communicates and who influence, directly or indirectly, the life of this person (Woodward, 2006). The views by Professor Bjorklund are similar to the above-mentioned theories by Erikson and Levinson, but of course, they have several peculiarities. The author believes that the aging process is a complex phenomenon that is predetermined by such basic things as family, upbringing, cultural and educational background. All events are meaningful for the person’s aging as they have cumulative force, i. e. their experiences from various fortunes and disequilibria during life stay with them and form further attitudes towards other events and things in life. The transition from adolescence to adulthood is one of the disequilibrium periods in a human’s life which are always accompanied by various stresses and states of uncertainty, but this is only a temporary state that will be substituted by another period – the time of stable structured life. For example, when a single person decides to marry a period of disequilibrium begins, because the usual structure of life is being broken, and until the person forms the appropriate structure of his or her new life, this period will last. The issue of the change of the marital age in recent years is explained thus by the fact that more people start feeling uncertain about their future and try to prolong the period when they can make free choices as much as possible (Bjorklund, 2008). If we look at a specific example of the situation in such a country as New Zealand, we can observe that the issues of aging and the points of marriage and having children are also interconnected in this country. In recent years there has been a tendency for the increase of age at marriage, i. e. the popular European tradition to marry in mature years has reached New Zealand (Dwyer, 2003). In the 1970s men at the first marriage were averagely 21 – 22 years old, and women were at the age of 19 – 20. Nowadays the majority of marriages take place when bride-grooms are 28 – 29, and brides are 27. The average age of women who give birth to their first children also changed according to the tendency discussed in this work. In the 1970s women usually had children in their early twenties, but 2007 research showed that nowadays women decide to have their first children at the age of 27 – 28 and the average age of women giving birth to children in New Zealand is 30 years (Wyn, 2006). Also, the trend is observed in New Zealand towards the reduction of the number of legal marriages, because more and more young people choose to live together with their spouses as an alternative to marriage. In the year 2007, the number of such couples amounted to one-third of all couples who were about to get married (Poland, 2007). All this shows that the tendency of the “emerging adulthood” is spreading over New Zealand as well as over other countries of the world, and the work by Dr. Arnett can be of considerable help to the people who are dealing with the improvement of the situation. To make a logical conclusion of this essay, we need to summarize what we have done in it and what results in we have got. Firstly, the theory of Emerging Adulthood by Dr. Arnett has a right for existence because it is proven by numerous specific examples and researches conducted by the author and other scientists. From this work, we found out that today’s youth experiences the process of aging with more difficulties than previous generations did. The stage of transition from adolescence to adulthood is accompanied by a lot of obstacles and stresses caused by uncertainty about the future, but at the same time “emerging adults” have many hopes and more chances to penalize them as they always look for something better. Works Cited Arnett, J. J. (2001). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood: Perspectives from adolescence through midlife. Journal of Adult Development, 8(2), 133-143. Bjorklund, B. R., & Bee, H. L. (2008). The journey of adulthood (6 ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. Brannen, J., Lewis, S., Nilsen, A., & Smithson, J. (2002). Young Europeans, work and family. London: Routledge. Devadason, R. (2007). Constructing coherence? Young adults’ pursuit of meaning through multiple transitions between work, education and unemployment. Journal of Youth Studies, 10(2), 203-221. Dwyer, P., Smith, G., Tyler, D., & Wyn, J. (2003). Life-patterns, career outcomes and adult choices. Melbourne: Australian Youth Research Centre. Poland, M., Cameron, A., Wong, K., & Fletcher, M. (2007). Moving on: Changes in a year in family living arrangements (Research Report No 2/07). Wellington: Families Commission. Woodward, L. J., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2006). Gender differences in the transition to early parenthood. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 275-294. Wyn, J., & Woodman, D. (2006). Generation, youth and social change in Australia. Journal of Youth Studies, 9(5), 49.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The study deals with the study of Reiki and how it can be effectively used to reduce pain and anxiety in women with abdominal hysterectomies.Reiki is gaining its importance due to its healing effect on patients with anxiety and pain. Reiki is an ancient healing practice believed to have originated 2500 years ago in Tibetan Sutras and now gained much importance in the medical field. It is believed that practitioners have the power to channel a life force through their hands into the patient's body.

The study deals with the study of Reiki and how it can be effectively used to reduce pain and anxiety in women with abdominal hysterectomies. Reiki is gaining its importance due to its healing effect on patients with anxiety and pain. Reiki is an ancient healing practice believed to have originated 2500 years ago in Tibetan Sutras and now gained much importance in the medical field. It is believed that practitioners have the power to channel a life force through their hands into the patient's body.

Advance Nursing Practice: Study of Reiki Essay (Article) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Significance 3. Weakness 4. Hysterectomy 5. Implications and Recommendations 6. Conclusion 7. Reference Introduction This study deals with the study of Reiki and how it can be effectively used to reduce pain and anxiety in women with abdominal hysterectomies. Reiki is gaining its importance due to its healing effect on patients with anxiety and pain. Reiki is a relaxation and healing method using hands usually with or without touching the patient’s body. It is the energy transferring method to the patient’s body and helps to correct the imbalances in the body. Reiki is an ancient healing practice believed to have originated 2500 years ago in Tibetan Sutras and now gained much importance in the medical field. It is believed that practitioners have the power to channel a life force through their hands into the patient’s body. It is influenced by the use of hands to strengthen the body which involves mind and body connection. There are many benefits attributed to Reiki. Some of them include pain management and reduction, relaxation, lowering anxiety, and increasing a feeling of well-being. “Reiki is a hands-on healing and relaxation method that uses ‘universal energy’ (or chi) to both correct energetic imbalances in the body and recharge energetically depleted areas.” (Om reiki center: The energy mechanics, 2008). Reiki is performed by Reiki practitioners who channel life force energy to their patients. Specific hand movements and positions are used as a part of treatment. They set a stage for Reiki healing and are continued at the appropriate levels. Significance Reiki is using widely in the medical field to reduce the pain and anxiety of the women associated with their major surgery or major diseases. Reiki helps to treat health problems and helps to enable patients to feel relaxed and with improved mental and physical well-being. It has been proved that Reiki helps to reduce heart rate, blood pressure and helps boost the immune system. Reiki is proved to be very efficient in the treatment of depression, treating anxiety, and reducing physical pain. This technique helps to know the practitioner to know the areas of imbalance or energy disruption and thus helps them to reduce the patient’s negative feelings or emotions or physical pain. During treatment, the hands of the practitioners are moved in different directions just two or five inches above the patient’s body. Research indicates that the human body adapts to relaxation techniques and is very helpful in curing and healing the problems connected to health. Now a day’s importance of healing touch practice is recognized by medical practitioners. It is proved that this conventional therapy improves the overall health of the patients. According to the study, the thirty-minute session group reported significant pain reduction. There is strong evidence from the investigation that Reiki can be used as a therapy for pain management. One of the possibilities of this treatment is management and reduction of pain. In the study of comparison of the experimental group, it is reported that patients who took Reiki treatment have less pain compared to the traditional nursing care without three 30 minute sessions of Reiki Treatment. Weakness Generally, patients will feel relaxed and energized after the Reiki treatment. But sometimes patients may get a headache or stomach ache or tired due to the healing crisis. According to the paper, Reiki sessions will bring about certain vibrations in the body. This will help release toxins in the body which will eventually be flushed out by the liver and kidney. However this is a good sign that body is cleaning as a part of the healing process and this discomfort can be overcome by drinking a lot of water, having light meals, and taking appropriate rest. It is really hard to tell how many hours of treatment are required for the patients before the actual treatment. But the main problem is that Reiki treatment is mostly available outside mainstream healthcare. There is no proper research and finding of the treatment and are not recognized its advantages properly. There is no appropriate test and experiments conducts to know its advantages mainly due to the lack of research and development programs in Reiki treatment. Hysterectomy During hysterectomy operations, the procedure is the removal of the ovary and uterus due to fibroids, cancer, or other disorders. Usually, it is the last treatment procedure in women’s having a dysfunctional reproductive system and is better to be done only after 50 – 55 years of age. Due to hysterectomy, women may feel that they lost their feminine nature and become so much depressed. Even before hysterectomy women will experience depression and anxiety and are prone to a bad situation. Depression will get increased after a hysterectomy. To cure their physical and mental agony Reiki can be considered as an effective treatment method for reducing their tensions as it is an important part of the treatment procedure. After hysterectomy there might be physical changes and other emotional changes will occur frequently. Again the changes will automatically appear in patients when ovaries are removed. Ovaries produce estrogen as well as other important hormones such as androgens, anandamide, opiates, and other chemicals which are part of the female reproductive organ and is having a major role in a woman’s overall health and well-being. But hysterectomy damages the entire system thus involves a nervous disorder, hormone imbalances, and other emotional disorders creating their life a burden. It can be done only in unavoidable cases and proper care must be taken care to avoid depression-related problems. Reiki is here advisable for overcoming their emotional problems and helps to adjust their body imbalances to a great extent. Reiki treatment can be taken before and after the hysterectomy, operations to control the mood swings of female patients. Otherwise, it may worsen the situation with all side effects of hysterectomy. There will be physical changes and emotional disturbances but emotional disturbances can be better controlled by traditional healing techniques like Reiki. It is proved that it is very helpful in reducing anxieties and associated problems. Implications and Recommendations Reiki is proved to have many therapeutic benefits and can be used as a stress reduction program for healthcare practitioners. Nurses can be appointed specially for using Reiki on their patients to decrease pain, depression, and negative feelings. Reiki is an effective way to improve depressed women patients and evidence is there in recovering from depression. So it can be used in managing depressed patients. Reiki must be part of the mainstream healthcare hospital so that there can be applied and research can be done to make it more useful. Conclusion The purpose of the study has been clearly defined in the paper. The purpose was to find if Reiki is considered an effective way to reduce the pain and anxiety of women with abdominal hysterectomies. It is not using widely but is proved as an effective method in reducing pain and tensions. However, it is not gained much importance in major health care hospitals. Empirical evidence is available on the benefits of Reiki is limited due to the lack of proper research and study in the hospitals. In the experimental study report, it is shown that women who have undergone Reiki treatment have experienced less pain compared to women without it. It can be said that more research is needed to further understand and prove the effects of this treatment. Research can be conducted further for the optimum utilization of healing treatment among the patients. Apart from clearly stating the purpose of the study, the authors do not seem to have designed specific research questions. For example, they could have stated that there is no evidence (till this study) that Reiki is effective for pain management in the specific instance of hysterectomy. They could have then argued that this study is to prove the effectiveness of Reiki in this specific instance. Literature from the previous study has been used extensively regarding the topics of energy fields and body energy. But no mention of any literature regarding the presence of an energy field coming from the hand of a Reiki practitioner has been provided. The writer of this paper understands that there is still no specific instrument invented that can measure something like energy fields (the life energy of Reiki) coming from the hands of a practitioner. There is the possibility that energy might be generated from Reiki practitioners, but scientific proof is still needed to establish this. On the whole, the literature used to validate other points (apart from the above point regarding scientific measuring of energy) has been from reputed journals and books and is peer-reviewed. The authors of such literature are also well qualified to write about their expertise. The design, sapling, data collection, etc done in the paper have been done scientifically and according to established practices. It can be said that the main and perhaps the only drawback of the paper is to establish a connection between the Reiki practitioners and the energy from his hands. In such a case, the relief even though genuine will not stand up to scrutiny in a scientific setting. The scientific community will most probably say that it is a mere coincidence. As suggested by the authors, more extensive studies will be required. If a device for measuring energy is available, then acceptance of this form of treatment by the medical community will be much greater. Reference Om reiki center: The energy mechanics . (2008). Om-reiki.com. Web.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay discusses advanced managerial decision making under risk and uncertainty. It highlights the importance of understanding the potential consequences of decisions before making them, and the need for organizations to develop processes for dealing with risk and uncertainty.Advanced managerial decision making under risk and uncertainty essay highlights the importance of understanding the potential consequences of decisions before making them, and the need for organizations to develop processes for dealing with risk and uncertainty.

The essay discusses advanced managerial decision making under risk and uncertainty. It highlights the importance of understanding the potential consequences of decisions before making them, and the need for organizations to develop processes for dealing with risk and uncertainty. Advanced managerial decision making under risk and uncertainty essay highlights the importance of understanding the potential consequences of decisions before making them, and the need for organizations to develop processes for dealing with risk and uncertainty.

Advanced Managerial Decision Making Under Risk and Uncertainty Essay Individuals who borrow money from credit card companies are assessed to determine their creditworthiness, which shows their willingness and ability to repay back the debt. This is done by looking at the past credit history on how timely payments have been made at the agreed date mostly on monthly basis. The income earned by individuals also determines their ability to repay debts because higher income earners make prompt debt payments compared to low-income earners who may be willing to repay quickly but lack the ability due to fiscal deficit. Risks due to loss of borrowed money and bad debts make credit card companies have different interest charges to different individuals so that the high-interest charge on poor credit individuals can recover bad debts and risks that are involved in lending. Credit card companies give loans to borrowers at a certain percentage of interest rate with the aim of getting a return from the investment. When lending money, they seek to know the creditworthiness of the borrowers to determine their ability to repay back the money lent to them. Individuals with poor credit are charged a higher rate of interest because; higher interest rate helps to offset money owned by individuals who default the loan. When repaying back the money borrowed, individuals may reach a point where they are unable to continue repaying loans which results in bad debts that may not be recovered in the future. The credit card company recovers much of its money by charging higher interest rates from the beginning so that by the time the borrower stops to repay, the higher interest charge will have helped to recover back the borrowed money, and the return on investment will be high. (Smith, 2003 pp10-15) (Tversky, 2006 pp19-22) found that, When poor credit individuals delay paying their bills, the interest rate for the next borrowing period is increased because, making late payments increases the risk on borrowed money and if it is difficult for an individual to pay cash when purchasing items, monthly payments are large. People who make late payments may continue with the habit in the future because they will always not have enough money to pay bills. Individuals with large debts in their credit cards are targeted by subprime lenders because they can not use a credit card with lower rates and transfer balances there because their credit is already damaged. Homeowners with higher debts are given home loans for their debts to be consolidated because lenders can legally sell the home to repay the loan that was charged a high interest rate initially. Credit card companies try to get more money from the borrowers in form of a high interest rate because some borrowers are not informed and they apply pressure to convince borrowers that their lending rates are the most preferable so that they can accept the deal even if it is bad. Lenders fail to discuss all the deals with individuals who have poor credit and do not give them advice on how to obtain low-interest rate loans. There is no complete information on the terms of the loan that includes conditions for repayments, charges, and fees for the borrower to decide whether to accept the terms. (Savage, 2004 pp26-29) argues that, Individuals with good credit history pay all their bills at the right time, and lower interest rates are charged because they are responsible. Their incomes are high and have permanent jobs that enable them to repay debts leading to no risk to lenders due to making all the required payments. Credit default does not occur and the borrowed money is paid back in full at the end of the borrowing period. Credit card companies are aware of individuals with good credit because they have never been declared bankrupt by any lending institution. Once they borrow the money, they are committed to repay and have the ability to repay back the money. The interest charged on the money borrowed is lower because the credit card company is certain that the money must be paid back thus reducing the risk of losing money. (Asher, 2007 pp40-43) References Savage L. (2004): Risks and uncertainty: Journal of political economy, pp. 26-29. Smith V. (2003): Analysis of economic changes in risks: Journal of risks, pp. 10-15. Tversky A. (2006): Rational choice by credit card companies: Journal of business, pp. 19-22. Asher D. (2007): Credit card companies: Oxford University Press, pp. 40-43.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The goal of advertisements is mainly to communicate to an audience and to entice them to buy their product or service.The goal of advertisements is mainly to communicate to an audience and to entice them to buy their product or service.

The goal of advertisements is mainly to communicate to an audience and to entice them to buy their product or service. The goal of advertisements is mainly to communicate to an audience and to entice them to buy their product or service.

Advertisements Analyses. BMW, Absolut, Avon. Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. BMW 3. Absolut 4. Avon 5. References Introduction The goal of advertisements is mainly to communicate to an audience and to entice them to buy their product or service. The goal does not stop with the mere conveyance of a message. Ads have the main objective of arresting audiences’ attention. Brand of the product is the value proposition between the user and the unique experience offered by the product (Rucah Humnabadkar, Mather and Vogel). Brands display a vital relationship with its design. In the same manner, the designs of ads are relevant to the culture and experience of the brand. BMW The no-nonsense print caption says it all “Congratulations to BMW for Winning World Car of the Year 2006.” It is factual and simple, credible and true- just like the product it advertises. This is an important statement in a print ad of a well-known car-manufacturing firm, a single sentence that more or less sounds like a eulogy coming from BMW. Moreover, there is the familiar logo—the four perfect circles intertwined together forming a chain link. Indeed, this is the symbol of another brand of car: Audi. This Audi ad asserts the value of its brand with respect to another brand, that of its fierce competitor, the BMW. Even more, the very inclusion of the statement “From the Winner of Six Consecutive Le Mans 24 Hour Races 2000-2006” is designed to undermine the rather prominent award bestowed upon BMW, the “World Car of the Year 2006.” The advertisers opt for a silver color in order to create a unified feeling of class and style. Audi: Congratulations to BMW for winning World Car of the Year 2006. From the Winner of Six Consecutive Le Mans 24 Hour Races 2000-2006. Absolut Liquor companies generally create the impression in their advertisements that drinking is fashionable, that it is a perfectly enjoyable social act. On the other hand, many companies fail to comply with the corporate responsibility of informing the public of the repercussions of irresponsible drinking. As stated earlier, the constant exposure to liquor ads, especially among immature youths, may directly impact the formation of awareness about liquor and alcoholism. This 1997 Ad Absolut Vodka Ice Silhouette Woman Herb Ritts ad says it all and in a very sensual manner. The woman in the bottle has a subliminal effect on any man who drinks it since he is stimulated to imagine an image of a sexy woman everytime he drinks that. It is effective in its use of the blue background of the serene sea which is quite opposite how one can behave after drinking it. The blue hues that uses are enough to create the feeling of being calmness and the drink in the dark of the night. 1997 Ad Absolut Vodka Ice Silhouette Woman Herb Ritts. Avon Avon is a company that uses colors to its advantage. The products themselves use a lot of colors that lure clients to buy the products. The beauty products naturally employ colors, brilliant, glossy, surprisingly loud, multi-colored print ads. In this Witherspoon ad, Avon makes use of her popularity and the wholesomeness of her face, even her reputation to highlight the products’ credibility. It uses bright pink highlights emphasizing the model’s flawless skin and red lipstick. She is not the ideal beauty one would think of and this is what the ad wants to portray to all women so that even if they have flaws on their face (like Witherspoon’s quite elongated chin), people can still manage to look beautiful because of Avon even to those who do not have perfect features. Indeed, Avon’s mission is highlighted here as it empowers women from all walks of life to buy the products that would make them stunning. There is the implication that when one uses Avon products, one can transform from ordinary to ravishing. References Cognitive Dissonance Theory . 2008. Web. Rucha Humnabadkar, M.Des., John Mather and Craig Vogel. The Role of Design in Establishing a Brand: Three in-depth Case Studies. 2003. Web.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: Aerobic and Anaerobic Workouts Comparison EssayIn this essay, the author compares aerobic and anaerobic workouts. Aerobic exercises are described as a strenuous type of physical activity that increases the heartbeat up to about 65% of the highest rate. Anaerobic exercises are shorter in duration and more intense than aerobic exercises. Researchers have established that a person doing anaerobic workouts losses more calories than one doing aerobics on ratios of 5 to 1

Aerobic and Anaerobic Workouts Comparison Essay In this essay, the author compares aerobic and anaerobic workouts. Aerobic exercises are described as a strenuous type of physical activity that increases the heartbeat up to about 65% of the highest rate. Anaerobic exercises are shorter in duration and more intense than aerobic exercises. Researchers have established that a person doing anaerobic workouts losses more calories than one doing aerobics on ratios of 5 to 1

Aerobic and Anaerobic Workouts Comparison Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. Works cited Introduction Aerobic exercise is described as a strenuous type of physical activity that increases the heartbeat up to about 65% of the highest rate. (Fitness.com,2006) Performance of aerobic exercise is whereby the individual makes the body use oxygen for the creation of energy by breaking down the glucose in the body. The activities for aerobic exercises normally take longer periods not less than 20 minutes. For anaerobic exercises, the individual’s body will be able to make the energy needed for the exercise without using oxygen. This usually happens in a situation where the body requires vast amounts of energy so it is impelled to use some chemicals in the body to create the energy. This occurs because these activities take short periods of time e.g. sprinting (Doctors Exercise.com) Main body During aerobic exercise, the oxygen that enters the lungs is transported to the heart from where it is pumped throughout the whole body and is used up by the muscles to make energy and carbon dioxide which is expelled. (Fitness,2006) During exercise, the heart rate will establish whether the exercise is aerobic or anaerobic. For males, the maximum heart rate is 220 less than the male’s age, while for females it is 225 less the age. Since the target rate for workouts is usually 70 percent of the maximum heart rate, in the event that the heart rate surpasses the 70% mark then the exercise becomes aerobic(Doctors Senior Exercise). Another way of determining whether the workout performed is either aerobic or anaerobic is through the technique of performing the exercise. Researchers have established that a person doing anaerobic workouts loses more calories than one doing aerobics on ratios of 5 to 1 or even 7 to 1.the aerobics burn up to around 25% muscle and 75% body fat while on the other hand, the anaerobic workouts tend to burn 100% body fat. Some of the workouts classified as aerobics include fast movements(dances), walking on the Treadmills, jogging, using air gliders, exercise bicycles, skiing machines, sports e.g. handball. The other exercises classified under anaerobic are basically resistance exercises e.g. weightlifting, dumbbells, etc (Dana, 2007) Conclusion The other telling difference between the two is that while anaerobic workouts employ resistance routines that aid in building muscles and bones, aerobics tend to work on the cardiovascular and the body’s circulatory system in general. It is advisable to use the two types of exercises so as to achieve the best results health-wise. (Doctors Senior Exercise). To attain this there are machines in modern gyms that are already pre-programmed to either offer high resistance for anaerobic or low resistance for aerobic exercises, the user just chooses either. For a person who is starting exercising routines, it is best to start with the aerobic exercises to help build stamina then gradually proceed to the anaerobic exercises to do the strenuous exercises. (Dana,2007) Works cited Dana. A Size Apple. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Exercise.2007. Web. Doctors Senior Exercise. Anaerobic Versus Aerobic. Web. Fitness. Aerobic versus Anaerobic exercises. 2007. Web.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The essay discusses the role of the health department in managing public health. It describes how the health department can use social marketing to promote healthy behaviors and how it can engage with the community to develop an action plan to address obesity.

