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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The text discusses the case of Martin, a 16- year old boy and in the 10 th year in St. Josephs High School who is facing a problem when it comes to his school, family, community, friends or social interactions with different people he is acquainted with. The information about the following areas should be studied to be able to develop a better view of Martin's case. Martin's life at home, the way Martin bonds with his family, his school life,

The text discusses the case of Martin, a 16- year old boy and in the 10 th year in St. Josephs High School who is facing a problem when it comes to his school, family, community, friends or social interactions with different people he is acquainted with. The information about the following areas should be studied to be able to develop a better view of Martin's case. Martin's life at home, the way Martin bonds with his family, his school life,

Social Work: Issues and Perspectives Report (Assessment) Introduction Social work is a discipline and a profession that includes the social theory and techniques to study and enhance the lives of the people, groups and societies. Social work is dedicated to the development of social justice, the life quality and the potentials of the people and the whole society (Sowers et al., 2008). Primarily, it addresses the social issues in different levels or economic status mostly among the needy and unfortunate people. The social workers work with different people, families, groups, organizations and community concerning about the social dilemmas, its causes, solutions and its effects (Thyer et al., 2007). Case Study Martin, a 16- year old boy and in the 10 th year in St. Josephs High School is facing a problem when it comes to his school, family, community, friends or social interactions with different people he is acquainted with. The information about the following areas should be studied to be able to develop a better view of Martin’s case. Martin’s life at home, the way Martin bonds with his family, his school life, how martin interacts with the school environment and reacts to the situations he encounters especially with different kinds of individuals such as his school professors, classmates, close friends and colleagues in a different manner. And the most important subject in martin’s case is the reaction of his parents, Miriam and Jean and his sister Emily. Life at Home Martin’s Family came from Belgium and started their living through winery and olive groves. The parents of Martin are working in a small organic grocery store to be able to increase and supplement their farm incomes. Martin has an older sister but she is not home to be an ear for martin because she stays in Sydney to concentrate on her studies. Interaction in School Martin has a close friend Terry who is an athletic boy and in fact he represents the school in the field of sports. Martin plays piano and practices regularly but eventually, his interests in music are fading. In addition to, Martin’s attention and focus in class is declining as he is having a hard time socialising with his colleagues in school. Apparently, the school counselor was informed by the English teacher of Martin about him hanging out with different level of individuals seen as bad influence to a 16- year old school boy. Those people are older than Martin and said to be users of illegal drugs and in worst case scenario, associated with the rumors of being in the local gay community. Discussion Assessment of the Case Martin’s relationship with his family is not as close as to the families who are physically present at home. In this case, the genogram can be viewed in a vague manner because the characters do not actually interact with each other emotionally (Ross et al., 2008). It basically depicts the working time of Martin’s parents and the absence of his sister because of her studies in other place. It is obvious that Martin is not close with his parents and they do not have an open communication. Thus, it evaluates the fact that less attention is given to Martin and more on the jobs handled by the parents which affects the behavior of the child (Grzywacz et al., 2002). On the other hand, the social life of Martin in school with his peers and the community outside the school can be viewed as the result of being neglected at home by his parents and in some cases by his sister as well. His interests in school declined as Martin lost self- esteem and motivation to go on and excel in school. Consider him being a musically inclined person, losing interest in playing or practicing piano and being with a different group of people who takes drugs and associated with the gay community. In that case, Martin seeks other colleagues where in he can express his emotions and escape from the dilemmas that he encounters at home with his parents. In addition to, the social worker examined on the part of Martin’s cultural background including the place where they came from can attribute the child’s behavior in the present (Popple et al., 2008). Intervention plan The social worker recognised that Martin is facing a great problem in the sense of lack of attention from the family most especially the parents. Time is questionable against the parents of Martin and presence from Emily, his sister. Consequently, this constitutes the involvement of the child in school activities because the personality and whole being of a child primarily begins at home. First, the social worker helped Martin to express his emotions and ideas about his case and be able to know the roots of the problem. This includes empathising and building good rapport with the child to get his attention and further discuss critical things about the situation. Next, the student social worker asked for assistance from the school counselor to help communicate with the parents of Martin if not the whole family. The social worker together with the counselor discussed the reasons why the child possessed the attitude of losing interest in school and joining other peers which may bring negative effects on Martin’s character. Theoretical perspectives Problem solving The main problem in this case is what Martin is facing with his family and how it negatively affects his interactions in school and his social life. Examining the given situation, it comprises Martin’s relationship with his parents and the lack of communication between him and his family. Martin’s parents are busy for their work while the attention of his sister is in studies that happen to be away from home. The social worker should be able to discuss the case with martin personally and figure out the reasons why Martin is losing interests on the things acquainted with school activities and academics as well. Perhaps, the social worker could talk directly to the parents of Martin and trace why Martin possesses such attitudes because it may either be a result of not properly treating their child. However, the social worker could discuss the case with Martin along with his parents to be able to hear both sides and give justice for the statements of the parents and the major character. The solution chosen to solve the problem is to talk to Martin first personally and discuss his involvement on the older people who were believed to be drug users, the reasons why Martin was motivated to engage in an illegal habit and acquaint with bad- influenced people and extract the solutions directly from the child. It means that, asking for the child’s opinion on what Martin wants to happen, whether keep it confidential and personal from other people or maybe from his parents is an effective strategy for the problem to be solved. The implementation of the solution to the problem should be with the school counselor and the persons involved in the case. The social worker could be the one to talk with Martin or it could also be the school counselor. The person to be in authority should be on a neutral side and not prejudge the conclusions about the possible outcomes of the case and the answers obtained from the child. After the evaluation from the child’s view, the concerned people should now analyse the situation whether to involve Martin’s external environment on the decision process of changing the child’s attitude from the present scenario and dilemmas he is facing. The evaluation follows after the analysation. It depicts that Martin’s problem rooted from his family and resulted to have a negative impact on his attitude and behaviour. Martin lost his self- esteem and seeks attention from other people who gave him full attention (Grinell et al., 2008). Unfortunately, the people he chose to be with are terrible and may lead him in a wrong path in the future. The Ecosystem Perspective This theoretical perspective on social work centered on the interaction between the person and his environment. To be able to understand Martin, the social worker should study the impact of the individuals present within the family (Martin’s parent and sister), the families present within the community or may be distinguished as school (the counselor, Martin’s closest friend, his piano and English teacher, and the older people) and the influence in the actions, beliefs and choices of the child. Through this perspective, the social worker can think of an intervention on how Martin can be helped (Harrington, 2005). Martin’s family faces the challenges of having a close communication with their son that is why they are having problems on recognising the struggles of Martin (Blalock, 1984). The parents thought nothing is wrong so they did not pay too much attention on their son; instead they focused on their work. This is the main point that is seen why Martin is some kind rebelling to be able to recognise by his parents. On the other hand, Martin has strengths that can be identified within the school environment; his piano teacher, Terry his closest friend who has a positive character and his English teacher who told the school counselor about Martin’s attitude. Reflections The importance of proper parenting in the behavior of a child is a major factor in the totality of Martin’s case. The support from the parents does not only mean providing the essentials for living in the sense of material things like shelter, food, education and the like but also love in terms of attention and appreciation of the child’s achievements (Greene et al., 2008). The social worker understood that being with older people outside the school is Martin’s defense mechanism to escape from the real world of complexities with his battling emotions from the family. It is considered like being a single child seeking for love and care from his parents and hunger for the attention of a sibling (Mizrahi, 2008). Conclusion Primarily, Martin’s case is associated with his problem within his family. He lacks attention from his family and because of that, the child seek the attention he wants from other peers. He was then active in school and in fact he got a close friend in the character of terry that brings a positive aura, but Terry being the one who will represent the school in the athletic field is also a busy person who can not handle and assist Martin’s dilemmas regarding the case. Despite the fact that he plays piano, it is not enough for him to be fully motivated to concentrate and draw his full attention into this field to think that he can use this craft as a defense mechanism (Grzywacz et al., 2008). Martin’s engagement with the negative people prevails that he wants an attention from people and who will give him appreciation as a person. Thus, Martin wants to be in the scene of the lives of the people who are important to him and escape from being neglected by his family. References Axinn, J. and Mark J. Stern (2008). Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need , 7th edition, Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. Blalock, H. M. 1984. Contextual effects models: Theoretical and methodological issues. R. H. Turner, J. F. Short, eds. Annual Rev. Sociology 10 353-372. Greene, R. R. (2008). Social Work with the Aged and their Families , 3rd edition, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Grinnell, R. M. and Yvonne A Unrau (2008). Social Work Research and Evaluation: Foundations of Evidence-Based Practice , 8th edition, Oxford, UK; New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Grzywacz, J. G., Almeida, D. M. and Daniel A. McDonald (2002). Work-Family Spillover and Daily Reports of Work and Family Stress in the Adult Labor Force, Family Relations , Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 28-36. Harrington, A. (2005). Modern Social Theory: An Introduction . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Mizrahi, T. and Larry E. Davis (2008). Encyclopedia of Social Work , 20th edition, Washington, DC; Oxford, UK; New York, NY: NASW Press and Oxford University Press. Popple, P. R. and Leslie Leighninger (2008). The Policy-Based Profession: An Introduction to Social Welfare Policy Analysis for Social Workers , 4th edition, Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. Ross, J. W., Hooper, L., Stenhouse, E. and Sheaff, R. (2008). “What Are Child-Care Social Workers Doing in Relation to Infant Mental Health? An Exploration of Professional Ideologies and Practice Preferences within an Inter-Agency Context,”. The British Journal of Social Work. Sowers, K. M. and Catherine N. Dulmus and others. (2008). Comprehensive Handbook of Social Work and Social Welfare . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Thyer, B. A. and John S. Wodarski (2007). Social Work in Mental Health: An Evidence-Based Approach . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The report compares two banks one is Saudi NCB and Societe Generale. Saudi NCB is located in Saudi Arabia and Societe Generale is in France. The report also talks about how the two banks are similar and different in their structure.

The report compares two banks one is Saudi NCB and Societe Generale. Saudi NCB is located in Saudi Arabia and Societe Generale is in France. The report also talks about how the two banks are similar and different in their structure.

Societe Generale and Saudi National Bank Comparison Report Abstract The report compares two banks one is Saudi NCB and Societe Generale. Saudi NCB is located in Saudi Arabia and Societe Generale is in France. Societe Generale is one of the leading financial institutions in euro zone. Its operation is scattered with corporate and investment banking. It is no 1 retail banking in France, 3 rd largest corporate and investment bank in euro zone, 4 th largest asset management bank in euro zone. In 2007 its net income is EUR 3.1 billion and return on equity is 18.9%. Saudi NCB is the first established bank in Saudi Arabia. In terms of capital Saudi NCB is the largest bank in Arab world. It is also biggest financial asset management in Arab world. Different type of principle is maintained by the bank. Societe Generale is based on interest rate and Saudi NCB is based on commission rate. Both banks operational strategy and maintenance is same. Both are diversified in asset and liability management, finance additional fund from derivatives. Introduction Augmentation of civilization and modernization is based on availability of fund. So, short term and long term loan is necessary for establishing a firm and to meet its current demands. So, banks are the best solution for these criteria. Before approaching towards any bank it is necessary to understand the financial structure of the bank and how the interest the interest rate is differs, the cost of capital and procedure of utilization of funds. This report is designated with a view to clarify these information and structure and comparison of two banks. Methodology To compare between two banks several points should be considered. These are: the operating structure of the financial institution, board powers, management structure, Bank risk management processes and internal controls, Regulatory supervision and reporting, Market penetration/segmentation/strategy/product mix, Asset/liability management, PL trends and analysis, Competitive analysis, technology usage/branching-domestic and international, strategic alliances, Loan/loss provisions and policies, Asset/liability diversification, Derivative product risk management, and Off balance sheet management. The differences and relationship have been evaluated between two banks. The recent published annual reports of respective banks are used. Theoretical aspects To illustrate the comparative study, various terminologies are used and clarified here. To analyze bank risk management country risk, liquidity risk, market risk, business risk, commission rate and interest rate risk should be taken into consideration. By changing the pattern of these risks overall transaction pattern and business strategy pattern are changed and these have direct influence over its financial condition. To show the marketing and promotional strategy marketing planning, strategy and segmentation and positioning have been conducted. Both of the banks are operating off balance sheet activities to generate revenue to meet internal finance and the procedure to maintain off balance sheet management is described here by using several financial instruments. According to Mishkin, F. S. (2003), ‘ Off balance sheet involves trading financial instruments and generating income fees and loan sales activities that affect banks profit but do not appear on bank balance sheet.’ Competitive analysis has been conducted with the comparison of Citi bank, UBS Pvt etc. The asset liability management has been shown with a view to show the gap between assets and liabilities. The asset liability management is a procedure to find out the gap of assets and liabilities to verify the firm’s ability to meet its current obligations. The operating structure of the financial institution, board powers, management structure The operational structure of Societe Generale is given below: * France (57%) * Europe (Outside of France) (24%) * Asia and Oceania (4%) * Americans (5%) * Africa and Middle East (10%) The percentage above shows the concentration of activities. The bank is more concentrated in France as it is home and not inclined to expand its major activities outside of Europe. Retail banking outside of France is concentrated as follows: * Europe: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece, Czech Republic, Romania, Russia, Serbia Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia * Mediterranean Basin: Algeria, Egypt, UAE, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia * Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameron, Ghana, Guinea, Madagascar, Senegal, Chad Asset management service is concentrated to The USA, UK, Continental Europe and Asia Saudi NCB is operated within Saudi Arabia, Middle East and GCC countries. Management structure of Societe Generale With a view to operate the overall banking activities the whole management system of Societe Generale is divided into several groups. The designations are listed below: * Board of directors * Chairman and chief executive officer of Societe Generale * Chief executive officer of group * Chief executive officer of Societe Generale * Company director * Honorary chairman of Societe Generale * Member of the council economic at social * Chairman of the management board of company financial * Global head of securities services for investors * Head of group communication * Deputy global head of corporate and investment banking * Chief financial officer * Global head of private banking * Deputy Head of retail banking * Head of strategy and marketing-Retail banking * Chief executive Investment banking- Europe * Head of international retail banking * Senior advisor to the chairman and chief executive officer * Head of specialized financial service * Head of corporate strategy * Global head of equity derivatives * Head of SOCIETE GENERALE payment services * Head of information systems in retail banking CEO of Societe Generale Americans * Directors * Audit committee * Nomination committee * The management structure of Saudi NCB is given below: * Chairmen * Management director * Board member s * Deputy managing director * Representative of general organization for social insurance * Chief financial officer * Assistant general manager * Chief operating manager * Head of corporate banking group * Head of retail banking group * Chief compliance officer * Corporate human resource manager * Head of group treasury * Personal financial services manager * Inspector general and Audit division manager * Investment services division manager * Chief credit officer * Financial and accounting control division * Information technology division manager * Corporate operations division manager * Western regional manager * Central regional manager * Eastern regional manger Board power The board of directors enumerates its strategy and prepares the guideline for implementation. Its internal rule is to examine the group’s strategy and take action against any misleading. The decision of acquisition, merging and takeover are implemented by the board of directors. Bank Risk Management Processes and Internal Controls Internal controls Societe Generale and Saudi NCB have some common internal control principles. Alleviation of bank risk by internal control system is a major issue. Both banks design the process with stable and durable plan.The internal control system has cleanness and can be understood by the staffs. Caution and warning in the state of progress is a major cause for controlling of the administration efficiency. Any misleading or fluctuation from standard is managed by taking influential steps and a special committee is maintained. So, it ensures the dependability and instant course of action. The internal system is separated from the execution committee. Bank’s management and board have the controlling power to maintain the internal control procedures. The controlling procedure evaluates the current misleading and course of action. Two types of control activities are used in Societe Generale. First one is the formation the internal control system and compliance of the procedure. Both the bank applied their internal control system at various levels and functions. The department involves in internal control of Societe Generale are: * The risk division * The group finance division * The division finance department * The group compliance department * The group legal department * The group tax department * The internal audit department * The general inspection department All these department report directly to the group general management except finance and audit division. Below an organizational chart involved in internal control department is given: Risk management procedure Risks arises form changes in the economical conditions. Societe Generale and Saudi NCB control these risks by forming a specialized team with essential tools. The risk management is same for all group divisions; the bank deals with credit, liquidity, market, operational, business, legal structure and capital risk. Societe Generale bank is facing the following risks: Credit risk The risk arises from the possibility of occurrence of default. It can be Default risk and Country risk. Default risk is when the borrower can not pay and country risk is when there are substantial changes in the pattern of invested country’s economy. The mitigated country risk in 2007 in Societe Generale is 2.1 billions of euros and Standard country risk is 3.2 in billions of euro. In Saudi NCB , for loans and advances and off balance sheet financing , the bank estimates the chance of default of borrowers using internal rating model. Societe Generale mitigates or lowers its risks by diversifying of loans, using collateral, internal grading and using derivatives. The table below shows the consumer and credit cards has more risk exposure. Loans and advances SAR ‘000 Consumer and credit cards corporate Others Due form banks an other financial institutions Standard 29894134 51169885 3717138 7128339 Special mention 789475 Past due but not impaired Less than 30 days 1098308 869015 90492 2057815 30-59 days 78786 420984 130032 629802 The table shows the amount in consumer and credit card sectors has more risk exposure as investment is higher. The second position is taken by government means more cash balances are maintained with SAMA and it is risk free. Societe Generale has more doubtful and distributed risks in France and second place is leaded by Western Europe. Liquidity risk From unavailability of enough fund liquidity risk is arisen. For managing the credit risks several tools are used. By managing monitoring on loan, identifying probable of risky loan, stipulate terms, setting the level of amount, independent auditing liquidity risk is measured and mitigated. Country risk For managing the country risks total counterparty exposure, Transfer risk exposure, highly stressed event risk scenarios, Country risk rating, Country risk limits, and Monitoring country risk tools are used. Market risk Market risk can be derived from interest and commission rate risk, exchange rate risk, equity rate prices. The banks always maintain the limits of interest rate and commission rate by considering risk premium and market rate of return. Exchange rate risk arises when the country’s currency rate fall below than expected level. For managing the exchange and interest or commission rate risk derivatives are used. Business risk Business risk can be arisen due to client behavior, market environment and technological changes. To manage the above risk both of the bank uses some approaches like economic capital, historical data analysis, value at risk and stress testing. Regulatory supervision and reporting Long term decisions are taken by the supervisory board. Both of the banks has established a supervisory board to ensures the laws and regulation are operated smoothly. Audit and management committee are formed to establish the risk management process and administrative efficiency. Saudi NCB is complied with SAMA, Saudi Arabia monetary agency. Regulatory and supervision board maintains the soundness of financial affairs. In the following way the procedure is established. Under regulatory and supervision banks are obliged to following reports to its central bank: * Asset and liabilities * Risk management * Investments and deposits * Credit exposure * Financial instruments * Capital adequacy * Asset liability management * Loan classifications Minimum capital requirement is a stipulated law for all banks. Currently cash balances with SAMA is and Societe Generale maintains 5206 million euros. Both of banks are required to comply with the bank principle. The key principles of two banks are not similar. One is interest based bank and another is commission based bank. So, the distinction between interest and commission is maintained rigorously in Saudi NCB. Under the central bank’s prescription the regulatory ratios are reserved: Risk based Capital 18576 Dividends -1339 General reserve for banking risk 284 Minority interests after appropriation of net income 1920 Preferred shares 2049 Prudential deductions -3129 Source: Annual report,2007 The adequacy capital is maintained by Saudi NCB and the figures are given below: Regulatory capital Capital adequacy ratio Core capital (Tier 1) 29609648 24% Core and 31048124 25.10% supplementary capital (Tire 1 and Tire 2) Market penetration/segmentation/strategy/product mix Preservation of a balance business mix and risk profile Aiming of high growth geographical areas and businesses Rehabilitating efforts to improve operating efficiency Reinforce sales drive Harnessing of cross selling of synergies The strategies followed by Saudi NCB are not diversified enough. It is only concentrating only customer and business banking. Though he global banking has been started, lacks of global braches hamper it. Market can be segmented into geographical and services basis: Geographical segmentation Societe Generale Saudi NCB France Saudi Arabia Europe (Outside of France) Middle east and GCC countries Asia and Oceania Americans Africa and Middle East The main activities of Societe Generale is concentrated on corporate and investment banking, retail banking and financial services, global investment management, corporate banking. Product mix The product mix is consisting four components: Product, price, place, promotion. Currently Societe Generale is operating g various kinds of products. Money management services are provided to meet up the requirement of working capital. Besides these regular functions it is also working as advisory, the advisory services include mergers and acquisition, financial sponsor, industry specialist. Asset/Liability management Asset liability management means to keep balance between assets and liabilities to maintain enough liquidity to meet short term and long term obligations. The on balance sheet and off balance sheet gap is estimated and derived out the fluctuation. This is determined to set a tolerance level and for monitoring process. By using gap model the present scenario of asset liability management of Saudi NCB is shown below: Non special SAR ‘00 Within 3 months 3-12 months 1-5 years over 5 years commission bearing On-Balance sheet gap -7987119 11086843 52471102 39190486 -94761312 Off-Balance sheet gap -2809500 1157137 -904134 2650246 -93749 Total special commission rate -10796619 12243980 51566968 41840732 -94855061 sensitivity gap Cumulative special -10796619 1447361 53014329 97855061 commission rate gap The bank is not able to meet its short term obligations as the figures are negative within 3 months. This means the total amount of short term asset in compare with liabilities are limited. Assets (In millions of euro) 0-3 months 3 months-1year 1-5 year over 5 year Inter-company eliminations Transaction with banks 213879 31787 41467 36311 -257330 Transaction with customers 101804 29518 83460 54284 -37495 Bonds and other debt securities 20309 55505 20075 16445 Liabilities Transaction with banks 241626 33912 49561 40145 -272883 Transaction with customers 180911 8497 23986 19189 -19150 Securitized debt payable 57558 24514 28236 23395 -35971 Gap -144103 49887 43219 24311 33179 From the asset and liability management chart of Societe Generale it is seen that the bank cannot meet its short term obligations. This may happen for if customers are not willing to deposit in bank so much rather they spends more. Profit and loss analysis Analysis of profit and loss is based on ratio analysis and DuPont system. The significance ratios of Societe Generale and Saudi NCB are presented below by trend lines: From the above graph the Net banking income is increasing over the year though ROE has not any standard level. The net income over the years is stable. The administrative efficiency is high as the net income gap with gross income is in a standard level. Firm attain in these income level as the group income level income is higher. The overall income level and cost to income ratio is quite satisfactory. Below the shares related structure is presented. It is satisfactory news for shareholder that the dividend payout ratio is increasing over the years. The earnings per share is also increasing over time. So, investors find it potential. 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Net dividend (In Eur) 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.5 3.3 Payout ratio (%) 31 39 62 41 43 Net yield (%) 4.4 3.6 3.8 3.3 3.2 EPS 6.78 5.35 3.41 6.07 7.65 Below the graph of Saudi NCB is presented. The graph shows the relationship between two years. It is seen that between special commission and net income there is enough gap. So, the management efficiency is high. The bank is able to earn more income besides its normal banking operations as operating income is higher and in 2007 it is slightly increasing. The Earning share in 207 is 4.01 decreased form previous years 4.18. Competitive analysis, technology usage/branching-domestic and international, strategic alliances Competitive analysis The competitive performance is varying with perfectly competitive movement. The commercial banks should concentrate on market niche. The most commercial banks are involved with large corporate borrowers and does no t concentrate on the small and medium enterprise. So it’s a lucrative opportunity for Societe Generale. Here the competitive pressure is reasonable. The slot is gainful. As the large banks are facing problems to finance in the industrial area the small sized banks are getting more advantages as large amount of financing are done form direct finance. Form the picture below the scenario can be comprehended: Item Societe Generale Citigroup Inc. Foreign Money Center Banks Market Cap 54.95B 121.38B 43.89B Revenue (ttm): 40.68B 48.99B 11.03B Operating Margins 25.13% -28.74% 30.51% Net Income 6.23B (6.61B) 2.73B EPS 7.56 -1.33 2.51 P/E 6.95 11.8 On the other hand Saudi Arabia banks are facing more advantages in lending in industrial financing. The largest banks are making more profit through financial services and trading securities Technology usage/branching-domestic and international In technology using Societe Generale is in ahead than Banque Saudi NCB. It is equipped modern technologies like internet, extranet, intranet, ATM, e-payment system, online banking, cellular banking and etc. Loan loss provision and policies The criteria for identify the impaired loans and advances include: Recognized with accounting period and balance sheet, the impairment of loan will affect the overall cash flow pattern and the amount off loan loss can be estimated. To recognize the loan loss as independently, all the relationships of counter party are assessed. The major conditions are whether there is violation of contract, financially distraction or misbehavior in interest rate or principle payments. The collectively loan loss is determined by evaluating impairment of loan is individually significant but there is no significant evidence. The risks are recognized and an allowance is estimated. Based on historical data on homogeneous group a probable loss and allowance are estimated. When deutsche Societe Generale sees any damaged loans the previous accrual interest is considered as interest income and a separate provision of loss is shown in the income statement. When it is manifested that the certain loan is irrecoverable the amount is charged off against loan loss provision The following table shows the allowance for loan loss for each component. Allowance for credit losses of Saudi NCB is given below: Amount in SAR ‘000 Credit cards Consumers Corporate Others Performing loans and advances 1552970 29568983 53596322 3938169 Non-performing loans and advances 25927 716044 1114386 110676 Provision for credit losses 138172 914047 1658517 58666 The majority allowance goes to commercial loans and maximum loan is written off against consumer loan. For different sectors the loan loss allowance is given below: (SAR ‘000) 2007 Agricultural and fishing 31702 Manufacturing 293299 Electricity, water, gas, and health services 15307 Building and construction 72252 Commerce 597996 Transportation and communication 62828 Services 10289 Consumer loans and credit cards 418565 other 37998 Source: Annual Report 2007, Saudi NCB Societe Generale is more concerned in France and Western Europe as investment is more over there. So a specific and special provision is maintained. Asset/liability diversification Asset diversification Asset diversification is superior enough for Saudi NCB as it holds more liquid asset for meet its current obligations but Societe Generale is maintaining better than Saudi NCB. Saudi NCB is containing conventional procedure of maintaining assets. The significant portions of Societe Generale asset classification are: Liability diversification Societe Generale is diversifying its liabilities it’s on a maturity basis. There are five segments of classifying liabilities. The short term liabilities are maintained for matching with operating assets. On the other hand long term deposits for more than 5 years are not funded enough. It can be inferred that customers are not willing to go for long term benefits. The item below is the diversification of liabilities: The shareholders and liabilities diversification of Saudi NCB is given below: Derivative product risk management Every bank conducts various derivatives to reduce the risks. These derivatives include swaps, hedging, forward contract, provision and etc. To determine the derivatives management the following g steps are taking: 1. Based on the spread and volumes, traders bids for quote to other participants. 2. Managing risk position is important for setting the limits of carrying risk or the estimation of risk from probable return 3. Engage in trading when price or interest rate belongs to a expected level To manage the future rate of interest hedging is used. This will fix the interest rate and avoid uncertainty of both parties. The summary of derivatives of Societe Generale is given below: (In millions of euro) Asset Liabilities Interest rate futures 0 0 Currency futures 5218 5181 Other forward contracts 5447 4666 Interest rate swaps 68731 69427 Currency financing swaps 54 38 Forward rate agreements 248 216 Interest rate options 8474 8597 Currency options 3002 2393 Options on stock 19035 22130 The summary of derivatives of Societe Generale is given below. The bank is more involve in notional amount. IN over 5 years it has less uses of derivatives. Derivatives Positive Negative Notional Within 3-12 1-5 Over 5 years fair value fair value amount total 3 months months years Commission rate swaps 57429 25045 7186982 534972 3529460 43274368 383160 Forward foreign 64209 58187 43776270 30204137 13572133 139072 27036890 exchange contracts Currency options 18285 25759 9046852 9046852 Equity options 5549 559 105019 60011 45008 60009 Commission rate 86654 83800 1891082 15500 1875582 5797846 futures and options Off balance sheet management Saudi NCB Significant off balance sheet items Bank’s commitments and contingencies of the contractual maturity structure are given below: In millions of euro Loan commitments received from bank 3819 Guarantee commitments received from banks 33826 Commitments received on securities 13553 Foreign exchange transaction 350968 Loan commitments granted 94517 Guarantee commitments 116884 Commitments made on securities 11450 Foreign exchange transaction 349240 The commitments and contingencies are given below: Within 3 years 3-12 months 1-5 years Over 5 years Gurarntees 3703272 6306941 7487404 563480 Letter of credit 7247025 2557933 1279128 Acceptances 1749098 970780 86610 Irrecoverable commitments to extend credit 168750 675000 Operating lease obligations 639 1027 762 1815 Source: Annual report 2007, Saudi NCB The main problem arises for these two banks is principal agent problem. One might bet for more risk and another for less. So, a debacle between two may hamper the operational and decision making activities. To prevent this, the trading activities and book keeping activities must be separated. The risk tolerance has been set by these firms. The Societe Generale has developed a statistical model which can estimate the loss may occur. So, from this statistical model the diversification of off balance sheet item can be determined. Another approach is developed by Societe Generale, is stress testing. This tool tastes the extreme level of tolerance at full default. So, what amount of provision should be kept can be estimated. Web Source finance.yahoo.com finance.google.com sama.gov.sa www.socgen.com Appendix Net income from different segments (In billions of euro) – Societe Generale 2005 2006 2007 Corporate and investment banking 8.4 9 9.7 Retail banking and financial services 2 2 2.3 Global investment management 4.4 4.7 4.7 Profit and loss of Saudi NCB SAR “000 2006 2007 Special commission income 8996330 10498732 Net special commission income 5684135 6491931 Operating income 9291652 9882181 Income form operations 6247716 6047634 Net income 6273191 6037515 EPS 4.18 4.01 Liabilities and asset diversification of Saudi NCB Cash and balances with SAMA 22004138 Due from banks and other financial institutions 7125419 Investments net 85603894 Loans and advances , net 87854075 Investments in associates 905234 Other real asset 269721 Property and equipment 1768229 Other asset 3186440 Due to banks and other financial institutions 28486851 Customer’s deposits 142825462 Debt securities issued 2623029 Other liabilities 5172160 Share capital 15000000 Statutory reserve 8070050 General reserve Other reserve 2988165 Retained earnings 2122873 Proposed dividend 1350000 Breakdown of specific provisions by geographical region Asia 4 Eastern Europe 8 France 52 Latin America 3 Middle east and Africa 15 North America 3 Western Europe 15 Bibliography Brigham, E. F., & Houseton, J. F. (2004), Fundamentals Of Financial Management, 10th Edition, Thomson south-western, Singapore, ISBN:0-324-17829-8, pp. 244-294, 350-378. Ball, L., (1999), Policy Rules for Open Economy, Taylor, J., ed., Monetary Policy Rules, University of Chicago Press, pp.120-145 Clarida, R., J. et al (2000), Monetary policy rules and macroeconomic stability: Evidence and some theory, Quarterly Journal of Economics 115(1), pp. 150–172. Mishkin, F. S. (2003), Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets plus MyEconLab Student Access Kit, 7th ed., Addison Wesley, Ition, ISBN-10: 0321200497. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. (2008), Accounting Encyclopedia, Ultimate Reference Suite. Pp. 560-561. Societe Generale Group (2007), Annual Report and Accounts- 2007, Paris, France. Saudi NCB Group (2007), Annual Report and Accounts- 2007, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Kotler, P., and Armstrong, G. (1999), Principles of Marketing, Prentice Hall of India, 07 (P194-233).

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Provide the full text for the following summary: In every organization, there has to be a structure. Since time immemorial, structures in organizations have been inevitable. In this century, formal organizations have changed so much from the way we do things and how we do them. It is very different from the way things used to be done in the last century where formal organizations basically practiced bureaucracy. Formal organizations have come a long way.

In every organization, there has to be a structure. Since time immemorial, structures in organizations have been inevitable. In this century, formal organizations have changed so much from the way we do things and how we do them. It is very different from the way things used to be done in the last century where formal organizations basically practiced bureaucracy. Formal organizations have come a long way.

Sociology. Evolution of Formal Organizations Research Paper In every organization, there has to be a structure. Since time immemorial, structures in organizations have been inevitable. In this century, formal organizations have changed so much from the way we do things and how we do them. It is very different from the way things used to be done in the last century where formal organizations basically practiced bureaucracy. Formal organizations have come a long way. In the past century, employers were imposing extraordinary standards of discipline on the untrained workforce as a result of fines imposed on the factory owners. The formal structures concentrated more on dominating others and employees had to follow the laid down structure other than questioning anything. This was based on the fact that if people were let informally, they were thought to put their interest first instead of the organizations’. An organization structure explains the way authority flows in an organization. It could flow from top to bottom, bottom to top, or even horizontally (Chang 2004). The two main categories of structures are informal and formal structures. A formal structure is what is laid on a piece of paper while the informal one is not. In most cases, an informal structure develops along the way as people continue to interact, people tend to forget the formal structures as they find it easier to work with informal structures. The employees find working informally as time-saving and tend to discover new ways of doing things. The formal structures in the last century concentrated more on the specialization of a particular task. This means continually and no change of task, there was no social interaction and instead, there had to be a strict limitation of interaction among employees to avoid time wastage. In the last century, the authority had to flow in a vertical way, meaning from top to bottom there was no room for questioning authority. The employees were responsible for every wastage of resources even though the resources were purchased by the organizations. Organizations rewarded their employees on a regular salary and most of the work done was full time. In case of anything an employee has prospects of career advancement, then that meant a salary increase. New employees got their jobs only through technical qualifications (Weber 1968). However, with time the formal organizations have changed. They have discovered the need for change from the past century’s mistakes. Today’s formal structures have discovered the need to involve the employees in most decision-making rather than being bureaucratic. Comparing with the last century, formal organizations have discovered that the vertical flow of authority is more chaotic. When some departments are not involved in decision-making, they become frustrated and feel isolated which can affect morale in the workplace. Therefore, in this century, organizations are being flexible and all employees are involved in decision making and their views are sort before implementing new rules. Today’s formal organizations highly value human skills as an asset to the organization. Mostly, employees are not recruited on technical competence only, but also in regard to merit. Formal organizations are also recruiting fresh graduates with no technical experience so as to train them and give them an opportunity to work. In turn, these organizations are enjoying fresh blood in the organization. A century ago, specialization was highly regarded, unlike today. Formal organizations have realized that monotony creates boredom and inefficiency at work. Therefore, there has been a need to interchange employees in their duties in order to make them multi-skilled. In terms of compensation, employees are now not only given salary but are also given bonuses, allowances, commissions, and other awards, for instance, ’employee of the year award’ (Scott1962). Recently, most organizations have realized that as much as they are not the same, so is their structure different and therefore need to study their organizations well and know the best structure for them. The current trends in formal organizations are fascinating. There is technology, unlike in the past where people had to meet face to face in order to strike deals. Currently, there are calls, computer networking, easy storage of information and this has improved efficiency and productivity in the organizations. There has been great improvement in companies as a result of modernization. Organizations now have set rules on how to run their organizations which brings an organized environment. In the current trend, communication is mainly done via telephone, letters, or email. In the past, work used to be done in a particular way and employees had to work towards a stated goal and at the end of the day be answerable to a specific supervisor. However, times are changing and new work methods have come up. The most common being the open, flexible method. This method has overshadowed bureaucracy, employees are finding room for creativity. Healthy competition is being developed among teams and the organizations are now going for multi-skilled employees and consequently, specialization is becoming a thing of the past. Employees are now working towards generalized goals thus, enabling employees to view each other as colleagues other than competitors. However, the new work methods are not applicable to all caliber of employees. The highly skilled staff are enjoying it more than the lower-level staff who are now working extra hard. Bureaucratic organizations are still in place for these lower-level employees since they still have supervisors above them and still remain at the bottom. Similarly, organizations that deal with only one type of product remain to be bureaucratic since they no longer offer room for creativity. In Micah’s organization, the structure is conventional and bureaucratic that makes him very uncomfortable, and would want to leave to go to an open flexible organization. In these organizations, there seems to be a problem in interrelationship. There is no room for employees to interact with their supervisors, new rules are just imposed on them without questioning and indeed there is no room for the informal structure. In these organizations, work is done as a ritual behavior due to specialization and this brings about boredom no wonder Micah wants to move to another organization. According to these organizations, people with no or fewer qualifications occupy a position with most tasks. These can be so de-motivating and unfulfilling. These characteristics of these formal organizations are likely to change to be more open and flexible. This is because in the modern world most organizations are up to satisfying their customers due to the increased competition. Therefore, at one time the organizations have to bend rules to reach customers faster, rather than following all the departmental rules. There is also the issue of these organizations following a hierarchy where a department relies on another department. This is likely to change since when one department fails then the rest also fails automatically. This will have to change especially if the workload is much for organizations and also these departments have to be responsible for their own delays to ensure other departments do not lag behind. In regard to the relationship in organizations, Micah’s organization is just based on organizational rules being very important rather than the individual’s, yet in reality, every work done relies heavily on human care, creativity, commitment, frustration, and morale. This will then have to change and be considered before working, thus boosting productivity. These organizations will eventually embrace change by building teams, promoting openness of communication, that is, from the president to the receptionist and this will generate understanding and innovation as well as great respect for one another. In a case study found in (www.kaschassociates.com/orgcom), these formal organizations will have to embrace change since their priority now shifts to customer satisfaction and so rules have to be twisted in order to meet customer’s needs. Generally, in the future, the formal organizations will still be categorical, that is, there will still be the two classes of employees, the lower class, still having to work extra hard than they are doing and bureaucracy still on their neck. However, the upper class of employees will be entitled to a more flexible and open structure that will create room for creativity moreover a conducive environment for working. The type of work environment will also depend much on the type of work done, for instance, a shelf stocker cannot be compared to a machine operator, the machine operator may require a longer deadline to repair the machine while the shelf stocker is given only 2 hours to stock the shelves, there may need to work as a team for the machine operator to save time and work efficiently. According to a case study done by Scott (1962), most formal organizations are recognizing informal organizations since they turn to be a motivator to the employees. Workgroups that form in formal organizations tend to recognize each other’s efforts which in turn increases loyalty amongst the employees. However, if the formal organizations are to embrace informal organizations so much, then an employee who has been rewarded by an informal organization may not find a promotion by a formal organization relevant. In conclusion, formal organizations will keep on changing. What we have today is not what we had in the last century and so a lot is expected to evolve as the organizations embrace new techniques. References Scott, R. (1962), Formal Organization. Chandler pub.co, pp 158. Weber,M. (1968), Economy&Society (vol.3), pp 67. Chang, P, Y, (2004), Evolution of mobilizing structures &movement frames, pp 75. www.kaschassociates.com

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The essay discusses the importance of family in the socialization process and how it can affect an individual's development. It also talks about the fear and anxiety that teenagers feel when they are transitioning from one role to another.

The essay discusses the importance of family in the socialization process and how it can affect an individual's development. It also talks about the fear and anxiety that teenagers feel when they are transitioning from one role to another.

Sociology in the Films ‘Into the Wild’ by Penn and ‘Superbad’ by Mottola Essay (Critical Writing) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main text 3. Summary 4. References Introduction The sociology class has been extremely educational and informative. Numerous aspects of life were learned by way of the various theorists and their educational theories. However, the three most important things which I learned from the class are as follows. Main text Socialization being an ongoing and educational process begins from childhood, and the role of the family in the process of socialization is immense. Family is a crucial factor in defining an individual’s ideas, beliefs, personality and self-esteem. The development of positive self-esteem and the ego are important for an individual to face the society and life with confidence. In the movie, ‘into the wild’ the protagonist of the film, Chris, goes on an adventurous journey and lies to the family regarding his whereabouts. A glimpse into the family scene provides us the reasons for Chris’s behavior. The disillusionment and lack of security he has acquired from his parents’ distorted marriage plays a crucial role in devastating not only his excellent academic and sports career but also ultimately his life. By the time he realizes the true meaning of life by way of his journey, it is too late and Chris dies. Thus the important agents of socialization in his life, his parents, played havoc in his life by illustrating behavior that negatively affected the psychological development of Chris and changed the course of his life, towards death. What we must understand is that growth and development of children in favorable environment is crucial so that they can face life and its challenges with confidence rather than with disillusionment, like in Chris’s case. We also learn about the fears and anxiety in the life of teenagers, in their transition from one role to another. In the film, ‘Superbad’ the two friends, Evan and Seth are apprehensive of departing school and the secure atmosphere of home and friendship. In the film, the two teenagers exemplify the true nature of friendship and do funny things to get themselves invited to a party, even if it is at the cost of faking their identity. This highlights the mindset of the youth and their emotional weakness, which is present in the protagonists of both the films, but the actions being radically different. Both the films give us useful insight into the minds of the youth and illustrate the socialization process and upbringing that is severely wanting. The illustration of the emotionally weak youth and the insecurity they experience teaches one of the potential problems the American teenagers today face. Sociological theories, particularly Mills’ theory and argument regarding the psychological problems of teenagers, states that “‘nowadays men often feel that their private lives are a series of traps’. Mill further explains that the prime reason for this is the inability of the men to “fully understand the greater sociological patterns related to their private troubles” because their “visions and their powers are limited to the close-up scenes of job, family [and] neighborhood”. The solution which Mills offers to this problem is by developing a “social imagination” which is the a manner of “understanding the interaction between individual lives and society,” and this “quality of mind” ultimately allows the individual to “grasp” the “history and biography and the relations between the two within society” Lack of confidence, nervousness and fear are apparent in the youth, an issue which calls for serious attention. It’s high time children and their growth, not only physical but also the mental and psychological is given equal importance. The development of the ego or self-esteem occurs in an atmosphere of love, affection, trust and confidence. In situations where the atmosphere or the setting is wanting even in one of the mentioned factors, distortion of the family occurs and ultimately children begin to suffer. The situation seems to be additionally grave in the U.S. with more and more nuclear families and divorced parents. The condition gets really serious when single parents, especially mothers strive to make both the ends meet, with two jobs, leaving little time and patience for quality time with children. In contrast the Asian countries for instance India has cultures and traditions, like joint family systems, religious education of children and strict marital rules which are highly beneficial for the development of children in all aspects. The rapid development of these countries is proof of the fact that the youth are highly motivated, geared and confident to face the challenges of the new globalized world. Thus, there are numerous cultural differences in the socialization process between any two countries, for example, America and India. The depiction and open discussion about sex among the youth are absolutely normal in the U.S. and films regarding sex, such as ‘Superbad’ are not only accepted but also get critical acclaim. In contrast, sex is taboo even in the current times and the cultural norms of India do not consider it decent or respectable to discuss sex-related topics. Besides, even films where the main theme is sex are not very well accepted in the Indian society. The knowledge of the impact of the environment, upon individuals, along with the impact of cultures, are important paradigms for understanding the social problems of the youth of the current generation. Such a comprehension is vital to the study and to sociologists in particular, because youth and teenage are the primary years in the life of an adult when life takes its course towards a better or worse career and future. Therefore the knowledge of the psychological youth pressures will enable a deep insight into their problems which is essential to devise corrective strategies. Warm, loving and secure homely atmospheres are conducive for the healthy psychological growth and development of children. Parents work and struggle with their jobs. Extramarital affairs, verbal assaults and the rapidly deflating cultural systems provide no opportunities for children to be happy. In such cases children look outwards, rather than inwards into the family, for support love care and happiness. They idolize film actors, friends, and college studs as their role models. They begin to visualize themselves like them so that they can be acceptable in society and in this process of socialization the children lose their true identities, and drift away from family relations. Morals and ethics are rapidly lost and the independent views of society which the children and youth development are far from real. The children and the youth of any country are its future and in order to stabilize and secure the future, the children and youth must be provided with a sense of security and belonging so that they can develop into healthy and confident individuals. Care must be taken by the important agents of socialization in the children’s life, primarily their parents to see that the children receive enough love and support to advance in life. Home should be the place where the child should love to get back and relax, rather than one where there are disagreements, abuses and quarrels. Summary The most vital thing which I have learned in this class is that positive socialization also occurs in the course of academics especially so when the teachers are good. The theories learned in this class will stay with me for life and will play a crucial role in setting a secure and safe atmosphere at home. I will certainly aspire to put to use all the things which I have acquired in this class, and try to bring a positive change in society, even if I am the only one trying to do so, for, drops of water make an ocean. References Film ‘Into the Wild’ by Sean Penn. Film ‘Superbad’. Luhman R., 1982. The Sociological Outlook: A Text with Readings, Belmont.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The connection between the numerous acts of protest through history can be assigned to different factors. The mutual goals of these protests were always to create changes and attempting to transform one state of life conditions to another, to a better state as intended.Although the methods, the outcomes, and the historical backgrounds of the peasant protests in Malaysia and the Rebellion in Kenya differ, they are both motivated by the same factors: poverty and the taking away of what is considered to be yours.

The connection between the numerous acts of protest through history can be assigned to different factors. The mutual goals of these protests were always to create changes and attempting to transform one state of life conditions to another, to a better state as intended. Although the methods, the outcomes, and the historical backgrounds of the peasant protests in Malaysia and the Rebellion in Kenya differ, they are both motivated by the same factors: poverty and the taking away of what is considered to be yours.

Sociology: Peasant Protest and Rebellion in Europe Essay The connection between the numerous acts of protest through history can be assigned to different factors. The mutual goals of these protests were always to create changes and attempting to transform one state of life conditions to another, to a better state as intended. Whether it peasant protest, a rebellion, or systemic protest they differ in the methods and mostly coincide in circumstances, they demonstrate what the differences in social conditions may lead to, proving that most of the mentioned protests are led against the hegemony of wealth and power resulted in the extreme difference between the highest and lowest layers of society. In the book entitled “ Global Problems and the Culture of Capitalism ” by Richard Robbins, the different historical backgrounds of human protests are followed and the author gave an objective overview of the most significant events of this category. Taking examples to compare and to find connections between two of the examples given it is seen that peasant protest in Malaysia and the Rebellion in Kenya are different in the methods, the outcome, and the historical background. The protest against which started against the land rent raises and obviously human greed was the result of the green revolution which provided the building of two dams in Malaysia. The sudden change of the land’s value after the peasants started to harvest the fields twice the year, awake the desire to earn more in Malaysian landlords. The raised value of land started the wave of unfair contention from people outside of the village who were willing to pay more and to substitute the human efforts with harvesting machines leaving the peasants without work. Another example is the rebellion in Kenya, which although ended as a political revolution, started similarly as land deprivation by Britain’s settlers. The state of overall poverty of Kenyan people along with the prolonged drought, smallpox, and cattle disease, started the rebellion in Kenya which resulted in more than eleven thousand victims in what considered being the first African liberation movement. Analyzing these two historical events, while omitting the political background of the British colonization, the reasons, and motives of both cases are the same. Poverty and taking away what is considered to be yours result in almost every act of protest in history, these motives with the desire for equity which modern capitalism rejects pushes the desires of people to reject and repair the injustice. In examining the other forms of protest which comparing to the previously mentioned which were more of a result of globalization, the protest, and strikes against the system can identify as the result of capitalism which in bringing new aspects of innovation and development also brought waves of disapproval around the globe. The examples given compare the two revolutions in 1848 and 1968 from the same perspectives, the motives, background, and the results. The first revolution which started in 1848 in France as a workers protest and rapidly spread throughout Europe, although did not achieve their goals it started two different movements which set the tone for all the subsequent protest that followed in the world. The first movement is the worker’s movement which fought against the exploitation of the working class in the industrial world. The immediate response for this revolution was not achieved, although it started to set the probability of future negotiation and by 1945 as a result of forming labor unions and in some countries political power the overall improvement was attained. The second movement that resulted from the 1848 revolution was the national liberation movement which was mostly to gain freedom in colonized countries, started by mid-class layer, and the movement almost stopped by 1968 when all the countries gained their independence. The second revolution was in 1968 which started as a student protest against the war in Vietnam, although it had a deeper meaning as it was a revolution against the groups which resulted from the movements of the first revolution. It is needed to understand that this concept is generally speaking not about the concrete organization as the period between 1868 and 1968 contained a lot of movements, this article covers the most significant trying to keep the chronological order and the effect-result basis. The protests in 1968 in general though varied in different countries in the pushing factors, they all against the old oppressing regime that being in power did not solve the different social problems that were existed. The movements that resulted and followed after 1968 were different might seem addressing different targets such as capitalism, the blacks, the Jews, world globalization in fact address social problems in the first place. From the examples mentioned, it becomes obvious that the protestants in all the cases rejecting and fighting for the rights and improving their social statuses were not targeting the system which led to their state. Instead, they fought what represented the system in their opinion, symbolic figures which in some cases had no personal profit from the oppression or the exploitation the protestants were suffering. The problems occurring will still be existed as long as by the end of the new revolution and until the new one, the effects will continuously diminish until the new blood will be poured into the system. Works Cited Robins R. “Global Problems and the Culture of Capitalism”. 4 th edition. Pearson Allyn and Bacon. (2004).

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The Lieder cycle (song cycle) is a grouping of individually complete songs linked by one of several unifying factors that flourished in the Romantic era. The defining factor in the song cycle is the presence of some identifiable element that provides cyclical coherence.

The Lieder cycle (song cycle) is a grouping of individually complete songs linked by one of several unifying factors that flourished in the Romantic era. The defining factor in the song cycle is the presence of some identifiable element that provides cyclical coherence.

Song Cycle: Term Definition Essay The Lieder cycle (song cycle) is a grouping of individually complete songs linked by one of several unifying factors that flourished in the Romantic era. The defining factor in the song cycle is the presence of some identifiable element that provides cyclical coherence. This element may appear either in the text, in the music or in both. The earliest texts related a story, providing cyclical coherence through the narrative itself. Sometimes the songs may be linked by a central idea or theme. In other examples, cyclicism among songs might be a musical coherence that can be manifested in any of several ways including the use of instrumental interludes, a recurring melodic motive or harmonic progression or the presence of a tonal plan. The Lieder cycle was important in the uniquely Romantic genre, the German art song or Lied, a piece written for a single voice with piano accompaniment. The Lieder cycle – presenting a dramatic episode in verse set to music- was considered a reflection of the Romantic penchant for merging of the classic forms of epic, lyric and drama. The Romantics embraced two essentially incompatible scales of form: miniatures (in their songs, poems and short piano works) and grand gestures (in lengthy novels and symphonies). The song cycle was a hybrid genre, a combination of several miniatures into an oversized whole. As the nineteenth century progressed, the song cycle gained even more momentus as individual songs grew shorter. Ludwig van Beethoven composed the first recognized Lieder cycle, Au die ferme geliebee (to the Distant, Beloved, 1815-16), a setting of six poems by Aloys Jeitteles. Beethoven achieves cyclic coherence both textually and musically. The textual connection is an essential factor as the poetry is a narrative based on the daydreams of a lover separated from his beloved. Beethoven also links the poems musically, both tonally and through transitional passages between the songs. Further musical coherence takes place when the cycle comes to an end with the return of musical material from the opening song. Franz Peter Schubert’s well known cycle, Die schone Mullerin (The Lovely Miller Maid, 1823: twenty poems by Wilhelm Muller) depicting the fortunes and misfortunes of a wayfaring young miller, was often acted out in the private salon gatherings of artists drawn to Schubert (Schubertiads). In addition to the textual cohesion provided by the story, Schubert unites several of the songs musically with related accompaniment figures to suggest the nearby brook beside with the narrative unfolds. Schubert’s other great cycle, Winterreise (Winter Journey, 1828: twenty four poems by Wilhelm Muller), in the absence of an explicit narrative threat, combines the predominant Romantic literary themes of wandering, alienation, nature, and unrequited love. Neither of Schubert’s song cycles evidence tonal coherence. Robert Schumann felt that key relationships between songs in a cycle were paramount. So, he organized the major portion of his songs into cycles, grouped by such components as poet, subject, mood or key association. The sixteen songs of his crowning achievement, the well known cycle Dischterliebe (Poems of Love, 1840; poetry by Heinrich Heine), while distinct, are tonally linked, with adjacent songs in the cycle set in related keys. Moreover, recurring motives, melodic figures and harmonic progressions infuse the cycle, in the face of jarring mood shifts between songs. The late nineteenth century saw the Lieder cycle become less precisely defined as exclusive from the song collection. The distinction between the cycle and the collection is most blurred in the work of Johannes Brahms. Brahms combined most of his Lieder into “collections”. Even though Brahms never used the term cycle, he was precise about the ordering of his songs within the collections.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: William Shakespeare is one of the greatest creators in the history of mankind. His activities can not be limited to a single sphere because he dealt with plenty of subjects and succeeded in any field. William Shakespeare lived and worked in England in the 16 – 17th centuries during the period when such kinds of art as theatre, literature, poetry, and some others were at the highest point of their development. Sonnet 141 is one of the greatest creations by this famous English artist.

William Shakespeare is one of the greatest creators in the history of mankind. His activities can not be limited to a single sphere because he dealt with plenty of subjects and succeeded in any field. William Shakespeare lived and worked in England in the 16 – 17th centuries during the period when such kinds of art as theatre, literature, poetry, and some others were at the highest point of their development. Sonnet 141 is one of the greatest creations by this famous English artist.

Sonnet 141 by William Shakespeare Essay William Shakespeare is one of the greatest creators in the history of mankind. His activities can not be limited to a single sphere because he dealt with plenty of subjects and succeeded in any field. William Shakespeare lived and worked in England in the 16 – 17th centuries during the period when such kinds of art as theatre, literature, poetry, and some others were at the highest point of their development. William Shakespeare is known for his works as a playwright, writer, theatre actor, and, of course, as a talented author of sonnets. His poetical legacy amounts to over several hundred sonnets which are considered to be the real masterpieces of world literature for their picturesqueness and the real poetic gift they were written with. And the sonnet under consideration is not an exception to this rule. Sonnet 141 is one of the greatest creations by this famous English artist. To begin the commentary of this sonnet, let us say that all the sonnets by Shakespeare are dedicated to the single but, at the same time, the most important topic – the topic of love. They are all full of stylistic devices such as epithets, metaphors, and picturesque comparisons that make them very pleasant matters to read. Sonnet 141 is also dedicated to the topic of love to a woman that does not notice the love of a man. But this is a rather strange love, which is proved by the very first lines of the sonnet. The author admits that there is nothing in the appearance of this woman that could make a man fell in love with her, but nevertheless, he states that he loves her: In faith, I do not love thee with mine eyes, For they in thee a thousand errors note; But ’tis my heart that loves what they despise, Who in spite of view is pleased to dote; In these lines, we can see that the author does not understand what is happening to him because he loves a woman and does not know the reason for it. Eye of his beloved person does not seem to him charming, her voice is not the sweetest for him, and he can not make out what is going on: Nor are mine ears with thy tongue’s tune delighted, As well these words display the sorrow the author felt because of this feeling. His love for this woman can not be explained, and, moreover, that woman does not feel the same towards him; she just does not understand how strong the feelings of the author might be: Dissuade one foolish heart from serving thee, Who leaves unswayed the likeness of a man*, It can be seen that the author begs either to answer his feeling or to release him from the pains of unrequited love as it brings him nothing but sorrow. But the final line evidence that he lies when he asks her to dissuade him; in the last four lines of the sonnet under consideration, we can see the real state of the author, we can picture the inner conflict of the author’s personality who is being torn apart by the absolutely opposite feelings. On the one hand, he wants to go away; on the other hand, his feelings are too strong, and he is ready to suffer all the pain that this love brings him: But my five wits* nor my five senses can Thy proud hearts slave and vassal wretch to be: Only my plague thus far I count my gain, That she that makes me sin awards me pain.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The text discusses the sources of market failure and how they can be addressed. It notes that market failures can occur due to unfair market practices being adopted by different players in the segments, or due to public goods. It concludes by saying that choice has to be made in regard to imperfect government outcomes and imperfect market outcomes.

The text discusses the sources of market failure and how they can be addressed. It notes that market failures can occur due to unfair market practices being adopted by different players in the segments, or due to public goods. It concludes by saying that choice has to be made in regard to imperfect government outcomes and imperfect market outcomes.

Sources of Market Failure Essay Market failure refers to a situation in economics whereby there is inefficiency in the allocation of goods and services in a free market economy and is seen as a situation that entails unsatisfactory outcomes for the economy as a whole due to the pursuit of self-motivated interests by individuals and companies. Often the intervention by governments in free-market economies in influencing the trend of market forces is the result of such outcomes in the economy, and economists use different theories in the analysis of the cause for the market failure in attempts to bring out corrective measures as and when such situations arise. These strategies work in situations where public policy plays an important role and decisions are taken in this regard to managing the market forces. However in implementing these strategies by the government, whereby interventions are used such as subsidies, taxes, price and wage controls, regulations, and bailouts, may result in the inefficient allocation of resources thus triggering the failure of the government in managing the markets. It is in this context that choice has to be made in regard to imperfect government outcomes and imperfect market outcomes. It is a common belief that market failures occur because there are inefficient mainstream outcomes that justify intervention by the government by way of the several tools at its disposal in influencing the flow of the economy (Sara Connolly & Alistair Munro, 2005). There are several sources of market failure which primarily occur due to reasons related to unfair market practices being adopted by different players in the segments. Firstly market agents assume the power of the market which gives them leverage in preventing mutually beneficial profit from reaching other traders, which results in inefficient market conditions due to the conditions of imperfect competition created by such tactics. Such practices are of various forms such as cartels, monopolies, and monopolistic competition. The second source of a market failure relates to public goods whereby certain goods are in the nature of being unrivaled by others and cannot be excluded in terms of their being no substitute for them. Examples of such goods and services relate to police, defense, public health, and medical care. Externalities often influence market conditions and lead to failures due to initiatives taken by individuals and companies, which may not affect other firms directly but there is a reflection of such actions on them by way of conditions such as road congestion, pollution, and intellectual property. Often there is asymmetric information and imperfect information so that buyers and sellers do not have adequate information about the extent of risk involved, or there are circumstances whereby the concerned parties have different levels of information, which creates an imbalance in disturbing the market performance. This kind of problem is faced in activities such as legal services, insurance, secondhand cars ,and dentistry. The tendency of increasing returns working to decrease costs with the increase in output results in market failures, which primarily occur due to natural monopolies which have to be checked by regulating private monopolies, public ownership and structural separation. When a single or a few sellers or buyers have immense power in the market to influence and manipulate the price of goods and services, they are said to have the market power in disturbing the normal functioning of the market. This situation arises mostly when individuals and companies form cartels or when there are monopolies in the purchase pattern of such individuals and groups. This shortcoming is normally removed by introducing competitive tendering and bidding, regulations, mergers, and removing market barriers. Conditions of an imperfect market are said to exist when the markets are unable to achieve desired results due to market failure, and over and above such an economic situation, the government does not take remedial measures to introduce regulations to rectify the shortcomings. It is quite evident in the real world that there is more prevalence of imperfect markets, which is considered to be a lesser evil. An imperfect market is also characterized by situations in which the public and companies do not get the desired access to financial instruments which may result in disruption of production plans. Market failure has justified the governments in using public policy and look at market failure as a consistent problem of unregulated markets. This is a justified means for the intervention of the state in the economy to bring about social justice and efficiency in order to ensure that there are no inequalities in income and wealth levels. However, the economists in the government have to use their expertise to see that the most effective theoretical means are used within the regulatory provisions to bring about such outcomes. Practically, market failure implies the occurrence of a number of adverse economical circumstances that arise due to a combination of the sources of market failure working to disrupt the normal functioning of the market. Market failure is the result of an unequal distribution of wealth and the belief that public goods or public services such as utilities, schools, roads and operas would not be available in free markets. There are those that wish to enjoy all services by not paying for them who add to the burden on the economy. Often resources are utilized for producing goods that are not of much utility such as junk foods and trashy movies which deprive the productive activities for superior goods that are often ignored. Market failure is also related to an overall situation of inefficiency whereby economic goods and services are not produced in keeping with human desires and aspirations. Efficiencies of perfect competition are essential to emanate in view of the fact that resources are scarce and consequently there has to be optimum utilization of these resources for production and distribution. An outcome in productive activities is considered to be efficient if the quantity produced by firms and then bought by consumers is efficient economically provided the sum of consumer and producer surpluses are maximized. Theoretically, if a productive outcome is not efficient then there is always a possibility for some company or individual to some company or individual canfected. Such efficiencies are different and circumstances depending upon the economic conditions prevailing at the time. Productive efficiency occurs due to the maximum production of goods and services with the given resources by way of inputs. This has to essentially occur on the frontier of production possibilities and the curve, more goods can only be produced by producing fewer services. Efficiency of production also occurs on the lowest points of the average cost curve of the company. An integral trait of productive efficiency implies that market output is produced at the least prices and there is the free entry of firms in perfect competition and that such entry is attractive until all profits are completely wiped out. The fact remains that most real markets in the world violate at least some conditions of a perfect market thus providing that no one market is completely efficient. Allocative efficiency occurs with the distribution of goods and services as per consumer preferences and an economy could be efficient by way of the number of goods and services produced, but if the people do not use them, then there is allocative inefficiency. X inefficiency occurs when companies have no desire to cut cost of the product due to monopolies that enable extra profits and hence there is no motivation to reduce the surplus workforce which in turn leads to a higher cost of production. Hence in monopolies the market output is much below the efficiency levels (Louis Makowski et al, 1995). Efficiencies of scale refer to situations when firms and companies produce goods and services at the lowest possible long run average costs thereby benefiting fully from the economies of scale. Dynamic efficiency requires companies to keep pace with technological developments so that they are able to provide technologically advanced products in keeping with the competition in the segment along with the reduced cost per unit. It is therefore important for companies to constantly keep updating on the technological developments so as to provide maximum utility and value to the customer just as other firms in a perfect competition situation would have to do. Social efficiency implies the consideration of externalities so that the social cost of production equals the social benefit occurring from the productive activities. When factor inputs used in the production of goods and services are related to the efficiency in production technical efficiency is said to operate for the benefit of manufacturers. References 1. Louis Makowski, Joseph M. Ostroy, Perfect Competition as the Blueprint for Efficiency and Incentive Compatibility, 1995, UCLA Department of Economics 2. Major Sources of Market Failure. 3. Sara Connolly & Alistair Munro, Economics of the Public Sector: Financial Times Prentice Hall; Public Policy, Using Market-based approaches, DTI 2005, HMT Managing risks to the public: appraisal guidance, 2005

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Provide the full text for the following summary: Joseph Stalin was a vile and controlling dictator, but even through his dramatic experiences in life was able to make the USSR a modern and powerful communist country.

Joseph Stalin was a vile and controlling dictator, but even through his dramatic experiences in life was able to make the USSR a modern and powerful communist country.

Stalin’s Contributions to the Soviet Union Term Paper Russia was an undeveloped and political weak country that wanted change. During the suffering of World War 1 Vladimir Lenin stepped up and tried to change this. Lenin, preaching the words of Karl Marx, promised that the country would be in the rule of the working class and would go under a great change with him in power. After he was elected to power he made many reforms to benefit Russia then called and make it more modern. When Lenin died in 1924, the USSR was still marginally unindustrialized and not close to its European counter-parts. This is when a man by the name of Joseph Stalin stepped out of Lenin’s shadow and claimed he was the next one to farther improve Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Stalin was a very direct but paranoid person and dictator. He killed many thousands innocent people and exiled hundreds more. Although he did these unspeakable acts, he made many idealistic and beneficial acts that improved Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the long and short term. Joseph Stalin was a vile and controlling dictator, but even through his dramatic experiences in life was able to make the USSR a modern and powerful communist country. Joseph Stalin was a needed aspect in the USSR to make it grow. Joseph Stalin had a very grueling childhood and way into power. On Joseph’s way to power he went through a lot of difficult and testing times. When he got into power he made sure his visions of the USSR were going to come true. He took direct control over many projects so that his vision would be shaped to his expectations. When things did not go Stalin’s way he would be extremely malicious. Killing or exiling thousands of millions of people for simple mistakes, opposing him, or just hear-say. He had a dream to make the USSR change from a “…from a backward peasant society to a powerful industrialized nation…” (Arthur Schlersinger Jr., Stalin. P. 107) Stalin took major steps to make this happen and the USSR never looked back. Stalin helped made USSR powerful by joining the war and taking interest in European politics. “By the end of the war Stalin may have reckoned with a more or less rapid withdrawal of American power from the Continent and consequently with the further growth of Russian predominance.” (Isaac Deutscher, Stalin. P. 518) Joseph Stalin placed a lasting touch on the USSR which many can thank him for. Joseph’s cruel and suspicious behavior could have been the cause of his childhood and the unfortunate events that happened to him on his way to power. Joseph Stalin was the child of Ekaterina and Vissarion Djugashvili. Stalin was the forth child of Ekaterina and was born healthy, tough, and determined boy in the city of Gori in Georgia. “At baptism he was given the name of Joseph; and so the local Greek Orthodox priest, who acted as registrar, recorded the appearance in the world of Joseph Visssanrionovich. Djugashvili, later to become famous under the name of Joseph Stalin.” (Deutscher, P. 22) Joseph’s family was poverty stricken, and this made it hard for Stalin to climb up the ranks. Stalin had a very troublesome childhood. His father frequently beat him and his mom, he almost died of small pox, he had many facial scars and pits, he suffered blood poisoning which made his left arm was shorter then his right, and he was only five foot four. His dad died when Stalin was eleven. Considering all of the misfortune Stalin had he still enjoyed reading, classic literature, outside activities, and even had great physical strength considering his small stature and his short arm. Stalin’s birth language was not Russian and he did not learn Russian until he was nine years old. His mom was determined to make Stalin’s life a success and get him out of the lower class destiny. She enrolled him in school at nine, when other lower class children would be learning how to be a shoe maker or carpenter. Joseph had an extraordinary memory, which allowed him to learn with ease. He finished school in five years and was considered far more intelligent then the other students. Ekaterina then applied Stalin for a small scholarship to Tiflis Theological Seminary, which he won and then enrolled in. The life at the seminary was strict and harsh. Stalin fit in at first, but inevitability revolted and started his revolutionary career. Joseph joined a Marxist group in Tiflis then started reading about Karl Marx and read the Communist Manifesto. Joseph eventually got kicked out of the seminary, but continued to be with the other Marxists. (McCauley, 27) He then met a member from the Social Democratic Party and he joined them. Stalin sooner or later got caught for causing and planning a violent riot against the police, and he was sent to prison for a year and exiled to Siberia for three years. The Social Democratic Party then spilt up into two different factions within the party. One of the factions was the Mensheviks, which were more traditional ideals. The other faction was the Bolsheviks, who espoused the revolutionary course. Stalin escaped from Siberia and went back to Tifils where who joined the Bolsheviks, which was run by Vladimir Lenin. Many revolts and revolutions aroused after Russia lost to Japan. This is when Stalin met his first real enemy Trotsky. Trotsky was a Menshevik that was just as active and outspoken as Stalin. During this time Stalin married a woman named Catherine Svanidze. He meant the world to him and when she died at an early age he always seemed different. He later married Nadya Allilueva. Nadya was a dearly and wholly loved by Stalin and he was heart broken when she committed suicide after they had a disagreement. While Stalin was doing a revolutionary movement for Lenin, he was again caught by the czar’s police. Stalin spent eight more years in Siberia. “But his patience was rewarded. Unexpected events would send Stalin on the path to ultimate power.” (Schlersinger Jr., P. 30). Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was severely behind European countries in agriculture and industry. Lenin knew this and he applied the New Economic Policy. This was only a scratch to the surface of what Stalin wanted. When Joseph got full power of USSR he wanted to make a “commanding economy” by forcing industries and farmers to industrialize no matter what. Stalin firmly believed that USSR was hundred years behind Europe and this could be fatal. (Rothnie, 251) To kick start the industrial and agriculture revolution he made the Five Year Plan. The goal of the Five Year Plan was to make USSR a modern agriculture and industrial country. To achieve this Stalin took control of the farms and industry. This caused organization and a more centralized goal, which means there would be many more factories and farms. “The new factories and steel works were to be paid for by the efforts of the peasants and were in many instances to be manned by them also. Links between peasants and workers would forge, and the way ahead to a classless Communist society opened up.” (John Laver, Joseph Stalin: from Revolutionary to Despot. P. 37) Factories and businesses were all given goals to meet every year for a five year period. To check and make the goals for each year was run by a Gosplan. The penalties for not reaching a goal set up by the Gosplan were extremely merciless. Managers and workers would get executed, exiled, or work all day and all night almost. While the industries were thriving the agriculture would be collectivized. This basically meant that all farming land would be taken over and made more efficient and better ran. Each year you would have to hand over a certain amount of grain to the government which would then which you would get paid for. This would have worked flawlessly except the rich farms, “kulaks”, were extremely stubborn. To comprehend this Stalin had a plan. “Stalin sent to the countryside industrial workers, party leaders, army units, and the secret police.” (Schlersinger Jr., P. 54). Those who rebelled against this were killed or sent to labor camps in Siberia. By improving machinery and agriculture Stalin could fight off millions of deaths caused by famine. Another great part of the Five Year Plan was that everyone in USSR was employed. Although Stalin was extremely ruthless and killed thousands and thousands of peasants and workers, after the three Five Year Plans were complete USSR’s industry rivaled Germany’s and improved by four hundred percent. (Hoobler, 147). Stalin showed USSR’s true power, influence, and ability to come over adversity during the long trials of World War Two. The balance of power for World War Two depended on USSR. Stalin still believing USSR needed to still improve within itself signed the, Nazi-Soviet Pact. (Deutscher, 129) Even thought USSR and Germany were on peace terms, he knew that an attack was inevitable. He was building up his army, but still was totally surprised when Germany invaded in 1941. Stalin joined with the Grand Alliance and was ready to fight to his death. Stalin then took personal control of the army to improve USSR’s morale and sense of hope. Stalin made the country believe they had to fight through a lot of propaganda and inspiring acts. One inspiring act was orders Stalin wrote to the solders. One soldier wrote “All my life I will remember what Stalin’s Order meant… Not the letter, but the spirit and the content of this document made possible the moral and psychological breakthrough in the hearts and minds of all who it was read.” (Laver, P.59). Stalin was not like other generals and other leaders in war as he learnt from his mistakes and electing staff by military status rather then political. Electing more top western generals he eventually ran Germany back. Stalin’s greatest general wrote, “At the beginning of the War he (Stalin) mastered strategic questions poorly, but his mind, the logic of his thought, his general knowledge and his grasp all served him well. In the second period of the War, after Stalingrad, he was entirely the right person as Supreme Commander… he comprehensively studied in advance an issue to be discussed or the plane of a future operation. Having carefully examined the information, he summoned people, military specialists, and came to the meetings fully equipped.” (Laver, P. 57). The victory of the Grand alliance could of not of been achieved without the patriotism and fortitude of the USSR’s people, which is why many people consider Stalin ‘the man who won the War’. Not only was Stalin fighting a winning war it was the first time USSR played a vital and serious role in the way the war and world would turn out. USSR was finally recognized as a great and powerful country and gained the influence it deserved. (Radzinsky, 208) In 1934 USSR joined the League of Nations which was the first thing Stalin did to impact the influence and diplomatic affairs with other countries. After the war USSR joined the United Nations to further boost its influence. He also took part in the conferences of Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam, which meant he took political and military control in postwar liberated countries in Eastern and Central Europe. This not only made USSR’s sphere of influence larger but it made more communist countries to overthrow capitalism. Joseph Stalin was able to prevail through many hard times in his life, although he was a controlling and vile dictator, he was needed to make the USSR a modern and industrial country. Joseph Stalin grew from the depths of the gutter into one of the most powerful leaders of his time. He had a strict vision of what he wanted in the USSR and no one could change his view. He killed millions of people who stepped in his way. Although, Stalin was very wicked, he was the only ruler at the time who thought of the people after he died. He saved millions of people’s lives by making both the Industrial and Agriculture contemporary and organized. Not only did he do that but he changed the whole world’s perception of the USSR. For the first time in history, Russia was getting influence in Europe and was incorporated with a lot of European events. He might have been vile leader, but he made USSR what it is today. “We believe that a strong full-blooded movement is unthinkable without controversy- only in a cemetery can total identity of opinions be achieved” – Joseph Stalin. Stalin was truly the ‘Father of the USSR’ because he guided his awkward and weak child into a strong and powerful man. Works Cited Deutscher, Isaac. Stalin. New York: Penguin Books, 1966. Hoobler, Dorothy. Joseph Stalin. New York: Chealsea House Publishers, 1987. Laver, John. Joseph Stalin: from Revolutionary to Despot. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1993. McCauley, M.: Stalin and Stalinism (Harlow 1983). Radzinsky, Edvard. Stalin. New York: Doubleday Dell Publishing, 1996. Rothnie, N: Stalin and Russia 1924-1953 (London 1991). Tucker, Robert. Stalin as Revolutionary. New York: Norton and Company Inc, 1973.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: In the 21st century, global brands can be seen in almost every nook and cranny of this planet. One of the best examples is Starbucks. The coffee cup with the mermaid logo is seen in downtown Los Angeles and Tokyo. But in recent years the company expanded to places where a couple of decades ago it would have been impossible to see an American company. This is a testament to a company's growth and success.