The essay discusses the role of the health department in managing public health. It describes how the health department can use social marketing to promote healthy behaviors and how it can engage with the community to develop an action plan to address obesity.

Public Health Management and Social Marketing Case Study Table of Contents 1. Leadership Role 2. Community SWOT Analysis 3. Social Marketing 4. Community Engagement 5. References Leadership Role Available scholarship demonstrates that leaders in the healthcare sector must demonstrate adequate capacity in understanding the dynamics and complexities involved in healthcare management not only in health facilities but also in community settings (Busari, 2012). Drawing from this elaboration, the leadership role of the Health Department can be described in terms of developing and implementing strategies aimed at improving the health of community members, developing a strategic plan for the long-term prevention of obesity and related complications, designing the framework for a new school and work-based culture that stresses the importance of physical exercises, creating strategies to enhance service delivery at the hospital and minimize waste, and facilitating education and awareness campaigns on obesity. In assessment, it is evident that the Health Department had failed in its leadership role, leading to the proliferation of obesity and associated challenges. The Health Department has in the past 15 years not been responsive in fulfilling the above responsibilities as demonstrated by the increased prevalence of obesity and related diseases, lack of physical exercise programs in schools and workplaces, lack of knowledge among community members on how to deal with the disease, as well as the many challenges facing the local community hospital. However, the Health Department has in the recent past demonstrated sustained effort in dealing with these challenges by meeting with stakeholders to develop action plans for the community. The reported lack of responsiveness may have been triggered by barriers to effective leadership, particularly in terms of lack of the Health Department’s ability to fulfill its oversight and supervisory role within the community, lack of stakeholders’ competence and engagement, as well as the inability of the Health Department to influence the decisions affecting the community (Fealy et al., 2011; Johnson, 2013). Community SWOT Analysis * Strengths . The strengths of the community include the availability of primary and secondary/high schools within the area, availability of a health facility, cooperation among community members, as well as the presence of an active business community. * Weaknesses . The weaknesses include high prevalence of obesity and related complications, lack of knowledge on how to deal with obesity, a small population of approximately 14,000 residents, lack of funds to run physical education programs in schools, as well as the failure of the hospital’s payment system. * Opportunities . The leaders resolved to come together to develop an action plan and the availability of grant funding to address some of the challenges represent some of the opportunities for the community. * Threats . The community’s threats include skyrocketing healthcare costs, the dominance of one health insurance company, the adverse economic impact on the local hospital due to the skyrocketing healthcare costs and burdens, sedentary work that inhibits physical exercise, as well as high incidence of serious diseases due to obesity. Other goals that may form part of the community’s long-term strategic plan include 1. introduction of competition in the provision of health insurance, 2. reinforcement of healthy eating habits through education and awareness campaigns, 3. initiation of various leisure activities to substantially reduce screen time, 4. establishment and reinforcement of cultural norms that enhance normal weight development and counteract habits and behaviors that lead to overweight. Lastly, some performance measures that may be used for assessing process and outcomes include increasing the number of adults and children with health insurance, reducing obesity-related hospitalizations within the community by providing access to high quality primary and preventive care, minimizing the percentage of adults and children who are obese, as well as limiting advertisements of less healthy foods and beverages (Keener, Goodman, Lowry, Zaro, & Kettel-Khan, 2009). Social Marketing It is evident that the community described in the case study has many health issues, particularly when assessed using the prism of the high incidences of obesity and associated complications. Social marketing can be used to address some of these issues by virtue of the fact that behavioral change is required if the health challenges are to be addressed. Social marketing has been described in the literature as “the use of marketing principles to influence human behavior in order to improve health or benefit society” (Turning Point, n.d., p. 4). The principles of social marketing, according to Late (2004), include the audience, action, exchange, competition, and the four Ps of marketing (product, price, place, and promotion). In the case study, stakeholders can begin by understanding their target audience in terms of knowing their capacity or propensity to engage in physical exercises or to eat healthier diets. Afterward, the relevant stakeholders can implement some actions that may be of immense importance in addressing the high prevalence of obesity and associated complications within the community. Such actions may include heightening awareness on the need to engage in physical exercise programs, strengthening the knowledge of community members with regard to the causes and consequences of obesity, and implementing strategies aimed at shifting the attitudes of community members with regard to healthy eating habits. Additionally, stakeholders need to implement new strategies that could be exchanged with the old ways of doing things, particularly within the context of assisting community members to embrace an effective physical exercise regimen and healthy eating habits. The above strategies need to be exposed to the community members in a way that will substantially reduce any form of competition. This may be achieved by underscoring the need to change behavior, reinforcing the benefits that may arise as a result of such behavioral change (product), and assuring community members that they stand to lose nothing by making the behavioral shifts (price). The knowledge on where (place) community members should access information on physical exercises and change of diet must be availed, not mentioning that stakeholders should deploy effective communication messages and use appropriate channels to reach a wider audience (promotion). Community Engagement The level of community engagement shown in the case is high due to the fact that the role of community members in proposing and/or shaping policy dialogue on how to address the problem of obesity is evident. Indeed, there is a focused synchronization of collaboration efforts between all interested stakeholders, namely the local hospital, director of the local Health Department, concerned residents, schools, as well as representatives of the local business and health care communities. However, more community engagement is needed particularly from the affected residents in order to ensure that the solutions and recommendations agreed upon will be acceptable across the board. High-level community engagement not only ensures that stakeholders work together and support each other in developing effective interventions to deal with the various health challenges affecting the community but also facilitates a scenario where partners are empowered to engage the local populations in the decision-making process (Bacon; 2012; Johnson, 2013). Drawing from this exposition, leading stakeholders can decide to conduct a baseline survey with the view to developing a comprehensive understanding of the health needs and challenges of the local community. A deeper understanding of the health needs and challenges, in my view, can only optimize the success of current and future collaborative attempts being witnessed in the community. References Bacon, J. (2012). The art of community: Building the new age of participation . Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media. Busari, J.O. (2012). Management and leadership development in healthcare and the challenges facing physician managers in clinical practice. International Journal of Clinical Leadership, 17 (4), 211-216. Fealy, G.M., McNamara, M.S., Casey, M., Geraghty, R., Butler, M., Halligan, P…Johnson, M. (2011). Barriers to clinical leadership development: Findings from a national survey. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20 (4), 2023-2032. Johnson, J.A. (2013). Introduction to public health organizations, management, and policy . Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning. Keener, D., Goodman, K., Lowry, A., Zaro, S., & Kettel-Khan, L. (2009). Recommended strategies and measurements to prevent obesity in the United States: Implementation and measurement guide . Web. Late, M. (2004). Health advocates using social marketing to change behaviors. Nation’s Health, 34 (8), 5-5. Turning Point. (n.d.). The basics of social marketing: How to use marketing to change behavior . Web.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The government needs to get involved and internalize the profit and cost externalities. Production, consumption, and investment choices of people, families, and companies usually influence individuals not directly engaged in the business transactions. At times, such indirect effects have negligible impacts. Nevertheless, when their influence is significant, they may be problematic and are referred to as externalities. The occurrence of externalities is the major reason behind government intervention in the monetary sphere. When the government intervenes, it charges the negative externalities through regulations or application of market-anchored strategies, for instance, taxes. If the government does not intervene, polluters make decisions anchored just in the direct expenses of and profit opportunity from manufacturing without considering the indirect outlays to the people affected by the pollution. These indirect outlays encompass poor quality of life, for instance, a homeowner residing close to a smokestack, increased medical costs, disregarded production opportunities, and the impact of pollution on practices such as tourism. Attributable to the indirect outlays not being incurred by the polluter, they are not passed on to the consumer, which makes the total or social costs of production greater when compared to private costs.

The government needs to get involved and internalize the profit and cost externalities. Production, consumption, and investment choices of people, families, and companies usually influence individuals not directly engaged in the business transactions. At times, such indirect effects have negligible impacts. Nevertheless, when their influence is significant, they may be problematic and are referred to as externalities. The occurrence of externalities is the major reason behind government intervention in the monetary sphere. When the government intervenes, it charges the negative externalities through regulations or application of market-anchored strategies, for instance, taxes. If the government does not intervene, polluters make decisions anchored just in the direct expenses of and profit opportunity from manufacturing without considering the indirect outlays to the people affected by the pollution. These indirect outlays encompass poor quality of life, for instance, a homeowner residing close to a smokestack, increased medical costs, disregarded production opportunities, and the impact of pollution on practices such as tourism. Attributable to the indirect outlays not being incurred by the polluter, they are not passed on to the consumer, which makes the total or social costs of production greater when compared to private costs.

Public Internalization of Profit and Cost Externalities Essay The government needs to get involved and internalize the profit and cost externalities. Production, consumption, and investment choices of people, families, and companies usually influence individuals not directly engaged in the business transactions. At times, such indirect effects have negligible impacts. Nevertheless, when their influence is significant, they may be problematic and are referred to as externalities. The occurrence of externalities is the major reason behind government intervention in the monetary sphere. Cost externalities result in markets exchanging larger quantities of output than what is socially suitable (Bernardo, Schwartz, & Welch, 2015). The government assists in the eradication of inefficiencies emanating from cost externalities through taxing products. A real-life illustration of why government intervention is vital is pollution, the traditional instance of a negative externality (Aznar-Márquez & Ruiz-Tamarit, 2016). The production of most goods leads to pollution by companies. Nonetheless, devoid of intervention by the government, the outlay of pollution is not considered in the cost of the items, and its effects are felt by everybody, even those people who have no part to play in the market. When the government intervenes, it charges the negative externalities through regulations or application of market-anchored strategies, for instance, taxes (Benigno, Chen, Otrok, Rebucci, & Young, 2016). If the government does not intervene, polluters make decisions anchored just in the direct expenses of and profit opportunity from manufacturing without considering the indirect outlays to the people affected by the pollution. Indirect outlays encompass poor quality of life, for instance, a homeowner residing close to a smokestack, increased medical costs, disregarded production opportunities, and the impact of pollution on practices such as tourism. Attributable to the indirect outlays not being incurred by the polluter, they are not passed on to the consumer, which makes the total or social costs of production greater when compared to private costs. In occurrences of disparities between social and private costs or returns, the arising problem is that the market operations might become inefficient. To enhance the welfare of the members of the community, social returns ought to be exploited and the costs lessened (McGuire & Lynch, 2017). This signifies that all expenses and benefits ought to be internalized by the companies and consumers making the manufacturing and purchase decisions respectively. If this does not happen, market operations result in the underproduction of services or commodities that involve positive externalities and overproduction when it comes to negative externalities. Underproduction and overproduction result in below-maximum market outcomes concerning the community’s general situation (what is referred to as welfare viewpoint by economists). Social costs rise with the rate of pollution, which increases alongside the extent of production. This results in the overproduction of commodities with negative externalities when just private costs are mulled over in decisions and not expenses incurred by others. It has been established that inadequacies linked to technical externalities result in market failure (Nguyen, Laratte, Guillaume, & Hua, 2016). Private market-anchored judgment making fails to create efficient outcomes from a general wellbeing point of view. In this aspect, governments should tax polluters a fee that corresponds to the degree of the harm caused (Pang, 2017). Such taxation would create a prevailing market outcome that has sufficient internalization of all outlays by polluters. The government needs to get engaged and internalize the profit and cost externalities. Through its intervention, the government assists in the suppression of inefficiencies emanating from cost externalities via taxation. A good example of why government intervention is fundamental is pollution. References Aznar-Márquez, J., & Ruiz-Tamarit, J. R. (2016). Environmental pollution, sustained growth, and sufficient conditions for sustainable development. Economic Modelling , 54 , 439-449. Benigno, G., Chen, H., Otrok, C., Rebucci, A., & Young, E. R. (2016). Optimal capital controls and real exchange rate policies: A pecuniary externality perspective. Journal of Monetary Economics , 84 , 147-165. Bernardo, A. E., Schwartz, A., & Welch, I. (2015). Contracting externalities and mandatory menus in the US corporate bankruptcy code. The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization , 32 (2), 395-432. McGuire, C. J., & Lynch, D. (2017). The need for environmental justice never ends because externalities persist. Environmental Justice , 10 (3), 68-71. Nguyen, T. L. T., Laratte, B., Guillaume, B., & Hua, A. (2016). Quantifying environmental externalities with a view to internalizing them in the price of products, using different monetization models. Resources, Conservation and Recycling , 109 , 13-23. Pang, Y. (2017). Profitable pollution abatement? A worker productivity perspective. Resource and Energy Economics , 52 , 33-49.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: A public relations strategy is a guideline that highlights how an organization deals with the public. The main aim of the strategy is to build a viable relationship between a company and its target audience. Previously, PR was only used as a crisis communication tool. However, currently, PR is used throughout a product or project's lifecycle to ensure that the public has a positive image of the product/project.

A public relations strategy is a guideline that highlights how an organization deals with the public. The main aim of the strategy is to build a viable relationship between a company and its target audience. Previously, PR was only used as a crisis communication tool. However, currently, PR is used throughout a product or project's lifecycle to ensure that the public has a positive image of the product/project.

Public Relations Strategy and Campaigns Essay A Public Relations (PR) strategy is a guideline that highlights how an organization deals with the public (Gregory & Willis 136). The main aim of the strategy is to build a viable relationship between a company and its target audience. Previously, PR was only used as a crisis communication tool. However, currently, PR is used throughout a product or project’s lifecycle to ensure that the public has a positive image of the product/project. PR has become a useful tool in marketing as well. Public Relations strategies often include Public Relations tactics. According to Smith, PR tactics are the tools used to execute a PR strategy (14). Thus, one can argue that these tactics are a component of the PR strategy. Several examples can be given to explain the difference between a PR strategy and a PR tactic. The Coca-Cola “Taste the Feeling” PR strategy highlighted how soda would be marketed during a defined period (Sarmistha 262). The main goal of the strategy was to increase the sales of soda globally. A second example is that of Dior, a luxury accessories and clothing company. The company’s PR strategy is a combination of demographic, psychographic and behavioural segmentation plans that affect their target audience (Donzé & Fujioka 19). Thirdly, the telecommunication giants, Vodafone, recently announced a new strategy that affects how marketers in their different countries of interest present their brand to the public (Curwen & Whalley 210). The primary goal of the strategy is to use technology and digital services to promote quality of life of communities. Last but not least is the example of Google which uses an integrated approach to PR. The primary goal of their current campaign is to combine technology and creative approaches to enhance user experience (Luttrell & Capizzo 12). The different PR strategies mentioned use different PR tools as well. For example, Coca-Cola uses personalized bottles to implement the “Taste the Feeling” strategy. Buyers can pick out soda bottles that have their friends’ or loved ones’ names and share it with them. Secondly, Dior uses a media tactic to enhance its sales. The media tactic includes making advertisements using highly respected and adored personalities using the company’s products. The adverts are then pushed through the media channels. Thirdly, Vodafone uses the corporate social responsibility tactic. The tactic allows for engagement with communities of interest by re-investing some of the company’s profits in social work (Curwen & Whalley 210). Fourthly, Google uses a digital media tactic to connect with its target audience. One of the prominent PR campaigns this year was Times up Now Campaign. The strategy aimed to highlight gender inequality in the workplace. Several tactics were used to make the campaign a success. For starters, the strategy used female personalities in Hollywood to drive their agenda. Whereas much attention was on gender inequalities in Hollywood, women from all over the world participated in the campaign. Secondly, the strategy also used the media tactic. Times Up Now was tied to the Golden Globes, which is one of the most televised shows in the world. All the women that supported the campaign wore black to the event. In turn, the people who look up to these women also joined the campaign, including political figures. By default, other tactics were used to make the campaign a success including social media, and riding on the PR of other interested and highly influential organizations that also supported the cause. Works Cited Curwen, Peter and Jason Whalley. Telecommunications Strategy: Cases, Theory and Applications . Routledge, 2014. Donzé, Pierre-Yves and Rika Fujioka. Global Luxury: Organizational Change and Emerging Markets since the 1970s. Springer, 2017. Gregory, Anne and Paul Willis. Strategic Public Relations Leadership . Routledge, 2013. Luttrell, M. Regina and Luke, W. Capizzo. Public Relations Campaigns: An Integrated Approach. SAGE, 2018 Sarmistha, Sarma. Global Observations of the Influence of Culture on Consumer Buying Behavior. IGA Global, 2017. Smith, D. Ronald. Strategic Planning for Public Relations . Taylor & Francis, 2017.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The importance of public safety finance, key challenges, and strategies for successful financial management in public safety organizations.

The importance of public safety finance, key challenges, and strategies for successful financial management in public safety organizations.