In the 21st century, global brands can be seen in almost every nook and cranny of this planet. One of the best examples is Starbucks. The coffee cup with the mermaid logo is seen in downtown Los Angeles and Tokyo. But in recent years the company expanded to places where a couple of decades ago it would have been impossible to see an American company. This is a testament to a company's growth and success.

Starbucks: Corporate Social Responsibility and Global Climate Change Report (Assessment) In the 21st century, global brands can be seen in almost every nook and cranny of this planet. One of the best examples is Starbucks. The coffee cup with the mermaid logo is seen in downtown Los Angeles and Tokyo. But in recent years the company expanded to places where a couple of decades ago it would have been impossible to see an American company. This is a testament to a company’s growth and success (Salzer-Morling & Strannegard, 2007). It has become an economic juggernaut. But with its success comes problems such as the impact of their business on the people that work for them and the environment where they extract the resources necessary for creating perfect blended coffees. This study will examine how Starbucks tried to refurbish its public image by observing principles of corporate social responsibility and taking concrete steps to help in the fight to reduce the impact of global climate change. Background In the not-so-distant past drinking coffee was a non-complicated endeavor. Add coffee to a pot of boiling water pour into a cup and then one is ready for a new day. Adding sugar, milk or creamer is a personal preference. To add a little excitement an electronic gadget, a coffee maker, was invented and the more sophisticated coffee lover can enjoy freshly brewed coffee in the comfort of his or her home. For those who are constantly on the go, their daily caffeine requirement can be satisfied inside a restaurant or in their favorite diner. The rest of the world can enjoy their coffee straight from the can via instant coffee or the more traditional means of manually roasting and grinding coffee beans. According to the founders of Starbucks, Zev Siegl, Gordon Bowker, and Gerald Baldwin Americans are buying their coffee already grounded and vacuum-sealed in cans (Mulady, 2001). It was the three entrepreneurs who thought of a revolutionary idea – to sell roasted coffee beans in the United States, specifically in Seattle. From that kernel of an idea they were able to grow Starbucks into a lucrative business. But it will take ten years of hard work and a marketing wizard by the name of Howard Schultz before Starbucks can be positioned to conquer America and then the world (Mulady, 2001). After Schultz bought the company from Baldwin, Bowker, and Siegl there was no turning back for Schultz and he succeeded in transforming Starbucks into a global icon. Then in the 90s and onwards to the 21st century, Starbucks coffee can be seen almost anywhere and in places where one least expects to see a Starbucks store. Japan with its tradition of tea drinking could not resist the temptation of the mermaid logo found in every Starbucks coffee cup. China, once a Communist country and for most of the 20th century dedicated its resources in fighting capitalism is no match for the Starbucks juggernaut and agreed to let Starbucks build another branch in Beijing’s Forbidden City. Yet there is a good reason why the aforementioned founders allowed Schultz to buy them out. The company experienced exponential growth. For those who love to generate billions of dollars in revenue this is a very appealing situation to be in. But for those who are not ready to give their heart and soul to a gigantic undertaking, Starbuck’s meteoric rise as a publicly traded firm can be daunting. There can be many organizations as well as production problems that needed to be taken care of. The Challenge The problem faced by Starbucks is the same with other successful multinational companies and it is how to cope with growth. By examining the following information one can have an idea as to how fast Starbucks is growing worldwide: * As of 2006, Starbucks created new products; 22 new drinks in two years; * Opened new branches from China to Brazil; * In 2006 alone sales increased to 22%; and * $8 billion in annual revenue (Kiviat, 2006). In 2007, Jim Donald, the former President and CEO of Starbucks was aiming for 40, 000 stores worldwide and to increase the number of international stores from 3,500 to 20,000 (Allison, 2007). In the latter part of the 20th century the company was not only expanding and opening new stores in places like Russia and Indonesia but also experiencing robust sales in the United States. Americans could not get enough of the Starbucks lifestyle and the store is not only a place to buy coffee but also where people hang out, meet new friends and more importantly to be seen by those they respect and admire. Drinking coffee suddenly became a popular thing for kids, teenagers, and adults. Starbucks created a new market and just like magic created something out of nothing but the company became the victim of its success (Kiviat, 2006). When it started, the main goal was to provide quality coffee to discerning customers and to educate the average American as to the wonderful world of coffee drinking enjoyed by many Europeans for hundreds of years. It was this passion for creating great coffee that attracted many to the green and white logo. But when demand increases, supply has to follow or the customers will complain of lack of consistency and poor service. From the operations standpoint there is a lot of work to be done and a great degree of modernization has to be accomplished to duplicate the wonderful tasting coffee in America to other places like Malaysia and Israel. The concept called Corporate Social Responsibility is not new. In the 1990s American firms were made aware of the negative impact of scandals especially those linked to shoddy labor practices and environmental degradation. In 1996 Wal-Mart clothes were rumored to have been produced using child labor in Honduras and it became a public relations nightmare for the retail giant (Power, 2008). In America it is easy for customers to boycott a product or a business if the said company violates certain principles that they hold dear. Impact of Globalization Before the modern age, the citizens of a particular country can do whatever they want and never hear the reaction of other nations except for those who are close to their borders. Traders in Europe can perform their duties without fully understanding how their Asian counterparts are doing theirs. It is all due to communication and transportation. In modern times the advent of high-tech means of transportation and communication resulted in a shrinking world where Chinese businessmen can easily forge partnerships with someone in places like Ohio, USA. A remote province in China can manufacture goods for a company in Europe and the products and services can easily flow from one continent to the next. Communication and transportation were able to bridge the gap. The Internet is an integral part of the equation and it enables two different cultures to sustain their relationship across vast distances. But aside from business opportunities globalization is also how value systems from highly industrialized countries and developing countries collide and merge. American and many European businessmen pride themselves in their business practices wherein integrity and respect for human life are as important as profit. But when Americans and European firms were forced to collaborate with Asian countries such as China, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, it did not take long for them to realize that the mindset existing in these regions is far different from theirs. Lax laws and the inability to enforce them are the reason why poverty-stricken countries in Latin America are turning a blind eye to the existence of child labor in their manufacturing sector. While Americans believe in the necessity of sending children to school, poor families living in Third World countries are only thinking of survival. Global Climate Change Aside from globalization there is a related issue that has been hugging the headlines for the past few years – global climate change. And it is the multinational corporations that are also getting the blame. Global climate change is the reason behind global warming as well as the unpredictable weather patterns experienced by billions of people in the world today. It has become so important that others are discussing global climate in the same way that they will discuss a moral problem, very intense and very personal. A lot of it is generated by fears that this world will soon end or at least the create a situation where most people will find it hard to sustain their current way of life. There is agreement among scientists that global climate change is man-made. This is brought about by the degradation and destruction of the earth’s ecosystems that is in turn the result of the non-sustainable practice of exploiting the planet’s natural resources such as illegal logging and commercial farming that allows for the transformation of large swaths of lands without considering the possible impact of destroying diversity in favor of growing a single and yet high-value crop. Americans may continue to feast on bananas, chocolate, orange juice and other exotic fruits and vegetables without realizing what it will take to produce them. Developing nations in the Asia Pacific region as well as those in Latin America are being pushed to the limit to reach production quotas. This means forcing the land to yield fruits and vegetables out of season and this in turn would require the use of genetically engineered plants such as high-yielding sugar cane, cacao and coffee trees. There is also heavy use of various agrochemicals that may help meet burgeoning demand but in the long run will destroy not only the land but the livelihood of the farmers. There is reason why many should worry and many experts agree that the global climate change is no longer a hypothetical assumption and that even a non-scientist can observe its negative impact to the planet. The following are just some of the symptoms of a physical world gone awry: * unusually strong hurricanes; * fiercer heat waves; * harsher droughts; * heavier rains; and * rising sea levels (Hertsgaard, 2007). As mentioned earlier if there is a negative perception against Starbucks – that they are partly to be blamed for the global climate change then there can be serious repercussion when it comes to attracting more investors. They also have to fix the negative public image to prevent their customers from switching to another brand. Starbucks is well aware of this problem and just like other companies that have branches and offices from Brazil to Taiwan, the coffee retail giant is doing everything they can to improve their public image. In 2007 Starbucks made a contribution in the information campaign against global warming when it promoted a movie documentary of the environmental problems brought about by high levels of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere. It makes a lot of sense for Paramount Classics and National Geographic Films to partner with Starbucks. The chain of stores can rival McDonalds and it simply means that if every store will commit to show the documentary at least once a day for a few weeks or months then it is guaranteed that hundreds of thousands of people will be able to at least get a glimpse of the seriousness of the problem. The documentary is entitled Arctic Tale . The story of the pitiful plight of Arctic bears and walruses because climate change is melting arctic ice, it is the integral part of their lives and survival. Rationale Corporations and consumer are now more aware of the reality of globalized production and the harsh working conditions and violation of labor laws – specifically those pertaining to child labor practices (Power, 2008). Upon closer examination researchers and activists discovered that these conditions exist not only because these countries are poor but also because there are powerful forces at work preventing the poor to transform their pitiful existence and elevate their families from poverty to a more decent lifestyle where there children can go to school and there is access to healthcare among others. It was discovered that there is a vicious cycle that exists within these nations and that there is increasing pressure from consumer groups and other parties for multinational corporations to give back to the world, specifically to the regions where they get the bulk of their raw materials. There is also pressure to examine their production systems in order to determine if they are directly or indirectly encouraging despicable labor practices. Moreover there is a movement to force multinational corporations not only to help improve the lives of the farmers and workers in developing nations but also to establish initiatives that will lead to the protection of the environment. Hitting Two Birds In their current press release Starbucks, Inc is committed not only to serve high-quality coffee but the company also aims to achieve the following: * create a better future for coffee farmers; * help improve communities; and * to protect the environment. Starbucks is well aware of the need not only to address the negative impacts of globalization in the lives of coffee farmers but also to help ease the environmental problems caused by irresponsible farming. In attempting to solve both problems Starbucks became partners with TransFair USA and other related organizations such as Fair Trade Labeling Organization International. By doing so Starbucks was able to hit two birds with one stone because these organizations are not only monitoring the working conditions in developing countries, specifically the growers and suppliers of coffee beans used in Starbucks stores but also to provide strict guidelines when it comes to ecological sustainability. Fair Trade Certified In its official website Fairtrade Labeling Organization International ( FLO ) asserts that it is a non-profit and multi-stakeholder association. And it is for good reason because the newcomer in the world of “fair trade” could not help but cast a suspicious eye for any organization that partners with multinational companies. The phrase that says “it is all about the bottom line” keeps ringing in the mind of the skeptic for there must be a catch somewhere. But by creating a non-profit group composed of many stakeholders the FLO can assure consumers that they are the real deal when it comes to ensuring the protection of the environment and sustaining the drive to protect workers and farmers from exploitation. Fair trade principles include the following concepts: * Fair Price : A democratically organized farmer group can apply for fair trade certification and in return they will be assured of a “guaranteed minimum floor price” plus an additional premium if they will commit to deliver organic products. * Fair labor conditions : Workers that belong to Fair Trade certified farms are also assured of safe working conditions and reasonable wages. More importantly the fair trade certification prohibits child labor. * Direct Trade : Farmer groups belonging to Fair Trade farms will have the luxury of working directly with importers – at least this is the ultimate goal – to eliminate costly middlemen. In developing countries middlemen are not the only parasites that suck the lifeblood of farmers and fair trade transactions help to minimize these incidents. * Democratic and Transparent Organizations : There is a mechanism in place where farmer groups that are certified by the FLO are forced to abide by democratic principles. The rule of majority will dictate how funds will be invested. It must also be pointed out that not all the revenue that goes into these farmer organizations is given back to the farmers. A portion of the revenue is set aside for future investments and help improve the living and working conditions of the farmers. * Community Development : Aside from improving the farm such as the creation of proper irrigation, use of sustainable practices etc, the families of farmers enjoy the benefits of social and business development programs such as scholarships, leadership trainings, and organic farming certification. * Environmental Sustainability : There are certain agricultural practices that promise a quick rout to success. But in reality these methods quickly deplete the soil of nutrients and would hasten the destruction of the farmland. Sustainability is the new buzzword in farming and food safety discussions therefore fair trade is also committed not only to ensure the viability of the business but also in protecting the environment. For those with even a limited knowledge of economics, fair price is the most crucial facet of global trade. Pricing determines the sustainability of the business but in Third World countries pricing is the main tool to control the development of the lives of millions of workers. If prices remain low then farmers will never be able to change their plight. They never have enough money to send their children to school. Aside from not able to provide quality education for their kids farmers have no way of setting aside a portion of their income so that in the future they can invest in more lucrative ventures. If the next generation of Guatemalan farmers for instance will have no other opportunities but farming then the cycle of defeat will continue and they will be forced to live like slaves, very much dependent on the meager resources that they currently have and heavily indebted to loan sharks and other unscrupulous individuals taking advantage of their situation. The rich and powerful people in these areas have nothing else to do but to maintain the status quo. Starbucks is stepping in to change the trajectory of their lives. Starbucks in partnership with Fair Trade groups will help ensure a better future for coffee farmers. This is not only promoting good business practices but also social justice (Cliath, 2007). Starbucks is simply doing the right thing. Promoting fair labor conditions is not only the humane thing to do but will also help empower the people (TransFair USA, 2009). When people are empowered they have control over things that they believe must be accomplished. It is one thing to know how to protect the environment and another to have the means that will enable the farmer to do what must be done to ensure economic security. If labor conditions can be improved then there will be less problems to deal with in terms of health care. Bad labor conditions can shorten the life expectancy of farmers and in some cases it will be the cause of injuries. Death and debilitating health problems will further increase the poverty in coffee producing countries and the cycle of defeat continues. Promoting direct trade is a dream for most farmers. The middlemen are considered as a pestilence worse than the most annoying crop disease. This is because these middlemen can easily slash their income significantly just like an invading army of locusts can easily wipe out their annual harvest. But aside from the middlemen there is the oligopoly perpetuated by buyers such as Nestle and Kraft Foods (Fridell, 2008). For small farmers there is no way that they can negotiate properly with these groups. They needed assistance from the Western world in order for them to begin proper negotiations (Lindenberg, 2001). The new global environment prevents these farmers from being heard because powerful forces within these countries would like to maintain the status quo. The challenge for these farmers is to establish democratic and transparent organizations that can be used as the main vehicle for communicating with Fair Trade groups and its members. Without the farmer group there is no way to be organized and to be at a level where an individual farmer can be heard in discussion regarding fair price and labor conditions. This is the only aspect of the Fair Trade principles that is not clear at this point. If this is not fully evaluated then what will happen in the future is the creation of a new oligopoly where farmers who are not members of certified group will be left out. There can be no perfect solution to the global crisis brought about by climate change and globalization but these are concrete steps and this is a good foundation in the fight against global poverty and other related problems. In order to have an idea as to the kind of impact FLO can create in terms of basic commodities trading and food security the following FLO labeling initiatives can be found in the following countries: * Denmark * Finland * France * Germany * Ireland * Italy * Japan * Luxembourg * Netherlands * Norway * Spain * Sweden * Switzerland * UK * USA * Australia and New Zealand These counties are some of the major purchasers of raw materials coming from developing nations. This means that if FLO representatives are present in these countries then more and more firms will be made aware of a growing global movement. But in the case of Starbucks there is a dynamic that is created which only a company of Starbucks stature and prominence can accomplish. This means that since Starbucks is well-known all over the world and has branches in major cities in this planet the Fair Trade principles they adhere to will be made known to many people. There is therefore a symbiosis that exists between Starbucks and FLO international. A Much Bigger Challenge Starbucks may have swept the world by storm in the 20 th century but it is struggling to maintain its dominant position in the retail coffee business. It is still a widely recognized brand but investors are worried especially when it comes to the long term growth of the company in 2009 and beyond. The company recalled Howard Schultz to active duty, a sign that stakeholders’ confidence is at an all time low (Liedtke, 2009). The global financial crisis is adding more woes to a company that has been assailed by critics and distracted by legal battles. Why is it important to take a closer look at what is currently happening in Starbucks, Inc.? The reason is simple. Even if one considers the fact that Starbucks is merely doing these steps to ensure that their public image will continue to rake in more profits for the company, it can also be argued that Starbucks is doing these things for the right reason. Skeptics will always be there to question the sincerity of a global juggernaut such as Starbucks but giving the company the benefit of the doubt consumers can be easily impressed at the type of changes Starbucks is helping to generate in coffee producing countries. In other words this is better than nothing. Based on the FLO reports and the evidence gathered by researchers it can be argued that Starbucks will benefit from the success of coffee farmers. Therefore this partnership will continue to blossom and improve. If Starbucks will be successful in the long run, then more and more companies will jump into the bandwagon. There will be many firms who will see the light so to speak when it comes to helping the people and the environment that produce raw materials for products needed in the developed nations. It will be a great thing to know that helping others will also help the company’s bottom line. Conclusion Starbucks was founded in the 1970s. But the founders did not realize the growth potential of the company until it was sold to a dynamic leader and businessman. When the deal was finalized Schultz decided to transform Starbucks into a global brand and the rest was history. In the latter part of the 20 th century the Starbucks logo became a part of the lives of millions of people all over the world. It was another example of a highly successful American export. But in recent years Starbucks faced the daunting challenge of promoting corporate social responsibility and to help in fighting the negative impact of globalization and climate change. It is easy to understand why Starbucks is targeted by critics when it comes to exposing the evils of globalization and the multinational corporations’ contribution to global climate change. This is because Starbucks seems to be everywhere, but more importantly it is the fact that Starbucks imports its coffee beans from farmers who will never be able to afford the highly expensive lattes they are serving everyday. The irony of this fact plus the enormous profits the company is raking in every fiscal year is enough to drive human rights and environmental activists to frenzy. Aside from the radical groups that would love nothing else to do but stage protests outside Starbucks outlets, the company is also well aware of the fact that public perception can easily change their fortunes. A mass boycott of Starbucks products can be accompanied by a significant drop in stock prices and the next thing the executives will know is that Starbucks is in the brink of bankruptcy. Before all these things can happen Starbuck is on the offensive and the company is partnering with Fair Trade groups not only to help improve the lives of coffee farmers but also to ensure that the environment is taken cared of and not exploited simply to meet production quotas. There is much that can be achieved if the public help support Starbucks. At this point there is very little criticism that can be leveled against a company that tries to help alleviate poverty in Third World Countries. The only thing that can be done is to continue exerting pressure so that Starbucks will find more ways to give back to the farmers and to the environment. If FLO is monitoring the farmer groups there must be also another agency that continues to monitor Starbucks if the company is doing more than expected. References 1. Allison, M. (2007). “Q&A with Starbucks CEO: ‘I’m just trying to keep it small as we grow.” Seattle Times. 2. Cliath, A. G. (2007). Seeing Shades: Ecological and Socially Just Labeling. Organization Environment . 20: 413-436. 3. Fair Trade Certified. (2009). “ Fair Trade Overview .” Fair Trade Certification. Web. 4. FLO International. “ Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International .” Web. 5. Fridell, M. et al. (2008). With Friends Like These: The Corporate Response to Fair Trade Coffee. Review of Radical Political Economics . 40: 8-32. 6. Hertsgaard, M. (2007). “On the Front Lines of Climate Change.” Time Magazine Archive. 7. Kiviat, B. (2006). “The Big Gulp at Starbucks.” TIME Magazine Archive. 8. Liedtke, M. (2009). “Sequels to Iconic CEOs rarely as Good as the Original.” Seattle Times. 9. Lindenberg, M. (2001). Reaching Beyond the Family: New Nongovernmental Organization Alliances for Global Poverty Alleviation and Emergency Response. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly . 30: 603-614. 10. Mulady, K. (2001). “Retail Notebook: As Starbucks Marks 30 th Year, A Look Back at Beginning.” Seattle Times. 11. Peters, M. (2007). “Starbucks Stores to Promote Film About Climate Change.” Seattle Times. 12. Power, C. (2008). “The Burden of Good Intentions.” TIME Magazine Archive. 13. Salzer-Morling, M. & L. Strannegard. (2007). Ain’t Misbehavin’ Consumption in a Moralized Brandscape. Marketing Theory . 7: 407-422. 14. TransFair USA. “ Transfair USA and Fair Trade: Empowering the People Around the World .” Web.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: In this essay, the author discusses the feedback loops at Starbucks, including reinforcing and balancing loops. The reinforcing loops include the high-quality coffee and environment that graces patrons. The company expansion and popularity have mainly grown because of this loop, which has resulted in people wanting to go back again and again. The long-term result in the company has been people becoming long-term Starbucks patrons.

In this essay, the author discusses the feedback loops at Starbucks, including reinforcing and balancing loops. The reinforcing loops include the high-quality coffee and environment that graces patrons. The company expansion and popularity have mainly grown because of this loop, which has resulted in people wanting to go back again and again. The long-term result in the company has been people becoming long-term Starbucks patrons.

Starbucks Corporation’s Feedback Loops Report (Assessment) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Reinforcing Loops 3. Balancing Loops 4. References Introduction Feedback loops refer to information that is sent back to the system as input and therefore end up affecting the output (Silsbee et al, 1996). With regard to organizations, a feedback loop means the extra endogenous or exogenous input that could affect products or services being produced. This essay shall deal with reinforcing and balancing feedback loops that affect the operations of a profit-oriented organization, Starbucks. A major focus will be on how Starbucks gets affected and the policies developed by the management to reduce negative effects. Reinforcing Loops This happens when an action taken influences the repetition of certain events or actions (Osgood, 2004, p. 1). With regard to Starbucks, the reinforcing loop includes the high-quality coffee and environment that graces patrons. The company expansion and popularity have mainly grown because of this loop, which has resulted in people wanting to go back again and again. This has developed to the phrase “Starbucks experience”. The loop is created as patrons get used to enjoying the high-quality coffee and the Starbucks experience. In the short run, the hype that is created by existing customers leads to many more people wanting to experience what has become popular in the neighborhood. These new patrons could also be brought by their friends who have been spreading the word. For this short-run increase in patrons to be hooked into the customer base, the management must ensure that quality is maintained. First-time patrons expect to get the quality of coffee that has been so popular and the environment that lacks comparison. Having experiences lesser than their expectation would lead to loss of potential long time customers. This short-term effect of great coffee and the experience is the trend that has seen Starbucks keep growing since its entry into markets beyond Washington state. The success has indeed followed Starbucks in virtually the markets it has been participating. The long-term result in the company has been people becoming long-term Starbucks patrons. Since this happens virtually in markets where the company ventures, more customers has meant expanded growth. The management, too, has come to understand customer needs and therefore embark on developing flavors meant for that purpose. The repetition of this trend in virtually all markets has also resulted in the management having an idea of customer flow when starting to operate new locations. It has therefore become more possible to make targets and meet customer needs. Potential customers to be served by a new station also come to be confident in the quality of coffee and environment to be provided at Starbucks. This is well understood by respective managers who embark on supplying the resource. This reinforcing feedback has become the best marketing tool for Starbucks. Indeed, the management has let this reinforcing feedback advertise the establishment. This has especially happened as existing patrons’ praise of the company leads to more people wanting to have an experience. As a result, the number of customers has been growing exponentially. Even localities that do not have Starbucks operations are not spared from the hype. The praise of Starbucks leads to people flocking into a new location in their neighborhood. The cycle still continues after a new location is opened, as people in a neighboring location yearn for the time they will have a Starbucks outlet. In order to keep the expansion through the hype, Starbucks management needs to keep establishing new brands that would meet the tastes and needs of its fast-expanding customer base. Indeed, it is vital for the management to consider that increase in patrons means that there are more tastes that have not been met yet. One way of meeting these tastes and needs is by involving the patrons in the process of searching for more brands. In addition, the management needs to either increase the number of outlets in specific areas, because its ever-increasing popularity could soon lead to an increase in the time it takes to serve customers, something that would not be well received by the masses. Overall, the company has done an excellent job in keeping the current customer base well satisfied. Balancing Loops This refers to the attempts of improving state affairs by setting goals and consequently undertaking actions to achieve those goals (Silsbee et al, 1996). Starbucks has been using balancing loops to develop the quality of products in the country as well as improve its suppliers’ livelihoods. As mentioned above, the firm is famed for the high quality of coffee served in its outlets. Most of the coffee beans used by Starbucks are grown in some of the world’s poorest areas such as Ethiopia in Africa. In order to encourage its suppliers in these countries to increase the quality of their beans, Starbucks has embarked on providing a wide range of incentives to its suppliers (Starbucks, 2006, 1). The company has been paying higher prices for the beans compared to the regular ones in the international markets. The high price for their commodities is encouraging farmers to take care of their crops so as to get better returns in the future. The company is on the other hand benefiting from the high-quality beans that help in enhancing its position as the market leader. The short-run effect of this policy includes the establishment of a working relationship between the company and its suppliers. The loop will however have strong effects in the long run. Starbucks will have an assured long-term supply of high-quality coffee. This will mean consistent high varieties of coffee in the company’s outlets. This will therefore help the company achieve its long-term goals, vision, and mission. At the same time, the company will in the long run benefit the masses in developing countries that supply it with the best coffees. Performing this act as part of its CSR (Corporate Social responsibility). Will endear the company to its clients who would feel more satisfied to understand that their coffee money is being used to benefit the hard-working farmers in developing nations, not some commodity speculators in Chicago or New York commodity markets. For the company to benefit from this balancing loop, the policy of supporting farmers in developing nations should be taken as both CSR and as a business relationship. This business relationship between the two parties will; benefit the masses better that handouts in form of higher prices. Any form of handout could end up not helping the people because it could lead to development of paternalism within in respective societies. Other than relying on the beans from specialised areas, Starbucks management should still continue buying from other high grade areas. This will help caution against any natural calamities that could hinder supply from its primary sources. References Osgood, N. (2004). Project Dynamics . Cambridge: MIT. Silsbee, D., Nyquist, C., Larsen, K., McInerney, C. and Santos, A. (1996). Learning Organizations . 2008. Web. Starbucks. (2006). Fair Trade Factsheets . Starbucks: Seattle.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: In order to analyze Starbucks according to the Congruence model of Nadler-Tushman, we first have to define the various parts of this model as it relates to Starbucks. So we will first look at the organization as defined by this model and then analyze how well or poorly it functions, according to the desired and the achieved outputs at all levels.

In order to analyze Starbucks according to the Congruence model of Nadler-Tushman, we first have to define the various parts of this model as it relates to Starbucks. So we will first look at the organization as defined by this model and then analyze how well or poorly it functions, according to the desired and the achieved outputs at all levels.

Starbucks: Nadler-Tushman Analysis Report (Assessment) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Environment 3. History 4. Business & Corporate-Level Strategy 5. Financial Performance 6. Resources 7. Appendix A 8. References Introduction In order to analyse Starbucks according to the Congruence model of Nadler-Tushman, we first have to define the various parts of this model as it relates to Starbucks. So we will first look at the organization as defined by this model and then analyze how well or poorly it functions, according to the desired and the achieved “outputs” at all levels. Environment The environment for Starbucks includes its history, the market, the culture and the government regulations. We will briefly examine each of these in turn. History Three Seattle men, English teacher Jerry Baldwin, history teacher Zev Siegel, and writer Gordon Bowker, started the Starbucks Corporation in 1971. They sold fine imported fresh roasted coffee beans and coffee making accessories. By the early 1980’s they had four stores selling the coffee beans, a roasting facility, and a wholesale business for local restaurants. “Their store did not offer fresh-brewed coffee sold by the cup, but tasting samples were sometimes available” (Thompson, Jr. et al, 2005). In 1982, Howard Schultz was hired as head of marketing and overseeing Starbucks retail stores. They did not listen to his innovative ideas. (Thompson, Jr. et al, 2005). Schultz opened his own coffee bar in 1986 based on Italian coffee cafes, selling brewed dark roast coffee. By 1987 Schultz had expanded to three coffee bars and bought Starbucks from the original owners for $3.8 million. He changed the name from Il Giornale to Starbucks. His plan for the company was to grow gradually to 125 stores over the following five years. He wanted to create a superior management team by persuading top executives from other well-known corporations to join him. (Thompson, Jr. et al, 2005) Schultz had a total of 161 stores by 1992, 1,015 stores by 1996, with plans to open over 2,000 stores by the year 2000. “Management expected to have 15,000 stores by year end 2005 and 25,000 locations by 2013” (Thompson, Jr. et al, 2005). Starbucks is still one of the fastest growing purveyors of Coffee in retail outlest. Business & Corporate-Level Strategy Starbucks’ corporate strategy has been to “establish itself as the premier purveyor of the finest coffee in the world, while maintaining uncompromised principles (Thompson, Jr. et al, 2005). The six guiding principles are as follows: * Provide a great work environment and treat each other with respect and dignity. * Embrace diversity as an essential component in the way we do business. * Apply the highest standards of excellence to the purchasing, roasting and fresh delivery of our coffee. * Develop enthusiastically satisfied customers all of the time. * Contribute positively to our communities and our environment. * Recognize that profitability is essential to our future success. (“Starbucks mission statement”, 2007). Starbucks’ approach is to saturate an area, as Schultz believes the “Starbucks-everywhere approach cuts down on delivery and management costs, shortens customer lines at individual stores, and increases foot traffic for all the stores in an area” (“Starbucks Corporation, 2003). Starbucks is one of the fastest growing companies in the country. Starbucks sells premium brewed coffee beverages and beans through company-owned and licensed retail outlets. Starbucks also sells bakery goods, confections, and coffee equipment and merchandise. The retail outlets supply the ambience and the friendly atmosphere that is associated with the brand. This has contributed to the success of the company. The coffee market fluctuates in prices and quality, but Starbucks changes blends whenever necessary to keep its quality high. Price is really not a big factor, since Starbucks’ customers are there for the atmosphere and the quality. Starbucks’ locations include transportation centers, bookstores and shopping centers. They have recently branched into Supermarkets for their beans and ground coffee, and convenience stores with cold beverages. Financial Performance Net sales equalled US$5.3 billion in 2004, an increase of 30% over 2003. This was due to new store openings, higher revenues from existing stores and growth in other business channels. Payroll costs increased, because employee seniority created a need for medical and holiday benefits, and higher wages. Starbucks needed more staff and paid higher prices for premium beans. In 2004, Starbucks reported a 46% growth in net profit. The operating margin increased to 11.5% in 2004, up from 10.4% in 2003. This was due to leverage with most fixed costs, an expanded revenue base, but it was offset by higher dairy and green coffee costs, plus higher payroll to support the company’s accelerated growth. See APPENDIX A for figures. Resources Starbucks was accused by the Workers’ Union for unfair labour practices and unfair pay scales as noted on the Union’s official website. Starbucks’ inability to settle the accusations in a timely manner seems to be a direct contradiction to one of its guiding principles of providing “a great work environment and treat each other with respect and dignity” (Starbucks, 2006). The labour force is the Company’s most important asset. They need to take better care of it. Other resources Starbucks draws on include excellent market exposure, a highly recognizable brand and a consistent experience for customers. Starbucks managers seem to be well trained and staff basically understand the company branding strategy. It is the quality of the coffee, the service and the atmosphere of the coffee shops that is the key to their popularity. In the past Starbucks has been slow to respond to changing environments, sometimes inaccessible to employees and their concerns and culturally insensitive when moving into a new area. However, the company has shown that it is a “learning organization” and made changes needed, albeit sometimes a little slowly. Top management dictates the policy at every outlet, but does not handle staffing, operations or choices made concerning stock. These decisions are left to the local managers. Starbucks retail employees seem well trained and reasonably happy. There is no pressure for speed, but employees are expected to be friendly, deliver quality and keep the premises clean and inviting. Most retail outlets succeed in this. Starbucks is more successful in recruiting needed employees partly because the premises are so welcoming and the quality of the products make complaints rare. In foreign markets, such as China and Japan, the company has shown that it has learned to carefully consider the cultures within which they operate. There are many fewer problems with cultural faux-pas than in the past. Starbucks hires staff among university students, so there is some turnover. However, they are flexible about scheduling in respect for the needs of their employees. In all, the stores are pleasant places to work. Starbucks offers its benefits package to both part-time and full-time employees with dependent coverage available. Dependent coverage is also extended to same-sex partners. The package includes medical, dental, vision and short-term disability insurance, as well as paid vacation, paid holidays, mental health/chemical dependency benefits, an employee assistance program, a 401 (k) savings plan, and a stock option plan. They also offer career counselling and product discounts. Employee turnover is also discouraged by Starbucks’ stock option plan known as the Bean Stock Plan. Implemented in August of 1991, the plan made Starbucks the only private company to offer stock options unilaterally to all employees. After one year, employees may join a 401 (k) plan. There is a vesting period of five years; it starts one year after the option is granted, then vests the employee at 20 percent every year. In addition, every employee receives a new stock-option award each year, and a new vesting period begins. This plan required getting an exemption from the Securities and Exchange Commission, since any company with more than 500 shareholders has to report its financial performance publicly-a costly process that reveals valuable information to competitors. All of Starbucks’ employees have to go through extensive training in the first two to four weeks. The training includes classes on coffee history, drink preparation, coffee knowledge, customer services, retail skills, and a four-hour workshop called “Brewing the Perfect Cup” (Thompson & Gamble, 1997). For management trainees, they would have to attend further classes covering store operations, company policies, information systems, and the basic skills of people management (Thompson & Gamble, 1997). Starbucks’ employee training program has contributed directly to the success of the business. Perhaps the one place where needs are sometimes not well met are local management. The pressures on retail managers is well compensated , but local managers are usually as high as they will go in the organization, so there is not much incentive beyond financial rewards and stability. Starbucks counters this with constant management training to keep a steady supply of managers. It is probably the best strategy, considering that operation of the retail outlets bears no relation to any of the functions at the head offices. They are two distinctly different and separate operations within the company. However, as long as the head office continues to communicate with local managers, it should continue to work. So this is one very important output from head office to local retail outlets. Communication must stay open and management training must continue. The informal organization in Starbucks is also actually two organizations. The head office does the buying and makes all the choices of products to offer retail outlets. The solicit input from their local managers, and occasionally make a change based upon this input. The local informal organizations are within each of the retail outlets. Some local managers share bonuses with their employees. Generally the relationship between the local managers and their staff are quite friendly, as managers always actually work in the outlet. Teamwork is mandated from above, but willingly embraced at the retail level. Management tasks are the usual of recruiting, training, ordering, scheduling, resolving problems with employees and the occasional customer, and handling the books and banking. Employee tasks require some training, which is given and paid. Some employees only serve at the register and clean the premises. Others are trained “Baristas” and make all the fancy drinks. Most employees are trained in all areas eventually. All employees are trained to deal with customers in as friendly a manner as possible. It is a very relaxed atmosphere. The most important outputs to the organization beyond the relationships with their employees are their connections with customers and the delivery of a consistently high quality product. This is handled very well by the well trained employees. In addition, since speed of service is not considered critical, employees do not feel pressured to terminate conversations quickly. While there are rush hours, generally before work in the mornings, and at lunch hours, customers are not usually in a hurry. These factors may be the most important outputs, because they establish the brand as representing good coffee in a welcoming atmosphere. As Benne Peto, HR director of Starbucks, explains: “The Starbucks experience is more than just the coffee itself. It is a whole experience you get when you come into a store – the one-on-one connection you should get with the managers and [staff] in store. It is the whole environment.” (www.starbucks.com) Appendix A Table 1: Starbucks Corp: Financial Summary 2000-2004 References Thompson, Jr., A., Strickland III, A., & Gamble, J. (2005). Crafting and executing strategy. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. “Starbucks Corporation: Competing in a Global Market.” UW Business School. 2003. Web. Starbucks, (2007). Starbucks mission statement. 2008. Web. Starbucks Coffee Company. Company Web Page. 2008. Web. “Employee Profile – Starbucks: It’s all in blend.” Employee Benefits Magazine. 2004. pg. 37. Thompson, A., Gamble, J. (1999) Starbucks Case Study. 2006. Web.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The political machines of the late 19 th and early 20 th century were based on patronage. The rapid urbanization brought changes that the boss and his/her machine should have coped with. When the level of corruption appeared to be too high, American citizens were ready to tolerate some "reasonable" level of corruption, but when the level appeared to be too high, they balked it.

The political machines of the late 19 th and early 20 th century were based on patronage. The rapid urbanization brought changes that the boss and his/her machine should have coped with. When the level of corruption appeared to be too high, American citizens were ready to tolerate some "reasonable" level of corruption, but when the level appeared to be too high, they balked it.

State and Local Government: US Political Machines Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction In the late 19 th and early 20 th century, the larger cities in the United States were governed according to the principles of political machines politics. This unofficial system of a political organization is based on patronage. The latter implies the ability to do favors when holding public office. Political machines often had bosses. The rapid urbanization brought changes that the boss and his/her machine should have coped with. Especially it is true concerning the problems that the official city government could not solve. Still, there is a view according to which the political machines were parallel governments. Their function was to meet the needs of the public and the public, in its turn, offered its allegiance and votes (Urban Bosses and Machine Politics). Sometimes the system of something for something was supplemented by threats of various kinds towards those who attempted to step outside it. Main body One of the functions of political machines was serving immigrants to the USA. For the immigrants, the machines were vehicles for political enfranchisement. The immigrants did not have a sense of civic duty and traded votes for power. Irish immigrants were the brightest example of how immigrants could benefit from the machines. Still, the party machines’ care of immigrants was not permanent, as machines were simply interested in maintaining a minimally winning amount of support. When this support was acquired there was no necessity any longer to recruit new members. The constant corruption that was the basis for the political machines gave rise to many reform movements. American citizens were ready to tolerate some “reasonable” level of corruption, but when the level appeared to be too high, they balked it. Observing this pattern urban reformers had more power to succeed in seizing the power from the machines. They used to cost as a trigger for their reforms. But even successful reform movements did not always lead to efficient and less expensive government. During the Progressive Era, for instance, inflation led to costs that resulted in higher taxes (Urban Bosses and Machine Politics). Still, reformers had other goals apart from the establishment of a less expensive government. The morale of the community was also a point of their concern. The reforms that they advocated were directed at prostitution, drinking, commercial issues, and leisure activities. The reform movement supported a set of social reforms such as factory safety laws, minimum-wage and maximum-hour laws, and protective legislation for women and children (Urban Bosses and Machine Politics). Conclusion In general, the changes that the political machines and the reformists advocated were rather similar. Though the machines cared less about the citizens’ morality than the reformists did, both systems of the political organization brought about improving the quality of urban life as it guaranteed them community support during elections. There was never a sharp line between the machines and the reformers that contributed to their long existence up to the twentieth century. Works Cited “Urban Bosses And Machine Politics.” Answers.com. 2008. Web.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: State and local governments cooperate in various services sharing common responsibilities. The functions, which state and local governments exercise, affect directly Americans' everyday life. They range from arranging elections for citizens to paying for roads, providing water, organizing police and fire services, establishing zoning regulations and licensing professionals. In addition, state and local government establish limits on property taxes and develop different forms of job training for welfare recipients.

State and local governments cooperate in various services sharing common responsibilities. The functions, which state and local governments exercise, affect directly Americans' everyday life. They range from arranging elections for citizens to paying for roads, providing water, organizing police and fire services, establishing zoning regulations and licensing professionals. In addition, state and local government establish limits on property taxes and develop different forms of job training for welfare recipients.

State and Local Governments Analysis Essay State and local governments cooperate in various services sharing common responsibilities. The functions, which state and local governments exercise, affect directly Americans’ everyday life. They range from arranging elections for citizens to paying for roads, providing water, organizing police and fire services, establishing zoning regulations and licensing professionals. In addition, state and local government establish limits on property taxes and develop different forms of job training for welfare recipients. These functions are equally important but, to my mind, there is one function that is even more significant. This is responsibility of controlling educational sector. In the 1990s many state and local governments in the United States organized charter schools which gave citizens an opportunity to start alternative schools that are publicly funded. Other governments established voucher systems that permitted parents to make use of a state-issued voucher to send their children to public schools. I believe the state and local governments’ initiatives in the field of education are of extreme importance as the quality of education citizens get at present affect the overall development of the country in future. Though the debate over limiting legislative terms dates back to the beginnings of political science, in the United States the problem of term limits for state and nationally elected officials has been treated seriously since the late 1980s – the early 90s. There are both advantages and disadvantages of imposing term limits on officials. The advantages of term limits include: * They reduce the concentration and abuse of power; * They encourage political participation by nonpoliticians; * They make government more responsive to public needs; * They make politicians think more of the voters’ interests instead of the polices that will ensure their long-term political survival; * They ensure that officials have equal seniority and, as a result, equal power and influence. The disadvantages of terms limits are: * They take away the right of voters to re-elect their representative or to vote someone out of the office; * Newly elected officials lack the experience that the officials who spent years in office have; * Officials approaching their term limits think of their own political future instead of the voters’ interests; * Term limits lead to frequent trading of posts between the same people and not to new faces that enter politics. Historically, state constitutions in the USA were changed by means of the four different methods: * Extra-legal means such as the Dorr Rebellion in Rhode Island during 1841-1842. * Initiative. This is the process whereby constitutional changes are proposed and placed on the ballot by a citizen’s petition and then enacted by popular vote. There are two types of initiatives: direct and indirect. Direct initiatives are submitted directly to the voters without any action by the legislature whereas indirect initiatives are proposed by a citizen’s petition but sent to legislature before submitting directly to the voters. * Referendum. This is the process when constitutional changes are passed by the legislature and then referred to voters for final approval. There exist referenda of two types: the popular referenda and the propositions submitted by the legislature. They differ in the citizen’s petition that is present in the first case and is absent in the second one. Contrary to the popular referendum in the proposition submitted by the legislature a proposed constitutional amendment or statute is submitted to voters without being prompted by a citizen’s petition. Up to 1898 this was the only kind of initiative or referendum used in the USA. In 1898 the South Dakota became the first state to allow direct statewide initiatives. * The use of commissions or other administrative bodies as sources of constitutional change. Appeared at the mid of the twentieth century as a product of renegade legislatures that strived to revise outmoded state constitutions with a minimum of popular debate. The two main purposes that commissions serve up to the present day are: to study the constitution and propose changes and to prepare for a constitutional convention. Currently constitutional change by legislative proposal and popular ratification remains the norm for most states (Leonarde, 1996). There exist three basic ways in which the national government influences state level politics: * General state jurisdiction. The national government can influence state government through encroaching on the domain of territory that traditionally has belonged to the states. There are two prominent means of this encroachment: preemption and grants-in-aid programs. Preemption implies expand of the national government’s powers by limiting the scope of authority previously exercised by the state governments. Grants-in-aid programs are worked out with the two purposes: to assist in the achievement of state purposes and to assert the primacy of national aims and purposes. The use of block grants and categorical grants are the common examples of how these purposes are achieved by the national government. * State policy priorities. They serve an important arena through which the national government can assert its purposes. There are two possible models through which the national government operates in states’ policy matters: the bargaining model and the alternative hierarchical one. According to bargaining model, the national government can influence state policy matters of modest or marginal significance, whereas the hierarchical model offers that the national government exercises significant influence on the determination of substantive state policies. * Agency resource allocations. The national government affects the allocation of resources by and to specific state agencies. This is the influence of the national government in a micro-level context, the most narrowly focused arena of the national government’s intrusion in state affairs. The first arena is the most broadly focused one and the second one occupies an intermediate position (Yoo & Wright, 1993, p. 53). Thus, the national government works at different levels to exert one’s purposes. Voter turnout is the percentage of eligible voters who participate in elections. Different countries have different statistics on average voter turnouts. This happens due to the combination of factors that affect voter turnout: * Socio-economic factors: education, income, ethnicity and age affect voters’ participation in elections. If a person is educated the possibility that he or she will vote increases. Wealthier people are more likely to vote. Since representatives of different ethnic groups have different levels of education and income, the percentage of eligible voters who participate in elections varies in different ethnicities. Elderly people are more willing to vote than the young who claim that they simply do not have time for voting. Married people are more likely to participate in elections than single ones. * Genetic factors: voting appears to be habitual. If a young voter’s parents are/were active during elections he or she is more likely to vote as well. The two genes responsible for social behavior and political activity in particular are monoamine oxidase and 5HTT. * Regional factor: time zones affect voters’ participation. In continent spanning nations voters of some regions are aware of the results from other regions and, therefore, do not find it necessary to vote as they believe their participation will not change the situation. * Cultural factor: the level to which the cultural habit of voting is developed influences voters’ participation in elections. Sense of civic duty that the makes people vote is developed throughout a certain period of time and under certain social conditions. The cultural habit to vote is formed out of the attitudes like trust in government, degree of devotion among the population, interest in politics and belief in the effectiveness of voting. * Institutional factors: the modalities of how voter legislation is conducted; compulsory or non-compulsory character of voting; proportional representation system; ease of voting; voter fatigue and measuring turnout – all of them affect the reported level of average voter turnout. * Weather, time of the year and the day of the week also affect voter turnout. Midweek elections during the spring or autumn increases voters’ participation if compared to elections held weekend and summer. Still, these factors can cause an increase or decrease in turnout up to five percentage points only. Since the 1960s, there is a trend of decreasing voter turnout in most established democracies in the world. The US show one of the lowest levels of voter turnout as compared to other democracies. The country is 20 th out of 21 in voter turnout among established democracies – only Switzerland has lower voter turnout than turnout in U.S. presidential elections. Turnout among potentially eligible voters in the U.S. in presidential elections is only 50-55%. Turnout in non-presidential years is far lower (Voter turnout). An analyst Curtis Gans claims that America being “the nation that prides itself on being the best example of government of, for, and by the people is rapidly becoming a nation whose participation is limited to the interested or zealous few.” (Gans, 2000, p. 34) Critics trace the decline in voter turnout as the result of the baleful influence of “big money” on voters. The large sums raised and spent by competing parties and their campaigns alienate voters and discourage their participation. The widely-spread opinion among the voters is that there is no necessity to vote as campaign contributors run the show. Other possible cause of decline in the level of voter turnout in the USA is that sharply critical advertising (so-called negative ads) discourages voting by fostering cynicism about the political process. Big money and negative ads are the most obvious signs of sickness in the body of politics and low voter turnout in the country is the consequence of the disease. Limits on political liberty through restrictions on campaign finance and on political advertising are expected to save the patient and increase voter turnout in the USA (Samples, 2004, p. 2). Electrical machinery and computers are among the leading manufactures of North Carolina. Apart from ordinary usage, computers have been gradually used in the state as tools for making Internet voting possible. In the 2000 elections, the state participated in a proof-of-concept demonstration of Internet voting. At the current stage Internet voting research persists as it is of primary importance to find out how secure Internet voting is to decide whether to permit it or not in the state. My position is that until this system of voting does not offer any guarantees of secure voting it should not be implemented in the state. The thing is that according to the research of the Internet Policy Institute, remote Internet voting systems pose significant risk to the integrity of the voting process and “should not be fielded for use in public elections until substantial technical and social science issues are addressed.” (Schwartz) Technical issues imply the problem of security, as there are many opportunities for hackers to hack the whole system and to influence the election results. As North Carolina is a state where young population prevails and hackers are mostly young people the chances that the system can easily be hacked increase. Interested parties and opposing candidates if resort to services of these hackers, not to mention terrorists who often themselves are rather educated in computer science, the very principle of fair and democratic elections will be neglected. Another problem that might appear if implementing the Internet voting system in the state is that due to the income differences not every voter in North Carolina has Internet access. The principle of fairness does not work in case of Internet voting, as the actual possibility of voting is restricted to Internet access of the voter. It would seem that the use of voting machines in traditional polling places is the best solution to the problem but it appears that the leading voting machines manufacturers of the state do not give any guarantees of their products’ security. The proprietary codes that electronic voting companies develop can leak over the Internet. Moreover, there are no effective threats to the dangers of viruses, worms, hackers, and intruders that question the security of Internet voter system elaborated. Thus, until no public oversight of elections and their absolute security is offered no green line to Internet voting system in North Carolina should be given. The US Constitution proclaims separation of power in the government. By establishing the principle of separation of power the Framers intended not to recreate a government with centralized power (during the US colonial period) and followed John Locke’s idea that government power must be limited so that the liberties of people cannot be easily trampled (Long) The first instance of divided government occurred in 1792 when Federalist President George Washington was reelected and Thomas Jefferson’s Democratic-Republican Party won a nine-seat majority in the House. In 1984 the pattern persisted: Republican Ronald Reagan was re-elected and the opposition Democrats had a seventy-one-seat margin in the lower chamber. In 1988 Republican George Bush easily beat Democrat Michael Dukakis in the presidential election, but the Democrats increased their majority in the House to an impressive eighty-nine-seat plurality (White and Mileur, 1992, p. 36). As neither Democrats nor the Republicans can work out a national program that is compelling enough to win an outright majority the combination of their efforts become more effective in terms of state level politics. Historically, American voters who experience the outcomes of the state level politics approve of divided party government that speaks of its effectiveness. For example, after the 1988 balloting sixty seven percent of Connecticut voters found divided party government good for the country and the 1990 survey found that 51 percent of voters considered divided government to be “a good thing, because it has kept either political party from having too much power.” Only 37 percent found it “bad because it has made it impossible to work on solutions to the important problems facing the country.” (White and Mileur, 1992, p. 37). Divided and unified party government has both positive and negative impacts on state level politics: on the one hand, divided government makes the enactment of policy more difficult but presents a balanced view on this or that problem, on the other, unified government is more likely to pass significant public policy though the principle of “check and balance” does not work in this case. United States state legislatures – “the first branch of government” – today have a vastly increased capacity to govern (Pound, 1999, p. 28). This capacity is disclosed through the functions that they perform: * Propose amendments to the state constitution, consider proposed amendments to the Constitution of the United States; * Prepare and legislate for a program derived from a variety of sources. The need of the program comes out from the study of the problems of the district and the state. The needs of the committees on which legislators serve, of their parties, friends and interest groups are also thoroughly considered before the need for new legislation is conceived; * Perform reviews of other legislators’ proposals and programs and either support or oppose them; * Oversee the work of the administrative branch of the government; * Attend committee hearings, review reports and investigate complaints to monitor the annual state budget; * Serve a link between the district, state and federal agencies, handling the constituents’ problems through personal assistance; * Attend and participate in party caucuses, meetings on specific problems and general conventions thus playing an active role in the work of the political party. The professionalism with which these functions are performed by state legislators results in either increase or loss of the public confidence in representative institutions. There exist two approaches to characterize representatives of legislature. The first one offers the fall of legislatures into four groups: “professionalized”, transitional, traditional and those with term limits (Pound, 1999, p. 28). According to the second existing approach legislatures fall into three groups: professional, citizen or a hybrid of the two (Penchoff, 2007, p. 11). Though the two approaches slightly differ in the titles proposed for each legislature type and in characteristic traits that define each of the type, both of them state that “professional” or “professionalized” legislature has certain advantages over the other legislature type. Namely, these are higher compensation, unlimited time in session, large professional staffs and members who define their occupation as legislator (Pound, 1999, p. 28). This professional legislature type includes highly urbanized states with large populations: California, New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin and New Jersey. The type of legislative body is one of the leading factors that affect legislative compensation. Professional legislatures are the highest paid. For example, legislators in California are the highest paid in the 50 state capitols with annual salaries of $110,880. In general, by 2005, the average salary in professional legislatures was $67,077.22. That’s a 5.13 percent increase for the above-mentioned states since 1975 (Penchoff, 2007, p. 11). Moreover, as term limits become more widely implemented throughout the states the advantage of unlimited time in session remains very important. The percentage of professional legislators has increased from 3 percent in 1976 to 11 percent in 1986 and to 14 percent in 1995. Though the advantages that this legislature type has are sometimes crucial for the choices in favor of professional legislature that politicians make, one should also give credit for time-consuming role that professional legislatures take in performing constituent services for the public. A state governor has many responsibilities. First, he serves as commander-in-chief of the National Guard during peaceful times or when there is no case of emergency. This responsibility has been established historically. Prior to the World War II the Guard was available on call of the state governor to handle various disturbances that occurred. The governor has the right to submit a comprehensive executive budget and messages to the legislature; therefore, he is in a position to influence the legislature and public serving a leader of policy. In addition, the governor has much power in policy innovation. He can call on any of the state agencies for ideas and data and the state cannot refuse to give him the information he requests. Further, governor is the head of his political party. Therefore, he has to spend a great deal of time attending party activities. Smoothing over contradictions that emerge between rival factions within the organization or rival members of the legislature is one among the governor’s responsibilities in terms of the political party that he is in charge of. The governor is also responsible for appropriate actions in case of emergency. The governor’s duty is to make plans for the case of emergency in collaboration with other officials. Emergencies include natural disasters, prison breaks, race riots, and political crises of various sorts. Other responsibilities of the governor include making basic changes in existing public policy, new state programs, and major alterations in the tax structure. The governor’s task is to find the most suitable decision for this or that problem that occurs. He is to seek a wide range of opinions on the subject. When various approaches to the problems are carefully thought over the governor makes the final decision. The results that the decision will bring will determine the political fate of the governor and of his party or faction. Regarding this, the governor cannot afford to be often wrong. References Adrian, C. R. (1967). State and Local Governments (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Chandler, J. A. (Ed.). (1993). Local Government in Liberal Democracies: An Introductory Survey . New York: Routledge. Deeply Felt Politics Shaped Events. (2004). The Register-Guard (Eugene, OR) , p. A1. Elcock, H. (1994). Local Government: Policy and Management in Local Authorities . New York: Routledge. Gans, C. (2000). Table for One, Please: America’s Disintegrating Democracy. Washington Monthly , 20, 33-35. Hagel, C. (2006, March). Can America Deal with the 21st Century? “Strong and Imaginative Leadership, Coherent Policies and Responsible Politics and Government Will Sustain Our Great Nation.”. USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education) , 134 , 10. James, H. G. (1921). Local Government in the United States . New York: D. Appleton. Lavery, K. (1999). Smart Contracting for Local Government Services: Processes and Experience . Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. Leonarde, A. R. (1996). In search of the deliberate initiative. A proposal for a new method of constitutional change. 2008. Web. Litan, R. E. (2001). Law and Policy in the Age of the Internet. Duke Law Journal, 50 (4), 1045. Long, J. P. (1997). Divided government: Change, uncertainty, and the constitutional order. 2008. Web. Militia Targets Local Government. (1998, June). Public Management , 80 , 21. O’Looney, J. A. (1998). Outsourcing State and Local Government Services: Decision-Making Strategies and Management Methods . Westport, CT: Quorum Books. Penchoff, J. (2007). Legislative pay daze. Web. Pierce, G. (1996). Inside Politics. The Washington Times , p. 6. Pierce, G. (2000). Inside Politics. The Washington Times , p. 6. Pound, W. T. (1999). The Modern Legislature. State Legislatures , 25 , 28. Raimondo, H. J. (1970). The Economics of State and Local Government . New York: McGraw-Hill. Saltzman, J. (1999). Who Runs Your State? Does Anyone Care?. USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education) , 128 , 55. Saltzman, J. (1999). Who Runs Your State? Does Anyone Care?. USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education) , 128 , 55. Samples, J. (2004). Three Myths about Voter Turnout in the United States, Policy analysis, 524, 1-12. Schwartz, J. (2004). Report says Internet voting system is too insecure to use . 2008. Web. Scully, S. (1997, June 20). That’s Politics. The Washington Times , p. 10. Staley, S. (1993). Bigger Is Not Better: The Virtues of Decentralized Local Government. USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education) , 121 , 10. Switzer, J. V. (2001). Local Government Implementation of the Americans with Disabilities Act: Factors Affecting Statutory Compliance. Policy Studies Journal, 29 (4), 654. Vile, M. J. (1999). Politics in the USA . London: Routledge. Voter turnout . 2008. Web. White, J. K. & Mileur, J. M. (Eds.). (1992). Challenges to party government . Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. Woo, L. C. (1994). Today’s Legislators: Who They Are and Why They Run. State Legislatures , 20 , 28. Yoo, J.-W. & Wright, D. S. (1993). Public policy and intergovernmental relations: Measuring perceived change(s) in national influence – the effects of the federalism decade. Policy Studies Journal, 21, 53-55.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The purpose of this paper is to examine the practical applicability of the directions and suggestions of statement no. 142, one of the statements issued by FASB dealing with Goodwill and other Intangible assets. A critical analysis of the relevant portion of financial statements appearing in Annual report 2008 of ‘Wal- Mart Stores Inc.' have been made to observe the impact of statement no. 142 on the financial statement of Wal- Mart.It was found that Wal- Mart has normally

The purpose of this paper is to examine the practical applicability of the directions and suggestions of statement no. 142, one of the statements issued by FASB dealing with Goodwill and other Intangible assets. A critical analysis of the relevant portion of financial statements appearing in Annual report 2008 of ‘Wal- Mart Stores Inc.' have been made to observe the impact of statement no. 142 on the financial statement of Wal- Mart. It was found that Wal- Mart has normally

Statement of Financial Accounting Standards no. 142 Term Paper Executive Summary The chosen statement to write this paper is ‘Statement of Financial Accounting Standards no. 142- Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets’. The standard was introduced in December 2001 superseding APB opinion no. 17. The objective was to provide maximum disclosure with regard to goodwill and other intangibles to the financial statement users. The statement straight away debarred amortization of goodwill and other intangible which are longer- lived and have indefinite useful life. In order to examine the practical applicability of the directions and suggestions of statement no. 142, the Annual Report 2008 of ‘Wal- Mart Stores Inc.’ was selected. On a critical analysis of the way goodwill and other intangibles were dealt in the financial statements of Wal- Mart, it was found that Wal- Mart has normally followed all the directions and guidance of Statement no 142, except in the area of presentation of intangible assets. Those have not been shown as separate line items in the balance sheet. Instead those have been clubbed with other long- lived assets. However, goodwill has been shown properly as a separate line item. Introduction Statement no.142, one of the statements issued by FASB dealing with Goodwill and other Intangible assets has been selected for this write up in order to evaluate its practical applicability. A critical analysis of the relevant portion of financial statements appearing in Annual report 2008 of ‘Wal- Mart Stores Inc.’have been made to observe the impact of statement no. 142 on the financial statement of Wal- Mart. Analysis have been made basically with regard to initial recognition of goodwill and other intangible assets, accounting for intangible assets other than goodwill, accounting for goodwill, and presentation in financial statements of these assets, keeping in view the applicability of provisions and directions of statement no. 142. Purpose SFAS 142 was issued to provide better information of Intangibles to the financial statement users. Though Goodwill is also an Intangible asset, but in SFAS 142 the term Intangible Assets has been used for intangibles other than Goodwill. SFAS 142 superseded APB Opinion no. 17, and is effective for financial statements issued after December 2001. It lays down the accounting treatment of Intangible assets acquired with other assets otherwise than under a business combination, as well as for Goodwill and Intangible assets after those have been initially recognized in the financial statements. SFAS 142 differs from APB Opinion No. 17 in following ways: * APB 17 treated the Goodwill acquired upon integration of entities as a stand alone transactions as it approach was transaction based, where as SFAS 142 bases the accounting of Goodwill treating the combined entity separate from units integrated into it. Those units are known as reporting units. * APB 17 treated Goodwill and other intangibles as wasting assets and fixed a ceiling of 40 years to amortize these assets. However, useful lives of these assets have been treated by SFAS 142 as indefinite and those are not amortized but tested for impairments. Intangible assets having finite useful life will continue to be amortized. * SFAS 142 provides very specific two step method of testing impairment on goodwill on annual basis. In first step it is decided whether goodwill requires impairment and second step the impairment of goodwill is valued. Similarly other intangibles of infinite useful lives will also be tested for impairment. * SFAS also requires complete disclosure of Goodwill and other intangible with regard to calculations of their carrying value and other aspects impairments. The purpose of SFAS 142 is to enhance financial statement disclosures impairments and other aspects of goodwill and other intangibles, so that users are better equipped to assess future profitability and cash flow of the entity. Usefulness Reporting effect of SFAS 142 is seen the Notes to Financial Statements of the companies. Normally a separate paragraph in the notes provides details about how the company has dealt with its Goodwill and intangible assets. The notes provide detailed disclosure about the impaired value of such intangibles and goodwill with reasons for such change in the value. To give an example, the Annual report 2008 of Wal-Mart Stores Inc., note titled ‘Goodwill and Other Acquired Intangible Assets’ at pages 32-33 of the report clearly cite the reason for change in good will since 2007 when it states that: “The change in the international segment’s Goodwill since fiscal 2007 resulted primary from the acquisition of controlling interest in Bounteous Company Ltd.(“BCL”), the tender offer to acquire the remaining outstanding common and preferred shares of our Japanese subsidiary, the Seiyu (“Seiyu”), and foreign exchange fluctuations.” The disclosure made by Wal-Mart in the notes providing reasons for change value of goodwill is an ample proof of following accounting process as suggested by SFAS142. Not only the financial statements of Wal-Mart carry depict strict compliance of the standard but the users of the statement need no further explanations when they view the changes in the value goodwill and other intangible assets. Accordingly it can be said that companies are using SFAS 142 in the letter and spirit of the standard and the objective of providing the users of financial statements with detailed information about Goodwill and intangibles is being properly served. Practical Application The chosen real organization to assess the applicability of the statement no.142 in its financial statements is Wal- Mart Stores Inc. The application of relevant standard has been analyzed with reference to company’s annual report 2008 under following issues: Initial Recognition and Measurement of Intangible Assets and Goodwill On the issue of initial recognition clause no. 9 of the statement no.142 states that “An intangible asset that is acquired either individually or with a group of other assets (but not those acquired in a business combination) shall be initially recognized and measured based on its fair value….The cost of group of asset acquired in a transaction other than a business combination shall be allocated to the individual assets acquired based on their relative fair values and shall not give rise to goodwill.” It may be noted that standard is not applicable to intangibles acquired under a combination; and also when intangible are acquired with group of other assets, total fair value of acquisition cost shall be shared among the assets acquired on basis of each asset’s fair value so that no goodwill results. The treatment provided by Wal Mart on acquiring goodwill and intangible asset during 2007-08, as per notes on ‘goodwill and other intangibles’ in its annual report 2008 is that: “Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired, and is allocated to the appropriate reporting unit acquired.” This shows that Wal- Mart has not acquired any goodwill or intangibles to which the provisions of Statement no 142 are applicable. But acquisition of Goodwill was there during the year. Wal- Mart acquired 35% interest in BCL, but that was under a combination scheme with BCL, and therefore accounting was not as per provisions of SFAS no. 142. Wal Mart rightly complied with relevant standard (SFAS no.141) where Goodwill was resulted difference between purchase price and fair value of assets acquired, as is clear from portion of note no. 6 to financial statements reproduced as under: “After closing the acquisition, the company began consolidating BCL using a December 31 fiscal year end. The company’s Consolidated Statements for fiscal year 2008 include the results of BCL for the period commencing upon the acquisition of The Company’s interest in BCL and ending with December 31, 2007. BCL’s results of operation were not material to the company. Assets recorded in acquisition were approximately $1.6 billion, included approximately $1.1 billion in goodwill, and liabilities assumed were approximately $1.0 billion. The Consolidated Financial Statements of BCL, as well as the allocation of purchase price, are prelimnary.” Hence it can be said that Wal-Mart very correctly did not applied SFAS 142 on a combination transaction. Accounting for Intangible Assets SFAS 142 prescribes the following rules with regard to accounting for intangibles: * Intangibles with indefinite useful life will not be amortized. Only the intangible assets with definite useful life will be amortized. * The useful life of intangible asset shall be determined with reference to factors like expected use of intangible asset, expected useful of other assets or group of assets to which the intangible asset may be related, legal, regulatory, and contractual provisions with regard to initial acquisition or subsequent renewal or extension of the use, effects of obsolescence, demand, and other economic factors, and expenditure to maintain expected cash flows. * Amortization method to be adopted for intangible assets with definite useful life would be such that reflect the pattern in which economic benefits from such intangible assets are utilized by the entity. * Intangibles assets with indefinite useful life will be tested for impairment and impairment loss be recognized when fair value of the asset is less than carrying value of such asset. However, based on guidance in Statement No. 142, there are three questions that need to be asked to determine the appropriate useful life: 1. “Does the company intend and have the ability to renew or extend the contract?, 2. Are there substantial costs associated with the renewal/ extension?, 3. Will there be material modifications to the existing terms and conditions?” (Jennifer M. Mueller, December 2004). The above rules of SFAS 142 with regard to amortization and testing for impairment of intangible assets have been treated by Wal- Mart as stated in notes at page 32-33 of annual report 2008 of the company. The notes states as under: “Goodwill and other indefinite- lived acquired intangible assets are not amortized; rather they are evaluated for impairment annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the value of the asset may be impaired. Definite- lived other acquired intangibles are considered long- lived assets and are amortized on a straight- line basis over the periods that expected benefits will be provided.” It may be noted that Wal- Mart is making clear distinction between definite- lived intangible assets and indefinite- lived intangible assets. The method of amortiztisation followed by the Wal- Mart is based on the principle of economic benefit enjoyed by the entity. Further it may be pointed out that entity has determine the useful life of intangible assets on annual basis, and if after determining the indefinite life of an intangible, it is found that such intangible asset has definite useful life, then “remaining carrying amount of the intangible asset shall be amortized prospectively over the revised remaining life. However, Wal- Mart had no such situation where once determined indefinite life intangible asset has turned to be intangible with definite live on a later valuation. Accounting for Goodwill Statement no. 142 determines that Goodwill will not be amortized but tested for impairment. This is departure from earlier policy of amortization for 40 years as per APB Opinion no. 17. The immediate effect of this testing would be that when no impairment is found, that when fair value equals carrying value, earnings of the entity would go up by amortization amount. Statement No. 142 has prescribed two step impairment tests for goodwill. In the first step an identification of probable impairment of goodwill is predicted by comparing fair value of a reporting unit with carrying value and impairment in goodwill is identified. If fair value exceeds carrying value of goodwill of reporting unit, there is no impairment and no need to go in for second stem. Impairment exists when fair value is less than carrying amount. The notes to financial statement makes it clear that Wal- Mart tests the goodwill and other intangibles for impairment on annual basis, as we find similar disclosure in notes of earlier annual reports of Wal- Mart Store Inc. So the first step is being religiously followed by Wal-Mart in determining impairment in the value of goodwill and other intangible assets. It is pertinent to point out here that accounting firms performing company’s audit are prohibited from carrying the impairment tests. In the second step impairment is actually measured as per the guidance provided in Statement no. 142. “FASB 142 provides for a number of acceptable methods for determining the fair market value of reporting units and assets being tested for possible impairment. These methods include an income approach employing discounted cash flow projections; comparing recent sales of comparable assets; the application of industry standard multiples for revenue or cash flows; or indeed , virtually any method generally recognized as appropriate in an industry. In some cases, one of these methods may be employed as the primary valuation approach with validation by other methods.” (Bond & Pecaro, May 2002). Wal- Mart is certainly following a prescribed procedure or method of fair value valuation after identifying the impairment in Goodwill, which is its main intangible asset. Notes at page 33 of Annual Report 2008 of Wal- Mart states very clearly the method adopted for determining the impairments. It states as under: “Fair value is measured based on a discounted cash flow method or relative market based approach. The analyses require significant management judgment to evaluate the capacity of an acquired business to perform within projections. Historically, the company has generated sufficient returns to recover the cost of goodwill.” The above statement from the accounts of Wal- Mart shows that the company is using discounted cash flow method to evaluate the fair market value of reporting unit. The company after determining the fair value of reporting unit evaluates the fair value of goodwill in order to compare it with carrying value. This comparison actually determines the impairment, which is then written of. Financial statement presentations Statement no. 142 requires that all intangible assets should be aggregated and presented in a separate line the balance sheet of entity. However individual intangible assets or class of intangible assets may also be presented as separate line items in the balance sheet. The presentation style adopted by Wal- Mart is not as per directions of statement no. 142. Those are neither clubbed together and presented as separate line item nor presented as individual separate line items or as classes of intangibles as separate line items. As per notes to the financial statements in the annual report 2008, “Definite-lived other acquired intangible assets are considered long lived assets”. In other word those are clubbed together with other long- lived assets. As far as Goodwill is consider clause 43 of Statement no. 142 suggests as under: * Goodwill to be presented as a separate line item in the statement pf financial position, * The total of goodwill impairment losses should also be presented as separate line item in income statement become income for continuing operations, unless it is associated with discontinued operations. In that case such goodwill impairment losses will be shown along with the results of discontinued operations. Wal- Mart has rightly shown Goodwill as separate line item in the balance sheet. It appears there are no impairment losses, as there is no mention of such separate line item in income statement. References Wal-Mart. 2008 Annual Report, page 33. Web. Statement of Financial Accounting Standards 142, Initial recognition and measurement of Intangible Assets, Clause 9. Web. Jennifer M. Mueller, Amortization of Certain Intangible Assets, Online Journal of Accountancy, 2004. Web. Bond & Pecaro, Implementing the Guidelines: FASB Statement 142, 2002. Web.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The essay discusses the use of statistical methods in health report (assessment). It highlights the importance of variables, scientific hypotheses, data summary, data comparison, and summary in the process of writing a health report.

The essay discusses the use of statistical methods in health report (assessment). It highlights the importance of variables, scientific hypotheses, data summary, data comparison, and summary in the process of writing a health report.

Statistical Methods in Health Report (Assessment) Table of Contents 1. Variables 2. Scientific Hypotheses 3. Data Summary 4. Data Comparison 5. Summary 6. References The following report is a description based on the information obtained from the participants involved in the study of a skin cancer prevention trial. Variables There are a total of 385 participants with an age range of 25 to 74. Among these, 172 members are males and 213 are females. Their body mass indices are 18.5-24.9 kg/M 2 in 151 normal-weight subjects, 25-29.9 in 168 overweight subjects, and above 30 in 66 obese subjects. A normal cholesterol level of less than or equal to 5.5 mmol/L and a high level of more than 5.5 mmol/l was observed in 178 and 207 subjects, respectively. Their mean high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels are 1.49 mmol/l, with a maximum of 3.78 mmol/l and a minimum of 0.71mmol/l. A high blood pressure (B.P) was observed in only 104 subjects. Scientific Hypotheses The cholesterol levels vary with age linearly. This is evident from the report that at the age of 25, cholesterol levels were 3.29 mmol/L, and at 74, the levels were 9.19 mmol/L. Next, high B.P is strongly associated with abnormal BMI. This is evident from the report that 28 of 66 obese subjects (42.4%) are showing high BP status compared to 55 of 168 overweight subjects (32.7%), and 21 of 151 normal-weight subjects (13.9%).HDL levels have differed with slight significance between males and females. An abnormal mean value of 1.3034 mmol/L in males and the normal mean value of 1.6457 mmol/L in females. Further, the mean HDL levels are slightly abnormal in obese weight and overweight BMI groups. Data Summary Based on the above information on each identified variable, it can be summarized that subjects with mean values of 50 years and 26.4 kg/m 2 BMI have mean levels of 5.7 mmol/L cholesterol, 1.78 mmol/L triglycerides, and 1.49 mmol/L HDL. Here mean values were given importance as they are significant in furnishing valuable information on interpretation. Data Comparison The first hypothesis can be tested by a simple correlation test since a linear relationship between the two variables age and cholesterol could be easily determined. Cholesterol levels were found to increase with age. This may indicate that cholesterol levels gradually turn abnormal following the advancement of age and might contribute to further risk of Coronary heart disease (CHD). The second hypothesis can be tested by ANOVA test because there are 3 different groups of BMI identified. Here, ANOVA can better help in finding the differences in cholesterol between the BMI classes or groups. Since high B.P was found to be associated with BMI, it may indicate that blood pressure is likely to elevate with high BMI. Therefore, patients with high BMI may be at an increased risk of high B.P initiated disorders. To test the third hypothesis, a t-test for independent samples is used. Because this test better helps in evaluating the differences between the two mean values of HDL in males and females. HDL levels of 1.5 mmol/L or higher were reported to protect against heart disease and males were found with an HDL level of 1.3034 mmol/L compared to females with 1.6457 mmol/L in the present report. Here, it can be inferred that slight abnormal HDL levels observed in the male subjects may indicate that men are at risk of developing CHD. The fourth hypothesis can be again tested by ANOVA test because there are 3 different groups of BMI identified. Here, ANOVA can help in better finding the differences of HDL levels among three BMI classes. It was found that overweight and obese subjects have their mean levels of HDL below 1.5 mmol/L.It may indicate that they are at risk of developing CHD. Summary From the above description, it is clear that the variables identified in the participants involved in the study of skin cancer prevention trials have yielded valuable information regarding a possible association with coronary heart disease (CHD). It was found out that the variables are related to one another either significantly or insignificantly. The link between Age and cholesterol levels may be an indication of age related risk of CHD. Increased BMI levels of overweight and obese subjects are showing a predisposition to high B.P and abnormal HDL levels. Finally, men are likely to increase their chances of developing CHD due to their abnormal HDL levels. Table showing summary of results of two hypotheses: N=385 Blood Pressure(mm/Hg) High Density Lipoprotein mmol/L Body Mass index: Normal weight (21) Yes 1.62 mmol/L -Normal Overweight(55) Yes 1.44 mmol/L -Abnormal Obese(28) Yes 1.30 mmol/L -Abnormal References Cholesterol and Triglycerides Test. 2008. Web. www.liu.edu www.csiro.au

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Statistics is a mathematical science which deals with all the different aspects of data collection and processing. The data is first collected and then analyzed and interpreted before being presented. Statistics are important in society for academic purposes including science and its various fields as well as to the business communities and the government. Statistis are frequently and broadly used in society to solve several problems which may be scientific, industrial, or even social in nature.