Public Safety Finance: Challenges and Strategies Essay Introduction Financial management is critical to public safety agencies as it ensures that they can be financially effective and achieve their long-term goals. However, with the current political and economic climate in America, many public safety agencies are experiencing financial challenges that affect their ability to achieve the desired levels of performance. Therefore, for public safety leaders, having extensive knowledge of financial problems and strategies is essential to ensure effective management of their agencies. This project will seek to analyze the importance of public safety finance, key challenges, and strategies for successful financial management in public safety organizations. In addition, the project will also reflect on the vital role of public safety leaders in financial planning, budgeting, and forecasting. Public Safety Landscape The landscape in which public safety agencies operate is rather complicated, with many challenges and concerns faced by public safety leaders. Public safety finance largely depends on these challenges, as the successful implementation of financial planning, budgeting, and forecasting can help agencies to meet the safety demands of local communities more efficiently. Texas Public Safety Threat Overview provides a comprehensive look at the critical challenges faced by local public safety agencies. The Texas Department of Public Safety explains that the key threats to public safety in the state include “terrorism, crime, motor vehicle crashes, natural disasters, public health threats, industrial accidents, and cyber threats” (2). Such a wide range of threats is evident in most developed countries and creates a constant need for public safety leaders and employees to apply best practices to their work, as well as to use resources appropriately. Public safety landscape is also affected by the political and socioeconomic environment of the country. Public policy and new legislation can affect the work of public safety agencies both positively and adversely, depending on the nature of changes. For instance, the economic crisis that affected the United States and rest of world in 2008 caused a chain of budget cuts; according to a survey performed by the National Criminal Justice Association and the Vera Institute of Justice (NCJA and Vera), 75% of public safety employees noted a significant reduction in government funding (1). Public safety organizations’ reliance on government funding can become a major concern for public safety leaders due to the need to balance public safety requirements and the agency’s financial resources. Therefore, the current social, political, and economic factors affecting public safety create critical financial challenges. Responding to these issues is crucial for agencies to provide a high quality of services and achieve their goals. Public safety finance thus becomes a major cause of concern for public safety leaders and requires them to improve financial literacy and use effective strategies for financial management. Key Challenges in Public Safety Finance Budget Cuts Budget cuts are by far the most prominent financial problem experienced by most public safety agencies today. The decrease in budgeting is affecting all types of agencies, including but not limited to the law enforcement, fire departments, and the various agencies within the U.S. justice system. Even local public health departments have experienced budget cuts and program reductions between 2009 and 2013, with over 26% reporting reduced budget and over 40% suffering program reductions due to reduced financing (Ye et al. 130-131). Shrinking budgets are commonly associated with a decreased quality of service provided, as well as organizational problems, including understaffing, employee dissatisfaction, and more. A similar situation can be observed in public safety agencies that are nonetheless affected by budget cuts. A report by the NCJA and Vera investigates the prominence and effect of budget cuts on public safety agencies (1). The study showed that 60% of organizations reported a decrease in financing by 10-50% in 2010-2013 (NSJA and Vera 2). Moreover, employees noted that budget cuts had a significant effect on staffing, as well as on the quality of services provided. For example, 55% of respondents reported a pay freeze, while 66% were concerned about the reduction in staffing (NCJA and Vera 2). Most importantly, budget cuts were reportedly associated with the decrease in services provided to the public (66%). Preventing shrinking budgets from affecting service provision or quality is an essential task for public safety leaders. Increasing Costs Together with budget cuts, many public safety agencies face rising costs. With the growing number of public safety threats and new goals ahead of public safety agencies, an increase in costs is justified by the need for new staff, training, equipment, or resources. As noted by Orrick, human resources comprise between 75 and 80 percent of police departments’ budgets (2). Operating expenditures, such as supplies, services, and equipment, are also essential for public safety organizations and account for increased costs when the demand for the law enforcement services is on the rise (Orrick 6). A similar pattern can be observed in other public safety agencies, including fire departments, emergency management organizations, and more. Managing increasing costs is essential to public safety leaders as it helps to ensure that the organization does not experience long-term financial difficulties. Financial Illiteracy Financial illiteracy is an important factor in addressing financial issues in public safety finance. Many public safety leaders have limited knowledge of financial tools and strategies that could potentially aid them in improving financial management in their agency. Consequently, they utilize ineffective methods of cost-cutting and budgeting, which often result in further financial difficulties and hurts performance. Financial literacy refers to the individual’s ability to gather, understand, and analyze information relevant to successful financial decision-making (Taylor and Wagland 103). Financial literacy of the public is considered to be an important factor influencing the country’s financial security, which has become a crucial concern in the aftermath of the 2008 economic crisis. When it comes to public leaders, financial literacy is even more important as it determines the success of financial decision-making. Consequently, financial illiteracy is a growing problem in public finance that has an impact on many organizations. Farmer argues that public leaders often underestimate the effect of certain financial actions on their organizations’ future, which might lead to drastic outcomes. The author states that “Failure to understand financial outcomes, even when combined with good faith, is more dangerous to states and localities than it has ever been” (Farmer). Therefore, financial illiteracy of public leaders affects their ability to make effective decisions and can be particularly harmful in the current political and economic climate. An example of public leaders’ failure to understand the consequences of financial decisions can be seen in the study by Greene and Barsky, who describe the recent budget proposed by the 65th Montana Legislature (1). Budget cuts proposed by the new budget affected many areas, including public safety. In a state that is significantly affected by fires during the Summer season, cutting down the firefighting budget was a poorly-informed decision. Greene and Barsky explain that the state’s firefighting budget was drained by July and “by September, the state was out of funds and FEMA provided its first grants” (2). The reductions in firefighting budget led to the insufficiency of resources for firefighting, which affected the safety of people and future financial performance of the state (Greene and Barsky 2). Increasing public safety leaders’ financial literacy can aid them in improving decision-making and help agencies to succeed in protecting the public. Strategies for Success Financial Forecasting Financial forecasting is a crucial tool for public safety agencies as it can help them to forecast costs and estimate budget needs. However, it is important to perform financial forecasting correctly to avoid unrealistic figures. Nurgaliyev et al. describe a scientific approach to financial forecasting that uses local crime patterns and its impact on the organization, state, and community (543). This approach can help leaders to estimate long-term budgets. However, it is also crucial to address operating expenses as part of financial forecasting. Orrick provides an excellent guide to forecasting operating expenses in four steps (6-7). After establishing a baseline for operating expenditures based on the previous year, it is critical to evaluate current needs, such as new programs and changes to service delivery schemes (Orrick 6). Evaluation of the cost of adjustments can be performed using other agencies’ experiences with similar programs and changes. However, it is also useful to critically evaluate the cost of processes internally, as this can offer more insight into unnecessary costs (Orrick 6). The final step is to include the operational expenses forecast in the general budget forecast to get realistic numbers (Orrick 7). Although the strategy proposed by the author is rather complex, it can help public safety leaders to improve the budgeting process and enhance the financial performance of their agencies. Budgeting Successful budgeting strategies present opportunities for public safety agencies to allocate and use financing efficiently. Successful budgeting decision-making can help the agency to respond to environmental and policy changes affecting funding and performance (Rubin 29). Depending on the agency type, as well as on its needs and goals, different types of budgeting can be used. However, because public budgeting is affected by a variety of external forces, it is critical to ensure that budgeting is segmentable and interruptible by gathering related processes into decision clusters (Rubin 29). Performance budgeting is another option for public safety leaders, as it allows linking performance outcomes with the agency’s funding levels (Kelly 11). By providing valuable insight into the effectiveness of the agency’s financial operations, performance budgeting can help agencies to be more efficient in financial management by reducing spending on processes or operations that do not result in performance improvement. Furthermore, it offers a chance to estimate budget requirements based on the desired levels of performance, which makes it useful in financial forecasting. Ackah and Agboyi recommend the use of the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) for public budgeting (7). The framework consists of three main components: “top-down estimates of aggregate resources available for public expenditure consistent with macroeconomic stability; bottom-up estimate of the cost of carrying out policies, both existing and new; and a framework that reconciles these cost with aggregate resources” (Ackah and Agboyi 7). Thus, the MTEF can help public safety agencies to adjust to the external changes and remain effective even at times of budget cuts or crime growth. Strategic Leadership A strategic approach to public safety finance can assist leaders by providing flexibility in reacting to external changes while at the same time ensuring that the financial activity of the organization is consistent with its goals. As noted by Prowle et al., strategic leadership is often defined in terms of its situational dimension (37). Indeed, strategic leaders translate external and internal processes affecting the organization into strategic planning for company success. Using a similar framework when it comes to public safety finance can improve the organization’s response to new policies. In addition, strategic financial management is useful in linking the agency’s finances to its strategic goals, thus enhancing the efficiency of operations and developing financial plans that contribute to future success. Results An interview with a financial officer of a local public safety agency was conducted to clarify the findings obtained from research. Open-ended questions on which the interview was based considered the principal areas of the project, including financial challenges, the role of public safety leaders, and the landscape of financial decision-making in public safety. In general, the subject’s responses were in line with the research findings. For instance, the subject noted that her organization was influenced by recent budget cuts, which were also linked to impaired performance. The participant also agreed that financial forecasting is among the primary strategies that can help public safety leaders to be successful in financial decision-making. Moreover, the subject confirmed the vital role of leaders in public safety finance, stating that they can “promote best practices in financial management, thus helping their agencies to move forward with their goals”. However, the subject also reported that her agency’s leaders had limited knowledge of performance budgeting and the MTEF, which impaired their actions in difficult times. The participant confirmed that most public safety leaders rely on cost-cutting strategies that are not always effective in relieving the agencies’ financial struggles and can be harmful to performance. Overall, the subject confirmed the importance of improving financial literacy among public safety leaders and highlighted the practical impact of the issues discussed in the project. The Franciscan Tradition The issue of public safety finance is relevant to the Franciscan Tradition by connecting with Franciscan values of service, integrity, and learning. First of all, as shown above, ineffective management of financial problems can hurt the agency’s role in serving the public. Using best practices in financial planning, forecasting, and budgeting can help public safety leaders to advance the performance of their agencies, thus improving the services delivered to the public. Secondly, by emphasizing the value of financial literacy and effective budgeting strategies, successful financial strategies also promote integrity. Maintaining honesty and transparency in financial operations is critical to organizations that are willing to achieve their goals, and public safety leaders should uphold these values by applying them in their work. Finally, the Franciscan Tradition values learning and personal development. The need to improve financial literacy and the understanding of public safety finance by leaders is among the main provisions of the project, which also connects it to the Franciscan Tradition. Conclusion Overall, it is clear that public safety leaders play an important role in the financial management of their agencies. The current landscape of public safety organizations provides for a wide variety of financial issues that can affect their performance. Besides, financial illiteracy and lack of strategic knowledge can lead to poor financial decision-making, contributing to further difficulties. Ensuring effective financial management of public safety organizations can assist in responding to external policy or funding issues while maintaining a high quality of services provided to populations. Therefore, developing financial literacy in public safety leaders is critical for improving the safety of local communities. Appendix 1 Experiential Learning Introduction: Hello, my name is (*) and I want to talk to you about public safety finance and the role of public safety leaders in successful financial management. Your identifying information will not be available to third parties, and the interview is fully confidential. What are the forces affecting financing in your organization? Note: The answer can help to verify if public safety finance is largely affected by political and economic factors, as well as crime rates. The government’s budgeting decisions are the key factor affecting my organization and other public safety agencies. In the past few years, we have experienced an increase in demand for our services, which also affects our use of resources. What are the effects of political and economic factors on your agency? Note: According to research, budget cuts affect nearly all public safety agencies. The answer can help to verify this claim. Budget cuts have an increasingly negative effect on my agency and on many other public safety organizations. It is difficult for us to serve the public when there are not enough resources for daily operations and new programs, which is why budget cuts are a major issue. How is your agency coping with financial challenges? Note: Research shows that strategic planning, financial forecasting, and effective budgeting strategies can be used to improve financial management in public organizations. I would like to know if the respondent can recommend any other strategies. Cost-cutting is the main way for us to adjust to shrinking budgets. Our budgets are constantly revised to determine any expenses that could be reduced, which helps to avoid going over the budget. Does your agency use financial forecasting? If so, how does it help in financial management? Note: Financial forecasting is among the best practices for managing public safety finance in the law enforcement (Orrick 5-6). I want to determine if this practice can be extended to other public safety agencies. My agency only uses financial forecasting when planning a budget. However, I think that it could also be useful in managing the costs and tailoring the budgets to current public safety challenges if used appropriately. What is the role of public safety leaders in the financial management of their agencies? Note: Overall, the findings suggest that public safety leaders have a crucial impact on financial management in their agencies. However, the respondent could have a different view. Public safety leaders are an important part of the process, as they promote best practices in financial planning, thus helping their agencies to move forward with their goals. Why do you think some public safety leaders are struggling to make effective financial decisions? Note: Financial literacy was highlighted as a crucial problem by Farmer, so the question was designed to determine if the respondent’s experience is similar. Public safety leaders rarely have proper training in financial management. They often choose to delegate financial management tasks to employees that are more experienced in finance. To improve financial decision-making in public safety, it is important to increase the financial literacy of public leaders and raise their engagement in financial management. What type of budgeting does your agency use? Have you had experience with performance budgeting of the MTEF? Note: Performance budgeting and MTEF are recommended for public organizations, which is why it is interesting to know if the participant’s organization has experience with them. Our agency uses a fixed budget due to the financial difficulties prompted by budget cuts. I believe our leader has limited knowledge of performance budgeting and MTEF, which is why we have never used those in practice. What are the benefits and disadvantages of cost-cutting for your organization? Note: Although cost-cutting is among the easiest remedies for financial issues, it might cause problems if not implemented correctly. This question serves to clarify the practical advantages and disadvantages of cost-cutting. Cost cutting is relatively easy and widely used across the sector as it provides a quick remedy for shrinking budgets. However, it can lead to poor service quality and employee dissatisfaction if the staff suffers. How could strategic leadership be used to improve public safety finance? Note: Prowle et al. show that strategic leadership could help public organizations to address budgeting more effectively (37). I wanted to know the respondent’s opinion on the matter. In my opinion, strategic leadership can help to cut down on processes that do not contribute to the organization’s performance. Moreover, it can be useful in financial planning following new policies or funding cuts. How could improving the financial literacy of public safety leaders help your agency and similar organizations? Note: The research shows that financial literacy is critical to successful financial decision-making and can aid agencies in achieving their goals. The response to this question will show if the respondent’s opinion is the same. Improving leaders’ knowledge can help them to make well-informed decisions about budgets, cost-cutting, and other financial management components. Thus, it would contribute to the financial performance of public safety agencies and help them to achieve better results. Appendix 2 Annotated Bibliography Ackah, David, and Makafui R. Agboyi. Budgeting as a Tool for Enhancing Financial Management in Local Government Authorities . GRIN Verlag, 2014. In this book, the authors investigated the effect of budgeting on financial management of local authorities. Using a collection of previous research, the authors used a qualitative methodology to study the use of budgeting by local governments in Ghana. The book offers a useful overview of different budget types, particularly the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) that is highly recommended for local public budgeting. Farmer, Liz. “Financial Illiteracy: One of Government’s Biggest and Least-Discussed Problems.” Governing . 2014, Web. This article introduces the issue of financial illiteracy in the public sector. Using a case study approach, the author presents examples of financial illiteracy and its effect on public policy. The article is useful for the project because it shows the scope of the problem and its consequences for the public. Greene, Jeffrey, and Christina Barsky. “Montana: Budgeting and Policy in the Treasure State.” California Journal of Politics and Policy , vol. 9, no. 4, 2017, pp. 1-14. In this article, the researchers focus on the recent budgeting issues in Montana that affected many public areas, including public safety. Using a mixed approach, the authors examine the sources of financial problems in the state and the possible negative consequences of its new budget. The article is relevant to the topic of financial illiteracy as it outlines the sources and outcomes of poor financial decisions. Kelly, Janet M. Performance Budgeting for State and Local Government . M. E. Sharpe, 2015. The present book focuses on performance budgeting and the various theoretical and practical aspects of its implementation. The author uses a range of case studies and research findings to illustrate their arguments, providing a useful overview of performance budgeting in the public sector. The book was chosen as the main source of information about performance budgeting, as it is used in many public organizations and could offer certain benefits when applied to public safety finance. National Criminal Justice Association (NSJA) and the Vera Institute of Justice (Vera). The Impact of Federal Budget Cuts from FY10-FY13 on State and Local Public Safety. 2014, Web. This report is a crucial source of information describing the effect of budget cuts on public safety organizations. The authors present the results of a quantitative study featuring over 1,000 respondents working in public safety agencies and considers their experience of budget cuts. This source is useful as it shows the correlation between budget cuts, insufficiency of resources, and impaired service provision. Nurgaliyev, Bakhit Moldatyaevich, et al. “Budgeting of Police in the Context of Crime Cost: Some Consistent Patterns and Conclusions.” Life Science Journal , vol. 11, no. 6, 2014, pp. 543-547. The authors of this research approach public safety budgeting from a scientific point of view, arguing that criminology should focus on predicting public safety costs based on crime patterns and the effect of crime on the community and the state. The researchers offer substantial information about this method and apply it to Kazakhstan using a qualitative methodology. The article is significant for the project as it explains the scientific methodology of financial forecasting, which could be beneficial for many public safety agencies. Orrick, W. Dwayne. Best Practices Guide for Budgeting in Small Police Agencies . International Association of Chiefs of Police, 2015. The publication by Orrick is part of the IACP’s technical assistance program for smaller police departments. Consequently, the author’s goal is to summarize and offer a practical implementation guide for useful budgeting strategies. The text is helpful as it offers a clear and concise introduction to forecasting, cost-cutting, and financial planning in the context of public safety. Prowle, Malcolm, et al. The Importance of Strategic Financial Leadership in the UK Public Sector in a Time of Financial Austerity . ACCA, 2013. This text is relevant to the project as it considers the effect of difficult economic conditions on the public sector in the UK. The goal of the authors is to describe and explain how strategic leadership could improve the situation using a qualitative method of analysis. The source was used to inform the recommendations for using a strategic approach to public safety finance. Rubin, Irene S. The Politics of Public Budgeting: Getting and Spending, Borrowing and Balancing . CQ Press, 2016. In this book, Rubin provides a comprehensive overview of public budgeting, covering topics such as revenues, costs, sources of influence, and more. The author uses a case study methodology to represent key points. The book was chosen for research because of its full coverage of the topic and useful examples. Taylor, Sharon, and Suzanne Wagland. “Financial Literacy: A Review of Government Policy and Initiatives.” Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal , vol. 5, no. 2, 2011, pp. 101-125. The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of financial literacy programs employed in New Zealand and Australia. The authors used a qualitative methodology based on previous literature analysis and evaluation, which also provided essential information about financial literacy in developed countries. The source stresses the importance of financial literacy for informed financial decision-making, which is why it was used in the project. Texas Department of Public Safety. Texas Public Safety Threat Overview . 2017, Web. The document was released by the Texas Department of Public Safety in 2017 to inform the public about the current threats to public safety that the state’s agencies perceive as significant. Apart from summarizing the threats, the document also presents a brief needs analysis that reflects the requirements for different agencies in combatting each threat. The document is useful as it illustrates the complexity of public safety landscape and the increasing pressure on public safety leaders. Ye, Jiali, et al. “Reductions of Budgets, Staffing, and Programs Among Local Health Departments: Results from NACCHO’s Economic Surveillance Surveys, 2009-2013.” Journal of Public Health Management and Practice , vol. 21, no. 2, 2015, pp. 126-133. In this article, the authors study the effects of financial difficulties experienced by local health departments after the 2008 economic crisis. Using a quantitative methodology, the researchers found that budget cuts and program reductions affected the provision of health services to populations. The source was chosen to depict how budget cuts affect various public agencies.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: Pulmonary Embolus (PE) is a serious health condition that affects over 900,000 people and causes approximately 300,000 deaths in the United States (US) annually. It is caused by the obstruction of blood flow in one or several pulmonary arteries. In most cases, PE occurs due to a thrombus even though in some few cases it is caused by tumors, air, fat globules, and septic clots among others. This paper discusses the

Pulmonary Embolus (PE) is a serious health condition that affects over 900,000 people and causes approximately 300,000 deaths in the United States (US) annually. It is caused by the obstruction of blood flow in one or several pulmonary arteries. In most cases, PE occurs due to a thrombus even though in some few cases it is caused by tumors, air, fat globules, and septic clots among others. This paper discusses the

Pulmonary Embolus and Nursing Interventions Essay (Critical Writing) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Three Most Significant Manifestations of PE 3. Three Risk Factors 4. Three Assessments 5. Three Nursing Interventions 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction Pulmonary Embolus (PE) is a serious health condition that affects over 900,000 people and causes approximately 300,000 deaths in the United States (US) annually (Yan, Wang, Su, & Ying, 2017). It is caused by the obstruction of blood flow in one or several pulmonary arteries. In most cases, PE occurs due to a thrombus even though in some few cases it is caused by tumors, air, fat globules, and septic clots among others. This condition is one of the major causes of unexpected deaths across different age groups in the US. However, over 70 percent of cases have a missed diagnosis, which presents a significant challenge in different healthcare set-ups (Yan et al., 2017). This paper discusses the most significant manifestations of PE, associated risk factors, assessment procedures, and nursing interventions. Three Most Significant Manifestations of PE The signs of PE depend on different factors such as the extent to which the lungs are involved, underlying heart or lung disease, and the size of thrombus. However, the most significant manifestations of this condition include shortness of breath, chest plain, which worsens with breathing, and coughing (Ji et al., 2017). Three Risk Factors Common predisposing factors to PE are hereditary elements, cardiovascular disease, and surgery (Ji et al., 2017). If a person or his/her family members have the medical history of PE, one is likely to suffer from this condition. Some inherited disorders affect blood, which makes it prone to the development of thrombus. Similarly, cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure predispose individuals to blood clots. Finally, after surgery, blood is most likely to clot due to the immobility occasioned by the need to recover. When someone stops moving, blood flow through deep veins slows down, thus increasing the probability of developing a clot. Three Assessments According to York, Kane, Smith, and Minton (2015), for a patient who has undergone a major surgery, has been immobilized for some time, and he or she develops breathlessness suddenly, PE is the most likely underlying condition. In the case of Mrs. XX, she has the highlighted signs, and thus she most likely suffers from PE. Additionally, she has known chronic atrial fibrillation, which predisposes her to the possibility of having a blood clot. The first assessment would be 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG). Normally, patients with PE do not have a particular ECG abnormality. However, this assessment will rule out acute myocardial infarction. The second method of assessment is an echocardiogram. This criterion is used together with or immediately after ECG. The rationale for this method is to examine the status of the heart and eliminate the possibility of other cardiovascular complications such as congestive heart failure. The final diagnosis criterion would be CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA). The rationale for using this assessment is because the patient has already shown clinical signs of PE. CTPA provides high-resolution and accurate results within a short time. Additionally, this method of assessment is less invasive as compared to other alternatives that can produce similar results such as pulmonary angiography (York et al., 2015). Three Nursing Interventions York et al. (2015) note that approximately 30 percent of patients suffering from PE die if they do not get immediate care. The first nursing intervention for patients suffering from PE like Mrs. XX is gas exchange. Supplemental oxygen would help in the maintenance of oxygen saturation levels at a minimum of 92 percent (York et al., 2015). The delivery of oxygen in PE patients depends on the severity of the condition. Common delivery options include “nasal cannula, noninvasive bi-level positive airway pressure ventilation, intubation, and mechanical ventilation” (York et al., 2015, p. 7). However, mechanical ventilation, which is mostly required in patients with acute PE, may lead to positive intra-thoracic pressure. This condition causes increased unstable hemodynamics such as sustained hypotension, which necessitates the next procedure. The second intervention measure would be hemodynamic support. Depending on the nature of unstable hemodynamics, different procedures can be initiated. For instance, intravenous (IV) fluids are used in the treatment of hypotension. In cases where patients do not respond to this intervention, vasopressors can be used to achieve stable hemodynamics. Finally, pharmacological options can be employed. According to York et al. (2015), “Current clinical practice guidelines identify 3 thrombolytic therapies including, urokinase, streptokinase, and alteplase for patients with massive PE and/or hemodynamic instability, assuming bleeding risks are minimal” (p. 7). These drugs function by dissolving fibrin in blood clots, thus increasing pulmonary perfusion. Conclusion PE is one of the causes of unexpected deaths in the US, especially for hospitalized patients. This condition can have fatal outcomes even without showing clinical symptoms. Additionally, PE has numerous associated conditions like heart attack, congestive heart failure, and chest pains. However, in cases where a patient develops clinical symptoms of PE like in the case of Mrs. XX, the first assessment method would be EGG, followed by an echocardiogram, and finally CTPA. After confirming the presence of PE, nurses should address it through giving supplemental oxygen, hemodynamic support, and pharmacological interventions subsequently. References Ji, Q. -Y., Wang, M. -F., Su, C. -M., Yang, Q. -F., Feng, L. -F., Zhao, L. -Y., … Li, W. -M. (2017). Clinical symptoms and related risk factors in pulmonary embolism patients and cluster analysis based on these symptoms. Scientific Reports, 7 (2), 1-9. Web. Yan, C., Wang, X., Su, H., & Ying, K. (2017). Recent progress in research on the pathogenesis of pulmonary thromboembolism: An old story with new perspectives. BioMed Research International , 6516791 , 1-10. Web. York, N. L., Kane, C., Smith, C., & Minton, L. A. (2015). Care of the patient with an acute pulmonary embolism. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 34 (1), 3-9.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The benefits of pursuing education are numerous and affect the individual, society, and the economy on different levels. Education is a powerful tool that can be used to change the world for the better.

The benefits of pursuing education are numerous and affect the individual, society, and the economy on different levels. Education is a powerful tool that can be used to change the world for the better.