Statistics is a mathematical science which deals with all the different aspects of data collection and processing. The data is first collected and then analyzed and interpreted before being presented. Statistics are important in society for academic purposes including science and its various fields as well as to the business communities and the government. Statistis are frequently and broadly used in society to solve several problems which may be scientific, industrial, or even social in nature.

Statistics: Definition, Types, Risks Essay Statistics is a mathematical science which deals with all the different aspects of data collection and processing. The data is first collected and then analyzed and interpreted before being presented. Statistics are important in society for academic purposes including science and its various fields as well as to the business communities and the government. Statistics are frequently and broadly used in society to solve several problems which may be scientific, industrial, or even social in nature. Statistics is used in society for several other reasons as well. For example, crime statistics are used to denote the degree of crime in a particular area or region, or even country. Similarly, economic statistics deals with the economic status by means of data collected from a sample of the region or area under examination. Statistics is a science and as such involves particular and precise procedures and methods in order to study and evaluate the sample of the population that needs to be researched. Statistical data is collected in an observational or experimental setting. This data is then analyzed and serves two important purposes of description of the data (descriptive statistics) and inference (inferential statistics) of the data acquired. Descriptive statistics are primarily used for summarizing the collected data. The sample may be described by means of a graph or charts. The data may also be described mathematically, by means of numerical descriptors. Inferential statistics primarily deals with the depiction of inferences for a larger sample of data or population. The inferences are drawn by using several statistical techniques. These techniques may be used to produce inferences by means of hypothetical testing, estimation method, correlation method, regression method, data mining, Anova modeling technique, and the time series technique. Most people trust statistics and the statistical data is more trustworthy when it is released by the government or any other non-profit organization. However, it is a known fact that statistics can be interpreted and presented in many different ways, to the advantage of the person or agency that has sponsored the research program. According to the official government website of the Office for National Statistics (ONS) report to assess public confidence and trust or distrust for the official statistics, it was found that although the general public trusted the overall quality of the official statistical reports, there was substantial doubt regarding the manner in which the statistical reports were delivered. The survey indicated a high level of confidence in the methods of data production among the general public, but there was apprehension regarding the potential interferences occurring during the processes of conduction of the surveys. They also reflected doubt in the choice of a collection of statistics by the officials and raised substantial questions as to how the determined statistics were defined by the officials. The participants taking part in the survey to produce the report revealed that the communication of the statistical service departments was severely lacking and needs improvement. The participants also stated that the statistical reports were manipulated by the government officials through the medium of the media, which, according to the participants, plays a major role in the misrepresentation of statistical data when data and reports are selectively reported on the basis of the specific and desired prejudices. Thus where the quality of the official statistical standards was applauded by the participating public, the delivery of the same was strongly criticized. Statistics has a very crucial influence on the lives of all those who are concerned with it. For instance, if there is statistical research and data pertaining to the foods which aggravate diabetes, it has the potential of influencing a great many lives. There is a problem if there is a contradiction in two pieces of research with the same purpose. For example, one research may state that eating potatoes is likely to aggravate the diabetic condition of the person, while another research may state that potatoes are good for diabetics. In such kinds of cases, there is a problem as to which research or survey should be believed, and this becomes very crucial since the health of so many diabetics is at stake. In today’s competitive world of business, there is cut-throat competition. As such, simple advertisements are sometimes not enough to convince potential consumers. In such cases, the big businesses and companies take the help of statistics to lure and convince the customers, that their product is good. There are a number of advertisements for the drinking chocolate powders like Horlicks, Bournvita, and Complan in the Indian market. Obviously, the potential consumers are children, so companies present data along with advertisements to make the consumers believe that drinking a particular health powder would be beneficial to the health of the children and back their claims by statistical data to prove the same. Some companies have gone so far as to depict the research setting and sample in their advertisements by backing claims that by consuming their brand of drinking chocolate powders, the children are likely to grow taller than the others who do not consume the same brand. This kind of promotion is absurd, for there is absolutely no information about the chosen sample, the circumstances in which the sample was tested, and whether the sample and the study are reliable or not. It is not only foolish but in many cases also highly dangerous to believe these company promotions when selecting the right kinds of foods for the children as, if the claims prove to be wrong, the health of the children could be in serious jeopardy. Sometimes, the average consumer is greatly affected by these misleading promotions and advertisements as also the children (in this case). It is, therefore, true that statistics should be interpreted with caution as they can be misleading; it is also extremely correct that statistics can both lie and tell the truth. For, an intelligent person or persons can use the available data to interpret it to suit their purpose and advantage. Since statistics is a science that involves interpretation as one of the crucial stages, there is a high likelihood that the collected data may be interpreted differently by two different persons. Further, the sample that is chosen may not be representative of the given population. Statistical data could have been simply acquired by means of interviewing or studying the basic facts of a few people’s lives. There are also several dangers involved in the measurement of statistics. For example, in scientific experiments, there may be a sample of the population that will be exposed to certain chemicals or substances, to check the results. In such cases, the sample is at a potential health risk. Further, the size of the population may not be accurately represented in the given sample, so the results may not be equally representative of the entire population, likely to be affected by the results of the experiments. In such a case, when the sample is not representative, there is considerable danger to the target population, as the test may not have been accurately tested, or may not be applicable to the entire population. References Jaffe, A.J. and H.F. Spirer, 1987, Misused Statistics; Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY. Website of the Office National Statistics Survey. Web.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The text discusses the lack of understanding of statistical concepts by the majority of people and how it leads to mistrust of statistics. It also talks about how descriptive statistics can be used to solve this problem.

The text discusses the lack of understanding of statistical concepts by the majority of people and how it leads to mistrust of statistics. It also talks about how descriptive statistics can be used to solve this problem.

Statistics: Lack of Understanding of Statistical Concepts Essay Statistics is the field of applied mathematics that involves the collection, analysis, explanation, and presentation of data. Statistics is applied in many fields that include natural sciences, humanities, business, social sciences, and government. Modern statistics involves the quantification of the social, scientific, and biological phenomenon, design and analysis of surveys and experiments especially in biological sciences, market research, economics, and management. In society, the principles of statistics are used in helping people have a better understanding of the world they are living in. By being able to evaluate data properly, people are able to reason and react intelligently to the information presented to them. In principle, statistics help society to take control of the world and the environment surrounding it. The general perception among the majority of people is that statistics can be manipulated to suit the need of the author. This makes it hard for people to trust statistics. According to a noted Harvard researcher, Dr. Robert Blendon, over 70% of the population don’t trust statistics. In marketing for example, whenever marketers are selling a product, they only present statistics that show that their products are the best. Any statistics showing that people don’t like the product are never presented to the public. Another reason why people don’t trust statistics is the fact that they can be misleading. If a person carrying out a survey is not careful when defining and applying a specific rating scheme, for example, health care, the consumer is likely to form an inappropriate negative perception about the product. The fact that measures are drawn from samples of population leads to sampling error. This error makes statistics to be misleading hence people tend to have low trust in statistics. Lack of understanding of statistical concepts by the majority of people plays a significant role that leads to mistrust of statistics by people. Most statistics are presented in complicated graphs that lack accuracy and tend to lose comprehension. Many people are not able to interpret charts and graphs as they lack basic knowledge of statistics. When people are not able to grasp the information communicated by statistics easily, they tend to lose trust in the data. Descriptive statistics are used in describing basic features of the data in a specific study in a simple way. These statistics provide simple summaries that can be understood easily about samples and measures. This coupled with simple graphic analysis, helps to form the basis of practically every quantitative analysis of the data. Data presented in descriptive statistics are easily managed. A research study involving large measures and data is simplified by the use of descriptive statistics in a reasonable way. A lot of data is summarized in a simpler way in each descriptive statistic. However, descriptive statistics leads to distortion of the original data as one attempts to describe a large set of observations with one simple indicator. At the same time, a lot of data and important details are lost. Inferential statistics are used to draw a conclusion that extends beyond the data presented. As opposed to descriptive statistics which is relatively simple, inferential statistics is more complex. Inferential statistics makes use of hypothesis testing, prediction, point estimation, and interval estimation method. Depending on the intention of the author of the statistics, inferential statistics can be very misleading especially when poor tests are done coupled with usual statistical abuses. Statistics is an independent field of mathematics that involves the collection, analysis, explanation, and presentation of data. Through the use of statistics, people have a better understanding of their lives and the world they are living in. However, many people do not trust statistics as they feel that the data presented in them can be easily manipulated to suit the need of the author. People tend to shy away from statistics as they are in most cases presented in complicated graphs and charts which lack accuracy.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The essay examines the status of African- American male in education and compares it to the general black population. It finds that while there has been a small increase in the area of education and income, the statistics are still low. In the subject of violence and incarceration the essay finds that while there has been a large increase, the levels of homicide in cities such as Chicago showed increase in excess of 20 percent.

The essay examines the status of African- American male in education and compares it to the general black population. It finds that while there has been a small increase in the area of education and income, the statistics are still low. In the subject of violence and incarceration the essay finds that while there has been a large increase, the levels of homicide in cities such as Chicago showed increase in excess of 20 percent.

Status of African- American Male in Education Report Chicago is the third most-populous city in the U.S. At the advent of the 20 th century major cities throughout the United States, like Chicago, New York, Detroit, and Philadelphia to name a few, received a large influx of African Americans migrating from the South as well. African Americans comprise 36.77 % of Chicago’s 2.8 million plus population with African American male constituting 13%. Race and racism has and to this day remains an indicative dynamic through which African American community; in particular the male, must be examined. Examining various status indicators throughout the last decades, the current state of African Americans should be mentioned. As of 2006 the poverty rates for African Americans are shown to be of 28%, where for wage disparities, “Full-time, year-round African American males earn 72 cents on the dollar of full-time, year-round white non-Hispanic males. As for school education, “African Americans account for over half of CPS students; they make up only 29 percent of those in competitive schools, down from 37 percent in 1995.”(DGAP, 2008). Assessing the average income of Black population in general, it can be seen that there is slight increase through the last three decades, where it was $25,642 in 1985, $28,485 in 1995 and $31,969 in 2006 (“Distribution of Household Income by Race,” 2006). Concerning the comparison in education, based on African-American Initiative executive summary, “at no other time in American history has there been more African Americans graduating from college, earning middle class and upper middle-class incomes and owning their own businesses.”(United Way, 2005). However, the statistics are still showing a wide gap, especially concerning the subject of this paper, where 62% of Chicago’s African American males drop out of high school, 50% of African American males between the ages of 16 and 22 are out of work and not in school, and 87 % of juvenile parolees are African-American males (United Way, 2005). Assessing the black population in general, the statistics are showing a great need of further examination, where The level of violence and incarceration in the eighties has witnessed a large increase by a ‘staggering’ 39 percent where the levels of homicide in cities such as Chicago showed increase in excess of 20 percent. (Booker, 2000, p. 209) “In 1960, there were 149 Black men per 100,000 population incarcerated–by 2006, this number had increased more than fourfold to 825” (Stevans, 2007). In 1999, 57% of 21,022 persons arrested were Black men. 60% were under the age of 30. According to the Chicago Department of Public Health “Black males accounted for the largest number of diagnosed HIV infections and have the highest HIV infection rate of any race/ethnicity group”. The comparison shows that despite a slight increase in the area of education and income, the statistics are still low. In the subject of violence and incarceration the situation is also unfavorable. The social protection infrastructure has been destroyed thereby creating a violent and unhealthy environment. African American males in large cities like Chicago are at the forefront of such a cataclysmic spiral. As stated in State of Emergency by Jawanza Kunjufu, the status of African American male is in need to be saved spiritually, physically, educationally and economically (Kunjufu, 2001).

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The text provides a step-by-step guide to preparing for a test in a class essay.Having participated fully in a class, it would be easy to prepare for a test or exam related to that class by following simple guidelines. Preparation would include revising the notes taken during the class, asking for clarification from teachers, or even approaching a fellow student for assistance. By so doing, chances of getting good grades are very high. On the other hand, failing a test would take a great deal of effort and by following some laid out procedures; you are going to achieve the desired effort.

The text provides a step-by-step guide to preparing for a test in a class essay. Having participated fully in a class, it would be easy to prepare for a test or exam related to that class by following simple guidelines. Preparation would include revising the notes taken during the class, asking for clarification from teachers, or even approaching a fellow student for assistance. By so doing, chances of getting good grades are very high. On the other hand, failing a test would take a great deal of effort and by following some laid out procedures; you are going to achieve the desired effort.

Step-by-Step Preparing for a Test in a Class Essay Having participated fully in a class, it would be easy to prepare for a test or exam related to that class by following simple guidelines. Preparation would include revising the notes taken during the class, asking for clarification from teachers, or even approaching a fellow student for assistance. By so doing, chances of getting good grades are very high. On the other hand, failing a test would take a great deal of effort and by following some laid out procedures; you are going to achieve the desired effort. Notes taken or given during class are not important as they are meant to burden the student. It is very important to ignore them completely as the test questions will not be taken from those notes. Instead, take time to read books and notes for future classes as most tests questions are taken from the subject that will be covered in the future. Any instruction on ‘further reading’ from textbooks should also be ignored until the morning of the exam, this is the amplest time to cram. If there is something that you never understood in class, don’t bother your teacher. Chances are very high that all students never understood or the subject was too hard to be understood at your level. Seeking assistance from fellow students won’t do you any good, as they are likely to confuse you more, instead, keep to yourself as the test will only cover what you understood. Engaging in test preparation discussion is likely to contribute to your failure in the test, avoid such discussions at all costs. On the night before the test, make sure you don’t sleep a wink, if you do; you are going to forget everything on the test day. Going to a movie or to the club with friends would be a better way to spend your evening as it will help keep your mind alert. Spare some time to watch television and/or read some funny magazines as they are an important source of food for thought. They also help to keep your spirit alive. Avoid food at all costs, but if you really need to eat, go for heavy junk foods as they are the most healthy food especially for students who are taking tests, ensuring you don’t go hungry when taking the test. On the morning of the test, go over the textbooks, cram every important note and make sure you arrive at the test center a few minutes before the start of the test; this will help you not to forget what you have crammed. To this end, you are now ready to take the test. Too often, students pass tests and exams because of failure to follow these detailed steps. Revising too much, bothering the teachers and fellow students, and failure to cram in the morning of the test have been cited as the main reasons why students pass tests. Following the procedures above has been proven over the years to give desired results as far as tests and exam preparation is concerned. This is the guaranteed method of failing a test.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The steps in the presidential campaign and the election day essay discusses the process of a presidential election from start to finish, including the main body.The steps in the presidential campaign and the election day essay discusses the process of a presidential election from start to finish, including the main body.

The steps in the presidential campaign and the election day essay discusses the process of a presidential election from start to finish, including the main body. The steps in the presidential campaign and the election day essay discusses the process of a presidential election from start to finish, including the main body.

Steps in the Presidential Campaign and the Election Day Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. Bibliography Introduction According to the United States Constitution, a presidential election is to be held once every fourth year. After announcing to run for the party nomination, candidates from both major and minor political parties and independent candidates begin to raise money and campaign at least one year in advance of the general presidential election. In order to officially represent a political party, a candidate must be nominated by that party. Main body The nominating process officially begins with the first state primaries and caucuses, which usually occur in the month of February of the election year (Ben’s Guide 1). There are many factors that influence who will ultimately become the candidate for a party. The public’s perception of the candidates is influenced by such things as media reports, public opinion polls, candidate preference surveys, and advertising. Of late, the Internet has become the essential tool for all political candidates to announce their campaigns, release new campaign ads, answer questions posted by voters, post videos and photos, and raise awareness as well as funds (Gordon-Murnane 1) The Internet also acts as a platform for candidates to attract and connect with the younger generation of voters. There is intense campaigning for the primaries and caucuses all over the country during the spring of an election year. This process reaches its peak at the national conventions of the political parties. Once at the national party conventions, the delegates from the states cast votes for the person who will represent the political party in the November general election. In order to secure a party’s nomination, a candidate must receive a majority of the votes from the delegates. It is not unusual for delegates to vote several times before one candidate secures the majority of the votes and officially becomes that party’s candidate for the election to determine the next President of the United States. The candidate for President then must choose a vice-presidential candidate. If a President is running for re-election, this nomination process must be completed. Even if the President does not have any opponents from within his own political party, the national convention will still occur. The conventions are extravaganzas, full of pageantry and showmanship. They serve to help jump start the general election campaign for the presidential candidates. The primary election process ends with the national conventions of the political parties. Once the national conventions have been held, and the candidates from the political parties have been nominated and chosen, the presidential election begins in earnest as a contest between the candidates from the political parties. Some people choose to run for president without being affiliated with a political party. Such independent candidates need not concern themselves with getting nominated by a party, but must meet other requirements. For example, such candidates are required to collect a large number of signatures to support their nominations. The sources of funding used by independent candidates must come from personal funds and loans as well as fundraising campaigns (Ben’s Guide 1). Today’s presidential candidates wages three campaigns at the same time. The first is the grassroots campaign during which party volunteers register voters, make phone calls, send out mail, help friendly voters apply for absentee ballots, put up signs, do door-to-door canvassing, and get out the vote on Election Day. The second level of campaigning is on the ground, and includes all of the candidate’s appearances and speeches, as well as the appearances throughout the country of key supporters, from the candidate’s spouse and children to the vice presidential nominee, Hollywood celebrities, and prominent party leaders. The third campaign in which the candidates are engaged is an on-the-air battle of radio and television commercials. This advertising is the most expensive line item in the campaign budget (Procon 1). For successful campaigning at all levels, the candidate must hire a campaign manager, finance team to raise funds, hair/makeup specialist to maintain a good image, communications team to plan media strategy, political team to devise strategies, foreign policy advisors to advise the candidate on key foreign issues and a field team for door-to-door canvassing. The candidates campaign right up until Election Day, when the nation finally votes for its President. During the campaign, the candidates travel throughout the country, making public appearance and giving speeches. The parties and the candidates use media advertising, direct mailings, telephone campaigns, and other means to persuade the voters to choose one candidate over the other(s). Often, these measures also serve to point out the weaknesses of the candidates from the other parties involved in the general election. On Election Day, every citizen of legal age has an opportunity to vote. However, the President is not chosen by direct popular vote but by a constitutional process called the Electoral College. Conclusion These are the steps in the presidential campaign from announcing to run for the party nomination to Election Day in November. Bibliography Gordon-Murnane (2007). The 51st State: The State of Online. Web. Ben’s Guide to U.S. Government 6-8 (2002). U.S. Government Printing Office. Web. Procon (2008). How to Become U.S. President: A Step-by-Step Guide. Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Leaders create vision, the meaning within which others work and live.In the text, the author talks about how leaders create vision, the meaning within which others work and live. The text then goes on to talk about how Steve Jobs was a great leader who had the vision of changing the world with his innovations.

Leaders create vision, the meaning within which others work and live. In the text, the author talks about how leaders create vision, the meaning within which others work and live. The text then goes on to talk about how Steve Jobs was a great leader who had the vision of changing the world with his innovations.

Steve Jobs: Leaders Create Vision, the Meaning Within Which Others Work and Live Essay Introduction “Leaders create vision, the meaning within which others work and live. Managers, by contrast, act completely within a vision”- says Adler Nancy J in her book “International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior”. This is absolutely true when one examines the case of Steve Jobs. A leader with a vision is one who has the ability to see the present as it is and formulate a future that grows out of and improves upon the present (Snyder and Graves 1). In other words, “a leader with vision is able to see into the future without being far-sighted and remain rooted in the present without being near-sighted”. A leader with a vision has to keep moving forward despite various forces such as fear of failure, emotional hardships or practical difficulties or problems in the industry (Snyder and Graves 1). Steve Jobs was a man who faced all of these forces and overcame them with confidence and character. Steve Jobs Steve Jobs is best known to the world as the CEO of Apple, which he co-founded in 1976 (APPLE 1). He is also the co-founder of Pixar Animation Studios. Apple is one of the topmost technological companies in the world with its award-winning Macintosh computers, OS X operating system, and consumer and professional applications software. Apple also leads the digital music revolution, having sold over 110 million iPods and over three billion songs from its iTunes online store (APPLE 1)). Apple has recently entered the mobile phone market with its revolutionary iPhone. The Pixar Animation Studios has created eight of the most successful and beloved animated films of all time: Toy Story, A Bug’s Life, Toy Story 2, Monsters, Inc., Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Cars and Ratatouille (APPLE 1). Pixar merged with The Walt Disney Company in 2006 and Steve now serves on Disney’s board of directors. So, the story of Steve Jobs is an interesting case-study on successful leadership. He was a great leader, a man with the vision of changing the world with his innovations. In 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak set up shop in the garage of the Jobs’ family house in Los Altos, California, with lots of excitement and a little money. They named their company as the Apple Company and their first machine as the Apple I (Brashares 16). The first machine was a moderate success. The next machine, Apple II was a huge success. Very soon, IBM had entered the personal computer market and proved to be a fierce competitor (Munnariz 1). Three years later, Apple Computer went public and this gave the company a market capital of over $1 billion (Munnariz 1). In 1983 Steve Jobs invited John Sculley to leave Pepsi and become Apple’s president. Soon however, many differences crept up between them (Munnariz 1). In 1985, just a few months after Woz left the company, a power struggle ensued and Steve lost. Steve took some time off to travel to Europe and inspired by a lack of high-end computerized machinery he formed NeXT (Munnariz 1). The hardware company NeXT, proved to be a big failure. That did not stop him from acquiring majority stake in Pixar from George Lucas in 1986. Pixar became a success story and he soon got involved in a production deal with Disney. Steve Jobs was a man who had confidence in the machines he wanted to sell and his timely decision of allowing the company to go public helped raise capital. Soon after, when he was forced to step down, he took it in a sportive manner and utilized the time to explore new opportunities. This shows he was both creative and a positive thinking person who was never bogged down by success or failure. Under Sculley, Apple Company foundered due to reinforcement of discipline at the cost of creativity. The Mac was simply improved and refined by no successor to Mac was launched. Once back in control, Jobs reconnected Apple with its boldly creative values. The results were almost immediately made available to consumers: the candy-colored iMac, the sleek G4, large flat panel screens, and the Titanium PowerBook (Bedbury and Fenichell 212). All combined radical styling and flash with technological innovation, the very values that Apple had exemplified until Jobs’ departure (Bedbury and Fenichell 212). Sculley was removed from his post and Apple brought back Jobs as a consultant and interim-chairman. Steven Jobs ensured that Apple returned to its winning ways. This is testimony for his ability to lead from the front and his skills as a strategist and tactician. Steve Jobs is currently overseeing Apple’s return to consistent profitability on the heels of the successful iMac and G3 system introductions. Since he has rejoined Apple’s stock have shot up more than 70%. Meanwhile he continues to monitor his investment in Pixar. The reaction of Steve Jobs to the drop in demand for personal computers in 2000 was four-fold: Continue with the new product plans with the expectation that demand would pick up in 2001. Restructure the company so that Apple would continue to be viable at an annual revenue basis of US $6 billion as opposed to US$8 billion. Not lay off people and Protect Apple’s cash reserves (Schlender 88). This shows that Steve Jobs was a clever strategist, a man capable of looking into the future to take present day decisions, sensitive to the needs of his employees and aware of the finances of the company. These qualities are thus the essence of his leadership. In the words of Sculley: “Steve Jobs had a great ability to shift points of view constantly, to compare, contrast. …Steve could see the potential for high technology in a “low-tech” Cuisinart, and prophecy for the computer industry in a Bob Dylan lyric about war. His ability to draw rich contrasts helped make him a genius” (Skoldberg 192). Steve Jobs is a good example of a charismatic leader who inspired wild enthusiasm among his employees. On the personal level he has been characterized as an innovative, energetic individual who was able to excite others and stimulate their creativity in order to launch what is essentially a new industry (Cunningham and Lischeron 45). According to Gibson et al (1998) “Jobs dressed like a maverick, worked like a maniac and inspired everyone with his drive and determination” (11). Skoldberg says that the success of Apple Company was mainly due to Jobs’ strategy of focusing on his most profitable customers and coming up with new things to sell them rather than just chasing more market share. When he was asked: “What would the demands for sustained growth, rather than just the turnaround of the company, mean for its stock value?” Jobs reply was characteristic: “We are focusing on producing the best computers in the world, and if we do that, the rest will take care of itself”. This captures both his philosophy and the style of mission effectiveness in a nutshell (Skoldberg 193). The case of Steve Jobs turning around the fortunes of Apple Company after the failure of Sculley shows that top management teams play a crucial role in company performance. In any business organization, the corporate culture is formed through corporate philosophy and vision, product-market strategy and personnel management systems. Top management plays the most important role by manipulating these three factors that shape corporate culture. Top management is also the group responsible for assessing the external environment of a company (Brown 188). It can identify the best performances of competitive organizations and compare internal operations with them. This is possible only with strong leadership at the top. organizations grow they transcend through thresholds of complexity. Mark S. Van Clieaf points out that the factors that influence organizational complexity are product complexity, market operating complexity, and environmental complexity (Greiner, 1985) and the structure of an organization and its ability to transcend through these stages of higher complexity will depend upon the Level of Competence of its CEO or SBU President/General Manager (Clieaf 33). Thus, the leader of an organization takes on a much more significant and active role in the case of new economy initiatives, which often involve large up-front investments, cross firm boundaries, and have crucial timing. This has been especially proven in the case of Apple Company. The performance and success of a company depends on its top management and more specifically on its leader. Hence, the following general conclusions maybe made as a result of the study of the case of Steve Jobs: * The leader is the most important person in an organization. It is important for an organization to have a good leader. The return of Steve Jobs to the top post ensured the return to success of Apple Company. * The leader should be a man with a vision, with a focus on the future, with an ability to take risks, make crucial decisions, be positive no matter what the situation is and above all have the ability to lead the team from the front. Steve Jobs is a great example of integrating the vision of a company with the vision of a person according to Intagliata et al (2002) (page 12) * Innovation is the cornerstone of truly great leadership. The computer sold at Apple Company was a truly innovative product, as were the animation movies at Pixar Studios. * All success begins with an idea and the boldness to make that idea a reality. Steve Jobs began with an idea to sell computers to the world. He had the boldness to begin his company with low capital and have his first product built in his garage. * A leader must not be afraid to diversify and be willing to take risks. In the case of Steve Jobs, he diversified into the entertainment industry when the going was tough for him at Apple Company. These conclusions are made in the light of the leadership qualities and achievements of one of the greatest leaders of modern times – Steve Jobs. Bibliography APPLE (2008). Press Information: Steve Jobs. Web. Bedbury, Scott and Fenichell, Stephen (2002). A New Brand World: 8 Principles for Achieving Brand Leadership in the 21st Century. Penguin Publishers. 2002. Brashares, Ann (2001). Steve Jobs: Thinks Different. Twenty-First century Books. 2001. Brown, Montague (1992). Health Care Management: Strategy, Structure and Process. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. 1992. Clieaf, S. Van Mark (1992). Strategy and Structure Follow People: Improving Organizational Performance through Effective Executive Search. Human Resource Planning. Volume: 15. Issue: 1. 1992. Page Number: 33+. Cunningham, Barton J. and Lischeron, Joe (1991). Defining Entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management. Volume: 29. Issue: 1. 1991. Page Number: 45+. Gibson, Whitney Jane; Hannon, C. John and Blackwell, W. Charles (1998). Charismatic Leadership: The Hidden Controversy. Journal of Leadership Studies. Volume: 5. Issue: 4. 1998. Page Number: 11. Intagliata, Jim; Ulrich, Dave; and Smallwood, Norm (2000). Leveraging Leadership Competencies to Produce Leadership Brand: Creating Distinctiveness by Focusing on Strategy and Results. Human Resource Planning. Volume: 23. Issue: 3. 2000. Page Number: 12. Munnariz, Rick (1999). From the Garage to the Boardroom: The Steve Jobs Story. The Motley Fool. 1999. Web. Schlender, B. (2001). Steve Jobs: the graying prince of a shrinking kingdom”. Fortune. 2001. pp 84-90. Skoldberg, Kaj (2002). The Poetic Logic of Administration: Styles and Changes of Style in the Art of Organizing. Routledge Publishers. London. Snyder, H. Neil and Graves, Michelle (1994). Leadership and vision – importance of goals and objectives in leadership – includes bibliography – Editorial. Business Horizons.

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Write an essay about: The text discusses the painting Still Life with Flowers, Fruit, and Bird's Nest by Severin Roesen, and how it reflects the liveliness and still-life pictures in the work of the artists of the 19th century.

The text discusses the painting Still Life with Flowers, Fruit, and Bird's Nest by Severin Roesen, and how it reflects the liveliness and still-life pictures in the work of the artists of the 19th century.

“Still Life With Flowers, Fruit and Bird’s Nest” – Painting of Severin Roesen Report The authorship of one of the most prominent artworks exhibited in the Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens belongs to Severin Roesen who is considered to be a well-known painter of the 19 th century. The work under analysis is called Still Life with Flowers, Fruit, and Bird’s Nest. The realistic style of the paintings is characteristic for this artist. Though Roesen was born in Germany, all his works were devoted to the American Art Union. The work was created in 1865 and refers to the most significant works of the century. Still, Life with Flowers, Fruit, and Bird’s Nest is a combination of bright colors. Still one can notice that warm colors prevail in the picture which helps to underline the positive and favorable mood of the picture. To show the liveliness of the picture the author showed chaotic usage of lines, both horizontal and vertical. One can see the dominance of rounded objects in the picture in order to illustrate natural objects. The painting under consideration abounds in still life features which make it luxurious and wealthy. The painting presents oil on canvas work with naturalistic proportions of objects. All individual elements of the painting are in proper scale to each other. The author illustrated his still-life elements in light bright tones, though one can see some darkness at both sides of the picture. This dark lightness stresses and outlines the importance of centered objects of the painting. Roesen managed to show real texture in his picture and it makes everyone feel it and be completely involved in its deep sense. All the elements of the painting are symbols of life. Flowers and fruit may symbolize prosperity and the future blooming of objects. On the example of a bird’s nest, the author wanted to highlight the symbol of new life. Roesen reflected the influence of the 19 th -century art system of America. He paid attention to the precise arrangement of the picture objects and this arrangement was changed from picture to picture. The art of the 19 th century reflected the liveliness and still-life pictures in the work of the author. Still, Life with Flowers, Fruit, and Bird’s Nest is a painting that is worthy to be bought whatever the cost. It expresses the deepness of 19 th -century art and underlines the main features of the artist’s techniques. The most important feature of the painting is its liveliness and brightness which is common for Severin Roesen. To my way of thinking the Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens is really decorated by this painting as it impresses deeply by its natural character. The combination of flowers and fruit together with the bird’s nest underlines the presence of life in the works of the artists of the 19 th century. The total experience in the museum showed that the works of the most prominent painters can really transfer a person to another period of time and disclose all the peculiarities of that epoch. It is important to stress that the presence of such pictures in everyday life of people can bring spiritual wealth and widening of the world look of the population. Though the price of the pictures is too high, one can admire the masterpieces of art visiting such wonderful museums as Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens. If I had enough means I would definitely buy the painting of Severin Roesen Still Life with Flowers, Fruit, and Bird’s Nest.

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Write an essay about: Sickle cell anemia is a disorder of the blood that affects the synthesis of red blood cells. Genetic changes in hemoglobin gene is the causes of sickle cell anemia. The shape of red blood cells changes from the normal biconcave shape to the abnormal crescent moon shape. The change in the shape of red blood cells affects their functions of transporting oxygen in the blood vessels.

Sickle cell anemia is a disorder of the blood that affects the synthesis of red blood cells. Genetic changes in hemoglobin gene is the causes of sickle cell anemia. The shape of red blood cells changes from the normal biconcave shape to the abnormal crescent moon shape. The change in the shape of red blood cells affects their functions of transporting oxygen in the blood vessels.

Sickle Cell Anemia: Causes and Treatment Presentation Description of Sickle Cell Anemia * Sickle cell anemia is a disorder of the blood that affects the synthesis of red blood cells. * Genetic changes in hemoglobin gene is the causes of sickle cell anemia (Sahoo, 2020). * The shape of red blood cells changes from the normal biconcave shape to the abnormal crescent moon shape. * The change in the shape of red blood cells affects their functions of transporting oxygen in the blood vessels. * Sickle-shaped red blood cells have a reduced capacity to carry oxygen and experience inflexible and sticky movement in the blood vessels (Yuruva et al., 2020). * As a genetic disorder, sickle cell anemia manifests at the age of six months and gets worse with age, resulting in reduced life expectancy to 40 to 60 years. * Treatments and management interventions improve the life span of individuals with sickle cell anemia. Population Affected Sickle Cell Anemia * Across the world, sickle cell anemia is prevalent among babies, children and young adults in most countries. * The proportions babies with sickle cell anemia is similar in males (50%) and females (50%) since the mutation occurs in somatic genes. * The average age of diagnosis is 2 years for males and 4 years for females (Ceglie et al., 2019). * More males experience severe crisis (68%) than females (32%) due to hormonal differences. * The mean age of deaths of females (48 years) is higher than that of males (42 years) (Ceglie et al., 2019). * The mortality rates varies across the age as 68% (0-3 years), 39% (4-9 years), and 24% (10-14 years) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). * With poor treatment and management interventions, 50%-90% of children die before they attain the age of five (1-5 years). * Globally, about 300,000 cases of sickle cell anemia among babies occur with 80% of them being Africans (Cisneros & Thein, 2020). * In the United States, the healthcare system registers 100,000 cases of babies with sickle cell anemia, with major occurrences among African Americans (0.3%) followed by American Hispanics (0.006%), while Asians and Indians have minimal proportions of less than 0.001% (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). * About 8% of African-American babies have sickle cell trait (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). * In Africa, the prevalence of sickle cell trait among babies is between 10% and 45%, with the highest rates in Nigeria of the disease (2-3%). * The analysis of the distribution shows that sickle cell anemia is common in tropical regions, such as Middle East, sub-Saharan, and Asia, where malaria is endemic. * Projections indicate that migration would increase the prevalence of sickle cell anemia to about 14 million cases by 2050. * People who live in malaria endemic regions are susceptible to sickle cell anemia because homozygous trait do not have adaptive advantage. Causes of Sickle Cell Anemia * A genetic change is the cause of sickle cell anemia among individuals. A single nucleotide substitution that changes the codon from GAG to GUG at the sixth position causes sickle cell anemia (Sahoo, 2020). * This form of substitution arises on the coding sequence of the beta-hemoglobin chain situated in the short arm of chromosome 11. * The resulting change in an amino acid is the substitution of glutamate in the acidic class, with valine in the aliphatic class (E6V). * The coded protein by the mutated gene polymerizes and triggers changes in red blood cell shape from a biconcave into a crescent conformation (Cisneros & Thein, 2020). * The inheritance of the mutant gene from parents follows the autosomal recessive pattern. Signs and Symptoms of Sickle Cell Anemia * Signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia become evident during childhood and present diverse acute and chronic problems, which vary from one person to another. * Sickle cell crisis characterized by acute anemia is one of the major signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia. * A vaso-occlusive crisis occurs due to obstruction of capillaries, resulting in pain, necrosis, and ischemia (Meier et al., 2018). * Splenomegaly originates from the sequestration of red blood cells in the spleen and obstructed capillaries. Fever, chest pain, and pulmonary infiltrate contribute to acute chest syndrome (Sahoo, 2020). * Fatigue, high heart rate, and pallor stem from aplastic crisis and anemic conditions, which affects uptake and distribution of oxygen in tissues * Ultimately, a hemolytic crisis happens due to the affected synthesis of red blood cells. Body Parts Affected by Sickle Cell Anemia * The primary part of the body affected by sickle cell anemia is the blood tissue, particularly the red blood cells. * Since red blood cells play a key role in the transportation of oxygen in the body, sickle cell anemia reduces the capacity and respiration rate in tissues (Sahoo, 2020). * Sickle cell anemia also affects the efficiency of the circulatory system due to the obstruction and slow flow of blood in the body by the abnormal cells. * Since ischemic stroke is one of the consequences of sickle cell anemia, it stems from obstructed supply of blood to the brain (Yuruva et al., 2020). * A restricted circulation of blood resists the lungs and causes pulmonary hypertension. * Liver and spleen are affected due to sequestration of red blood cells and hemolytic crisis in the metabolic processes. What is Used to Diagnose Sickle Cell Anemia * Numerous methods are effective in the diagnosis of sickle cell anemia among individuals across ages. * A complete blood count checks the level of hemoglobin if lower than the normal level (Sahoo, 2020). * Moreover, this method also evaluates if reticulocytes are higher than normal threshold. * Sickle solubility test using sodium metabisulfite to differentiate hemoglobin S from A by the formation of a precipitate due to polymerization of sickle-shaped red blood cells (Meier et al., 2018). * High-performance liquid chromatography identifies different forms of hemoglobin, such as A, F, S, C, D, and E (Sahoo, 2020). * Hemoglobin electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing are two methods commonly used to diagnose sickle cell anemia (Sahoo 2). * Genetic screening to establish the existence of mutation in the hemoglobin gene is done on a fetus, baby, or adult (Yuruva et al., 2020). How Diagnosis is Made * The procedure of diagnosis varies according to the sample used and the age of individuals. * For unborn babies, genetic screening is effective in the diagnosis of sickle cell anemia because it identifies mutations (Meier et al., 2018). * A doctor removes a sample of amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman and uses it in genetic screening. * The procedure entails the isolation of genomic DNA, amplification of the hemoglobin gene, and sequencing to identify substitution at the sixth codon position (Sahoo, 2020). * In adults, a sample of blood is subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography. * High-performance liquid chromatography differentiates different forms of hemoglobin in red blood cells (Sahoo, 2020). * The analysis of chromatogram peaks would reveal the type of hemoglobin in blood. * Red blood cells with sickle cell anemia would show a chromatogram peak of hemoglobin S. Treatment for Sickle Cell Anemia * Chemotherapy is one of the effective treatments of sickle cell anemia. * Some medications are folic acid to boost hemoglobin level, analgesics to relieve pain, penicillin to prevent pneumonia, and malaria prophylaxis to reduce susceptibility (Provenzano et al., 2018). * Patients with chronic symptoms require administration of hydroxyurea to stimulate fetal hemoglobin and prevent vaso-occlusive crisis (Sahoo, 2020). * Blood transfusion is necessary to increase hemoglobin level in severe anemia, prevent stroke, and alleviate acute chest syndrome (Provenzano et al., 2018). * Gene therapy using CRISPR-Cas9, gamma-globin gene transfer, lentivirus short hairpin RNA, lentiglobin bb305, and bone marrow transplant are effective in the modification of hemoglobin genotypes to correct the target mutation (Cisneros & Thein, 2020). Interesting Facts: Prognosis * The efficacy of treatment varies from one person to another and according to treatment and management interventions. * Approximately 90% of people with sickle cell anemia attain the age of 20 years (Meier et al., 2018). * Moreover, over 50% of patients survive beyond 50 years when provided with appropriate treatment (Provenzano et al., 2018). * The expected life span of people with sickle cell anemia is between 40 and 60 years (Yaruva et al., 2020). * However, advancements in treatments, such as gene editing and bone marrow transplantation, offer a promising cure for sickle cell anemia. Historic Importance of Sickle Cell Anemia * The history of sickle cell anemia dates back to 1910 when doctors discovered it in the United States and Africa and abbreviated it as SCD. * Ernest Edwards Irons observed red blood cells and become the first person to describe them as having sickle-shaped cells (Yuruva et al., 2020). * In 1952, doctors in India discovered it among people who lived in the Deccan plateau (Yuruva et al., 2020). * In the late 21st century, the prevalence of sickle cell anemia was high among African Americans with a mortality rate of 1.5%. * Sickle cell anemia was prevalent in tropical regions, namely, the Mediterranean region, sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle Eastern region, and India, where malaria was endemic due to adaptive advantages (Cisneros & Thein, 2020). References Ceglie, G., Di Mauro, M., Tarissi De Jacobis, I., de Gennaro, F., Quaranta, M., Baronci, C., Villani, A., & Palumbo, G. (2019). Gender-related differences in sickle cell disease in a pediatric cohort: A single-center retrospective study . Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences , 6 (1), 1-5. Web. Centers for Disease Prevention and Control. (2020). Data and statistics on sickle cell disease . CDC . Web. Cisneros, G. S., & Thein, S. L. (2020). Recent advances in the treatment of sickle cell disease . Frontiers in Physiology, 11 (1), 1-15. Web. Meier, E. M., Abraham, A., & Fasano, R. M. (2018). Sickle cell disease and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation . Springer. Provenzano, R., Lerma, E. V., & Szczech, L. (2018). Management of anemia: A comprehensive guide for clinicians . Springer. Sahoo, S. R. (2020). Sickle cell anemia: A brief synopsis. Journal of Genetic Syndromes and Gene Therapy, 11 (2), 1-2. Web. Yeruva, S., Varalakshmi, M. S., Gowtham, B. P., Chandana, Y. H., & Prasad, P. E. (2020). Sickle cell disease: A comprehensive study and usage of technology for diagnosis. International Blood Research and Reviews , 11 (2), 6-14. Web.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay discusses the role of interior design in ensuring structural compatibility in building system design. It also highlights the importance of understanding building systems integration in order to avoid costly mistakes.

The essay discusses the role of interior design in ensuring structural compatibility in building system design. It also highlights the importance of understanding building systems integration in order to avoid costly mistakes.

Silver Oak Winery in Alexander Valley: The Building Systems Coordination Pattern Essay Introduction Creating a viable construction project and ensuring its quality is a vital task for interior designers and engineers. Considering that multiple building systems require careful coordination and planning, incorporating these elements into the structure necessitates the use of additional strategies. These responsibilities are typically delegated to interior designers, who aim to create a healthy, secure, and comfortable environment for the future occupants. Nonetheless, as the building’s core systems, such as plumbing, electrical, and lighting, must be efficient and functional, avoiding collision between their elements and ensuring item compatibility can become a significant challenge. An interesting example involving the integration of multiple building systems is the Silver Oak winery in Alexander Valley, an establishment constructed to meet the demands of sustainability and efficient production. This paper examines the structural attributes of the Silver Oak winery in Alexander Valley, evaluating how fire separation, electrical, and plumbing building systems were coordinated and specifying the conflicts resolved by the interior designers’ team. Ensuring Structural Compatibility: The Role of Interior Design Interior designers are required to implement strategies in building system design to properly integrate building systems into the construction schematics. Considering that each project involves using various construction types, structural systems, mechanical and electrical elements, knowledge regarding appropriate methods of building systems design is crucial to incorporate (Hurt, 2017). For instance, to produce a building with the necessary level of fire resistance, an interior designer must consider such attributes as cabling types and junction boxes, which refer to the features of the electrical system (Binggeli, 2016). After that, the plumbing locations and lighting sources are also vital to examine, as these elements directly affect the overall coordination between the building systems and the interior decoration within the establishment. Therefore, the objective of integrating the design and construction components is delegated to the interior designer. A significant detail to note is the prevalence of custom-designed buildings in the modern age, which necessitates a thorough understanding of building systems integration. Given that projects highly depend on the client’s preferences, the natural environment, site surroundings, and labor characteristics, adapting the schematics according to these requirements can only be completed using extensive knowledge of the building systems (Hurt, 2017). Mistakes in electrical and fire prevention systems coordination might result in devastating outcomes for the establishment and its occupants, causing substantial financial and physical damage (Binggeli, 2016). Furthermore, in recent years, multiple organizations and clients started to request sustainable design elements to be included in their projects, which demands additional knowledge in electrical system compatibility to solar panels (Celadyn, 2016). Altogether, addressing such issues can be resolved by utilizing prominent contemporary interior design strategies, which allow creating a safe and comfortable interior environment for any establishment. Silver Oak in Alexander Valley: Coordinating Functionality and Sustainability Silver Oak Cellars is a large-scale wine production and distribution company established in 1972. Currently, the organization is focused on developing sustainable methods of wine creation, establishing wineries that adhere to the requirements of the US Green Building Council (Silver Oak, n.d.). Silver Oak has valuable experience in creating safe and ecologically friendly establishments, having built a sustainable winery in Napa Valley, an excellent example of minimizing the ecological footprint (Silver Oak, n.d.). However, another project was finished in April 2018, implementing unique interior design solutions for energy, fire prevention, and other building systems management, enhancing the previously used strategies. The Silver Oak winery in Alexander valley is an exceptional example of high-quality coordination between fire prevention, electricity, and plumbing building systems, with efficiently implemented interior design methods to overcome possible conflicts. Potential Conflicts Between the Winery’s Building Systems To prevent an improper integration of the necessary building systems, it is imperative to examine which coordination issues may occur during development. Such complications, or clashes, might emerge due to incorrect drawings, miscommunication, or absence of relevant data, creating building systems conflicts and decreasing the safety of the building (Chidambaram, 2019). For instance, misaligned electric sockets and floor height, unaccounted inner ceiling spaces, or colliding pipes and cables are typical instances of clashes that might result in safety problems. During construction, unidentified conflicts become exceptionally arduous to eliminate, meaning that appropriate evaluation and clashing checks should be conducted in the planning stages (Chidambaram, 2019). These tasks are usually delegated to the interior designers, who clarify potential misalignments and suggest relevant resolutions. Multiple Systems Conflicts While incorporating fire prevention electricity and plumbing systems, the interior designer is required to identify possible clashing issues, aiming to avoid combinations of system elements that could cause damage to the structure or its users. In the construction of the Silver Oaks winery at Alexander Valley, the interior designers’ team had to identify and eliminate several building systems conflicts, which might have resulted in safety and production complications. The first essential problem was related to multiple systems conflict, where the components of two or more distinct systems appeared in the same location on project schematics (Mehrbod et al., 2019). During the blueprint creation and verification phase, the design and architect teams are often forced to move specific objects depending on the surrounding features and functionality. Nevertheless, as these changes were implemented, miscommunication or missing information might have occurred, originating clashes between fire prevention, electricity or plumbing systems. A prominent example includes integrating fire prevention and electrical system components, which cannot interact according to the safety guidelines. Such fire prevention elements as sprinklers, smoke detectors, and standpipes are not allowed to interfere with electrical appliances, namely cables, under carpet wiring, or junction boxes (Hurt, 2017). Furthermore, it is imperative to devote a corresponding amount of space for each system component, ensuring that a recommended distance is present between the elements. Therefore, if numerous items are aligned in an enclosed space, a multiple system conflict occurs (Mehrbod et al., 2019). Another instance might be the incorporation of several systems elements, such as a sprinkler, a cable tray, and a plumbing fixture in a small ceiling compartment. Types of Physical Conflicts between Building Systems The second issue that could potentially disrupt the building process refers to the physical conflicts between two or more system components. These instances are often classified as temporal, functional, and repeated clashes that could be less evident in large-scale schematics (Mehrbod et al., 2019). Considering the substantial amount of space required for the winery and the consistent use of water in the wine production process, it was essential to avoid such errors, ensuring the safety of the building (O’Connell, 2017). Temporal conflicts frequently occur when different system components occupy the same place in the construction plans, resulting in a duplicate clash (Mehrbod et al., 2019). For example, a cable tray could be placed in the same location as a standpipe, with both elements colliding at the same route. After that, a functional conflict could emerge if two components are placed in such a manner that prevents the utilization of one or both objects (Mehrbod et al., 2019). A relevant instance is locating a smoke detection system next to plumbing lines, meaning that none of these items could be used. Another pertinent complication can be described as repeated clashing, where all elements of two or more systems collide. Repeated clashes can be a significant problem for interior designers, as they require redesigning the whole area in which clashing has occurred (Mehrbod et al., 2019). For example, if all cables intersected the water ducts, the resulting complication could become a considerable threat to building safety and functionality (Binggeli, 2016). The energy output is an essential attribute of the Silver Oaks winery, as the establishment was designed to use only solar power, which requires implementing voltage adaptations (O’Connell, 2017). As solar energy is less efficient for electricity generation, conflicts between the systems and emerging losses of functionality and power could substantially harm the enterprise. Furthermore, productive water delivery and re-use systems were to be incorporated in this building, and possible miscalculations in duct locations and routes might have damaged the utilization of the water-filtration system. Design Discrepancies Hindering Efficiency Finally, a substantial conflict might arise if a design discrepancy is present. This type of building systems’ miscoordination can frequently occur during planning when the attributes of one system do not match the corresponding features of the other system (Mehrbod et al., 2019). For example, water pipes and electrical cables require sufficient spacing in the interior environment to be placed. In a scenario where floor or wall openings are too small or large, these elements might become useless or damaged, leading to a collision between these systems (Binggeli, 2016). Overall, to avoid multiple systems and physical conflicts, as well as design discrepancies, it was imperative for the interior designers to incorporate conflict resolution strategies. Preventing Building Systems Conflicts through Building Information Modeling To counter possible manifestations of clashes between fire prevention, plumbing, and electrical systems, the construction and interior design team used a Building Information Modeling (BIM) approach. This method includes a process of collaboration between employees from various building teams, namely architects, engineers, and interior designers, that allows them to create a structurally sound establishment and avoid the aforementioned problems (Chidambaram, 2019). Generally, the workers use a 3D model that reflects the expected building structure and includes all necessary building systems’ details. While architects and plumbers ensure that the structural integrity and water ducts, respectively, are planned according to relevant regulations and safety measures, the interior designers oversee the overall pattern and identify potential clashing possibilities. The professionals behind the construction of the Silver Oak winery in Alexander valley relied on the BIM approach to visualize the emerging project and make sure that all introduced changes are reflected in the model. As stated before, any shifts in the locations and spacing might prompt the emergence of building systems’ conflicts; however, such changes are highly difficult to track using 2D schematics (Chidambaram, 2019). Although Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is also a viable option, it is less efficient in accounting for alterations and is too challenging to use for collaboration between multiple workers (Chidambaram, 2019). Considering the large-scale site of the Silver Oak project and the issues related to novel sustainable energy incorporation, the team decided to use BIM 360 Glue. Introducing the digital model of the future establishment has tremendously influenced the project’s success, allowing the teams to identify and eliminate occurring mistakes in the electronic format. As such, the corporation’s CEO stated that they were able to change their approach from in-field problem resolution to digital, avoiding financial and time losses (O’Connell, 2017). When a 3D model is available, it is remarkably easier to note any discrepancies, visualizing a comprehensive picture of the future project. Cello & Maudru Construction collaborated with the Silver Oak executives on the project creation and production process, implementing the 3D environment strategy. According to the team, this approach was a remarkable benefit, helpful in resolving potential conflicts and clashes in the pre-construction stage (Cello & Maudru Construction, n.d.). Rather than focusing on the physical construction step, the interior designers and engineering teams increased the time spent producing accurate digital models of each winery section, ensuring that no system complications were present (Cello & Maudru Construction, n.d.). Initiating this approach proved to be a tremendous advantage, which preserved time and resources that could have been used in resolving such mistakes in the physical space. Apart from such essential systems as structure, plumbing, and electricity, other systems and their components can also become visible on the screen, which simplifies building evaluation. The integration of a novel water-filtering system was considerably aided by BIM 360 Glue, as necessary spacing requirements, duct locations, and electrical outlets were first outlined in the digital model (O’Connell, 2017). For instance, such sophisticated items as gravity-flow and pressurized pipes, necessary for the water filtration, require creating a prearranged pattern of intersection, thus avoiding raceway collisions in the future. However, by relying on BIM 360 Glue, all relevant precautions were introduced digitally, ensuring the engine’s functionality. Of special consideration for the construction teams was the wine-tasting room. This section of the winery was intended to incorporate numerous sprinklers and electronic systems, which spread further to the wine library and acted as a protection system in case of a fire emergency. In this regard, the fire separation system was also perfected using the BIM approach, establishing a functioning network of necessary components that was examined for misalignments and clashing (Cello & Maudru Construction, n.d.). Precise locations of sprinklers and electricity cables were determined early, allowing the workers to prevent systems’ clashing and easily decorate the interior segments of this winery section. Multiple systems conflicts were one of the core issues eliminated with the use of BIM. Given that all the routes and elements of each building system are depicted in the model, potential clashes and physical collisions can be easily identified during the inspection (Hsu et al., 2020). For instance, if an electrical socket is located too close to a water pipe, the intersection will become visible in the 3D project. In addition, design discrepancies may also be quickly clarified during analysis, specifying the physical parameters for the openings. A crucial feature of the BIM strategy is the possibility to use a collaborative approach, utilizing insights from every team and initiating supplementary examinations. Although at first, each employee group works independently from others, at an Open BIM stage, the created models are united in a single digital space, allowing the members to establish potential issues between the structures (Chidambaram, 2019). Communication between teams becomes more efficient and sustainable, while productivity rises significantly due to the established balance. Both Silver Oak CEO and Cello & Maudru Construction executives confirmed that maintaining connections throughout the multiple teams was the best way of resolving system conflicts that arise due to miscommunication or lack of information (Cello & Maudru Construction, n.d.; O’Connell, 2017). By avoiding the scenario in which each professional group works independently, the project leaders resolved clashing complications related to this problem. Efficiency in Conflict Resolution I believe that the implemented solutions were especially effective due to the visual imagery created with the up-to-date 3D tool. Producing a comprehensive model of a future building can be highly strenuous in the 2D environment due to the lack of visibility. In this regard, the decision to fully incorporate the digital instruments has positively influenced the structural and building systems’ integrity. Observing clashes and physical conflicts can be remarkably efficient when the structure is presented from the 3D perspective (Chidambaram, 2019). Furthermore, the decision to contribute additional time to the design and pre-construction stage is also a considerable advantage that impacted the conflict resolution process. Careful examination of each section and system alignment is a crucial detail that requires significant time and effort to be conducted (Binggeli, 2016). Therefore, rather than relying on the possibility that potential mistakes can be alleviated mid-construction, the team focused on creating a perfect representation of the future building. Another pertinent benefit that increased the productivity in conflict resolution was the quality of communication between the professionals involved in the building process. In my opinion, efficient problem-solving is considerably aided by establishing mutual trust and frequent interaction within and between teams. During pre-construction, when numerous changes are constantly introduced into the schematics, remaining aware of the novel decisions and accounting for the relevant alterations related to such changes is crucial for maintaining structural and system integrity (Binggeli, 2016). Miscommunication and lack of data are serious issues that could lead to gruesome complications. Nevertheless, multiple teams participating in the construction process sustained a high-quality level of communication, as all changes were incorporated into the public model, and the members were informed of such differences in the schematics. Therefore, knowledgeable of the system updates added by engineers, interior designers applied their decisions carefully and corrected their plans according to the introductions. Overall, such flexibility and detail awareness allowed the workers to successfully eliminate the conflicts between separate building systems, avoiding costly mid-construction changes. Conflict Resolution Executives: In Charge of System Alignment The primary team responsible for finding and eliminating building system conflicts was the architect team led by Piechota Architecture. The professionals collaborated with interior and exterior designers not only to create the necessary outlook of the winery but also to avoid clashing between fire protection, plumbing, and electrical systems. The general guidelines for construction were produced by the engineering team, Submit Engineering, and mechanical and plumbing group, TEP Engineering, who presented the initial locations and component distribution for each system (Cello & Maudru Construction, n.d.). After that, Piechota Architecture was tasked with reviewing these schematics and incorporating architectural and interior design solutions. If any building systems conflicts were observed, architects were to eliminate these complications, adjusting the plans and conveying the information to the interior designers and engineers. Ensuring Productive System Conflict Resolution: The Role of the Interior Designer The impact of the interior design process on creating a strong building structure is highly significant for the project’s success. Considering that building systems alignment is an essential feature of a safe and functional establishment, several approaches to the interior designer’s responsibilities have been established. As such, a crucial element for the conflict resolution process is space distribution, the notion that incorporates efficiency and the understanding of dimensional features (Karlen & Fleming, 2016). To avoid potential clashes and present solutions that ensure the most productive alignment of all building systems, the interior designer should consider all possible object combinations in the 3D environment. Examining height, width, and volume dimensions allows to appropriately distribute the building systems’ items, avoiding clashes. Another pertinent task to be achieved is maintaining flexibility, the ability to adjust to the client’s preferences and security requirements. An interior designer is expected to demonstrate knowledge of task-resolution strategies, adapting to novel directions, and remaining flexible when devising and applying changes (Karlen & Fleming, 2016). Considering new methods of preserving space and openness to different ideas and experiences are vital strategies that allow producing interesting and efficient solutions to system clashes. After that, the interior designer should also sustain awareness of the factors surrounding the construction process to create viable resolution pathways. During project realization, numerous attributes might influence the organization of building systems elements, from the customer’s desires to the environmental characteristics of the site (Karlen & Fleming, 2016). Therefore, it is critical to uphold a global overview of the construction approach, remaining knowledgeable of the details that might contribute to the emergence of system conflicts. In light of these considerations, the design process should also adhere to particular strategic demands that increase the endeavor’s success. The first step towards creating a feasible project is to summarize the details of the future establishment, including the client’s preferences, the building’s functions, preliminary budget, and available sites for construction (Binggeli, 2016). After that, the space planning stage begins, where interior design and building systems ideas are recorded and evaluated (Binggeli, 2016). During this phase, the schematics remain preliminary, but their appearance should already be as detailed as possible to ensure which approach may be the most advantageous. The third step in the design procedure refers to design development, where comprehensive floorplans and elevations are devised. Conducting examinations for potential conflicts is imperative throughout this process, as any misalignments might lead to incorrect administration of final specifications, resulting in clashes during construction (Binggeli, 2016). Developing 3D models and adjusting them is especially common in this stage, meaning that any revisions should be thoroughly recorded and communicated to all building teams. Even in small projects, preventing mistakes is more time-efficient than eliminating them. Therefore, adhering to the guidelines and implementing clash detection strategies should also be conducted in this phase. Finally, the last step in the design process should be devoted to incorporating concluding specifications and revising the overall plan. Each section of the building should be comprehensively examined, accounting for possible physical conflicts between materials, systems, and items (Binggeli, 2016). During this stage, it is essential to assess the project from a global perspective, ensuring that integrity requirements are met and potential issues in item placement and system alignment are resolved before proceeding to construction. Conclusion To conclude, the building systems coordination pattern at the Silver Oak winery in Alexander Valley was discussed in detail in this paper, evaluating potential clashes between fire protection, plumbing, and electrical systems. It is evident that several considerable challenges related to incorporating the fire prevention, plumbing, and electrical systems might have occurred during planning and construction, namely physical and multiple systems conflicts. These complications can often result in gruesome consequences regarding the objects’ functionality and the overall safety of the building. Nevertheless, the interior designer and construction team implemented beneficial practical approaches to avoid undesirable conflicts, using the 3D BIM model as the primary building guide. The digital environment proved to be a crucial addition to the construction process, which allowed the workers to communicate on the project’s issues and resolve them as soon as possible. Furthermore, a valuable feature of the conflict resolution strategies was the possibility to convey necessary changes to all the involved professionals, which decreased the possibility of encountering miscommunication issues. Through efficient collaboration and digital environment use, the teams were able to create a comprehensive overview of the future winery, resolving physical and multiple system conflicts in the pre-construction phase. Altogether, interior designers are often tasked with identifying the building systems and adjusting the schematics to avoid potential conflicts between these elements, ensuring that the structure’s integrity and safety are preserved. In this regard, the designer must be knowledgeable of the building systems’ characteristics, possible complications, and resolution methods, thus creating a secure and comfortable environment for future use. References Binggeli, C. (2016). Building systems for interior designers (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. Celadyn, M. (2016). Inner space elements in environmentally responsible interior design education. World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education, 14 (4), 495–499. Cello & Maudru Construction (n.d.). Silver Oak Alexander Valley . Web. Chidambaram, S. (2019). The application of clash-detection processes in building information modelling for rebars . Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Smart Infrastructure and Construction , 172 (2), 53–69. Web. Hsu, H.-C., Chang, S., Chen, C.-C., & Wu, I.-C. (2020). Knowledge-based system for resolving design clashes in building information models. Automation in Construction , 110 . Web. Hurt, S. L. (2017). Building systems in interior design . Routledge. Karlen, M., & Fleming, R. (2016). Space planning basics . John Wiley & Sons. Mehrbod, S., Staub-French, S., Mahyar, N., & Tory, M. (2019). Beyond the clash: Investigating bim-based building design coordination issue representation and resolution. Journal of Information Technology in Construction, 24 (2019), 33–57. O’Connell, K. (2017). The world’s greenest winery through LEED and the Living Building Challenge . Redshift. Web. Silver Oak.. (n.d.). The story of Silver Oak . Web.

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Write an essay about: The Little Foxes and A Doll's House are both plays that were written by Lillian Hellman in 1939 and 1941, respectively. Both plays explore the themes of human greed, money, toxic family relationships and values, and put moral boundaries to the test.

The Little Foxes and A Doll's House are both plays that were written by Lillian Hellman in 1939 and 1941, respectively. Both plays explore the themes of human greed, money, toxic family relationships and values, and put moral boundaries to the test.

Similarities and Differences in “The Little Foxes” and “A Doll’s House” Essay Introduction The Little Foxes is a play that was written by Lillian Hellman in 1939. It is considered a piece of classic drama, and in 1941 it was already put on the screen with additional scenes and dialogues. In this story, the plot revolves around Regina Hubbard Giddens and her family. They are all from the South, and, taking into account the time when the action takes place (the year 1900), Regina strives for financial stability and autonomy. In the play, the author explores such topics as human greed, money, toxic family relationships and values, and puts moral boundaries to the test. In Henrik Ibsen’s realistic play A Doll’s House , some of these points are also unfolded. This story takes place in the 19th century, and here the main focus is also on a woman, Nora Helmer, who is a wife and a mother as well. She spends almost half of the play under the impression that, despite several troubles, her marriage is almost perfect. However, later, Nora slowly starts to discover that her controlling husband treats her like a doll. Her position in her superficially pretty life is very unstable. The discussion below will compare and contrast the mentioned plays in order to define whether they contain a number of similarities or not through various perspectives. Plays’ Plots A Doll’s House’s Plot Nora is the name of the main character of the play – a happy, infantile, childishly selfish woman. Since childhood, Nora was dad’s favorite daughter, then from dad’s hands, she immediately switched to the role of the beloved wife of a successful lawyer Helmer. Nora has three wonderful children, an ideal husband, and a life without worries and hassles. The action begins to unfold on Christmas Eve, when a guest enters the Helmer house, in whose tired and aged face the fresh and radiant Nora does not immediately recognize her university friend who has known many hardships of life. She came to their city to look for a job and hopes to get a job in a bank, the director of which recently became Nora’s husband. Nora’s carefree life ends here – until that day, no one knew that she had a terrible, criminal secret (Ibsen, 1829). This secret threatens to come out, ruin the life of her entire family, or lead to even more fatal consequences. The Little Foxes’ Plot Brothers Ben and Oscar Hubbard, merchants and bankers, prepare to sign an agreement with an industrialist to open a spinning mill near their cotton plantation. Once Oscar got married only because his wife owned this plantation. Since then, the poor woman is unhappy in this family, whose members are only interested in money and profit. Now, for the agreement to come into force, Ben and Oscar need money from Horace, the husband of their sister Regina. Enraged that her plans are collapsing before our eyes, Regina expresses to her husband everything that has hurt since the wedding. Horace is offended; he starts to get nervous and is about to take medicine, but he breaks the vial. Regina does nothing to help him, and Horace dies of a heart attack (Hellman, 1939). After her husband’s death, Regina demands half of the profits from the brothers. In the finale, Regina is left alone with her wealth and spiritual emptiness. Plays’ Comparison It seems rational to claim that both stories focus on women, striving for some form of independence, one way or another. Ibsen’s play was even criticized for feminist motives. Nora and Regina share the same marital status, and they both have children. The main characters are both involved in some kind of scheme. For example, Regina promises to keep her brothers’ crimes secret in exchange for the desired part of the inheritance. The following claim confirms the latter statement, “I have forgotten that you ever saw the bonds… as long as you boys both behave yourselves” (Hellman, 1939, p. 490). With such tools as her sharp mind and cunning and sometimes heartless manipulations, for the sake of money, Regina watches her husband Horace die, blackmails her brothers ruthlessly and, consequently, loses her daughter’s trust forever. She is willing to overlook any unjust deed to get what she wants. Whereas Nora lies to her husband about getting the money for the trip to Italy from her father, when, in reality, she borrowed them illegally (Ibsen 1829). The difference between their schemes is that Nora decides to lie to help her sick husband; she thinks about her family. Regina, on the other hand, gets involved in her foul play for herself, and she does not hesitate to step on people in the process. This turns out to be exactly why she is punished. Another similarity would be the fact that both main characters are left all alone in the end. Regina’s daughter abandons her, and Nora willingly leaves her so-called doll’s house, which she spent so much time decorating. Both characters obtain freedom and break free from the boundaries and clichés about what women are capable and incapable of, and they pay a high price for it. Three is a crowd, they say, but another female figure cannot be ignored. It is Birdie, an aristocrat, and Oscar Hubbard’s wife. Her unhappiness forces her into excessive drinking; she is constantly ill-treated by her husband. Being the third of the siblings, he probably feels the lack of power in the family, which he takes out on his wife. Oscar married her because of her cotton farm and a large plantation. As a result, Birdie is seen more as an object rather than as a human being. The same parallel exists with Ibsen’s Nora, who realized that to her husband, she was a doll to be played with and admired (Ibsen, 1829). Such an objectifying makes another similarity between the two plays. As for the main characters’ husbands, they both have power in their hands. However, Horace, who has a bad heart, looks weaker, as opposed to Torvald, who manages to improve his health with his wife’s help. Regina, in contrast, wants her husband to die sooner (Hellman, 1939). Before this happens, though, she cannot do much to take the situation into her hands. Just like Nora’s husband, who even fixes her dance steps, Horace controls the resource that his wife wants to obtain. Here, it should be noticed that the wives are not the only ones being controlled and used in preconceived motives. In The Little Foxes , the children, specifically Leo and Alexandra, can be seen as foot soldiers in their parents’ war. The latter plan their steps wisely, and young people’s feelings do not even matter when the idea of Leo and Alexandra’s beneficial marriage arises. This expression confirms such an assumption, “You got to convince your Uncle Horace you going to make a fit husband for Alexandra” (Hellman, 1939, p. 449). Fortunately, this does not happen; however, Oscar’s son plays a mule role later when he is pushed to steal from Horace. A similar attitude can be seen in Nora’s family, where she calls the children her dollies and later realizes that she only repeats her father’s fate and treats them like pretty little toys to play with (Ibsen, 1829). The difference between these arcs lies in the intentions. Adults in The Little Foxes manage their children like tools purposefully, whereas Nora does so without knowing. In the end, Regina seems to be apprehended when her daughter decides to leave her, but Nora does not look back, being sure that the little ones are in good hands. Finally, both of these plays have very symbolic headlines, even though they are meant to attract attention to different issues. The name The Little Foxes comes from the Song of Solomon . The Hubbards have the necessary qualities to be associated with foxes; they are sly, witty, and prefer to act secretly. Such people only deserve to be called little, so this part is also fair. As for A Doll’s House , this name represents Nora’s illusions concerning her marriage, her relationships with her husband, and even childhood trauma. Conclusion To conclude, the above discussion shows that the two plays bear several similarities. The topics of toxic family relationships, control, and moral boundaries are explored in both plays. The main characters are women in search of control over their lives. Money also plays a huge role in both stories. However, the characters themselves are very different in their schemes and intentions. In the end, they are alone, but each of them reaches this point in different ways. References Hellman, L. (1939). The Little Foxes. In: L. Hartley & A. Ladu (Eds.), Patterns in modern drama: Ibsen, Chekhov, Galsworthy, O’Neill, Kelly, Thurber, Nugent, Hellman . Prentice-Hall. Ibsen, H. (1829). A Doll’s House. T. Fisher Unwin.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: Simon Bolivar's life can be described as the cycle of uprisings and falls. He made two critical vows in his life that significantly changed the course of history. The first one was never to marry again when his wife died. During this period, he started involved in various activities associated with revolutionary ideas. So, this period could be considered the beginning of this career. Another oath was to liberate South America from the Spanish invasion. Disappointed with Napoleon's ideas during his trip

Simon Bolivar's life can be described as the cycle of uprisings and falls. He made two critical vows in his life that significantly changed the course of history. The first one was never to marry again when his wife died. During this period, he started involved in various activities associated with revolutionary ideas. So, this period could be considered the beginning of this career. Another oath was to liberate South America from the Spanish invasion. Disappointed with Napoleon's ideas during his trip

Simon Bolivar: Cycle of Ups and Downs Essay Simon Bolivar is often compared with Napoleon as one of the most important and influential figures in South American history. Simon Bolivar, known as the Liberator, played a central role in making South America free from Spanish control. His life could be described as the cycle of uprisings and falls. In their video discussing Simon Bolivar’s path, Biographics (2018) highlighted the following points: He made two critical vows in his life that considerably changed the course of history. The first one was never to marry again when his wife died. During this period, he started involved in various activities associated with revolutionary ideas. So, this period could be considered the beginning of this career. Another vow was to liberate South America from the Spanish invasion. Disappointed with Napoleon’s ideas during his trip to France, Bolivar decided to free South America, avoiding unfold strategy. He accomplished both vows; however, turn in the despot with time. Bolivar fails the first time; however, the following success will not bring the desired result. After failing to liberate Venezuela from Spain, Bolivar followed a new plan known as “the admirable campaign.” Nevertheless, gradually campaign turned into a desperate campaign forcing people to join. For example, during his liberation campaign, he announced that native spaniels who would not help fight against the Spanish would be executed. Here, the transformation into despot could be observed, Bolivar appeared to be an excellent general but not a dictator. He spent money on unnecessary military campaigns ignoring public needs. Moreover, he created a mess in the economy by inducing structural reforms. He transformed from enlightening despot to a regular despot turning into the Latin version of Napoleon. At the end of his life, he was not allowed to cross Venezuela’s border. As his property in Karakas was confiscated, he died as a depressed, sad, and broken man. Works Cited “ Simon Bolivar: Today a Hero. Yesterday a Tyrant. ” YouTube , Biographics. 2018. Web.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: Marie Arana's biography of Simon Bolivar the Liberator discusses the man's personality, achievements, downfall, and final legacy.Simon Bolivar: The Man and The Myth is a lecture before the Library of Congress that discusses the life and legacy of the Venezuelan Revolutionary who fought against Spanish colonialism and established independence in six Latin American states. The essay discusses Bolivar's personality, achievements, downfall, and final legacy.

Marie Arana's biography of Simon Bolivar the Liberator discusses the man's personality, achievements, downfall, and final legacy. Simon Bolivar: The Man and The Myth is a lecture before the Library of Congress that discusses the life and legacy of the Venezuelan Revolutionary who fought against Spanish colonialism and established independence in six Latin American states. The essay discusses Bolivar's personality, achievements, downfall, and final legacy.

Simon Bolivar: The Man and The Myth Essay Simon Bolivar is regarded as the George Washington of South America. He was a Venezuelan revolutionary who fought against Spanish colonialism and established independence in six Latin American states. In 2013, inspired by the grandeur of his life and her family history, Peruvian-American writer Marie Arana released a biography about Bolivar the Liberator. Arana discusses Bolivar’s personality, achievements, downfall, and final legacy in this lecture before the Library of Congress. Firstly, Arana states that despite certain similarities between Bolivar and Washington, she rejects the Pan-American narrative that North and South America’s revolutions were fundamentally the same struggle against imperialism. Bolivar’s uprising was not only against economic exploitation but also against Spanish racial segregation. Despite 300 years of racial mixing, up until that point, Spain was still registering births according to racial pedigree and penalizing darker castes. The revolution was floundering until Bolivar realized that the only way to achieve success was through interracial cooperation. He rallied black people, Native Americans, mulattos, mestizos, invalids in hospitals, pirates, merchants, and freed slaves to his cause. Bolivar fought a revolution and a civil war simultaneously, and Arana argues that this is a vastly different narrative than the one that defines North America. Secondly, unlike most biographers, Arana starts her lecture by presenting Simon Bolivar the man rather than enumerating his phenomenal achievements. Bolivar had a palpable physical presence, legendary stamina on horseback, superb conversational skills, and an insatiable desire for women. He freed six nations and possessed unprecedented power, but he was impulsive and had no patience for disagreement. Arana wishes her listeners to see Bolivar as a human being susceptible to weakness, not only Bolivar as the historical colossus. Thirdly, Arana discusses Bolivar’s other difference from Washington: his glory did not last until death. Bolivar was a brilliant military tactician with a gift for improvisation, but qualities essential during military campaigns have liabilities in peacetime. As a politician, Bolivar made hasty decisions and frequently compromised his ideals. Bolivar eventually realized South America was not ready for democracy and self-governance due to ignorance and systematic disenfranchisement. He decided the government needed a firm executive hand and began making unilateral decisions. He attempted to ratify a life-long presidency and create a hereditary third chamber. Support for Bolivar waned, and he was forced to resign. At 47, he died from tuberculosis in poverty and exile. Arana argues that Bolivar’s supreme power and swift disgrace is a pattern that is constantly played out in South American politics. Fourthly, Arana considers Bolivar’s posthumous legacy. A hundred years after his death, he was already mythologized as the ideal Latin American persona. He lives on as a swashbuckling national hero, and his incredible accomplishments are lionized as past mistakes rescind into the background. He is credited for disseminating the ideas of the Enlightenment and showing Latin America what it could become. Arana argues that his story will reverberate through history because Bolivar’s is the classic story of an imperfect man with a sincere heart overcoming impossible circumstances. In conclusion, Arana presents a complete portrait of Simon Bolivar as the man and the myth. He was a flawed human being who became a despot and died in exile. He also traversed 75,000 miles on horseback to liberate six nations, and he did it by achieving unprecedented interracial cooperation. In his death, Bolivar has become a symbol of daring and freedom. Works Cited Arana, Marie. “Bolivar: American Liberator”. Library of Congress . 2013. Web.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The article examines the rule of Simon Bolivar and presents the main arguments of his writings.Simon Bolivar is a prominent political figure of the 19th century. He is known for leading the independence war against the Spanish colonialist rule in Latin America, being the president of Colombia, establishing the three years of dictatorship in Peru, and the abolition of slavery. Bolivars politics was rather controversial. As Helg (2012) notices in the article, even though Bol

The article examines the rule of Simon Bolivar and presents the main arguments of his writings. Simon Bolivar is a prominent political figure of the 19th century. He is known for leading the independence war against the Spanish colonialist rule in Latin America, being the president of Colombia, establishing the three years of dictatorship in Peru, and the abolition of slavery. Bolivars politics was rather controversial. As Helg (2012) notices in the article, even though Bol

Simon Bolivar’s Rule in the Article by Aline Helg Essay Simon Bolivar is a prominent political figure of the 19th century. He is known for leading the independence war against the Spanish colonialist rule in Latin America, being the president of Colombia, establishing the three years of dictatorship in Peru, and the abolition of slavery. Bolivars politics was rather controversial. As Helg (2012) notices in the article, even though Bolivar was an adherent of republican ideas, his rule was, nonetheless, authoritarian. Besides, he liquidated colonial privileges and slavery but preserved and supported “the monopoly of power by the white creole elite” (Helg, 2012, p. 12). The present essay examines the article on the rule of Simon Bolivar written by Aline Helg (2012) and presents the main arguments of Bolivars writings. The most peculiar point expressed in Bolivars essays is that he believed in the superiority of white people. More precisely, from Bolivars point of view, the intellectual excellence of the white population was a tool to gain control over the government in a country that is inhibited by Hispanics and Blacks (Helg, 2012). Therefore, such views on racial superiority substantiate his attitude toward the phenomenon of slavery. For him, slavery was rational and natural because other races were regarded as less capable and intelligent and more dangerous than whites. Nonetheless, it is curious to notice that Bolivars view on slavery was gradually changing. Shortly after the establishment of the Third Republic of Venezuela, Bolivar enfreedomed local inhabitants (Helg, 2012). Nevertheless, such an action did not illustrate Bolivars insight on the equality of human rights. Instead, the abolition of slavery resulted from the political deal with one of the leaders of the French Revolution, Jerome Petion de Villeneuve. Petition sponsored anti-colonialist expeditions of Bolivar, and emancipation of slaves was a part of the deal (Helg, 2012). What is more, even though Bolivars were claiming that all people have an equal right to be free, a slave and his family members could become enfreedomed only if he entered the patriot army (Helg, 2012). After returning from the expeditions to Venezuela, Bolivar stuck to the same attitude to slavery and freedom was granted only in exchange for military service. From this perspective, it becomes clear that for Simon Bolivar, peoples lives and freedom were a bargaining chip and a means to defeat Spanish colonialists. At the same time, even though the abolition of slavery was not a gratuitous gift to the citizens, it prevented the possible rebellion of slaves against their owners. The times were changing, and Bolivar had no other choice but to modify his policies. Bolivars writings and actions illustrate his attitude to slavery remains the same. Even though he openly promoted the abolition of slavery after the first quarter of the 19th century, the white creole elite enjoyed the monopoly on political power under Simon Bolivar. To conclude, the government established by the Venezuelan statesman Simon Bolivar resembles a republican one. However, the equality of citizens is an indispensable part of a full-fledged republican system. Under Bolivar, the idea of total and unconditional equality of citizens seems to be never achieved. Even though the nonwhites constituted most of the population, the vast political power and influence belonged to the small group of privileged white people. Furthermore, the citizenship of the nonwhites was passive and social hierarchy was strongly supported during his presidency. Reference Helg, A. (2012). Simón Bolívar’s Republic: a bulwark against the “Tyranny” of the Majority. Revista de Sociologia e Política , 20 , 21-37.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The SNMP and CMIP protocols are used for LAN management and have a common goal of facilitating control and diagnostic tasks when operating on a LAN. Although theCMIP has more features than the SNMP, the latter is much more popular commercially due to its flexibility and extensibility.

The SNMP and CMIP protocols are used for LAN management and have a common goal of facilitating control and diagnostic tasks when operating on a LAN. Although theCMIP has more features than the SNMP, the latter is much more popular commercially due to its flexibility and extensibility.

Simple Network Management Protocol and Common Management Information Protocol Essay Protocols such as SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) and CMIP (Common Management Information Protocol) are used for LAN management. These protocols have a common goal of facilitating control and diagnostic tasks when operating on a LAN. Although CMIP has more features than SNMP, the latter is much more popular commercially. It has become widespread due to its flexibility and extensibility. Zurawski (2018) notes that SNMP allows describing of objects to a wide variety of devices. Its design is simple and easy to implement on an extensive network since it does not take much time to set up and does not put a lot of load on the web. Thus, firstly, the main difference between the protocols is that the SNMP protocol allows the building of both simple and complicated control systems. In turn, the CMIP protocol presupposes a specific, relatively complex control system. For CMIP to work, several support services, objects, and object databases need to be implemented. Secondly, SNMP and CMIP retrieve data, but they do it in different ways. SNMP is designed to retrieve information about specific devices, while CMIP is focused on retrieving datasets. When using SNMP, precise wording of the query about the subject of interest is necessary. In turn, CMIP can make a general request and then refine it, highlighting the information of interest. Thirdly, SNMP agent traps are sent to the manager without waiting for acknowledgment, leading to significant network problems going unnoticed by being lost. In turn, CMIP agent notifications are always transmitted using a reliable transport protocol and will be retransmitted in case of loss. Therefore, much of the work of network management consists of monitoring the operation of devices, tracking the performance of a computer network, diagnosing problems, and eliminating their causes. Reference Zurawski, R. (2018). The industrial information technology: Handbook . CRC Press.

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Write an essay about: Slacktivism as a Modern Social MovementSlacktivism is a modern social movement that has gained popularity in recent years. It is characterized by a lack of commitment to a specific cause or organization, and it often involves activities such as sharing posts on social media or signing online petitions. Slacktivism can be a powerful tool for social change, as it can help to spread awareness and encourage others to take action.

Slacktivism as a Modern Social Movement Slacktivism is a modern social movement that has gained popularity in recent years. It is characterized by a lack of commitment to a specific cause or organization, and it often involves activities such as sharing posts on social media or signing online petitions. Slacktivism can be a powerful tool for social change, as it can help to spread awareness and encourage others to take action.

Slacktivism as a Modern Social Movement Essay Picture 1. The Fight to Stop Racism is Far from Over (Bieber, 2020). In the context of the present-day developments, slacktivism appears to gain popularity, and, occasionally, its influence should not be underestimated. An illustrative example could be the Instagram post by Justin Bieber on racism, which is presented in Picture 1. He expresses his resentments to the oppression of Afro-American people and encourages people to abandon this “systematically ingrained” behavioral model (Bieber, 2020, para. 1). This post may be considered to support the social movement Black Lives Matter , aimed to prevent racism and violence in relation to people of Afro-American origin. The aforementioned movement may refer to a reformative social movement type. Despite the racial origin, all the population is interested in making a social change. However, there were episodes of riotous disturbances, though they were not significant enough to be considered revolutionary. As for the social movement theory, the new one can be applied in this regard. Black Lives Matter focuses on the improvement of the social surroundings. In addition, the movement was supported in other countries, as people of Afro-American origin encounter oppression around the whole world. These aspects are characteristic of the New Social Movements theory. The movement Black Lives Matter appears to be at the second stage, which is titled coalescence. Macionis describes the following way: “After emerging, a social movement must define itself and develop a strategy for “going public” (para. 3). As for kinds of crowd behavior may differ. For instance, in the beginning, it was closer to an acting crowd. According to Macionis (2019), it implies “a collectivity motivated by an intense, single-minded purpose” (para. 5). However, after some time, the movement stuck to a protest crowd, as a great number of marches were organized. References Bieber, J. [@justinbieber]. (2020). The fight to stop racism is far from over [Photograph]. Instagram. Web. Macionis, J. J. (2019). Revel Sociology, 17 th edition . Pearson.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The essay discusses the different ways that smartphones are used by the younger and older generations. The younger generation uses smartphones for social networking, taking pictures, and listening to music. The older generation uses smartphones for more basic functions such as making calls and sending texts.

The essay discusses the different ways that smartphones are used by the younger and older generations. The younger generation uses smartphones for social networking, taking pictures, and listening to music. The older generation uses smartphones for more basic functions such as making calls and sending texts.

Smartphones and Generations: Hyper-Connected World Research Paper For the younger generation, phones provide several relevant opportunities for them. First, it is social network, the essence of which is to communicate with other people and peers, as well as to show the details of their lives (Brooks & Lasser, 2018). With the help of photos, videos and music playlists teenagers not only show off or compete in the quality of life, but also to get acquainted. Secondly, it’s taking pictures of different moments and objects that are important to the individual (Brooks & Lasser, 2018). This includes everything from homework and necessary notes to nature, animals and selfies with friends. In this way, memories and values are formed, as not everything is for social media. Third, listening to music, which is a necessity for teenagers (Brooks & Lasser, 2018). Music as an area of art makes individual feel positive emotions, to relax or distract from problems. In addition, music is an effective method of getting to know each other through, for example, shared tastes or recommendations. However, the older generation has a different attitude towards telephones. These gadgets are not as much in demand for the following reasons: The first reason not to innovate is a fear of everything new. Adults have been modeling their world for years (Brooks & Lasser, 2018). When something new is introduced, there is a stupor. This is due to the fact that the human brain processes new information more slowly over time, and develops new skills. The second reason is the fear of screwing something up. Because machines that were around in the past were often faulty, people who have grown up with imperfect technology now will not trust this kind of technology (Brooks & Lasser, 2018). The third problem lies in the loved ones, who, sometimes paying insufficient time to the older generation, believe that the proposed instruction to the smartphone is written in an accessible language and in it absolutely anyone can understand (Brooks & Lasser, 2018). It should be understood that adults need more time to master technology than young people. It is important to emphasize that this does not apply to the older generation. Smartphones become relevant in adulthood, but are often limited to the basic functions of calling and texting (Brooks & Lasser, 2018). The information analogue for the older generation is the television. Reference Brooks, M., and Lasser, J. (2018). Tech generation. Raising balanced kids in a hyper-connected world . Oxford University Press.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The paper discusses the problems that individuals interested in soccer encounter. As outsiders to the soccer community, you might be unwilling to take the problem into consideration. However, despite the commonalities at the roots of the identified issue, the importance of finding an effective solution is very significant. With more indoor fields for the winter season, the consistency, quality, and professionalism of the players would grow significantly, setting a positive example to the whole society.

The paper discusses the problems that individuals interested in soccer encounter. As outsiders to the soccer community, you might be unwilling to take the problem into consideration. However, despite the commonalities at the roots of the identified issue, the importance of finding an effective solution is very significant. With more indoor fields for the winter season, the consistency, quality, and professionalism of the players would grow significantly, setting a positive example to the whole society.

Soccer Participation Issues in New York City Essay This paper discusses the problems that individuals interested in soccer encounter. As outsiders to the soccer community, you might be unwilling to take the problem into consideration. However, despite the commonalities at the roots of the identified issue, the importance of finding an effective solution is very significant. As the representatives of non-profit organizations, you have a chance to make a change not only for a given soccer team but also to a long-term perspective for the development of this kind of sport in New York City. My goal today is to describe the problem we as a soccer community face, discuss some of the solutions that would help resolve it, and the projections for the future with the benefits for a larger community of sportsmen. As it has been identified throughout a long time of playing soccer and communicating with other players, the most significant problem that obstructs active participation in this sport is the lack of indoor facilities for soccer in the city. As a direct representative of the community, I might say that this issue hinders the chances of soccer players to achieve professional heights and amateur progress. A field that is equipped with appropriate surfacing, lights, and accommodation is a basic requirement that allows the payers to practice. However, given the particularities of the game, it becomes particularly challenging to engage in an adequate training process during colder seasons when the harsh outdoor conditions are unacceptable, and indoor fields are hard to access. Although there are several sports complexes and indoor fields that provide services through rent, they are commonly occupied due to a large number of players or operate within a high price range. Regular access to such facilities is difficult for amateurs or young players and children. As a result of the lacking affordable indoor places to train, much of the potential and talent remains unattained and underdeveloped. This problem might seem localized and irrelevant to a bigger community. However, the benefits that the solution might bring would be applicable to more people than those currently in the soccer community. With more indoor fields for the winter season, the consistency, quality, and professionalism of the players would grow significantly, setting a positive example to the whole society. Also, it is an important contribution to the promotion of healthy lifestyles and physical activity in youth. The advancement in the field of professional soccer has shown that there are multiple ways to arrange properly equipped indoor places for training and playing. Indeed, one of the successful projects within this field is Socceroff. It is a sports complex that incorporates an advanced urban soccer facility and accommodation for sporting events and training (“Sports Complex” par. 1). The facility has “ten small 50’ x 80’ fields with the flexibility to combine two or three fields together; fields are manufactured with next generation synthetic grass materials” (“Sport Complex” par. 2). In addition, there are locker rooms, restrooms, and a lounge zone available to the visitors. Professional coaches are working with youth and children within camp programs. Overall, the organization functions as a full-scale sporting facility that provides a safe and professional environment and support for athletes. However, in the amateur segment of the sport, the shift has not been that significant. The community is currently in need of more similar spaces for soccer training to ensure consistency of practice all year long. Safety being one of the most important issues in sports, it must be a priority for soccer players in their training environment as well. In such highly organized and professional-led facilities as Socceroof, profit from renting and booking is the source of maintenance and safety risk mitigation. However, less equipped and less business-oriented indoor fields are subject to hindered safety for players. This issue is common in the soccer community across the country. As reported by the Sun-News Editorial Board, the maintenance issues are commonly caused by discrepancies in ownership and management (par. 3-4). Therefore, it is important not only to open new indoor fields but also to ensure proper maintenance of both existing and new ones by means of incorporating private and public means. As demonstrated with the description of Socceroof, the solution is very realistic and easy to implement given the necessary support. Since the benefits of a new indoor field apply to the whole community of New York City, I consider the involvement of non-profit organizations relevant. A starting point for solving the problem might be fundraising and project promotion among potential investors. The organizations that you represent have a history of successful programs and projects aimed at improving the sporting life in the city. Both adults and children would benefit from a new facility since it will provide a properly equipped safe space for training during the winter season. Following the example of already functioning facilities such as Socceroof and others, we might achieve more than just an indoor field for soccer. It might be a platform for raising awareness in youth and promoting physical activity in children who are so adversely affected by the diminished mobility of modern life. Affordability and safety should be the guiding points of the project. Notably, “no new facility should be funded without a long-range plan for its maintenance” (Sun-News Editorial Board, par. 14). Therefore, the initiative for opening a new facility should be guided by professionals who would conduct accommodating and either construction or restructuring works under strictly followed standards. As a beginning of solution-finding, our community has initiated an online questionnaire that demonstrated the persistence of the identified problem and the desire of the community members to contribute their efforts. Since your non-profit organizations are particularly dependent on volunteer work, you might count on us as your potential volunteers. However, without financial support and professional guidance in terms of facility maintenance, our efforts will not bring the anticipated result. Therefore, I encourage you to consider this project as an opportunity to contribute to New York City and add another successful project to your organizational portfolio. You might be drivers of change that will trigger a new turn in the development of soccer in the city. References “Sport Complex.” Socceroof. n.d. Web. Sun-News Editorial Board. “Lack of maintenance at soccer fields a concern.” Las Cruses Sun News , 2018. Web.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The essay discusses the definition of political order and how it can be distinguished from social order. It also examines the ways in which social and political order can be maintained in different societies.The definition of political order according to Trondal (2020) consists of a relatively stable arrangement of institutions that are fairly formalized and institutionalized. The definition of social order according to Cole (2019) includes such concepts as social relations, social structures and establishments, social connections, beliefs, standards, and mor

The essay discusses the definition of political order and how it can be distinguished from social order. It also examines the ways in which social and political order can be maintained in different societies. The definition of political order according to Trondal (2020) consists of a relatively stable arrangement of institutions that are fairly formalized and institutionalized. The definition of social order according to Cole (2019) includes such concepts as social relations, social structures and establishments, social connections, beliefs, standards, and mor

Social and Political Order: Definition and Distinctions Essay One can distinguish between various types of political systems, including uncentralized (bands and tribes) and centralized systems (chiefdoms and states). Each of these political systems has its own political and social order. According to Trondal (2020), a political order “consists of a relatively stable arrangement of institutions that are fairly formalized and institutionalized” (p. 121). The definition of a social order includes such concepts as social relations, social structures and establishments, social connections, beliefs, standards, and morals of a particular culture (Cole, 2019). Both types of order are formed with the help of power: more powerful institutions control less powerful ones, create laws and rules, and ensure that people adhere to these laws. Social and political order can be maintained in different ways. For instance, wearing a mask and social distancing became both political and social issues in the United States. According to Kahane (2021), health officials and the government of the USA urge people to wear masks and keep their distance when they are in public places to reduce the spread of COVID-19 and maintain order in society. Another example of maintaining social order is a security check. If a person wants to withdraw money from their bank account, they have to come through a security check procedure to confirm their identity. This process allows people to prevent fraud, preserving order in society. Different societies have diverse opinions about the notion of social order. For example, conservative societies emphasize tight laws and regulations while liberal societies tend to be looser in their collective concerns (Janoff-Bulman & Carnes, 2016). Those societies that practice both tightness and looseness are more successful in keeping social and political order (Janoff-Bulman & Carnes, 2016). If people and their government feel responsible for maintaining order, they will act accordingly to keep it. However, if governmental institutions use power and force people to obey, social and political order will be disrupted. References Cole, N. L. (2019). What is social order in sociology? ThoughtCo. Web. Janoff-Bulman, R., & Carnes, N. C. (2016). Social justice and social order: Binding moralities across the political spectrum. PLoS One, 11 (3), 1-18. Web. Kahane, L. H. (2021). Politicizing the mask: Political, economic, and demographic factors affecting mask wearing behavior in the USA. Eastern Economic Journal, Web. Trondal, J. (2020). Public administration and the study of political order: Towards a framework for analysis. Politics and Governance, 8 (4), 120-130. Web.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay discusses how understanding social change can help us predict social patterns in the future. It also talks about how technology has had both positive and negative effects on society.As a nurse, it is important to be aware of the potential changes that may occur in society in order to best prepare for the future. This essay discusses how understanding social change can help us predict social patterns in the future. It also talks about how technology has had both positive and negative effects on society.

The essay discusses how understanding social change can help us predict social patterns in the future. It also talks about how technology has had both positive and negative effects on society. As a nurse, it is important to be aware of the potential changes that may occur in society in order to best prepare for the future. This essay discusses how understanding social change can help us predict social patterns in the future. It also talks about how technology has had both positive and negative effects on society.

Social Change: Modern, and Postmodern Societies Essay The social advancement in society over the past years will help me predict social patterns over the coming years. Understanding these trends enables me to conceptualize how my roles and responsibilities as a nurse would significantly change to meet the increasing demand for caregiving. From the demographic statistics provided in chapter 25, there has been population increase, and infant mortality decrease in the 20 th century as compared to the 19 th century (Macionis, 2021). This note indicates a significant increase in demand for nursing services. Additionally, the change in consumption patterns and lifestyles has increased the prevalence of cancer and other chronic diseases, prompting intensive scientific research and sophistication in medical technologies (Macionis, 2021). This advancement necessitates that I familiarize myself with the latest medical equipment and diagnosis methods that I would utilize in my profession. Moreover, the adoption and use of the internet and mass media platforms have made it easy to share medical information, resulting in health awareness amongst people; therefore, professional ethics relating to nursing would be essential in practice. Although science and technology have solved many problems, they have negatively impacted the environment through pollution, with unsafe disposal of medical wastes being a significant public health concern. Exposure to such wastes results in fatal infections and diseases. Similarly, the incineration of the wastes emits toxins into the air, when inhaled, results in respiratory illnesses (Medsharps, n.d.). Therefore, it would be mandatory for me to adhere to safe waste disposal practices that yield minimum negative impact to my patients, colleagues, society, and the environment. Finally, Chapter 25 shows that understanding different traditions would be necessary to blend the new technologies that do not contradict the existing knowledge (Macionis, 2021). Therefore, as a nurse, I will ensure that new medical methods conform to patients’ expectations while keeping track of their responses to these approaches. References Macionis, J. J. (2021). Social change: Modern, and postmodern societies. In Society: The basics (pp.526-550). Pearson. Medsharps. (n.d.). Medical waste disposal: What are the challenges ? Web.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The Gilded Age was a period of time in the United States from 1865 to 1920 where race and social class played a significant role in the country's democracy. The era was characterized by the fight for the removal of the scramble for wealth, as well as the investigation of employees' working conditions.

The Gilded Age was a period of time in the United States from 1865 to 1920 where race and social class played a significant role in the country's democracy. The era was characterized by the fight for the removal of the scramble for wealth, as well as the investigation of employees' working conditions.

Social Class and Race from 1865 to 1920 Essay Racial-based discrimination is one of the major topics that have been hotly debated in the United States for decades. For instance, from the year 1865 to 1920, race and social classes were the primary factors influencing America’s democracy. Several human rights and workers were established to solve individuals’ discrimination according to their race. Black individuals suffered in the community as they were not considered to be among the citizens. This happened in their workplaces, leading to several strikes as they tried to fight for their rights. At some point, the government tried to solve the issue by setting each individual’s rights without considering race or gender. Consequently, this report will analyze and discuss how race and social class shaped the United States’ given period. Populism was a unique political approach employed in governance according to several individuals in the country. Many saw that people were being exploited due to poor working conditions, and farmers did not receive what they deserved. As a result, an uprising started in trans-Mississippi West due to the low prices of agricultural products. The economy was falling into a critical condition as the gap between the rich and the poor increased rapidly. The high class did not suffer, although they started feeling the results of the poor economy. In the late 1870s, the Farmers Alliance was established to fight for the lower social classes’ freedom and success (Foner, 2009). The Alliance was independent of the government, but due to a lack of funds to carry out their operations, the government was involved. There was a wastage of farm products, which propelled the movement to request warehouses to store crops as they awaited selling. This reduced the losses suffered by the lower-class farmers and played a vital role in improving the economy. The 1890s marked a significant evolution of the Alliance to the People’s Party that did not focus on farmers but involved the producing classes (Foner, 2009). Moreover, the Populist movement advocated for modern technology to boost the productivity of small-scale farmers. The Populist platform in 1892 brought a significant reform, with the primary goal being eradicating political corruption. Another notable period was The Gilded Age, which fought for the removal of the scramble for wealth. The politics oppressed the lower classes as they grabbed wealth, leaving the poor classes struggling. This reform is one of the primary actions that shaped the United States’ political and economic structure. As a result, the economy shifted to an industrial economy with the citizens fighting for their current social order position. The Gilded Age triggered Congress to investigate employees’ working conditions that were not favorable (Foner, 2009). Hence, the low classes seemed to rely on the government for the improvement of working conditions. Despite this, the government did not lift the bottom classes leading to Social Darwinism. This approach stated that social revolution is natural and does not depend on the government. Hence, the idea was employed by individuals to improve social classes and professions. Black farmers suffered racial discrimination, and this primarily affected individuals in the South. As can be read in Monton’s (1928) article, “The South is beginning seriously to consider the causes of negro migration, and editors concede that the offer of high wages in the North is not the only cause” (para. 10). Moreover, there was unemployment among the black in the region. Despite this, those in the Upper South region received some advantages due to the area’s economic growth. Although their working conditions were not standard to those of the whites, they could meet some of their social needs. Before the Reconstruction, black farmers owned several land tracks, and their land was reduced after Reconstruction as it was taken away by the whites. Additionally, the African-Americans worked in the industries as slaves without any wages, with the women not allowed to work. During this period, schools and other network institutions were created in the southern cities to improve the black’s social standards (Foner, 2009). As a result, the African-Americans were able to receive employment and be paid without any difficulties. Nevertheless, the people of color were not supposed to work as supervisors or other higher employment levels in any industry. Most jobs were found in the northern cities where there were several industries, and these factories did not offer employment to black individuals. In 1880, thousands of people moved to Kansas to fight for equality and freedom with the Kansas Exodus movement. However, in 1877, the black discrimination declined considering political freedom. Before this period, African-Americans were not allowed to either vote or hold any political office in the region (Foner, 2009). Despite this, the authorities shifted the district boundaries to ensure that black people will not make way to Congress. As the black individual strived for political freedom, the National Association of Colored Women emerged to fight women’s rights and racial uplift. The reason behind this was that the racial ideology that considered blacks as a lower-class citizen. To conclude, the implications of race affected each individual’s social, political, and economic development in the country. Many activities in the country were influenced by bias in society. For instance, the action between 1865 and 1920 was steered by the racial and class discrimination of the citizens and immigrants. Thus, the various activities in different periods were impacted by issues such as employment, the Gilded Age, and populism. In essence, individuals can learn that diverse aspects involving race determined how people lived and interacted in American society. References Foner, E. (2009). Give me liberty. Volume 2, From 1865: An American history . W.W. Norton. Moton, R. R. (1928) Negro migration causing social revolution in the South . The New York Times. Web.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay discusses the stratification of society and how it has evolved over time. It notes that the current paradigm of stratification has become the product of capitalist relations and that it traditionally comprises five major social classes. The essay concludes by discussing how people can move between classes and how the upper-middle class is a subclass of the middle class.The essay discusses the stratification of society and how it has evolved over time. It notes that the current paradigm of stratification has become the product

The essay discusses the stratification of society and how it has evolved over time. It notes that the current paradigm of stratification has become the product of capitalist relations and that it traditionally comprises five major social classes. The essay concludes by discussing how people can move between classes and how the upper-middle class is a subclass of the middle class. The essay discusses the stratification of society and how it has evolved over time. It notes that the current paradigm of stratification has become the product

Social Class: The Stratification of Society Essay The stratification of society is actively discussed within the contemporary environment. In a way, it has always been an integral part of society, as at least some of a hierarchy has been embedded into it across centuries. The current paradigm of stratification has become the product of capitalist relations. In the United States, this paradigm traditionally comprises five major social classes, which are lower, lower-middle, middle, upper-middle, and upper. They represent the contemporary view on stratification, which has made sufficient progress in comparison to the obsolete forms. For example, the caste system, not to mention earlier feudal frameworks, divide people by the principle of innate rights. In other words, some people are privileged, and others are marginalized simply by being born into a specific family. The current system relies on the principle of social mobility, meaning that a combination of subjective and objective factors determines a person’s class and ensures the possibility of changing it. As far as I am concerned, my current position allows me to attribute myself to the upper-middle class. In fact, this category represents a subclass of the middle class. According to Griffiths et al. (2014), the contemporary understanding of the middle class is too broad, comprising an array of households with profoundly different living conditions. In general, one of its uniform characteristics is described by the notion of comfort. In other words, middle-class people possess the required number of instruments that ensure a comfortable way of living in most respects. Such households usually have one or several vehicles, as well as a spacious apartment. In addition, middle-class people can afford good vacations that do not limit basic activities. In the upper end of the middle class, these aspects are prevalent, allowing for a highly comfortable life. It usually implies an education of at least Bachelor level with a subsequent successful career. In the lower middle class, the presence of such benefits often implies the lack of savings. People can afford fairly expensive goods or services, but they amount to nearly all of their earnings. The upper end implies a different situation, in which families can realistically save money for major purchases, such as children’s education or new housing. The economy of the country dictates a certain range of professions usually held by the representatives of the upper-middle class. Griffiths et al. (2014) say that it includes law, medicine, business, and management degrees of the Bachelor or Postgraduate levels. Furthermore, it is implied that the careers within these fields are to be fairly successful. This is the case of family, as well, because my husband is a surgeon with a good reputation and profound experience in his field. Since graduating from medical school, he has been making serious efforts to excel at his primary area of expertise. This way, his standard of living has seen a steady increase across these years. Ultimately, we have been able to attain the level of income and comfort that corresponds to the upper-middle class level. For us, it has become the product of continuous efforts and hard work, which reflects the principle of social mobility. While the current pandemic has had a damaging impact on our lives, the possibility of savings increased our resilience in the face of the crisis. This case is a vivid example of the current state of social stratification in the United States. Overall, it does not limit an individual’s ability to rise from one class to another. Simultaneously, the lack of effort and expertise may lead to an opposite situation, in which a person may lose their fortune through inconsiderate behavior. Evidently, some people have a better starting point through inherited privileges. However, the absence of the metaphorical ceiling is the primary difference between the stratification today and prior. Reference Griffiths, H., Keirns, N., Strayer, E., Sadler, T., Cody-Rydzewsky, S., Scaramuzzo, G., Vyain, S., Bry, J., & Jones, F. (2014). Introduction to Sociology (2 nd ed.). 12th Media Services.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The article discusses the transition from constructivism to social constructionism in couple and family therapy, which seemed like a small step but turned out to be a giant leap for the scientific community. Social constructionism served as the basis for a new approach to therapy in the 90s of the twentieth century: narrative family therapy and short-term therapy.

The article discusses the transition from constructivism to social constructionism in couple and family therapy, which seemed like a small step but turned out to be a giant leap for the scientific community. Social constructionism served as the basis for a new approach to therapy in the 90s of the twentieth century: narrative family therapy and short-term therapy.

Social Constructionism in Couple and Family Therapy Essay The transition from constructivism to social constructionism, which seemed like a small step, turned out to be a giant leap in psychology. Social constructionism served as the basis for a new approach to therapy in the 90s of the twentieth century: narrative family therapy and short–term therapy (McNamee, 2017). Therefore, the studies of this type of family therapy presented in this article are of great value to the scientific community. The introduction gives various detailed definitions of social constructionism; its representatives believe that reality is created with the help of language in constant interaction and building relationships. The discourse about the world is neither a reflection nor a map of reality but just an artifact obtained from the exchange of information in the process of communication. The next part of the article presents the history of the development of social constructionism and indicates its various trends. There are many directions of constructionism, represented primarily in Western science. At the same time, as the author of the article notes, there are three main trends. There are also radical constructionism and constructivism (McNamee, 2017); however, this article mainly focuses on the first social constructionism used in psychology, sociology, philosophy, and pedagogy. Then a description of the concept of social constructionism is presented, which is taken as a basis when working with couples and families. The central premise of social constructionism is that the institutions, customs, labels, laws, and division of labor that exist in a particular society are constructed by members of the culture. Only when they interact with each other, do they create beliefs and values (McNamee, 2017). In other words, communities create lenses through which their members interpret the world. Further, the article presents specific techniques and strategies used by psychologists who take social constructionism as a basis. Family psychotherapists using this method focus on the active process of creating meanings and a wide variety of possibilities. They use internal assumptions during some discourses and evoke ideas that were not taken into account before (McNamee, 2017). The therapy is based on working with clients ‘ life stories: analyzing problem stories and creating alternative ones that open up new perspectives. When life narratives carry painful meanings or offer, as it seems, an unfavorable choice, they can be changed by identifying other events that were not previously placed in history. The considered example shows very clearly the use of social constructionism therapy. It is based on one of the most common situations: marital problems of a heterosexual white couple on the verge of divorce. One of the proposed techniques used by the family therapist was the externalization of the problem, that is, the presentation of the problem as external to the individual or family (Heatherington & Johnson, 2019). Posed questions have helped take family members beyond the actual situation and make it possible to start acting independently of it (McNamee, 2017). The carrier of the problem turned out to be one of the partners. The externalization of the situation also allowed him to participate in its solution instead of taking a defensive position. Summing up, despite the very contradictory assessments given to it in modern sociology, the presence of great methodological potential in applying social constructionism in family therapy can be emphasized. This is confirmed by the publication of this work, where this approach is tested as a methodological basis for the conducted research. References Heatherington, L., & Johnson, B. (2019). Social constructionism in couple and family therapy: Narrative, solution-focused, and related approaches. In B. H. Fiese, M. Celano, K. Deater-Deckard, E. N. Jouriles, & M. A. Whisman (Eds.), APA handbook of contemporary family psychology: Foundations, methods, and contemporary issues across the lifespan (pp. 127–142). American Psychological Association. McNamee, S. (2017). Social constructionism in couple and family therapy. Encyclopedia of couple and family therapy (pp. 1-4). Frankfurt, Germany: Springer.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The text discusses the social determinants of health in the USA and how they relate to the COVID-19 pandemic.The social determinants of health in the USA are a complex concept including many aspects from the biological structure and functioning to social activities. At the same time, the social environment of people's lives has a significant impact on their health conditions and comfort. These factors include gender, ethics, social code, scholarship, earnings, employment, etc.

The text discusses the social determinants of health in the USA and how they relate to the COVID-19 pandemic. The social determinants of health in the USA are a complex concept including many aspects from the biological structure and functioning to social activities. At the same time, the social environment of people's lives has a significant impact on their health conditions and comfort. These factors include gender, ethics, social code, scholarship, earnings, employment, etc.

Social Determinants of Health in the USA Essay Let me clean up the difference between the concept of health status and the social determinants of health. The health status represents a complex concept, including many aspects from the biological structure and functioning to social activities. At the same time, SDOH primarily refers to the social environment of people’s lives. Surprisingly, the social and demographic attributes influence the health conditions and comfort of the individuals, groups, and populations. The social determinants include gender, ethics, social code, scholarship, earnings, employment, etc. Speaking about social determinants of health in the USA, this topic is especially actual right now, according to the covid-19 pandemic. The significant role of healthcare providers is health safety, and that is why at all levels of health care, the determinants should be taken into consideration. According to Singu (2020), several SDOH aspects are interrelated and played a significant role during the pandemic. Such factors as education and the possibility to earn money in quarantine conditions, or socioeconomic factors, social support, and income. There are also a lot of controversial issues in American health determinants at all. Other developed countries spend even less on healthcare than the USA and still have better outcomes. It possibly happens because of ignoring some factors while focusing on medicalized approach. Inungu and Minelli (2021) identify such critical factors as economic landscape, population sociodemographic characteristics as a part of the environmental context of the problem. This question is highly significant, and it seems essential to consider social determents of health while performing the health care providing activities. References Inungu, J.M. & Minelli, M.J. (2021). Foundations of Rural Public Health in America . Jones & Bartlett Learning. Singu, S., Acharya, A., Challagundla, K., & Byrareddy, S. N. (2020). Impact of Social Determinants of Health on the Emerging COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States . Frontiers in Public Health, 8. Web.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: In September, Netflix released the film Social Dilemma which explains the mechanisms and algorithms that underlie social media. The film talks about how social networks manipulate people and how these algorithms can lead to addiction in users.

In September, Netflix released the film Social Dilemma which explains the mechanisms and algorithms that underlie social media. The film talks about how social networks manipulate people and how these algorithms can lead to addiction in users.

Social Dilemma Directed by Jeff Orlowski Essay In September, Netflix released the film Social Dilemma , which explains the mechanisms and algorithms that underlie social media. In a 90-minute Netflix documentary, former employees of Google, Facebook, and Instagram talk about how social networks manipulate people. The algorithms that underlie their actions help to track and predict the actions of users, and, subsequently, interact more effectively with them. However, it is said that these algorithms can lead to addiction in users. Moreover, the developers state that the same algorithms can be used to destabilize the situation in society, influence election results, as well as spread fake news and false information. Experts who work in large corporations confirm that if you do not pay for the product, then you are the product. Corporations not only sell users’ data, they change people’s, and, specifically, children’s and adolescents’ habits, with no possibility of them actually noticing it. Even the professionals who created these algorithms cannot resist them. Additionally, the data is not simply sold, but is used to build models that predict people’s actions in the future, which allows corporations to manipulate masses further. These models specifically target younger generation, as it is far easier to put the corporations’ intended concepts and ideas into inexperienced and not yet fully developed minds. For example, Berk (2017) states that “children in age 6-11 think in an organized, logical fashion only when dealing with concrete information they can perceive directly” (p. 306). They do not understand abstractions, therefore, they are prone to falling victims to delusional concepts social networks bring. Adolescents also suffer from delusions; however, there are of another form. According to Berk (2017), “adolescents react more strongly to stressful events and experience pleasurable stimuli more intensely, which makes them highly reactive to peer influence and evaluation” (p. 373). This phenomenon reflects the adolescent’s feeling that they are constantly under the critical attention of those around them. Since this “audience” is created by their own ideas, it knows everything about them that they know, which causes unnecessary mental stress and tension. Interestingly, there are two narrative lines in the film instead of just a single one. First is where experts – employees of corporations such as Google – talk about how social networks work from the inside, about the consequences they can lead to in the form which they now exist in. The second is more artistic, where an example tells how much social networks influence people and how much they depend on them. In parallel, an important problem of the 21 st century is being raised – the suicidal moods of Generation Z. This issue is also associated with the addiction to social networks – namely, to the thrill of likes and comments from acquaintances and strangers. According to Berk (2017), “mature, rational thinkers reach conclusions that differ from those of others, they consider the justifiability of their conclusions” (p. 456). Youngsters do not yet possess this ability of epistemic cognition, thus, they cannot always separate their own views from those provided be the social media. The rejection of oneself and an attempt to hide behind all kinds of masks and filters also add to this, now immensely big, problem. Conclusion The main line of the documentary was the most significant, as it revealed an important message. The problem is not that the social media manipulate people and decides for them what they will see and how, or that someone is collecting users’ data with impunity. It is the fact that a person is now dependent on social networks, and subsequently, they often do not analyze the information received from them, considering it only reliable. Moreover, being on the Internet, people – youngsters, mostly – begin to forget about who they really are. They create a completely different person online, without thinking about what they are doing there. From there, an internal dissonance occurs, which might cause too much of unpleasant outcomes to a person. This issue is especially acute among children and adolescents – therefore, it needs to be addressed by both the scientific community and the society. References Berk, L. E. (2018). Development through the lifespan . Boston, USA: Pearson.

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Write an essay about: The social facet of substance addiction research paper is about the definition of the "hazardous" society and the policies that engage or prevent it. It is also about the approaches that neutralize the negative social impact on the individual.

The social facet of substance addiction research paper is about the definition of the "hazardous" society and the policies that engage or prevent it. It is also about the approaches that neutralize the negative social impact on the individual.

Social Facet of Substance Addiction Research Paper To begin with, substance addiction is not a specific disease that might be cured either medically or therapeutically. On the contrary, a sophisticated holistic approach should be provided, depending not only on the type of substance but also on personal characteristics. In this case, both biology and sociology play a significant role in affecting the person to start or quit substance addiction. One of the most influential sides of drug addiction is social characteristics that affect drugs’ personal relations. This is because people are supposed to live in society, and the intimate communication environment usually influences our behavioral type, which is the most important, set the fundamentals of our values. Consequently, when investigating drug addiction causes and outcomes, it is crucial to start with the determination of the type of individual’s society and the values that its representatives settle. More specifically, this process might be done by defining the characteristics of dangerous society, determining the policies that engage such process or prevents it, and approaches that neutralize the negative social influence on the individual. As a result, three steps should be provided to analyze the social facet of drug addiction fully. More specifically, it is critical to determine the society, its interaction process with the individual, what factors or policies influenced them to engage in the society, and how to neutralize its impact on the person. Defining the “Hazardous” Society While some individuals consider the social side of being drug-addicted, they do not fully understand the significance of avoiding a dangerous circle of communication. This is due to the fact that a person cannot fully understand the self-influence of those who give them, mostly unintentionally, set the example of drug relations. However, many scientists attributed to institutional theory state that society has the most significant impact on personal success and failure, directly related to the observed subject. When it comes to drug addiction, most drug addicts do not start taking substances alone. On the contrary, the drug-taking process is usually involved in youth gatherings, where the risk of being involved in substance abuse is enormously high owing to the absence of “stop” signals: adults, relatives, or authorized representatives. As a result, the individual might become a drug addict depending on the type of substance and the amount consumed. To determine the dangerous type of society, it is critical to emphasize certain characteristics that, in most cases, remain the same. For instance, the group’s prevalence of people with no life objective might be the first sign of danger. Secondly, gatherings in private places (apartments or city outskirts), instead of public ones, such as cinema or city center, can also indicate the possible danger of the group (Hasam et al., 2017). Last but not least, some clear signs of the hazardous group, such as criminal reputation or social inadequacy, should not be neglected to help in detecting the society with a high risk of drug addiction. How Does the Society Influence Drug Abuse and Addiction? What Should We Consider When Analyzing the Drug Addicts? Even though the determination of the hazardous society is important for analyzing the social facet of drug addiction, it is crucial to fundamentally understand the society’s influential factors of engaging a person in drug addiction. On the one hand, society’s “standards” and values determine personal recognition in certain groups. More specifically, if substance abuse is highly valued in society, those who take the biggest number of drugs have a strong reputation in the group. As a result, when the person does not share and appreciate common values, they become ostracized by the circle of communication, and this risk creates an incentive to adjust the personal valuation system to the group’s one. On the other hand, it is crucial to assess the individual’s portrait characteristics since some personalities are strong enough to resist society’s pressure and implement another system of values. When the person is psychologically healthy and does not experience social pressure from relatives, they might easily neutralize the dangerous influence of a certain group. On the contrary, if the individual cannot resist the group’s force due to psychological or family issues, society will have a “carte blanche” seduce the individual to take drugs. Institutional Policies that Prevent or Encourage Drug Addiction Local and government authorities who establish the rules of behavior in society play a pivotal role in preventing drug addiction in case of efficient institutional functioning or engaging people, especially young adults, to be influenced by substances. One of the most important notions is that the poverty level does not directly affect the presence of a drug-addiction society (Hasam et al., 2017). However, the interaction of different social classes determines the attractiveness of substance-addicted companies’ expansion (Taylor et al., 2016). When the city is not socially divided into other parts, especially in “poverty quarters,” then the public schools and higher education institutions are normally distributed between people in need of money and “middle” or “high” social classes (Contreras et al., 2019). On the contrary, if the poverty neighborhood is consistently neglected, this provides strong incentives to engage family representatives in the drug distribution process, which might create not only the drug-addiction expanding tendency but also form the dangerous society of drug addicts that might influence other individuals, especially in educational institutions. Secondly, local authorities should consider the amount of money spent on the patrol police and the efficiency of their observes and investigations. Even though the presence of the police does not eliminate the drug distribution, when the patrolling is insufficient, the expanding tendency of drug-addict groups cannot be stopped by other measures, such as education and social work. On the other hand, while those related to drugs consider the higher benefit to risk ratio, the drug distribution becomes a complicated process that increases the cost of substance selling. As a result, implementing effective police work in the society combined with supporting poverty households will lead to higher pressure on drug distributors and their agents so that drug-addicted societies’ expansion will slow to the normal or even inferior level. In this case, the social impact on drug addiction will be decreased, significantly influencing the prevention of substance addiction. How a Person Can Quit the “Wrong” Society When the person did not succeed in defining the hazardous society or not entering in it, there are still some possible approaches to decrease the dangerous influence or even quit a certain group. For instance, the individual should start the process by sharing the issue with the family relatives. They might resolve the problem in different ways, such as changing the place of living or providing the therapy course from professional medicines depending on the seriousness of the addiction level. Thereafter, the person should realize the problem for themselves since “telling the truth” to oneself is easier when the closest people know about the issue. By doing this, the individual neutralizes society’s negative influence on drug addiction development. Finally, some special work should be done to prepare the person to quit the group since it is impossible to leave the drug addiction group by cutting the communication process. The individual should have the determined wish of quitting the group and a sufficient amount of patience to transmit this opinion to the group to decrease the risk of further social influence that will negatively impact personal well-being. References Contreras, C., & Hipp, J. R. (2019). Drugs, Crime, Space, and Time: A Spatiotemporal Examination of Drug Activity and Crime Rates. Justice Quarterly , 37 (2), 187–209. Hasam, A., & Mushahid, M. (2017). Drug Addiction in Urban Life of Bangladesh: A Sociological Study for Exploring theCauses. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research , 5 (2), 1–11. Taylor, S., Buchanan, J., & Ayres, T. (2016). Prohibition, privilege and the drug apartheid: The failure of drug policy reform to address the underlying fallacies of drug prohibition. Criminology & Criminal Justice , 16 (4), 452–469.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : Social inequality in Canada is caused by the class system. The class system is based on capitalism, which favors a materialistic approach towards society. This approach has led to the segmentation of individuals based on political affiliations, employment opportunities, lifestyles, and economic opportunities.In Canada, social inequality has been on the rise in recent years. The main factor behind this trend is the class system, which is based on capitalism. The class system favors a materialistic approach towards society, which has

Social inequality in Canada is caused by the class system. The class system is based on capitalism, which favors a materialistic approach towards society. This approach has led to the segmentation of individuals based on political affiliations, employment opportunities, lifestyles, and economic opportunities. In Canada, social inequality has been on the rise in recent years. The main factor behind this trend is the class system, which is based on capitalism. The class system favors a materialistic approach towards society, which has

Social Inequality in Canada and Its Main Factor Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Leading Cause of Social Inequality 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction Inequality remains a common social problem in different countries across the globe. In Canada, this problem has been rising steadily, thereby presenting additional political, economic, and social issues. While the level is not extremely high, those who have higher income levels and wealthy appear to dictate and control economic forces in the country. The promotion of capitalism, the living conditions of most of the citizens, the percentage the rich control in terms of national wealth, and the promotion of stratification are the key factors that explain why social class forms the primary cause of social inequality in Canada. Leading Cause of Social Inequality The case of Canada reveals that a number of forces are responsible for the nature of social inequality recorded in this country. For instance, social class, stratification, race, ethnicity, gender, sex, and religion are all possible causes of inequality. However, class or wealth appears to top the list based on the experiences, lives, and outcomes of most of the citizens in this country. In the Canadian setting, social has emerged as a powerful force founded on the power of capitalism (Osberg, 2019). This factor favors a materialistic approach whereby individuals are segmented based on political affiliations, employment opportunities, lifestyles, and economic opportunities. In Canada, such forces have emerged in such a way that they deliver a unique form of inequality. This attribute explains why some the people have opportunities and lead better lives while others are finding it hard to record meaningful social mobilities. Several arguments and ideas could be presented to explain why class or wealth is the leading cause of social inequality in Canada. First, a class system is designed in accordance with the capitalistic model or theory the Karl Marx developed and postulated. The economic framework indicates that a powerful class emerges that is capable of owning and determining the manner in which the economy operates. Individuals in such a class will own property, control all factors of production, and dictate the performance of stock markets. On the contrary, the less fortunate will become the working class (Sarlo, 2017). Members of such a group will only be required to provide labor at a cost that the capitalists control. An end result is a unique form of social inequality whereby most people will languish in poverty while the rich will be in total control of the economy. Such a reality is exactly what has been happening in Canada. Second, the living conditions and experiences of many people in this country show conclusively that the recorded class system is the leading cause of inequality. For instance, a report by United Nations revealed that around 10 percent of Canada’s population was in control of over half of the country’s wealth (Osberg, 2019). Additionally, the report indicated that around 1 percent of the country’s richest people earned around 14 percent of the recorded income. The same group in the top of the economic status was earning 10 times more of the nation’s median salary (Osberg, 2019). These statistics explain how and why most of the people in the country have been unable to lead better lives or record improved social mobilities. Without proper mechanisms and initiatives to address these gaps, additional challenges have continued to emerge. Coupled with the other causes of inequality, the less fortunate have continued to lead poor lives. Third, symbolic interactionism theory has become a powerful model for learning more about societies and some of the existing challenges. Scholars in the field of sociology rely on this framework to examine societies from a micro level. This tool makes it easier for them to identity how people’s social statuses dictate the manner in which they interact and pursue their goals. With most of the leaders doing very little to address the problem of inequality, the country’s level of stratification has increased significantly (Osberg, 2019). The rich have been keen to maintain this kind of social divide because it appears to serve their interests. Specifically, the wealthy in different business sectors engage in activities and make decisions that eventually result in the exploitation of the poor. Those with minimum income levels are compelled to offer cheap labor to put food on their tables. These scenarios and facts recorded in the country show conclusively that social class or wealth is the leading cause of social inequality in Canada. Fourth, I believe that the trends and social relations experienced in this country could provide additional insights to support class as the most important force that triggers inequality. For instance, Sarlo (2017) acknowledges that many people living outside Canada believe that Canada is a middle-class country whereby only a few poor citizens exist. Unfortunately, the available data or information reveals that the distribution of resources and wealth in Canada remains uneven. Those living below the country’s median income will encounter challenges when looking for money to purchase food or pay rent (Bird & Zolt, 2015). The middle-class population has been on the decline since in the 1980s (Sarlo, 2017). At the same time, the successful and wealthy members of the society get increased wages and salaries and control most of the key factors of production. These trends have been taking place even at a time when the economy’s gross domestic product (GDP) has been increasing steadily. Finally, Canada is one of the few nations in the world that have implemented powerful policies to address the challenges of racism. Specifically, the government relies on the country’s Constitution to present principles and values that compel all citizens to take the issue of racial equality seriously. Government institutions and companies are required to act ethically and provide equal chances to all citizens. Some of the key areas to take into consideration include education, asylum, housing, care delivery, and employment opportunities. These initiatives have created a scenario whereby race or ethnicity cannot be the leading cause of social inequality. Those who had the opportunities before succeeded in getting the relevant resources, thereby being in a position to have total control of the country’s factors of production (Bird & Zolt, 2015). The government has remained reluctant to take the issue of class seriously and identify emerging predicaments to find a sustainable solution. Conclusion The above discussion has revealed that social inequality is a major challenge affecting the economic experiences and outcomes of many citizens. The promotion of social class is the leading cause of the recorded inequality. Some of the factors that support this argument include the existence of capitalism, the living conditions of many Canadians, and the fact that the rich control the nation’s wealth. The experienced level of stratification could also explain why social class forms the primary cause of social inequality in this country. References Bird, R. M., & Zolt, E. M. (2015). Taxation and inequality in Canada and the United States: Two stories or one? Osgoode Hall Law Journal, 52 (2), 401-426. Web. Osberg, L. (2019). What’s so bad about increasing inequality in Canada? IRPP. Web. Sarlo, C. A. (2017). Understanding wealth inequality in Canada. Fraser Institute.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The essay discusses the concept of social inequality and how it has been studied by sociology. It also talks about the Black Mamas Matters Alliance and its founder/executive director, who is working to change the narrative and the existing ne around maternal deaths in the United States.

The essay discusses the concept of social inequality and how it has been studied by sociology. It also talks about the Black Mamas Matters Alliance and its founder/executive director, who is working to change the narrative and the existing ne around maternal deaths in the United States.

Social Inequity: Black Mamas Matters Alliance Essay Sociology can be understood as the study of social change, life, and the social consequences and causes of human behavior. It tries to investigate the structure of persons, organizations as well as societies, and how people interact in these contexts. Sociology mainly assesses the structure by probing the dynamics of the constituent components of society (Go, 2017). Furthermore, it tries to study the social status, changes, and movements, and the social disorders inform of deviance, crime, and revolutions. Social life awesomely controls human’s behavior since the human tends to lack the intrinsic instinct that helps in the guide of animal’s behavior (Go, 2017). Therefore, human relies on social organizations and institutions to inform their actions and decisions. The concept of global inequality might be a contemporary issue, but the disparity between cross-cultures and distant people has a long history, for it was an experience before it becomes an object of statistics and quantification. In most cases, global inequality involves the centralization of resources in certain groups of nations that directly affects persons living within the less powerful countries of the world (Go, 2017). Sociology critically focuses on the reproduction and creation of inequality. The major arrears of social inequality include access to better healthcare, education, quality, and affordable housing, freedom of speech and assembly, and voting right, among many others. As stated by the famous quote by Haruki Murakami, “the World is an inherently unfair place,” this has seen the rise of equality fighters who are trying to voice the rights of the oppressed. For instance, the 2020 maternal deaths ‘human right crisis’ advocate, who is also the co-founder and the executive director of the “Black Mamas Matters Alliance” (Alliance, 2018). The organization’s vision is to envision a world where Black women have the respect, right, and resources to prosper before, during, and in the post-pregnancy periods. Black Mamas Matters Alliance tries to address the tragedy of the rising maternal mortality in the United States and the widening disparity gap between blacks and white women. She is 37 years of age and holds a Master of Public Health (MPH), with over 14 years of public health experience. She has served in different positions in projects focusing mainly on cooperating health equality strategies into maternal health initiatives and reproductive, enhancing strategic planning, as well as community-based workforce advancement and data collections. She is passionate and committed to works that mainly seek to achieve self-determination of black women’s rights and leadership following her profession and descent background. She is an American immigrant born of African descent parents, living in Georgia State. She has become famous in the contemporary American world due to her campaign on changing the narrative and the existing negative stereotypes of black motherhood in the United States. Statistics have it that the U.S records the highest maternal mortality rate in the global north countries (Alliance, 2018). Funnily enough, it is the African American women bearing the disproportionate share of deaths. African American women are more than three times likely to die during pregnancy than their white counterparts, regardless of their social status. She strongly refutes this notion, as she believes that the major course of black women’s die during pregnancy is the racial inequality practices. The African Americans are never listened to whenever they complain of pain whenever they attended health care centers, thus risking their health (Alliance, 2018). Additionally, she has also been developing training and programs, research projects, quality improvement initiatives, and black female advocacy plans to help promote holistic maternity service provision within the State. In conclusion, the advocator is strongly fighting for the equality of black African American women. She is championing equality in health care services given to the pregnant American women populations regardless of their race. As a health expert, she is using her knowledge to conduct an effective awareness campaign that aims at refuting the notion of only black African American women who dies during pregnancy. And she is called Angela Doyinsola Aina an African American Immigrant. References Alliance, Black Mamas Matter. (2018). Setting the standard for holistic care of and for black women. Atlanta, GA: Black Mamas Matter Alliance.[Google Scholar] . Go, J. (2017). Decolonizing sociology: Epistemic inequality and sociological thought. Social Problems , 64 (2), 194-199.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay discusses the impact of social media on political segregation in the United States. It notes that social media has become more significant in recent years and that it is a primary source of information for many Americans. The essay also discusses how social media can be used to spread disinformation and how this can lead to increased political segregation. It concludes that there are laws in place that regulate social media, but that more needs to be done to address the problem of political segregation.

The essay discusses the impact of social media on political segregation in the United States. It notes that social media has become more significant in recent years and that it is a primary source of information for many Americans. The essay also discusses how social media can be used to spread disinformation and how this can lead to increased political segregation. It concludes that there are laws in place that regulate social media, but that more needs to be done to address the problem of political segregation.

Social Media Impact on Political Segregation Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Facts Regarding the Problem 3. Opposing Viewpoints 4. Causes 5. Consequences 6. Pragmatic Solutions 7. Conclusion 8. Works Cited Introduction The well-being of a society largely depends on how many people adhere to shared political preferences. It is not about forcing people to have one opinion, like in totalitarian states. On the contrary, a significant percentage of citizens with moderate political views indicates a healthy society. Simultaneously, the trend of political segregation, when a large portion of the population adheres to the extreme right and extreme left views is an undesirable situation. The influence of social media has become more significant in recent years. US citizens today trust social media more than traditional media. Moreover, traditional media in the United States are also becoming increasingly polarized. Political segregation in the US is increased by social media for three reasons: they spread disinformation, strive for monetization, and support unfair political competition. The consequences of growing political segregation include lack of constructive dialogue, undermined democratic foundations, and distortion of non-political relations between people. The most effective way to fix the problem is by enacting laws regulating social media, and targeting agents who spread disinformation. Facts Regarding the Problem Social media does increase political segregation in US society. As a rule, various agents deliberately use unfair practices that lead to political polarization. Tucker et al. note that types of political disinformation include fake news, rumors, knowingly false information, unintentionally false information, politically distorted information, and ‘hyperparty’ news. Researchers note that disinformation producers are independent trolls, hired trolls, bots, fake news, and conspiracy theorists (Tucker et al. 22). Troll farms can be hired by parties that work to undermine democratic values. For example, the Russian state, which meddled in the US 2016 election, still remains the primary employer of troll farms and an investor of disinformation practices (Howard et al. 3). These agents have different purposes: some of them claim to be apolitical – independent trolls and fake news, while hired trolls and bots intend to urge Internet discussions towards a particular direction. The analysis of communication changes on Twitter shows that online activity, leading to the political polarization of society, has been observed for a long time. According to Garimella and Weber, who analyzed followership, retweets, and hashtag fanaticism, “online polarization has indeed increased by 10-20% over the past eight years from 2017” (528). A study by Conover et al. conducted ahead of the 2010 Congressional elections found that “a network of political retweets exhibits a highly segregated party structure with minimal connections between the left and right users” (Conover et al. 89). Hong and Kim also found that politicians who expressed extreme ideological positions had more Twitter followers (777). According to scientists, this trend indicates that social networks contribute to the strengthening of political extremism. Therefore, political polarization is relevant for Twitter, where politics is one of the most discussed topics. Interestingly, most social media platforms did not immediately become the target of disinformation campaigns. Individual trolls, whose goal was to provoke users to receive emotional satisfaction and publish fake news to discredit the media, initially chose Twitter as the leading platform for their aggressive and provocative messages. Noteworthy, Bail et al say the “of those invited to follow a Twitter bot, 64.9% of Democrats and 57.2% of Republicans accepted our invitation,” proving the popularity of bots (9219). Then, after troll farms and fake news agents appeared, the main percentage of fake information began to show up on Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and Twitter. Opposing Viewpoints Probably not everyone will agree that political segregation is a negative phenomenon. Some people with very radical opinions believe that they have the right to freedom of expression, which is one of the fundamental liberties protected by the Constitution. On the one hand, the freedom of expression is really guaranteed by law. But, on the other hand, I can’t entirely agree with this point of view since the essence of freedom of expression is to analyze information before expressing opinions. Only through careful analysis and synthesis of information, and verification of facts, personal opinion can be of value for the development of civil society. Otherwise, subjective opinion has no social value and may even pose a threat. In other words, freedom of expression must be limited by the utilitarian principle of the greater good. Further, perhaps some people adhere to libertarianism and believe that the state should give business complete freedom. On the one hand, this idea is sensible, since the increased regulation of business is the sign of totalitarian states. Since companies like Google, Facebook, and Twitter are private companies, people may think that the state has no right to obstruct their development. However, even the most extreme modern libertarians will agree that business must be corporately responsible. This responsibility can be expressed in the payment of taxes (another vital aspect for social giants’ businesses), the implementation of environmentally friendly practices, proper working conditions, and compensations for employees. Moreover, any business must benefit society and cannot set its priorities, namely increased revenues and market share, above society’s interests. Hence, if other companies are subject to these laws, why should social media be an exception? There is no reason for that; therefore, social media organizations should as soon as possible become subjects of public relations that are governed by general law and subject to general rules. Causes Given the above, one of the main reasons for aggravating political segregation is the spread of disinformation in social media. Agents listed by Tucker et al., stakeholders from foreign states and politicians with extreme ideological positions intentionally or unintentionally contribute to society’s political polarization. After the Congress held hearings related to Mark Zuckerberg’s participation in the Cambridge Analytica scandal, most media experts concluded that the main reason for false information being spread on social networks is the lack of legislation (“Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg testifies to US Congress”). Social media has incredible influence and power, but they are subject to laws that were developed for other businesses so far. Even the statutes for official media do not regulate social media. The spread of disinformation is a consequence of the initial tendency towards polarization in US society. Blankenhorn lists fourteen reasons associated with political polarization outside of social media (126). These reasons are the end of the Cold War, the rise of identity-group politics, growing religious diversity, increasing racial and ethnic diversity, the passing of the Greatest Generation, geographical sorting, political party sorting, new rules for Congress – the weakening of ‘regular order’ (Blankenhorn 126). Other reasons include new rules for political parties, new political donors, new political districts (gerrymandering), the spread of media ghettoes, the decline of journalistic responsibility, and the growing influence of certain ways of thinking about each other. Noteworthy, the proliferation of ‘media ghettoes’ “reinforces the new politics, such that the most reliable way to succeed in either domain is to be the most noisesome, outrageous, and polarizing” (Blankenhorn 126). Such a variety of prerequisites for political segregation indicates that the problem requires complex solutions. Another reason why social media increase political segregation is their nature. The Netflix documentary, The Social Dilemma , details how social networks use algorithms to grab and consume our attention (Liedtke and Myers, para. 3). These algorithms’ main task is monetization, which is provided by the number of ads viewed by users. The most chilling quote from the documentary is, “Social media is business. If you are not paying for the product, then you are the product” (“The Social Dilemma”). In these simple words, the main character of the film explains the nature of social networks. But what does monetization have to do with the political segregation of society? The point is that radical groups expressing politically polarized views and opinions are much better at attracting and retaining users’ attention. Therefore, it is beneficial for the owners of social networks that such groups continue to exist, despite the apparent threat they pose to society. Another aggravating factor that contributes to the polarizing effect of social media is political games. Previously, political censorship was used to control traditional media, whose activities were strictly regulated by law. Traditional media bear a colossal responsibility compared to social media. Therefore, it is much easier for political players to use social media. Cambridge Analytica, commissioned by Donald Trump, developed algorithms for fake news, which targeted the required percentage of undecided voters, which was the reason for Donald Trump’s victory in the 2016 elections. Notably, the Netflix documentary “Great Hack” reveals all the details of the scandal (Cadwalladr, para. 5). According to the experts cited in the film, Cambridge Analytica used PSYOP techniques – US military psychologists use them to end armed conflicts – to convince voters in 21 countries, including the US, to vote for a sponsored party or candidate (“The Great Hack”). Cambridge Analytica also used these disinformation technologies to influence Brexit and fuel civil conflicts in several countries. Consequences The main consequence of political segregation and polarization is the lack of constructive dialogue. A divided society is incapable of debate, and members of that society are not ready to approve of the integrity of the opponent’s point of view (Conover et al. 90). They will instead be inclined to believe in misinforming polarizing messages in social media. Dialogue between the parties is the basis for optimal decisions regarding the country’s economic and political course. Assuming that Congress members behave like most ordinary people, political segregation and polarization would exacerbate the problems associated with forming a majority that votes for new laws and regulations. Under the pressure of current trends, politicians are forced, if not of their own free will, to make more radical statements, which creates a vicious circle (Hong and Kim 777). This state of affairs freezes creative ways of development when the parties agree and reach a win-win situation in which the interests and well-being of all participants are considered and problems are solved for mutual benefit. Besides the lack of constructive dialogue, one unfortunate feature of political segregation is destructive dialogue, including hate speech of various gradations. In a polarized society, the parties spend all their strength to prove their point of view, which they consider to be the only correct one (Conover et al. 90). It leads to a constant struggle for power and a lack of opportunities, time, and space to develop alternative solutions. Therefore, destructive dialogue paralyzes the state and leads it to economic stagnation. Political segregation affects the personal and economic relations of citizens. Iyengar et al. note that “the percentage of Americans who would be somewhat or very unhappy if their child married someone of the opposite party has increased by about 35 percentage points over the last 50 years, with Republicans especially sensitive to cross-party marriage” (136). Similar tendencies are observed when choosing a partner for marriage, friendship and dating. Noteworthy, according to Iyengar et al. “dating profiles typically did not report political affiliation prior to the 2016 presidential election (24.6% of women and 16.5% of men); after the 2016 presidential election, these figures increased to 68% and 47%, respectively” (137). The consequences of political partisanship affect labor and economic relations. Employers demonstrate a better inclination to hire supporters of their political camp, while small businesses tend to make discounts for those who support their political ideology (Iyengar et al. 138). Moreover, people tend to draw conclusions about the country’s wellness, depending on whether their party is currently ruling. Political polarization, enhanced through social media, has many consequences that undermine the foundations of democracy. Segregation results in a lack of dialogue and the lack of constructive solutions that it could bring (Conover et al. 90). Modern politics of social media imply a constant violation of citizens’ rights and freedoms. For instance, freedom of expression is greatly hampered by the flourishing fake news algorithms (“The Social Dilemma”). Social media violates personal data law and cannot be held liable for this (“The Great Hack”). Social media promotes the voluntary or organized formation of radical groups with criminal intent (“The Great Hack,” Howard et al. 3). The current alignment of social media forces leads to hatred and indulgence of weaknesses. Pragmatic Solutions The fight against political polarization will be successful if it starts with the battle against listed by Tucker et al. agents destroying the information field. For example, a ban can be applied on information distributed by specific IP addresses or groups in social media. In case of proof of guilt, the persons and companies have to bear responsibility for disseminating disinformation, which led to severe consequences (for example, the death of people during demonstrations or armed conflicts that arose based on political issues). Conover et al. found that polarization tendencies did not apply to the communication of a particular user category. This category was characterized as a “politically heterogeneous cluster of users” – people with different views who exchanged opinions more quickly and intensively than users who retweeted (89). Such observation can provide a good basis for recommendations on combating disinformation. In particular, the group of users, who keep analyzing and testing political news, represents the democratic society and should receive protection. Since the rights of this category of citizens are most violated by bots, trolls, and fake news, stopping their activities will be the first and main step to protect this group of users, who can be called the basis of civil society. Then, the third recommendation is to develop and adopt laws at the local and federal level that regulate the activities and content of social media. The introduction of such laws is highly justified since social media today have a higher level of trust than traditional media but do not bear any responsibility for the consequences of their activities. In particular, the new package of laws should cover such areas as a ban on content that promotes political segregation and polarization, a ban on radical groups included in federal lists, and a ban on the use of algorithms targeted to increase the monetization of social media continuously. These laws should primarily regard the activities of the most popular social platforms, which have more than 5 million subscribers. Therefore, the owners and employees of companies working on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, and in popular messengers such as TicToc, Snapchat, WhatsApp, Viber, Telegram, Skype can be brought to justice. Conclusion Thus, social media are increasing political polarization due to several main reasons: they spread disinformation, they benefit from polarizing tendencies in US society, they strive for monetization, and they support unfair political competition. The consequences of growing political segregation are the absence of constructive dialogue, a destructive dialogue that paralyzes the state, undermining of the democratic foundations, destruction of civil society, and distortion of non-political relations between people. The most effective way to fix the problem is to enact laws regulating social media businesses, and target agents who spread disinformation. Works Cited Bail, Christopher A., et al. “Exposure to Opposing Views on Social Media Can Increase Political Polarization.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , vol. 115, no. 37, 2018, pp. 9216-9221. Blankenhorn, David. “The Top 14 Causes of Political Polarization.” The American Interest , vol. 16, no. 1, 2018, pp. 126. Cadwalladr, Carol. “ The Great Hack: The Film that Goes Behind the Scenes of the Facebook Data Scandal. ” The Guardian . 2019. Web. Conover, Michael, et al. “Political Polarization on Twitter.” Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media , vol. 5, no. 1, 2011, pp. 89-96. Garimella, Venkata R. K., and Ingmar Weber. “A Long-Term Analysis of Polarization on Twitter.” Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media , vol. 11, no. 1, 2017, pp. 528-531. “ Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg Testifies to US Congress over Cambridge Analytica Scandal. ” DW . 2018. Web. Hong, Sounman, and Sun Hyoung Kim. “Political Polarization on Twitter: Implications for the Use of Social Media in Digital Governments.” Government Information Quarterly , vol. 33, no. 4, 2016, pp. 777-782. Howard, Philip N., et al. “The IRA, Social Media and Political Polarization in the United States, 2012-2018.” Computational Propaganda Research Project , vol. 1, no. 1, 2019, pp. 1-48. Iyengar, Shanto, et al. “The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States.” Annual Review of Political Science , vol. 22, no. 1, 2019, pp. 129-146. Liedtke, Michael, and Amanda Myers. “ Netflix Film Dissects a Technology-Driven Social Dilemma. ” ABC News . 2020. Web. “ The Great Hack: Official Trailer Netflix. ” YouTube , uploaded by Netflix. 2019. Web. “ The Social Dilemma: Official Trailer Netflix. ” YouTube , uploaded by Netflix. 2020. Web. Tucker, Joshua A., et al. “Social Media, Political Polarization, and Political Disinformation: A Review of the Scientific Literature.” Hewlett Foundation , vol. 1, no. 1, 2018, pp. 1-95.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: This article discusses the impact of social media on the retail business and how it has changed regular operations. It also highlights the importance of artificial intelligence software for retailers who promote their products online.

This article discusses the impact of social media on the retail business and how it has changed regular operations. It also highlights the importance of artificial intelligence software for retailers who promote their products online.