The Benefits of Pursuing Education Essay Nelson Mandela states, “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world” (qt. Ennis-Smith 104). Education is a necessity in the modern world, but sometimes its value is underestimated. The primary goal of the causes’ essay is to focus on the benefits of pursuing education due to the fact that it is able to have a positive influence on the living conditions on different levels while enhancing the working opportunities, offering emotional stability, and contributing to the economic development at the national level. Firstly, the role of education cannot be underestimated, as it implies providing better career opportunities and financial stability. Firstly, it opens new horizons about the existence of particular jobs and contributes to career development, as the organizations tend to provide 65 days of career advice (Hooley par. 1). In turn, the employment rates are higher for the individuals with the bachelor degree was approximately 80% in 2014 (“Institute of Educational Sciences: Employment Rates of College Graduates” par. 3). These matters improve the financial stability of the graduates. In turn, pursuing education offers emotional and psychological stability, as it contributes to gaining confidence and independence. In this instance, approximately only 12% of the workers with 13 to 16 years of education tend to die due to the high-stress levels at work (“Stanford Graduate School of Business” par. 5). In turn, education has a positive contribution to the self-esteem and self-consciousness of a person while highlighting his/her essence in society (Gurney 64). Lastly, education is one of the major principles, which provides a benefit to the economy due to the possibility of the research of various economic factors such as enhancement of GDP. Education is positively correlated with information, and the expansion of knowledge contributes to research and development. For instance, China recognizes the necessity of this matter and devotes significant attention to innovation, information, and education (Barta, Tatnall, and Juliff 48). In turn, the countries with the higher educational planning, such as Finland and the United States of America, have a higher GDP than the countries with the majority of private institutions (Pillay 2). Pursuing education has a beneficial influence on the development of the individual while affecting the functioning of the world nationally and internationally. In this case, it tends to enhance the possibilities for working opportunities, as people with the education receive better job offers and live in prosperity due to the improved level of confidence. It is advantageous for the functioning of the economy, as it cultivates the necessity of research and can be a potential cause of GDP improvement. In this case, the government should actively promote the value of education as it is one of the drivers for the well-being of the nations by expanding the possibility of free education opportunities. Finally, education cannot be underestimated as it has a positive influence on different spheres of life, and the development of this trend will make the world a better place. Works Cited Barta, Ben-Zion, Arthur Tatnall, and Peter Juliff. The Place of Information Technology in Management and Business Education, New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 2013. Print. Ennis-Smith, Rod. The Last Call to Witness: Adopting Concepts of the Puzzle, the Upgrade, and Clarity , Coral Springs: Llumina Christian Books, 2005. Print. Gurney, Mary. Pastoral Education: A Handbook for Materials for Social Learning , Cheltenham: Stanley Thrones Publishing, Ltd., 2000. Print. Hooley, Tristram. “Career Advice Should Be at Heart of the Career Development.” The Guardian . 2013. Web. Institute of Educational Sciences: Employment Rates of College Graduates 2015 . Web. Pillay, Pundy. Linking Higher Education and Economic Development: Implications for South Africa from Three Successful Systems , Wynberg: The Center for Higher Education Transformation, 2010. Print. Stanford Graduate School of Business: How Work Stress Hits Minorities and Less Educated Workers the Hardest 2016. Web.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The text discusses the similarities and differences between qualitative and quantitative studies in healthcare. It also talks about how both studies can be used to further our understanding of the field.

The text discusses the similarities and differences between qualitative and quantitative studies in healthcare. It also talks about how both studies can be used to further our understanding of the field.

Qualitative and Quantitative Healthcare Studies Essay Speaking about types of research design, it is extremely important to pay focused attention to similarities and differences between qualitative and quantitative studies. In fact, these differences can be noticed if we analyze every section of studies. For instance, when it comes to the section describing methods, quantitative studies tend to present more specific information. Thus, the quantitative study by Shohet, Khlebtovsky, Roizen, Roditi, and Djaldetti (2017) presents the number of participants and procedures to be applied whereas the qualitative article by Ryan and Sharts-Hopko (2017) just explains basic methods. As for data collection, this information was presented in other sections in both articles. In general, the authors of quantitative studies tend to focus on clarity, and this is why they provide the readers with the specific information on procedures allowing to collect data. For instance, the authors of the quantitative study devote the entire section to the procedure for data collection unlike the researchers using qualitative methods. Data analysis is another section which is extremely important as it provides the reader with the opportunity to check if the conclusions are valid. In the quantitative study which is discussed, the authors introduce a section explaining the method of statistical analysis in connection with the data collected. As for the qualitative study, its authors tend to give special consideration to reviewing the properties of the sample whereas the information on data analysis is presented in a few sentences. The participant selection is discussed in both articles as well; in the quantitative study, the authors refer to the criteria of selection almost in every section whereas the qualitative study presents this information and criteria of exclusion in the section devoted to methods. Therefore, the sections of qualitative studies tend to fulfil a few functions whereas quantitative studies have a more rigid structure. Personally, I cannot define which style is more appropriate for me because both styles are good for the purposes chosen by the authors. References Ryan, J., & Sharts-Hopko, N. (2017). The experiences of medical marijuana patients: A scoping review of the qualitative literature. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing , 49 (3), 185-190. Shohet, A., Khlebtovsky, A., Roizen, N., Roditi, Y., & Djaldetti, R. (2017). Effect of medical cannabis on thermal quantitative measurements of pain in patients with Parkinson’s disease. European Journal of Pain , 21 (3), 486-493.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The quality function deployment (QFD) concept is a powerful tool for the introduction and improvement of new services or products. The QFD system is used to translate customers' needs into the best requirements at each production stage. This means that companies should collect feedback and reviews from the customers throughout the manufacturing, product development, and marketing processes.

The quality function deployment (QFD) concept is a powerful tool for the introduction and improvement of new services or products. The QFD system is used to translate customers' needs into the best requirements at each production stage. This means that companies should collect feedback and reviews from the customers throughout the manufacturing, product development, and marketing processes.

Quality Function Deployment Essay Summary Manufacturing companies should implement powerful strategies and processes in order to deliver superior products to the customers. The presented reading focused on the quality function deployment (QFD) concept. The author indicates that QFD is a powerful tool for the introduction and improvement of new services or products. The QFD system is used to translate customers’ needs into the best requirements at each production stage. This means that companies should collect feedback and reviews from the customers throughout the manufacturing, product development, and marketing processes. The approach makes it easier for companies to identify and prevent problems before they affect the production process. Companies that use the model find it easier to address emerging problems and promote the emerging needs of the customers. The QFD process is continuous process that guides firms to define the targeted objectives. The first step should be to “define what”. During this phase, the requirements of the customers are outlined and analyzed. Issues such as excitement, performance, and basic requirements should be considered. This is followed by defining how. During this step, the identified whats are translated into hows . The main target is to understand how the requirements of the customers can be satisfied. The third step guides companies to define the relationship between the hows and the whats . For instance, the company understands how the hows can be implemented to support the whats. The final step is analyzing whether the identified whats are covered fully by the hows. The use of this approach will ensure the targeted products are supported using the right experience, planning, and resources. Teams should work together in order to ensure the processes are informed by the customers’ expectations. Ideas that Can Be Used from the Book Our company is planning to come up with a product that resonates with the changing needs of the customers. The computer company is also planning to support its brand name in order to tackle the problem of competition. The ideas presented in the book will definitely support the product development process. To begin with, the QFD is a powerful philosophy that will guide the manufacturing process. For example, the emerging needs and expectations of the customers will be used to dictate the manner in which the product is developed. The four steps of the QFD will be used in a proper manner. Through the use of the steps, the company will find it easier to identify and prevent problems that might be costly if left unaddressed. The pioneers at the company will focus on the best approaches to identify the product attributes that can satisfy the needs of the customers. The concepts of teamwork and collaboration will be used throughout the product development process. The approach will ensure the QFD philosophy is implemented successfully. The involved parties will be provided with the required resources in order to prevent errors before the initial product launch. The concept of continuous improvement before launching the final product will improve the firm’s competitiveness. The individuals at the company will be required to become advocates of the targeted customers. The unique attributes and competitive edges of the existing rivals will be considered in order to improve our product. Another important issue is that various organizational processes such as total quality management (TQM) will be implemented in order to ensure the product delivered to the customer speaks for itself.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : In my health care organization, I would implement the balanced scorecard planning tool. This tool was initially developed as an instrument of evaluation, i.e. it was used to assess how well an organization performs on different levels, including departmental and corporate. However, evaluation carried out by means of the balanced scorecard is meant to be rather formative than summative, i.e. it shows what should be improved in an organization and provides recommendations. The main benefit of introducing the balanced scorecard

In my health care organization, I would implement the balanced scorecard planning tool. This tool was initially developed as an instrument of evaluation, i.e. it was used to assess how well an organization performs on different levels, including departmental and corporate. However, evaluation carried out by means of the balanced scorecard is meant to be rather formative than summative, i.e. it shows what should be improved in an organization and provides recommendations. The main benefit of introducing the balanced scorecard

Quality Improvement: Balanced Scorecard Essay In my health care organization, I would implement the balanced scorecard planning tool. This tool was initially developed as an instrument of evaluation, i.e. it was used to assess how well an organization performs on different levels, including departmental and corporate. However, evaluation carried out by means of the balanced scorecard is meant to be rather formative than summative, i.e. it shows what should be improved in an organization and provides recommendations. The main benefit of introducing the balanced scorecard is that it facilitates strategic development because it ensures that everything an organization does contributes to achieving strategic goals; therefore, the system allows seeing what is unnecessary and eliminating it (Grigoroudis, Orfanoudaki, & Zopounidis, 2012). To implement the tool, I would primarily develop a list of criteria specific to every department of my health care organization. All the objectives should be aligned with strategic priorities, and it is important to establish targets, i.e. what performance is expected and pursued, and to define initiatives, i.e. certain steps that should be made to achieve the targets. I think the use of the balanced scorecard can help combine all the efforts made by an organization to ensure that it is moving toward its strategic goals and does not waste resources on anything that does not promote its development. In the context of strategic planning, it should be acknowledged that there are different areas of planning that might require different approaches. I think that, in long-term care organizations, quality and value is the area in which strategic efforts are most relevant. Quality of care is a complex notion, and various approaches exist to defining and evaluating it, but what can be definitively affirmed is that the quality of care in a health care organization cannot be continuously improved unless the organization’s management and leadership consider in their planning all the strengths and weaknesses of their facility as well as competitor facilities and look ahead in the future, i.e. unless they commit to strategic development (Grol, Wensing, Eccles, & Davis, 2013). Planning quality improvement at the local level is challenging due to the need to profoundly understand and regulate the inner operation of health care organizations; regional-level planning can be challenging due to the need to understand the connections among health care organizations; and the main challenge of planning at the national level is that various factors need to be considered that influence health care—such factors as technological development and new achievements of health care research. In quality improvement evaluation, the key consideration is establishing what constitutes the successful performance of an organization. How would one know if a health care organization is performing well? Ackley, Ladwig, and Makic (2016) identify several components of quality of care shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Elements of quality of care. According to my personal experience, health care organizations, in the evaluation of their own performance, often rely on operation criteria, data from the human resources department, and population-wide health statistics. However, I think that, in patient-centered models of health care, patient feedback should be the main source of data for the analysis of a health care organization’s successfulness. I believe that patient satisfaction is the most important evaluation criterion. However, it should not be overlooked that many different factors may affect patient satisfaction, which is why a strategic approach to improving this indicator should be adopted. For example, some health care organizations put emphasis on a mix of products and services, which practically means increasing the diversity of what an organization offers to patients. To ensure that this is done strategically, an organization should take into consideration its competitive advantages and disadvantages and the further development of the industry instead of being guided by short-term goals. References Ackley, B. J., Ladwig, G. B., & Makic, M. B. F. (2016). Nursing diagnosis handbook: An evidence-based guide to planning care . St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Health Sciences. Grigoroudis, E., Orfanoudaki, E., & Zopounidis, C. (2012). Strategic performance measurement in a healthcare organisation: A multiple criteria approach based on balanced scorecard. Omega, 40 (1), 104-119. Grol, R., Wensing, M., Eccles, M., & Davis, D. (Eds.). (2013). Improving patient care: The implementation of change in health care . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The modern healthcare sector faces numerous challenges that demand a high level of competence and a solid knowledge base to be able to find the most appropriate solutions and promote a significant improvement of the situation. For this reason, the emergence of a participatory perspective on research and the acquisition of new pieces of knowledge becomes fundamental for the sphere.

The modern healthcare sector faces numerous challenges that demand a high level of competence and a solid knowledge base to be able to find the most appropriate solutions and promote a significant improvement of the situation. For this reason, the emergence of a participatory perspective on research and the acquisition of new pieces of knowledge becomes fundamental for the sphere.

Quality of Action Research: Issues and Improvement Coursework Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction The modern healthcare sector faces numerous challenges that demand a high level of competence and a solid knowledge base to be able to find the most appropriate solutions and promote a significant improvement of the situation. For this reason, the emergence of a participatory perspective on research and the acquisition of new pieces of knowledge becomes fundamental for the sphere. Revolving around this issue, Bradbury and Reason are sure that the shift of priorities towards a new worldview purified from stereotypic approaches of biased judgments becomes crucial for the current action research especially in the sphere of healthcare (226). It also means that all people involved in a particular activity and all stakeholders interested in positive outcomes should become primary agents contributing to the enhancement of sense-making and problem solving (Bradbury and Reason 228). Main body In this regard, the emerging participatory perspective could be described as an attempt to engage all individuals related to a certain process in the creation of an efficient solution. This idea could be found in the article by Austen where the author states that forced schooling of aboriginal children in Canada was a disaster for these people. The problem was that they were not included in the research related to the possible ways of aboriginal peoples integration with the society (Austen). In other words, participatory perspective was not used which deteriorated relations between population groups significantly. Moreover, King suggests similar ideas stating that Canadas first people were not able to participate in problem-solving processes and were not able to find justice. At the same time, in the suggested articles we could see the attempts to develop the participatory perspective by engaging numerous agents into the research and providing them with an opportunity to contribute to final results. Under these conditions, authors become able to acquire more relevant data that could be used in real-life conditions. Conclusion As we have already said, research is one of the fundamental elements of the modern healthcare sector. For this reason, any study should meet specific requirements for quality to contribute to the evolution of a particular sphere. For instance, the article by Marlow et al. delves into the peculiarities of a peer mentoring program for formerly incarcerated adults and a specific study that aims at its investigation (91). Using points for quality as the guideline for the papers analysis, we could state that it is participative as the authors engage formerly incarcerated adults in their study to acquire relevant data. In such a way the demand for quality as relational praxis is met in this article. Therefore, the primary aim of the research is to determine the efficiency of a particular program to help this category of people (Marlow et al. 91). Under this condition, it becomes essential for them and could be useful in the future life. Authors manage to correlate their theory and practice to guarantee the practical outcome. Furthermore, the authors try to step aside from the traditional perspective on the issue and introduce their point of view (Marlow et al. 93). It is essential for any research as a plurality of knowing could be achieved. At the same time, this research contributes to the significant enrichment of our knowledge and the appearance of new concepts related to the sphere. That is why the increased importance of the article becomes apparent. Altogether, it could be defined as a high-quality investigation that meets all requirements to research articles. Works Cited Austen, Ian. “Canada’s Forced Schooling of Aboriginal Children Was ‘Cultural Genocide,’ Report Finds.” The New York Times , 2015, Web. Bradbury, Hilary, and Peter Reason. “Issues and Choice Points for Improving the Quality of Action Research.” Community-Based Participatory Research for Health from Process to Outcomes , edited by Meredith Minkler and Nina Wallertsein, Jossey-Bass, 2008, pp. 225-242. King, Thomas. “No Justice for Canadas First People.” The New York Times , 2015, Web. Marlow, Elizabeth, William Grajeda, Yema Lee, Earthy Young, Karen Hill, and Malcolm Williams. “Peer Mentoring for Male Parolees: A CBPR Pilot Study.” Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action, vol. 9, no.1, 2015, pp. 91–100.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The text discusses the benefits and drawbacks of both qualitative and quantitative study designs. It concludes that qualitative study design is typically more trustworthy, innovative, credible, and rigorous.

The text discusses the benefits and drawbacks of both qualitative and quantitative study designs. It concludes that qualitative study design is typically more trustworthy, innovative, credible, and rigorous.

Quantitative and Qualitative Social Research Essay Both types of study (quantitative and qualitative) are applied to conduct research in a number of different disciplines, depending on the purpose or the character of each particular research. Qualitative study design is typically used to provide the thorough description of the studied phenomenon whereas quantitative research uses statistical data to make conclusions about various events or to compare them (Creswell, 2013). Both study designs have their benefits and drawbacks which are the most evident in the two areas (Punch, 2013): 1. Control over study conditions. In case of quantitative research, control of the environment is definitely high, which some researchers name as an advantage since it helps establishing causality due to the use of precise measures and strict regulation of all variables. Yet, at the same time, such studies also have a considerable disadvantage: Controlled environment excludes extraneous factors that are usually present in reality, which means that the results could be generalized for the population but still will not be exactly the same as in real (vs. laboratory) settings. As far as qualitative studies are concerned, its advantage in terms of study conditions consists in the fact that it is not artificial and allows studying participants of research with as little intervention as possible. However, at the same time, the disadvantage is that precise measurements in uncontrolled environment are impossible. 2. Generalizing results from a sample to a larger group of the population. In case quantitative study, the major benefit in this respect is that it is possible to make generalizations about the whole population on the basis of the sampling. Still, the drawback is that this type of research is predominantly deductive and does not allow arriving at a new theory. As for qualitative research, its advantage is that without generalizations it is inductive and usually leads to the appearance of a new approach or a theory. At the same time, the disadvantage is that external validity is not applicable to it, which means that no conclusions can be made about the population. Thus, it is evident from the comparison that the qualitative study design is typically more trustworthy, innovative, credible, and rigorous. References Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Punch, K. F. (2013). Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: Queuing theory in operation and inventory systems can be a valuable tool for managers. It helps to solve problems that may occur because of queuing and promote safety among customers. The combination of inventory models with queuing theory also promotes the creation of new standards and consideration of demand and lead time.

Queuing theory in operation and inventory systems can be a valuable tool for managers. It helps to solve problems that may occur because of queuing and promote safety among customers. The combination of inventory models with queuing theory also promotes the creation of new standards and consideration of demand and lead time.

Queuing Theory in Operation and Inventory Systems Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction The application of theories in food distribution and inventory management is a good chance to achieve positive results and demonstrate high-quality services. Among the existing variety of models and approaches, managers are not always ready and able to pick up the most appropriate one because of the lack of knowledge, practice, or information. A successful application of queuing theory depends on a proper understanding of its concepts and terms so that this model can become a valuable tool in the hands of operations managers. Main body Queuing theory aims at solving problems that may occur because of queuing. In fact, waiting remains a considerable part of everyday life because some people want to wait to receive the best services or products, and some organizations cannot deal with a great number of clients at the same time (Gumus, Bubou, & Oladeinde, 2017). However, clients may not realize that while they spend their time in queues, the shelf life of products expires, influencing their quality. Therefore, inventory managers should be ready to take the steps, promote safety among customers, and sell products without losing money. Such principles as First in First Out (FIFO) and Last in First Out (LIFO) help to place products in accordance with their expiry dates, prices, and demand. However, the way of how products and food are introduced in the restaurant business and in supermarkets varies. Clients cannot check the quality of products or their expiry date when they wait for their orders in restaurants. Therefore, FIFO and LIFO may not be the only approaches to promote success in inventory management. The peculiar feature of queuing theory is its variety of scheduling policies that may be used in operations management. The combination of inventory models with queuing theory promotes the creation of new standards and consideration of demand and lead time (Seyedhoseini, Rashid, Kamalpour, & Zangeneh, 2015). A priority procedure can be used as the mechanism to represent the order of services and selection from a queue (Dike, Obiora & Eze, 2016). As well as customers with high priority should be served first, products that are defined as prioritized should be offered or used first. For example, there is an extensive supply of fresh fish to a restaurant. This product cannot be stored for long. Therefore, restaurant employees, including administrators, waiters, and cooks, should use the priority model and offer fish as the main meal of the day. Priority queuing can be divided into two main categories. On the one hand, priority queues may be non-preemptive when services and operations cannot be changed, and, on the other hand, they can be preemptive when service or operations may be interrupted because of the presence of a higher-priority aspect (Jolai, Asadzadeh, Ghodsi, & Bagheri-Marani, 2016). In this case, a preemptive priority approach should be applied to operations management because it is not enough to change the menu but also to attract the client’s attention and prove that this decision has a reasonable and safe meaning. Conclusion In general, the queuing theory has a serious impact on operations and inventory level management. Food and restaurant business deals not only with clients with whom it is possible to talk and explain something but with food and products those expiry dates cannot be changed or postponed. The application of FIFO or LIFO can be a good decision in some operations. Still, the use of the priority model expands the boundaries of what can be done when situations are unpredictable. References Dike, D., Obiora, V., & Eze, C. (2016). Improving congestion control in a data communication network using queuing theory model. Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering , 11 (2), 49-53. Web. Gumus, S., Bubou, G. M., & Oladeinde, M. H. (2017). Application of queuing theory to a fast food outfit: A study of blue meadows restaurant. Independent Journal of Management & Production, 8 (2), 441-458. Web. Jolai, F., Asadzadeh, S. M., Ghodsi, R., & Bagheri-Marani, S. (2016). A multi-objective fuzzy queuing priority assignment model. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 40 (21-22), 9500–9513. Web. Seyedhoseini, S. M., Rashid, R., Kamalpour, I., & Zangeneh, E. (2015). Application of queuing theory in inventory systems with substitution flexibility. Journal of Industrial Engineering International , 11 (1), 37-44. Web.

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Write an essay about: The queuing theory is a valuable mathematical tool with a large variety of real-world applications. It can be used in logistics as well as in any business that interacts with a large number of customers who cannot all be served simultaneously.

The queuing theory is a valuable mathematical tool with a large variety of real-world applications. It can be used in logistics as well as in any business that interacts with a large number of customers who cannot all be served simultaneously.

Queuing Theory in Operation Research Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction The queuing theory is central to solving current logistics and optimization issues. It allows one to predict when their delivery will arrive and to maintain the interest of customers even if they have to wait in line. Furthermore, the theory is central to the truck industry, which has been experiencing dramatic growth in the United States. A business owner should be aware of the queuing approach to succeed. Main body Congestion is an issue that often has to be addressed in situations that involve queues. Klodawski, Jachimowski, Jacyna-Golda, and Izdebski (2018) present an order-picking simulation in a congested case that aims to maximize efficiency. They conclude that the process becomes more efficient when the number of pickers increases. The queuing theory is a valuable asset in the research, helping to achieve and explain the results. The theory has more practical applications such as logistics, where congestion is a constant concern. Shukla, Chhadva, Arora, Sheth, and Malhotra (2017) apply queuing theory to logistics and warehouse optimization. As a result, they were able to determine the average waiting time at each service line and whether the number of lines was sufficient. With this information, it is possible to calculate the optimal warehouse size and number of service lines, leading to increased productivity. Lastly, queuing theory can also be applied to the service industry, with the discussion author’s fast food description being an example. Aradhye and Kallurkar (2014) describe a “Just-In-Time” system that focuses on eliminating added activities that do not produce value. The application of such a system to a pilgrimage location allowed them to reduce the average 8 hours waiting time to a consistent 30 minutes that allowed the pilgrims to make plans with certainty and increased their satisfaction. Conclusion The queuing theory is a vital mathematical tool with a large variety of real-world applications. It can be used in logistics as well as in any business that interacts with a large number of customers who cannot all be served simultaneously. At the same time, the theory is firmly grounded in mathematics, giving it credibility and making it valuable for modeling. Knowledge and understanding of the method are conducive to the success of a business. References Aradhye, A. S., & Kallurkar, S. P. (2014). A Case Study of Just-In-Time System in Service Industry. Procedia Engineering , 97 , 2232-2237. Klodawski, M., Jachimowski, R., Jacyna-Golda, I., & Izdebski, M. (2018). Simulation analysis of order picking efficiency with congestion situations. International Journal of Simulation Modelling , 17 (3), 431-443. Shukla, H., Chhadva, J., Arora, J., Sheth, K., & Malhotra, K. (2017). Application of operation research in logistics and warehouse optimization . International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology & Science , 5 (6). Web.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: In this paper, the author discusses a case study of distribution consolidation at Rank Hovis McDougall PLC (RHM). The case study examines the costs given in the contract proposals and makes consultancy recommendations to RHM operations based on these proposals.