Social Media: Impact on the Retail Business Annotated Bibliography One of the most important strategic tasks for retailers is to reach a wider range of target customers in order to make their businesses profitable in the long run. In the present-day world, it can be performed through the adoption of new methods, such as enhanced online activity. This decision is advantageous because it facilitates the process of transitioning to different platforms, and its success depends on the adoption of artificial intelligence systems. Therefore, social media is gradually changing regular operations in the retail business by providing more opportunities for companies to increase profits while benefiting from suitable technological solutions. Capatina, A., Kachour, M., Lichy, J., Micu, A., Micu, A. E., & Codignola, F. (2020). Matching the future capabilities of an artificial intelligence-based software for social media marketing with potential users’ expectations. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 151, 119794. Web. This article narrates about the conditions for the efficient use of artificial intelligence-based software by retailers who promote their products online. They are connected to the human factor or, in other words, customer feedback in different areas, which can help match the essential expectations of people with companies’ strategies. In other words, the introduction of technological solutions in social media should be made with respect to their attitudes (Capatina et al., 2020). According to this source, the capabilities of artificial intelligence tools are determined by the initial perception and their features alongside the audience, image, and sentiment (Capatina et al., 2020). The conducted experiment proves the importance of these elements for software developers. Hence, its purpose was to present an instrument, which allows projecting the results of innovative approaches. This source is useful for showing the importance of careful planning when retailing online regardless of solutions and, therefore, relates to other publications. Oosthuizen, K., Botha, E., Robertson, J., & Montecchi, M. (2020). Artificial intelligence in retail: The AI-enabled value chain. Australasian Marketing Journal , 29 (3), 264-273. Web. This article compares the situation in the field of retail before the introduction of artificial intelligence software and after the adaptation of social media for this purpose. It proves that this change is inevitable and states that the described trends increase competition among businesses (Oosthuizen et al., 2020). Meanwhile, as per this publication, it is not easy to establish the connection between companies and their potential buyers via online platforms because this practice is relatively new (Oosthuizen et al., 2020). It means that this task can be performed only if managers address the following aspects: gaining knowledge about technological solutions, assessing their suitability, and communicating with people. From this point of view, artificial intelligence systems used on social media for retail are not efficient if companies ignore these needs. This source complements the above publication, which highlights the importance of planning by specifying the areas, which should be analyzed. Roggeveen, A. L., & Sethuraman, R. (2020). Customer-interfacing retail technologies in 2020 & beyond: An integrative framework and research directions. Journal of Retailing, 96(3), 299-309. Web. This article is about the difference in the emerging artificial intelligence tools for increasing the efficiency of online retail. According to the authors, this task requires matching the needs of companies with the appropriate programs, which correspond to them (Roggeveen & Sethuraman, 2020). For example, if they are interested in drawing the attention of customers to their products, they should use search engagement technologies, whereas the process of purchasing is performed via transaction or acquisition instruments (Roggeveen & Sethuraman, 2020). In addition, there are solutions, which offer follow-up services for buyers, and they are no less important than other software (Roggeveen & Sethuraman, 2020). The conducted analysis, which is the purpose of the article, shows that it is critical to classify programs in order to benefit from them (Roggeveen & Sethuraman, 2020). This article underpins other sources by emphasizing the need to carefully select programs for retail businesses and customers. Quijada, M. D. R. B., Arriaga, J. L. D. O., & Domingo, D. A. (2021). Insights into user engagement on social media. Findings from two fashion retailers. Electronic Markets, 31 (1), 125-137. Web. This article provides practical examples of the businesses, which are involved in social media activity for increasing their sales. Thus, the analysis of two fashion retailers is conducted to demonstrate their efficiency in Instagram (Quijada et al., 2021). Its purpose is to show the possible problems in this area and the methods of their elimination for future success. According to the findings, the principal challenges include little interaction with followers of their accounts and, consequently, inefficient communication (Quijada et al., 2021). It means that the suggested measures are to increase the engagement of the two parties in the process of promoting and realizing products and provide more information to customers. This evidence relates to other articles because it proves the need for careful planning and examination of features of social media platforms, which help determine their suitability for retailers’ goals. Zhan, Y., Han, R., Tse, M., Ali, M. H., & Hu, J. (2021). A social media analytic framework for improving operations and service management: A study of the retail pharmacy industry. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 163 , 120504. Web. This article narrates about the need for improving online operations of retailers in social media in the pharmacy industry. According to it, the required measures should be applied to marketing initiatives, product development, and customer service (Zhan et al., 2021). In other words, the issues are connected to the inefficient promotion of offers and, consequently, their inadequate perceptions by potential buyers. From this point of view, the purpose of this article is to prove the importance of creating a new business model for operating in social media for increasing profits in the long run (Zhan et al., 2021). This conclusion is supported by the evidence from three organizations on Twitter: Boots, Lloyds, and Superdrug (Zhan et al., 2021). Even though their degree of success differs, the specified improvements are applicable to all of them. Thus, this article relates to other publications because it describes practical actions, which can be taken for improvements. References Capatina, A., Kachour, M., Lichy, J., Micu, A., Micu, A. E., & Codignola, F. (2020). Matching the future capabilities of an artificial intelligence-based software for social media marketing with potential users’ expectations. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 151, 119794. Web. Oosthuizen, K., Botha, E., Robertson, J., & Montecchi, M. (2020). Artificial intelligence in retail: The AI-enabled value chain . Australasian Marketing Journal , 29 (3), 264-273. Web. Roggeveen, A. L., & Sethuraman, R. (2020). Customer-interfacing retail technologies in 2020 & beyond: An integrative framework and research directions . Journal of Retailing, 96 (3), 299-309. Web. Quijada, M. D. R. B., Arriaga, J. L. D. O., & Domingo, D. A. (2021). Insights into user engagement on social media. Findings from two fashion retailers. Electronic Markets, 31 (1), 125-137. Web. Zhan, Y., Han, R., Tse, M., Ali, M. H., & Hu, J. (2021). A social media analytic framework for improving operations and service management: A study of the retail pharmacy industry. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 163 , 120504. Web.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay discusses how George Martin's "A Song of Ice and Fire" cycle of books and the television series "Game of Thrones" by David Benioff and Daniel Weiss may be of interest to theoretical sociology by the very scale and even the global nature of the project of a fictitious world, which is very realistic and detailed not only in terms of the motives of the heroes' actions but also with regard to social structure, rules of social action, religious, cultural and everyday practices, right

The essay discusses how George Martin's "A Song of Ice and Fire" cycle of books and the television series "Game of Thrones" by David Benioff and Daniel Weiss may be of interest to theoretical sociology by the very scale and even the global nature of the project of a fictitious world, which is very realistic and detailed not only in terms of the motives of the heroes' actions but also with regard to social structure, rules of social action, religious, cultural and everyday practices, right

Social Order in Martin’s “A Song of Ice and Fire” Essay The cycle of books by George Martin “A Song of Ice and Fire” and the television series “Game of Thrones” by David Benioff and Daniel Weiss may be of interest to theoretical sociology by the very scale and even the global nature of the project of a fictitious world, which is very realistic and detailed not only in terms of the motives of the heroes’ actions but also with regard to social structure, rules of social action, religious, cultural and everyday practices, right down to clothing, food and drink. The clan, feudal and other social structures, carefully thought out by Martin, are easily recognized as the West’s historical past. Thus, the reader and the viewer have suggested a quasi-sociological view of Vestoros as a structurally familiar space of the European late Middle Ages or early modernity, which is partly imprinted in the Western cultural tradition (Marthews, 2018). The personal experience of modern Americans and Europeans resonates with the perspective often used by the author, in which institutions of socialization like family appear not only not so much as a source of necessary economic resources, cultural meanings, and general motivation for action but also as repressive structures carrying out social coercion. This paper analyzes the institutional order depicted in these works of fiction from the standpoint of the classic theory of modernity and social order theory, Thomas Hobbes. It argues that although the works demonstrate the typical structures of modern society (despite historical anachronisms), the events of the cycle are instead an example of a process opposite to that described by Hobbes: here, the readers or the viewers see not a way out of the natural state through the establishment of the state, but, on the contrary, the disintegration of the state as the dominant instance of legitimate violence, when everyone gets back their natural right to self-preservation, entering into direct competition with the similar right of other rational egoists in the conditions of an unlimited “war of all against all.” A traditional event background for the fantasy genre is a crisis of the pre-established order, which is restored at the end of the narrative by the heroes’ efforts (“eucatastrophe,” in Tolkien’s terminology). Typically, these crises are associated with the disruption of the usual course of things within the power structure or the general balance of power. However, in the case of Martin’s universe, the phenomenology of disintegration is not limited to power-institutional moments and is not explained by only an unintentional violation of the pre-established harmony (Virino & Rodriguez, 2019). So, in the series, a systemic crisis literally covers the entire space of the narrated world so that by the beginning of the 8th season, all the usual forms of social interactions (including family, friendship, and even the rules of warfare) are destabilized, and all previously existing discursive orders (including belief in the Seven and the knowledge of the Order of Maesters). As in the world of modernity, in Game of Thrones, there are no substantively understood ethical poles of “good” and “evil” that set unambiguous parameters for the moral navigation of static heroes who, like the characters of ancient tragedies, would rather represent certain values ​​than real human characters. However, the readers and viewers of the saga are not sure not only that the heroes will successfully cope with all the trials and challenges but also that they will even live to the end of the cycle. Martin’s world is typically modern because his construction is based on the same principles of realism, perspectivism, and emancipation that are characteristic of the languages ​​of self-description and self-legitimization of the modernity project (Latour, 2012). Its inhabitants are also constantly under compulsion to self-determination; they have to go beyond the usual social roles of the traditional type. Thus, the seven Kingdoms’ quasi-feudal structures presuppose rigidly prescribed roles and chances for those at the bottom or the edge of society: as usual, among the “, discriminated” are women and even more so girls, cripples, bastards, and other social outsiders. Their actions forced by nature and subversive in the result explode the established framework and break the usual scenarios, which, as an aggregated unintended effect, leads to a change in the very structure of subjectivity, or agency, in the space of social interactions within the narrated world (Larrington, 2017). As examples of this kind of self-emancipation, many characters of George Martin can be named here: the eunuch Belwas, the parvenu Petyr Baelish, nicknamed Littlefinger, the daughter of the repressed right hand Arya and Sansa Stark, the physically unformatted heir of the great house Samwell Tarly, and finally, the main characters are the bastard Jon Snow, political emigrant Daenerys Targaryen and even Cersei Lannister herself, who violated all conceivable human laws and God’s commandments, and as a result usurped the Iron Throne. The emergence of new social and political action subjects fundamentally changes the previous structure of the agency, which seemed so rigid: former representatives of hegemonic power, who inherited their social status in accordance with the principle of primogeniture in Westeros, are being displaced from the dominant positions. Due to such dynamics, absolutely modern in nature, certain characters’ social positions are not just changing (Larrington, 2017). Suffice it to recall here a fragment from the 10th episode of the 3rd season (Benioff & Weiss, 2013) when the freed slaves of Yunkai recognize Daenerys Stormborn as their “mother.” In this regard, it is worth considering the classic example of modernity’s problematization and the social theory of order by Thomas Hobbes. American philosopher Greg Littmann even suggested doing this curious thought experiment: imagine Hobbes as a master in King’s Landing: What advice would he give to the king and lords at the time of the political crisis in Westeros? How would he take the overthrow of the Targaryen dynasty (read: Stuarts)? Which side would he take in the War of the Five Kings? (as cited by Irwin, 2012). Although, strictly speaking, the cycle’s events represent a process opposite to that described by Hobbes himself in “Leviathan” (Newey, 2008). Here the viewers see not a way out of the natural state through the establishment of the state, but, on the contrary, the disintegration of the state as the dominant instance of legitimate violence, when everyone gets back their natural right to self-preservation, entering into direct competition with the similar right of other rational egoists in an unrestricted “war of all against all” (Ferreday, 2015). However, even in this inverted form, Martin’s picture of political action liberation from any value-normative restrictions can be considered typically modern (Virino & Rodriguez, 2019). The closest to Hobbes’ position in the novel and the film is the master of whisperers, the eunuch Varys, for whom the stability of order is an intrinsic value, despite the costs of a concrete historical Leviathan (Benioff & Weiss, 2011). Hobbes’s people and the individuals of society descended from them are by nature enemies; they exclude and deny each other. Such a Hobbesian man in the series “Game of Thrones” – not in the sense of one who adheres to a British philosopher’s position, but as the embodiment of the social type described by him in “Leviathan” appears to be Petyr Baelish, nicknamed Littlefinger. It is he who, pursuing his own interests, is ready to bring down the existing order and provoke a full-fledged civil war, despite the catastrophic consequences of the “war of all against all” (Ferreday, 2015). At the same time, Littlefinger has his own, absolutely anti-Hobbesian in spirit, the concept of controlled chaos (“Chaos is a ladder…”). By destabilizing the existing framework of the political domination of the great houses through intrigue, the rational egoist Littlefinger hopes to significantly improve his own chances of rising already in the new institutional conditions. We know that his hopes were thwarted again by a rather unexpected and even somewhat ridiculous death in Winterfell at the end of Season 7 and not very consistent with his image in previous episodes. The philosophical and epistemological world of the supposedly medieval Westeros is a highly modernized and sociologized project that does not fit into the narrow genre framework of fantasy. In the series, the primary forms and values ​​characteristic of the moral canons of all historically known solidarity communities become problematic: even friendship and loyalty find themselves in a gray zone of categorical uncertainty. This is notable for the series from the perspective of the problematization of order following the Hobbesian model of social order. In the works, the viewer observes both the manifestations of Hobbesian man and society and the opposite process of the thought experiment conducted by Hobbes – the community’s disintegration into militant atomized cells. References Benioff, D., & Weiss, D. B. (2013). Mhysa. The Game of Thrones, episode, HBO. Benioff, D., & Weiss, D. B. (2011). Baelor. The Game of Thrones, episode, HBO. Ferreday, D. (2015). Game of Thrones, rape culture and feminist fandom. Australian Feminist Studies, 30(83), 21-36. Larrington, C. (2017). Winter is coming: The medieval world of Game of Thrones. Bloomsbury Publishing. Latour, B. (2012). We have never been modern. Harvard university press. Matthews, J. C. (2018). A past that never was: historical poaching in Game of Thrones fans’ Tumblr practices. Popular Communication, 16(3), 225-242. Newey, G. (2008). Routledge philosophy guidebook to Hobbes and Leviathan. Routledge. Virino, C. C., & Rodriguez Ortega, V. (2019). Daenerys Targaryen will save Spain: Game of Thrones, politics, and the public sphere. Television & New Media, 20(5), 423-442.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay discusses the idea of class and how it affects identity. It talks about how people's social standing can influence their outlook on life and how they interact with others.

The essay discusses the idea of class and how it affects identity. It talks about how people's social standing can influence their outlook on life and how they interact with others.

Social Status in “The Necklace” by Guy de Maupassant Research Paper Introduction Literature as a Method of Human Expression Literature is a medium that lets people express their creative potential in writing. By creating stories and narratives, writers are able to discuss and dissect topics that are both interesting to them and topical to society at large. Written language as a medium of creating meaning has a large number of layers, constructing understanding at a basic emotional and deeper comprehensive level. Through reading and writing works of literature, people get to think about the world they live in, about the presuppositions and traditions we come to know, the wondrous and unexpected, as well as that which is shared in the common human experience. In light of the importance placed on written fiction in society, some works of art are considered to be more vital, more monumental, for a variety of reasons. Some of them are the first example of a particular style, or a documented shift in the medium, while others present narratives of great cultural importance. The criteria by which stories are noted and remembered is strictly arbitrary, but it cannot be denied that most works considered to be “classics”, those that are taught to children, present cultural, artistic, and historic importance. Through their examination, one can come to better understand the people of days past, the traditions and habits permeating their society, as well as to see a reflection of their reality on paper. Thematically, works of literature often talk about the universal through specific experiences, connecting with the reader by making them see parallels to reality in fiction. Ideas of people’s identity are often explored in literature. Identity is something a person forms through their life, something that is shaped by themselves as much as by their environment. By interacting with others, living through particular events, and learning, people get to become themselves, to form a particular relationship with the world around them and the people in it. This process can be influenced by various other factors that are discussed in the literature, such as a person’s status and class. The individual’s lineage, wealth, manners, social circle, interests, they all comprise what is known as their niche in society. Written word takes up perspectives of all kinds of people from most miserable to most fortunate. The opportunities given to a person from their social standing, or a lack thereof, strongly influence how they interact with others and see themselves. Class, Identity and the Themes “The Necklace” A class, especially in times of the past, was often something you had no power over, a slot of society you had no choice but to reside in. For some, it brought happiness and satisfaction, for others, it was a source of struggle and discontent. The class was a limiting factor and a point from which other people could understand one’s social significance. In Guy de Maupassant’s short story “The Necklace”, the main heroine is caught in a struggle between her real and perceived status, becoming an initial trigger for the main conflict. Class is depicted as something that differentiates people’s lifestyles in the story, a defining factor for Mathilde’s personal happiness. In the light of not having been born into wealth, the woman puts on appearances. The act of pretense as a method of living is explored and ridiculed in the story, serving as the main interest point for the potential reader. Mathilde’s actions and behavior are used as a signifier of the position she was “born for”, a way for the heroine to get something she feels is owed to her – a high social status. The need to actively present oneself in an exaggerated manner is what, in essence, brings about the conflict of the story, and hurts Mathilde the most. The unnecessary need to impress others and maintain one’s public image is lampshaded and criticized in the work, mainly through showing the consequences of such behavior to the audience. The Plot and The Characters The plot, in essence, is focused on two characters: Mathilde Loisel and her husband. The lady is the main point-of-view character, who is shown to us to be discontent with her way of life. Having been born into a middle-class family, she was denied an opportunity for a lavish, beautiful life she dreamed of. She spends her days thinking about the things she feels “deprived of”, a kind of carefree existence that is only accessible to those that have the privilege of having money and status. Her incessant desire to be someone of high social status is understandable, and easily recognizable from the first few sentences of the story, however, Mathilde’s seeming obsession with her own perceived importance stops her from truly appreciating the things she has. Her husband, a middle-of-the-road clerk, while not having much money to his name, truly tries to understand his wife and help her when she needs it. His monetary savings are insufficient to truly make her life as rich as she would want it to be, but he still tries to be both helpful and understanding for her sake. Despite having saved for a gun to hunt with, he readily decides to give the money to his wife, saying “Very well. I will give you four hundred francs. And try to have a pretty gown” (de Maupassant). Both characters have a diametrically opposite way of looking at status, with Mathilde seeing her life position as something shameful and in need of hiding, and her husband treating it with a sense of normalcy. The difference can be attributed as the main reason why the former feels the need to amplify her social status in front of others, and is deeply unsatisfied with her position. Mathilde’s husband seems to be overall content with his position in life, he is content with being a representative of the middle class without excessive wealth. The same, however, cannot be said about his wife. Mathilde’s entire being in the first part of the story hinges on her social standing. Having had an ability to dress well for the party, the woman feels the happiest she has been in a long time while dancing and feigning an appearance of a high-class citizen. Mathilde’s self-image and self-perception are tightly interconnected with her ability to appear elegant and regal, which is why she was beside herself when trying on the jewelry her friend lent her. Later on in the story, the reader can further see the dichotomy between reality and fakery in the form of the titular necklace. Seen by Mathilde, and the people around her, as a symbol of wealth and prestige, the piece of jewelry forms a central part of the narrative. For the heroine, an ability to wear the necklace is akin to finally realizing her true potential, being seen by society for who she truly feels she is. Madame Forestier, the original owner of the necklace, is seen by Mathilde as an epitome of a well-off lady, something she feels most similar to. However, despite their similarities, and the perceived exceptionalism of their status, neither of them could truly measure the value of the necklace. Mathilde did not notice that the accessory she was wearing was a replica, and Madame Forestier could not see the difference between the one she had and a genuine article. The inability of two women to truly understand the worth of the necklace is reflective of the arbitrary nature of social status and the need to keep up appearances. Major Themes and Ideas Social Class in Contemporary Society Social Class is a notion deeply ingrained into the culture and tradition of many societies. Used as a way to differentiate people according to their wealth and prestige, it has been a defining trait of many societies. In many ways, social status also dictates how a person is treated, what is expected of them, and the kinds of people they interact with. In the modern times, the concept of a social class has been significantly degraded, but at the time of writing “The Necklace”, the 19 th century, it was still mostly prevalent. For a woman during that time, as noted both by the short story itself and historic records, one’s status defined the kinds of daily tasks a lady would perform. Middle-to-low income people were mostly occupied with work and more manual labor, often having to do house chores by themselves or with limited assistance. Those pertaining to higher classes, on the contrary, could often indulge in more leisure activities due to having servants and monetary security (Gleadle). Education and the ability to receive knowledge were also more widespread among the rich, making it easier for them to enjoy a variety of different activities (Bernstein). More wealth also meant an ability to indulge in various decorum, clothing and accessories, all of which were far less accessible to the common folk. In the short story, the reader can see that Mathilde dreams exactly of such a lifestyle, a living devoid of hard work and defined by her ability to do things to her leisure. She felt utterly alienated from her own household because it paled in comparison to what she imagined herself to be entitled to. As stated in the text: “She thought of silent antechambers hung with Oriental tapestry, illumined by tall bronze candelabra, and of two great footmen in knee breeches who sleep in the big armchairs, made drowsy by the oppressive heat of the stove” (de Maupassant). Descriptions the author uses reveal Mathilde’s deep-seated dissatisfaction with a life someone of similar standing would have considered good or normal. Appearance as a Way of Signaling Status In many cases, a person’s clothing and overall appearance can be telling of their social standing, and that is not an exception in this short story. Clothing is largely determined by the kinds of materials a person can afford, and whether they can spend their money on something less necessary than everyday outfits. One’s dressing can be especially telling about their standing among other people, and define how they will be treated in return. As it is noted by the text, Madame Loisel was from a middle-income household, and her husband could afford her some purchases purely to satisfy her desire to look good. Before the part, the audience gets to learn that Mathilde has one dress – the one that she wears to the theatre. This fact can tell the reader that her family is rich enough to visit the theater on a regular basis but not well-off enough to have more than one set of clothes for the occasion. When preparing for the party, the heroine’s husband indulges her in buying another dress but does not have the ability to provide her with matching accessories. The moderate spending, which is noted to be rather laborious for the husband, is indicative of the two’s low social status and class. Later on in the story, it is also noted that Mr. Loisel’s father left him a sum that is not even enough to cover the cost of the replacement diamond necklace. The family has to work for 10 years and deny themselves a lot of previous necessities only to pay of debt from buying the jewelry piece. In this way, the description of the family’s financial situation and their struggle to buy things can be seen as a signifier of their class. The overall state of the pair can be seen as an explanation for their respective behavior, and the main source of tension in the work. The family’s position can also be used to further contextualize the feelings of being deprived that Mathilde experiences. With Madame Loisel’s change in status, her attire and appearance also change. Before the party, she is often noted to be graceful, elegant, beautiful, having the mannerisms and ambitions of a rich person. Having to work manual labor and pay off debt, however, has changed her drastically. She now looked much older, her clothing much simpler and her appearance rougher. Mathilde’s exterior changed to match the circumstances imposed on her by life (Simandan). Having become “strong and hard and rough” (De Maupassant), the woman is now the epitome of the poor working-class family of the time, having much fewer concerns over her life and appearance. The change is so radical that even her supposed friend, Madame Forestier has a hard time recognizing her at face value. While it is uncertain, it can also be noted that the woman’s dissatisfaction and resentment of her life have come to pass, exchanged for the daily openness and busywork of common life. Social Status and Identity Identity is a person’s whole being and perception of oneself, as created in collaboration with their surroundings. As a part of a person’s character that is largely informed by their surroundings, identity was often something individuals created based on traits shared with a group with others. Nationality, race, gender, and other large identifiers are all often used to construct a person’s being. Social status can also be considered an influential component towards cultivating an identity and can often create a particular type of person as a result (Manstead). Mathilde, in my opinion, uses social status as the core foundation for her identity. Throughout the story, her status changes, and with it, her appearance and behaviors also change. Mathilde’s actions and thoughts are in large part informed by her desire to become closer to her “ideal” image of her status, and she often imagines the life she would lead if born into wealth. Personally, I think that this attitude is tied to the fact that the woman has connected her identity to her social status in an unhealthy manner. The disparity between the imagined and the reality brings her pain, and the monetary conditions of her household are not suitable to quell that pain. Her self-image does not match the conditions she lives in, and she presently does not have any way to change this fact. As a result, even simple tasks of her daily life bring Mathilde dissatisfaction, as she sees living as an unjust struggle. At first, she adamantly refuses to visit the party her husband got her tickets for, in large part due to the inability to match to her own standards for the occasion. Once she is able to secure both a suitable dress for the occasion and some jewelry, the woman’s attitude soon changes in a positive direction. The audience can see the “dysphoria” of Mathilde be calmed when her appearance matches with her self-perception. During the party, the lady can finally feel like the center of attention, free and in her element, as the need to present as a member of high society is fulfilled by the combination of her setting, clothing, and behavior. The ability to appear more beautiful than anyone at the party, catch sights of other men at the gathering, and dance to her heart’s content fulfilled Mathilde’s sense of belonging, made her a part of the group she desperately based her existence around. This temporary performative allegiance to a group Madame Loisel has managed to get, however, stopped right after losing the necklace. While the woman still held onto her pride, she was no longer able to abide by the strict and posh rules of high society, having the issue of paying for the lost necklace looming over her. After returning the necklace to her friend, Mathilde once again had to adopt a new identity, one that was in an even larger part shaped by her circumstance. Being forced into manual labor, the woman’s appearance was not the only part that changed, as the core of her very being was altered by the experience. She now more closely identified with the struggles of the poor, having to experience and live through them first-hand, and has also developed a loudness more characteristic of women that needed to make themselves heard. The narrative paints a picture of a far more simple, less ambitious about her position in life, and tired by the constant need to work. I think that the narrative presented by the story portrays two things in an intriguing amount of detail: the way one’s environment affects their self-image, and how pretense can bring about dissatisfaction and disappointment. Mathilde’s actions and character change drastically throughout the story, and all of the changes were primarily fueled by a need to answer to an extenuating circumstance. The main reason why Madame Loisel had to go through the suffering she did was precise because of her incessant need to identify with a group she did not belong to, which, as a consequence brought about further misfortune in her life. Conclusion Literature is a vehicle for expressing ideas, a method to discuss, present, and organize thought for other people to understand. Throughout history, the written language has served as one of the primary ways of translating the meaning, utilizing the art of pen and paper to both ponder the intricacies of the human experience and form understanding with others. In many cases, literary art is utilized to bring up themes and ideas that are more ethereal in nature, to explore societal phenomena in a safe environment. In the case of classic literature, themes and topics presented often coincide with the main concerns that visit people in their lives, and the types of struggles individuals have to face in their lives. The Necklace, written by Guy de Maupassant, is an interesting, although short commentary on a number of issues, including class differences, identity, and people’s tendency to put on appearances. The text presents a narrative that encourages readers to critically examine the actions of the main character, lampoons their behavior through dramatic irony, and delivers a universally relatable message. The author tries to make the readers understand that the practice of trying to impress others with your achievements or social standing is an ultimately pointless task and that the true value of any object is determined by the individual, not by its price. The main protagonist of the story, Madame Mathilde Loisel, is a dishonest person, having lived most of her life in dreams of a better life. She feels that she deserves something better than she has, seeing herself as an unfortunately misplaced damsel in distress that was made for a rich life. Having been born into a middle-class family and married to a man in the same wealth range, she never had the ability to realize her dreams, harboring a deep-seated dissatisfaction with all aspects of her social position. This discrepancy between her desires and reality has manifested in the woman’s need to present an appearance of wealth and fortune onto others. All of this information is presented to the reader through the combination of a narrative description and Mathilde’s dialogue with her husband while preparing for the party. She puts in her best efforts to create a perfect image of herself before the attendees of the party, basking in the attention and validation it gives her. As the reader can understand from the woman’s dissatisfaction with her daily life, such an opportunity does not present itself before her often, making the occasion especially memorable for the heroine. The inability to experiment with the true joys of a rich and carefree life eats away at Mathilde, making her unable to appreciate the humble household and the loving husband she has. She feels the need to present herself as a character that has no chance of ever becoming true and misses the good parts of her life in the process. After the party, her life changes abruptly, now having to pay back for all the loans she and her husband took to pay for the necklace. The plunges the pair’s social status into the ground, costing them the limited privileges they already had. The change affects Mathilde both physically and mentally, affecting a change in her appearance as well as her whole identity. Her looks become more rough with the change in her daily routine, her clothing changes, no longer much concerned with appearances and favoring practicality. Mathilde becomes a straightforward, loud-mouthed, and hardworking woman, much removed from the high society she felt destined for. The need to face the consequences of her choices is what has driven the lady to this point, and can be considered retribution for the deception she engaged in before that. mouThe entire narrative is presented as a critique of the expensive and lavish lifestyle, categorizing people that adhere to it as shallow and unable to truly understand the value of particular things beyond its appearance, as was the case with the necklace. The fakeness and the performative nature of the main heroine’s actions are also recognized by the narrative and punished through having to live a rough life of a commoner. This type of lampshading is often used to make people consider the aspects of their life they did not pay attention to in a new light. By effectively showcasing the futility of pretend status, this work succeeds in sparking conversation. Works Cited Manstead, Antony S. “The Psychology of Social Class: How Socioeconomic Status Impacts Thought, Feelings, and Behaviour.” British Journal of Social Psychology 57.2 (2018): 267-91. Print. De Maupassant, Guy. “Short Stories: The Necklace by Guy De Maupassant.” East of the Web . Web. Gleadle, Kathryn. British Women in the Nineteenth Century . Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001. Print. Bernstein, Basil B. “SOCIAL CLASS, LANGUAGE AND SOCIALISATION.” Linguistics and Adjacent Arts and Sciences (1974): 1545-562. Print. Simandan, Dragos. “Rethinking the Health Consequences of Social Class and Social Mobility.” Social Science & Medicine 200 (2018): 258-61. Print.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The industrial revolution of the 18th century caused both economic and social welfare policy challenges. The transformation steps could solve social-economic-related problems by resolving the historical, and financial aspects, making them better elements for the prospect.

The industrial revolution of the 18th century caused both economic and social welfare policy challenges. The transformation steps could solve social-economic-related problems by resolving the historical, and financial aspects, making them better elements for the prospect.

Social Welfare Policy Analysis and Letter to Legislator Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Industrial Revolution 3. Effect of the industrial revolution on social welfare policy 4. Conclusion 5. Reference Introduction Social policy is a subject of inclusivity with a bid to offer solutions to social life challenges. This paper discusses the social-economic and political challenges, which are further classified based on the economic state, political state, or the general social structure. Different levels of social challenges will require a different set of solutions. The industrial revolution of the 18th century caused both economic and social welfare policy challenges (Hendren & Sprung-Keyser, 2020). The transformation steps could solve social-economic-related problems by resolving the historical, and financial aspects, making them better elements for the prospect. Industrial Revolution The historical aspect of social welfare regarding economic elements plays an essential role in creating a base for establishing a solution for the economic phenomenon that could arise due to historical economic events. The industrial revolution being a pivotal solution to most economic challenges, has resulted in social side effects. From the industrial revolution angle, social welfare policies that affect financial aspects also involve social matters equally. Thus, solutions are likely to change based on the environment and time since economic factors keep changing a lot (Hendren, & Sprung-Keyser, 2020). Social welfare policy development should integrate economic and social aspects to protect vulnerable groups through social assistance and services in the current social-economic environment. Effect of the industrial revolution on social welfare policy Some of the challenges that arise from social welfare policy are majorly economic influences, such as poverty and rise in social classes, resulting in social imbalance. Poverty growth increases among society members who have limited financial ability to access resources. The basic needs are necessary to lead a conventional lifestyle or struggle to meet basic human needs. Simultaneously, the social imbalance is where resources have become unevenly distributed in society. Social gaps develop between those who have access to resources and those who struggle to access resources necessary to improve life quality. Social imbalance and poverty came from the industrial revolution in the 18th century while improving insufficient economic performance improvement. Thus, the formulation of social welfare had to balance the economic and social effects. Liberal states had limited ideas on social welfare, which motivated the development of a more negative outcome. Adopting an inclusivity policy was necessary to handle the whole social-economic imbalance issue to counter the adverse effects. The public expects that the government has an obligation toward social welfare and to formulate policies to enable them to meet those social obligations through taxes and other state expenditure policies (Hendren, & Sprung-Keyser, 2020). Despite much critics from the public on the social-economic challenges. State welfare does its best to develop social policies and create a developed society. Conclusion This paper provides an analysis of the social welfare policies’ impact. From the above study, the social-economic welfare imbalance created due to attempting to address the social-economic imbalance leads to an increased poverty level. There is a need to develop a balanced policy to promote social welfare and create room for all emerging issues that would affect the economy and society’s growth in a stable social welfare policy that provides solutions that address the general policies’ weaknesses. Reference Hendren, N., & Sprung-Keyser, B. (2020). A unified welfare analysis of government Policies. The Q uarterly Journal of Economics , 135 (3), 1209-1318. Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Social workers play the roles of community organizers, educators, and facilitators as they deal with the members of society. A community organizer mobilizes people to group themselves into distinct clusters that are easily manageable to ensure they get and access all social amenities intended for them. As an educator, a social worker informs and creates awareness amongst the members of the society.Ferguson, 2018).Social workers play the roles of community organizers, educators, and facilitators as they deal with the members of society.

Social workers play the roles of community organizers, educators, and facilitators as they deal with the members of society. A community organizer mobilizes people to group themselves into distinct clusters that are easily manageable to ensure they get and access all social amenities intended for them. As an educator, a social worker informs and creates awareness amongst the members of the society.Ferguson, 2018). Social workers play the roles of community organizers, educators, and facilitators as they deal with the members of society.

Social Workers’ Roles. Technology Tools Essay Social workers play the roles of community organizers, educators, and facilitators as they deal with the members of society. A community organizer mobilizes people to group themselves into distinct clusters that are easily manageable to ensure they get and access all social amenities intended for them. As an educator, a social worker informs and creates awareness amongst the members of the society (Ferguson, 2018). The social worker educates the society about different topics with the aim of improving knowledge about issues affecting them while also recognizing that some marginalized groups need a constant reminder. As a facilitator, a social worker gathers people together for a common course and ensures that all persons intended to get benefit access the relevant assistance they need. The justification for selecting the community organizer, educator, and facilitator roles for social workers is because they are some of the immediate tasks individuals handling societal activities handle (Goldkind et al., 2016). Social workers deal with various people in the society who live in different locations and must master their residence to facilitate the assistance they want to give them. I have learned that social workers are important since they help improve the quality of life people facing different problems face. They do this by identifying the specific issue for each individual or family, discuss with them the best strategy to use to arrive at a solution, and then acts as the facilitators to provide the help. Prior to taking this course, I did not understand that social workers play a pivotal role in society as they not only handle personal matters, but also family-related issues (Goldkind et al., 2016). Families are important units for society as children get nurtured by the adults they live with, who must be healthy psychologically, emotionally, socially, and financially to support their offspring. I see myself incorporating the roles of community organizer, educator, and facilitator in my future social work practice by ensuring I possess people skills that will enhance the relationship I initiate and maintain with them. I now have a better understanding that people have high expectations of social workers to help solve issues they face. For instance, as an educator, a social worker is expected to be knowledgeable in different subjects such that when a community member asks them, they are in a position to correctly answer and provide them with guidance or a solution. A facilitator ensures that all plans are made and implemented within the stipulated time and that the intended audience gets the assistance they need (Ferguson, 2018). I also intend to continually improve my skills to meet the unexpected demands. Other insights about social work macro practice that are relevant include acting as a leader in all capacities. The society perceives social workers as informed persons that know and understand what is expected of them, which means they must act and behave like leaders (Ferguson, 2018). Transformational leadership style, when adopted by social workers, is likely to trigger more positive results in the society since they would be concerned about introducing changes for the collective benefit of all individuals. Arguably, social workers in macro social work practice belong to different boards which are all actively involved in developing solutions for the community. As a board member, social workers must possess creative, rational, and critical thinking skills which are all important to facilitate the brainstorming sessions to come up with ideas. References Ferguson, H. (2018). How social workers reflect in action and when and why they don’t: The possibilities and limits to reflective practice in social work. Social Work Education , 37 (4), 415-427. Web. Goldkind, L., Wolf, L., & Jones, J. (2016). Late adapters? How social workers acquire knowledge and skills about technology tools. Journal of Technology in Human Services , 34 (4), 338-358. Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The purpose of this paper is to summarize a video about the concept of the sociological imagination. The term and the concept of sociological imagination were presented in the book of the same title by Charles Wright Mills in 1959. The primary feature of this concept is to understand the difference between the troubles of a single person and a public issue.

The purpose of this paper is to summarize a video about the concept of the sociological imagination. The term and the concept of sociological imagination were presented in the book of the same title by Charles Wright Mills in 1959. The primary feature of this concept is to understand the difference between the troubles of a single person and a public issue.

Sociological Imagination Video by Sociology Live! Essay It is not always simple to separate personal troubles and public issues. The related problems are often associated, which can be illustrated by the concept of the sociological imagination. The purpose of this paper is to summarize a video about that concept. According to the author of the video, the task of the sociological imagination is “to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society” (“Sociological Imagination” 00:00:25-00:00:37). The term and the concept of sociological imagination were presented in the book of the same title by Charles Wright Mills in 1959 (“Sociological Imagination” 00:00:20-00:00:27). The primary feature of this concept is to understand the difference between the troubles of a single person and a public issue (“Sociological Imagination” 00:00:37-00:00:45). For instance, if a person cannot find a job, that is their personal trouble, but if a million out of 10 million people cannot get employed, that is a public issue (“Sociological Imagination” 00:00:45-00:01:01). This example illustrates what personal trouble and a public issue are and how they differ from each other. However, the author of the sociological imagination believed that both concepts described in the previous section are related. For instance, if a person decides to exercise, it can be beneficial for both the individual and society (“Sociological Imagination” 00:01:10-00:01:21). The person gains various health benefits from exercising since it helps lower blood pressure, maintain a healthy weight, and alleviate stress (“Sociological Imagination” 00:01:21-00:01:37). At the same time, exercise can be beneficial for the society in many ways. For instance, people can exercise together, which helps establish positive connections between friends and teaches them to be a part of a team (“Sociological Imagination” 00:01:21-00:01:37). The company where the exercising person works can also benefit as physical activity can help that person be more productive at work, directly increasing the company’s general effectiveness (“Sociological Imagination” 00:01:21-00:01:37). Exercise can also provide community benefits, inspiring it to take action by building walking, biking, and running trails (“Sociological Imagination” 00:01:37-00:01:45). Overall, exercise benefits an individual while also contributing to larger purposes of the social world. This example demonstrates how personal troubles and public issues are associated and how they influence each other. It is not always clear whether a specific problem is personal trouble or a public issue. For instance, the problem of obesity can be discussed from both perspectives. Although people are generally in control of what and how much they eat, sometimes external social factors, such as family traditions, can influence their weight (“Sociological Imagination” 00:02:30-00:03:27). Another significant factor impacting obesity in the United States is associated with so-called food deserts. It is a specific area in the country that does not have access to healthy food because it is difficult to grow it there locally (“Sociological Imagination” 00:04:10-00:04:27). Although there are government subsidies for food production, the research shows that less than 1% of those subsidies go to the production of healthy food, such as fruits or vegetables (“Sociological Imagination” 00:04:30-00:04:40). The majority of those subsidies go to the production of unhealthy food such as meat, dairy, and grain, making the prices for healthy food significantly higher on the market (“Sociological Imagination” 00:04:40-00:05:00). Therefore, from the perspectives of the sociological imagination, the factors described above can significantly contribute to the rates of obesity in the United States. Work Cited “Sociological Imagination.” YouTube, uploaded by Sociology Live! 2015.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The conflict perspective is the best way to analyze the issue of the probability of being put to jail among people from different social classes. This examination is rather controversial; therefore, the conflict perspective best reflects the differences and allows one to look at facts from various viewpoints.

The conflict perspective is the best way to analyze the issue of the probability of being put to jail among people from different social classes. This examination is rather controversial; therefore, the conflict perspective best reflects the differences and allows one to look at facts from various viewpoints.

Sociological Perspectives: Functional, Conflict, or Symbolic Interaction Essay Sociology consists of three main perspectives: functional, conflict, and symbolic interactionist. The conflict perspective was first suggested by Karl Marx and was based on the economic differences among various social classes. Although the perspective was ignored by the majority of scientists and sociologists 60 years ago, nowadays, conflict theorists focus on social conflicts between any groups and on many topics such as religion, race, or politics. This perspective focuses on the negative sides of society in contrast to the functional and symbolic interactionist perspectives; however, it attracts attention to democracy, right equality, and altruism. Conflict theorists pay attention to the understanding of social classes and the explanation of their differences. This model presents a strong dependence between social status and public processes and structures. Therefore, its essence is determined by the word conflict that depicts the confrontation of various viewpoints on the same issue. Hence, the conflict perspective can be described with antonyms such as power and lawlessness. The conflict perspective is popular nowadays as it allows to consider the social problem from different sides and does not require to proceed it as an interdependent or symbolical subject. There are no similar people in the world; however, there are some groups or social classes that are more predisposed to getting into prison. The conflict perspective examines inequalities among those groups, and the most common criteria of the analysis on that topic are psychological and social. Every persons’ life starts with childhood, and it is well-known that the psychological environment surrounding the child forms the background for the future adult. Therefore, people with psychological trauma from their childhood, such as parents’ death, sexual abuse, are more predisposed to becoming criminals, burglars, and murderers. Social criteria like bankruptcy, poverty, hunger, poor living conditions influence the children’s future as well. Condry (2018) argues that children of prisoners cannot be excluded from the group of potential prisoners as they lack a good example of an adult from their parents’ side. People whose parents used to have financial problems during their childhood show the diathesis to committing economic crimes in a strive for a better life. In this case, the conflict perspective focuses on differences in the economic state, school bullying, insult, divorced parents, and the like. In my opinion, the implementation of the conflict perspective is the best way to analyze the issue of the probability of being put to jail among people from different social classes. This examination is rather controversial; therefore, the conflict perspective best reflects the differences and allows one to look at facts from various viewpoints. To my mind, the risk of imprisonment can be applied to every person; however, I agree that people with hidden psychological traumas are more predisposed to committing crimes. However, the border between objective and subjective thinking is thin; therefore, people need to be cautious in their judgmental statements. For example, the parents’ divorce does not always impact children’s psychological health and correspondingly future if both adults solve this problem peacefully and keep in touch with their child. This is an example of the conflict perspective, as well as we estimate various states, conditions and compare them. In conclusion, I might say that the conflict perspective is relevant for considering the issue as a subject separated from other social processes. However, to analyze the whole situation, there is a need for a combination of perspectives. Reference Condry, R., & Smith, P. S. (2018). Prisons, punishment, and the family towards a new sociology of punishment? Oxford University Press.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The text discusses the ways in which sociology has influenced the development of organizational behavior. It also talks about how organizational behavior has, in turn, influenced the development of sociology.

The text discusses the ways in which sociology has influenced the development of organizational behavior. It also talks about how organizational behavior has, in turn, influenced the development of sociology.

Sociology and Organizations: Organizational Behavior Essay Various organizations in the modern world can have a significant impact on people and their lives. In the social and behavioral sciences, organizations are studied through such disciplines as organizational behavior and organizational theory (Champoux, 2016). Sociology significantly contributes to the formation of each of them. In particular, sociology of work that studies social relations in the workplace, influenced the knowledge base of organizational behavior. In turn, organizational theory seeks to understand organizations as systems and get ideas and theories about how social systems are built from sociology. There is a particular part of sociology dedicated to this area – the sociology of organizations. The study of organizations from the sociology point of view began in the 1950s. At first, research was limited since sociologists observed the organizations only as a working environment. A little later, scientists noted their dualist nature, considering both the technical and social sides. The most significant influence on the development of theories about the sociology of organizations had the consideration of them as an open system. Researchers studied not only people and processes but also the impact of the environment. As a result, many theories arose: contingency theory, network theory, institutional theory, and several others (Scott, 2004). The expansion of knowledge and the study of various significant aspects, which was possible thanks to the logic of open systems, became the dominant trends of the second half of the twentieth century. New knowledge has given impetus to organizations’ changes – their boundaries have become more open, work strategies, management methods changed, and new ideas developed to study them. An example of an organization I am a part of is a college and even individual classes. Almost everyone is part of the organization, which is possible while considering organizations following Champoux (2016), as the unification of two or more people acting together to achieve the goal. By visiting shops, cafes, or official agencies, I also influence organizations. In the future, at work, I will become part of a team and another unity. References Champoux, J. E. (2016). Organizational behavior: Integrating individuals, groups, and organizations (5 th ed.). Taylor & Francis Group Scott, W. (2004). Reflections on a half-century of organizational sociology. Annual Review of Sociology , 30 , 1-21. Web.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The examination of critical issues from the sociological perspective is an important task for reflecting on the significance of people's response to events. The Campaign for Social Sciences is a comprehensive source of information on the subject.

The examination of critical issues from the sociological perspective is an important task for reflecting on the significance of people's response to events. The Campaign for Social Sciences is a comprehensive source of information on the subject.

Sociology: Campaign for Social Sciences Essay The examination of critical issues from the sociological perspective is an important task for reflecting on the significance of people’s response to events. Therefore, numerous organizations publish data concerning social behavior in various human groups, which is the basis of this area of knowledge (Shaefer 3). One of the sources, which contains comprehensive information regarding these initiatives, is the website of the Campaign for Social Sciences, and it is invaluable for conducting research in this respect. The Campaign is intended for scholars and any interested persons. Its main purpose is to educate people on the role of sociology in the decision-making process, which has an impact on everyone (“Campaign for Social Science: Home”). In order to do this, the founders of this online platform alongside representatives of educational facilities share their views on current news (“Campaign for Social Science: Home”). For example, the beginning of the pandemic is considered to be one of the major themes studied by them, and the results of their initiatives are available in a separate section (“Campaign for Social Science: Home”). Meanwhile, contributors are also involved in the preparation of regular reports and the promotion of social sciences in general (“Campaign for Social Science: Home”). Therefore, it can be concluded that this website is a comprehensive source of information on the subject. To summarize, the data from the Campaign for Social Sciences increases the awareness of representatives of different social groups about essential processes. In this way, people become more active in expressing their opinions and predicting the outcomes of different occasions for everyone’s wellbeing. This website correlates with the critical tasks of sociology as a field and, consequently, efficiently underpins the efforts of scholars in practice. Works Cited Campaign for Social Science: Home . Campaign for Social Sciences, 2021. Web. Shaefer, Richard. Sociology: A Brief Introduction. 13th ed., McGraw-Hill Education, 2018.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The development of the sociology of organizations took place in the middle of the 20th century, when developed societies entered a new era of social relations, called the era of post-industrial society. Membership in the organization is one of the critical resources for those interested in professional development or contact with like-minded people in a field of interest.

The development of the sociology of organizations took place in the middle of the 20th century, when developed societies entered a new era of social relations, called the era of post-industrial society. Membership in the organization is one of the critical resources for those interested in professional development or contact with like-minded people in a field of interest.

Sociology of Organizations and Membership Essay Today it is not easy to imagine a society without organizations since they relate to every area of our life. In this regard, organizational theories, which study corporate designs and structures, the behavior of individuals or groups in an organization, and how they interact to achieve their goals, become especially relevant. According to Champoux (2016), the central problem of organizations’ sociology is the ratio of personal and impersonal factors of organizations, individual and common in them, leadership and subordination, and the correspondence of various goals. In practice, the use of organizational theories can improve the functionality and efficiency of the organization. The development of the sociology of organizations took place in the middle of the 20th century, when developed societies entered a new era of social relations, called the era of post-industrial society. Scott (2004) notes the organizations sought to more fully use the employee’s human potential, using his desire for self-expression and self-realization. Moreover, the increase in the importance of civil society presupposed public entities included in managing a community. Public organizations make up a civil society called upon to influence the policy of the state. Thus, the diversity of the subjects of management and managerial ties and relations has increased. Membership in the organization is one of the critical resources for those interested in professional development or contact with like-minded people in a field of interest. I am a member of WWF whose primary goal is to preserve the biological diversity of the Earth. Membership in this organization helps me find like-minded people and even friends, contributing to the realization of my ideas and the expression of my point of view. Although there are some organizational changes associated with social changes based on the epidemiological situation, this does not prevent them from spreading their ideas and clearly following the organization’s goals. References Champoux, J. E. (2016). Organizational behavior: Integrating individuals, groups, and organizations (5 th ed.). Taylor & Francis Group Scott, W. (2004). Reflections on a half-century of organizational sociology. Annual Review of Sociology , 30 , 1-21. Web.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Socrates was accused of several crimes, and the first offense was that he did not practice the religion accepted by his city.Socrates: Accusations Based on Religious Views

Socrates was accused of several crimes, and the first offense was that he did not practice the religion accepted by his city. Socrates: Accusations Based on Religious Views

Socrates: Accusations Based on Religious Views Essay Socrates was accused of several crimes, and the first offense was that he did not practice the religion accepted by his city (Chroust, 14). The second offense was that Socrates preached an alternate history of a divine being (Chroust, 14). He argues that if one does not recognize some gods, but believes in others, then that individual cannot be considered an atheist because it is contrary to his atheistic nature (Chroust, 16). This is also the most convincing argument in Socrates’s speech, for atheism is total disbelief in any deity from the point of view of religion (Oppy, 2019). Socrates is a representative of another denomination but not an atheist (Oppy, 2019). Socrates repeatedly mentions the Gods, whose existence he acknowledges (Chroust, 17, 73, 76, 98, 139, 112, 128). Then Socrates thought that men of genius were actual, but the ancient Greek opinion was that geniuses were the children of the gods (Chroust, 17). From this logical chain, Socrates comes to the contradiction in the charge that he who believes in the children of the Gods cannot believe in the Most Highs themselves (Chroust, 17). At the same time, those who deny the existence of any Supreme force are considered atheists, and, accordingly, the philosopher does not fit under this criterion (Oppy, 2019). Another accusation of Socrates was that of corrupting the young (Chroust, 16). The philosopher notes that it is not fair to accuse him of such behavior because every adult living in a city influences the minds of young people (Chroust, 16). Consequently, every inhabitant corrupts the minds of young people (Chroust, 16). Socrates’ ideas about truth and the assertion that the wisest of all men know nothing consisted of the fact that searching for truth in any dialogue or study is a difficult path (Plato, 2020). Socrates regarded as an error a dialogue in which one side takes the “knowing” position. Socrates’ primary method was to encourage one that only an ignoramus is so stupid that he cannot even understand that he knows nothing (Plato, 2020). The philosopher concludes in his work that truth is an objective, immaterial and eternal entity that exists in the divine (Xenophon & Denyer, 2019). Likewise, the philosopher admits that only an understanding of one’s ignorance is wisdom, which is the answer to the riddle of the oracle to which Socrates goes. During the trial, Socrates refers to the truth while talking about the corruption of youth, believing that the truth is that all citizens corrupt the younger generation but do not even realize it (Chroust, 76). Also, Socrates says that the trial itself is a discussion of abstract crimes, not a search for truth, since the accusers are engaged in things they do not know. (Chroust, 101). References Chroust, A. (2018). Socrates, man and muth. The two Socratic apologies of Xenophon. Taylor & Francis. Plato. (2020). The essential Plato. Apology, Symposium and The republic. Open Road Media. Oppy, G. (2019). A companion to atheism and philosophy . Wiley. Xenophon, Denyer, N. (2019). Plato: The apology of Socrates and Xenophon: The apology of Socrates. Cambridge University Press.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Socrates believed that a life that is governed by the rules and dictations of others, oblivious of the need for self-examination and evaluation is not worth living. He believed that a valuable life is one in which the individual strives for self-knowledge, wisdom, and a deeper understating of the self.

Socrates believed that a life that is governed by the rules and dictations of others, oblivious of the need for self-examination and evaluation is not worth living. He believed that a valuable life is one in which the individual strives for self-knowledge, wisdom, and a deeper understating of the self.

Socrates: The Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living Essay Socrates taught that a life that is governed by the rules and dictations of others, oblivious of the need for self-examination and evaluation is not worth living. He believed that a valuable life is one in which the individual strives for self-knowledge, wisdom, and a deeper understating of the self (Hoffpauir, 2020). A failure to question one’s actions and the way the world works results in irrational behaviors and the inability to distinguish good from bad (Hoffpauir, 2020). This view is controversial, with many philosophers providing opposing views. One group supports the argument that an unexamined life is worthless while the other criticizes and downplays the importance of superfluous examination of one’s life. Socrates’ argument is not successful because a life of rigorous examination is not fit for every individual, and mainly because happiness in life originates from a myriad of factors. Therefore, his argument is unreasonable, flawed, and wrong, even though it has a degree of truth to it. Factors such as good health, family, gratitude, and values such as kindness and generosity make life worth living, even though it is not examined. Socrates’ belief that the lack of constant examination and evaluation of one’s life makes it worthless has little merit because it downplays the importance of many other factors that are the ingredients of a happy and fulfilling life. An acceptance of Socrates’ view would change my life a bit because it would introduce a dimension that would involve evaluating personal choices, behaviors, attitudes, and thoughts to determine which are beneficial and which are detrimental. However, it would lead to a self-entanglement that would be difficult to abdicate because of the development of the habit of overthinking. Moreover, it would encourage obliviousness to other factors that give life value. Contemplation should be conducted frequently, and not as rigorous as Socrates recommends. Reference Hoffpauir, J. M. (2020). Between Socrates and the many: A study of Plato’s Crito . Lexington Books.

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Write an essay about: The soft drinks industry is under considerable surveillance due to a number of health-related issues such as obesity and diabetes. The authorities eventually consider any charitable actions of the actors with an exact extent of suspiciousness, assuming that they cannot be founded on goodwill. However, it should be admitted that such companies as Pepsi and Coca-Cola pay attention to charity in terms of their CSR policy significantly.

The soft drinks industry is under considerable surveillance due to a number of health-related issues such as obesity and diabetes. The authorities eventually consider any charitable actions of the actors with an exact extent of suspiciousness, assuming that they cannot be founded on goodwill. However, it should be admitted that such companies as Pepsi and Coca-Cola pay attention to charity in terms of their CSR policy significantly.

Soft Drinks Industry Case Study Case Study It seems reasonable to state that the industry of soft drinks is under considerable surveillance due to a number of health-related issues such as obesity and diabetes. Authorities inevitably consider any charitable actions of the actors with an exact extent of suspiciousness, assuming that they cannot be founded on goodwill. However, it should be admitted that such companies as Pepsi and Coca-Cola pay attention to charity in terms of their CSR policy significantly. Nowadays, transnational corporations cannot perform without the mentioned responsibilities and conduct a plethora of health-advocating campaigns. It is not surprising that many civil rights groups, health advocacy organizations, and small enterprises expressed in favor of soft drink entities within the given scope (Wilcox 187). Hence, it might be suggested that harmful effects that the industry causes are – to a great degree – compensated by the actors’ transparency, involvement in many important projects, and provision of less harmful alternatives like Cola that contains no sugar. Nevertheless, if I were public relations counsel for Pepsi or Coca-Cola, I would treat the situation seriously. The public will get acquainted with the conflict, and some will definitely start perceiving the companies’ charitable affairs as cynical and disingenuous. This will substantially harm the actors’ reputations, which cannot be allowed in the current conditions of severe competition. I would recommend arranging the public performance of a CEO who will report and present the following: charitable activities, the related investments, and positive outcomes to which these activities have led. It is essential to deliver the idea that the companies are not involved in charity in order to obtain support from various organizations. Works Cited Wilcox, Dennis, et al. Public Relations: Strategies and Tactics (11 th Ed.). Pearson, 2014.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Shakespeare's work consists of sonnets, which are a type of poem that contains 14 lines. Sonnet 71 is part of the fair youth series and it was written in the 1590s. The poem is about a speaker who is in love with a an lover. The speaker tells the lover not to mourn when he dies because he will be reunited with him in the afterlife.

Shakespeare's work consists of sonnets, which are a type of poem that contains 14 lines. Sonnet 71 is part of the fair youth series and it was written in the 1590s. The poem is about a speaker who is in love with a an lover. The speaker tells the lover not to mourn when he dies because he will be reunited with him in the afterlife.

Sonnet 71: Shakespeare’s Work Essay A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem, which has several literary features. Sonnet 71 was written by William Shakespeare in the 1590s. It is assumed that this sonnet was part of the ‘fair youth’ series which had information about the speaker’s relationship with a lover. The lover in this poem has been made anonymous, but it has been assumed that the lover was a young man. Sonnet 71 is a love poem that carries the message that the lover should not mourn the eventual death of the speaker. Readers have had various sentiments towards this poem, and some assert that the speaker does not act selflessly by telling the lover not to mourn when he dies. The speaker seems to be telling the lover that they should not forget them nor move on. Sonnet 71 is a beautiful piece that has literal features which enhance the poem’s authenticity. As earlier stated, Sonnet 71 has several literary devices which work to enhance the poem. The most prolific literary tool used in this poem is the apostrophe. The apostrophe is the use of language to refer to an individual as if he or she is not there. The speaker communicates to the anonymous lover as if he is not there. The entire poem is surrounded by an apostrophe and the speaker talks to a lover through the letter after his death. Sonnet 71 has a given form of three quatrains and a couplet (Grimes). The quatrains have four lines each, while the couplet has two lines. The rhyme in the sonnet follows a rhyme scheme of the pattern ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. This rhyme scheme pattern is consistent throughout the poem. Rhyme creates a given rhythm throughout the poem and enhances the aesthetic and literary value of the poem. Sonnet 71 is specifically written in iambic pentameter, and the lines have a given form and structure. Iambic pentameter means that each line contains five sets of two beats, also known as metrical feet. Sonnet 71 also includes imagery as part of the literary devices employed in it. Imagery is the element of any literary work that engages the readers’ senses. Shakespeare uses imagery in many of his works, and Sonnet 71 is not an exemption. Imagery is used to give a picture of the message in the poem. Enjambment is the aspect of not completing a line and continuing its meaning in the next line. This intentional cutting of the line without it getting to its natural stop has been adopted in sonnet 71. The reader, therefore, has to read quickly to the next line to combine the meaning of the lines. Shakespeare as a composer had very rich literary work, and the literary devices that he used are transparent. Sonnet 71 is one of these works that show the richness of Shakespeare’s work (Grimes). It is a love poem that has several literary devices that enhance the beauty of the work. Rhyme, apostrophe, imagery, and enjambment are some of the literary devices that are used in the poem. Reading through the works of Shakespeare requires a lot of focus and concentration on the literature itself. When the poem is analyzed, its beauty is unveiled, and the literary authenticity is exposed. Shakespeare’s works are thus works of art, and most of his literature are masterpieces that need to be appreciated. Work Cited Grimes, Linda Sue. “Shekespeare Sonnet 71: “No longer mourn for me when I am dead”.” Owlcation, 2021. Web.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The text discusses the recent political changes in South Sudan, including the dissolution of the parliament and the formation of a new lower house of parliament. In addition, the text discusses the active hostilities between different communities in South Sudan, which has led to people's deaths. The text also mentions the climatic conditions in South Sudan, which have forced residents to leave their homes.

The text discusses the recent political changes in South Sudan, including the dissolution of the parliament and the formation of a new lower house of parliament. In addition, the text discusses the active hostilities between different communities in South Sudan, which has led to people's deaths. The text also mentions the climatic conditions in South Sudan, which have forced residents to leave their homes.

South Sudan: Political Changes Essay Various political changes are currently taking place in South Sudan. The President of South Sudan decided to dissolve the parliament, but later an updated lower house of parliament was formed (Ross, 2021). In addition, there are active hostilities between different communities in this country, leading to people’s deaths. The climatic conditions do not favor the residents of South Sudan either. Floods that overflow houses and fields force residents to leave their homes. The country is characterized by a significant brain drain, which is at 6.5 points, which distances the country from success. To understand what steps need to be taken, so that worthy people stay in their country and not go to others, one needs to know what they lack. Probably people with much knowledge need a decent salary and prospects for professional growth. The country is not able to provide these conditions, which leads to a brain drain. The government needs to review the policy of allocating funds for the development of innovations and people who will work for the benefit of the country. Uneven economic development is also at one of the lowest rates in the country. The state needs to think about ways to obtain additional income to increase the indicators. This can be done by more active export of various goods to other countries. Undoubtedly, the indicator of 8.9 points is not the lowest compared to other countries, but it still requires special attention within this country. In conclusion, almost all the indicators of South Sudan are at a reasonably high level compared to other countries. Nevertheless, the state authorities need to pay attention to the economic development of the country and the brain drain that prevent the government from rising in the ranking. Following the proposed methods, the country can achieve success in internal and external development. Work Cited Ross, Will. “South Sudan Ex-Rebels Take Seats In Parliament.” BBC, 2021.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: This paper was written with the aim of exploring outdoor recreation in south-central Alaska and proposing the development of the area. It has been shown that outdoor entertainment is a significant business in Alaska, and both locals and visitors spend their money on the economy in their activities.Outdoor Recreation in South-Central AlaskaThis paper was written with the aim of exploring outdoor entertainment in south-central Alaska and proposing the development of the area. It has been shown that outdoor entertainment is a significant business

This paper was written with the aim of exploring outdoor recreation in south-central Alaska and proposing the development of the area. It has been shown that outdoor entertainment is a significant business in Alaska, and both locals and visitors spend their money on the economy in their activities. Outdoor Recreation in South-Central Alaska This paper was written with the aim of exploring outdoor entertainment in south-central Alaska and proposing the development of the area. It has been shown that outdoor entertainment is a significant business

Southcentral Alaska Outdoor Recreation Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Tourism 3. The Economic Benefit 4. Research Methods and Project Schedule 5. Conclusion 6. Reference Introduction Alaska has a minor human density, the maximum area of wildlife, and participation rates in numerous outdoor activities. Most Alaskans believe that chances to leave are the reason why they prefer to live or stay in the country, and a comparable proportion of visitors come to Alaska for outstanding outdoors. Both locals and visitors spend their money on the economy in their activities, making outdoor entertainment a significant business. This paper was written with the aim of exploring outdoor recreation in south-central Alaska and proposing the development of the area. How developed is tourism in Alaska, and which project would be best suited for the region? Tourism In the last ten years, tourism has been Alaska’s rapidly expanding economy and is a leading regional export sector. Opportunities to take part in outdoor leisure are also an essential aspect of Alaskan people’s quality of life. The strategic plan of Chugach National Forest would thus need knowledge of recreation and tourism as an economic sector, elements that contribute to the development, and future demands for recreational activities in southeastern Central Alaska. There are trends and patterns of activity utilizing a sector analysis methodology. Based on cross-sectional figures, Recreational patterns demonstrate the relevance as drivers of demand of demographic and economic factors. Management and planning implications involve the need to determine whether and when administration measures to improve forest-scale leisure services contradict other organizational goals, such as the maintenance or strengthening of animal habitat. The Economic Benefit The economic benefit of outdoor leisure extends beyond the initial spending impulse. Outdoor facilities help achieve a better quality of life, attracting new inhabitants employed by the state. According to Mullet and Morton (2021), “snowmobiling is an important recreational activity at higher latitudes and in alpine areas where snow occurs” (p. 1). Access to parks and trails makes neighborhoods more appealing; companies are more willing to invest in locations with high-perceived quality of life. Outdoor leisure also stimulates entrepreneurial activity in Alaska. In Alaska, emerging firms are building, designing, and serving both state-owned and out-of-state recreation items. Research Methods and Project Schedule In order to understand which project is best suited in a given region, there are many things to study. The first of them is the study of the region itself, namely, its features, pros, and cons, which can significantly affect the creation of a project. Existing projects have been studied that work for the benefit of the region and ennoble it. I believe that these points are initial and most significant before creating your own project. The first step in creating a project will be to study the market, which will help determine the shortcomings of competitors and find your uniqueness. Next, you should try to create and receive honest feedback as this is the essential criterion for the benefit of the project. Conclusion Alaska has the lowest people density, the most wildlife area, and the turnout for various outdoor activities. Most Alaskans feel that leaving chances are the cause they choose to live or remain in Alaska, and comparable tourists go to the country for beautiful outdoors. Alaska’s tourism economy has expanded quickly over the past ten years and is a crucial regional export sector. Opportunities to engage in outdoor recreation are also a fundamental component of the quality of life of Alaskans. In my opinion, Alaska is an underestimated region, which creates interest in this issue. The economic advantage of leisure outside goes beyond the first drive of purchasing. Outdoor installations contribute to a better standard of living, enticing new people in the state. Access to parks and trails is more attractive to neighborhoods; corporations are more ready to invest in highly regarded places for quality of life. Reference Mullet, T. C., & Morton, J. M. (2021). Snowmobile effects on height and live stem abundance of wetland shrubs in south-central Alaska. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism , 33 , 100347, pp. 1-7.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The essay discusses how marketing strategies for pizza and spaghetti need to consider the potential for these foods to be sold in different hotels as order to meet excessive demand.Selling pizza and spaghetti is the best marketing choice to meet consumers' needs since serving different fast foods in various hotels has not yet obtained customer satisfaction. Using a food truck is the alternative way to attract and maintain pizza and spaghetti customers.

The essay discusses how marketing strategies for pizza and spaghetti need to consider the potential for these foods to be sold in different hotels as order to meet excessive demand. Selling pizza and spaghetti is the best marketing choice to meet consumers' needs since serving different fast foods in various hotels has not yet obtained customer satisfaction. Using a food truck is the alternative way to attract and maintain pizza and spaghetti customers.

Spaghetti and Pizza Selling & Marketing Strategy Research Paper Marketing involves planned activities designed to promote and improve the sale of different goods and services. Increasing sales and maintaining equilibrium between suppliers and consumers require a detailed market analysis to identify the product’s potential and new customers (Saidali et al., 2019). Therefore, marketing strategies and plans commence after identifying the target audience. The sale of fast foods in Cuba is less than demand since the larger population consumes pizza and spaghetti more frequently compared to other foods sold in different hotels. Therefore, it creates a market gap which requires a solution towards satisfying excessive demand in the food market. Selling pizza and spaghetti is the best marketing choice to meet consumers’ needs since serving different fast foods in various hotels has not yet obtained customer satisfaction. Using a food truck is the alternative way to attract and maintain pizza and spaghetti customers. Barriers and Challenges Encountered When Marketing Pizza and Spaghetti The use of meal trucks in the advertisement of different foods was banned in Cuba after marketers violated public health policies that promoted hygiene and cholera prevention. After the resumption of food trucks in marketing, the public health policy set a fee that marketers should pay before using food trucks to promote their products as it was refunded only when policies were not violated. Raising the fee charged by the public health department became the greatest barrier to the marketing strategy since additional finances are required (Bar-Zeev et al., 2019). The target audience’s low attendance became a challenge because many pizza and spaghetti buyers were at the workplace during the working hours of the trucks. Environmental changes resulting from winter will also limit the accessibility to many customers, and additional transportation costs will hinder the marketing strategy. Distribution Channel Used Selling pizza and spaghetti is more sensitive to public policies compared to other goods and services sold in the market. The two foods require strict adherence to health policies that fight the spread of Cholera which is caused by food contamination. Thus, selling pizza and spaghetti directly to consumers is an effective marketing channel because it ensures customers’ contact and feedback to improve service delivery (de Matos et al., 2020). The channel is efficient in maintaining potential buyers. It eliminates intermediaries’ interference to the business, which can hinder its ability to sell selected fast foods. Delivering foods directly to the customer is also easy and faster than using a chain of intermediaries. Selling pizza and spaghetti involves instant delivery from staff members of the cafeteria to different parts of Cuba. Retailers, wholesalers, and other small-scale businesses are excluded from selling the foodstuffs to consumers. Promotional Strategies The easier use of unique tactics in analyzing demand and supply to plan and develop effective marketing procedures to increase sales of a particular product has been described as promotional strategies. Collecting views and opinions concerning customers’ feelings towards buying spaghetti and pizza produced by the business enabled them to determine areas of improvement to increase sales and profit margins. The provision of gifts to customers to test and get feedback concerning the product was the core strategy (Bar-Zeev et al., 2019). The use of social media to market pizza and spaghetti creates awareness to customers. Using Facebook, Twitter, and other social media platforms will also increase sales of goods and services. Moreover, developing ads that will be shown on local television and radios will promote customer consciousness towards purchasing fast foods from the business. Partnering with charity organizations in different events, such as football games, creating awareness about drug abuse, and other activities will contribute to increased awareness about the product. Furthermore, there is a need to understand marketing techniques used by competitors selling fast foods to ensure the selection of an effective marketing strategy to popularize the food selling business. Therefore, selling pizza and spaghetti will meet customer’s needs based on the variety of fast foods sold in Cuba. References Bar-Zeev, Y., Levine, H., Rubinstein, G., Khateb, I., & Berg, C. J. (2019). IQOS point-of-sale marketing strategies in Israel: A pilot study. Israel journal of Health Policy research , 8 (1), 11. Web. Saidali, J., Rahich, H., Tabaa, Y., & Medouri, A. (2019). The combination between big data and marketing strategies to gain valuable business insights for better production success. Procedia Manufacturing , 32 , 1017−1023. Web. de Matos, N., Correia, M. B., Saura, J. R., Reyes-Menendez, A., & Baptista, N. (2020). Marketing in the public sector—benefits and barriers: A bibliometric study from 1931 to 2020. Social Sciences, 9 (10), 168. Web.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the pKa of an acid-base indicator, Bromocresol Green, using spectrophotometry. The experiment involved measuring the absorbance of the indicator at various pH levels to determine the molar concentration of the indicator at each level. The results showed that the molar concentration of the indicator at each level was directly proportional to the absorbance of the indicator at that level.

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the pKa of an acid-base indicator, Bromocresol Green, using spectrophotometry. The experiment involved measuring the absorbance of the indicator at various pH levels to determine the molar concentration of the indicator at each level. The results showed that the molar concentration of the indicator at each level was directly proportional to the absorbance of the indicator at that level.