In this paper, the author discusses a case study of distribution consolidation at Rank Hovis McDougall PLC (RHM). The case study examines the costs given in the contract proposals and makes consultancy recommendations to RHM operations based on these proposals.

Rank Hovis McDougall Plc’s Distribution Consolidation Case Study Introduction Distribution is an activity within the logistics and supply chain management system. In layman’s language, logistics can be defined as a process of moving raw materials from the source to the manufacturing firm, undertaking the transformation process, and delivering the products to the end-users. Similarly, the council of logistics management defines it as a process of planning, “implementing, controlling the efficient and effective flow of goods from point of origin to the point of transformation process and finally the flow to the point of consumption by the end-users” (Wieland &Handfield 2013). With so doing, conformity for the consumer’s orders is enhanced. Logistics is separated into two primary processes: these are inbound logistics and outbound logistics. Logistics, therefore, incorporates all activities related to; transportation, storage, material handling, production, planning, packaging, management of orders, purchasing, warehousing, and customer service. It is crucial and imperative for the logistics manager to plan and coordinate all these activities in order to enhance an efficient and effective logistics, and supply chain process (Wieland & Handfield 2013). A total cost approach system is adopted in order to ensure that cost efficiency is enhanced and that least resources including labor and materials are employed in the transformation process in order to enhance conformance to a customer’s specifications. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to analyze the case study for RankHovis McDougall PLC (RHM) while comparing the costs given in the contract proposals and making consultancy recommendations to RHM operations based on these proposals. An overview of the Case Study Rank Hovis McDougall PLC (RHM) is a leading food manufacturer in the United Kingdom with five operating divisions, the food services division is one of them. The case study, therefore, presents RHM Food Services division operations in the year 1991-1992. During this trading period, RHM had made divisional sales amounting to £ 250 million and the profit before interest and tax (PBIT) was amounting to £ 25 million. This constituted 25 percent of the entire group’s activities. The management of RHM was interested in reducing division costs by consolidating the distribution networks. A team of experts was, therefore, formed to evaluate this proposal by inviting distribution tenders from different companies. The company that wins the tender was to present a contract that would significantly reduce the distribution costs amounting to £ 7 million annually by 10 percent and also present an overall annual savings of not less than £ 500,000. The proposed consolidation of distribution networks was to be based on three businesses within RHM; these were Pasta food, RHM ingredients, and McDougall’s catering foods. The working team of experts initiated plans to foresee the proposed consolidation of the distribution system but later hires a consultant to analyze the contract proposals and make recommendations. Spreadsheet for comparison (RHM operation versus the cost of contract) The working team of experts gathered all the requisite data needed for evaluating the costs associated with the current distribution system of RHM operation. The spreadsheet, therefore, is based on this data. This compares costs associated with RHM operation and what the distribution companies have proposed as distribution costs in their contract proposals. RHM OPERATION by region North £(0000) South (£ 000) Total £ (000) Transport 1,483 2,589 4,072 Warehouse 1,110 1,421 2,531 Total cost 2,593 4,010 6,603 PROPOSAL (COMPANY A) OPTION 1 North South Total Transport 1,284 2,089 3,373 Warehouse 918 1,650 2,568 Total costs 2,202 3,739 5,941 OPTION 2 Transport 1,284 2,020 3,304 Warehouse 918 1,812 2,730 Total costs 2,202 3,832 6,034 PROPOSAL (COMPANY B) OPTION 1 North South Total Transport 1,125,017 1,317,001 2,442,018 Warehouse 893,412 1,280,043 2,173,445 Total costs 2,018,429 2,597,044 4,615,473 OPTION 2 Transport 1,136,248 1,128,082 2,264,330 Warehouse 893,412 1,542,577 2,435,989 Total costs 2,029,660 2,670,659 4,700,319 OPTION 3 Transport 1,136,248 1,171,427 230,7675 Warehouse 893,412 1,803,357 2,696,769 Total costs 2,029,660 2,974,484 5,004,444 Consultants Recommendations to RHM From a consultancy perspective, the evaluation of the proposed amalgamation of businesses within RHM Food Services division is imperative as it will enable RHM to award the tender to the company that provides the cheapest distribution alternative that, in the long run, will enable RHM to reduce divisional costs, especially those associated with distribution. Therefore, an option for merging three sub-divisions of businesses within the RHM Food Services division was considered as it would be a source of synergy power that will enable RHM to reduce costs and make an annual savings of £500,000. From the information above, the evaluation of the distribution system is to be conducted in both the Northern and Southern regions. Transport and warehousing costs associated with these two primary activities in the contract proposals are analyzed against those of RHM operation. In this analysis, it is factual that with all the proposals offered, there is a similarity in distribution strategies proposed in both the Northern and Southern regions. Therefore, the management of RHM Food Services would realize their objectives if they consider contracting Company B to offer distribution services as their alternative seems cheaper as compared to Company A’s proposal. Company B had presented three options in their contract proposal for distribution planning and strategy, while Company A had presented two options in their contract proposal. From the analysis as illustrated in the spreadsheet above, Company A’s options and Company B’s options had annual savings, this is first without consideration of additional costs. It is calculated by deducting the respective total costs of both proposals from the total cost of the RHM operation as illustrated below. Annual savings on cost= Total costs of RHM operation – Total costs of proposal options The analysis creates a first impression that the Company B proposal is somehow cheaper as compared to the proposal by Company A. However, this is expected to change as there is additional information to be evaluated related to costs unspecified in the proposals submitted by both companies. After analyzing these costs unspecified in the contract proposals, it is clear that the costs of closure for current facilities after consolidation were amounting to £260,000 and £400,000 for Dunstable and Reading respectively. With these costs, Company A was to charge £73,000 per year for Dunstable while Company B was to charge £112,000 for Reading per year, with the charges based on a 5-year period. When submitting its contract proposal, Company B had included these costs in the first option but it was to charge an additional £ 65,000 per year for Dunstable in the second and third options respectively and an additional £ 100,000 for Reading in the third option, for a five-year period. The other costs unspecified in the contract proposals were start-up costs. Company A was to charge £ 56,000 for starting up the Northern depot and £87,000 for initiating a Southern depot at Northampton or either charge £101,000 for initiating a Southern depot at Luton. These start-up costs were to be on a reducing basis for a period of five years. In its contract proposal, Company B did not specify the cost of sub-contracted transport which again was amounting to £1,092,000 per year. Moreover, it was also found that the cost of distributed operations of operating warehouses had been omitted in the contract proposals. These costs were estimated to be £ 899,000 every year if Company A was contracted and £ 748,000 every year for a contract with Company B. Incorporating these additional costs in the analysis of the total cost will enable the consultant to make appropriate decisions. The total additional costs due to the unspecified costs for the two companies are shown below: Total additional cost for Company A over a 5-year period is given by; Cost of closing current facilities =£73,000×5-260000=£105,000 for either option 1 or 2 Start-up costs=£ (56×5+87×5)x 1000= £ 715,000 for option 1 and £ (56×5+101×5)x1000=£ 785,000 for option 2. Distributed operations of warehouses=£ 899,000×5=4,495,000 Total additional cost for Company B over a 5-year period is given by; For option 2- Cost of closing current facilities=£ 65,000×5=£ 325,000 For option 3- £ 325,000 and an extra £500,000 (£100,000x 5) Cost of sub-contracted transport £ 1,092,000 x 5=5,460,000 Cost of distributed operations=£ 748,000×5=3,740,000 Therefore, the annual total additional costs for company A will be: Option 1= £ ( 715/5 + 4495/5) * 1000= £ 1,063,000 Option 2= £ ( 105/5 + 785/5 + 4495/5) * 1000= £ 1,077,000 On the other hand, the total additional costs for Company B will be given by: Option 1=£ 0 Option 2= £ ( 325/5 + 5460/5 + 3740/5 ) * 1000= £ 1,905,000 Option 3= £ ( 325/5 + 5460/5 + 3740/5 + 500/5 ) * 1000= £ 2,005,000 3.1 Costs of proposed contracts after factoring in unspecified costs The total costs for Company A will be given by: Option 1= £ (1063+ 5941) x 1000= £7,004,000 Option 2=£ (1077+ 6034) x 1000= £ 7,111,000 The total costs for Company B will be given by: Option one remains the same with £ 4,615,473. Option 2 = £ 1,905,000 + 4,700,319 = £ 6,605,319 Option 3= £ 2,005,000 + 5,004,444 =£ 7,009,444 Decision and recommendations From the above calculations, it is clear that both proposals had annual savings on cost when the unspecified additional costs were not factored in. These unspecified costs were noted by the consultant after identifying some information gaps in the contract proposal while evaluating the proposals submitted by the distribution companies. It was important that the consultant requested such information that enabled total evaluation of the proposals. Initially, the proposal submitted by Company B seemed more appealing than the proposal submitted by Company A since it presented more annual savings. After factoring in the additional costs as illustrated above, it is clear that some of the options in the contract proposals actually increases the total costs as compared to RHM operation. But within Company B option 1, the total costs are significantly reduced; therefore, there will be total annual savings on cost amounting to £1,987,527. Thus, contracting Company B to provide distribution services under option 1 will be prudent since the total savings are way above the £ 500,000 set minimum. The best option for RHM, therefore, is Company B’s option 1. As such, Company B will be operating a Northern warehouse at Ossett which will pick and stock-hold all the RHM products, while the Southern warehouse will be located in Northampton and will stock-hold all McDougall’s and Pasta food products. This will lead to a modern warehouse management system; it will also be manned by two distribution managers, each at a separate warehouse. This will lead to flexibility and will enable RHM operations to adapt to future business prospects. How a distribution network for RHM should be planned The RHM existing distribution network indicates that the market for RHM food services has seven factories, two depots, three factories or depots, and one transshipment point. These either produce or stock the products of the three businesses earlier identified as potential for reducing divisional costs. These businesses include McDougall’s catering foods, Pasta foods, and RHM ingredients. These were serving the market independently and also controlled the market independently. The major financial objective is to reduce the total variable costs of these three highlighted businesses by ten percent. This was amounting to £ 7,000,000. It is, therefore, appropriate to formulate a feasible distribution and planning strategy that will enable RHM food services to achieve this objective. Therefore, there is a need for the distribution plans for the three businesses within RHM to be consolidated in order to minimize the costs associated with the distribution of RHM products. Therefore, taking an approach synonymous with mergers by the three businesses would be a wise decision to consider. This will also enable RHM to minimize capacity constraints and expand as well. Through merging inappropriate chain of command within the distribution, the system will be abolished as a result of developing one major distribution center for the entire market. However, it is important for this distribution center to have sub-distribution centers in different localities within the market share since the market is quite large and cannot be served by a single distribution center. To this end, this would pose major logistical challenges to RHM and may not reduce variable costs as it has been envisaged. Creating sub-distribution centers within the market means that different warehouses would be operated in different localities within the UK market. Also, there is a need to consider subcontracting distribution operators as opposed to RHM operating distribution itself, however, the distribution strategy needs to be formulated by the RHM distribution manager, from where the operators will be given specified goals and targets to meet so that the overall cost of distribution is significantly reduced and at the same time maintaining and increasing annual sales. An integrated distribution system enhances the movement of a stock through a constant flow value-added chain, with inventory and products reaching their destination as and when required in correct quality and quantity. This means that each party in the value addition chain would be acting towards value addition (Blanchard 2010). This in turn leads to a total cost system within the distribution activities of the three businesses that would ensure that all costs accrued in the distribution activity are considered jointly in the centralized distribution center other than considering them separately in the distribution divisions within the three businesses. People to be involved in the project team for RHM in determining the distribution network The first person to be involved in the project team will be the Logistics Manager. This manager will be in charge of overseeing the successful completion of the entire project. Second is the Transport/Distribution Manager, who will be establishing the need for having warehouses, transport routes and also manage the fleet operation in distribution. The third person is the Logistics Consultant/ Distribution Expert, who will be offering advice on the best way to develop the distribution network. Moreover, this expert will also assist in determining the resources and time required to complete the entire project using project evaluation and review techniques (PERT). The fourth person is the Finance Manager, who will be assisting in formulating financial policies that will foresee the success of the project. This person will also provide finances and other resources required for the project. The fifth person is the Sales Manager, who will assist in establishing the sales volume of products to be distributed in different localities and the goals to be achieved by the distribution operators. Sixth is the Product Manager, who will step in to establish the need for establishing a distribution mechanism for the number of goods produced. The seventh person is the consumer representative and intermediaries who will identify the specific localities that distribution centers can be established. Finally, the society representatives will be incorporated in order to assist the entire team in understanding the culture of the targeted market. They will also assist the organization to act responsibly without infringing on the rights of society as they seek to develop the distribution network. Furthermore, they will also assist in identifying the need for CSR (Corporate social responsibility) programs. The exact data that is needed to plan the distribution network for RHM In order to plan for an effective distribution network, exact data that is based on the factors outlined here is important. Exact data needed These factors include sales volume for the RHM products, customer preference, market segmentation or the total segments served by RHM Food Services division, the financial costs or implications of the distribution network, the production capacity of the RHM factories within the UK (either south or north), the channels of distribution preferred by RHM logistics manager, and other resources required to develop the distribution network other than finances. Moreover, other factors include the time required to develop the project, the number of depots established by RHM in the UK market, the size of the targeted market, the consumer buying behavior, and other logistical activities including packaging and customer service among others. Timetable This data timetable for comparing this data should be on a five-year period; this will enable the management to have the ability to analyze a five-year trend of the distribution system of RHM products and will be in a position to identify the needs for distribution while referring to the gaps in the market. Standard Units to be used When packing RHM products, it is appropriate to package these products in pallets; the appropriate standard units to be used should be kilogram (Kg) so that the data on sales volumes will be based on kilograms rather than on pallets sold. Moreover, there is a need to set the minimum weight supported by each pallet, for instance, the minimum weight of 50 kilograms per pallet. This will enhance the consistency and accuracy of data collected on sales volume with reference to pallets sold. Level of detail needed The project team will have to compile a detailed data plan for the distribution network based on the factors stated in 6.1 above. The data should be corrected separately in the market segments; this means that data there should be data related to factors highlighted above from all the market segments, this data should commensurate with the channels of distribution. The data should then be compared across the market segments so that specific trends of the distribution will be evaluated within the distribution network as opposed to a general view of the trend in the entire market. Products that should be amalgamated The products that need to be amalgamated include those manufactured by McDougall Catering Foods and those of Pasta Foods. This is because these two businesses serve the same market segment in the Southern part of the Uk and perhaps they satisfy similar consumer needs and also because due to the similarity of the channels of distribution in the Southern market of RHM products. Customers that should be amalgamated Lastly, amalgamating customers will be difficult and perhaps impossible because customer’s preferences, needs, purchasing power, and level of satisfaction always differ even though the characteristics of the market segments are similar. Conclusion Amalgamation basically means joining or merging of two similar businesses or groups to form a bigger organization (Blanchard 2010). Therefore, as a result of integrating the divisional businesses will accrue major benefits such as reduced variable costs, increased control, and improved productivity due to increased production capacity. The main aim of this paper, therefore, was to analyze the case study of Rank Hovis McDougall PLC (RHM). The costs given in the contract proposals were compared, and consultancy recommendations were made to RHM operations based on the contract proposals. An organization, therefore, reaps more benefits as a result of proper, efficient, and effective logistics management. References Blanchard, D 2010, Supply Chain Management Best Practices , Thomson Learning, South Melbourne. Wieland, A& Handfield, R 2013, The Socially Responsible Supply Chain: An Imperative for Global Corporations, Supply Chain Management Review, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 3-5.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay discusses a case study of a man who was asked to spend the weekend on a yacht with his boss. The man had been feeling strained in his relationship with his boss, so he was relieved when he was told that the trip would just be a relaxing getaway. However, when he got to the yacht, he realized that his boss had actually planned a business meeting for the weekend. The man was forced to choose between betraying his boss by cancelling the meeting or risking his

The essay discusses a case study of a man who was asked to spend the weekend on a yacht with his boss. The man had been feeling strained in his relationship with his boss, so he was relieved when he was told that the trip would just be a relaxing getaway. However, when he got to the yacht, he realized that his boss had actually planned a business meeting for the weekend. The man was forced to choose between betraying his boss by cancelling the meeting or risking his

Rational Choice Model in Decision-Making Case Essay Table of Contents 1. Rational Choice Model 2. The Result of Applying the Rational Choice Model 3. Ethical Theory that Supports the Recommended Choice 4. Alternative Recommendation 5. Comparison of the Two Solutions 6. References Rational Choice Model The rational choice theory is based on rational choice theory, according to which individuals always make the most logical decisions given their options (“Rational choice theory,” 2018). Following this model, Joe is to choose the most beneficial options for him and accept Bill’s invitation to spend the weekend of the yacht. This decision is the most prudent from the logical point of view because Joe has been nervous about the strain put on his relationship with Bill by their business negotiations. The invitation is a sign that Bill still has a friendly attitude toward Joe. In that way, both sides would benefit from preserving their close relationship. In particular, having accepted the invitation, Joe would have a chance to ensure that Bill still relies on him and renews his Peninsula Hotel chain contract thus helping Joe success in his workplace and remain a valued professional in UWEAR. The Result of Applying the Rational Choice Model The application of the rational choice model allowed the prediction of Joe’s further actions and way of thinking from a logical perspective. The solution obtained using the model was based on the assumption that being a rational individual with personal interests and willing to increase his utilities, Joe was likely to pick to most beneficial option. Consequently, it is possible to notice that the application of the rational choice model helps one to find the most practical option given the resent choices. This was the situation where both partners were likely to benefit from spending the weekend together. In turn, the rational choice model is easy to use because there are no circumstances that would complicate the situation and make the most beneficial option less obvious. Ethical Theory that Supports the Recommended Choice In ethics, the theory that supports that was recommended to Joe previously is known as utilitarianism. According to this theory, an individual ought to follow the way that is the most likely to produce the best results possible (“Utilitarianism,” n.d.). In that way, choosing to accept Bills invitation, Joe would improve their personal and business relationship, have a chance to strengthen their partnership, and help both of them generate more benefits from doing business with each other. This solution is aimed at the ultimate good for everyone involved and thus is utilitarian. Why Should This Theory Be Used? The present scenario involves a situation where two business partners – Bill and Joe have to either break or continue their business relationships that eventually transformed into friendship as well. Both individuals benefited significantly from their interaction. Logically, in order to multiply their utilities, they need to follow the utilitarian perspective and choose to continue generating good outcomes. Alternative Recommendation An alternative ethical theory to guide Joe’s decision-making could be the beneficence theory according to which he is to do what is right and good. In this case, Joe would follow the same path as his attitude towards Bill is definitely friendly and positive. He would be driven by bringing benefit to Bill through their cooperation which, in turn, would result in positive outcomes for Joe as well. Comparison of the Two Solutions Comparing the two solutions, it is possible to notice that the decision to which they lead is practically the same. In both situations, Joe is recommended to accept Bill’s invitation to spend the weekend on a yacht. At the same time, the major difference is the motivation behind Joe’s decision. In the recommended version, he acts based on the rational choice model and picks the option that generates the best advantages for him. In the alternative version, Joe puts Bill’s interests first and is driven by the desire to be a good friend and help. References Rational choice theory . (2018). Web. Utilitarianism . (n.d.). Web.

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Write an essay about: The story "A Small Good Thing" by Raymond Carver is about a family who experiences the sudden and untimely death of their only son, Scotty, on his birthday. The story explores the emotions of the family as they deal with the loss.

The story "A Small Good Thing" by Raymond Carver is about a family who experiences the sudden and untimely death of their only son, Scotty, on his birthday. The story explores the emotions of the family as they deal with the loss.

Raymond Carver Story “A Small Good Thing” Essay Juxtaposition of the two main characters and emotions Raymond Carver story “A Small Good Thing”, brings to our attention the struggles a family undergoes when confronted with the sudden and untimely death of their only son, Scotty, who died in a fatal accident on his birthday. The main characters undergo sudden emotional change as a result of the accident. Every change of event causes them to change emotionally in some ways. Carver successfully managed to use a unique sense of writing where he makes the readers to feel sorry for the Weiss family and not Scotty who had an accident during his birthday. Juxtaposition of Ann and the Baker The choosing of Scotty’s birth day cake set the pace for the forthcoming changing journey of Ann. Ann strikes the mind of the reader as a self-preserved woman. At the beginning of the story, we come across Ann as one of the protagonists in the story as she tries to order and give instructions for her son’s birthday cake. Here again, Ann being a self-conscious woman, as depicted in the mind of most readers, goes a step further and tries to make a connection with the baker and we see her imagining that a man of his age must have clearly and with no doubt undergo through many similar events and special times of cakes and birthday parties of his own children during his entire life time. As Ann is patiently waiting for her son to get medical attention while at the hospital, she comes across Franklin’s family and again we see, even though she doesn’t know them, we see her feelings are compelled and she wants to tell them about her own son. This is a great sense of bonding and connection; we even find her later checking with the nurse to know how Franklin is doing; this is when she came to see how her son was doing. When Scotty unfortunately dies, we find the doctor being between a hard place and a rock, as he tried to break it to Ann and her husband that their son died, but as event later unfold, the doctor connects with Ann and the two went ahead and hug each other. Later on, we see also Ann being connected to her son when she requests if she can stay with Scotty’s body to no avail, but later when they were driving away from the hospital, she kept looking back. The Baker The baker strikes the mind of the reader as an old man full of pride. During the first encounter with Ann, we find the baker as not willingly to engage with Ann in any friendly talk, making Ann to be uncomfortable prompting her to assume that he too had children. The baker simply does not struggle to bond or connect with anyone, in fact, he tends to isolate himself whenever someone tries to connect with him. Later on, his loneliness materializes where he makes endless disturbing calls to Ann and when Annfails to collect the birthday cake, we see the Baker making a lot of disturbing phone calls to Ann’s home. All these uncalled-for traits that the Baker possess are as result of being without any kid, and thus very lonely. From the onset, the baker looks like he is leading a busy life full of happiness but deep inside he feels like his life is empty and not worth living. The other aspect that catches the reader’s attention is the central theme of emotion loneliness and a sense of loss vs. happiness. The story begins on a happy note where a birthday for Scotty is underway, we see her mother Ann, engaging with the baker as she explains what the baker should add to her son’s birthday cake. The happy mode was short-lived as it disappeared as soon as the family learns of Scotty’s accident. Scotty’s accident caught everyone on the wrong foot as it was supposed to be a day full of joy and celebration. The Baker too appears to be leading a busy and a happy life but we come to learn later on, that is not the case. The baker comes in leading a lonely life as he has no children of his own prompting him to feel empty. When Ann and her husband lost their only son, it seemed to them that they have lost everything. They appear dejected and hopeless, Ann answers to any phone call assuming it could be the hospital with news about her son. The Franklin’s family also appears hopeless while in hospital looking to everyone for answers. A good scenario is where they confused Ann for a nurse and asked her about their son, Franklin. The Franklin family too loses their son and this makes them lead a lonely life there after we learn they gave up on hope. But despite all the harsh calls that the Baker had made to Ann, at the end of the story we find the three sharing a meal and cooling things off.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: Dead-end operation is significantly efficient because it allows for the accumulation of particles on the surface of the membrane.Dead-end operation is significantly efficient because it allows for the accumulation of particles on the surface of the membrane.

Dead-end operation is significantly efficient because it allows for the accumulation of particles on the surface of the membrane. Dead-end operation is significantly efficient because it allows for the accumulation of particles on the surface of the membrane.

Reactive Dyes and Membrane Filtration Report Sometimes it is believed that dead-end operation is significantly efficient. The accumulated particles normally gather on the surface of the membrane during filtration in dead-end processes (Culfaz et al., 2011). Membrane Membranes have shown better elimination of 90 percent of diverse ionic species and they offer a high quality permeates in this processes. A single process can be applied to decolourise and eliminate secondary chemical elements that originate from dyehouse liquid waste [25]. From 1990, nanofiltration studies have been conducted with dye bath effluent treatment. The membranes involved are ion selective because of the negatively charged surfaces. Based on the features of a membrane, some elements of secondary chemicals are most likely to filter through the membrane into permeate (Koyuncu and Topacik, 2003). Many factors such as techniques of dyeing, the contents, the processes and possibilities of recycling influence the choice of size and type of the membrane to be used in a dyehouse [25]. Nanofiltration membranes have also been used subsequent to biological pretreatment of textile liquid wastes. In the main treatment plants, a pilot scale membrane treatment is an ideal choice for a mixture of industrial and domestic effluents. The outcome materials could allow for recycling of permeates in textile plants. Reactive Dyes Reactive dye consists of a class of dyes that allow for covalent bond formation with fibre and it generally constitutes its elements after the reaction. This reaction process can be shown as: Reactive dyes + Fibre = Reactive dye-Fibre (covalent bonding). Classification of Reactive Dyes Based on their chemical compositions, reactive dyes are categorised as: 1. Chlorotriazine Dyes (MCT) 2. Vinyl Sulphone Dyes (VS) 3. Heterocyclic Helogen Containing Dyes (HHC) 4. Mixed Dyes (MCT-VS) When temperature is considered as a relevant factor, reactive dyes can be grouped as: Cold brand reactive dyes Cold brand reactive dyes are used in low temperature (that is, room temperature). These dyes are extremely reactive with fibre at low temperature. Hot brand reactive dyes These dyes work best at medium temperatures of nearly 60ºC. They have medium reactive tendencies with fibre. High Exhaust brand reactive dyes These dyes have extremely low reactivity properties with fibres relative to cold and hot categories of dyes. In this process, dyeing takes place at around 80-90ºC. Properties of reactive dyes 1. Reactive dye is anionic in nature 2. Reactive dye is a water soluble dye 3. They have better wash and light fastness properties 4. They have better substantivity 5. They form strong co-valent bond with the cellulosic fibre in alkaline condition 6. The electrolyte is must for exhaustion of dyes in the fibre 7. A certain amount of dyes is hydrolyzed during application (around 15-20%) 8. Wide range of colour can be produced with reactive dyes 9. Comparatively cheaper in price Reactive Class of Colours Reactive colours are the most useful colours for cotton dyeing. These colours can easily form chemical covalent bonds with chemicals in Hydroxyl groups of cellulose fibre. Thus, they are suspended on the substrate and do not rely on weak physical forces for strengths and fastness. The reactive class of colours consists of a wide variety of colours with extremely brilliant hues such as light to exceptionally dark, as well as blacks and Navies with sound unfading qualities and costs. Based on the reactive groups they belong to, such as a triazinyl ring system or vinyl sulphone, a reactive class of colours reacts with the hydroxyl group of cellulose to form neucleophylic substitution or takes part in subsequent reaction (Chinta and VijayKumar, 2013). Mechanism of Reactive Dye Fixation The reaction process involves hydrolysis. Water is the main reactive agent with the dye in this chemical process. However, it is the cellulose fibre, which is involved in the reaction processes because of the following two factors. It overshadows the prevalence of water in the dye bath and results in fixation of the dye to the fibre as the favoured type of reaction. 1. There is better attraction between the dye and the chemical compared to water because of the substantivity of the dye and thus after a complete biochemical reaction, the dye on the chemical is far more than that in the bath. 2. Cellulose tends to have low dissociation relative to water and creates nearly 25 times greater Cellulose-O – ions over hydroxyl ions. Covalent Bonding The ability to use dyes attached to fibres by creating covalent bond has been attractive to dyestuff chemists for a long period because the attachment processes of physical adsorption and mechanical retention have two weaknesses (2) related to either high costs or poor wet fastness. Ahmed (1995) II noted that chemical reaction indicates the creation of a covalent bond between the fibre and the dye. In this regard, two known methods are used to make dye on the fibre and the production process results into a reactive dye towards the fibre. In 1895, Cross and Bevan produced the first covalently bound mixture of a dye and cellulose [3]. The chemicals used included soda cellulose with benzoyl chloride, which reacted to produce a component of cellulose mono-benzoate and dibenzoate. A reaction of the benzoates with elements of nitric and sulphuric acid formed nitrates. These chemicals then reacted to form aminobenzoyl cellules derivatives. These derivatives could diazotise alongside aromatic amine and phenols to produce colouring chemicals covalently bonded with the cellulose. Effect of salt on dye aggregation Both the hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces facilitate the drawing of different dye particles so that many particles can be found in a mixture because of the gathering of dye particles known as aggregates. These dye aggregates are colloidal electrolytes (Ingamells, 1993). High salt concentrations in dye contents result in low dye solubility. Therefore, in this case, the dissociation equilibrium of acidic dyes takes place, which creates high concentration of non-dissociated dyes in dye houses, which would eventually aggregate. The aggregated dyes formed during this chemical reaction create large volumes and they thus ensure enhanced preservation of dyes.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The paper focuses on reading and viewing activities for learners at the third-grade stage. Fiction has played an important role in making learners at third-grade stage understand some of the important information at that level of education. The world of imagination is important because it allows these learners to develop creativity and the ability to imagine what is beyond normal events.Hale, 2005). Fiction also helps in passing information to the learners at this level of education.

The paper focuses on reading and viewing activities for learners at the third-grade stage. Fiction has played an important role in making learners at third-grade stage understand some of the important information at that level of education. The world of imagination is important because it allows these learners to develop creativity and the ability to imagine what is beyond normal events.Hale, 2005). Fiction also helps in passing information to the learners at this level of education.

Reading & Viewing Activities for the 3rd-Graders Report Introduction Reading and writing are among the most important activities at a junior level of education. A learner will always get introduced to the world of literacy at the third-grade stage, and it is always important to ensure that they get attracted to this new world at the earliest stage possible. Fiction has played an important role in making learners at third-grade stage understand some of the important information at that level of education. The world of imagination is important because it allows these learners to develop creativity and the ability to imagine what is beyond normal events (Hale, 2005). Fiction also helps in passing information to the learners at this level of education. This paper focuses on reading and viewing activities for learners at the third-grade stage. Carle, E. (2011). The very hungry caterpillar . London: Puffin. The book ‘ The very hungry caterpillar ‘ is a factious book written by Eric Carle. The book was first published in 1970 by Puffin in London. Penguin Books published its current version in the year 2011. The fiction is about a hungry caterpillar that eats excessively until it becomes a cocoon. The author has successfully used pictures, colours and numeric to bring out the idea to the readers. The book targets readers in the third grade. In this book, the caterpillar let greed take the better part of it. The caterpillar would leave a number of holes on the leaves of various plants. It grew fatter and bigger and later changed into a butterfly with numerous colours. This tale brings the learner to reality in this world. The learner is made to appreciate the fact that in this world, various forces will always act in a way that will destroy the happiness and joy of people. The tale helps demonstrate that the world is full of struggle against very strong forces that comes one’s way. It also emphasizes the need to act with the self-restraint to avoid cases where one is faced with misfortune. The caterpillar eats everything, leaving a trail of destruction. The caterpillar does not appreciate the fact that there is a level beyond which it may not be able to control itself if it goes ahead with the eating. This is what happens when it is forced to change into a cocoon. In this new form, it can no longer eat as much as it used to before. This helps the learner at this early stage to appreciate the fact that the world is about struggling, and that discipline is very important. This book has brought out some teaching emphases on various fronts. The author has focused on the need to embrace discipline in the lives of learners. This is one of the main reasons why the author chose to bring out the fact that caterpillars never thought of regulating the amount of food it ate. Learners can achieve good results if they are disciplined, and this is what the author is trying to demonstrate in this book. Another point of emphasis in this book is the need to press on despite the challenges that might come along the way. The caterpillars were forced to undergo a very challenging stage of being a cocoon, but they changed into beautiful butterflies after that. This is what the author tries to impart on the learners. The book also emphasizes the need for the learner to act in a way that will develop the society for the benefit of everyone. Berger, M., & Berger, G. (2008). Butterflies & caterpillars . New York: Scholastic. This book was written by Melvin Berger and Gilda Berger in the year 2008. The book was published by Scholastic in New York, the United States. These scholars focus on making learners develop their numeric and logic skills. In this book, the scholars appreciate that learners at third grade lack a clear motivational force as far as a success in life is concerned. In this book, the scholars emphasize that children are better taught with the help of objects. The book has used a series of colours, pictures and other objects to help improve the learner’s ability to understand numeric. The book has also emphasized the importance of improving learners’ logical reasoning at this early stage of learning. This has been ensured by making them understand the logical stages that a butterfly will follow before it can be transformed into a beautiful butterfly. As such, graphics becomes very important in enhancing the learning process. Bringing fantasy enhances the ability of the learner to be imaginative. This act as a force that drives learners to understand the basics in the classroom set up. The rationale for this text is clearly illustrated in its context. A teacher should be in a position to understand his or her learners. In the third grade, it is very difficult for learners to reason beyond what they can see physically. As a result of this, it becomes very important if the teacher can use pictures and other attractive figures to enhance the learner’s imaginative strength (Croft, 2007). A learner should be made to understand that there is a need to reason beyond what can be seen physically in the immediate environment. In the third grade, learners may lack a clear focus on being an achiever in the classroom. At this stage, emphasis should be on teacher-guided reading. These scholars state that in the third grade, learners always associate learning with the teacher. They will, therefore, fail to work independently without direct guidance from the teacher. This fact is very evident as this scholar demonstrates in the series of questions and answers. At this level, learners are always very playful. They consider learning as a responsibility that is very heavy. They will, therefore, only consider undertaking this responsibility under direct supervision. The book also reflects on the physical environment in the society. According to scholars, some subject would require the attention of the whole class. However, some subjects would need the teacher to group learners into small or large groups depending on several factors. This is demonstrated where learners are expected to compare various pictures and respond to true or false questions on every page. This way, the concerned teacher will be in a position to gauge the capacity of learners. This book has several major teaching emphases. The first emphasis that this book has put is the need to ensure that every teacher understands each learner’s capacity. For the teacher to be able to meet his or her main objective of imparting knowledge on the learners, he or she must know what each learner needs (Annadale, 2005). At the third grade, learners are likely to reason differently, especially due to the difference in their backgrounds and environments from which they come. Generalizing these learners may result in a situation where some of the learners are left back academically. If this happens, the teacher shall have lost the focus of making every learner understand the basic knowledge at this level of education. Reading Activities The two books above present a number of learning activities. As a teacher, it is always important to identify specific learning activities and ensure that they are emphasized when undertaking the process of reading (Raman, 2004). It may not be possible to focus on all reading activities at once. It may even be challenging to choose two activities during a single reading process. This is why teachers are always forced to determine the focus of the study concerning reading activities. The table below shows four reading activities which were selected for the two books discussed in part A of this paper. Reading Activities Carle, E. (2011). The very hungry caterpillar . London: Puffin. Activity A: Encouraging kids to read Activity B: practising of parts of speech The book ‘ The very hungry caterpillar ‘ is focused on encouraging learners to read. The story is very interesting. The audiences of this book are the learners themselves. The book is very interesting and is meant to motivate junior learners to read in the absence of teachers. The learner will try to revisit the story when he or she is on his or her own. This will encourage such a learner to develop a positive attitude towards reading. The learner will have the urge to pick a related book, hoping to get an equally interesting story. At this stage, the learner’s main role is code-breaking. The learner will be to identify words, phrases or terminologies that are vital in the text. The learner will then be expected to define these terms. Another role of the reader that comes out clearly at this stage is text participant’s role. The reader will be expected to develop a relationship between what is written in the text and practical life incidents. This book presents several important activities, among them, being practising parts of speech. Parts of speech are an important aspect of a language that helps develop an understanding of the language. English, unlike other languages, has very strict rules that should be observed both in its written and spoken forms. Parts of speech mark the beginning of understanding these rules. During the reading of the fiction, learners will be expected to develop an understanding of parts of speech. The role of the learner at this stage will be text user. As the learner understands parts of speech, they will be expected to develop an understanding of the whole text. The learner will be expected to interpret the text. Understanding parts of speech also acts as part of developing an understanding of the text by being able to create a big picture in the story. This is the best way to help advance the reasoning of learners. Berger, M., & Berger, G. (2008). Butterflies & caterpillars . New York: Scholastic. Activity C: practising of alphabetical order Activity D: Spelling Activity This second book is an informational text. Unlike the fiction book looked at in the above stage, this book brings out facts about teaching logic and numeric to learners in the third stage. Unlike the above case, in this text, the target audience is both the teacher and learners. When teaching logical skills at this level, emphasis should be on letters of the alphabet and their order. Learners above third grade are not expected to have any problem with the alphabetical order.Therefore, the teacher is expected to develop mechanisms through which he or she will ensure that learners develop a comprehensive understanding of the alphabetical order. This will be part of teaching literacy skills (Chin, 2002). The reader will once again be expected to be a code breaker. To understand alphabetical order, it will be important for the learner to understand specific words in the text. The learner should identify terminologies that are complex and then put them into their right perspective. The reader should then move a step higher and develop an understanding of phrases in the text. Learners in the third grade are always expected to have an understanding of spelling. Spelling activity is, therefore, an important activity in this book. The teaching process at this stage will be closely guided by the teacher. The teacher will have to be in charge, and he or she will have to control the activities of the learners in the class. The teacher will have to make the learners embrace the need to have an understanding of the spelling of various words in English vocabulary. This activity should be taken orally. The teacher will be responsible for turning this process into a competitive game to be enjoyed by members of the class.According to Bean (2009), one of the best ways to make learners at juvenile stage develop an understanding of complex contexts is by making the whole process appear like a game. This will eliminate chances that the learner will be bored; hence switch off from the activity. Spelling can be very challenging to a learner in the third grade. It would be important to make the process of understanding spellings as enjoyable as possible (Champion & Kerr, 2007). The learner should use the available texts to enhance their spelling skills. The reader, in this case, will take the role of codebreaker. The reader should be able to identify the words and phrases that are complex in the text. In the process of identifying these texts, learners should also understand their spelling. This should be done simultaneously. As the learner will be identifying the terminologies, they will also be developing a mastery of their spelling. References Annadale, K. (2005). Reading resource book . Salem, Mass: Steps Professional Development. Bean, R. M. (2009). The reading specialist: Leadership for the classroom, school, and community . New York: Guilford Press. Berger, M., & Berger, G. (2008). Butterflies & caterpillars . New York: Scholastic. Carle, E. (2011). The very hungry caterpillar . London: Puffin. Champion, J. & Kerr, J. (2007). Developing literacy: Using the four roles of the reader . Port Melbourne: Rigby Harcourt Education. Chin, B. (2002). The reader’s choice: Course 1 . New York, New York: McGraw-Hill. Croft, F. (2007). Reading activities for books or stories: Activities for use in conjunction with novels, picture books, non-fiction reference materials and magazines . Greenwood: Ready-Ed Publishers. Hale, D. (2005). The Novel: The Novel . Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Raman, M. (2004). English language teaching . New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. Appendix The Very Hungry Caterpillar by Eric Carle. In the light of the moon, a little egg lay on a leaf. One Sunday morning the warm sun come up and out of the egg come a tiny and very hungry caterpillar. He started to look for some food. On Monday he ate through one apple, but he was still hungry. On Tuesday he ate through two pears, but he was still hungry. On Wednesday he ate through three plums, but he was still hungry. On Thursday he ate through four strawberries, but he was still hungry. On Friday he ate through five oranges, but he was still hungry. On Saturday he ate through: * A cake * An ice cream * A hot dog * A lollipop * Chocolate * Pizza * A muffin That night he had a stomach ache. Butterfly Circus, Student Card Activity #1 * By Melvin Berger and Gilda Berger * Title: The Hatching and Molting Station Directions 1. Open your egg. 2. Help your growing friend molt by pulling him out of his old skin. Questions to think about 1. What was inside the egg? 2. What stage of the butterfly’s life cycle is this? 3. What happened to the caterpillar after you helped him molt? 4. What do you think will happen the next time the caterpillar grows too big for his skin? Butterfly Circus, Teacher Information Card Activity #1 * Title: The Molting Station * Topic: Lifecycles (of butterflies) * Grade Level: Kindergarten * Standards: VA SOL K.6 The student will investigate and understand basic needs and life processes of plants and animals. 1. living things change as they grow, and they need food, water, and air to survive 2. plants and animals live and die (go through a life cycle) Materials Plastic eggs; sponges (the kind that bounces back to its true shape quickly after it’s decompressed); nylons, needle, thread, and a marker to add details to the caterpillar and the molted skin. Discussion Questions 1. What was inside the egg when you opened it? (a caterpillar) 2. What Stage of the butterfly’s lifecycle is this? (1st- caterpillar comes out of the egg) 3. What happened to the caterpillar after he molted? (he got bigger – caterpillar molts because he is too big for his skin) 4. What do you think will happen next time the caterpillar grows too big for his skin? (he will molt again) Notes: When the “caterpillar” is taken out of its stocking skin, the sponge will expand, making the caterpillar look like it became larger after the molt. The purpose of this activity is to emphasize the first two stages of the butterfly’s lifecycle (which are counted as one when shortened into four main stages) and to help the students understand complex concept of molting. There is no source for this activity. It was the product of the minds of Johanna Blevins and Amaya Hain.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The essay is about a reading competition that the author had with his best friend when they were in high school in China. The competition motivated him to read more efficiently and led him to find his own unique method of reading.

The essay is about a reading competition that the author had with his best friend when they were in high school in China. The competition motivated him to read more efficiently and led him to find his own unique method of reading.

Reading Competition: “Malcolm X” by Helfer and DuBurke Essay If you are a student or were the one once, you must have had the same experience as I had during my happy weekends. In those days, I could stay at home reading my endless assignments and having fun with my friends at various parties. Perhaps, you have noticed that some people spend more time on entertainment than reading. Probably, it is because they realize neither the best way to read nor the importance of reading to their future. We all know that reading is important, and most of us do not want to regret in the future failing to achieve our goals. We should, therefore, find ways that could help us read more efficiently. As an independent student with his/her discretions, one should not find reading difficult or boring activity. This is possible if only we can discover the best ways to read which vary depending on the choice of each individual and his/her background. In my case, I found my best reading method after joining high school, due to a reading competition against my best friend. While in China, I found English to be a very important subject for every high school since it could even determine the choice of a university that a student aspired to join after graduating from High school. Teachers as well focus more on reading. Students have to answer several questions after reading; this assignment is a standard criterion based on which teachers evaluate them. To win in this competition, I read more carefully than ever before. I began to realize that if I wanted to make the right answers and win, I must have defined the main idea in the article and summarised it. Due to competition, reading would no longer be a boring task. In contrast, it became the most essential part of my daily life. Should I win, then I would focus on maintaining the best level of reading and keep on winning. However, if I lose, then I would read even harder to win in the subsequent competition. There is as well another method of learning to read which does not involve competition. Malcolm X learned to read by copying the dictionary (Helfer and DuBurke 72). Likewise, I have learned to read using competition to encourage me, thus it is my best reading method. However, each one can find his own “unique” method to improve in reading. During the period when one is searching for the best way to read, some ideas or thoughts may come into his/her mind, which probably influences his/her future as well as changes his/her entire life. The positive impact of reading on some great people shown in their autobiographies has given me some new ideas and encouraged me to occupy with my favorite activity, which is reading autobiographies of successful business executives. I also learn to inspire others rather than just develop myself. the book Malcolm X: A Graphic Biography has influenced me to read history books about different races and people who devoted their lives to fighting against the white and defending the rights of the black (Helfer and DuBurke 57). Consciously or unconsciously, reading will affect you altering your views in the way Malcolm X: A Graphic Biography has changed me. While you are trying to discover your best reading method to change your life, you should realize that you will not be the only one to benefit from it. Everyone around you will be an advantage as you will be influential and able to advise them on a difficult situation. They may as well derive inspiration from your example. This shows how serious one should be in selecting a reading method. Before the reading competition, I was just an average student in English. However, after the reading competition, I became among the top five best English students in my class. This surprised the entire class. It motivated my classmates to join the competition. It also impressed our English teacher so he began to award us with presents for making some progress. Consequently, our class became the best performing class in English in terms of grades. I influenced a small group of people around me while I was learning to read, even though it was not my original intention. I had learned from Malcolm X: A Graphic Biography that Malcolm X influenced a lot more people, including those he had neither known nor ever met before. He used all his life experiences to transform others. He did this by copying the dictionary when he was in prison for fighting for the civil rights of the black around the world. Reading competition has become the most effective method for me to learn to read. Anyone has the potential to find his or her way to achieve success. It does not matter what method you use as long as it works for you. You should develop your approach to read and learn more trying to absorb the knowledge from the books as well as from your thoughts and ideas. Works Cited Helfer, Andrew and Randy DuBurke. Malcolm X: A Graphic Biography . USA: Hill and Wang, 2006. Print.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The article examines factors that affect the development of early literacy skills in children and ways to improve them.The article examines factors that affect the development of early literacy skills in children and ways to improve them.