Spectrophotometric Determination of the pKa of an Acid-Base Indicator Report Introduction Acid-base indicators are used to show the end-points of acid-base reactions. Most acid-base indicators, including bromocresol green, are regarded as weak acids. The indicator is a complex molecule that can be represented with the formula Hln, where ln- represents the anion. When applied to low concentrations, the indicators signal pH changes within a particular range, which is variable among the indicators. The color change depends on the relative acid strength (pKa) of the conjugate acid form of the indicator. The formula below shows how weak acids ionize in aqueous solutions: * Equation 1: + Hln (aq) + H 2 O ⇔ H 3 O + (aq) + ln – (aq) * Quantitatively, the relationship between the hydronium concentration, H 3 O + , and the relative amounts of Hln and ln – in solution is described by the acid-dissociation constant, K a . Based on the equation above, the acid strength is calculated as: + * Equation 2 + Equation 2 can also be represented as: + * Equation 3 + The ratio of the indicator concentration is controlled by the pH of the solution, while the solution pH controls the ratio of the buffer concentration. The pH of a solution is measured using a pH meter. Aside from using a pH meter, Ka can also be determined spectrophotometrically by employing Beer Lambert’s law. According to the law, for substances to absorb light within the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, the absorbance or the amount of light absorbed is directly proportional to the molar concentration (1). Consequentially, the absorption curve of an indicator at various pH levels can be examined to determine the Ka of the indicator. This experiment aims to determine the pKa of an acid-base indicator, Bromocresol Green, using spectrophotometery. Wenzel, T. (2018). Beer’s Law. Experimental Reagents * Disodium Phosphate Solution, Na 2 HPO 4, 0.20 M * Citric Acid, C₆H₈O₇, 0.10 M * Bromocresol Green Indicator, C 21 H 14 Br 4 O 5 S. Solutions * Disodium Phosphate Solution, 0.20 M . Dissolve the calculated amount of anhydrous disodium phosphate, Na 2 HPO 4 , or disodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate, Na 2 HPO 4 ·7H 2 O, in about 200 mL of distilled water and dilute to the mark in a 250 mL volumetric flask. * Citric Acid, 0.10 M. Dissolve the calculated amount of citric acid monohydrate about 200 mL of distilled water and dilute to the mark in a 250 mL volumetric flask. * Bromocresol Green Indicator. Crush and mix 0.1000 g (exact mass is needed in order to calculate the concentration) of bromocresol green indicator with 14.3 mL of 0.010 M NaOH in a mortar. Transfer to a 250 mL volumetric flask and dilute to volume with distilled water. * Buffer 1. Add 9.50mL of stock 0.1M citric acid solution to 0.50mL of stock 0.20M disodium phosphate solution. Dilute with distilled water to the mark in a 50mL volumetric flask. * Buffer 2. Add 8.00mL of stock 0.1M citric acid solution to 2.00mL of stock 0.20M phosphate solution. Dilute with distilled water to the mark in a 50mL volumetric flask. * Buffer 3. Add 6.00mL of stock 0.1M citric acid solution to 4.00mL of stock 0.20M phosphate solution. Dilute with distilled water to the mark in a 50mL volumetric flask. * Buffer 4. Add 5.50mL of stock 0.1M citric acid solution to 4.50mL of stock 0.20M phosphate solution. Dilute with distilled water to the mark in a 50mL volumetric flask. * Buffer 5. Add 5.00mL of stock 0.1M citric acid solution to 5.00mL of stock 0.20M phosphate solution. Dilute with distilled water to the mark in a 50mL volumetric flask. * Buffer 6. Add 4.00mL of stock 0.1M citric acid solution to 6.00mL of stock 0.20M phosphate solution. Dilute with distilled water to the mark in a 50mL volumetric flask. * Buffer 7. Add 2.00mL of stock 0.1M citric acid solution to 8.00mL of stock 0.20M phosphate solution. Dilute with distilled water to the mark in a 50mL volumetric flask. * Buffer 8. Add 0.50mL of stock 0.1M citric acid solution to 9.50mL of stock 0.20M phosphate solution. Dilute with distilled water to the mark in a 50mL volumetric flask. Instrumentation * ThermoFisher Evolution Array Spectrophotometer * pH meter Procedure The procedure listed in the Instrumental Methods of Analysis Chem 447 of the Winter 2021 laboratory manual was followed. Eight buffer solutions were prepared from varied concentrations of the phosphate and citric acid solutions. The pH of the buffer solutions was then measured distinctly using a pH meter and recorded. Bromocresol Green indicator solution was then added to each buffer and then cuvettes containing the solutions placed in the spectrophotometer to measure their absorbance wavelength. Results and Discussion Absorbance measurements were performed using a Thermo Scientific Evolution Array Spectrophotometer in the wavelength range between 400 and 800 nm. Plots of absorbance against λ for the bromocresol green indicator in buffers with different pH levels are illustrated in Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4. Table 1: Absorbance values at 444nm, 508nm and 619nm wavelengths as a function of pH. Buffer pH AU, 444nm AU, 508nm AU, 619nm 1 2.597 0.251 0.101 0.0152 2 3.02 0.2848 0.1123 0.0281 3 4.054 0.2359 0.1115 0.1628 4 4.853 0.152 0.1063 0.3797 5 5.322 0.1153 0.1075 0.5003 6 6.196 0.0513 0.1083 0.6566 7 7.102 0.0448 0.1046 0.6699 8 7.856 0.0484 0.1111 0.6884 Using values from the data table in Appendix 2, the Figures 1 and 2 were plotted for the absorbance at the 444nm wavelength. Figure 1. Graph of Absorbance at 444nm of the first derivative where pH is in the X-axis and Absorbance in the Y-axis. Figure 2. Graph of Absorbance at 444nm of the second derivative where pH is in the X-axis and Absorbance in the Y-axis. Moreover, the values from the data table in Appendix 2, were used to plott Figures 3 and 4 for the absorbance at the 619nm wavelength. Figure 3. Graph of Absorbance at 619nm of the second derivative where pH is in the X-axis and Absorbance in the Y-axis. Figure 4. Graph of Absorbance at 619nm of the second derivative where pH is in the X-axis and Absorbance in the Y-axis. Based on Figure 4, the inflection point is at the pH” of 4.5. At this point, pH” = pKa, hence the pKa, is also 4.5. Buffer 1 is the most acidic. The molar absorptivity at Hln is: * Equation 4: + + 0.25 =ε x 1 [0.95] + ε=0.26 + Equation 5: + + 0.0152 = ε x 1 [0.95] + ε=0.016 Buffer 8 is the most basic. The molar absorptivity at Hln is: * Equation 6: + + 0.0484 = ε x 1 [0.95] + ε=0.05 * Equation 7: + + 0.6884 = ε x 1 [0.95] + ε=0.73 To determine, the pKa of the indicator, calculation using values for Buffer 5 were used as it has an intermediate pH. * Equation 8: + + 0.1153 = 0.73 (0.1 – [Hln]) + 0.26 x 1[Hln] + 0.1153 = 0.073 – 0.73 Hln + 0.26Hln + 0.0423 = 0.47Hln + [Hln] = 0.09 * Equation 9: + + 0.5003 = 0.73[ln-] + 0.26 × 0.09 + 0.5003 – 0.0234 = 0.73[ln-] + [ln-] = 0.65 Ka = [0.65][0.0458]/0.09 = 0.33 pKa = 5.322 – log [0.65]/[0.09] = 4.46 The pKa value is essential and unique to every indicator. In this experiment, two methods were employed to determine pKa. The first method revolved around measuring the pH of the buffer solutions and determination of the absorbance. From the results, as in Figure 4, the inflection point was obtained, and it was found to be 4.5 (inflection point = pKa). As a result, the experimental value of this pKa was almost equal to the theoretical pKa of bromocresol green that is 4.7. The percentage error can therefore be calculated as: % error = experimentalvalue – actualvalue / actualvalue x 100% = 4.5 – 4.7/4.5 x 100% = 4.4% The experiment had an experimental error of 4.4% which is small, thus acceptable. On the other hand, the second method utilized the Henderson-Hasselbach equation and the Beer’s Additive Law to determine the linear relationship between pH and concentration of solutions. For the second, method, the pKa was calculated at 4.46 and this is almost equal to that of the first method. The difference in the experimental and theoretical pKa values suggest the occurrence of experimental errors. These might be due to stray radiation or errors in measuring the volume of solutions, which interfered with the absorbance values and ionic strength of the various solutions, respectively. As a result, this had a consequent effect on the overall findings. Aside from the UV-VIS Spectrophotometry, the experiment can also be conducted using Agilent Technologies Carry 8454 UV-Vis that provides more accurate results (2). Summary The application of spectrophotometric titration allowed the pKa of Bromocresol Green to be determined. Two methods of analysis (graphical and additivity of Beer’s Law) were employed and generated results with good similarity. The isosbestic point was also determined. In comparison, the first method proved to be more accurate than the second. References Wenzel, T. (2018). Beer’s Law . Shokrollahi, A., & Firoozbaakht, F. (2016). Determination of the acidity constants of neutral red and bromocresol green by solution scanometric method and comparison with spectrophotometric results . Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5 (1), 13-20. Appendix 1. Answers to Questions * Compare the calculated pKa (both graphical and additivity of Beer’s Law) with the literature value. Provide references. + The calculated pKa for the graphical and additivity of Beer’s Law method were less than the theoretical value which is 4.7 (2). This difference is attributed to the presence of experimental errors. * What is the isosbestic point in this experiment? From your data, estimate the isosbestic point for bromocresol green. Explain. + The isosbestic point is at pH 3. It is at this point that the absorbance of 444nm and 619nm is almost equal. * Enumerate the necessary conditions for the additivity of Beer’s law concept to be successful. + Solutions must be dilute + Solutions should have a concentration of less than 10 -2 M * List the electronic transitions encountered in the UV-Visible absorption regions in organic molecules? What type of electronic transition do you think is responsible for the absorption spectrum of bromocresol green? Briefly Explain. + n-π* transitions + π-π* transitions + n-σ* transitions + σ-σ* transitions : These types of transitions are related to the promotion of an electron from a σ bonding orbital to σ* antibonding orbital. This type of transitions is common for saturated organic molecules without hetero-atoms. These are allowed transitions. Usually this transition occurs below 150 nm. These transitions cannot be observed in commercial spectrometers (200 nm – 750 nm). * What is stray radiation? When does its effect on spectrophotometric measurements become most serious? + It is any light reaching the spectrophotometric detector that lies outside the wavelength band width selected for analysis by the monochromator. The effect becomes significant at higher concentrations as the stray light component becomes a larger part of the total transmitted light at such concentrations. In other words, stray light reduces the linearity of response of the instrument. Appendix 2. Table Data 1st Derivative 2nd Derivative 1st Derivative 2nd Derivative (444nm) (444nm) (619nm) (619nm) pH’ λ pH” λ pH’ λ pH” λ 2.8085 0.0799054 3.17275 -0.1746 2.8085 0.030496454 3.17275 0.136958599 3.537 -0.047292 3.99525 -0.06297 3.537 0.130270793 3.99525 0.154057324 4.4535 -0.105006 4.7705 0.0422 4.4535 0.27146433 4.7705 -0.022589075 5.0875 -0.078252 5.42325 0.007483 5.0875 0.257142857 5.42325 -0.116619367 5.759 -0.073227 6.204 0.074216 5.759 0.178832952 6.204 -0.184441618 6.649 -0.007174 7.064 0.014396 6.649 0.014679912 7.064 0.011874575 7.479 0.0047745 7.479 0.024535809

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : Stalin as One of the Greatest Mass Murderers EssayStalin is considered one of the historic mass murderers mainly because of his policies implemented in Russia. The leader considered the ultimate solution of resistance as terror. The first approach to promote development engulfed the exploitation of collectivism among the small farmers. Although the agricultural workers fostered optimal production, Stalin imposed socialism as the solution to elevating productivity among the kulak (Rozenas & Zhukov, 2019).

Stalin as One of the Greatest Mass Murderers Essay Stalin is considered one of the historic mass murderers mainly because of his policies implemented in Russia. The leader considered the ultimate solution of resistance as terror. The first approach to promote development engulfed the exploitation of collectivism among the small farmers. Although the agricultural workers fostered optimal production, Stalin imposed socialism as the solution to elevating productivity among the kulak (Rozenas & Zhukov, 2019).

Stalin as One of the Greatest Mass Murderers Essay Stalin is considered one of the historic mass murderers mainly because of his policies implemented in Russia. The leader considered the ultimate solution of resistance as terror. The first approach to promote development engulfed the exploitation of collectivism among the small farmers. Although the agricultural workers fostered optimal production, Stalin imposed socialism as the solution to elevating productivity among the kulak (Rozenas & Zhukov, 2019). Nevertheless, the statesman geared the use of violence among the peasants to agree and amalgamate farmlands. The use of intimidation and fear is a high cost that led to the loss of Russian lives to enhance economic development and supremacy on a global scale. Stalin as a political leader spearheaded communism in Russia, and the transition incurred a high cost to Russian lives. Between 1933 and 1934, the country experienced famine, and at least four million residents died due to hunger (Rozenas & Zhukov, 2019). The idealist argued that despite the decline in productivity, economic development was a prominent issue in the lives of the workers and the peasants. In this case, Stalin emerged as one of the greatest mass murderers because of his vision to lead the nation to greatness through industrialization. Apart from the famine that led to the deaths of inhabitants and laborers, the use of terror as the primary motivational element caused a significant percentage of the loss of lives. Consequently, Stalin led the Russian economy to communism based on strict policies that cost a significant percentage of workers’ and peasants’ lives. The politician and idealist focused on empowering the nation to avoid being colonized by other developed countries. As a result, Stalin enhanced industrialization based on the essence of boosting communism and economic competence globally. However, the initiative negatively affected the residents and mainly the peasants. Reference Rozenas, A., & Zhukov, Y. M. (2019). Mass repression and political loyalty: Evidence from Stalin’s ‘Terror by Hunger.’ American Political Science Review, 113(2) , 569–583. Web.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The paper examines and categorizes various texts that fall under the purview of global media studies and analyses the context and magnitude of influence of Americanization on the media in particular and the general masses in general. It further seeks the reasons for these phenomena.

The paper examines and categorizes various texts that fall under the purview of global media studies and analyses the context and magnitude of influence of Americanization on the media in particular and the general masses in general. It further seeks the reasons for these phenomena.

Americanization of Global Media Report (Assessment) Table of Contents 1. Summary 2. Introduction 3. ICT and its influence 4. Internationalized Media 5. Americanization 6. Conclusion 7. References Summary The boom in the global media in the recent years owes much of its success to the integration it has made possible on the cultural levels. The paper tries to gauge the extent to which media has become global with special references to the web based media and then takes up the Americanization that the social fabric of the world has become enmeshed in. The paper also seeks the reasons for these phenomena. Introduction “A Literature Review is a systematic examination of knowledge available on a topic”. It is further opined that as far as academic literature review is concerned “it involves the use of appropriate peer-viewed articles” (Dawidowicz, 2010). The paper therefore examines and categorizes various texts that fall under the purview of global media studies and analyses the context and magnitude of influence of Americanization on the media in particular and the general masses in general. Today, in the wake of globalization, the world is no longer a discreet entity but is to be taken as an organic whole. The metaphor of a “melting pot” could have aptly described the situation (Storey, 2000). People across the world are in a state of constant drift and are trying to become world players. Still, the indigenous cultures of these people and their roots can never be entirely annihilated and hence the world has become a “salad bowl” implying that though people from various cultures reside in a particular area, they still retain their individual characteristic features as in a salad bowl the various vegetables, though mixed, can be separately identified (Campbell & Kean, 1997). At the same time, one cannot deny the fact that people are more akin to see the world as a single stage and this has been made easy with the help of the proliferation of the media under the garb of globalization. This, in turn, has been possible because of the advancements in the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) throughout the world and the leading contributor being America. The proliferation of world markets was perhaps understood couple of decades back when Prof. Levitt opined that the “Globalization of Markets” is about to take place at hitherto incredible rates (Levitt, 1983). This has been supported by another stalwart of the field Prof. Ohmae who has proposed the concept of a “borderless world” (Ohmae, 1989). So it is highly likely that we, as a people, are converging rather than diverging with time and the day is not far when we would be actually able to do without borders and boundaries. But this phenomenon could never have been successful without the role of the global media. The boom in use of computers and the internet and eventually becoming a necessity rather than being a luxury has led to increased connectivity among people across the borders and has contributed meaningfully to the growth and sustenance of globalization. But this has been accompanied by various other changes in people who have given in to the advances made by globalization and the global media. Changing lifestyles and attitudes, lingua franca, desires and aspirations, more reliance on digital platforms and ultimately a general tendency towards Americanization characterize today’s youth all over the world. The paper reflects upon these issues and tries to highlight the impact of global media and the extent to which Americanization has given global media the much acclaimed thrust. ICT and its influence The world has become globalised because of the boom in ICT, as mentioned above. But the impact of ICT on our daily lives has made us more technologically oriented Huizinga (2006: 37). Nowadays, it is rather difficult to imagine a world and trade and commerce without computers and the internet. The unprecedented growth in ICT has also led to make these technologies easily available and affordable as well. Other digital platforms are equally important and foster the life we currently lead. Our needs, desires and aspirations are heavily dependent on the information provided by these digital platforms – be it the internet or the satellite channels we watch on television. Moreover, as per Lester (2002: 124), ICT has been instrumental in changing the way we learn and communicate since reaching out to other parts of the world at almost no cost and no time has become a reality. As far as education is concerned, Couldry (2007: 253) opines that the introduction of digital learning methodologies in school has only bettered the way students across the world learn. This has also led to the integration of global learning in the true sense of the term. Classroom pedagogy is being supported by digital learning objects and this integration is thought to be more conducive to increasing the concentration of students and therefore advancement in pedagogy as a whole. Marjorie (1992: 69) is also of the same opinion when he suggests that the increase in international web based pedagogy has been possible because of consolidation of data on websites and subsequent facilitation of various tutorials and other learning programs. The impact of ICT on education has been recorded by many a scholar and Hafez is no exception. Hafez (2006: 67) feels that the latest integration of knowledge forums and the ICT has helped facilitate the transformation of public libraries into digital learning platforms wherein knowledge can be accessed globally and by individuals across borders. Also the use of web browsers as a part of acquiring knowledge has slowly but surely seeped in to the education system. Hafez sees this as a cultural transformation – one that has made us more prone to technology and ultimately let us break ourselves free of the shackles of borders and frontiers. On the other hand, trade and commerce is also deeply influenced by the advent of ICT. Huizinga (2006: 39) has noted that global commerce is deeply rooted in information technology. E-commerce has come up as a pertinent measure that traders and MNCs are opting for in order to maintain ties and trade relations with clients and customers throughout the world. In comparison, Eric (2005: 679) has opined that ICT has helped increase the international cohesiveness and accord in society. On the one hand, there has been an integration of the world on various fronts like education and business and on the other, the cultural diversity has also been comprehended and that too successfully via the ICT and various digital media. The various cultural aspects of the world have been enmeshed into an organic whole through a common system of knowledge-based experiences as a result of globalization. Today’s age is also known as the age of information. This has also been made possible through the proliferation of ICT. As per Boyd-Barrett (2006: 64), the way various data is stored and incorporated as well as used has helped the world prosper more than ever. Meta data storages and other technologies has been instrumental in increasing access to information across the various regions of the world and thus has successfully enhanced togetherness in almost all social and other aspects. But the most astounding fact that has surfaced is in the research of Huizinga (2006: 39) is that the more global economies are being integrated, ICT is more and more becoming an inevitable strategy. Moreover, media and its globalization in terms of developments in ICT have now taken the driver’s seat since a lot depends on technological superiority. Internationalized Media Couldry (2007: 255) is of the opinion that global digital media has been instrumental in augmenting internationalization. This process has been carrying on for quite some time and international or global media has created a global platform for the masses who nowadays share common values and beliefs to a great extent. Authors like Baym (2007: 347) take the point further when they talk about the social networking websites – ones that have changed the world for good and obviously the way we communicate with the rest of the world. Social networking websites act as a very popular medium in today’s world and that they conjoin multicultural aspects across the continents is known to all and sundry. But what is more important is that these websites like Facebook or Orkut are bridging the gap between the cultural diversities and creating a multicultural society – one that relies heavily on Americanization. Also, there are hundreds of satellite channels operating in all countries and most of these channels can be accessed from other parts of the world as well. Moreover, these channels are also reason enough for the internationalization of media and its being transnational. Eric (2005: 572) in his seminal text reveals the impact of global media on lifestyles throughout the world. Especially the web media has changed the way we lead our lives. More than any other media, the web media is all the rage and it has patronized multicultural interaction at a hitherto unseen rate and that too on a global level. Americanization The discourse on global media and its effects on society would not be complete until we discuss the impact of Americanization on the media and society at large. Of course there are various reasons for such a huge impact of Americanization on society and the media. 80% of the US citizens are computer literate and operate computers on a regular basis Huizinga (2006: 37). Moreover, the global hub of computers is undoubtedly the US. And so is the internet. Since both the computer and the internet stems from the US and have flourished in that country, the effects of Americanization on the computer and anything related to the internet is verily evident. As noted by Baym (2007: 349), the impact of America is immense since the massive usage of integrated global media has been momentous in the way world’s previously diverse knowledge has been incorporated into a common form of acquaintance. Particularly, the American culture has become widespread largely, since there have been a cohesiveness in communication among the people. As mentioned earlier, that the latest media is trying to create a single lingua franca throughout the world – a language that is spoken or atleast understood by majority of the web media users. This common medium of communication happens to be English – the language used by Americans. The reason for this is obvious – most of the companies that are known to be successful in the web business hail from America and therefore keen on the usage of English. Conclusion Global Media and its subsequent proliferation as well as its impact on the social fabric of the world are not only inevitable but also desirable. It has helped the world integrate on a common platform and has been instrumental in reducing the problems associated with such integration. Furthermore, what was found that the most potent form of media in today’s world is indubitably the web media. The web media has actually crossed borders and created a platform wherein all other digital and media converge, to the extent that our social lives converge – irrespective of our nationality, culture, creed, values and needs as well as aspirations. In this context the impact of Americanization cannot be ignored and requires proper and individual attention. As mentioned earlier, most of these companies that have thriving businesses either on the media or on the web are from America. Naturally, the inclination to Americanize not only the websites but the entire experience is obvious. Nonetheless, we are on the verge of cultural integration via the global media in general and the web media in particular. One cannot ignore the fact that America is one of the foremost and most formidable economies to reckon with. The influence they can wield on trade and commerce is immense and like no other. So the impact of Americanization on media is but obvious. However, the way in which various authors have interpreted the flourishing of global media is different and this is of paramount importance. The reason is that these differences in perception or reason can be taken for as varying points of views that accumulate to form the entire experience or set of causes and effects that is known as global media or to be more specific – Americanized global media in today’s world. References * Baym, N. 2007. The New Shape of Online Community: The Role of the Media in Cultural Transformation . Social Integration Review , 12(3): pp. 341-359. * Boyd-Barrett, O. 2006. “Chapter Four: Cyberspace, Globalization and US Empire” in, J. Libbey. Communications Media, Globalization and Empire, (pp 53-79). Eastleigh, Indiana University Press. UK. * Campbell, N., & Kean, A. 1997. American Cultural Studies: An Introduction to American Culture . Routledge. Oxon. p. 65. * Couldry, N. 2007. New Media for Global Citizens? The Future of the Digital Divide Debate. Journal of World Affairs ; 14(1): 249-261 * Dawidowicz, P. 2010. Literature Review Made Easy – A Quick Guide to Success . Information Age Publishing Inc. America, p. 2. * Eric, G. 2005. Revolutionizing the Society through the Media. Journal of Information Systems, 35(1): 672-684. * Hafez, K. 2006. “Film and Programme Imports – Entertainment Culture as the Core of Media Globalization”, in The Myth of Media Globalization (p 57-89) . Polity Press. Cambridge. * Huizinga, J. 2006. The Role of ICT in Culture Transformation . Routledge Publishers. London. pp. 34-52. * Lester, B. 2002. Building a Sustainable Society: The Digital Divide. Norton & Company. New York. pp. 123-141. * Levitt, T. 1983. Globalisation of Markets. Harvard Business Review, May/June, p. 92-102. * Marjorie, F. 1992. The Mythology about Globalization. European Journal of Communication, 7: 69 – 71. * Ohmae, K. 1989. Managing a Borderless World. Harvard Business Review, 53, May/June, p. 152-162. * Storey, J. 2000. Cultural Studies: The Politics of an Academic Practice; an Academic Practice as Politics. The Future of Cultural Studies . Leuven University Press. Leuven. p. 142.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The United States economy for 2009 and 2010 report is a comprehensive analysis of the state of the American economy during that time period. It covers areas such as economic growth, unemployment, trade imbalances, tax responsibilities and policy changes. The report concludes that the United States economy for 2009 and 2010 was in a state of recovery, thanks to the economic rescue strategies and measures adopted by the government of the U. S. A.

The United States economy for 2009 and 2010 report is a comprehensive analysis of the state of the American economy during that time period. It covers areas such as economic growth, unemployment, trade imbalances, tax responsibilities and policy changes. The report concludes that the United States economy for 2009 and 2010 was in a state of recovery, thanks to the economic rescue strategies and measures adopted by the government of the U. S. A.

America’s Economy for 2009 and 2010 Report Introduction The world’s economy, and indeed that of United States of America, underwent one of its worst performances in recent times. This recession period started in December 2007. Economists christened it as the great economic downturn or simply the Great Recession (National Bureau of Economic Research). America, being the biggest economy in the world, felt the biggest effects and aftershocks of the same. Various aspects of the economy were greatly affected. In fact, some economists believed that the phenomenon actually originated from the United States of America. As a result, there was need for the government and the U. S. Federal Reserve to come up with measures to cushion these effects as well as set up mechanisms to restore the economy to its normal stature. These measures’ aim is to protect the same economy from risks of similar nature in future. For the years 2009 and 2010, the measures put in place by these two institutions have had an effect of some sort on the general economy. This is given the fact that the adopted policies and rescue plans averted what could have been an economic disaster for the U. S. A. (Warwick, 2009). State of the Economy by 2009 President Barack Obama’s administration inherited an ailing economy that had bulged to the pressures of uncertainty and instability. This, slowly but significantly, formed cracks in such cores areas as the credit market and the stock exchange markets. The issues that came along with it- such as unemployment, trade imbalances, tax responsibilities and policy changes posed an immediate challenge to this new administration (Warwick, 2009). Economic Growth The Great recession had adverse effects on the general economic growth in the United States of America since it began manifesting the magnitude of its prevalence as early as 2008. Before this period, both the nominal and the real GDP of America enjoyed a steady growth over the years, with its per capita income also showing favorable trends that emphasized the country’s established stature as the leading economy in the world. For the first time in many years, the country experienced negative growth figures in real GDP between 2008 all through to 2009. The third quarter of that year was particularly poor, with figures of real GDP falling to as low as -3.0%. However, this trend began changing in the fourth quarter of the year, and the growth rate of the nominal and real GDP as well as the per capita income began to take a positive direction. This was in response to the intensive economic rescue strategies and measures adopted by the government of the U. S. A aimed at stimulating the economy (Warwick, 2009). This carefully crafted package by the Obama administration aimed at restoration of the country’s economic lifeline in such a way that the benefits accrue both in the short run and in the end. Among the areas, it covered were tax reliefs and provisions for special benefits for special categories of the citizens. Its effectiveness saw the restoration of investor confidence, ultimately boosting prospects of economic growth all rounded, including creation of employment, which had proven the most significant cause for concern by the American public (Warwick, 2009). Unemployment The rate of unemployment in the U. S. A. has been relatively low prior to the disastrous period of the economic recession, succumbing to a 26-year-old low record of 10.1 in October 2009 (Bureau of Labor Statistics). This is because the unfolding difficult financial positions that companies in the various industries in the economy found themselves in did not only threaten their existence, but also prompted them to adopt measures to ensure their survival. A common step taken by a majority of these companies was cutting down the size of their staff, thus leading to the rise in the number of people with necessary labor requirements and skills but without jobs. Moreover, the rate of absorption of people looking for jobs and did not have those jobs in the first place fell significantly for the various sectors of the economy. The government sought to address this problem by creating jobs mainly in the private sector and partly in public institution, while at the same time enable those that had lost their jobs regain their employment status. Investment in business supporting ventures as well as such sectors as public health provided a platform for attainment of this objective. Capacity building and improvement of government service delivery in the same over the past two years has been aggressive in a bid to address this challenge (Woods, 2009). The rate of unemployment was on the rise in 2009 as the economy still bowed to the difficult conditions that prevailed then. The measures that the government put in place did not have an instantaneous effect due to the reflexive nature of the prevailing circumstances, which despite having short-term objectives is not realizable within such a short time. The high rates that included the record high rate as at October that year was but a reflection of the extent of the damage the recession had on the country’s economy. This trend continued through to 2010, although there was a slight decrease for this particular year. By December that year, this rate had fallen to 9.4%. This decrease in the unemployment rate, however small, is attributable to the stimulation package adopted by the government. Over six hundred thousand jobs were saved by the beginning of November 2009 (Lightman, 2009). International Trade and Balance of Trade Over the years, America has had to do with deficits in its balance of trade with respect to foreign trade, despite the dollar holding its ground as the worlds’ leading currency and the most widely acceptable measure of trade among many countries. As a major industrial economy of the world, America exports significant volumes of its output to various countries all over the world. However, the country is also one of the biggest importers especially of raw materials and other consumables such as petroleum. The recession period saw a momentary decrease of imports that was followed by a gradual increase of the same, with 2009 recording imports worth about 180,000 million dollars. Import figures continued through 2010 and beyond (Lightman, 2009). Similarly, exports experienced a slight slump, especially in 2009, particularly due to the damaged purchasing power of other economies as well. The financial crunches’’ chocking effect on major economy players that form the bulk of exporters in the U. S also caused this decrease because it hampered their production capacities. The willingness and ability of potential and existing markets was also greatly compromised, further denting the prospects of having larger volumes in terms of exports. Although this trend gradually responded to the measures put in place to counter the recession by eventually increasing in export volumes, the balance of trade for the country still remain in the negative. The effect of the government’s intervention for the period further increased the deficit levels for the country, with 2010 posing figures of -50130.0 Million dollars (Wessel, 2010). Inflation The general rise in price of commodities within the United States in 2009 and 2010 does not show a different trend from the previous years, where it can be observed that there is a fluctuating pattern. 2009 for example saw inflation rate fall from 4.1% the previous year to an all time low average of 0.1%. This can be attributed to the economy’s immediate response to the crisis that was the recession and efforts by the relevant authority to respond to the same vigorously and with particular attention. The following year sees the level of inflation rate rise to 2.1% as the economy tries to pull itself out of its misery due to the level of attention it receives from the government and the Federal Reserve. Inflation is thus contained to its acceptable range for the two years after having spun beyond those limits (Isidore, 2008). Macro Economic Policies Applied The government of the United States of America in conjunction with the Federal Reserve Bank played a pivotal role to ensure that the crumbling economy of the country and as thus of the world was given a lifeline. This was done through the adoption of crucial policies and measures that were specially designed to avert the whole situation (Wessel, 2010). Expansionary Policies The policies that were put I place by the government were centered on supporting the citizens, who are the drivers of the economy, to play an active role in the realization of a sound economy not only for their own welfare but also to secure the economic security of the future generation. Expansionary policies as they are economically referred to aim at encouraging economic growth by increasing the money supply within the economy. The 787.2 billion dollars Economic Stimulant Package of 2009 was mainly of this nature, and the policies that were put to force under this category include: Fiscal Policies This policy deals with control of taxes such that there is encouraged investment and increased purchasing power of the people that are the work force in an economy. The Economic Stimulus package as adopted by the U. S provided for significant tax cuts on investment ventures. To be specific, tax cuts were allotted up to 288 billion dollars. This was to encourage the creation of employment opportunities in the private sector. The lower taxes so imposed would serve as an incentive. More investment in such areas as business would see the absorption of the unemployed, leading to higher output in production- thus increased GDP as well as higher per capita income distribution within the country (Cohan, 2009). Furthermore, lower taxes on the citizens is also an incentive on its own, since it ensures that the workers in that particular economy get to remain more of their salaries and wages. This makes even more people without jobs to engage in meaningful efforts to secure employment of whatever nature. A greater workforce that is actually in employment with more spendable income translates to an empowered economy since the purchasing and investment power of these people is greatly enhanced (Trading Economics, 2010). Monetary policies The Federal Reserve was also involved in expansionary measures as it sought to boost the supply of the dollar in the economy to check the wary effects of the recession. This came in the form of financing of the major financial institutions that were massively hit by the waves and after shocks of the difficult financial conditions. Moreover, the monetary policies so employed also served to prop the institution’s course to increase money supply, thus spurning further economic growth (Wessel, 2010). Controlling the interest rates in the economy for instance was vital to the resuscitation of the economy. By lowering the rates at which it lent money to banks during the recess period, the Reserve bank ensured that the cost of money in the economy was reasonable enough to encourage acquisition of the money by elements of the economy. This would have the effect of increased investments in the end since all factors around investment would be favoring the investors- when considering the stimulus package is all about bringing out the best economic situation for the people. The use of monetary supply tools such as availing lucrative open market operatives in the form of bumper short term, mid term and long term federal bonds and securities further cushioned the money supply in the economy. This contributed immensely towards ensuring that money is made available in as much quantity as possible to ensure that economic activities receive all the support they require as the recovery process takes shape (Borok et al. 2008). Supply Policies These policies go hand in hand with the demand policies since one is nondependent of the other. They mainly focus on further enhancing the supply of money within the economy in the quest to avoid deficiency, and ensure that the growth of the mainstream economic aspects of the system is not compromised. As earlier noted, decreased taxes is an incentive that have a long-term positive effect on the economy. Such is an example of supply policies as well. Increased government expenditure is also another of these policies, and is widely effective since it entails infrastructural development and improvement besides creating employment opportunities in the public sector (Read, 2009). Conclusion The past two years have seen the economy of the U.S struggle to shake off the effects of the great recession that engulfed the world’s economy since the close of 2007. The government and the Federal Reserve took necessary steps to counter the effects of this economic down turn by implementing the policies in such a way that their success was imminent. The response of the economy to the stimulus package that was pivotal to the realization of recovery has been promising, and there can only be optimism for success in the end, of the return to world economic leadership status as projected by the architects of the plans (Wessel, 2010). Reference List Borok, K. et al. (2008) Pattern of Macroeconomic Indicators Preceding the End of an American Economic Recession. Journal of Pattern Recognition Research , 3.1:1-50. Cohan, W. (2009) House of Cards: A Tale of Hubris and Wretched Excess on Wall Street . New York: Doubleday. Isidore, C. (2008) It’s official: Recession since Dec ’07 . CNN Money. Web. Lightman, D. (2009 ) Congressional Budget Office Compares Downturn to Great Depression . Washington: McClatchy Washington Bureau. Read, C. (2009) Global Financial Meltdown: How we can avoid the next Economic Crisis . New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Trading Economics. (2010) Indicators for United States . Trading Economics. Web. Warwick, N. (2009) In Government We Trust: Market Failure and the Delusions of Privatization . Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. Wessel, D. (2010) Did ‘Great Recession’ Live Up to the Name? The Wall Street Journal . Web. Woods, E. (2009) Meltdown: A Free-Market Look at Why the Stock Market Collapsed, the Economy Tanked, and Government Bailouts Will Make Things Worse / Washington DC: Regnery Publishing.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: This paper is based on the previous studies and seeks to determine which criteria (if any) are the most appropriate in the management of amnesia to enhance long-term memory. It attempts to find out if the subjects of amnesia can be made to acquire new semantic information after and attack.

This paper is based on the previous studies and seeks to determine which criteria (if any) are the most appropriate in the management of amnesia to enhance long-term memory. It attempts to find out if the subjects of amnesia can be made to acquire new semantic information after and attack.

Amnesia and Long-Term Memory Research Paper Introduction Amnesia is a mental condition that is characterized by loss of memory. The affected individuals may not have a good memory of an event that occurred in a short period prior to the reference time. Amnesia manifests itself differently and the kind of information that is lost by individuals may differ as well. The memory is disturbed and a piece of information that had been acquired may be blurred or appear completely. In other cases, amnesiacs may only recall new events or newly acquired information and lose the information that had been in the memory for a long time. In some scenarios, an individual loses memory for a particular event. In other cases, the individual is able to have a good memory of given information but cannot recall its roots. An amnesiac may recall tragic event like road accident that occurred in his or her life. However, he/she may not be able to recall the events that occurred just before and after the scene. Other individuals may have good memory of skills learned in school while they are not able to develop a cognitive ability for their personal identities. Several factors can cause amnesia and more studies carried out psychology pertaining to amnesia reveal causal factors. There are individuals who experienced such problems since their childhood. The condition could be acquired at a later stage in life following the causal factors. The condition could result from drug use, mental disorder, stress, and depression following a traumatic experience, or physical damage to the brain following an accident or shock. Abuse of drugs such as excessive use of alcohol may interfere with an individual’s cognitive ability. Drug effects could also be witnessed in the situation where a patient is induced with a drug before an operation. Wrong use of such drugs may pose problems to the patient’s memory. A traumatic experience like a tragic car accident may interfere with the victim’s memory of the events that occurred before or after the accident. These factors interfere with the function of hippocampus, the section of the human brain that is responsible for the development of memory, storing and organizing information. Information could be present in one’s memory but cannot be accessed. The inability to recall an event may occur just because the information is not organized in the memory area for proper retrieval. Lack of proper long-term memory is a hindrance to the learning process and acquisition of new skills. It also impedes the individual’s personal development. An area of interest is thus a mechanism that is to be used to manage this condition. The research question This paper is based on the previous studies and seeks to determine which criteria (if any) are the most appropriate in the management of amnesia to enhance long-term memory. It attempts to find out if the subjects of amnesia can be made to acquire new semantic information after and attack. A brief look at the types of amnesia, their causes and how they are manifested in different individuals provide a basis for the studies that have been carried out to investigate the appropriate remedy. Types of Amnesia Amnesia can be categorized according to their nature and effects or according to their causes. Based on the nature, amnesia can be categorized as anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia. In anterograde amnesia, an individual experiences loss of short-term memory. He or she is not able to retain new information or event in the memory and transfer it into permanent temporary. The information that was received after the attack cannot be retained for long in the memory. The attack results into disorder in the functioning of the brain that bars the transfer of information from the short-term memory to long-term memory. In retrograde amnesia, an individual is not able to recall the events that occurred before the attack. Both the types of amnesia can occur in an individual. Based on the causal mechanism, there are different types of amnesia. These include hysterical posttraumatic amnesia, transient global amnesia, dissociative amnesia, childhood amnesia, among many others. Posttraumatic amnesia follow a traumatic event and could be anterograde or retrograde (Cantu, 2001, para.12). Transient global amnesia occurs spontaneously with irregular causes. Causes of Amnesia The occurrence of this condition may follow several factors. Some of the factors are mental disorder and posttraumatic stress. The condition could result from organic factors like trauma, a disease, or an effective drug that damage to the brain (Sharma, 2011, para.2-7). Amnesia could also follow psychological factors resulting from the traumatic experience. Some forms of amnesia are witnessed from the childhood of an individual and could be attributed to the gene factors of the parents. Other types of amnesia occur spontaneously like the transient global amnesia. It could be an effect of a defense mechanism following a traumatic experience. Effects of Amnesia Amnesia has a number of effects on the victims. Some of these effects may be seen shortly after the attack whereas the others may take longer to be seen. One of the common effects is the inability the affected individual to see into the future. The individual cannot recall past events and thus cannot have an imagination of what the future events might be like. The damage that is caused to the hippocampus in the brain does not allow the victim to recollect the past in order to picture the future. Besides, the condition usually results in a psychological problem in the end. Management of amnesia Various studies have been carried out to determine the most appropriate mechanism to manage amnesia and the fate of these victims after the attack. What emerges from the studies is that the management of the condition will highly depend on the cause and subsequently the type of amnesia identified. As has been stated, some forms of amnesia are short-lived and may only occur once in a lifetime. Such conditions may improve even without an intervention. Others would prevail for a longer period and require some form of therapeutic intervention or medication. Change of an individual’s lifestyle following a directive by an occupational therapist may provide a good remedy for some forms of amnesia. The management of transient global amnesia may not be the same as that of dissociative amnesia. An effective method that has been observed for the management of most types of amnesia is through psychotherapy. Dissociative amnesia could be managed through this method. It is necessary that the clinician be very comfortable with the different types of psychological interventions to be used such as behavioral therapy, hypnotherapy, cognitive therapy or psychopharmacological management (Sharma, 2011, para.14). There have been false perceptions that psychotherapy could lead to the cases of corroboration of memories. In their study of amnesia, corroboration and dissociation in relation to childhood abuse, Chu et al (1999) found out that recovery of false memory was very common in the victims of child abuse that were not under therapy. The study followed arguments that the therapeutic services provided by the clinicians contributed largely to the development of false memory, especially in the victims of child abuse (Chu et al, 1999, p.749). The study involved an examination of dissociative symptoms and details of child abuse among the participants. Indicators of amnesia following a traumatic experience were also sought from the participants. Different aspects of the victim’s recovered memory were also examined. The results that were obtained from the study suggested that psychotherapy treatments are not behind the development of pseudomemories after an attack (Chu et al, 1999, p.754). Tsai (2011) provides a brief report of an individual who suffered amnesia and is not able to recover from the situation. Despite the medical intervention that the patient has undergone for over seven months, Dr Theresa Wang is still not able to forget the horrible car accident in which he sustained severe injuries (Tsai, 2011, para.3). She has obtained various forms of medical treatments and therapy all to no good. As such, the medical practitioner has set given up her job to go and relax with the family members. The necessity of psychotherapy is evidenced in this case. The healing process should also not focus on the cause of the accident as was maintained by the husband of the doctor. In this scenario, a psychological intervention (through group therapy) may do better than the medical approach in management of amnesia. Effective management of the amnesia also consists in the identification of the condition. The different types of amnesia like TGA should not be confused with other medical conditions like cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and subarachnoid hemorrhage. In a case study, Harrison and Williams (2007) provided an insight on the proper management of transient global amnesia (TGA). It requires a proper identification of the signs and symptoms that are associated with the condition. Transient global amnesia is characterized by a temporary loss of anterograde memory (Harrison & Williams, 2007). The affected victims are not able to recall the events that have occurred in the immediate past. The condition may or may not last for long. TGA is believed to have relation with epilepsy, transient ischaemic attacks (TIA), and intracranial venous stasis (Harrison & Williams, 2007). A criterion had been developed by Hodges and Warlow in 1990 to manage the situation. In the case study, the duo illustrates how a wrong diagnosis was given to a woman who suffered transient global ischaemia and how their intervention to give the proper diagnosis helped the woman recover. The woman was performing a chore that was tiresome when she froze all over sudden. Afterwards, she lost her memory and could not recall the events that occurred in the last two hours. She could retain some information for only a few minutes before it disappeared (Harrison & Williams, 2007). She was later diagnosed with TIA and given the proper medication. However, her condition did not improve prompting her husband to seek help elsewhere. The criteria developed by Hodge and Warlow require that before a diagnosis with TGA, the patient must have shown signs of anterograde amnesia when she was attacked. It also required that the condition be resolved within one day (Harrison & Williams, 2007, para.11). The patient is required to have no history of active epilepsy or head injuries before the attack. There should be witnesses of the attack and an evidence of the attack being reported when it occurred before a TGA diagnosis (Harrison & Williams, 2007, para.11). All these conditions need to be met by a patient before he or she can be diagnosed with TGA. Harrison and Williams (2007) also pointed out that since transient global amnesia is less likely to reoccur, providing psychological support to the amnesiac and the affected/related individuals like family and friends play big role in resolving the condition (Harrison & Williams, 2007). It involves meeting the psychological needs of the patients and his or her relatives to avoid memory of the unfriendly event that led to such a condition. Recent developments also show that an examination of the human pupil during the learning process could also be used to identify if an individual has a memory loss. Researchers at the University of Sussex observed the changes in the size of the human pupil when the individuals were subjected to recognition memory instructions (Anonymous, 2001, para.2). The researchers concluded that the size of the pupil had a strong association with the recognition of new or old items. Other methods could include the use of La Trobe Communication questionnaire for adolescents with difficulties in communication following a brain damage (Douglas, 2010, p.171). Some researches and theoretical perspectives held out that subjects of amnesia are not able to learn and acquire new semantic information after an attack by even a very mild amnesia. However, a study by Tulving, Hayman, and MacDonald (1991) showed that this is not always the case. In their study, they found out that under special conditions and extensive training, an amnesiac is able to acquire purely semantic information (Tulving, Hayman & MacDonald, 1991, p.597). The research revealed that the condition under which an amnesiac is trained greatly affects their ability learn and acquire information. Conclusion Amnesia is seen to take different dimensions following different causal factors. The signs and symptoms that indicate the mental condition may also differ depending on the cause of the disease. Some types of amnesia occur in a short period and the victim is able to resolve the situation after a short period without an intervention. Other forms would require and intervention by a psychotherapist and later by an occupational therapist. The poor perceptions by certain researchers that psychotherapy contributes to development of pseudomemories have been invalidated by recent researches. The proper management of the different types needs a proper identification signs and symptoms associated with the condition. Care needs to be taken so that this condition is not confused with other problems associated with the central nervous system. This will ensure that a proper diagnosis is provided to the amnesiacs. The management of the amnesia also requires psychological intervention. After a diagnosis with amnesia, the affected victims should be subjected to psychotherapy. A psychological and occupational therapist will help the patient and the patient’s relatives to recover from the situation by avoiding the memory of the past episodes. References Anonymous. (2011). Cognition; Researchers at University of Sussex Publish New Data on Cognition. Health and Medicine week. Web. Cantu, R. (2001). Posttraumatic Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia: Pathophysiology and Implications in Grading and Safe Return to Play . J Athl Train. 36(3): 244–248. Web. Chu, A. et al. Memories of Childhood Abuse: Dissociation, Amnesia, and Corroboration . Am J Psychiatry 156(5); 749-755. Web. Douglas, J. (2010). Using the La Trobe Communication Questionnaire to Measure Perceived Social Communication Ability in Adolescents With Traumatic Brain Injury. Brain Impairment 11(2); 171-182. Web. Harrison, M. and Williams, M. (2007). The diagnosis and management of transient global amnesia in the emergency department . Emerg Med J, 24(6):444-445 . Web. Sharma, A. (2011). Amnesia . Hpathy Ezine. Web. Tulving, E., Hayman, G. and MacDonald, C. (1991). Long-lasting perceptual priming and semantic learning in Amnesia : A case experiment Journal of experimental psychology 17(4); 595-617. Web. Tsai, M. (2011). Crash victim, husband ready to rest after a long recovery Tribune Business News Washington. Web.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The economic analysis of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Company research paper examines the macroeconomic environment of the company in order to understand the financial and accounting implications of the business. The study provides a critical analysis and application of economic approaches and accounting structures to present critical microeconomic facts and other issues regarding the organization.

The economic analysis of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Company research paper examines the macroeconomic environment of the company in order to understand the financial and accounting implications of the business. The study provides a critical analysis and application of economic approaches and accounting structures to present critical microeconomic facts and other issues regarding the organization.

An economic analysis of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Company Research Paper Abstract Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Company operates in retailing and wholesaling of packaged sweets and doughnuts. The company owns shares and certain franchises called the Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Stores. The franchises engage in massive production and sale of food and drinks. The business operates 530 stores across the world. It does business in the United States of America, United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico and Indonesia among other states (Peach Report 2009). The headquarters of the organization features in Wiston-Salen in North Carolina, in the US (Krispy, 2010). This paper analyses the macroeconomic environment of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts in order to understand the financial and accounting implications of the business. The study provides a critical analysis and application of economic approaches and accounting structures to present critical microeconomic facts and other issues regarding the organization (Mastrull, 2010). What the firm does Krispy Kreme Doughnuts started operating in July 13, 1937 in Winston-Salem, in North Carolina (Mastrull, 2010). The founder of the company was Vernon Rudolph. The organization trades in more than 20 categories of doughnuts. The business also integrates the former business label of Hot Original Glazed and 9 additional categories. Every store of the business contains a doughnut industry with the capacity to manufacture about 5,000 to over 11,000 dozens of doughnuts on a daily basis. The company makes and sells baked products and memorabilia. It deals with items like hats and sweatshirts. In 2006, the business had about 276 stores in the world. These units featured in 37 states in the United States, Australia and Canada. The company registers profits by engaging in unique methods of direct distribution of commodities. The success of the company in the industry can be attributed to its sound advertisement strategies. The business achieves this aspect through effective marketing and economic decisions that arise from appropriate external analyses and understanding of the business environment (McGuigan, 2010). An assessment of the fast food sector in the United States reveals that Krispy Kreme Doughnuts has been one of the leading businesses in the sector since the year 1970. However, this paper observes that there has been intense competition in the sector of fast food industries with the emergence of other leading chains across America and the vast European market. The sector is almost becoming “saturated” with the increase in fast food restaurants. The Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Company has been operating in the market for over 70 years. During this time, it has expanded to become a global brand in the fast food industry. This aspect relates to several crucial transformations that the organization has initiated since the mid 1990s and early 2000s. The business has encountered challenges along its course including questionable accounting records and overexpansion. However, the business has a new management in place that has begun rebuilding the image of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts into a reputable business. Impact of supply and demand in recent years Supply and demand factors have led to continuous shifting of the company’s revenue streams. This aspect is because changes in the supply and demand affect the overall sales of the business. Recently, the overall expenses incurred by organizations during the opening of new outfits surpassed the minimal collections from low performing stores. The company engaged in the process of closure of its branches and deferred its expansion plans to new markets. The company’s finances have undergone intensive scrutiny. The company registered net profits of $463 million in 2006 which was a reduction of 16.8% from the previous fiscal period. The organization incurred losses of $42 million. This amount was less than that of $136 million loss in 2005. Various components dictate the forces of demand and supply. These constituents include costs of commodities, purchasing power of clients, numerical strength of consumers, processing liabilities, number of retailers, technological expenses and tastes and preferences of buyers. These demand and supply components may be responsible for changes in the Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Company (Thomas, 2010). Graph: Recent changes in costs and revenues of the Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Company Price elasticity of demand for the products Price elasticity of demand can be defined as a measure of the degree in which the quantity of demand of good changes with alteration in the price of a commodity. An assessment of the price elasticity of demand relates to the comparison between the modification in the price of the commodity and the corresponding adjustment in the quantity of the required good. In case Krispy Kreme increased the price of sweets or beverages, it would prompt a decrease in the demand of its commodities. However, other factors may adjust the supply and demand scenario. For example, if the company increased its price, the competitors would take a decision to decrease their prices to attract clients and make more sales than Krispy Kreme. This fact would provide the competitors with a competitive edge over Krispy Kreme in the market. This report asserts the fact that when prices increase, the need for goods may decrease along the demand curve. The modification would justify the variation of costs and quantity in contradicting graphical frameworks. The Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Company has an elastic demand. Certain clients may be addicted to the company’s beverages or sweets. However, the products may be more of luxuries than necessities. The demand for Krispy Kreme’s doughnuts may reduce if its prices rise. This notion relates to the mass market competitors in the fast food industry that provide similar or substitute products at corresponding cheap prices. Examples of business rivals of the Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Company include McDonalds, Starbucks Coffee and Dunkin’s Donuts (Rusch, 2011). The financial crisis in the United States and across the globe has led to a significant decline in the income of consumers. The decreasing purchasing power of customers may have a negative effect in the quest for commodities. This concept may cause a shift in the demand curve. The Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Company’s products relate to the aspects of price and quality. Consumers may compare their needs and wants. Needs must be met by the clients and can hence be categorized under inelastic demands. Needs must be fulfilled regardless of price variations of commodities. Necessities may be classified under elastic demands because they can be likened to luxuries. The products of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Company have an elastic demand (Peach Report, 2009). Costs of production for the firm This assessment presents different costs that the Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Company incurs in its production process. The costs include the expenditures of inputs. These aspects may be the levies required for the inputs that create the commodities. The other fees comprise of the cost of advertising, labour, delivery, staff compensation, transport and machinery and store operating charges. The charges feature in the table below: Primary competitive advantages Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Company is capable of organizing its strategy and enforcement of its brand prospects. This concept may be a crucial competitive advantage. The company can link its priorities to its business strategy. The plan may involve value addition of its products. Krispy Kreme Doughnuts has a strong brand that can act as a basis for developing mechanisms for enhancing appreciation and protection of its market brand. The company may penetrate other areas where it is not performing well. It can offer salient channels of promoting sales through networking and online interactions. The organization’s popular name is a veritable strength that distinguishes it from other competing firms. Krispy Kreme Doughnuts is one of the “household names” in the fast food industry. Most people can easily recognize a Krispy Kreme doughnut. The clients may easily remember the company’s products because it is easy to pronounce its brand name. The business has an efficient way of manufacturing its products in mass quantities. This fact enables the company to benefit from the economies of scale. For instance, Krispy Kreme’s technology can manufacture about 280 dozen doughnuts in an hour. In addition, the doughnuts are usually uniform and in large quantities. A “glazed” Krispy Kreme doughnut bought in San Francisco can be equated to another purchased in Rocky Mount, North Carolina (Michelman, 2007). This report supports the view that it is easy for clients to recognize a product from the Krispy Kreme Doughnut Company globally. The business also develops a positive attitude towards clients. This view provides the company with a suitable reputation from its customers. The staff of the organization work hard to develop a competitive client service by according clients deserved respect. This competitive advantage differentiates the company from its business rivals (Michelman, 2007). The organization has a rich experience in the fast food industry due to its market dominance over time. In addition, the Krispy Kreme Doughnut Company combines this experience with relevant marketing methods that capture the attention of customers. The company engages in the oral word advertising strategy before embarking on other interventions like use of memorabilia to attract clients. The other essential competitive edge for the business involves upgrading its extranet services to a standardized browser interface. The organization may utilize resources necessary for users in its structures while at the same time safeguarding crucial data from its competitors. This strategy is significant for the transformation of the business. The company may transmit crucial data to its clients and workers in a speedy manner. The design also allows the company to operate effectively and remain above its rivals in the sector. It averts expenses related to technology possession for the business. The firm can send emails to clients on a regular basis, transmit newsletters and interact with its customers. This scheme eliminates the extra costs of printing and distribution of the information. Barriers for firms in the industry This paper confirms the view of McGuigan (2010) that it is difficult to create and sustain a new business brand in the restaurant sector. However, the hindrances associated with the food industry for companies can be overcome. Thomas (2010) suggests few hindrances for investments in the sector for organizations. Michelman (2007) notes that it may be easy to start a small scale restaurant designed to capture local markets. Several small scale restaurants may be able sustain themselves in the market due to few hindrances related to entry into the market. The organizations excel due to the high potential of accruing profits in the sector. The restaurants may refrain from conducting business due to the envisaged level of threats. They experience extensive competition within the restaurant industry. The firms also encounter high prospects of failure in the market. In addition, this paper observes impediments to the rate of investments in the food industry due to business rivalry and monopoly from established players. For instance, key business investors like Wendy’s and McDonald’s make huge sales at the expense of smaller investors. Companies like Burger King incorporate competitive market penetration mechanisms to promote their progress in the market. This report asserts that it is difficult to begin a new business in this sector due to the presence of powerful competitors. Certain organizations buy smaller companies to reinforce their market dominance and mitigate competition. This point may be an indicator of a vertical relationship among the business players. The Krispy Kreme Doughnut Company employs a commercial format authorization where the firm provides the structure for operating the business. Company’s product substitutes This study suggests diverse substitutes and complements for Krispy Kreme Doughnut Company’s products. Clients normally look for quality doughnuts at reasonable prices. These clients have similar consumer behaviours to those in other industries. They show high sensitivity to price variations and have low switching costs. The company’s substitute goods have a significant impact on the firm. The organization contends with the difficulty of a rise in the demand for its competitors’ products like bagels that become more popular than doughnuts. This fact is an upcoming trend that is diverting the demand of clients from doughnuts. Several companies engage in the sale and distribution of bagels. The businesses comprise of Einstein Brothers and Bruegger’s. Panera featured as the second-fastest developing restaurant chain in 2006. A number of its product offerings include sugary bagels and sweets. These products provide direct competition to doughnuts. In addition, the standard bagel has more calories than the doughnut. Panera’s products also have the most “calorie-laden” bagels in the fast food sector. These substitutes offer intense competition to the Krispy Kreme Company. Groceries may constitute additional substitute goods for the Krispy Kreme Company. The quality of food prepared for household consumption is still high in the market. This paper advances the fact that more than half of the expenses incurred by households relate to foodstuffs. Home food continues to become popular with a majority of clients. A rise in the cost of gasoline increases the sale of home food in restaurants and hence clients prefer buying it from the joints instead of preparing it at home. Alternatives can include unique types of bagels and baked food supplied to distribution units. These substitute products also threaten to diminish the revenue power of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Company. Branded bagels and other baked goods have more power in the food industry than doughnuts. The increase in the popularity of the bagels may be risky to the Krispy Kreme Company. Additional alternatives may constitute milk and types of juices. Company’s market share The Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Company operates within a diverse sector of fast food restaurants. The company operates in the quick service restaurant portion (QSR) (Kowalski, 2009). The business competes in two separate markets. The first comprises of the restaurant industry. Food, casual and complete services comprise of the three categories of market targets. The variations among the three classes of markets can be attributed to the value and environment. The firm’s limited menu and store “décor” indicates its position in the fast food industry. However, the quality of the doughnuts can be linked to the value of food. The food sector has performed competitively during the past year. This aspect is despite the presence of financial difficulties in the market. Key business rivals of the Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Company include Dunkin’ Donuts and Tim Hortons. Dunkin’ Donuts owns about 5600 branches across the world. The branches feature in 39 countries. Tim Hortons owns 337 stores in the United States. However, the company’s Canadian presence is more significant than in other regions. Tim Hortons owns close to 2,713 stores, more than even McDonald’s in Canada. Krispy Kreme’s business rivals may attain a competitive edge over the company in future because of their unique food products. Dunkin’ Donuts’ unique innovation of a coffee drink has boosted the organization’s market rating against its business rivals. Today, the business may be among the best in the sector for its doughnut products. The coffee division of fast food and casual restaurants is a significant one. About 17% of Krispy Kreme’s sales may be necessitated by the company’s beverages. This aspect may be relatively lower than the sector’s average. The Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Company trades in a unique coffee brand that gives the business a competitive edge over its market competitors. This aspect boosts the financial margins of coffee higher than the margins accrued on doughnuts (Krispy, 2010). Market structure The market structure that best describes the conditions of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Company is perfect competition. This concept is a market design that has several buyers and sellers of one product. This study observes several operators in the restaurant industry. These include, McDonalds, Starbucks, Costa Coffee, Café Nero, Greggs, Millies Cookies, and Café Ritazza. These companies are price takers because they do not sell their products above the prices of their competitors. The constituents of demand and supply dictate the cost in an equilibrium context. In addition, this paper affirms perfect knowledge about the market in this structure. Strategies for Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Company A number of the strategies that Krispy Kreme Doughnuts should adopt in the future may include expansion into unexplored markets like Japan. The company should consider opening new stores in Japan and densely populated regions like China. These countries may provide an appropriate new market to boost the sales of the company. The business should maintain its two thirds franchise ratio as it seeks expansion into new markets abroad. In addition, the organization should pursue a re-evaluation of domestic markets to identify the weak links. The emblem of the business must be conspicuous on the covers of doughnuts and the shops themselves. This aspect can improve the brand of the business. The organization should also improve its kiosks’ aesthetics. This concept can give the company a new look to attract prospective clients. The business should transform its menu to include healthy foods and operate in compliance with healthy standards. This notion may increase the consumer base by attracting people who consider to leading healthy lifestyles by consuming home food. In addition, the business should sustain links with the community and use modern advertising approaches. It must improve its communal obligations especially charitable initiatives. The enforcement of these strategies may oversee a positive transformation for Krispy Kreme Doughnuts in the food industry across the world. References Kowalski, R. (2009). Starbucks Wars: How McDonald’s and Starbucks Defined Their Industry. Web. Krispy, K.(2010). Annual Report . Web. Mastrull, P. (2010). Krispy Kreme back in Philly with new business recipe . Web. McGuigan, P.(2010). Krispy Kreme reveals plan . Web. Michelman, P. (2007). Is There a Hole in Krispy Kremeʼs Comeback Plan . Web. Peach Report .(2009). How Krispy Kreme brought doughnuts to the UK. Web. Rusch, R. (2011). Krispy Kreme on the rise. Web. Thomas, J. (2010). How one rival doughnut franchise is cashing in on Krispy Kreme closures. Web.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The perception of time and motion are changed in Farquhar's head. Farquhar sees that he has escaped the hanging and tries to reach his home. It seems that waiting several minutes for his death, the reality and his imagination play a trick with him and he appear at home. The desire to see a wife and a child is so strong that his dream seems to come true. But, the reality is inevitable.

The perception of time and motion are changed in Farquhar's head. Farquhar sees that he has escaped the hanging and tries to reach his home. It seems that waiting several minutes for his death, the reality and his imagination play a trick with him and he appear at home. The desire to see a wife and a child is so strong that his dream seems to come true. But, the reality is inevitable.

The Dream in Bierce’s “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” Essay The perception of time and motion are changed in Farquhar’s head. Farquhar sees that he has escaped the hanging and tries to reach his home. It seems that waiting several minutes for his death, the reality and his imagination play a trick with him and he appear at home. The desire to see a wife and a child is so strong that his dream seems to come true. But, the reality is inevitable. Farquhar agrees with the saying that “all is fair in love and war” (Bierce 5) in spite of the fact that he believes it to be a “villainous dictum” (Bierce 5). This phrase seems ironic as having disagreed with the claim he tries to agree with it. The same is with the job as he can do any and becoming a soldier, but only in heart. There are a lot of moments which give a slight guess that everything is a dream. For example, the opportunity to see the smallest details on a long distance, a chance to see the world as if wheeled slowly round. Moreover, the description seems to be abrupt. Being in one place, the main character appears in another one. The limited third-person point of view appropriate for this story as it helps the reader be unaware about the end. The reader is kept wondered up to the last page of the book. The whole twist ending effect could have been destroyed if the story had been told by the person who was aware of the irregular time sequence. The Secrets of the Living by Sarah Langan The Secrets of the Living by Sarah Langan is an additional story which has been chosen to read. The story takes place in Omaha, Nebraska, but is not the very idea of the plot. The actions in the story take place in Anna’s head, she remembers her life and some specifically important parts of it. The story under discussion mentions a number of character which seen to be main as they appear in Anna’s head not by chance. The whole story is based on Anna’s recollections from her life about her relations with Brendan, her husband Richard and daughter Carole, Dr. Sandstone, her mother and other people the life connected her with. The conflict of the story is laid in the fact that people have something to remember and regret, but at the same time the author asks a number of questions, the main of which is “Where was her life right now?” (Langan). but no answer is found as “too many unseen variables” (Langan) exist. I liked the story as it has made me to think about my life. Noor Jehan Noor Jehan is a singer, dancer and actress who knows what she means for many people and has an opportunity to show that she deserves attention. Having a lot of fans and admirers, it seems that Noor Jehan has always known what to do in this life. Some people say that she has arrogant nature, but it may be because she worked hard to achieve the position she occupies for now. So, it seems that she has an opportunity to be arrogant. Noor Jehan is not beautiful, but her voice is awesome. Having read her story, it seems that she has lived a good life, she has a husband, beautiful and talented children and she understands that all she has reached is her personal merit. Being accused for fight with Nighat Sultana, Noor stile feels the support of relatives and admirers. Works Cited Bierce, Ambrose. An occurrence at Owl Creek bridge . Charleston: Forgotten Books, 2008. Print. Langan, Sarah. The Secrets of the Living , 2003. Web.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The role of the modern manager is even more complex since he or she has to deal with the ever-changing work environment. The modern leader has to tackle the intricacy and the speed of change that is taking place in companies.

The role of the modern manager is even more complex since he or she has to deal with the ever-changing work environment. The modern leader has to tackle the intricacy and the speed of change that is taking place in companies.

An overview of the main skills required by the modern manager Essay In the current ever-changing society, appropriate management skills are inevitable for the success of any organization. Although not all managers of organizations carry out exactly the same functions, they are usually useful in planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the operations of the organizations to make sure that the organizations fulfill their objectives. According Harold Koontz and Heinz Weihrich, “management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together, in groups efficiently accomplish selected aims” (cited in Reddy, 2004, p.3.). Based on this definition, it implies that a manager is required to carry out managerial functions, meet the goals of the organization it is representing, and create a surplus through undertaking productive operations. However, the modern work environment has many challenges that a manager must be ready to surmount so as to be successful. Therefore, a modern manager is obliged to have a repertoire of beneficial skills. The role of the modern manager is even more complex since he or she has to deal with the ever-changing work environment. The modern leader has to tackle the intricacy and the speed of change that is taking place in companies. Ellis (2005, p.13) points out that managers of previous generations were not obliged to tackle the swiftness, intricacy, as well as the regularity of changes that the modern manager is forced to take care of. Because of this, today’s manager is required to have skills of constantly monitoring the performance of the employees so as to spot any changes that might have taken place and implement appropriate corrective actions (Bacal, 1999; Jones, 1999). It is important for a manager to carry out employee performance management because it defines the results that employees should strive to accomplish and, more so, without them, an organization can lose both time and money on operations that are insignificant for its success. Skills in employee performance management are particularly important in ensuring that the employees are assessed on a routine basis in order to assist them attain realistic objectives and thus meet the goals of an organization. Today’s manager is required to be able to monitor the workers performance in a mutually accepted ways by using policies and procedures that are clear (Armstrong and Baron, 2004). The various policies and procedures should be based on planning work and laying down expectations to be achieved, frequently monitoring performance, building the ability to perform, irregularly rating performance on a summary fashion, and providing incentives to acknowledge good performance. In addition, to tackle the speed of change that is taking place in companies, managers should ensure that meetings are held with employees on a regular basis, but not only when a problem has been spotted. In order to be successful, a modern manager is required to have essential skills in motivating the employees. When a manager is able to motivate his or her employees, they will get encouraged that the place of work forms their second home (Kehoe & Alston, 2007; Messmer, 2001). Therefore, they will feel that their input in the running of the organization is recognized and that no one is simply treating them as moneymaking machines. As a result, a motivated workforce will ensure that the goals of the organization are met (Bruce & Pepitone, 1999). To achieve this, a manager needs to understand the complex interplay of both internal and external factors that influence the behaviour of the employees at the place of work. After knowing these factors, a manager can tailor programs that address the specific needs of the workers since they are what determine their behaviours (Furnham, 2005). More over, it is important to note that the best way of motivating the employees is by example. When a manager of an organization is self-motivating, it becomes easy to pass this beneficial attribute to the employees (Banfield & Kay, 2008). A manager with skills in inspiring his followers can play a vital role in the success of an organization in today’s work environment. In any organization, effective communication forms the optimal ingredient for the day-to-day running of its activities ( Werner & DeSimone, 2009). That is why it is imperative for the modern manager to have adequate communication skills. Skills in verbal and non-verbal communication are crucial for the effectiveness of the role of a manager, especially currently when most places of work are composed on workers from different backgrounds. This cultural diversity at the place of work calls for all managers to learn new communication techniques of interacting with the employees. Effective intercultural communication leads to satisfying interpersonal relationships between the manager and his or her followers, strengthens friendship bonds, and enhances better understanding of the people at the place of work (Foong & Richardson, 2008). When a manager is unable to communicate effectively with his or her subordinates, dire consequences can be witnessed. It can lead to disagreements that can impair the productivity of the employees. In addition, flawed communication can make a profitable business opportunity to be missed and a good intention can be frustrated. Effective communication skills ensure that the employees are kept conversant with the activities taking place behind the scene and rendering a listening ear to their grievances. Adhering to this at the place of work spurs personal development because employees generally respond well to environments that take care of their emotions (Kandula, 2004). In a situation when an employee approaches a manager for guidance, support, or feedback, the manager should give his or her attention to the problem of the employee. It is vital that in such a situation, the communication process should take place in a clear, interesting manner. This will ensure that the manager handles the need of the employee without any misunderstanding his or her needs. The today’s manager is required to have adequate skills in decision-making since making the correct decisions enables an organization to attain its objectives easily. In the current work environment, challenges are inevitable and most of the time a manager is required to make quick decisions to address the arising issues (Savory & Butterfield, 1999; Wiig, 2004). In such a situation, a manager ought to have skills in logical and systematic decision-making in which he or she grasps the intricacy of the situation, think about how to tackle the issue, and thoughtfully assesses the impact of the course of action to be taken. In addition, a problem-solving approach is regarded as one of the essential skills in management decision making since to succeed in analyzing a particular situation, one need to reason each outcome and establish the pros and cons of the course of action to be taken. To succeed in doing this, a manager is required to be quick thinker who can make correct decisions without panic (Werhane, 1999). And even if the decision made is wrong, a manager should be ready to accept the wrong decisions made and find appropriate ways of dealing with them. Another important management skill for a modern manager is the ability to carry out and evaluate research findings. It is of essence to note that constant evaluation and research is significant to ensure that an organization maintains a cutting edge in business. In as much as managing the present in order to make sure that there is excellence in output is vital, a proactive manager should have the ability of looking into the future by conducting and evaluating research findings about the progress of the business. In addition, having research skills will also improve the credibility of a leader since he or she will be able to back up his or her arguments by presenting data from research. This managerial attribute is vital in this current demanding time. Mr. Michael O’Leary, the CEO of Irish low cost airline, Ryanair, has transformed the once ailing operation into one of the profitable airlines in the globe (Carayol, 2004). His apt management skills, centered on tackling intricacy and the speed of change in the airline industry, is the main reason for his success as a manager. Before joining the airline company, it was experiencing huge losses. However, since he was promoted to be the CEO of Ryanair in early 1994, he managed to bring the company from a crisis through his no-nonsense management style. O’Leary has never feared to make ‘hard’ decisions, regardless of whether they will ruin his career or the image of the company. His unorthodox business model has now become a legendary that every manager wants to emulate. However, O’Leary also demonstrates some styles in management that are not so good. Most of the time, he has been described as arrogant because of his comments which he later tries to chip away from (Pritchard, 2010). O’Leary uncompromising management style, aggressive reduction of prices, and intimidating manner of tackling issues relating to the company has become his attribute. Some of his actions can result in low motivation among the employees of the company. Perhaps, this is his style of leadership and despite his ‘bad’ leadership style, O’Leary has managed to steer Ryanair into new heights in the aviation industry. In conclusion, it is clear that the modern manager has to equip himself or herself with essential skills in order to successfully run the activities of an organization. Skills in constantly monitoring the performance of the employees are imperative since they ensure that the employees attain realistic goals of the organization. Skills in motivating the employees are equally vital since they make the employees to feel encouraged to meet the goals of the organization, without having to exert undue pressure on them. Next, effective communication skills lead to satisfying interpersonal relationships at the place of work, which inevitably enhances the productivity of the organization. In addition, since challenges are an every day occurrence at the place of work, having skills in decision-making can prove to be of benefit for an organization’s success. Lastly, skills in carrying out and evaluating research findings are important since they ensure that the organization is able to compete favourably in the market place. References Armstrong, M. & Baron, A., 2004. Managing performance: performance management in action . London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Bacal, R.,1999. Performance management . New York: McGraw-Hill. Banfield, P. & Kay, R., 2008 . Introduction to human resource management. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. Bruce, A. & Pepitone, J., 1999. Motivating employees . New York: McGraw-Hill. Carayol, R., 2004. A bruiser in the f****** boardroom : Ryanair CEO Michael O’Leary. Web. Ellis, C. W., 2005 . Management skills for new managers. New York: American Management Association. Foong, Y.P. & Richardson, S., 2008. The perceptions of Malaysians in a Japanese company. Cross-cultural Management: An International Journal , 15 (3), pp. 221-243. Furnham, A., 2005. The psychology of behaviour at work: the individual in the organization. NewYork: Routledge Press Inc. Jones, P., 1999. The Performance management pocketbook . Alresford : Management Pocketbooks. Kandula, S., 2004. Human resource management and practice : With 300 Models, Techniques and Tools. New-Delhi: Prentice-Hall 0f India prt. Kehoe, D. & Alston, D., 2007. Motivating employees : 25 action-based articles showing you how to engage your people in peak performance. North Ryde, N.S.W. : McGraw-Hill. Messmer, M., 2001. Motivating employees for dummes. Hoboken, NJ. : Wiley Publishing. Pritchard, K., 2010. Simon Nixon: “Michael O’Leary isn’t completely mad.” Web. Reddy, R.J., 2004. Management Process. New Delhi: S. B. Nangia. Savory, A. & Butterfield, J., 1999. Holistic management: a new framework for decision making . Washington, D.C.: Island Press, cop. Werhane, P. H., 1999. Moral imagination and management decision making . New York: Oxford Univ. Press. Werner, J. M. & DeSimone, R. L., 2009. Human resource development. Mason (OH): South-Western Cengage Learning. Wiig, K. M., 2004. People-focused knowledge management : how effective decision making leads to corporate success. Boston : Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The author of this paper has analyzed an article about the sale of human organs using the ethical theories of act utilitarianism and Kant's categorical imperative.They both conclude that the sale of human organs should be legalized as it would save many lives and prevent further exploitation of the black market.

The author of this paper has analyzed an article about the sale of human organs using the ethical theories of act utilitarianism and Kant's categorical imperative. They both conclude that the sale of human organs should be legalized as it would save many lives and prevent further exploitation of the black market.

Analysis of News Article Using Act Utilitarianism and Kant’s Categorical Imperative Essay (Article) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Ethical Issue in Question 3. Facts Relevant to the Analysis 4. Analyze the issue using Utilitarianism 5. Application of Kant’s Categorical Imperative 6. Discussion and Conclusion 7. References Introduction Human beings live by a set of rules and standards which dictate how people act or relate in given situations. These well established norms are known as ethics and they are important for harmonious coexistence in the society. By definition, ethics can be termed as a system of moral principles by which social conduct is judged as either “right” or “wrong” (Chryssides & Kaler 1993). Even so, what is deemed right in a given situation might vary depending on the point of view from which one is viewing the issue. For this reason, application of ethical theories is important to resolve issues. Ethical theories are the criteria that we use to make judgment as to the fairness or unfairness of actions undertaken regarding problems (Johnston 2009, p.90). These theories provide the basis on which an ethical decision can be reached in a situation (White 2008). In this paper, I shall attempt to resolve an ethical issue that appeared in the news by utilizing two ethical theories: Utilitarianism and Kant’s categorical imperative theory. A conclusion shall be reached concerning the ethical issue by performing a thorough analysis using the two theories. Ethical Issue in Question The ethical issue in question pertains to the sale of human organs. In the article “Sale of human organs should be legalized, say surgeons” appearing in The Independent, Smith (2011) reports that some surgeons in London are calling on the government to create a legalized market for organs. The surgeons state that the lives of thousands of people are at stake since they may die if a suitable donor is not found in good time. To reinforce the claim, it is revealed that 8000 people are on the transplant waiting list and of this; over 500 will die annually due to lack of organs (2011). These deaths are seen as unnecessary since the technology necessary to treat the patients is there and all that is missing is organs which would be easily obtainable if a legal market existed. An important issue raised in the article is that due to desperations, there has been a rise in “transplant tourism” which involves patients traveling to countries where organs are more readily available (Smith 2011). In most of these countries, the organs are obtained through the black market. Lack of a legal market is therefore blamed for benefiting the black market which is mostly run by criminals. In addition to this, transplant tourism results in shoddy operations which necessitate further medical attention for the patient. Facts Relevant to the Analysis There are a number of factors which have ethical implications. The first one is whether it is justifiable to allow people to continue to suffer and die, as a result of the shortage of organs for transplantation currently experienced in Britain and many other countries all over the world, while there is a feasible solution to this problem. The second issue under consideration is the consequence of legalizing sale of organs to the population. A legal market in organs will have an impact on the population and in particular, the attraction of a small fortune for the sale of a body organ will be most appealing to the poor. It can therefore be expected that they would sell parts of their body with little regard of the health implication of the procedure to them. The third issue raised is that a lack of a legal market has led to the growth of the black market. Legalizing organ sales is seen as the only way that black markets which are characterized by extortion and crime can be eliminated. Gray (2001) reveals that as the transplant organs have become more desperately needed, there have been reports of mass murders to provide the black market with organs. Analyze the issue using Utilitarianism Utilitarianism dictates that the collective welfare of the people overrides the individual’s right and as such, the theory advocates the maximization of happiness for the greatest number of people (Thiroux & Krasemann 2008). Using this theory, the net benefit is calculated and the net consequences are evaluated and from this, a decision is reached as to which acts have the most “productive” result. * Positive Consequences The primary objective of all organs transplantation endeavors is to restore health or extend the life of an ailing patient (Matas 2008). However, there is a great scarcity in the number of organs available which means that most patients lack access to the organs in spite of their dire health conditions. The lack of a legal regulated market for body organs has resulted in the increased suffering of patients as well as the rise in their hospital bills. Mclaughlin, Prusher and Downie (2009) reveal that as a result of organs shortage, many patients are forced to bear with painful medical procedures such as dialysis as they await organs for an indefinite period of time. Some of this patients end up dying due to complete failure of their organs while others have astronomical medical bills. It is therefore in the best interest of the society to legalize organ sale so as to save the patients from untimely deaths and high medical bills. As has been noted, the black market continues to thrive due to the lack of a legal forum for buying and selling organs. The black market benefits only a few people and does not contribute to the wellbeing of the society (Radcliffe 2003). The only means through which the black market would be rendered irrelevant is by creating a legitimate market for human organs. Creating a legitimate framework for commerce in organs would lead to a condition whereby the donors would be paid their dues. The cost of the organ to the patient would also be reduced significantly since the inflated cost that is currently experienced is as a direct result of the monopoly that the black market traders hold in the human organ trade. * Negative Consequences Legalization of organ trade would invariably lead to the poor being preyed upon by the rich in society. This is a well founded fear considering the fact that majority of the buyers in black markets are rich people. Mclaughlin, Prusher and Downie (2004) document how poverty combined with the allure of easy money make a poor man from Brazil sell one of his kidneys to a rich Israeli. Despite arguments that the selling of body parts leads to the donors faring better as a result of the money earned, research demonstrates that the sale of organs does not alleviate poverty as proponents for the same insinuate. A study by Goyal et at (as cited by Rothman (2002)) shows that in India “87% of those for sold a kidney reported deterioration in their health status and of those who sold a kidney to pay off debts., 74% still had debts 6 years later. Application of Kant’s Categorical Imperative Kant’s theory of categorical imperative place emphasis on the assumed duty. This implies that duty is the basis of all moral actions regardless of the consequences (Thiroux & Krasemann 2008). This theory places greater weight on the rules rather than consequences to justify an action. Kant’s Categorical Imperative asserts that the rightness of an action depends on “whether it accords with a rule irrespective of its consequences” (Burch 2009, p.50).The rational from Kent was that people cannot be expected to reason rationally at all times. However, the rules can be expected to remain constant and by following them the society can avoid falling into disarray. The first issue is whether it is acceptable for people to suffer and die due to an unavailability of organs. By utilizing Kant’s Categorical Imperative, a possible maxim could be that “whenever somebody is on the waiting list in need of an organ, they should be let to suffer until a willing donor comes about.” This maxim if applied universally would result in a lot of unnecessary suffering for human beings. By applying this ethical theory, it is not right to leave people to suffer when something can be done about it. The second issue is whether it is right to allow people (especially the poor) to benefit from trade in their organs while this may have negative impacts on their health. Kent’s theory does not consider the ends but only the means. By allowing trade in their organs, people would be rewarded for giving away parts of their bodies. From this, the maxim “everyone deserves to be rewarded for selling property that belongs to them”. This maxim can become a universal law since all societies work with the understanding that commerce is necessary and profits are desirable. The other issue in consideration is that of the black market which is supposedly benefiting due to the lack of a legal market for body organs. By applying Kent’s theory, trade in the black market is unacceptable. If black market operations were right, then the maxim “everyone should obtain their goods though the black market” would follow. Such a maxim cannot be made a universal law since if everyone engaged in black market trade, the world economy as we know it would collapse. Discussion and Conclusion There are two alternatives that can be reached in this issue: the sale of human organs can be made legal or the sale can remain illegal. Both ethical theories concede that it is wrong to let people suffer in hospitals while there is a solution available in the form of organ sale legalization. The theories also concur that the black market is evil and should not be allowed to exist. The only means through which this can be achieved is by making organ sales legal. Even so, the two theories differ on the issue of allowing poor people to sell their organs. While Utilitarianism advances that it is wrong to let the poor sell their organs regardless of the side effects on their health, Kant’s theory proposes that commerce is acceptable and people have the right to profit from their body parts. In overall, both theories favor the legalizing of organ sale. I agree with the conclusion reached that the sale of body organs should be made legal. This conclusion is in line with my conscience on the issue that when it is possible to alleviate suffering, the same should be done. From the discussions presented in this paper, it is clear that a legal market would benefit not only the patient but also the donor who would receive monetary benefits. From this paper, it is clear that ethical theories are important in solving real life issues since they act as the guidelines from which sound decisions are made. References Burch, A.H. 2009, What’s Right? : Social ethics choices and applications , AuthorHouse. Chryssides, DG & Kaler, HJ 1993, An introduction to business ethics , Cengage Learning EMEA. Gray, HC 2001, Cyborg citizen: politics in the posthuman age , NY: Routledge. Johnston, G 2009, An Introduction to Ethics, for Training Colleges , BiblioBazaar, LLC. Matas, JA 2008, “Should we pay donors to increase the supply of organs for transplantation? Yes”, Journal of Medical Ethics ; 35:558. Mclaughlin, A Prusher, I & Downie, A, What is a Kidney Worth? Web. Radcliffe, R 2003, “Commentary: An ethical market in human organs”, Journal of Medical Ethics . Rothman, DJ 2002, Ethical and social consequences of selling a kidney, The Journal of the American Medical Association . Smith, L 2010, “ Sale of human organs should be legalized, say surgeons ”, The Independent. Web. Thiroux, JP & Krasemann, KW 2008, Ethics: Theory and Practice (10th Edition), Prentice Hall. White, J E 2008, Contemporary Moral Problems , Cengage Learning.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The Triangle Waist Factory Fire was a tragedy that resulted in the death of 146 people, mostly women and girls, who were trapped in a burning building because of inadequate fire escapes and locked doors. Personal accounts of the event, along with photos taken during and after the fire, provide a better understanding of the impact of this historical event.

The Triangle Waist Factory Fire was a tragedy that resulted in the death of 146 people, mostly women and girls, who were trapped in a burning building because of inadequate fire escapes and locked doors. Personal accounts of the event, along with photos taken during and after the fire, provide a better understanding of the impact of this historical event.

Analysis of Primary Sources in the Triangle Waist Factory Fire Analytical Essay On the evening of March 25 th , 1911, many workers at the Triangle Waist Factory were preparing to end their working day when suddenly a fire began on the upper floors of the factory (ILR School Kheel Center). Because of inadequate fire escapes and locked doors, 146 factory workers, mostly young women and girls, perished in the blaze (ILR School Kheel Center). Left behind from this horrible event are a vast quantity of first hand accounts of the events that took place during and after the fire. There are many advantages and disadvantages to using primary sources as a means of accurately recounting historical events. The primary sources that provide the best means, however, of understanding the facts of an event are newspaper articles and photographs. There are a few advantages to having primary sources when it comes to understanding the impact of a historical event. One of these advantages comes from personal accounts of the event. For example, in anticipation of the fifty year anniversary of the fire, Leon Stein began interviewing women who had survived the fire and after one interview notes: “Mrs. Dworetz learned in this interview for the first time that there was a fire escape” (Leon Stein Interviews). He also interviewed another woman who stated in her interview that, “The Washington and Greene St. doors were always closed” (Leon Stein Interviews). From some of these testimonials, one can imagine the panic the women must have felt to be essentially trapped in a burning building. Without these interviews, it would be difficult for someone to imagine what went on inside the buildings. Another advantage of primary sources comes from the photographs taken during the fire and of the aftermath. There were several photographs taken of the factory after the fire and it is clear that the path for the women and other workers was blocked (ILR School Kheel Center). Also, photographs add a very human element to historical tragedies, as some of the photographs taken are of women who had jumped from the buildings in hopes of avoiding being burnt (ILR School Kheel Center). Newspaper articles should be the best source of primary information. For example, upon reading the articles printed the day of the fire, one can get a very clear picture of and the chaos that surrounded the events. The articles also point out flaws in the fire department equipment and the factory construction that lead to many more deaths (ILR School Kheel Center). While there are advantages to primary sources, it should be noted that there are also disadvantages to using them solely to understand historical events. While Stein interviewed survivors, he did so fifty years after the event had taken place. It is possible that, due to the event being so tragic, the survivors did remember exactly what had taken place, but it cannot be fully trusted as an accurate account of the event. It should not be assumed, however, that all these accounts are false or full of misinformation. Photographs can often also provide one with misinformation. They only capture a particular moment in time. As for newspaper articles, a reporter could potentially exaggerate the extremity of a situation in order for more people to buy and read the newspaper. Reporters can also sway the public to believe one thing or another to further perhaps a political or social cause. Judging from the advantages and disadvantages, it is clear that newspaper articles and photographs are the best primary sources to use in understanding historical events. In the case of the Triangle Waist Factory fire, these sources provide accounts for what happened immediately during and after the fire. The newspaper articles give immediate witness and survivor testimony showing the public the flaws in the factory and the fire department. Because of these immediate types of accounts, reforms were able to take place to make safer working conditions as well as better prepare the fire departments to deal with multi-story buildings. Although it took a tragedy to bring about these changes, future workers would benefit from the senseless deaths of so many young women, men, and children. Works Cited ILR School Kheel Center. Remembering the Triangle Factory Fire. Cornell University, 2011. Web. “Leon Stein Interviews.” Ilr.cornell.edu. Cornell University, 2011. Web.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: In this paper, the author compares the speeches of President Ronald Reagan and President-elect Barack Obama.The author found that both presidents used similar strategies in their speeches to promote the message of freedom. Both presidents also stressed the importance of unity among the people to achieve success. The author concludes that while both presidents were successful in promoting the message of freedom, President Obama was more successful in uniting the people behind his cause.

In this paper, the author compares the speeches of President Ronald Reagan and President-elect Barack Obama. The author found that both presidents used similar strategies in their speeches to promote the message of freedom. Both presidents also stressed the importance of unity among the people to achieve success. The author concludes that while both presidents were successful in promoting the message of freedom, President Obama was more successful in uniting the people behind his cause.

Speech Analysis: Ronald Reagan v. Barack Obama Term Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. President Ronald Reagan’s Address at the Brandenburg Gate 3. Barack Obama – President-Elect Victory Speech 4. Comparison of the two speeches 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Introduction Speeches, given by renowned leaders, have played a significant role in defining the affairs of this world. They have brought either destruction or beneficial outcomes to the intended audience. As this analysis reveals, two historic speeches, one by President Ronal Reagan and the other by President-elect Barrack Obama, have brought beneficial outcomes to the intended audience. President Ronald Reagan’s Address at the Brandenburg Gate On 12 June 1987, the United States President Ronald Reagan gave an address at the Brandenburg Gate in West Germany that challenged the Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, to tear down the Berlin wall, which had been known to act as a symbol of communism. Thus, the need of this speech was influenced by the political circumstances of that time of ensuring the freedom of Berliners and thwarting the advancement of communism in the heat of the cold war. Delivered before a crowd of approximately forty-five thousand individuals, including West German president Richard von Weizsacker, Chancellor Helmut Kohl, and West Berlin mayor Eberhard Diepgen, the speech was a triumphant attempt to elicit freedom and eliminate the malpractices of the Soviet regime to the Germans, and even to the rest of the world. Thus, the audience listening to the speech was eager for emancipation from the evils of communism. Standing in the middle of alternating American and German flags in front of two panes of bulletproof glass, and a platform having one microphone, decorated the whole length with German band of colors, the purpose of the President in delivering the speech was clear: he was obliged as the President of the United States to visit the oppressed in Germany. As the most powerful person in the planet, President Reagan had a duty to speak and declare rebuke where it is due to ensure that the freedom is promoted in all parts of the world. Past American Presidents had also made the attempt of promoting the message of freedom so as to protect the world from oppressive rulers. President Reagan said, “Twenty-four years ago, President John F. Kennedy visited Berlin, and speaking to the people of this city and the world at the city hall. Well since then two other presidents have come, each in his turn to Berlin” (1). A weighted task was beforehand to be accomplished, and was to be accomplished through the forthcoming rhetoric; thus, the attention of the audience was fixed on the words to be spoken. As the eagerness increased, the President efficiently used logical appeal to put his point across. Ronald Reagan’s messages in the speech were organized in an orderly fashion. He commences rather casually by recognizing the efforts of other American presidents who have strived to elicit freedom in the world. And, to attract the attention of the audience, he incorporates a phrase a German as the first paragraph culminates, “Ich hab noch einen Koffer in Berlin” [I still have a suitcase in Berlin] (1). As much as these words were taken from one of President Kennedy’s well-known foreign policy speeches, it is a perfect method that he used to capture the attention of his audience. To capture the attention of his audience further, he employs the same technique in the next paragraph, For I join you, as I join your fellow countrymen in the West, in this firm, this unalterable belief: Es gibt nur ein Berlin. [There is only one Berlin] (1). Afterward, the speaker addresses the intricate issue at the moment: the wall itself and the network of obstacles that have threatened to segregate the German people. He said, those barriers cut across Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dog runs, and guard towers” (2). This is an astounding use of imagery as he says that a “gash,” a healing wound, is not made of torn flesh, but of barbed wire …. and guard tower, symbolizing that blood has flowed across the network of barriers that divide Germany. Next, he relates that image to the place where he was at that particular time, “ Standing before the Brandenburg Gate, every man is a German…” (1). As he progressed with the speech, he repeatedly used the wall as a figurative language to depict the barrier to freedom that that the Germans ought to overcome for their complete liberalization. In addition, he contrasts the standards of living that have resulted from forty years of western ideals versus communist ideals and concludes that the only workable solution, even for the Soviets themselves, is to embrace the western type of lifestyle that guarantees freedom to the people (Edwards, 119). Following this stark reminder, President Reagan directed the expectation of the crowd to the future. He said, “Yet, I do not come here to lament. For I find in Berlin a message of hope…”(2). A notable example that the President used to support his thoughts that the western influence leads to freedom and prosperity was the Marshall Plan. He reminded his audience that in their own experience, the U.S. specifically managed to attain liberty and success from some destroyed and devastated countries in the world. Citing George Marshall himself, Reagan asserted his position, “Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos” (2). Next, almost halfway to the end of the rhetoric, he comes to the famous electrocuting line that is direct challenge to action to the Soviet leader, “Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” (3). After giving the call to action and issuing the challenge that the Soviets are to face up to, he sums up with the assurance that “the wall cannot withstand faith, it cannot withstand freedom” (6). In this case the wall is used connotatively to refer to barriers towards attaining freedom. The President then ends his remarks, not with a challenge, or call to action, as he had done this earlier, but with a fantastic little zinger pointed at the ones who were against his coming to Germany. In the speech, Reagan used repetition and commas, with significant pauses, to make his message admirable and easy to understand. For example, “With — With our French — With our French and British partners” (5). Further, voice, pauses, and controversial language, for example, referring to the wall as a “scar” were aimed at expressing the President’s righteous fury at the oppression that was being practiced. In addition, this also depicted his empathy with the audience. In delivering the speech, the President’s tone was respectful, confidential, heartfelt, stern yet friendly and conveyed unwavering assurance in the truth of what he was driving home. Through putting across his strongest convictions entirely without becoming furious and in a logical tone, the President efficiently got his audience on-side. Although he raised his voice in calling for the destruction of the Berlin Wall, it did not make his audience to feel alienated because he was pointing at an obvious necessity that needed to be addressed. Thus, his reasonable remarks, delivered entirely without anger, raised the credibility of his message by far. President’s Reagan use of ethos, logos, and pathos further increased the credence of his message. Even though he did not use ethos as much, maybe because the worldwide recognition of his power and office did not necessitate that, there are some instances he used the literary device. For example, when he said that he is the President of the U.S. and also when he reminded his listeners that he is and elder person with lots of experience. As pointed out earlier, Reagan used logos by logical organizing the speech using organized thoughts. And, he used pathos by establishing a common ground with his listeners and by suggesting for ways of improving the east-west relations in the city Berlin. The President appealed to pathos through referring to the significant role that Berlin can play in the affairs of the world. The short-term effects of the speech were not very pronounced. The audience felt challenged and they started strategizing on their road to emancipation. The speech did not receive very high media coverage at the time of delivery until twenty years later. Soviets were also not pleased with the speech and they accused the U.S. president of delivering openly provocative remarks. Nonetheless, the long-term effects of the speech are still evident even today. By the end of 1989, the Berlin wall was ultimately brought down and the Communists government of Eastern Europe collapsed (Engel, 1). This brought positive changes to the lives of the Berliners as they started to enjoy freedom that they had never had for a long time. Reagan’s career was enhanced due to the speech and went he back to Germany in September 1990 to pay tribute to the successful destruction of the wall. Barack Obama – President-Elect Victory Speech After being successfully elected as the forty-fourth President of the United States, Barrack Obama issued his historic acceptance speech at Grant Park in his home city of Chicago, Illinois before an approximately two hundred and forty thousand gathered people. Delivered on November 5, 2008, the speech is regarded as one of the most widely viewed and repeated political addresses in history since it centered the key issues facing the U.S. and the world at large. The rhetoric echoed on his campaign slogan of change: “Yes we can”. Obama’s victory speech came at a time when the U.S. had to deal with the war in Iraq and Afghanistan, the effects of global warming were starting to be felt, and the world had to deal with the worst economic recession of the century. Thus, his speech was focused on tackling these core issues. Further, Obama’s victory was mainly because the Americans were yearning for change and they voted for him despite the color of his skin and less experience in the politics of the nation (Metcalfe, 329). And, as the audience listened to the speech, the desire to break with the recent past clouded their faces. This made some of them, such as Jesse Jackson and Oprah Winfrey to shed tears in the crowd. In the victorious speech, the president-elect successfully turned the campaign vigor into a moment of national celebration. He used his amazing good oratory skills to deliver the enthralling national address. His use of a variety of techniques assisted in unifying his audience as well as to deliver effectively the balanced and orderly speech. He started by evoking the American Dream in the rousing first paragraph, “If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible …., tonight is your answer.” This reference echoes the speech by Martin Luther King, an inspirational speaker of the past who played a defining role in the issues of the U.S. (Fleming, 240) The use of this introductory technique captures the attention of the audience. Further, his use of the second person point of view, which refers directly to his listeners, “tonight is your answer…it belongs to you..” is cunningly included so as to illustrate the significance of the individual in the future of the United States as one nation. This direct reference to the audience points out that his success and future attempts to change the United States will solely depend on the efforts of the collective, not on him alone. Therefore, this technique is important in enabling individuals to feel a sense of belonging; their attendance has been recognized. In the next paragraph, Obama again uses the word answer, “Its the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches…” (para.2). The incorporation of “answer” again signifies that he brings solutions to the American people. Referring to schools and churches as ‘good’ places brings an element of hope that not all is lost. Next, he uses contrasts to bring his point home, “It’s the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and Republican, black, white” (para. 3). The last line in the paragraph, “…collection of Red States and Blue States….” echoes his address at the 2004 Democratic Convention that earned him public admiration. He used the address to initiate the ‘politics of hope,’ a theme that formed the center of most of his speeches. “A little bit earlier this evening I just received a very gracious call from Senator McCain” (para.6). This shows Obama’s magnanimity in victory since he talks about his opponent before his friends without ignoring him; therefore, this demonstrates that he can be a good leader. Next, Obama began a sequence a thanks and he created tension by not naming the person until the end, “I want to thank my partner in this journey” (para.6). He employed this strategy in giving thanks to Joe Biden and his wife, Michelle Obama. Further, the mention of his daughters and telling them that they “have earned a new puppy” depicts him as a normal family man who cares for the well-being of his children. To support his arguments, Obama referred to the remarks of other past great American leaders such as John F. Kennedy, Abraham Lincoln, and Martin Luther King. He referred to Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg address by saying, “We are not enemies but friends…Though passion may have strained, and it must not break our bonds of affection “(para. 16). The lines, “the road ahead will be long…we will get there” (para.13) echoes King’s “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop” speech. The incorporation of these references serves the purpose of instilling hope in the audience since the referred personalities succeeded amidst the difficulties they were facing. This hope is instilled further in the eyes of the crowd by the repetition of his campaign slogan, “Yes we can.” The repetition symbolizes the American Dream that America will eventually succeed amidst the obstacles it faces. The mention of the then 106-year-old Ann Nixon Cooper is a historical testimony that the impossible is possible. The victory speech was filled with excellent use of language. There is the simple tricolon of “who still” evident in the introductory paragraph. “The road ahead will be long” (para. 13), is an example of Obama’s use of figurative language to represent the tough way ahead. “When there was despair in the dust bowl and depression across the land” (para. 21) depicts the use assonance in the ‘s’ sound and alliteration in despair, dust and depression. Further, the president-elect used logos by developing a point-by-point argument of his position, pathos by referring to his deceased grandmother, and ethos by referring to himself as the would-be President of the U.S. Delivered in an audacious tone, the immediate impression that was left after the speech was that “change had come to America” and everyone was optimistic that the new administration would make changes to the leadership of the sole superpower in the world. Various people commended the speech as a true reflection of the problems that were facing America and the world. Consequently, most Americans felt proud to have elected Barack Obama as their first African-American president. The speech established the credibility of Obama upon assuming the role of the U.S. president. Based on the speech, many agreed that he has the ability to lead the American people in fulfillment of their goals. The issues he raised in the speech, among them economic growth, global warming, and Iraq war, have played a pivotal role in defining the policies of his administration. A notable success that he has achieved is instituting policies intended to increase the growth of the U.S. economy. Maybe the long-term effects of these changes will still require more time to be fully realized. Comparison of the two speeches It can be said that both the two speeches had a common goal: to instigate for changes to be done for the betterment of life on this world. While President Reagan aimed to free the Germans from the oppression of communism, President-elect Obama’s speech aimed at addressing the problems that were threatening the existence of the United States. Thus, the skilled orators used various techniques to pass their message to their audience. Nonetheless, in contrast to Obama’s speech, Reagan’s speech was full of humor because of the way he used the native German language in delivering the speech. Obama employed a more serious tone that sent some of his audience to tears. Reagan’s speech did not get as much media attention as Obama’s; it came to the public limelight following the successful destruction of the Berlin wall. In his speech, Reagan did not mince his words in addressing the issue at hand: “Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” (3). On the other hand, Obama employed a more calm tone in talking to his opponents: “And to those Americans who — whose support I have yet to earn, I may not have won your vote tonight, but I hear your voices. I need your help. And I will be your President, too” (para. 16). Interestingly, both the two speeches were filled with hope. Reagan said, “Yet, I do not come here to lament. For I find in Berlin a message of hope…”(2) and Obama said, “Our union can be perfected. What we’ve already achieved gives us hope for what we can and must achieve tomorrow” (para.19). Conclusion In conclusion, it is evident that President Ronald Reagan’s address at the Brandenburg Gate and President-elect Barrack Obama’s victory’s speech in Chicago, Illinois, were significant in addressing the issues of the time. Even though they were delivered at different times and in different places, the speeches played a pivotal role in effecting important changes that have proved to be beneficial. Works Cited Edwards, Lee. The essential Ronald Reagan : a profile in courage, justice, and wisdom. Lanham, Md. : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005. Print. Engel, Jeffrey A. The fall of the Berlin Wall : the revolutionary legacy of 1989. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print. Fleming, Cynthia G. Yes we did! : from King’s dream to Obama’s promise. Lexington, KY : University Press of Kentucky, 2009. Print. Metcalfe, Sheldon. Building a speech. Boston, MA: Wadsworth/ Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. Obama, Barrack. “President-Elect Victory Speech.” Americanrhetoric.com . American Rhetoric, 4 Nov. 2008. Web. https://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/convention2008/barackobamavictoryspeech.htm Reagan, Ronald. “Remarks at the Brandenburg Gate.” Americanrhetoric.com . American Rhetoric,12 June 1987. Web. https://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/PDFFiles/Ronald%20Reagan%20-%20Brandenburg%20Gate%20Address.pdf

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: Better Place's idea to roll out electric car charging points is a step in the right direction. Electric Vehicles as offered through BP's scheme are quite promising because most challenges associated with EVs have been addressed by the organisation. Prospects for future improvements are also quite high as indicated through current innovations.

Better Place's idea to roll out electric car charging points is a step in the right direction. Electric Vehicles as offered through BP's scheme are quite promising because most challenges associated with EVs have been addressed by the organisation. Prospects for future improvements are also quite high as indicated through current innovations.

Analysis of the Better Place Electric Car Scheme Essay Introduction Better Place’s (BP) idea to roll out electric car charging points is a step in the right direction. Electric Vehicles (EVs) as offered through BP’s scheme are quite promising because most challenges associated with EVs have been addressed by the organisation. Prospects for future improvements are also quite high as indicated through current innovations. Analysis Energy sustainability Environmental concerns have been the major reason behind the push for greener sources of energy on the roads. Electric vehicles are a possible solution to increased dependence of most countries on imported oil. Weaker economies have suffered as a result of their energy choices. Climate change concerns have also become a major preoccupation among the G8 and many other developed nations of the world (Lee & Lovellette, 2011). Consumers have realized that they have a serious role to play in taking care of their environment. They now want to minimize their personal carbon impact and thus contribute towards a more sustainable environment. Electric motor vehicles appear to be a viable solution to this need in the long term and the short time. Better Place is contributing to this resolution through its innovative strategies. A number of EV opponents have argued that these cars are not that environmentally friendly owing to their long term green gas emissions. These opponents believe that for electric vehicles to be energy efficient, they need to rely on green powered electric power plants. Some of them have cited examples of electric vehicles that rely on coal generated powered plants and have asserted that such vehicles would increase green house gas emissions by as much as twenty percent. Better Place has already realized this and has partnered with green electric power generators. In countries such as Denmark, Better Place is collaborating with electricity generators who rely on wind. In Israel, the firm is working on solar powered electric generators. The company is looking for ways of offering an all-round approach to the sustainability problem. A lot is yet to be done in this realm though; more infrastructures will have to be built in Australia in order to support green electricity sources. This would give clients sufficient support even when markets expand. It has been estimated that in the next nine years, the electric vehicle industry will minimise carbon based emissions by a whooping forty percent. This will be possible through inter-industry collaborations between power generators and electric vehicle providers like Better Place. (White, 2011) Car performance issues Better Place and other electric vehicle stakeholders have worked on the inefficiencies that had plagued the electric vehicle market in the past. Previously, there were concerns about the life of the EV battery. Most batteries had a short lifespan and needed to be recharged on a regular basis. Innovators responded to this challenge through creation of the Lithium ion batteries. These devices have proved to be more effective than previous trials because it is now possible to store more energy in the electric car (Better Place, 2011b). Furthermore, it has been shown that the capacity of the Lithium ion battery is two times as high as previous models. A lot has changed in the past few years and if this battery innovation is anything to go by, electric vehicle performance will keep improving. All BP has to do is to focus on continuous innovation that will address any hurdles consumers may be facing. Better Place was started with very noble intentions. Previously, electric car users needed to stop at electric charge points for long periods of time in order to get their batteries charged. Every time a driver uses an electric car, the battery is discharged. After a while, the battery will need to be recharged in order to power up the vehicle. In older electric vehicle charging schemes, most clients needed to stop at electric charge points for long periods of time as the process took very long. However, Better Place dealt with this dilemma through the introduction of a battery swapping system. Instead of waiting for one’s battery to charge up, Better Place simply swaps the discharged car battery with a charged one. They have revolutionised the electric vehicle industry owing to convenience that they provide clients (Fung, 2011). Electric cars are also quite attractive in terms of their performance. Most of them now go faster than the conventionally powered vehicles. This has been made possible by the good power-to-weight ratios prevalent in the latter vehicles types. Faster acceleration can be attained at lower speeds in the electric vehicle than in petrol powered ones. As a result, the car feels smoother than the other kinds of vehicles. It is also important to note that electric vehicles make less noise than the other conventional vehicles, so they would lead to a better driving experience and cleaner environment. In the past, car range issues were (and still continue to be) a huge challenge for all electric vehicle suppliers. However, credit should be given when credit is due. Performance range has been improving dramatically over the past few years. Right now, most electric vehicles can do approximately 160 km. however, with continuous technological advancement, these numbers could increase to 200, 300 and even more. The beauty about BP’s scheme is that no driver actually owns a battery; the batteries belong to BP. Therefore, if batteries improve to provide better ranges, drivers can switch to the better devices since all they have to do is get to a switching point. Better place has given consumers a great option of upgrading to new battery types as soon as they are developed. Such a quality is imperative in any newly developing industry because several changes are likely to take place in the near and long term. Many hybrid vehicles have been placing a lot of risks on the consumer who must buy the battery upfront. Better place has transferred battery ownership and thus made the electric vehicle industry quite manageable to car users. One of the attractive things about Better Place is that battery swapping will not just be restricted to those clients who subscribe to BP. The company will allow other clients to tap into their charging system. They will then work out billing systems between themselves and the electric vehicle providers. This collaboration will be imperative for the growth of such a new industry. Customers will also enjoy the convenience of not having to look for their respective providers before charging. BP could emerge as the EV infrastructural leader and provider because of this condition. If electric vehicles hope to compete with petrol powered cars, they need to have a comprehensive charging point network that accords flexibility. (Hammerton, 2011) Installation of charging networks It is likely that these electric vehicles will lead to better results owing to the installation of various charging points around the country. In order to compete with conventionally powered vehicles, any electrically powered car needs to access charging points conveniently and safely. Better Place has already stated that it plans on building one of the largest electric car networks in the world by the year 2013. In Canberra, the firm has identified five public charging points and two private charging points. Sydney will have about eleven public charging points while Albury, NSW will have one private charging point (Better place, 2011a). Since Better Place is an international company with a worldwide network of battery switch points, car users from Australia can enjoy switching their batteries at Better place charging points anywhere around the world. Such a mechanism is quite promising because it would offer clients a vast number of selections. This strategy will work well if the firm adopts a targeted market development strategy. In other words, BP should identify areas with early adopters of electrically powered vehicles. The organisation should then start developing these areas first before it can spread out to other less-enthusiastic parts of the nation. The early adopters are likely to demonstrate that the electric scheme does work and would cause other car users to try it as well. Better Place would get more effective results this way than if it evenly distributed its charging networks around Australia. Currently, the organization is using a different approach in the selection of locations around Australia. The chief executive of BP Australia- Evan Thornley explains that Canberra was chosen as the pioneer because most residents in the location have two cars in their garages. Fifty four percent of them have two cars while eighty nine percent have off-street parking. The organisation believes that since garages are suitable charging points, then people with more garages need to be considered before others. This approach will work for the organisation at the beginning because the electric vehicles have not yet been released into the mainstream, but as the cars get into the mass market, Better place will need to study its client base so as to assess who the early adopters are. Investments and prospects for the future Better Place appears to have collaborated with very reputable corporate figures in Australia. Already the organisation has partnered with ActewAGL. They have signed a ten year contract worth 60 million dollars that will ensure provision of renewable energy for the vehicles that will be employed (TMR, 2011). Consumers and stakeholders who are concerned about sustainability issues will be rest assured by this deal. Furthermore, if a corporate body can trust BP to the extent of investing millions of dollars, then chances are that they have seen something worthwhile in the organisation (White, 2011). Another organisation that has worked hand in hand with Better Place is Lend Lease. Their contract with Better Place is worth ten million dollars. The firm started working with BP from 2009 in order to the build charge point infrastructure that is needed to keep the scheme up and running. This organisation has been working with Better Place in order to acquire sites for the recharge points. Construction of the BP visitors centre as well as the battery exchange stations have been managed by Lend Lease as well (White, 2011). Better Place appears to be moving very fast in terms of these developments and is likely to continue doing so. Better place has identified a number of other foundational members that it plans on collaborating with. They include CIC Australia, Land Lease, National Conventional Centre, Rock Development Group, Capital Hotel Group, Crowne Plaza, ACT electric vehicle council, Hindmarsh and TransACT. These companies are collaborating with BP through various capacities. Some of them are building developers and want to have electric charge points in their premises; CIC Australia is one these partners. It has established some facilities at Googong, which possess required wiring for electric vehicle charging. The next step will be to roll out these stations. Melbourne has also supported the initiative in order to help it raise approximately one billion as planned for the next three years (Leyden, 2010) Renault is one of the car manufacturing firms that have pledged to collaborate with Better Place in order to roll out electrically compatible vehicle models. BP has already introduced the Sedan in Australia and plans to increase the fleet of vehicles available in the nation. By working with an experienced automaker like Renault, BP is demonstrating its seriousness and commitment towards the EV initiative as it forges ahead. Pricing challenges A number of pricing issues have been cited by opponents of the electric vehicle industry. Car users have objected to the excessive pricing of electrically powered vehicles. However, Better Place seems to be offering a solution to this problem and is likely to garner positive responses. First, customers will pay a membership fee that will be assessed through one’s mileage. It has been estimated that Renault will deliver a fleet of sedans which will cost 30,000 to 35, 000 dollars. Batteries will cost $12,000 (not inclusive of monthly fee). The monthly fee is likely to be lower than what consumers pay for petrol in their conventional vehicles. The company executive explains that customers may be able to pay as little as a seventh of what they are currently paying for petrol per kilometre. However, these savings will be enjoyed more by long distance drivers than shorter ones. Many drivers in Australia are high-kilometre drivers so most of them would realise these benefits. Better Place is poised to do well in this country owing to this issue. Costs savings will not just be realised by car users alone; the government is set to benefit from this scheme. Current expenditures on petrol fuel are approximately 30 billion dollars. Sometimes these amounts may increase if the dollar rate increases and if the oil price increases as well. If the same number of cars were powered by renewable energy sources, the government would be spending only 5 billion dollars per year on fuel. It is not likely that this may happen immediately but if Better Place continues to roll out more charging points and keeps developing its network, then this scheme may create a lot of economic benefits within the country. These changes require small steps but will eventually become quite formidable. Many petrol vehicle users have been complaining about the price fluctuations of their fuel source. In fact, the major problem with conventionally powered motor vehicles is that consumers rarely get to plan their fuel usage expenditures because these keep changing from time to time (Daniel & Gordon, 2009). However, Better Place will be offering a totally different scheme. Consumers will be expected to pay a monthly flat rate so most of them can easily plan their expenditure without being anxious about this challenge. It will be a strong point that could lead to the success of the scheme. Success in other parts of the world Better Place maybe rolling out charging points in Australia for the first time but the organisation is not inexperienced in the electric vehicle industry. It has been doing well in other parts of the world such as Israel and Japan. Since Australia is keen on handling its energy needs then the scheme will do relatively well in this kind of market in the future. Israel rolled out charging points in March 2011. Consumers are already enjoying the benefits of this system. They take five minutes to exchange their batteries and are already starting to save on monthly vehicle costs (Israel21c, 2011). The firm got very enthusiastic responses when it introduced its first fleet of electric vehicles from Renault. Almost seventy percent of the one hundred vehicles brought in Israel have already been sold in these first few months that the scheme has been in operation. Other test trials have been carried out in other parts of the world like Tokyo, San Francisco, China and Yokohama. In Yokohama, Japan, Better Place released a new initiative in which a swapping pad and battery shuttle were used for swapping and a good reception was reported. Tokyo implemented a trial run between 2009 and 2010. Approximately two thousand batteries were swapped in this project. Extension of that demonstration illustrated that the public responded well to the Better Place scheme. These test trials are an indication of what is to come; Australia can reap the benefits too. Conclusion Better Place should roll out charging points because the program has been successful in other parts of the world. Furthermore, powerful stakeholders in the corporate arena are already involved in this initiative. The company appears to be financially ready to deliver. Better Place has dealt with pricing and battery charging issues through is battery swapping scheme. It intends on using green sources of energy thus making it sustainable. Furthermore, its pledge to have a wide network of charging stations is likely to create a strong infrastructural backup for electric vehicles in Australia. The scheme could revolutionise the auto industry through these advantages. References Better place (2011a). Charge spots: Right here right now. Better Place Australia Company Website. Web. Better place (2011b). Why go electric? Better Place Australia Company Website. Web. Daniel, S. & Gordon, D. (2009). Two billion cars: driving towards sustainability . Oxford: OUP Fung, D. (2009). How Better Place plans to revive the electric car . CNET Website. Web. Hammerton, R. (2011). Better Place expands EV charging network . Go auto Website. Web. Israel21c (2011). More millions invested in Better Place. Israel 21 st c Innovation News Service Website. Web. Lee, H. & Lovellette, G. (2011). Will electric cars transform the US vehicle market? Belfer Center for science and International Affairs report. Web. Leyden, F. (2010). Electric cars plan charging ahead . Herald Sun . Web. The Motor Report TMR (2011). Better Place Australia secures funding for Canberra electric vehicle charging networking . The Motor Report Website. Web. White, L. (2011). Canberra powers ahead with electric car network. The Australian. 2011. Web.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: This paper is aimed at analyzing the mission statement, vision statement, values and goals of the Kraft Foods Group from a strategic perspective. The paper finds that the mission statement has both strengths and weaknesses, but that the vision statement is well-aligned with the interests of the company's stakeholders.

This paper is aimed at analyzing the mission statement, vision statement, values and goals of the Kraft Foods Group from a strategic perspective. The paper finds that the mission statement has both strengths and weaknesses, but that the vision statement is well-aligned with the interests of the company's stakeholders.

Analysis of the Kraft Foods Group: Mission Statement, Vision, Values and Goals Case Study Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Mission statement and analysis 3. Vision statement 4. Values 5. Goals 6. Alignment of Strategic Elements with Stakeholder’s Interests 7. Recommended changes 8. Conclusion 9. Reference List Introduction This paper is aimed at evaluating such a company as the Kraft Foods Group from a strategic viewpoint. In order to do it, one should first examine the mission statement of this corporation, its vision, values and goals. These are the most critical elements of strategic planning. This analysis is based on the information presented at the website. It is critical to show whether various elements of strategic planning reflect the interests of various stakeholders. Finally, it is necessary to identify possible changes that the managers should make in order to improve their competitive position. These are the main questions that should be examined more closely. Mission statement and analysis It should be kept in mind that such terms as mission and vision are often regarded by business administrators as interchangeable notions (Welch & Welch, 2008). Moreover, in some cases, companies release statements that contain both mission and vision. To a great extent, the management of Kraft Foods Group uses the same approach. For example, Tony Vernon, who is the CEO of this organization, combines both mission and vision statement. In particular, he mentions that this corporation wants to be “ North America’s best food and beverage company” ( Vernon as cited in Kraft Foods Group, 2013 ). Furthermore, this executive identifies the method for achieving this objective, in particular, he lays stress on such activities as “ continuing to offer products consumers love, creating a performance-based culture that motivates and excites employees and becoming the best investment in the industry” (Vernon as cited in Kraft Foods Group, 2013). This is the mission statement of this corporation. Overall, one can argue that this statement has both strengths and weaknesses. There are several positive aspects that can be identified. For example, this statement throws light on the HR policy. Furthermore, this declaration shows that the company is willing to consider the needs of investors. The only limitation is that this mission statement does not show how Kraft Foods Group can be distinguished from its competitors such as Nestle. Additionally, Tony Vernon does not identify the major attribute of the products offered by Kraft Foods Group. Vision statement It should be mentioned that vision statement is supposed to demonstrate what the organizations strives to become in the future. This element of strategic planning is supposed to show that the idealized version of the company. The management of this company identifies the following objective, “Our aim is to be North America’s best food and beverage company” (Kraft Foods Group 2013). One can argue that the management postulates a very ambitious goal. Moreover, this vision is quite challenging, but this approach is important for motivating employees. These people should see that they work in an organization that can deliver superior products and retain its competitiveness for a long time. Moreover, this vision is also aimed attracting stockholders who should see that they invest capital into a very successful business that can remain profitable for a long time. Values It should be mentioned that the values of these business are not explicitly stated by the management. More likely, they can be identified from various statements that this organization makes. In particular, this organization attaches importance to such issues as satisfaction of clients, loyalty and commitment of employees, and security of investors. These are the main aspects that can be singled out. Additionally, this organization attaches importance to corporate social responsibility. In particular, one can distinguish such elements as environmental sustainability, the safety of their products, and efficient corporate government. These values are critical for the long-term growth of this corporation. On the whole, such priorities are quite consistent with the short-term policies of this business. Goals The company wants to achieve several long-term objectives. As it has been said before, they want to be the best food and beverage company in North America. Additionally, this corporation wants to ensure reliable growth. Moreover, the management strives to improve the financial performance of this business since this indicator is important for attracting and retaining investors. This organization wants to be the leading producer mostly in the United States and Canada. However, they do not intend to increase its market share in other regions or countries. Yet, they do not explain the reason for this marketing policy. This is one of the main shortcomings that should be considered. Moreover, the managers of Kraft Foods Group do not clearly identify short and long-term objectives of this corporation, while this information can be of great interest to potential investors or current stockholders. Alignment of Strategic Elements with Stakeholder’s Interests Overall, some of elements of strategic planning are aligned with the interest of some stakeholders. For example, workers want to receive compensation that reflects their individual effort. This priority is reflected in the mission statement according to which Kraft Foods Group has a “performance-based culture” that can prompt workers improve their performance. Additionally, the company emphasizes that the interests of stockholders are of crucial importance to the management. These people want to make sure that their investment can contribute to their financial sustainability or security. Moreover, the goals and values of Kraft Foods Group indicate that they do not disregard the interests of the entire community. In this case, one can speak primarily about the environmental sustainability of production processes and safety of foods and beverages that they sell. Thus, this business wants to position itself as a responsible corporate citizen. The main problem is that this organization does not focus on the specific values of buyers. These people can be concerned about various issues such as the price, taste, or health benefits. Yet, the managers do not explain how they company can meet these specific needs. This is the main problem that corporate executives should address. Recommended changes It is possible to offer several recommendations to the management of Kraft Foods Group. First of all, corporate executives should pay more attention to those qualities which distinguish this business from its rivals. These unique competences should be identified in the mission statement. Researchers argue that business executives should concentrate on the reasons why a company can be singled out among other businesses (Hammonds, 2007). This part of strategy is vital for increasing the loyalty of various stakeholders, especially customers. This element is currently missing in the strategy of this business. Additionally, the management should clearly identify specific benefits that the company can create for consumers. They need to show why buyers should choose their products, rather than the products of their competitors like Nestle. For instance, they can lay stress on the quality of foods and beverages. In other words, the managers should demonstrate how they promote the well-being of customers. In this way, they can purchasing decisions of clients. Thirdly, Kraft Foods Group positions itself primarily as a North American company. However, this corporation has the capacity to become a global company. In this way, this organization can increase its profitability and attract new investors. Finally, the managers should describe their short-term objectives in greater detail. This information is important for investors who want to know what steps the organizations intends to take in order to achieve its strategic goals. These are the main recommendations that should be considered. Conclusion This discussion indicates that the management of Kraft Foods Group attaches importance to strategic planning. Their mission and vision are aligned with the interests of major stakeholders such as employees and stockholders. Yet, the information presented at their website does not explain how this corporation can benefit clients. Furthermore, the management should clearly identify the unique competences of this corporation and the attributes which distinguish it from similar businesses. These are the main aspects that should be considered. Reference List Hammonds, K. (2007). Michael Porter’s Big Ideas . Web. Kraft Foods Group. (2013). Our Mission. Web. Welch, J., & Welch, S. (2008). State your business: Too many mission statements are loaded with fatheaded jargon. Play it straight . Web.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: In 2001, eBay's international team had to come up with strategies that would increase the revenues coming from outside the United States from one hundred and fourteen million US dollars reported in 2001 to over eight hundred million US dollars projected in 2005.

In 2001, eBay's international team had to come up with strategies that would increase the revenues coming from outside the United States from one hundred and fourteen million US dollars reported in 2001 to over eight hundred million US dollars projected in 2005.

eBay 2001: Increasing External Revenues Essay Introduction This case is about a company, namely eBay, which has made a niche in the e -business industry and gone on to become one of the most successful and profitable firms in online auctions. The company’s most important stakeholders include its owners, employees, customers, suppliers, the government and the community at large. eBay operates on the principles of e-commerce where the internet is the main channel. Suppliers can also offer their physical goods to customers for purchase. No movement by both parties is required. eBay has been able to cement its survival in the industry and ensure continued growth in sales and earnings. This is because of its strategies and its insistence on excellence, efficiency, differentiation of its goods. To a lesser extent, it is also because of effective measures put in place to deal with the challenges facing the business world. This case explains the intricacies of the company’s internal and external environments. It gives the description of the company, its mission and objectives. It also looks into the challenges it faces in its quest for growth and expansion. It gives both quantitative and factual data in its analysis. The ‘now’ of this case study is 2001. The international team has to come up with strategies that will increase the revenues coming from outside the United States from one hundred and fourteen million US dollars reported in 2001 to over eight hundred million US dollars projected in 2005. Structuring an Internal Environment Analysis eBay’s mission is to ‘make impossible commerce possible and to make inefficient commerce efficient. Its vision is to grow and expand its venture to cross border trade without incurring excessive costs in its expansion. Its objectives oscillate round its vision, which is, coming up with strategies that ensure growth without causing negative impacts on the company. Excellence, efficiency, quality, customer and employee satisfaction and image form the pillar of the company’s values. It has a centralized leadership structure where only top management can make important decisions and there has to be consultations before any decision is implemented. It has a decentralized leadership structure also. The case study shows that top managers normally appoint directors who are in charge of specific goods or product line, rather than there being only one manager overlooking all the transactions that are being made. Its beliefs are mainly customer satisfaction, efficiency, excellence and quality. eBay has its own distinct way of doing things in that, customers are given a lot of leeway. Customers choose what to list and the length of time the goods are to be listed. They also have the liberty to upload photos and once the good is sold, they are the ones to pack, insure, and ship the goods to the buyers. eBay uses a hands-off philosophy and only seeks to ensure improved user experience, the process of listing items and uploading them is simple, feedback and rating are simple but valuable, and auction bidding and notification are interesting and efficient. Analysis of Resources and Capabilities Strategy Diamond eBay’s arenas include its product categories (which are mainly collector items and items that are more suited for hobbies) and its distribution channel that is wholly the internet as all the transactions is made online. It also includes its market segment, which largely consists of collectors and hobbyists in terms of the type of goods offered, and its geographic areas. This encompasses the United States and other countries outside United States for example Europe, its core technologies, which is mainly the internet, and its value creation strategies, which are mostly handled by the customers. Its vehicle was mainly the increased number of listings it experienced after it was founded. eBay differentiated its products in that it mainly dealt with collectors’ items rather than practical items. The economic logic was that since it enabled people to enjoy their hobbies while still in the comfort of their homes, there would be increased listings and therefore increased earnings for the company. Its staging was that it continued to report growing profits annually. This company was launched in 1995 and in no time spread nationally in the United States. In 1999, it went international entering the UK, Australian and German markets. In 2000, it made a debut in Japan, France and Canada eBay’s Resources and Capabilities (VRINE Analysis) eBay possesses certain vital resources that ensure that it retains its competitive advantage amongst its competitors. Following, is a detailed explanation of how each of these resources contribute to eBay’s competitive advantage. One of these resources is its reputation, eBay has created a good reputation for itself everywhere that it is available, this contributes to competitive advantage in that, it ensures customer loyalty and repeat purchases such that if there were to be a new entrant, the effects would be minimal. A large customer base is also another important resource. This simply means that eBay enjoys the largest number of listings such that it takes advantage of the critical mass approach, such that even if there were to be new entrants in the market, it would not lose its customer. eBay also enjoys financial strength; this can be attributed to the growth in its earnings over the years. This capability gives it a competitive advantage in that it provides room for growth in the face of the ever-increasing competition. This is not a resource that many companies can enjoy. eBay also enjoys network dominance with respect to online auction over other providers like Amazon and yahoo; this gives it the competitive advantage that works against its competitors. Another resource that eBay can boast of is its capacity to grow. This can largely be attributed to the way that it operates. Due to its hands-off philosophy, where its customers are the ones who handled most of the value added services, eBay can be able to grow without any significant increases in its costs. All these resources are important, but the ones that slightly contribute more are its financial strength, network dominance, and the large customer base. Value Chain Activities The primary activities carried out by eBay include the listing of items by users and registration of users, which make up the input activities. It also includes uploading of pictures and bidding by buyers which make up the transformational activities and the completion of the sale leading to packaging, insuring and shipping of the goods to the buyers, which make up the output activities. The support activities of eBay include complaints handling, training of employees, technological development and human resource management. Complaints handling can be done more effectively by creating a specific department that deals with customer complaints. Performance Evaluation The different stakeholders use different yards to measure the performance of the company. The owners use profitability of the company to gauge its performance, employees use the amount of wages that they earn, customers use the prices of the goods, the government considers the tax compliance of the company and suppliers look at whether the company makes timely payments. Strategic Issues The strategic issues here include; the uncertainty of customer loyalty, unsatisfactory user experience, shortcomings in the searches by buyers and inefficiencies in the listing and user registration process. Conclusion of Internal Analysis The internal environment of eBay can be said to be healthy. From the case, it is clear that clear and distinct measures have been put in place. The mission, objectives, values, beliefs, and the type of products have been clearly defined. Its leadership structure is also definite. Structuring an External Environment Analysis eBay is in the e-commerce industry and its geographical market was first made up of the United State but it later expanded to other countries outside the United states. Its major competitors are yahoo, Amazon and other e-commerce businesses that have adopted its model especially in countries where it has not yet ventured. In this section, we will use France as our case study. Analysis of General/Macro-environment There are various external forces that may have an effect on this industry. In the next 3-5 years, it is highly unlikely that political forces will have any effect on eBay, particularly because eBay largely depends on the internet, which is never affected by political crisis. Economic forces may have an effect in that if there is a boom, purchases are likely to increase therefore increasing eBay’s revenues, and on the other hand, a recession would mean decreased purchases and revenues. Technological factors will most likely have an effect due to the rapid technological advancements. Social factors may lead to increased use of the internet due to peer pressure hence influencing the industry positively. Ecological factors cannot affect the industry as they cannot affect the internet. Legal factors, depending on the circumstances may have an effect on the industry as a new law could be introduced that affects the industry. Conducting an Industry Analysis Porters 5 Force Model Porter’s model gives five forces that affect the industry structure. Using the France market, I will explain each of these forces. The first one was the degree of rivalry, which refers to aggressive competitors. France had the fourth largest earnings in terms of e-commerce in the world and so eBay had to try to venture into that market. However, I bazar, which was a similar company, had developed a model similar to that of eBay. It offered it to the market before eBay. Therefore, eBay faced strong competition because ibazar had long gained market dominance. Degree of rivalry deals with how your competitor will respond to the strategies you implement. Ibazar therefore offered free listings, lower transaction fees and heavy TV advertising so as to deal with the competition from eBay. The second force was the power of suppliers, who had the power to influence the industry for example by charging very high prices for their products. The third force was the power of the buyers who had the ability to control the industry for example by substituting the goods offered for other goods; they could also lose their confidence in their goods The fourth force was the threat of substitute goods, for example in the France market, unlike eBay, Ibazar offered practical goods, that is, anything and everything, this posed a threat to eBay in that their customers could easily find substitute goods in Ibazar that were much cheaper as they only offered collector items. The fifth force was the threat of new entrants. Given the high earnings attributed to e-commerce in France, it was only natural that new entrants would be attracted to the market, leading to decreased profits in the industry and consequently to eBay. In my opinion, in 2001, the industry was very attractive in France given that there were only two key players. However, it would be expected that in 3-5 years, that market would have become less attractive due to entry of new players, which would dilute the profits. Power of suppliers will decrease while power of buyers will increase. In addition, the threat of substitution will increase. SWOT Analysis Still using the French market, some of the strengths that eBay possessed were; financial strength, quality of their goods and the fact that the collectors and hobbyists did not like Ibazar and never made repeat purchases. Its weaknesses on the other hand were its lack of market dominance, listings and a large customer base. Despite these, there were opportunities given the fact that as mentioned above France reported the fourth highest earnings in the industry. This then leads us to the threats that would naturally arise; since Ibazar offered practical goods, and did not really emphasize on quality, users would end up having poor experiences, which would put the industry in jeopardy. In addition, if users got used to listing without fees, the industry’s future would also be in danger. New Business Strategies Strengthening of its Mission and Vision eBay’s mission being its most important resource, it should seek to strengthen it more and ensure that it is followed to the latter Generic Strategies of the Company eBay follows a strategy that mainly focuses on differentiation from other companies in the industry. This strategy is referred to as focused differentiation whereby unlike its competitors, it limits the types of products that can be sold preferring to deal with collectors’ items. In my opinion, since they have the capacity to expand without incurring excessive costs, they should diversify and offer practical goods while still ensuring that they observe the quality of the goods. This would serve to increase their customer base and even their earnings. Market Position Currently, eBay is a market leader despite the competition that it faces from the likes of yahoo, Amazon and the rest. It should therefore seek to pursue stabilization to ensure that it remains in the same position. Another key area that it should concentrate on is growth. This can be achieved through the expansion of the global trade plan so as to take advantage of the opportunities that new markets present. Strategic Alternatives Given the facts of the France market study, eBay had two options either to sit back and wait for I bazar’s downfall or to acquire I bazar. Each of these options had its disadvantages; in the first option, it was impossible to predict how long it would take before Ibazar collapsed and there was the risk that its downfall could affect the whole market. The second option posed the threat of lack of funds or Ibazar asking for a very high price due to misguided reasons and also Ibazar was partly owned by yahoo and wanadoo. In my opinion, the company should acquire Ibazar, as that would be a full proof plan as long as the sale went through. It would ensure that the competition was completely eliminated and it does not require a long period for if to be done. If this option were chosen the competitor would react by asking for a higher price due to misguided reasons, or they might refuse to sell under the impression that they would make it big soon. New Strategies and their Implement-ability Concerning the company’s strategic diamond, new strategies can be introduced in its arenas; increasing its geographical areas through the global trade plan and diversifying the products that it offers. Its value added activities can remain the same but they could always be made more efficient. Its vehicle should remain the same, the only difference being that it should now incorporate more customers other than collectors and hobbyists. Its differentiators, staging and economic logic should remain the same. In my opinion, these new strategies can be implemented as long as there are stringent measures that are put in place to control their implementation.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The definition of animal rights and its problems have been discussed in the text. The author argues that animals do not have rights because they are not human beings, and that the progress made in the field of biology and biodiversity is not always positive. He explains that people should take care of animals, despite the fact that they do not have rights.

The definition of animal rights and its problems have been discussed in the text. The author argues that animals do not have rights because they are not human beings, and that the progress made in the field of biology and biodiversity is not always positive. He explains that people should take care of animals, despite the fact that they do not have rights.

Definition of Animal Rights and Its Problems Essay Since the research works held every year in the field of biology and biodiversity show that the decline in the number of rare species is constantly growing, and that animals rights are being violated by a number of physical persons and legal entities, the obvious conclusion that can be drawn is that there must be something done about the situation. In spite of the fact that animals right have been talked much about, there is still very little done to protect the wildlife from the people and their inventions that pose a terrible threat to the state of the wildlife. Humanists have come up with the idea of animal rights rather recently, and the progress that the idea has brought, rapidly growing popular with the people all over the world, is truly indescribable. People have grown concerned with the issues that they have never thought of, and the humanism that the theory of animals having their own right is shot through is a clear evidence of the fact that the mankind has achieved another level of development. The notion of mankind and humanity are bound to be intertwined someday, and this is quite cheerful news. In spite of the fact that the progress cannot but bring joy and relief, there are certain questions rising as the new ideas start developing. However, not all people think that animals are supposed to have any rights at all. For example, Cohen (2008) assumes that according to their natural state, animals cannot have any rights, in contrast to people. He explains it by the fact that animals are no human beings, while rights are the attribute of people only, according to the law and logics. Human beings are self-legislative, morally autonomous. Animals (that is, nonhuman animals, the ordinary sense of that word) lack this capacity for free moral judgment. They are not beings of a kind capable of exercising or responding to moral claims. Animals therefore have no rights, and they can have none. (p. 709) This is the core of the argument about the alleged rights of animals. Indeed, the existing laws do not presume that animals should have the same rights as people do. From this point of view, it must be ridiculous to think that animals can understand the notion of rights, and accept that they have certain rights. Since humans are the only beings that can be taken as sane and articulate, only humans can have rights and freedoms. Meanwhile, the wildlife does not have the privilege of rights. It is not that animals are thought to be of less importance than the progressive mankind or the other elements of the Earth, but the whole idea is that wildlife cannot fit the idea of rights. It is high above the moral concepts – the latter are not applicable to the nature as it is at all. Cohen (2008) explains that his idea is not that, because of people’s superiority, a man can do to animals whatever he or she wants to – on the other hand, he tends to think that people should take care of animals, since the latter are more vulnerable. Yet Cohen insists that animals cannot possess rights owing to their belonging to the sphere where no morals or laws can exist. Rights entail obligations, but many of the things one ought to do are in no way tied to another’s entitlement. Rights and obligations are not reciprocals of one another, and it is a serious mistake to suppose that they are. (p. 708) In other words, nature is the environment different from the human civilization, and animals cannot possess rights in the meaning that people are used to out to this concept. Freedoms, as well as obligations, are the substance that does not fit into the frame of the wild life. With all the regard to the abovementioned point of view, it is necessary to mark that it embraces the concept of rights only from the legal point of view. This is only the constitution and the Declaration of Rights and Freedoms that such judgment is based on. In other words, since the nature itself id the notion that stands out of the structure of the human world, the rights of animals are supposed to touch the sphere that does not have the direct correspondence to the acting laws and justice. As Regan puts it, the treatment of animals in the modern society is not to be improved, it is to be changed completely, for its ideas are interconnected – once something has been changed, the whole system is brought down. Regan (2008) shows a complete revision of the concept of animals rights as the possible way out of the conflict situation: “What’s wrong — fundamentally wrong — with the way animals are treated isn’t the details that vary from case to case. It’s the whole system.” (p. 696) This wrongness is the fact that drives people to the abuse of animal rights. However much one might know about the right treatment of animals, it will be impossible to solve the misconception of the animals rights with help of the standards that we are used to apply to people. There must be something deeply wrong about the way people perceive the idea of respecting animals and their rights. The basic question is whether it is possible to respect the rights of chicken having it for a dinner. This is what vegetarians are conducting debates about. The perfect explanation that Regan (2008) provides for the drawbacks of the existing system of animal rights is the following: As for animals, since they cannot understand contracts, they obviously cannot sign; and since they cannot sign, they have no rights. Like children, however, some animals are the objects of the sentimental interest of others. (p. 699) This is as far as the law system goes with providing animals with their right to live and to enjoy their life, the right not to be treated brutally and killed. The law makes their rights equal to naught, since they can be posed neither like physical persons, nor like a legal entity, of course. Like lawyers say, “dura lex sed lex suus” – “the law is hard, but it is the law.” Still it is obvious that animals must not be mistreated. However different they might be from people, it is the principle of humanity that must guide people in their relation towards the living creatures. It goes without saying that people can make use of the plenty that the Earth provides us with. Since people cannot handle without eating meat, the question of vegetarianism remains open, and the “meat-eaters” can stay with their consciousness unstained. But as far as it goes about mistreating the living beings, making them suffer just because a man is a superior creature to those who are in pain because of people, such things have to stop. The cruelties that people can do make one’s hair rise in terror. As Regan (2008) said, animals suffer greatly because of people and their actions, which are wilder than the nature itself, completely deprived of logic of the wild world where killing is for food, not for pleasure. But what is wrong isn’t the pain, isn’t the suffering, isn’t the deprivation. These compound what’s wrong. Sometimes – often – they make it much, much worse. (p. 697) As a matter of fact, they do. These compounds shape into such terrible results that one cannot help thinking of whether a man is any difference from a beast. In fact, even animals do not treat each other with the cruelty of a man. Regarding the situation, one must say that it has to be dealt with. People have to acknowledge that animals are living beings just like people are, and their rights are not a vague notion but the basis for the humanity of people all over the world. Animals have to get the rights that they have been deprived of for so long, and the aim of giving them those rights must be the prior goal of humanists and animal protection organizations. Reference Cohen, C. (2008). The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research. The Norton Reader: An Anthology of Nonfiction. 12 th Ed . New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. Regan, T. (2008). The Case for Animal Rights. The Norton Reader: An Anthology of Nonfiction, 12 th Ed . New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: Annie Hall is a popular comedy film that has been used to highlight the issues that surround love and romance in the contemporary society. The film has also been used to highlight the effects of cultural stereotypes in the society.

Annie Hall is a popular comedy film that has been used to highlight the issues that surround love and romance in the contemporary society. The film has also been used to highlight the effects of cultural stereotypes in the society.

“Annie Hall” by Woody Allen Essay Annie Hall is one of the most popular comedy films in Hollywood. Its popularity not only transcends from its themes but also from prestigious awards that the film has scooped from the industry. It is one of the comic films that won four major awards in Hollywood. Woody Allen used the film to highlight the issues that surround love and romance in the contemporary society. As described by the star, Annie Hall is a romantic comedy that reveals the issues, which affect intimate relationships between individuals of the opposite sex. The star of the film exhibits theme elements when he falls in love with Diane Keaton, who acts as the female costar in the film (Eagan 90). Based on this information, this study therefore seeks to analyze the contents of the film, theme, and effects of music in the film. Themes and Content One of the key themes in the film is a necessity and absurdity that are associated with love. Alvy manages to conquer Annie’s love and reveal how love can be ridiculous and fleeting but at the same time very essential in life. This point is exhibited when the star of the film subscribed to the idea that relationships may be absurd but are very important for an individual to lead a healthy life. To this end, Alvy Singer is also worried about relationships and, therefore, consults the pedestrians on the key elements of a successful relationship (Bailey 124). Alvy portrays the complications that are inherent in modern relationships when he tries to reflect on his past relationships with his two ex-wives. Despite the fact that star vowed to love the two women until death separates them, he could not understand what made him break the vows. The same case applied to his relationship with Annie when both of them decided to ignore the effects of connection between them (Eagan 92). Assessment of the content of the film reveals that the element of love has been used to highlight the transformative aspect of art. The aspect of transformation is a common feature of love in real life situation (Bailey 123). For purposes of compatibility in their relationship, both characters transform their behavior to ensure the success of the engagement. Annie exhibits the willingness to adopt new lifestyles after falling in love with Alvy. A character such as Rob also embraces transformation when he decides to move to LA and adopt a new lifestyle. The main characters in the film, Alvy and Annie fall in love. However, their relationship is short-lived, since the two separate even before the end of the film. The scenario indicates how modern relationships are marked by unpredictable and frequent conflicts (Eagan 89). Annie Hall is one of the comic films that have also been used to highlight the effects of cultural stereotypes in the society. Alvy labels himself as a comedian from the Jewish culture. This stereotypical approach creates comedy in the film and also highlights the element of diversity in the society (Bailey 124). The stereotype is also used in the film to eliminate cultural barriers between the characters. For example, regardless of the cultural differences between Alvy and Annie, these two unlike people fall in love and spend time together. The two characters interacted and associated with family members from both cultures. Alvy made an effort to interact with Annie’s parents and shared a meal with them in California. However, the meeting was marked by laughter and easiness as Alvy got the opportunity to share his experiences with Annie’s family. Most characters in the film tend to get used to being culturally stereotyped except for Annie who refused to be stereotyped (Bailey 125). Performance taken by the characters revealed that the film relied on humor to convey its message to the audience. It integrated various elements of humor to create laughter. Various activities and events were also used to create the comic effect in the film. For example, Annie is a singer who composed songs that mainly delved on love and romance, Rob acted his part by portraying the themes of the song, and Alvy played a significant role in creating the comic effect in the film (Eagan 89). Annie revealed that social interaction for romantic purposes must be demonstrated by performance. On the other hand, Alvy indicates that performance in romantic relationships must be associated with satisfaction. For example, he made jokes on the issue of sexual satisfaction and doubted his sexual performance when he felt insecure about his love (Bailey 123). Apart from sex, drug abuse has been employed in the film to portray the themes of freedom, the youthful nature of the characters, rebellion, and open-mindedness. The main characters in the film were youthful individuals who were very likely to rebel against the rules set by the parents. Annie’s initiative to use drugs after having sex indicates the role of drugs in leisure and entertainment (Eagan 89). Effects of Music To bring the themes and content into perspective, the director of the film used jazz music in the background of the film. The music also reveals the behaviors of the characters in the play. In spite of the organization of the film, jazz music creates an aspect of tranquility. This, therefore, conforms to the theme of love and romance. The whole film revolves around the issues of love, comedy, and romance. Jazz music creates a greater impact by combining the three elements together. Jazz music is also used to give emphasis on the theme of love. For example, when Diane Keaton performs a song titled ‘It Had to Be You’ in the background of the film, the audience is able to reflect on the main theme of love. The title of the song portrays a promise or a vow that was made by the lovers in the film. The song is performed twice to create more emphasis on the main theme (Eagan 88). Music is also used to create a festive mood when the boys choir performed a Christmas Medley. The song reveals that the setting of the film is developed in a festive season when most individuals were on vacations (Bailey 123). The Christmas Medley is also used to highlight the element of tranquility and peace. Music is also used to portray the aspect of dilemma that greatly affected the main characters of the film. For example, Alvy was in dilemma after having separated with two women before meeting Annie. The aspect of dilemma is exhibited by the song, which was titled ‘Hard Way to Go’ and was performed by Tim Weisberg (Eagan 95). Works Cited Bailey, Peter. The Reluctant Film Art of Woody Allen , Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2010. Print. Eagan, Daniel. America’s Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry , London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2010. Print.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: Generalized anxiety disorder is a condition that is characterized by excessive worry and fear. It can cause children to have difficulty in remembering important issues, pale skin on the outward look and sometimes, sweaty hands and feet.

Generalized anxiety disorder is a condition that is characterized by excessive worry and fear. It can cause children to have difficulty in remembering important issues, pale skin on the outward look and sometimes, sweaty hands and feet.

The Generalized Anxiety Disorder Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Generalized anxiety disorder 3. Theories associated with generalized anxiety disorder 4. Treatment 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction According to Harrison (2006 pp13), anxiety can be described as a feeling of uncertainty and fear without an apparent objective. He further explains that Anxiety ranges from moderate to severe reactions which may lead to continuous avoidance of the feared situation or object. According to Landow (2006 pp 98), indicators of stress are emerging especially among college students. He further adds that, depression, anxiety disorders, and suicidal tendencies are evident with time (Landow, 2006, p. 98). Moreover, anxiety feelings are a universal human experience, which could be as a result of fight or flight (Harrison, 2006, pp11). Generally, anxiety can be viewed as a normal reaction to any kind of stress that one is going through. According to Hudson (2009, pp 173), results of a study carried out on twins who had anxiety disorders indicated that, it is individual’s environment and shared environment that contribute to the anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders can also be caused by both psychological and social factors. For instance, if in a family there is a history of an anxiety disorder, then there is a high possibility that children born from that family will develop the same disorder at some point in their life. According to Veeraraghavan (2006 pp 6), there are several types of anxiety disorders; these include separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, social phobia, specific phobia and post traumatic stress disorder. In this essay, the main emphasis is on the generalized anxiety disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder According to Veeraraghavan (2006 pp 10), generalized anxiety disorder is associated with unreasonable and irrational worries, which are difficult to control for the affected ones. This anxiety sometimes results to the inability for the children to perform work, lack of concentration, a feeling of restlessness and irritation and sometimes, the children feel physically exhausted. These may hence result to distress and functioning problems. The generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is also associated with non- specific persistence fear and worry, and may affect both children and adults. According to Veeraraghavan (2006 pp 7), GAD is diagnosed if one has had frequent worries for close to six months. Moreover, according to Bourne (2011 pp 19), generalized anxiety disorder is includes heredity, neurobiology and childhood experiences such as rejection and sometimes, parents modeling worry behavior contributes to GAD. Some of the symptoms of this anxiety include difficulty in remembering important issues, pale skin on the outward look and sometimes, sweaty hands and feet. Sometimes, the affected person may be sentimental and always crying, which is a signal of depression. This anxiety is said to be free-floating, whereby a person has problems when it comes to controlling the anxiety. This anxiety is at times accompanied by restlessness, tiredness, petulance, muscle tension, inability to sleep; indeed, GAD not only contributes to stress in someone, but also interferes with the normal functioning of a person. Moreover, GAD is reported to have a high degree of life interference due to the worry present in this disorder. According to Rygh and Sanderson (2004, pp 5), “GAD is associated with heritability trait, such as anxiety, negative effects, behavioral inhibition and depression.” According to Bourne (2011 pp 18), mostly, GAD is associated with depression and can occur at any stage both in children and adolescents. In addition, the generalized anxiety disorder can be influenced by the surrounding environment since it’s the surrounding events that contribute to worries. Mostly, the generalized anxiety disorder is associated with worry and anxiety. For instance, after watching news report on the Japan tsunami and earthquake, a normal person will automatically feel tensed and worried temporarily, but for a person with generalized anxiety disorder, he might not be able to sleep at night at all and he may continue worrying for some days continuously. Most of these people worry exaggeratedly over issues over and over again. Therefore, there is a clear indication on the difference between normal worry and generalized anxiety disorder. However, generalized anxiety disorder patients can deal with the anxiety problem in a number of ways; first, they should be able to deal with worry in a productive way which may involve learning how to deal with worry. This can be achieved through postponing one’s worries, ignoring the weird thoughts on one’s mind, and being able to deal with and accept the uncertainties that come in ones life. In order to be able to relax, GAD patients should involve themselves in activities such as exercises, meditation, and taking deep breaths once in a while, hence reducing the rate of stress or depression. According to Smith and Jaffe-Gill (2010), self-sooth is the most essential tool to deal with anxiety and worry. Some of their tips include; taking a walk to the park and breathing the fresh air, listening to music when you feel tense, lighting scented candles and smelling of fresh flowers, cooking a delicious meal for yourself, and getting a massage. Theories associated with generalized anxiety disorder The generalized anxiety disorder is mainly associated with worry, hence the worry avoidance theory tries to explore further on GAD. According to Heimberg (2004 pp 14), worry can be defined as a chain of thoughts and images, with negative effect and uncontrollable problems arising there from. He further explains that, worry can serve as a means of avoidance to the negative aversive images. Therefore, the best remedy for worry is avoiding worries at all times. According to the author, the cognitive avoidance theory of worry is actually an avoidance response to danger. He explains that the world is a dangerous place and one may not be able to cope with what the future brings; thus, one must anticipate all the bad things that happen so as to avoid or prepare for them. Worry can serve as a cognitive avoidance strategy in three ways; worry suppresses anxious arousal, worry functions as an attempt to prevent or prepare for the future and worry as a focus on events that distract from more pressing emotion concerns. People who have GAD should avoid uncomfortable emotions and stop living in multiple emotions. In conclusion, this theory indicates that worry is a negatively reinforced cognitive avoidance response. According to Hudson (2010 pp 155), young children are also aware of their worries, and according to research, they even admit that it is difficult to control these worries. According to Portman (2009 pp 33), Barlow’s emotion theory focuses on the generalized anxiety. He further explains that “there is a synergy that takes place between a generalized biological vulnerability and generalized psychological vulnerability” (Portman, 2009). The Barlow’s theory signifies that worry may be a process that is independent from anxiety (Rapee and Hudson, 2010). According to Barlow’s theory, generalized psychological vulnerability creates a neurotic temperament; but when the generalized biological factor that forms the genetic influence is added to the early experiences and vulnerability, it leads to GAD. Treatment According to Bourne (2011 pp 19), there are a number of treatments that one can refer to in order to curb the generalized anxiety behavior. Relation training involves deep breath relaxation techniques as an exercise. Secondly, the cognitive therapy involves identifying fearful worries and replacing them with realistic thinking. This therapy helps one to understand that, worrying only increases the probability of odds of something negative happening. Thirdly, worry exposure includes strategies that would help one cope with the disturbing images or fears. Reducing worry behavior is another strategy that helps one reduce on a behavior that involves worry. Problem solving is also another strategy that involves solving of that particular problem that one is worried about and also learning to accept the situations that one cannot change. Distraction involves diverting attention to some other activities apart from ones worries; this could include listening to music, gardening, cooking and swimming. Lastly, there are medications such as Zoloft, luvox, and lexapro used and have been found effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder (Bourne, 2011 pp 19-20). Moreover, involving the family in the treatment of the anxiety disorders may yield to better outcomes. This is because the family members will be able to understand the disorder well enough in order to assist the affected person. Conclusion At any given time, it is normal for any human being to worry, but when ones worries become regular that they affect one’s normal routine, such that one cannot sleep, then, that is a problem. The generalized anxiety disorder is usually a combination of heredity, neurobiology and predisposing childhood experiences that include parental expectation, rejection and parent’s modeling worry behavior. Nevertheless, generalized anxiety disorder can be said to be any stressful situation that may contribute to fear (Edmund 2009 pp 34). However, for every problem, there is a solution. Hence, GAD is a disorder that can be subsided through a number of ways such as treatment in form of medication or in form of therapy. GAD patients can also benefit from the acceptance of the anxiety, watching on one’s anxiety, functioning with the anxiety, and expecting the best if they continue accepting the functioning and watching the anxiety. References Bourne, E. (2011). The Anxiety and Phobia Workbook. Fifth Edition. CA: New harbinger publications. Edmund, J. (2009). Anxiety & Phobia Workbook: Easy read Comfort . Fourth Edition. NY: ReadHowYouWant.com. Web. Harrison, A. and Hart, C. (2006). Mental health care for nurses: applying mental health skills in the general hospital. Fifth Edition. NY: Wiley- Blackwell publishers. Heimberg. R. (2004). Generalized anxiety disorder: advances in research and practice. NY: Guilford Press publishers. Hudson, J. and Ellis, D. (2010). The Metacognitive Model of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Children and Adolescents. NY: Springer science + business media publishers. Landow, M. (2006). Stress and mental health of college students . NY: Nova publishers. Portman, M. (2009). Generalized Anxiety Disorder Across the Lifespan: An Integrative Approach. NY: Springer publisher. Rapee, R. and Hudson, L. Family and social environments in the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorder. (Attached material). Rygh, J. and Sanderson, W. (2004). Treating generalized anxiety disorder: evidence-based strategies, tools, and techniques. NY: Guilford press publishers. Smith, M. and Jaffe-Gill, E. (2010). Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD ) . Web. Veeraraghavan, V. (2006). Behaviour Problems in Children and Adolescents . Northern Book Centre publishers.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Apple Inc has been experiencing problems with its sales falling in the recent years. This problem is compounded by the entry of other players in the PC market such as windows 7 which started pushing Apple further.