The article examines factors that affect the development of early literacy skills in children and ways to improve them. The article examines factors that affect the development of early literacy skills in children and ways to improve them.

“Reading Difficulties in Young Children” by Clemens et al. Essay Summary The article under investigation is Reading Difficulties in Young Children: Beyond Basic Early Literacy Skills by Clemens, Ragan, Widales-Benitez. It is devoted to the analysis of reading skills among children and the most common problems that might appear during their education. Traditionally, the acquisition of early literacy skills is considered one of the most important processes that impact the further development of a child and his/her skills in the future (Clements, Ragan, & Widales-Benitez, 2016). For this reason, the authors examine factors that stipulate the emergence of difficulties in reading acquisition. The article is written by three researchers. Nathan Clemens, Ph.D. is an assistant professor of school psychology at Texas A&M University. He has already created numerous research works devoted to the investigation of early academic skills and has acquired several grants. The second author, Kelsey Ragan, also works at Texas A&M University with Clements to investigate the above-mentioned issue and formulate its most important aspects. Finally, Oscar Widales-Benitez is their colleague working at the same University and cooperating with these authors to reveal the most problematic aspects of the sphere. In the selected paper, the authors state that vocabulary knowledge, behavioral regulation, teacher knowledge, and school factors, and individualized instruction are the central factors impacting early literacy skills in children and stipulating their outcomes (Clements et al., 2016). In such a way, the researchers suggest that the implementation of a particular policy aimed at the mitigation of these difficulties might result in numerous positive shifts in childrens early literacy and academic successes. Clements et al. (2016) also promote the idea of the gradual implementation of the recommended policy. Analysis and Reflection Analyze In general, the paper could be analyzed regarding the teaching context. The fact is that the formation of early literacy in children and the cultivation of their cognitive skills are the fundamental tasks of teachers nowadays. For this reason, the key problems that are described by the authors in their paper are important for the improved comprehending of the methods to overcome all challenges and create the basis for the further development of a child (Clements et al., 2016). Additionally, the in-depth understanding of the root causes that result in the deterioration of early literacy in children can help teachers to create a more beneficial environment free of stressors and factors that might result in poor outcomes. Resting on my own field experience, I should also say that the paper becomes important for a better understanding of how to work with children who might have problems with the acquisition of important literacy skills or some other experiences. Therefore, speaking about such factors as vocabulary knowledge, behavioral regulation, teacher knowledge, and school factors, and individualized instruction (Clements et al., 2016). I should also emphasize a significant role they play in the formation of the needed competence in children and their successful development. In such a way, one can admit the high practical use of the selected paper. As it has already been stated, the authors assume that the introduction of a particular policy aimed at the investigation of the most important factors that impact children might help to solve the problem and attain better academic successes in children regarding their enhanced literacy skills. In such a way, the focus on improved outcomes could be considered one of the apparent advantages of the researchers argument (Clements et al., 2016). Moreover, enumerating the essential factors like vocabulary, instruction, etc., the authors cultivate teachers enhanced understanding of the problem. At the same time, there are several drawbacks and limitations to the authors assumptions. First, the authors lack credible pieces of evidence proving their assumptions and showing that the enhanced attention devoted to formulated factor might trigger significant alterations in wide populations, now only in children living in poverty and English learners (Clements et al., 2016). Additionally, there are several limits regarding the number of participants and investigation of literature devoted to the issue. For this reason, the authors emphasize the necessity of future research of the sphere and its significant complexity. Nevertheless, cogitating about the basic ideas of their paper, the authors provide relevant information about how the outlined obstacles might impact literacy levels in children and how they might benefit from the implementation of policies suggested by the researchers. Moreover, the paper investigates the existing perspectives on the issue with the primary aim to reveal the current approach to early literacy skills and their cultivation in children (Clements et al., 2016). For this reason, the investigators manage to support their basic assumptions with a detailed explanation and credible pieces of evidence. Altogether, the given work could be considered an important source that can be used to attain the enhanced comprehending of early literacy skills in children and the way they should be formed to achieve the most desirable results. It demonstrates the most important obstacles that deteriorate results and stipulate the appearance of undesired outcomes in children. Moreover, it could be used as the basis for the future investigation of the topic and its in-depth analysis. In such a way, the article should be recommended for researchers working in the sphere. References Clements, N., Ragan, K., & Widales-Benitez, P. (2016). Reading difficulties in young children: Beyond basic early literacy skills. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3 (2), 177-184. Web.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: A contract is an agreement that outlines specifics details of an issue between different parties regarding a certain matter; it is usually a written document, although it can also be verbal and is enforceable in a court of law. For a contract to be considered valid, it must contain seven elements but only five of which are important: consideration, form, intention to create legal relations, agreement, genuine consent, and capacity to implement the contact.

A contract is an agreement that outlines specifics details of an issue between different parties regarding a certain matter; it is usually a written document, although it can also be verbal and is enforceable in a court of law. For a contract to be considered valid, it must contain seven elements but only five of which are important: consideration, form, intention to create legal relations, agreement, genuine consent, and capacity to implement the contact.

Real Estate Contract Documents Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Elements of a Contract 3. Drafting a Contract Agreement 4. Bibliography Introduction A contract is an agreement that outlines specifics details of an issue between different parties regarding a certain matter; it is usually a written document, although it can also be verbal and is enforceable in a court of law[1]. For a contract to be considered valid, it must contain seven elements but only five of which are important: consideration, form, intention to create legal relations, agreement, genuine consent, and capacity to implement the contact[2]. When a contract has been broken, a breach is said to have occurred, breach of contract in legal terms is used to describe actions that have been undertaken by one of the parties in contravention to the binding agreement as originally agreed between the parties. It is also used to describe cases where the terms of an agreement as entered between various parties are not honored according to the articles of the agreement. In general, all forms of contracts reached upon between various parties are governed by the principle of pacta sunt servanda[3]. The principle of pacta sunt served requires parties to an agreement to act and undertake obligations in good faith in accordance with the intention of the contract as originally written down. In writing contracts for real estate, these are some of the most basic factors to consider, which must be observed when drafting the contract document. In the preceding section, we shall discuss in more detail the specific elements of each aspect of these factors that must be considered in the writing of contract agreements in the context of real estate. Elements of a Contract Ideally, all forms of contracts should be legally enforceable as long as such contracts are not illegal, trifling, indeterminate, or impossible to implement. A contract is an agreement that is intended to be enforceable in a court of law; as such, it must be drafted carefully to ensure that issues that might arise are easily clarified through the court of law. A contract can take two other forms besides agreements; it can be based on promise or on the legal relationship. In order to understand the elements of a contract agreement, it is important to understand the major reasons why a contract agreement is created in the place first place. Basically, contract agreements are crucial in all forms of business transactions that involve buying and selling goods and services. In the real estate business, the requirement to have a contract agreement during any form of transaction is even more important given the nature of the goods that are transacted in real estate, which are property and lands. In fact, many country statutes make it mandatory for written contract agreements, especially that involve the sale of property and land to be in place between any parties transacting such business. Indeed, the importance of contracts in the real estate business is taken so seriously by the law such that it provides the circumstances under which the articles of a contract might not be fully enforced in what it refers to the Parol Evidence Rule (PER)[4]. In the context of contract law, Parol evidence refers to all forms of non-pertinent evidence presented by any party to an agreement that is not explicitly cited or which cannot be inferred from a written contract as it was finally written and agreed between the parties[5]. Normally, PER is taken to mean evidence that is presented in the form of verbal statements. However, it actually refers to any form of evidence written or verbal in nature that contradicts the terms of an agreement. For this reason, it is important for the parties involved to understand what the law says pertaining to the PER principle in order to ensure that all pertinent issues of the transactions are comprehensively addressed in the contract agreement. Drafting a Contract Agreement There are two basic steps that are involved in the drafting of a contract agreement between parties; the presence of an offer and acceptance[6]. In simpler terms, there must be more than one party involved in the transaction, one of whom is making an offer on something which in this case is real estate property, while another party is a willing buyer of the property. During these steps, the important issue that one needs to consider is the legality of the transaction being transacted, whether the parties are of legal age and that the terms of offer and acceptance are clearly articulated in the document, among other factors. The next stage that is involved in drafting a contract is verifying that all the seven elements of legal contracts are present, as we have already discussed in the previous section. The importance of this is to ensure that the contract agreement does not end up being invalidated or voided by a court of law in case of contention by any of the parties. In summary, valid contracts must have an element of what is referred to as “intention to create legal relations”; this implies, among other things, that a contract agreement cannot be based on coercion or fraud[7]. The second element regards consideration; this means that a contract should clearly indicate the elements of benefits and promises that exist for both parties in the transaction. For formal contracts such as the ones that are drafted for real estate, the element of consideration would not be mandatory since they are considered to be the type of deeds by their nature. By statutes, most countries make it mandatory for a contract that involves transaction business in real estate to be “evidenced by writing,” where the parties are required to append their signatures on the contracts document observed by a witness[8]. The third element, which is the capacity to contract, requires that parties in a contract agreeing not to be any of the following; minors, persons of an unstable mind, intoxicated persons, sometimes aliens persons, among others[9]. Four, a contract must be legally enforceable and must have defined articles regardless of whether it is written or oral. It is important to note that the court assumes that any evidence presented and which is not supported by the articles of an agreement must be for purposes of altering the intention of the contract since they are not contained in the agreement. At the same time, the court must take into account all circumstances that existed in the drafting of the contract; in order to address both of these challenges, the law relies on the principle of the Parol Evidence Rule. Parol Evidence refers to verbal statements made as evidence in a court of law for purposes of influencing a verdict. In the context of contract law, Parol evidence refers to all forms of non-pertinent evidence presented by any party to an agreement that is not explicitly cited or which cannot be inferred from a written contract as it was finally written and agreed between the parties[10]. Normally, PER is taken to mean evidence that is presented in the form of verbal statements. However, it actually refers to any form of evidence written or verbal in nature that contradicts the terms of an agreement. This means that a court of law will classify all evidence presented by any party to an agreement that contradicts the original articles of the contract as Parol Evidence that is subject to dismissal unless otherwise. To avoid the court from applying the principle of PER, it is important that all the details of the transaction be comprehensively captured in the contract agreement articles. Finally, the fifth element that should be observed when drafting a contract requires one to ensure that the contract has no vitiating element[11]. This refers to any characteristics of the contract that can render it in the eyes of the court as unenforceable, void, or unavoidable. Some of the factors that can make a contract to have vitiating characteristics include duress, errors, misrepresentation, undue influence, illegality, or nonest factum. In conclusion, the idea of a contract agreement is to incorporate the vested interest of all parties concerned in a single document, which they all must be in agreement before it is signed. For less complicated and straightforward agreements, this process is much simpler and faster, but for contracts involving business transactions in real estate, the formulation of contract documents cannot be simplified and must be carefully drafted. Bibliography Broude, B, The Consumer and the Parol Evidence Rule: Section 2-202 of the Uniform Commercial Code, Duke Law Journal , vol 881, 1970, pp134-157. Bossuyt, B, The Principle of Parol Evidence Rule, Digest of United States Practice in International Law, vol. 303, no. 4, 2001, pp.310-323. Turner, C, Australian Commercial Law , 27th edn, Victoria, Thomson Reuters, 2008. Yovel, J, Contract Law , Otto-graph.com , 2008, Web.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The Affordable Care Act was introduced in 2013 and helped to reduce the percentage of uninsured citizens in the U.S. from 18% to 9%.

The Affordable Care Act was introduced in 2013 and helped to reduce the percentage of uninsured citizens in the U.S. from 18% to 9%.

Recent Efforts to Help the Uninsured in the U.S. Essay According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2018), as of 2017, the health insurance coverage constitutes 91.2 percent. The two core initiatives that helped achieve such rates were the Affordable Care Act (ACA), introduced in 2013. Before the intervention, in 2010, the rates of uninsured citizens reached 18%, which appears to characterize the reform as a success (Rice et al., 2014). The main goal of the ACA was to expand Medicare and Medicaid and protect vulnerable groups of the population from health hazards. The reform presupposed large-scale subsidies for those who are below the poverty level including families, individuals, elderly people, covered drug prescriptions, and other issues. It also forced major employers to provide their employees with insurance and taxed high-income families heavily to finance ACA. While presently the rate of uninsured is indeed decreased, the ACA became a burden for the U.S. economy and did not fully address the health care problems of the country. As such, it partly failed to provide universal access to health care as it did not concentrate enough on the issue of primary care providers and the presence of doctors and nurses remains insufficient (Rice et al., 2014). In addition, accountable service providers, which are supposed to be formed under the ACA, pose a challenge of monopolization and price control. This factor appears to be contrary to affordable and cost-effective health care provision. Nonetheless, the initiative is argued to bring the U.S. closer to the Sixty-Sixth Session of the United Nations General Assembly which urged countries to strive towards universal insurance coverage. Taking into consideration strenuous conditions as well as a large number of the undocumented workforce (approximately 33 million), the ACA increased adherence to health insurance by 10%, which is a significant achievement (Rice et al., 2014). Thus, this initiative, although flawed in certain instances, became a critical step towards decreasing the percentage of uninsured citizens in the U.S. References Rice, T., Unruh, L. Y., Rosenau, P., Barnes, A. J., Saltman, R. B., & van Ginneken, E. (2014). Challenges facing the United States of America in implementing universal coverage. Bulletin of the World Health Organization , 92 (12), 894-902. U.S. Census Bureau. (2018). Health insurance coverage in the United States: 2017 . Web.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: In the essay, the authors discuss the meaning of recognition in international affairs. They argue that while recognition is not an official prerequisite for the establishment of statehood, it can be a useful tool for challenging or affirming an existing order.

In the essay, the authors discuss the meaning of recognition in international affairs. They argue that while recognition is not an official prerequisite for the establishment of statehood, it can be a useful tool for challenging or affirming an existing order.

Recognition in International Affairs Research Paper Table of Contents 1. International Law 2. The Significance of Recognition 3. Conclusion 4. References International Law Statehood encompasses an important issue in the discourses of international affairs. For example, it was raised in the International Criminal Court’s (ICC) decision-making process regarding alleged charges of crimes committed in the Palestinian territory. This matter was brought up amid the Palestinian Liberation Organization’s (PLO) claims that Palestine was being recognized as a state among some members of the UN. With the UN now constituting 193 members, about 63% of all states making up this organization recognize Palestine’s statehood (Al-Arian & Ali, 2017). However, neither does PLO’s website discuss Palestine as a state nor does the territory participate in international affairs, an observation that has made many nations question the country’s statehood. Therefore, if recognition is not an official prerequisite for the establishment of statehood, it becomes crucial to examine its meaning in international affairs. The Significance of Recognition Regarding the international operation of different states, parties relate with one another depending on some agreed conditions. In most situations, such relationship terms are not controversial. As such, they translate into the recognition of states’ status quo. However, in some scenarios, one country may take a radical position that challenges an existing order, such as the recognition of statehood of a particular territory. For instance, the 2008 claim that Kosovo consisted of territories that included Serbia received criticism whereby many states refused to recognize its statehood (Roseberry, 2013). Nations may also defy a status quo. In particular, several countries challenged the incorporation of parts of Cyprus as territories within the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Therefore, in international affairs, recognition creates room for refuting or affirming an existing order. The international law framework establishes policies that define what constitutes a state. For example, the 1933 Montevideo Conference requires a state to have a stable population and a well-demarcated territory, including the power to form relations with various other parties or governments. Indeed, at the time of making these pacts, the prevailing law regarded a state as a form of sui generis lawful body functioning and prevailing under its self-established supremacy (Bryant, 2014). Article 3 of the Montevideo Conference acknowledges the autonomy of the process of recognizing a state and its political existence. Hence, even before the recognition procedure, a state reserves its right to territorial integrity and organization. In this case, recognition is not obligatory for statehood. Indeed, according to Article 6 of the 1933 Montevideo Conference, recognition only acts as an indication of a state’s acknowledgment by another party or country (Bryant, 2014; Middleton, 2015). This clause appreciates a state’s qualities, uprightness, and roles spelled out in international law discourse. As a result, recognition is immutable and unrestricted. However, debates in international law raise the question of whether merely satisfying the 1933 Montevideo Conference is adequate for a territory to constitute a state or whether recognition should be compulsory. In international affairs, recognition serves two principal purposes. Firstly, it enhances intercontinental legitimacy. Finck (2016) supports this assertion by noting that a state can or cannot have statehood authenticity in some situations, depending on the way other states treat it. Secondly, recognition provides a mechanism through which international law can regulate the creation of states. Directly congruent with this allegation, Tudoroiu (2017) asserts that states are constrained in terms of their choices regarding issues related to recognition. Based on these two purposes of recognition in international affairs, understanding legalities applicable to any regime requires an examination of objects that constitute the phenomenon under investigation. According to Roseberry (2013), a government can only be recognized subject to what it claims to be. Consequently, it becomes hard to precisely determine the importance of recognition in the context of the acknowledged state, including whether such respect should be viewed as lawful while ignoring legalities of claims raised by a given territory that seeks statehood honor. It is crucial to find out whether recognition leads to the acceptance of a government in international affairs. The concept of agency constitutes an important paradigm that helps to respond to this concern. Indeed, a government does not constitute an officially authorized entity by itself but stands out as an agent acting in place of the legal body or the state (Finck, 2016). Consequently, a mere inspection of the party in control serves as an incomplete mechanism for resolving the issue of the legality of a recognition arrangement (Primmer, 2015). Rather, one needs to consider the context in which the control is being exercised in relation to the claimed status of a given territory. Recognition has a constitutive role in some marginal international scenarios. For instance, regarding the Prosecutor v. Tadić (1995) case, presented at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the constitutive hypothesis was deployed. However, Judge Li challenged it by arguing that the ensuing Slovenia-Croatia clash needed to be viewed as an international issue immediately after the two countries gained sovereignty but not based on the notion that they had received recognition from other nations ( Prosecutor v. Tadić, 1995). Nevertheless, the constitutive function requires an entity to be of a particular magnitude. The concept of constitutive role arises from the knowledge that parties can alter or make international law subject to the observation of a general trend in the majority of states. Consequently, one may anticipate the recognition of a state based on the decision reached by the UN in its move to allow claimants in its membership (Caspersen, 2015). For example, the process of recognizing and accepting Herzegovina and Bosnia as independent states followed by their incorporation into the UN demonstrates this role of recognition in international affairs. However, the constitutive function of recognition faces the challenge of embracing a policy-based approach to determining statehood. For example, consider a situation where nations recognize claims of statehood contrary to the self-determination rule. Such an arrangement violates international law doctrines since self-determination entails one of the key aspects of having a Jus Cogens status (Ben-Dor, 2013). Hence, violating international law principles leads to non-acknowledgment. Recognition plays the role of de-legitimization. Failing to appreciate the validity of any claimed statehood produces constitutive implications regarding the de-legitimization of changes in territorial entitlements of existing states. This role arises from the fact that states in the international discourse reject illegal recognition scenarios. Consequently, a case whereby an existing recognized country acquires other territories using military forces may lead to an active rejection of the legality of statehood of a given territory (Roseberry, 2013). For example, states in international relations actively rejected Iraq’s claim regarding its right to the entitlement of Kuwait. Rather, a contrary position was reinforced to protect international law philosophies. In such situations, recognition is presented as a strategy that enhances clarity on otherwise contentious matters that may lead to long-term antagonism. Conclusion Although recognition is not a necessary aspect during the determination of statehood, it is significant in international affairs. A state must have a permanent population, administration, territory, and the capacity to engage in international dealings with other nations. In particular, active involvement in intercontinental relationships can only occur when other parties treat the country in question as a state. Therefore, if interested parties were to use recognition as the only criterion for the formation of a state, it is possible that any territory’s political affairs would be ignoring a country’s actual operations and behavior on the ground. References Al-Arian, A., & Ali, M. (2017). Palestine: Growing recognition . Al Jazeera. Web. Ben-Dor, O. (2013). The one-state as a demand of international law: Jus Cogens, challenging apartheid and legal validity of Israel. Holy Land Studies: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 12 (2), 181-205. Bryant, R. (2014). Unrecognized states: The struggle for sovereignty in the modern international system. Journal of Southeast European and Black Sea Studies , 14 (4), 626-631. Caspersen, N. (2015). The pursuit of international recognition after Kosovo. Global Governance, 21 (3), 393-412. Finck, F. (2016). The state between fact and law: The role of recognition and the conditions under which it is granted in the creation of new states. Polish Yearbook of International Law, 36 (1), 51-81. Middleton, T. (2015). The demand of recognition: State anthropology and ethnopolitics in Darjeeling. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Primmer, J. (2015). Beyond the law-state: The adequacy of Raz’s account of legal systems in explaining intra-state and supra-state legality. Ratio Juris, 28 (1), 149-158. Prosecutor v. Tadić, Case No. IT-94-1-I. (1995). Roseberry, P. (2013). Mass violence and recognition of Kosovo: Suffering and recognition. Europe-Asia Studies, 65 (5), 857-873. Tudoroiu, T. (2017). Taiwan in the Caribbean: A case in state de-recognition. Asian Journal of Political Science, 25 (2), 194-211.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The essay discusses the relationship between religion and economics in the United States. It argues that religion can influence the economy more intensely, rather than vice versa. The specific aspects of religious commitment/religion that might influence a person's economic conduct or circumstances are also discussed.

The essay discusses the relationship between religion and economics in the United States. It argues that religion can influence the economy more intensely, rather than vice versa. The specific aspects of religious commitment/religion that might influence a person's economic conduct or circumstances are also discussed.

Religion and Economics in the United States Essay Which is more likely to influence the other: Religion or economics? Why? What specific aspects of religious commitment/religion might influence a person’s economic conduct or circumstances? It can be argued that religion can influence the economy more intensely, rather than vice versa, for several reasons. For instance, in economic life, such virtues as honesty, dignity, and respect for commitments are emphasized; in its turn, religion stresses the importance of these virtues in the disciples. Furthermore, religion sometimes encourages the consumption of material objects and things, especially during the holidays. Besides, any religion ennobles work and emphasizes human labor as a vocation. For example, Protestantism exalts any work, in principle, and it is associated with an increase in productivity and income. Moreover, religion can justify and approve a specific economic system or activity. It may be noted that aspects of religion frequently urge people to do charity and to give away their material assets. What does Karl Marx mean by religion is an opiate to oppressed people? According to Karl Max in what ways can religion be an opiate to oppressed people? The words of Karl Marx expressed the illusory-compensatory function of religion. To be more precise, the role of it in this context is to compensate for the weakness of human beings. On the level of the religious consciousness, it manifests itself as an illusory objective practical resolution of contradictions and as the liberation of consciousness. Nevertheless, Karl Marx tried to propose the idea that religion does not eliminate the contradictions and difficulties of real-life and circumstances. Religion is designed to overcome the oppression of nature and society, under which people might find themselves, to help them overcome their helplessness in the circumstances. Importantly, religion and its influence on the consequences of oppression can be explained in the idea that it blunts the distress connected to exploitation, though, it cannot resolve the reason for it. Religion soothes people and their sufferings, but it is incapable of eliminating the triggers. Also, religion legitimates the anguish of those who are underclass and the liberties of the ruling class. Identify and discuss the new themes in Black Religion in America Several new themes in Black Religion in America have emerged. They were focused on the theology of liberation and spiritual growth. The Black Religion promoted spiritual sanctuary and community to assist in the societal alteration and fight. One of the main themes throughout the Religion was the need of the community to struggle against the violence altogether. Additionally, it facilitated reorientation and rebuilding of the society to ensure and promote the intensified values. Moreover, the Black Religion was the core of the economic cooperation. Notably, education was the central topic of Religion in terms of society and its reconstruction. Discuss the central ideas in Native American Religion It should be noted that there is no such notion as Native American Religion since the American population is represented by people with varied backgrounds that belong to a variety of different nations and national groups. Therefore, this collective attribution is not precise enough. Nevertheless, there are many central ideas of what has been called Native American Religion. Most importantly, sacredness and spirituality have been the most crucial aspects of the life of the people. Moreover, the wrongful perceptions of the indigenous people by the Europeans have pushed the enslavement and conversion of the Native Americans and the imposition of their religious attitudes and traditions. In particular, the Native Religion perceived time as a familiar cycle whereas the Europeans brought their idea of 365 days in a year; thus, attempting to change or modify the core of it for the indigenous people.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: In the Bhagavad Gita, three yogas, or paths to liberation (=to moksha), are outlined: jnana yoga, which liberates one via knowledge; karma yoga, which liberates one via actions; and bhakti yoga, which liberates one via devotion. Karma yoga means practicing disciplined action, acting in a karmically positive manner. The motives for such actions need to be deontological, that is, one should do these

In the Bhagavad Gita, three yogas, or paths to liberation (=to moksha), are outlined: jnana yoga, which liberates one via knowledge; karma yoga, which liberates one via actions; and bhakti yoga, which liberates one via devotion. Karma yoga means practicing disciplined action, acting in a karmically positive manner. The motives for such actions need to be deontological, that is, one should do these

Religions: Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam Report (Assessment) In the Bhagavad Gita, three yogas, or paths to liberation (=to moksha), are outlined: jnana yoga, which liberates one via knowledge; karma yoga, which liberates one via actions; and bhakti yoga, which liberates one via devotion. (Raja yoga was created as a complementary practice by the Yoga School.) Karma yoga means practicing disciplined action, acting in a karmically positive manner. The motives for such actions need to be deontological, that is, one should do these actions because they are right rather than to achieve certain goals. Jnana yoga means achieving moksha through knowledge, which is achieved via study, usually under the supervision of a guru. The knowledge that needs to be achieved pertains to the awareness of the unity of atman (= one’s “real” self,) and brahman (=the absolute and impersonal reality). The study needs to include not only personal reflection but also philosophical scrutiny. Thus, karma yoga is practiced via acting deontologically in a karmically positive manner, while jnana yoga is practiced via gaining knowledge and conducting reflection. In Buddhism, nirvana (“quenching”) is the key aim of the path of a Buddhist, the cessation of dukkha (=suffering) via the riddance from its causes; nirvana also means the end of the samsara (=the endless circles of deaths and rebirths). The four noble truths of Buddhism state that 1. there is suffering which is 2. caused by the desires but 3. can be get rid of via eliminating the causes of it through 4. following the madhyama pratipad (=the Middle Way). Doing so allows one to eliminate the desires (passion, ignorance, and aversion), as well as one’s individuality, and, thus, to end the suffering. The state in which these desires are eliminated, or nirvana, is the state of the quietude of one’s heart; it transcends human comprehension. Nirvana means that one loses one individuality and breaks free of the samsara. Thus, nirvana is the final aim of a Buddhist, the release from all suffering. Importantly, it is open to any human who practices Buddhism. Holocaust is a significant challenge to Judaism because, according to Judaism, God actively participates in the history of humanity, and it is difficult to explain how He allowed for such a phenomenon as genocide of His chosen people. According to Judaism, 1. only one God exists, 2. He is involved in history, 3. Israelites are His “chosen people,” with whom he made covenants. Because of 1 and 2, it is possible that God “arranged” Holocaust (and no other supernatural force could have done so), or at least allowed it to happen, which is a challenge. This is especially strange considering that Israelites are his “chosen people.” Thus, it is unclear if God let the Holocaust happen, and if yes, then why; can a good God even allow let such things happen; did Israelites violate the terms of the contracts, or have they lost their status as the “chosen people”; and so on? It is also unclear whether to interpret Holocaust as a punishment for Jews’ sins, or as an atonement for the sins of other peoples. It is also hard to tell whether Judaists should preserve their traditional views, or reject them in the light of this catastrophe. Thus, the phenomenon of the Holocaust challenges the very basis of Judaism, according to which Israelites are the “chosen people”, the God is good, He intervenes in history, and should not have allowed for such a catastrophe to occur. A “miracle” can be defined as a happening in which the laws of nature have been violated; thus, it cannot occur due to natural causes on their own and is inconsistent with and incomprehensible from the point of view of science. In Christianity, a miracle occurs as a result of an intervention of God or a certain supernatural agent. The examples of Christian miracles include the resurrection of Christ (the pivotal miracle), as well as the virgin birth of Jesus, certain actions done by Jesus, etc. Numerous objections have been raised against the actual occurrence of miracles; one of the most prominent of them was offered by skepticist David Hume. It is hard to state that Hume claimed miracles could not occur; he questioned the rationality of believing in them based on testimony. In particular, he states that a law of nature is the regularity with no inclusions observed to it; thus, the evidence for a law of nature is extremely strong. On the other hand, a miracle is a violation of the laws of nature; thus, all the experience of humanity contradicts the claim that a miracle occurred. Besides, a miracle, as a highly improbable occurrence, needs extremely strong evidence to confirm it; on the other hand, the testimony is rather weak if compared to the evidence which shows that a miracle cannot take place. Thus, Hume concludes that a belief in miracles is unreasonable. Noteworthy, Hume’s argument is epistemological, but it is hard to object against the reality of miracles in principle. A miracle is by definition a violation of the laws of nature, so it cannot be objected to by referring to the laws of nature. Therefore, a miracle can be defined as a violation of the laws of nature; in Christianity, it is believed to be caused by a divine or otherwise supernatural intervention. There are some arguments against the reality of miracles; Hume’s epistemological argument is one of the most well-known ones. The five pillars of Islam are 1. shahadah or the confession of faith; 2. salat, or prayer; 3. zakat, or the obligatory tax in favor of the poor; 4. sawm, or fasting during the month of Ramadan, 5. hajj or a pilgrimage to Mecca. The five pillars of Islam are believed to be obligatory by the adherents of the faith and thought to constitute the foundations of a Muslim’s life. 1. Shahadah. Every Muslim is required to state: “there is no god but God (=Allah), and Muhammad is his prophet”. It must be recited at least once in the life of a Muslim, but is, in fact, the most common act of an Islamic adherent, resembling a prayer. 2. Salat. Muslims are required to pray 5 times a day: in the dawn, midday, afternoon, evening, and night. A Muslim must face Kaaba (in Mecca) while praying. 3. Zakat. A Muslim is obliged to pay a special tax to help the poor; usually, it equals 2.5% of a Muslim’s capital and income per year. 4. Sawm. Muslims fast during the month of Ramadan, which occurs at various times of the year. Muslims are not allowed to drink, eat, smoke, or have intercourse during daylight time. Only after dusk, the prohibition is lifted. 5. Hajj. Hajj is a pilgrimage to Mecca, which an adult must carry out at least once in their lifetime if they are capable of doing so. It occurs during the month of Dhu al-Hijjah. Thus, the five pillars of Islam are obligatory practices for any Muslim and are believed to form the basis of a Muslim’s life. * One of the key similarities between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam is that all of them (at least partially) use what is called the Bible by Christians. On the other hand, they use it to a different extent. Judaism only uses 24 books divided into 3 sections: Torah, Nevi’im, and Ketubim, together abbreviated as Tanakh. Christians utilize all these books, calling them (and some additional books, in some Christian groups) the Old Testament, and also use the New Testament. Finally, Muslims only use certain parts of the Bible, believing them to be a revelation from God, but believe that Bible is partially corrupted; the Quaran is regarded as the main book in Islam and is believed to have been dictated to Muhammad by God via Gabriel the angel. Interestingly, Muslims call Christians and Judaists “the people of the book”, and believe they still can be saved. * All the three religions are considered to be monotheistic. However, Judaism and Islam are strictly monotheistic, believing in one God. On the other hand, the Christian God is believed to be one and to be three simultaneously; the Trinity comprises the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. The Christian God is “one essence”, but, at the same time, three persons. * All the three religions believe in messiahs and prophets, in the Judgment Day, in Paradise, and Hell. All the three religions have their Commandments, and their adherents practice fasting. * In Christianity, Jesus is the son of God. In Islam, he is *a* prophet. In Judaism, he is a false messiah. * In Islam and Judaism, it is obligatory to have several prayers during the day.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The Gospel of Luke is the third of the four canonical gospels. It was thought to have been written by Luke the Evangelist, although this theory is unpopular in the scholarly community due to certain inconsistencies it creates. This essay explores the changes made to selected scenes from Mark by Luke and the possible motives for those alterations.

The Gospel of Luke is the third of the four canonical gospels. It was thought to have been written by Luke the Evangelist, although this theory is unpopular in the scholarly community due to certain inconsistencies it creates. This essay explores the changes made to selected scenes from Mark by Luke and the possible motives for those alterations.

Religious Studies. Luke’s Changes to Mark’s Gospel Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Changes to Mark 14:3-9 3. Changes to Mark 3:31-35 4. Conclusion 5. Works Cited Introduction The Gospel of Luke is the third of the four canonical gospels. Similar to Matthew, it draws on the material found in the Gospel of Mark for parts of its narrative while adding original stories and details. The Gospel of Luke is thought to have been written by Luke the Evangelist, although this theory is unpopular in the scholarly community due to certain inconsistencies it creates. This essay explores the changes made to selected scenes from Mark by Luke and the possible motives for those alterations. Changes to Mark 14:3-9 Mark 14:3-9 tells the story of a woman anointing Jesus at the table of Simon the Leper and the reaction to that action by the people around him. In Mark, the onlookers are angry that the woman would waste expensive perfume that could be sold and the money given to the poor. Jesus replies that she has done a beautiful thing in preparing him for his burial, as the poor would always exist, and people would always be able to help them, but Jesus would not always be on Earth. Luke, however, has the woman anoint Jesus’s feet with her tears and dry them with her hair. Furthermore, he describes her as a sinner, which is the reason for Simon’s question about why God’s prophet would so openly accept affection from such a person. Jesus responds by telling a parable of two sinners, making the point that one that is forgiven much will react more strongly than one who is forgiven little. According to Muddiman and Barton, many interpretations of the event exist, but the one they choose says that the story is meant to contrast Simon and the woman (154). The woman is a great sinner, but shows great love and is therefore forgiven, while Simon is a small sinner who remains content with his position and needs to learn from the incident if he wants to attain forgiveness. Changes to Mark 3:31-35 Mark 3:31-35 recounts Jesus’s gesture in which he describes all people that do God’s will as his mothers and brothers and sisters. He does this when the crowd he was conversing with tells him that his mother and brothers have arrived to emphasize the importance of faith over blood ties. The vital part in the context of this essay is Jesus’s rejection of Mary, his mother. Luke displays a different trend, as in his telling Jesus does not show such disdain for his family. According to Brooks, he also increases Mary’s role by inserting other situations that involve her, such as Luke 2:41-51 (15). Muddiman and Barton state that in Luke, Jesus presents Mary as his foremost disciple and a role model (257). They claim that this change of attitude is a part of the overall emphasis Luke places on the underprivileged classes, such as women. Conclusion The Gospel of Luke shows the progress of the Christian religious dogma since the time of Mark’s writing. It provides a religious context to situations that might not have previously had it, such as the anointing scene. In Luke’s telling, the event serves to teach a lesson about love and forgiveness, displaying the idea that great sins can be forgiven through love, but small ones require it as well. Furthermore, the Gospel of Luke places greater importance on the figure of Mary, who was mostly disregarded by Mark. Ultimately, the ideas displayed by Luke in the two passages do not contradict Mark’s primary religious principles but develop characters other than Jesus that have been neglected by the earlier writer. Works Cited Brooks, E. Bruce. “Four Gospel Trajectories.” Alpha, vol. 1, 2017, pp. 15-16. Muddiman, John, and John Barton. The Gospels. Oxford University Press, 2010.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The impact of Copernicus' and Galileo's on the idea of renaissance humanismRenaissance humanists were influenced by the work of Copernicus and Galileo to put further emphasis on the use of new scientific methods to solve problems.

The impact of Copernicus' and Galileo's on the idea of renaissance humanism Renaissance humanists were influenced by the work of Copernicus and Galileo to put further emphasis on the use of new scientific methods to solve problems.

Renaissance and Enlightenment Advancements Essay The impact of Copernicus’ and Galileo’s on the idea of renaissance humanism Copernicus published a theory indicating that the sun was at the centre of the universe and that all the planets and stars revolved around it (Sayre, 2012). This went against the popular science of the time, which held that the earth was at the centre of the universe, with the sun, moon and stars revolving around it (Sayre, 2012). Later, Galileo came to confirm Copernicus’ theory (Sayre, 2012). This confirmation led renaissance humanists to put further emphasis on the use of new scientific methods to solve problems. Once it was realized that science was stronger than religion in some aspects, the sciences was given further emphasis in schools and atheist communities began springing up. The impact of advancements in science and reasoning on the lives of people at the time of Enlightenment Developments in science and reasoning transformed the lives of people by forcing them to accept logically-proven information as the truth (Sayre, 2012). Prior to the age of enlightenment, most of the ideas that people had, were grounded on tradition and faith (Sayre, 2012). During the shift, people started believing less in superstition and more on facts derived from rational thinking (Sayre, 2012). The industrial revolution took place during the time of enlightenment and it had an impact on the lives of people. For instance, the dependence on agriculture was reduced and urban settlements started cropping up. Western countries, where the revolution first took ground became wealthier because they could exploit the resources that other countries did not know they had. Reference List Sayre, HM (2012). Discovering the humanities . New Jersey: Pearson Education.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The paper examines the differences in the beliefs of Democrats and Republicans, focusing on social ideas, political stances, healthcare issues, and economic prospects.The paper examines the differences in the beliefs of Democrats and Republicans, focusing on social ideas, political stances, healthcare issues, and economic prospects.

The paper examines the differences in the beliefs of Democrats and Republicans, focusing on social ideas, political stances, healthcare issues, and economic prospects. The paper examines the differences in the beliefs of Democrats and Republicans, focusing on social ideas, political stances, healthcare issues, and economic prospects.

Republican Versus Democrat Political Beliefs Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Examining Differences between Democratic and Republican Beliefs 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction There are two main parties in the United States, the Democratic Party, and the Republican Party. Each of them has specific beliefs regarding political, economic, social, cultural, and other issues. The philosophies of Democrats and Republicans vary significantly, and they are considered to be left-leaning and right-leaning, respectively. This paper aims to present the differences in the views of these two parties, focusing on social ideas, political stances, healthcare issues, and economic prospects. Examining Differences between Democratic and Republican Beliefs The Democrats are one of the oldest US political parties currently represented in Congress, the main principles of which are liberal-socialist views (Peele et al. 95). Established in the 19th century, this party perfectly adapts to any conditions and has been one of the key forces influencing the development of America. In their turn, Republicans make up the second major US political party, the most important principle of which is conservatism. The current president of the United States, Donald Trump, belongs to the Republican party that is oriented to a free market economy (Peele et al. 92). It advocates the strengthening of national defense and the independence of the energy of the United States. The first critical difference in the beliefs of Democrats and Republicans is simple politics. The former is more liberal as they believe that time is continually moving, causing the country and people to develop and adjust, for example following the changing environment (Peele et al. 95). Arms regulation or international actions may be dynamic according to the attitudes of the Democratic Party. In turn, the ideal of the Republicans is encapsulated by the notion of the America of the Founding Fathers. As such, Republicans could be said to be more supportive of historic values – the majority of them hold a rigid position about foreign policy challenges and prefer to maintain and consolidate American power positions in the world (Peele et al. 93). Along with foreign affairs, Republicans and Democrats have different views on domestic policy. Democrats rely on the government and claim that it should take care of people, thus contributing to socialism and equality in the United States. In contrast, Republicans rely on people and believe that everyone should take care of himself or herself since the state should give every person the opportunity to independently achieve what he or she wants. Another example to mention is the views on taxes. Democrats state that taxes need to be increased for the rich and reduced for the poor. Republicans argue that they should be the same for all because all people are equal (Lind et al. 153). Democrats also believe that the government should increase the minimum wage, but Republicans are against it because they are sure that this will hinder the small business. If employers cannot pay employees, it will damage the business, the economy, and the country as a whole. Focusing on the area of social ideas, one may point out that Democrats believe that it is necessary to increase spending on social programs such as food stamps and budget accommodation. Republicans, on the contrary, state that all this should be reduced since there is a lot of deception in this field (Grossmann and Hopkins). They provide the following arguments to support this stance: many people work unofficially and get coupons disguised as the poor; others do not look for a job at all and receive unemployment benefits, thus living at the expense of taxpayers. Republicans argue that if it is already decided to cut down on spending on various social programs, it is required to come up with some rules and laws to regulate the distribution of social benefits. In other words, Democrats put social security at the center of attention, while Republicans believe that the main goal is the economic growth of the country (Grossmann and Hopkins). However, all this is purely theoretical reasoning. In practice, none of them can implement their programs to the fullest extent. In health care, the beliefs of the mentioned parties are also opposite. Democrats believe that health care should be under the control of the state so that it would always remain accessible to any citizen (Kneeland 149). They favor the right of women to have an abortion, allowing them to select the proper option, while Republicans struggle for the rights of unborn children. The strong support of the government and universal care is seen by them as the most appropriate approach to ensure national well-being. Accordingly, Democrats value Medicare and Medicaid programs (Kneeland 150). On the contrary, Republicans consider that such an approach negatively affects the quality of health care services (Lind et al. 181). Instead, they claim that private organizations are capable of providing more qualified care. Another provision Republicans oppose is the requirement for American citizens to purchase insurance or receive a fine. The stance of immigration may also be identified as the issue that is viewed differently by Republicans and Democrats. The latter proposes the implementation of a moratorium on deporting, especially for those who have no criminal record or lived in the United States for a long period. Republicans tend to act against any illegal migrants and they provide funding for enforcement initiatives at borders (Kneeland 180). The fight against drugs, which has become a critical issue in the modern United States, also causes varying attitudes. The ultra-left wing of the Democrats supports the removal of any drug-related restrictions, and the same group of Republicans, who call themselves libertarians, adhere to the mentioned opinion. The Republican majority has a more rigid view of drugs, while the Democratic one takes an ambivalent position. The issue of same-sex marriage is associated with the controversial attitudes of both the Republican and Democratic parties. Since the campaign for the legalization of such marriages in recent years has noticeably intensified in the United States, it seems significant to examine this topic. The majority of Democrats support gay marriages, while Republicans generally oppose them (Kneeland 129). At the same time, both parties are characterized by some members who disagree with their parties’ leading beliefs related to same-sex marriages. Conclusion To conclude, it is important to stress that none of these parties is homogeneous as they include various opposing groups. Nevertheless, some clear differences may be noted between liberal Democrats and conservative Republicans regarding various spheres of life. Democrats stand for active government intervention in all spheres of socio-economic life, while also supporting decreased spending on military forces. In the social sphere, Republicans express the interests of the opponents of abortion, advocate for family values, and adhere to a strict policy about illegal migrants, military issues, foreign policy, and free-market wages. Works Cited Grossmann, Matt, and David A. Hopkins. “How Different are the Democratic and Republican Parties? Too Different to Compare.” Washington Post . 2016. Web. Kneeland, Timothy W. Today’s Social Issues: Democrats and Republicans . ABC-CLIO, 2016. Lind, Nancy S., et al. Today’s Economic Issues: Democrats and Republicans . ABC-CLIO, 2016. Peele, Gillian, et al., editors. Developments in American Politics . Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.

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