Apple Inc has been experiencing problems with its sales falling in the recent years. This problem is compounded by the entry of other players in the PC market such as windows 7 which started pushing Apple further.

Apple Company: Problems and Solutions Essay Example Table of Contents 1. Brief History of Apple Inc 2. Apple Marketing Problems 3. Proposed Solution for the problems 4. Current Situation of Apple Inc 5. Works Cited Brief History of Apple Inc Apple Computer Company was founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Woziniak in 1976 after they had dropped out of school. They were working in a family garage in California where they decided to come up with a computer circuit board which they called Apple 1. They made more than two hundred units within a few months after starting. In order to boost their new business, they decided to incorporate a new partner who was more experienced for them to attract venture capital. The aim of these two entrepreneurs was to introduce into the market a computer that was easy to use and they came up with Apple II in 1978. There endeavors led to a complete revolution in the PC industry raising the sales to 1$ billion in less than three years. The company became one of the most successful dealers in computers with high sales until they launched their IPO in 1980. However, the company started experiencing problems with its sales falling in the recent years. This problem is compounded by the entry of other players in the PC market such as windows 7 which started pushing Apple further (Yoffie and Kim 2). This essay will discuss some of the problems Apple has been facing and how they could possibly be solved. Apple Marketing Problems One of the most serious problems that apple Inc is facing and which to a large extent contributes to the occasional failures of the company is a marketing problem due to stiff competition in the industry. Initially, Apple was dealing with Macintosh computers when it started facing stiff competition from other PC manufacturers such as IBM. Later on, Apple decided to shift from PC industry into mobile phone industry. The company wanted to go beyond Macintosh computers and embrace a digital hub strategy. This shift was marked by the introduction of iPod in 2001 and the iPhone in 2007. Later in 2010, the company introduced the iPad. After these developments the company changed its name from Apple computers to Apple Inc. one of the distinguishing features of Apple Inc iPods is the iTunes software that they incorporated (Yoffie and Kim 9). Despite the success of the iTunes Apple Inc has enjoyed, it has had strained relationships with content companies. These companies are in strong opposition of the fact that Apple Inc has dominated the digital music market and its structure of fixed prices. In addition, music labels are seeing the threat posed by Apple Inc because there high priced CDs are being faced out of the market. Apple Inc faces strong competition from online music stores such as Napster, amazon.com and Walmart.com which often inconveniences the marketing strategies of company. These online music stores have been offering music downloads at discounted prices. Some music labels have been allowing music stores to sell DRM free music. For example, MySpace which is a social network has been networking with other music labels to come up with its own music service. This increases the competition hence forcing Apple Inc to start looking for new marketing strategies in order to remain relevant in the market. In addition to the music services provided by social networks which pose a threat to Apple Inc, the company has also experienced another challenge coming from internet radio sites such as last.fm and Pandora which offer free streaming services. Other companies like Nokia started offering music services with their phones. The impact of this competition is that it forces Apple Inc to diversify its marketing strategies and look for new products which is costly for the company. For instance, in response to these threats the company had to buy Lala.com which is a music streaming service in 2009. This raised speculations from the competitors that Apple Inc had intentions of coming up with a new model of storing digital music. The entry into mobile phone industry for Apple is a risky endeavor because there are strong competitors with remarkable experience in the industry. The products also have a short life span and sophistication in technology of which apple Inc has little experience in. there is also a strong challenge in distribution since some of the distributors already in the market such as Vodafone are formidable. This makes the marketing strategies for Apple Inc challenging (Yoffie and Kim 9) Proposed Solution for the problems The marketing problem facing Apple Inc as result of increased competition can be handled through intensive market research and analysis. Apple Inc should be very keen on identifying the strategies and moves being used by its rivals. Apart from observing the rivals, the company should conduct continued market research and identify what the customers require in order to satisfy them. Through proper knowledge of what the customers need and the strategies being used by the competitors, the company will be able to apply the requisite innovativeness in coming bringing into the market new products. The company should also strife to invest a lot in its distribution strategies to ensure that the competitors do not take advantage of its poor distribution strategies. Current Situation of Apple Inc Despite the problems that have occasionally bedeviled Apple Inc causing the company to drop its sales in various times, the company is now doing well. The introduction of its latest devices like the iPhone and the iPad recently has seen the company grow tremendously. In October 2010, the shares of the company rose very high which is an indication that it is doing fine. In the same year, the company also opened the Mac App Store for distributing digital applications. The market capitalization of the company went beyond that of Microsoft this year and it was rated as the brand with the highest value in consumer facing issues. By July of 2011, the reserves of the company had gone beyond those of the US government (Apple Press Info 10) Works Cited Apple Press Info. Apple Reports Second Quarter Results . 2011. Web. Yoffie, David and Renee Kim. Apple Inc in 2010. 2011. Web.15 Aug 2011.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The carbon price mechanism in Australia is a policy that was set up by the government to help it cut down its high carbon emissions. The policy has been in place since 2012 and will remain fixed for three years. After that period, the government will initiate Market-Based Emissions Trading Scheme and through this systems, the government will define emission level cap.

The carbon price mechanism in Australia is a policy that was set up by the government to help it cut down its high carbon emissions. The policy has been in place since 2012 and will remain fixed for three years. After that period, the government will initiate Market-Based Emissions Trading Scheme and through this systems, the government will define emission level cap.

Applied Analysis of the Carbon Price Mechanism in Australia Essay Introduction The Australian government has heeded to the international concerns of environmental conservation and thus, set up policies that would help it to cut down its high carbon emissions. As a result, the government established a Carbon Price Mechanism which states that from the 1 st of July 2012, the prices of carbon dioxide equivalents would change. One tonne of CO 2 which is emitted by about 500 of the country’s largest emitters would cost $23 per ton. This new price would remain fixed for three years starting from 2012 to 2015. This would be indexed per year at a rate of 2.5%. After that period, the government will initiate Market-Based Emissions Trading Scheme and through this systems, the government will define emission level cap. The market mechanism on the other hand will play their role in determining the price. The carbon price will not affect the fuel consumption by households for lightning, transportation, renewable fuels like ethanol, biodiesel and light commercial motorcars (Graham and others 2008, 114). Effect of Rising Energy Prices on Households Many people and organizations claim that they support the introduction of the carbon pricing mechanism in Australia. Nonetheless, the cost of the poor families who earn very little to afford gas will suffer (Seaton 2011, 3). This is because they will be required to spend more of gas because the carbon pricing is intended to cut or reduce pollution that is greatly associated with the uses of the other sources of fuels. Whereas the anticipated increases in the prices could comparatively modest, they are instruments and important enough to bring further harsh conditions to families that live on low earnings (Hatfield-Dodds and others 2007, 78; Aldy and others 2010, 905). The government is setting up strategies that will ensure that the support accorded to the poor families will still be in the spirit of environmental conservation and support carbon price policy. In addition, the support provided should ensure that the producers and retailers adjust their prices accordingly (Tamiotti and others 2009 167). The help accorded to the poor households need to take care of a number of factors that are deemed reasonable (Seaton 2011, 3). They need to be reviewed and adjusted so that it can match future transition to flexibility. That means dealing with things like arrangements (Hatfield-Dodds and others 2007, 78). Compensation should only be done for cost impact of the carbon price. In this context, the policy should not seek to address the fuel prices that were caused by other factors ((Hester and Harrison, 2009, 56)). In view of the proposed carbon pricing by the Australian government, there needs to be assistance provided which can be achieved through combination of the following factors: 1. The recurring cash expenses through the income support system which are derived by calculating the values as dollar amount and sufficient indexation (Hatfield-Dodds and others 2007, 78), and 2. Adjusting tax system including low income tax offsets, family tax benefits Even though taxation and transfer system can be used to offer the best means of ensuring fairness to exploit assistance for households, the existing payment levels and systems are unbalanced and incompetent (Hatfield-Dodds and others 2007, 79). It is necessary that the design of carrying out the household assistance in parallel with carbon price mechanism need to account for these deficiencies (Great Britain Parliament 2010). Besides assisting them financially, there needs to be implemented an alternative sustained investment that will help the low income class families improve their energy use efficiency (Meadowcroft and Langhelle 2009, 123). Environmental Pollution Environmental pollution is a major concern for the world today because human beings realize that they have a duty to protect the survival of the future generations (Australian Government 2008, 67). It is in line with this fact that the use of environmental friendly energies have been growing very fast to become one of the fastest developing sectors nowadays. It is in fact the major driving component in the pursuit for sustainable economy. A number of proven clean energies such as solar, bio gas among others exist today and are being employed and becoming a great threat to conventional energy sources (Australian Government 2008, 67). Liability : As fast as pollution is concerned and with the need to control carbon prices, the Australian government has in place a strategy to address this issue. To begin with, it has decided that about 500 companies will be held liable for the carbon pricing (Australian Government 2008, 67). Essentially, a threshold of 25,000 carbon dioxide tones emitted directly will be used for rating whether a firm or an industry is covered by the carbon pricing or not (Weyant & De La Chesnaye 2006, 5). All the direct emission by the facility will be used to calculate the threshold except transport fuels or synthetic greenhouse emissions (Seaton 2011, 5). As per by the definition of the National greenhouse and energy reporting act, the entities with operation control will be the ones to be considered liable (Aldy and others 2010, 905). As already mentioned in the previous paragraphs there is need for compensation as well. This is because the new mechanism will have a negative impact on low and middle income households (Graham and others 2008, 114). Many of them may not be able to afford the fuel and will resolve to use the most affordable available energy like firewood, which in fact would be more devastating than the use of gases (Seaton 2011, 5). This is therefore the reason why the government has decided that about 50% of the revenue generated from the scheme will be used for compensating the low earning households. The proposed strategy that the government will use is as below; * A Rise in the tax-free threshold going up to $18,200 in the year 2012 to 2013 and then increasing to $19,400 in 2015 to 2016. (Weyant & De La Chesnaye 2006, 5) * An increase in the household benefit payment, pension and allowances so as to help the households to be able to meet their increasing expenses * To except the families from the carbon price on fuel consumed for transport. Besides, the government agencies will ensure that despite the implementation of the carbon price mechanism, the community services should not be compromised (Graham and others 2008, 135.). The non-profit service providers especially for the most important community services will be exposed to increases in expense on their basic requirements for operations like food, and fuel (Meadowcroft and Langhelle 2009, 123). Since these types of service providers will not be able to survive the cost increases through higher charges, they will need to address revenue increase via other means or devise means of reducing their services. Promotion of the Living standards of the Australians Basically, incoming carbon price will have short-term negative implications on the productivity growth and income of a number of families. Even though less compared to the regulatory approaches which secure similar reductions in emissions, it will still be significant (Hatfield-Dodds and others 2007, 34). The review and the Australian treasury of 2008, identified growth of economy to the middle of the century increasing to few points of national income to be lower by that time. The 2008 review also revealed that if Australian was to reduce emissions in an effective and scaled international standard manner, it would recoup the loss and more by the end of the century because if he decreased cost of climate change (Pearman 2008, 89). This would be so even when value of insurance against exceptionally bad results was ignored entirely. The modelling of the review did not factor the issue of welfare after 2100 and it also failed to consider benefits to productivity and income that would be protected as a result of sensible of revenue from the carbon pricing mechanism (Hatfield-Dodds and others 2007, 34). The carbon price revenue could help improve tax mechanism by decreasing the tax disincentives. For instance, modelling revealed that targeted tax reform would manage to offset a considerable share of the modest reduction in the growth rates in income anticipated for the following decades just after initiating the carbon price. Broadly, this means that the effect will be ranging up to over one-third to half of the macroeconomic impact because if the pricing mechanism without properly targeted tax reforms for the first decade and second decade. That could fall up to 10-20% of the impact by the year 2050 as the carbon prices rise and the amount of greenhouse emissions reduced (Hatfield-Dodds and others 2007, 34). The current taxes with inclusion of the savings tax, indirect and income taxes will decrease incentive for some people for participation in the employment, Australian Government 2010, 45. The carbon price and other regulatory measures seeking to reduce carbon emissions are comparable in amount. Without reducing the taxation, it would still result in less growth in the real salaries hence decreasing the work incentives more (Wildcat Publishing 2009, 78). Conclusion Simplest way of helping Household and alternatives The simplest way of helping households not to worsen their situation by the carbon price is to effectively increase their percentage on pensions, raise tax benefits and allowances which reduced as the income increased. This is administratively easier. However, at person levels, it would cost millions of people a lot. In regard to numerous disparities involving support payments for vital earnings, a number of alternatives have been offered. They include pensions, stipends and other benefits instead, in other than paying the percent wage increases. Furthermore, fixed payments need to be adjusted accordingly bearing in mind the increases in living expenses, the types of households as well as cushion those households of any economic shocks that might arise. This implies that fixed payments will still vary from household to household. This will be based on a number of factors which includes the size of household, the age groups of household members, social economic status and whether the apartment is rented or privately owned. Reference List Aldy, J. E., et al., 2010. Designing Climate Mitigation Policy, Journal of Economic Literature, 48, 4, 903-934. Australian Government, 2008. Australia’s Low Pollution Future: The Economics of Climate Change Mitigation, Australian Government, Canberra. Australian Government, 2010. Australia to 2050: Future Challenges (2010 Intergenerational Report), Australian Government, Canberra. Graham, P., Reedman, L., & Poldy, F., 2008. Modelling Of The Future Of Transport Fuels In Australia: A Report To The Future Fuels Forum’, CSIRO, Newcastle. Great Britain Parliament. 2010. The Role of Carbon Markets In Preventing Dangerous Climate Change : London: Great Britain Parliament. Hatfield-Dodds, J. Carwardine, M. Dunlop, P. Graham, & C. Klein, 2007. Rural Australia Providing Climate Solutions. Preliminary report to the Australian Agricultural Alliance on Climate Change. Canberra: CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems. Hatfield-Dodds, S., Jackson, E. K., Adams, P. D., & Gerardi, W., 2007. Leader, Follower, or Free Rider? The Economic Impacts of Different Australian Emission Targets, Sydney: The Climate Institute. Hester, R. E. & Harrison, R. M. (eds.) 2009. Carbon Capture: Sequestration and Storage, Issues in Environmental Science and Technology 29: 203-238. Meadowcroft, J. & Langhelle, O. 2009. Caching the Carbon: The Politics And Policy Of Carbon Capture And Storage, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Pearman, G., 2008. Climate Change Risk in Australia under Alternative Emissions Futures , Department of the Treasury, Canberra. Seaton, A. 2011. Australia Carbon Pricing Mechanism, Melbourne. Web. Tamiotti, L., et al., 2009. Trade and Climate Change: A Report by the United Nations Environment programme. World Trade Organization, United Nations Environment Programme, Geneva: WTO. Weyant, J.P., & De La Chesnaye, F.C., 2006. EMF 21: Multi-Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Climate Policy. Web. Wildcat Publishing. 2009. The Oil & Gas Year Australia, Melbourne: Wildcat Publishing Inc.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay explores the dominant approaches employed by the three components of criminal justice system: law enforcement, courts and corrections in preventing the occurrence of crime.The objective of the criminal justice system is to ensure proper enforcement of the standards of conduct in protecting the rights of the individuals and the community in a free society. The criminal justice system has three components namely, law enforcement agent, courts and corrections to criminals. This essay explores the dominant approaches employed by the three components of criminal justice system: law

The essay explores the dominant approaches employed by the three components of criminal justice system: law enforcement, courts and corrections in preventing the occurrence of crime. The objective of the criminal justice system is to ensure proper enforcement of the standards of conduct in protecting the rights of the individuals and the community in a free society. The criminal justice system has three components namely, law enforcement agent, courts and corrections to criminals. This essay explores the dominant approaches employed by the three components of criminal justice system: law

Approaches to Crime Prevention Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Law Enforcement Agency 3. The Courts 4. The Corrections Agency 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction The United States of America government employs various approaches in preventing the occurrence of criminal activities . These approaches constitute legal and social institutions that encompass the criminal justice system. Walker (1992) defines criminal justice system as “a set of legal and social institutions for enforcing the criminal law in accordance with a defined set of procedural rules and limitations” (p. 7). The objective of the criminal justice system is to ensure proper enforcement of the standards of conduct in protecting the rights of the individuals and the community in a free society. The criminal justice system has three components namely, law enforcement agent, courts and correction measures to criminals. This essay explores the dominant approaches employed by the three components of criminal justice system: law enforcement, courts and corrections in preventing the occurrence of crime. Law Enforcement Agency In thecriminal justice system, the police officers have the responsibility to arrest all criminal offenders. The dominant approaches in which the police use in enforcing law and order are police patrol, community policing and the use of intelligent officers. Police patrol involves open vigilance of the police in crime prone areas to prevent real time crimes from occurring. Community policing entails the use of community to assist the police in giving information and tracking of criminal activities in the society, while intelligent officers are responsible in gathering information about crimes and criminals and present them to the law enforcement agency. The most effective approach of law enforcement is the use of police patrol. The advantage of the police patrol is that there is a rapid response in case a crime is committed. The patrolling approach is the backbone of policing because “it is the most visible element of policing; readily identifiable police vehicles operated by uniformed officers are often the first line of contact between the police agency and the community lending an atmosphere of safety” (Hess & Orthmann, 2008, p. 145). The patrolling police officers provide a link between the community policing and the law enforcement agency, which enhance effective tracking of criminals in the community. The patrol approach is a fundamental method of dealing with criminal because without the patrol police officers, there will be hardly any arrest of the criminals. Hess and Orthmann confirms that, “if this division did not exist, there would be little need for the rest of the police agency, because nearly everything a police agency handles begins with the patrol officer” (2008, p. 151). Therefore, police patrol is the most effective approach of preventing crime activities in the community. The Courts Courts form part of the criminal justice system and their function is to administer justice to the suspected criminals and the victims. In the court, the government appoints a judge who is responsible in administering justice by giving a fair and just ruling on a criminal case. To avoid biases associated with unfair ruling, the United States of America employs inquisitorial system and adversarial system. The inquisitorial system is composed of judges who carryout investigation to determine the fate of the case without any further consultation with the advocates as in the case of the adversarial system. The inquisitorial system does not provide for plea-bargaining, as Care (2004) asserts, “The fact that the defendant has confessed is merely one more fact that is entered into evidence, and a confession by the defendant does not remove the requirement that the prosecution present a full case” (p. 3). The confessed evidence makes it hard for the accused to appeal the case. On contrary, the adversarial system ensures fair trial because its ruling depends on the arguments of the advocates representing the disputing parties before a judge who then determines the fate of the case. According to Hale (2004), “the advocates of both parties argue their case before the court and the case is ruled in favor of the party who offers the most sound and compelling argument based on the law as applied to the facts of the case” (p.31). The adversarial system has advantage over inquisitorial system because it allows for the plea bargain in cases where the suspects confess a crime, gives a fair trial and is free from the state manipulation. Despite the efforts to ensure fair trial, at some instances, “manipulations of the court system by defense and prosecution attorneys, law enforcement as well as the defendants have occurred and there have been cases where justice was denied” (Perri & Lichtenwald, 2009, p. 24). The adversarial system seeks to ensure effectiveness and efficiency of the court process. Since a weak judicial system encourages crime, “absence of a justice system that is effective, fair and humane is a threat to the peace and security” (Costa, 2010, p. 1). Furthermore, the effectiveness of the judicial system does not only depend on the court process, but also on the constitution of a country. The Corrections Agency After the police arrest suspects and are charged in the court for committing criminal offences, the corrections agency effect the punishment to the criminals. The corrections agency employs different forms of punishments such as fines, imprisonment, probation, exile and execution. In minor crimes, fine and probation is employed to punish minor criminal offenders. Heinous crimes result into execution in some countries, while in others it leads to life imprisonment. The most effective and dominant approach used by the corrections agency is the imprisonment. This approach is the most dominant because most criminal offences require rehabilitation of the criminals. Imprisonment of criminals comes with several benefits to the criminals and to the society alike. The main aim of imprisonment is to punish the criminal because the prison term is proportional to the type of crime committed. Moreover, imprisonment benefits the community because it prevents criminals from perpetrating their criminal activities. The criminals also benefit from the imprisonment because they get a chance to reform their lives, attend vocational training or released as a parole (Hess & Orthmann, 2008, p. 160). This correctional approach has helped in transforming the lives of many prisoners to become reliable members of the society. Conclusion An effective Justice criminal system requires proper coordination of the law enforcement agency, courts and corrections agency in order to prevent the occurrence of crimes in the society. The dominant approaches in preventing crimes are the police patrol, adversarial system of justice and imprisonment, as a correctional measure. Proper coordination of these approaches and support from other minor approaches will help in reducing crime in society. The need to have an effective criminal justice system is not only of a national interest but also of international concern because organized criminal gangs like terrorists need a strong criminal justice system. Hence, a strong criminal justice system needs a collective responsibility from the public, police, courts and the corrections agency. References Care, J. (2004). Civil Procedure and Courts in the South Pacific . New York: Routledge Costa, A. (2010). Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Issues. United Nations Office On Drugs and Crime. Web. Hale, S. (2004). The Discourse of Court Interpreting: Discourse Interpreting: Discourse Practices of the Law, the Witness and the Interpreter . Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Hess, M., & Orthmann, C. (2008). Introduction to the Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice . Florence: Cengage Learning Perri, F., & Lichtenwald, T. (2009). When Worlds Collide: Criminal Investigative Analysis, Forensic Psychology and the Timothy Masters Case. Forensic Examiner, 18(2), 23-28. Print. Walker, S. (1992). Origins of the Contemporary Criminal Justice Paradigm: The American Bar Foundation Survey, Justice Quarterly , 9 (1). 1-13.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The role of innovative technologies in the architecture career report (assessment) is to provide a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in the field of architecture and its possible future development over the next 100 years.Innovative technologies play a significant role in the architecture career report (assessment) as they provide a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in the field of architecture and its possible future development over the next 100 years.

The role of innovative technologies in the architecture career report (assessment) is to provide a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in the field of architecture and its possible future development over the next 100 years. Innovative technologies play a significant role in the architecture career report (assessment) as they provide a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in the field of architecture and its possible future development over the next 100 years.

The Role of Innovative Technologies in the Architecture Career Report (Assessment) Table of Contents 1. Architecture 2. Characteristics of contemporary construction 3. History over the last 100 years 4. Possible future of the profession over the next 100 years 5. Conclusion 6. Reference List Architecture As a rule, people think about architecture when they hear the names of worldwide known cathedrals and monuments such as the church Sant Agnese in Agone in Rome, designed and built by Francesco Borromini and Girolamo Rainaldi, Somerset House in London by William Chambers, or Bauhaus at Dessau by Walter Gropius. However, it is necessary to distinguish architecture from various buildings that were constructed due to necessity of the populations to live somewhere. In this respect, the architecture may refer to the buildings for population to live in, cathedrals, monuments, churches, and other types of buildings that are used by people and for people. Architectural techniques enable architects to design various shapes and silhouettes and bring them into life via application of plans drawn on the paper into life. In other words, architecture is a science and art to design and manage the construction of buildings and other similar structural components. The career of an architect requires knowledge of different branches of technology and engineering including fundamental laws of physics. Bearing this in mind, an efficient architect should collect knowledge on various laws and limitations that may occur in the process of construction and be ready to apply theory into practice while managing the erection of buildings and similar objects. As defined in the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (2002), architecture is “The art of science of building; especially, the art or practice of designing and building edifices for human use, taking both aesthetic and practical factors into account” (as cited in Spinellis & Gousios, 2009, p. 4). So, the more aesthetic and practical the construction of a building is, the more knowledgeable and experienced is the architect. In other words, the individual involved into architectural activity should be aware of the risks taken by designers and constructors due to the connection of the activity to work with people and a human factor that involves risk. Characteristics of contemporary construction As the contemporary construction require a set of characteristics to be possessed, it is important that the architect meet the requirements and is able to fulfill the tasks in a timely manner taking into account the variety of materials, number of solutions on any problem, and responsibility in terms of the task fulfillment and customer’s satisfaction with regard to the initial instruction and the final results. So, the architect’s responsibilities include a number of different tasks performed in the process of construction starting from stenches and a graphic plan and finishing with a building created with a certain purpose. The characteristics of the building should include the following: “it is the functionality required by the customer…; it performs adequately…; it is secure…; it conforms to legal standards…” (Spinellis & Gousios, 2009, p. 5). I decided to become an architect to ensure that all buildings are safe and conform to legal standards and people can claim that their homes are their fortresses. History over the last 100 years Such science as architecture has a long history that faced rises and recessions due to political situations in the world and certain regions, economic changes, cultural differences between the conquerors and the conquered, exchange of traditions and values, and other factors that shaped the history of architecture during thousands centuries. As reported by Partington (2006), the changes took place in the tiniest fields of architecture including house paintings and carpentry whereas it is necessary to make a brief overview of the history of architecture of the 20 th century. Architecture has been an integral part of the human life for centuries. The plane lines of the 1900s were successfully combined with extremely wide use of glass and concrete. Though some buildings still were inspired by classicism and earlier movements and traditional use of shapes in the 19 th century, the Art Nouveau became one of the most prominent features of this period making the architecture more vivid in terms of colors and forms used in the process of constructing. The next period of the architecture history in 20 th century is the decade from 1910 to 1920 when the new style became even more prominent. “Behrens and Poelzig, the giants among the German pioneers, had created an initial vocabulary of flat surfaces, fully glazed walls, bold structural systems and expressive, typically Germanic monumental forms” (Sharp, 2002, p. 38). Such basic components were visible in every country all over the world. The period of 1920s was marked with fundamental ideas of the Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier who managed to analyze the gaps in constructions typical of two previous decades and introduce general features for buildings to be practical and easily-constructed. So, the architect could apply horizontal windows due to the shift of structural walls out of windows. The changes were made due to economic and political concept of unification and consolidation that found its traces in architecture of the time. The next was the period of 1930s when the movement inspired by ideas and style by Le Corbusier were evident leading to more vivid criticism of ‘inhuman’ plainness of structures. The critics called those buildings ‘inhuman’ because all traits were aimed at simplifying the shape, structure, color, and other features that are supposed to help distinguish one building from another. Thus, the movement of modernism can be considered the one appearing from flat roofs, plain surfaces, and concrete structures with horizontal windows of the 1930s. The period before, during, and right after the Second World War can be considered the most ambiguous in terms of the influence on architectural styles of the world. The 1940s up to 1945 were full of unexpected changes while some architects made use of the situation and erected new important buildings, others had to create something more appropriate for technological and production use. In this respect, the constructions became more practical in terms of use of concrete and other similar materials. For instance, the Rockefeller Center can be treated as the fortress with a more moderate use of glass contrasted to first examples of Modernism all over the globe. The period of 1950s is marked with a recurring interest to the ideas introduced by Le Corbusier and other members of CIAM (Sharp, 2002, p. 176). The design of the interiors was also largely predetermined with the exhibition held in 1925 in Paris where the items of household were presented leading to the rise of consumerism in the United States. Buildings were becoming either more or less extravagant though full of new materials and constructions approaches during the next decades from 1960s to 1990s when architects were free to design the most unexpected shapes and lines to satisfy the requirements of the customer and leave a footprint in the history of architecture. Possible future of the profession over the next 100 years The future of the architecture is in the use of new materials that are much lighter than those used in the 19 th century but can be even more reliable and helpful to ensure that light constructions can sustain the structure of the building for a long period of time. As suggested by Carpenter (2010), the comprehension of materials, their properties, and opportunities arising from the use of new materials during construction is the are the items necessary for the development of architecture in future. The next several decades will see the rise of technological progress in terms of energy-consuming items and other devices that can prevent excessive pollution of the atmosphere, water, and soil. Thus, the buildings will become more similar to ‘green houses’ designed due to the global warming tendencies. Though people can fail to understand the construction of this type and its usefulness, the buildings will leave a footprint in the history of architecture of the 21 st century. Conclusion To conclude, I believe that technological progress can ensure that people do not need that much energy as they do now due to the shift in the needs and goals for individuals to achieve. So, the largest perspectives will take place in the use of innovative technologies in the process of design and construction. I am planning to obtain knowledge on useful software programs to begin. Besides, the collaboration of researchers on global warming, software engineers, and architects in the area of construction can contribute greatly to the appropriateness of methods and techniques used in civil construction. Reference List Carpenter, J. (2010). Valuing material comprehension. In P. Bernstein, & P. Deamer (Eds.). Building (in) the future: Recasting labor in architecture (pp. 60-66). New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Partington, C. F. (2006). The builder’s complete guide: Comprehending the theory and practice of the various branches of architecture, bricklaying, masonry, carpentry, joinery, painting, plumbing, etc . Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1825). Sharp, D. (2002). Twentieth-century architecture: A visual history (3 rd ed.). Mulgrave, Victoria: Images Publishing. Spinellis, D., & Gousios, G. (2009). Beautiful architecture . Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, Inc.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The author argues that the arguments against young marriages are quite convincing. For the most part, these arguments point at the current social flaws and the need to address them.The author suggests that one should not take the arguments against young marriages as the ultimate proof for the pointlessness of young marriage.

The author argues that the arguments against young marriages are quite convincing. For the most part, these arguments point at the current social flaws and the need to address them. The author suggests that one should not take the arguments against young marriages as the ultimate proof for the pointlessness of young marriage.

Arguments against Young Marriage and Their Rebuttal Essay Counterargument #1: lack of experience The arguments against young marriages are quite convincing. For the most part, these arguments point at the current social flaws and the need to address them. One the arguments voiced most often is that young people have little to no experience in building relationships (Dahl, 2010). Indeed, young people have little to no experience in creating a family. It is important to stress that creating a family means handling not only personal interactions, but also economic and financial issues, as well as share household responsibilities. Older people have already encountered problems of the kind and, therefore, know how to solve them, whereas younger people, presumably, do not. Rebuttal: age-related prejudices However, being old does not being mature, and the ability to solve complex marital issues does not appear out of nowhere once one reaches a particular age. Instead, such experience is acquired in the course of social interactions, which young people are engaged into to a greater degree than the ones that are older. Researches have shown that younger people are more flexible in their approach towards sharing responsibilities and accepting new roles ( Report on causes and consequences of early marriage in Amhara region , 2006) and can adapt towards the new environment much faster than older people. Counterargument #2: Education and Career Another argument that addresses the significance of career is also legitimate (Bayisenge, n. d.). Indeed, in the present-day world, being educated and having good career opportunities means being able to provide for the family. Therefore, it is reasonable to suggest that people should first consider their education issues, evaluate their employment chances, consider possible career opportunities, and only then start relationships. Since the process of professional growth takes much time, for most business people, marriage is possible only when they reach the age of thirty (Bayisenge, n. d.). Rebuttal: numerous opportunities of the XXI century Nevertheless, the given statement is easily proved wrong by considering the opportunities that present-day education and employment spheres have to offer, particularly the opportunities for distanced studying and employment, as well as part-time employment (Goldin & Katz, 2002). It would be wrong to claim that the given ideas should not be taken into account when considering an early marriage – quite on the contrary, analyzing the given issues and searching for possible avenues to address them may save one’s marriage and prevent a number of conflicts. However, holding these arguments as the ultimate proof for the pointlessness of young marriage is definitely absurd. Counterargument #3: dependency on parents and their opinion Finally, the fact that young people are often dependable on their parents should also be considered. True, for the most part, young people consider their parents’ opinion before making their own choices. In addition, a number of young adults live with their parents before getting married. Rebuttal: turning weakness into strength Nonetheless, such dependency manifests itself only as long as children live with their parents; once the newlyweds create their own families, they tend to reconsider their goals and values, accepting new responsibilities eagerly. The given process is a part of growing up. In addition, being dependable does not mean being weak, and the aptitude to consult parents may be used for improving the family relationships. For instance, parents’ experience may help the couple solve conflicts (Musick, 2010). Reference List Amato, P. R. (2003). People’s reason for divorcing: Gender, social class, the life course, and adjustment. Journal of Family Issues, 24 (5), pp. 602–626. Bayisenge, J. (n. d.). Early marriage as a barrier to girl’s education: A developmental challenge in Africa . Web. Dahl, G. B. (2010). Early teen marriage and future poverty. Demography, 47 (70), pp. 689–718. Goldin, C. & Katz, L. F. (2002). The power of the pill: Oral contraceptives and women’s career and marriage decisions. Journal of Political Economy, 110 (4), pp. 730–770. Musick, K. (2010). Are both parents always better than one? Parental conflict and young adult well-being (forthcoming in social science research). Web. Report on causes and consequences of early marriage in Amhara region (2006). Retrieved from http://www2.pathfinder.org/site/DocServer/PIE_final_report_early_marriage_11-30-06__to_printer__2_.pdf?docID=8141

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: In this paper, the author discusses Aristotle's book "Physics" and its impact on the development of natural science.Aristotle's book "Physics" had a profound impact on the development of natural science. He argued that a natural philosopher must know the nature "as a doctor must know sinew or the smith bronze (i.e., until he understands the purpose of each") in order to understand how nature works.

In this paper, the author discusses Aristotle's book "Physics" and its impact on the development of natural science. Aristotle's book "Physics" had a profound impact on the development of natural science. He argued that a natural philosopher must know the nature "as a doctor must know sinew or the smith bronze (i.e., until he understands the purpose of each") in order to understand how nature works.

Impact on the Development of Natural Science a Aristotle’s Book “Physics” Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Aristotle’s view on the tasks of a natural philosopher 3. The application of Aristotle’s view to modern science 4. Conclusion 5. Works Cited Introduction For a very long time Aristotle’s book Physics had a profound effect on the development of natural science. This paper is aimed at discussing his views on the tasks of a natural philosopher. Moreover, it is necessary to evaluate its applicability to modern science. One of the key arguments that he makes is that nature has a purpose and that it does act spontaneously or by chance (Aristotle, 39). In his opinion, a natural philosopher has to take this issue into consideration and try to ascertain this purpose or final cause. Nonetheless one should not assume that Aristotle held the belief that nature was created by some intelligent designer or higher power which imposes pattern of development. According to him, purposefulness is inherent to nature, and that is controlled from outside. This claim may seem rather controversial to contemporary scientists and it is vital for us to understand why this claim gives rise to disputes. Aristotle’s view on the tasks of a natural philosopher Aristotle argues that that a physicist must know the nature “as a doctor must know sinew or the smith bronze (i. e .,until he understands the purpose of each” (Aristotle, 29). In this case, the word purpose should be understood as something “for the sake of which a thing is done” (Aristotle 30). It is worth mentioning that when Aristotle speaks about nature, he does not necessarily refers to the entire universe; this concept should be interpreted as any entity or physical phenomenon which has such characteristic as matter and form. However, the most important attribute of nature is propensity to change such as growth or decrease, alteration, or change in place (Aristotle, 20). It is worth mentioning that when Plate speaks about changeability of nature, he mostly refers to form rather than matter. These are the key premises, which underlie his opinions about nature and science. Therefore, a natural philosopher must understand not only the properties of things but the reasons for their existence. When speaking about the reasons, Aristotle refers to the so-called four causes: 1) material or the matter “out of which a thing comes”; 2) formal or the arrangement of these material; 3) efficient cause or the reason why a nature changes; 4) final cause which is the aim or purpose of thing (Aristotle, p 28). Judging from this, one can argue that the task of a natural philosopher is to ascertain each of these causes and , most importantly the final cause. From Aristotle’s perspective, to know the purpose of nature is the most essential task of a philosopher and his strategies should be subjected to this task. In this book, Aristotle addresses one of the most crucial epistemological questions; he tries to explain what we need to know and how we can assess the depth of our knowledge. Aristotle draws several examples to explain his claim. One of them is seed; according to Aristotle, its ultimate goal or purpose is to grow into a plant. At this point, we need to point out that Aristotle regards natural transformations as some limited series of events rather than an incessant cycle. This assumption lies at the core of his natural philosophy. To some degree this means that the purpose of nature is an ultimate stage of its development. Thus, one cannot claim to know nature or natural phenomenon, to be more exact, unless he/she can indentify its ultimate purpose or final cause. This is how Aristotle views the goals that a natural philosopher should try to achieve. In Physics , he does not tell whether this goal is always attainable and whether it is necessary. At this point, we can argue that in this book Aristotle sets the standards of knowing and unknowing. It is even possible to say that this work was intended as guidelines for natural philosophers or scientists. It has to be admitted that with time passing Aristotle importance as a natural philosopher declined, and many of his argument were later disproved. Nonetheless, his opinions on the role of scientists are still debated in academic community, and it is important for us to determine whether these principles can serve the need of modern science. The application of Aristotle’s view to modern science Aristotle’s ideas had a very strong influence of natural science, especially in the Middle Ages; however, rapid development of science during the Epoch of Enlightenment rendered some of his ideas irrelevant. One of the most contradicting issues is the search for a purpose or a final cause. Furthermore, it is possible to say that in some circumstances, a nature can have an infinite number of purposes, especially if we are speaking about the interactions of physical phenomena with each other. In such cases, Aristotle’s framework of four causes is not longer appropriate. The third reason is that nature’s transformation can be perpetual, even as far as form as concerned. This perpetual motion or change makes the very notion of final cause or purpose inapplicable. In the following sections, we will try to explain in more detail why Aristotle’s ideas cannot be used for by contemporary scholars. The first problem is that it cannot be readily identified and there are no means of doing it. This is why researchers can say that the role of sciences can be purely descriptive. Such situation can be observed in many natural sciences, for instance, astronomy, zoology, or chemistry. Therefore, one can say that the goals, identified by Aristotle are not feasible, at least nowadays. Probably, in the future, when technologies will become even more sophisticated, natural scientists will be able to do, but at this point their resources are limited. This is the first reason why Aristotle’s ideas are not always applicable to the needs of contemporary natural science. Aristotle emphasizes the importance of establishing the connection between the cause and consequences; but lack of tools and technologies often prevents scientists from doing it. In addition to that, modern science has become very utilitarian; it has to serve some practical needs of people, while Aristotle’s focus on the final causes seems to be more theoretical. The idea of knowledge for knowledge sake is usually rejected by modern researchers. Certainly, scholars do not only describe natural phenomenon; they also try to ascertain what kind of functions a natural phenomenon performs, or how it interacts with other phenomenon. Moreover, they do try to trace every stage of its development. Still, Aristotle’s principles are regarded as valid. Modern scholars do not reject the idea that nature is developing according to chance or coincidence. This idea runs contrary to the views of this philosopher. In order to identify the final goal of a nature, one has to clearly see the pattern of its development. In many cases, it is hardly possible. The example of such a science is meteorology or the study of atmosphere. Therefore, we can argue that the standards set by Aristotle cannot always be met. Again, we have to stress the point that contemporary science does dismiss the importance of chance, while Aristotle’s argument largely rely on the idea that there is a certain governing pattern. Thus, this fact can undermine Aristotle’s model of four causes and ultimate purpose. One should not suppose that inapplicability of Aristotle’ principles can be explained only by lack of technologies or tools. Another reason why the views of this philosopher are not tenable in modern day science is that almost every natural phenomenon may have multiple final causes or purposes. For instance, Aristotle argues that the ultimate goal of a seed is to transform into a plant (22); however, one can object to this claim by saying that its purpose is to be eaten either by animals or human beings. In other words, its ultimate goal may be to become just another link in food chain. This is one of the cases which illustrates that a natural phenomenon can have several final causes and purposes, especially if we look at its interactions with other natural phenomena. As it has been said before, Aristotle believes that the key attribute of nature is changeability and the last stage of transformation will be the last final cause or purpose. However, one should take into account that changes, occurring in nature, are cyclical. For instance, we can refer to the hydraulic cycle which describes the movement of water which can exist as liquid, ice or vapor. This chain of transformations is infinite and it serves an infinite number of purposes. By applying Aristotle’s approach, one can single out thousands of purposes or final causes. This example proves why Aristotle’s views on natural science are not suitable for the needs of modern scientists. This discussion should not be perceived as complete dismissal of Aristotle’s work. Epistemological questions raised by this philosopher still remain relevant for modern scholars; however, his interpretation of a scientist’s role does not seem to fit the needs of contemporary natural science. Conclusion Overall, in his book Physics Aristotle attempted to develop research methods that a natural philosopher or a scientist should use. He set the objectives which must be attained by scholars. In his discussion Aristotle focuses on the functions which a nature fulfills. Yet, modern scholars do not always try to adhere to his principles. It can be explained by several facts: lack of methods that can identify the final cause. The second reason is that natural phenomena may have a large number of final causes or purposes. Thus, Aristotle’s model of four causes may not be acceptable for the needs of modern natural scientists. Naturally, Aristotle’s ideas cannot be taken for granted by modern scientists, but his boos Physics can still be regarded as an important milestone in the development of natural science. It posed some of those questions, which scientists continuously try to answer, and it provided a powerful stimulus to the development of natural philosophy because it asked natural philosophers very important questions about the nature of knowledge. Works Cited Aristotle. Physics . Trans. Hardie R. and Gaye R. NuVision Publications, LLC. 2007. Print.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The purpose of this essay is to argue that digital technology cannot replace the physical artefact. Based on disadvantages presented by the digital versions in support with arguments by opponents to digital version, I will demonstrate that digital version cannot reproduce the physical artefacts.

The purpose of this essay is to argue that digital technology cannot replace the physical artefact. Based on disadvantages presented by the digital versions in support with arguments by opponents to digital version, I will demonstrate that digital version cannot reproduce the physical artefacts.

Replacing of Physical Artefacts on the Digital Version Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Digital version cannot replace physical artefacts 3. Conclusion 4. Reference List 5. Footnotes Introduction With the advancement in digital technology, various approaches of digital versions in arts have come up. The condition has made different versions of digital art such as online art fairs and Google art among others readily available to art lovers through different art applications such as smart phones. While a few artefact lovers have shifted to consumption of the digital version, most people still prefer the physical artefacts. However, the debate over the subject of digital versions of art has risen in the recent past among the literary critics and philosophers on whether the digital technology can actually replace the physical artefact. Proponents of digital technology argue that technological revolutionary in the contemporary world is inevitable in every sector of human survival including fine arts. They argue that digital technology promotes ease and accessibility of the artefacts. Opponents however, assert that digital technology cannot replace physical artefact. Opponents such as Walter Benjamin note that, physical artefacts are unique and any attempt to reproduce or replace using digital technology distorts almost every aspect of it and therefore losing meaning. In fact, there are physical aspects, which digital technologies cannot display. This debate has left arts consumers puzzled on which style of art to consume. Can the digital version ever replace physical artefact, and should it be our goal in creating digital collection? This question is what separates the opponents and proponents to the digital versions of art. The purpose of this essay is to argue that digital technology cannot replace the physical artefact. Based on disadvantages presented by the digital versions in support with arguments by opponents to digital version, I will demonstrate that digital version cannot reproduce the physical artefacts. The essay focuses on digital versions of fine arts. Digital version cannot replace physical artefacts The aim of fine art is to represent or to display certain information. Creators of physical artefacts do so with a view to display specific information. In such a case, accuracy is very significant. Reproduction of an artefact in any form therefore interferes with the accuracy of the desired information. Digital reproduction cannot achieve the accuracy meant by the artist during the creation of the physical artefact. Physical artefacts in fine arts provide first hand information to the art lovers. A carving for instance may seek to illustrate the skull of the early man in history. From such fine artefact, the artist focuses on creation of the tangible real picture of the early man. Attempt to reproduce this artefact distorts some of the aspects. First, the digital version cannot provide a tangible impression of the information, thereby distorting the initial meaning of the art. Secondly, digital version cannot provide the authenticity of the original work [1] . The authority the original work (physical) commands will fade during the reproduction [2] due to the difference between the original and the reproduction process of the artefact. In digital creation, due to versatility of the graphical environment, artists can add some aspects, which are impossible to achieve in manual creation. Addition of such aspects would constitute into inaccurate information by the artefact. Again, some aspects of the physical fine artefact are difficult to include in the digital version. Size variation of the artefact also contributes to inaccuracies in the displayed information. Since digitalized processes provide for enlargement and reduction on scale of the size of the artefact, it is therefore difficult to give accurate impression as meant by the physical artefact. In digital version, it is possible to display aspects, which the naked eyes cannot see in the physical artefact. Although this may seem to compliment digital technology, such aspects are not necessary to convey the desired meaning. In any case, it is an additional aspect and therefore compromises the accuracy of the artefact. As Benjamin notes, reproduction “may not touch the actual work of the art” [3] . It therefore, implies that the quality of the original work depreciates with digital reproduction. Depreciation in quality of the fine art work interferes with the meaning of that work. This in turn results into inaccuracy in the reproduced work. Digital version depreciates quality and hence the accuracy of the artefact. In their article on “Cognitive Artefacts in Complex Work”, Jones and Nemeth established that physical artefacts provide “current and valid” representation of the actual state [4] . The physical artefacts provide logically true impression to the artefact lovers while digital versions provide ‘invalid’ impressions due to depreciated quality and authenticity of the original work. In fact, digital equipment such computers and cameras aid and improve cognition but such devices do not provide originality. How could digital versions of art then replace the physical? It is indeed impossible. Apparently, digital versions results into different meaning and style of the art. Since digital versions distort the accuracy of the original meaning of the artefact, it suffices digital reproduction cannot replace the physical artefact. Digital versions are unreliable forms of artefacts. As aforementioned, fine artefacts aim to display information [5] . Lovers of these artefacts depend on the artefacts for entertainment. Entertainment is information. Others like literary scholars depend on these artefacts to accomplish their researches. Artefacts should be readily available whenever required for the information. As Jones and Nemeth notes, “computer-based displays that go down” prevent access to this information [6] . Breakdown of the digital systems in which the artist has reproduced the artefact impedes such people from accessing the artefacts. In fact, the 21 st century technological advancement has led to innovation of high destructive software programs to the digital systems. The digital artefact systems are not exceptions of this malice; on attack, these systems or software may alter the nature or destroy the artefact making it unavailable to the users. On the other hand, physical artefacts are ‘hardware’ and to some extent permanent. Officials preserve them in museums and other places for easy and formal access. To access the preserved artefacts, one has to follow the formal procedures; therefore, the physical artefacts are indeed reliable, that is, available when required. Digital versions cannot replace the physical versions since they cannot actually provide this reliability. In versions such as Google art, there is extreme degree of unreliability. To explore such works of art, people have to access the internet. It is outright that internet is not yet cheap to all art lovers; most people will contend this assertion but majority living in regions where art appreciation is high, have no access to frequent and cheap internet. Again, those who have access to the internet lack sufficient skills to manipulate the graphics of the Google project to acquire the required information. In addition, internet speed required to access such high content graphical web pages is not realizable to most people in the world. In fact, only the Western nations and the United States have access to such levels of internet speeds and reliability. Reliability means available when required to those who require it. With the limitations of internet in terms of speed, accessibility, and cost, digital versions will not replace the physical artefacts on this basis. It is true that the developed countries create most of digital versions of the artefacts; however, art lovers are not confined in these countries. In fact, according to McLuhan, Africa and Asia are the leading regions in creation of fine arts [7] . This implies that, people in Africa and Asia therefore appreciate fine art more than anywhere in the world; unfortunately, internet availability, access and reliability is low in these regions coupled with biting lack of appropriate computer knowledge. What the developed countries are doing is to reproduce what African and Asian artists have physically created. These reproductions are not readily available to the said regions due to limitations mentioned earlier. As a result, digital versions of artefacts will not replace physical artefacts particularly in Africa and Asia, where fine art enjoys major appreciation. Therefore, for digital versions to replace physical artefacts in fine arts it should prove reliable to the lovers of the fine arts. Therefore, since this reliability is unrealistic due to the growing destructive technology, digital artefacts cannot replace the physical artefacts. Digital artefacts cannot replace physical fine artefacts due to the uniqueness and finesse of the physical versions. Benjamin asserts, “A work of art is inseparable from its being imbedded in the fabric of tradition” [8] . Most of the famous fine artworks in human history have had either cultural or religious roots at one time in history. For instance, the Roman Catholic crucifix and monument of mother of Jesus underscores this assertion. Although the crucifix signifies the Ancient Roman tradition, its meaning has transformed considerably to religious kind. Scholars impute the traditional transformation to the attempts by the Catholic Church to reproduce this fine artefact of Ancient Romans. Traditions, as per Benjamin’s assertion, are unique to every single group of people. Since artefacts have strong traditional roots, it is justified that every artefact is unique and it is difficult to copy or reproduce traditions. Physical artefacts represent traditions and reproducing traditions borders impossibility. The same way, it is almost impossible to reproduce a physical artefact through digitalization. The reproduction of Mary’s monument throughout the world has also proved difficult, with major variations on her veil. The way of dressing is a tradition and since traditions vary considerably, creating a similar physical artefact manually has proved impossible. How is it possible with digital technology? A two-fold response will satisfactorily answer this question. First, since the imitation has been impossible with a similar process, (manual carving of the monument) it is very impossible with different processes. Secondly, fine artefacts illustrate the mind and nature of the artist. In fact, artists express their thoughts through these works. The generation responsible for digital version of artefacts has limited knowledge of most of the traditions before the 19 th century. Therefore, the tradition represented in these artefacts is not in their mind. They cannot therefore reproduce these artefacts. Different traditions have unique materials for creation of these artefacts. In fact, the art is useless with a different material of creation. Others have to conform to specific paintings and decorations. Although digital versions have successfully imitated the feature of colour and decoration, it cannot reproduce the original material of the artefact. Every physical artefact aims to convey a meaning, may be to certain groups of people [9] . These meanings vary depending on the creator and target group of people. For instance, the famous liberty artefact in the United States aims to unite all the states into one nation, a dream of the American ancestors. Other countries may use this artefact to symbolize unity but in different perspectives. No matter how people may attempt to reproduce am artefact, it is indeed impossible to retain the uniqueness of the original artefact-tradition. The versatility of the digital graphics during creation of these artefacts introduces changes in several aspects and therefore loses the unique features of the physical fine artefact. Therefore, digital versions cannot reproduce the uniqueness of the physical artefact; hence, they cannot replace the physical artefacts. Digital versions of artefacts are inefficient. As mentioned, fine arts aim to accomplish certain objectives in the society, it may be traditional, cultural or entertainment, whichever way, it should do so efficiently [10] . To accomplish its objective, an artefact should be easy to ‘use’ by the art lovers. Digital versions of artefacts dictate the use of high tech equipment such smart TV, phones and digital computers. The use of these gadgets presents complications to most artefact lovers [11] . In order to benefit from the artefacts, users should have capabilities to manipulate such gadgets. To view an artefact in certain plane for instance, one has to zoom and navigate within the graphics carefully [12] . The implication here is that, those who cannot operate and manipulate these gadgets therefore cannot achieve the intended meaning of the artefact. The problem becomes worse for those who have sight problems. They cannot see and hence cannot manipulate the features of the artefact. In case of physical artefacts, problems associated with technology are not there for art ‘users’. For the physically challenged people, they can at least have a feel by touching the artefact. These underlying problems contravene the efficiency of the digital artefact. Complications in viewing the artefact are also notable in digital versions. In order to have a view of some planes of the artefact, one has to zoom, revolve, or even move the artefact within the virtual planes. This however, does not provide the required information clearly. Zooming may only be efficient to certain scale; otherwise, the view becomes blurred. Revolving the artefact sometimes confuses the user and may end up not realizing the desired view. All these processes in digital versions interfere with the meaning of the physical artefact. In fact, the lovers of art cannot realize the actual feeling brought about by the physical fine artefact through digital versions. Cost of digital version of artefacts significantly impedes the replacement of the physical artefacts with the digital. Although proponents argue that digital versions of artefacts reduce the cost incurred in travelling to museums to view these artefacts, higher costs are involved in the digital versions. First, creation cost of such artefacts is very high. It requires specialized skills in graphics or technology. If the artefact is corporate, then the owners have to incur high costs to higher the skill. Secondly, the equipment required to create the artefact is also expensive. It really requires high capacity computer systems to accomplish the reproduction process. Software is another significant aspect of the cost involved. The process requires specialized software to enhance human-machine interface for excellent outcome. This cost translates to the user of the artefact making it expensive to access some of the art projects online. Internet, as mentioned earlier, also constitutes to the cost; users have to access internet, which might not be available in many places as noted earlier. The above discussion, proves the digital artefact expensive than the physical artefact. Technology focuses on value addition and cost reduction, which is contrary to the digital version of artefacts. The implication is that, lovers of the art will cling to the physical artefact since they pay less than the digital versions. Therefore, as we create digital versions, it is important to comprehend that it cannot surpass the physical artefacts. Cost is a crucial factor in the lives of many people. People strive to survive at low costs as possible and that is the human nature, which is difficult to change. High costs of accessing digital artefacts therefore mean that very few people will be willing to access them. This renders the digital artefacts useless to the ‘users’ and therefore cannot replace physical fine artefacts in the market. Because of technological advancement, some malicious people are likely to interfere with the software of the digital systems impeding access to the art. This scenario accounts for more cost of repair of the systems. Digital artefacts cannot therefore replace physical artefacts due to their high costs of maintenance. For the physical artefacts, the only notable cost is that of the initial creation. Its maintenance and repair is relatively negligible. With cost advantage over digital versions, it is therefore impossible for digital versions to replace the physical fine artefacts. Again, due to the attitude people have towards cost, the digital version will continue to receive high resistance from the art lovers. This means that physical artefact will enjoy support for considerable period in future. In turn, it implies that digital versions of artefacts will remain in the run up position. As mentioned earlier, reproduction of the environment of original work is impossible. As a result, digital versions are non-informative. According to Jones and Nemeth, physical artefacts “contain information that pertains to interest” of the art lovers [13] . In physical artefact, there is the feeling of the actual environment of the represented scene. This artefact illustrates the information, as the ‘user’ would need it. However, on reproduction, the artefact loses some of its aspects, which are important sources of information. Since there is no authenticity in reproduction, the original environment, which would have represented the desired information, is difficult to reproduce. Although, digital versions enhance convenience for museum tour without travelling, lovers do not achieve the information of their interest. The digital version of artefacts provides difficulties in accessing some aspects of the artefacts [14] . As a result, it does not enhance acquisition of the required information. Since it is still a challenge to most of people to manipulate these systems effectively, majority of the artefact lovers cannot achieve their goals. It is difficult to create the actual environment as it is for the physical artefact. Environment is very important in depicting the traditions and the cultures illustrated by the physical artefact. Therefore, it is impossible to retrieve information from most of the digital versions. Some people acquire satisfaction through touch. Physical artefacts enhance the art lovers to touch them and contemplate on the feeling. Touching can also provide information to the lovers of the art. However, this aspect lacks conspicuously in digital artefacts, hence proving it as non-informative. The reproduced digital artefact may also be unclear. Due to complexity of the creation, the artist may truncate some of the aspects difficult to include into the artefact. The difficulty may be a result of the technological challenge. Truncation therefore implies that ‘users’ cannot access the full information as it would have been in the physical artefact. The complex graphics of the digital systems may also result into ambiguity and confusion of the artefact. These, again impede the ‘users’ from acquisition of the information from their points of interest. Simply, reproduction results into unclear and truncated information of the artefact. Unclear information is a result of difficulties in reproduction. In addition, lack of some aspects of the artefacts resulting into non-informative nature of digital artefacts illustrates how problematic it is to reproduce an artefact with digital systems. As mentioned, technology is challenging to most people than the manual process. As one these technologies, digital systems offer significant challenges (technologically) to reproduce the physical fine artefacts. It is therefore justified digital version of artefacts cannot replace the physical artefacts. Digital technology transforms the structure of the physical artefact. In his essay on “from codex to screen”, Chartier posits that, “Digital version does not only modify the text but the structure as well” [15] . In fine arts, slight alterations of the structure of the physical artefact results into different meanings, culture, and art altogether. Digital versions, as noted, significantly deform the structure of the physical artefact during reproduction. In order for the artefact to fit into the digital environment, artists have to scale it down. Scaling modifies the structure and as Chartier notes, it results into “a totally different form of art” [16] . Since scaling is inevitable in digitalization, it is difficult to reproduce the physical artefact. Again, some shapes are difficult to illustrate in these digital systems. In order to illustrate them however, artists have to approximate using the possible graphical solutions. Such shapes compromise and alters the structure of the physical artefact. Due to complexity of the working digital environment, artists may commit unnoticeable errors, which subsequently affect the structure of the artefact. Alteration of the structure of the artefact compromises the originality of the art. If written text with easy codex cannot retain its originality by just copying, what about the complicated art such fine artefacts? It is indeed difficult to reproduce an artefact. Therefore, digital artefact cannot replace the physical artefacts. Finally, digitalization involves coding and data transformation for the purpose of convenience. Tan and Ong note that these conversions interfere with the originality of the artefacts [17] . The coding involves compression of the size of the original artefact to suit applications for various digital systems. The result is therefore distortion of the physical artefact-what the digital system illustrates is different from what is physically available. Data transformation of these artefacts, as Basith and Stephen found, further transforms the structure of the artefact. It behaves as series of reproduction such that by the time the internet art lovers view it on the screen it has undergone series of reproduction. As a result, the digital version of the artefact is very far from the original artefact. Therefore, digital version cannot replace the physical artefacts in fine arts. Conclusion It is impossible to portray the original version of artefacts in fine art through digital version. Original means the reproduction of the aspects of the physical artefacts to the digital version. Paraphrasing Benjamin’s assertions, transfer of these aspects is indeed difficult. Physical artefacts in fine arts have a meaning, which a successful reproduction should reveal. Accuracy, efficiency, reliability, informative and clarity, uniqueness, structure and cost evidence the implied meaning here. Reproduction should precisely transfer these aspects to the digital version. However, due to difficulty in reproduction, some of the details disappear resulting into inaccurate meaning of the artefact. The digital systems are subject to invasion by malicious people proving the digital versions unreliable. Unreliability also results from inefficiency of the digital systems. The complexity of the digital creation environment for the artefacts also presents chances of ambiguity in the information displayed by the digital versions of the artefacts. This complexity may result into truncated details of the original artefact. Since every physical artefact has connections with traditions and culture for the artist who created it, any attempt to reproduce it looses the unique features tied to a given tradition. It is indeed difficult to copy or reproduce traditions. Reproduction into digital version results into alteration of structure of the original artefact. Structure alteration also occurs because of coding and data transformation within the digital systems to ensure that the artefact various applications. Data transformation results into series of reproduction and hence losing the credibility of the original artefact. Reproduction should maintain the aspects of the original artefact (physical artefact), which is not the case for digital reproduction of the physical artefact. As a result, it is evident that all the aspects of the physical (original) artefact change on reproduction into digital version. It is therefore justified that reproduction is impossible. In fact, what results as Chartier puts it, is a different kind of art, not fine art, on digital reproduction. With high costs of internet and the digital systems for creation of the artefacts, it is vivid that digital versions of artefacts are not likely to replace the physical artefacts in fine arts in any near future. Possibly, like Chartier argued, the arts, particularly physical, could in future transform into digital technology. At this point in future history, the artists will communicate with their ‘fans’ through digital graphic in the name of ‘digital artefacts’. However, literary scholars such as the likes of Roger Chartier and William Benjamin (philosopher) will have to come on board to develop the name to the ‘newborn type of fine art’. At this time of the history, the internet and virtual reality addicts will have dominated the world. At the same time, the idea of physical artefacts will be buried deep down into the minds of the great artists; however, for the time being, physical artefact dominates and digital versions of these artefacts cannot replace the physical artefacts in fine arts. Reference List Basith, S, & D Stephen, ‘Digital Video, MPEG and Associated Artefact’s, Computing & Electrical Engineering, 1996, pp. 1-17. Benjamin, W, ‘The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction’, The Work of Art in the Age, vol. 7, no. 1, 1935, pp. 1-14. Chartier, R, ‘From Codex to Screen: Trajectories of the Written Word’, Moral and Political Science, 1971, pp. 161-171. Churchill, E, & T Sokoler, ‘Tools that Tell Tales: Bridging Context Seams by Digitally Annotating Physical Artefacts’, Research Centre, 2006, pp. 20-29. Forbus, K, ‘Towards Construction Kits for Virtual World Artefact’s, Virtual Artefacts, Vol. 8, no. 2, 2002, pp. 1-6. Fred, I, Media Theory , Blackwell, Oxford, 1990. Jay, D, & R Grusin, Remediation: Understanding New Media , MIT Press, Cambridge, 1998. Jones, P, & P Nemeth, ‘Cognitive Artefacts in Complex Work’, Scientific Discovery, 2005, pp. 152-183. McLuhan, M, Understanding Media, Routledge, London, 2001. Murdoch, G, & K Nicholas, ‘Mapping physical artefacts to their Web counterparts: A case study with product catalogs’, Computer Science, 2000, pp. 30-37. Queensberry, L, & S Bruce, ‘Leveraging the Internet to Promote Fine Art: Perspectives of Art Patrons’, The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society, Vol. 38, no. 2, 2008, pp. 121-140. Rauch, U, & W Tim, ‘The Arts 3D VLE Met averse as a Network of Imagination’, Innovate, 2010, pp. 1-7. Tan, L, & K Ong, ‘Artefacts in computed radiography’, Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 7, no. 1, 2000, pp. 28-35. Thompson, J, ‘Mass Communication and Modern Culture: Contribution to a Critical Theory of Ideology’, Sociology , 1988, pp.359-383. Wellner, P, W MacKay, & R Gold, ‘Computer-Augmented Environments: Back to the Real World’, Communications of the ACM , Vol. 36, no. 7, 1993, pp. 24-26. Footnotes 1. Forbus, K, ‘Towards Construction Kits for Virtual World Artefact’s, Virtual Artefacts, Vol. 8,no. 2, 2002, p. 3. 2. Queensberry, L, & S Bruce, ‘Leveraging the Internet to Promote Fine Art: Perspectives of Art Patrons’, The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society, Vol. 38, no. 2, 2008, pp. 121-140. 3. Benjamin, W, ‘The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction’, The Work of Art in the Age, vol. 7,no. 1, 1935, p.3 4. Jones, P, & P Nemeth, ‘Cognitive Artefacts in Complex Work’, Scientific Discovery, 2005, p. 161. 5. Fred, I, Media Theory , Blackwell, Oxford, 1990, p. 56 6. Jones, & Nemeth, p. 161. 7. McLuhan, M, Understanding Media, Rout ledge, London, 2001, p. 34 8. Benjamin, W, ‘The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction’, The Work of Art in the Age, vol. 7,no. 1, 1935, p.3 9. Jay, D, & R Grusin, Remediation: Understanding New Media , MIT Press, Cambridge, 1998. 10. Thompson, J, ‘Mass Communication and Modern Culture: Contribution to a Critical Theory of Ideology’, Sociology , 1988, p. 365. 11. Churchill, E, & T Sokoler, ‘Tools that Tell Tales: Bridging Context Seams by Digitally Annotating Physical Artefacts’, Research Centre, 2006, p. 25. 12. Murdoch, G, & K Nicholas, ‘mapping physical artefacts to their Web counterparts: A case study with product catalogs’, Computer Science, 2000, pp. 33. 13. Jones, P, & P Nemeth, ‘Cognitive Artefacts in Complex Work’, Scientific Discovery, 2005, p 161 14. Wellner, P, W MacKay, & R Gold, ‘Computer-Augmented Environments: Back to the Real World’, Communications of the ACM , Vol. 36, no. 7, 1993, p. 25. 15. Chartier, R, ‘From Codex to Screen: Trajectories of the Written Word’, Moral and Political Science, 1971, pp. 161-171. 16. Chartier, p. 166. 17. Tan, L, & K Ong, ‘Artefacts in computed radiography’, Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 7,no. 1, 2000, p. 30.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: This article gives an analysis of how individuals use sociality as a defensive response to the risk of loss. This article applies the aspect of the prisoner's dilemma to address the problem. The prisoner's dilemma is one of the major problems in the game theory, which helps to understand the reason why two people will not cooperate even though it may be their best interests to do that.

This article gives an analysis of how individuals use sociality as a defensive response to the risk of loss. This article applies the aspect of the prisoner's dilemma to address the problem. The prisoner's dilemma is one of the major problems in the game theory, which helps to understand the reason why two people will not cooperate even though it may be their best interests to do that.

Sociality as a defensive response to the threat of loss By Tim Johnson, Mikhai Myagkov and John Orbell Essay This article gives an analysis of how individuals use sociality as a defensive response to the risk of loss. This article applies the aspect of the prisoner’s dilemma to address the problem. The prisoner’s dilemma is one of the major problems in the game theory, which helps to understand the reason why two people will not cooperate even though it may be their best interests to do that. This analysis seeks to find out how people generally react to the risks that usually occurs in social relationships. This article begins by identifying the fact that although people do cooperate, defections also take place often (Tim, Mikhail and John 1). The main argument of the article revolves around the idea that people will be more willing to enter into a relationship where the game payoffs are framed as losses rather than gains (Tim, Mikhail and John 1). In other words, this article proposes that people are now more concerned in making decisions which will shield them from dipping into loss rather than gaining. The authors have begun with a critical literature review where they have summarized the previous study which has been conducted on the field. Previous study has revealed that in some cases, people cooperate in the prisoner’s dilemma games where they would choose against their interests. Such decisions lead to maximization of the social welfare. Tim, Mikhail and John also emphasized on the fact that universal cooperation is very rare (1). This implies that an individual is usually faced with the challenge of concluding on how others are going to decide in the prisoner dilemma’s game. Therefore, an individual will be faced by the dilemma of whether to enter into such game or other wise refrain from entering. They are also faced with the dilemma of choosing the person with whom to enter into the game. Tim, Mikhail and John have also recognized the fact that the previous literature has barely mentioned anything to do with how people will react to the danger of going into a prisoner’s dilemma games (2). They emphasized on the idea of risk tolerance. Tim, Mikhail and John also discussed about the risk aversion. For instance, one should not trust strangers. However, if we manage to gather enough information about them we will be able to understand their behaviour. Otherwise, people will refrain from entering into the games with people for whom they don’t have information. People tends to be risk tolerant when the payoff involves losses but risk averse if the payoff in the game involves specific gains (Tim, Mikhail and John 2). This article has also outlined the utility function. This involves the objective values like lives lost or saved are plotted on the horizontal axis, subjective utility on the vertical axis while the status quo is plotted at the intersection (Tim, Mikhail and John 3). In this case, the function plotted in the quadrant on the upper right side can be identified with the economic theory of diminishing marginal utility for every life saved. On the other hand, the utility function in the left quadrant in the lower side demonstrates steeply declining losses or the lost lives (Tim, Mikhail and John 3). This function can be analyzed based on its nature. In this case, one unit loss in the status quo will hurt more than the gain. In other words, for every extra unit of status quo lost, an individual will be hurt more than in the preceding unit. This article has extended on the traditional expected utility which just differentiates losses and gains. It is based on the assumption that probability of the occurrence is the most appropriate measure for risky outcomes. The prisoner’s dilemma has a significant implication in the concept of sociality. In most cases, people are involved in exchange relationships with each other. The article has identified the fact that the decision made by individuals to enter or not to enter in a relationship is based on the empirical regularity they document (Tim, Mikhail and John 2). Therefore if all other factors remain constant, it is expected that individuals will tend to take the social risks only in the cases where the payoffs are based on losses rather than gains. This concept can also be applied in political arena. In voting, the voter is faced with a decision to make. For instance, they gauge the available alternatives and choose the best (Plott and Levine 148). The concept of the prisoner’s dilemma can clearly be explained through a situation where the decisions of two prisoners affect the other. For instance, we have two suspects who are arrested by the police and then confined in two different places. It is assumed that the police do not have enough evidence on the crime the prisoners committed. Then, the police visit each separately. Both prisoners are then given same deal. In case one prisoner testifies against the other and the other remains silent, then the one who remains silent gets one year term jail while the other is released. However, if both prisoners choose not to betray each other and therefore remain silent, then they will both be sentenced for only one month in jail. However, if each prisoner betrays the other, they will get a three months jail sentence each. In this case, every prisoner must choose either to defect or to cooperate. That is, they have the opportunity. In this case scenario, it is clear that there is one choice which will maximize the interests of each of the prisoners. The dilemma is now how each of the prisoners is going to act. If the two suspects are only concerned about minimizing the time they stay in jail, they can either choose to betray or to cooperate with the other. This results into a non-zero sum game because each player may cooperate or defect (Blum and Booth 56). In the prisoner’s dilemma game, each of the participants is determined to maximize their own payoff with no concern on other person’s payoff. However, both players may choose to betray each other. When both prisoners play defective, the decisions lead to a Pareto sub-optimal solution (Tutor2. par 6). In this situation, every prisoner makes a rational decision. That is, a decision which maximizes their gains (Rapoport and Chammah 124). In the prisoner’s dilemma, the most dominant choice is defection. Therefore, the only equilibrium solution in this case remains the fact that all the players to defect. This is because the players are assumed to behave rationally (Barash par 4). However, the compensation would have been relatively higher in case both the prisoners decide to cooperate in their decisions. On the side of the iterated prisoner’s dilemma, this game is played again and again. Unlike in the classical case, the prisoner has the opportunity to punish the other for not cooperating in the previous cases (Edgar 98). According to the economic theory, both players will defect in subsequent cases regardless of the number of times the participants plays. Cooperation can only be equilibrium when they are allowed to play random number of times or unlimited number of times. However, the problem of betrayal can easily be mitigated through intimidation by threatening to punish those who are engaged in defection (Heylighen par 3). The prisoners’ dilemma has a significant implication in politics. This is because the actions of individual politicians have a significant impact on others. In some cases, politicians may benefit for cooperation and lose for not doing so (Paul 309). In some cases, politicians do cooperate and gain while in others fails to do so and consequently lose. The principle of the prisoners can also be applied in other social contexts. According to Myagkov and Orbell, when people are assumed to be free to choose the people with whom to enter into the games with and also to defect or to cooperate can be useful in modeling of markets (3). In such a case, individuals may decide to avoid relationships which they perceive as exploitive and for a more attractive relationship. This may provider an incentive of not defecting. In politics, the concept of the prisoner’s dilemma can also be applicable. For instance, In case two candidates are free to decide on the policy positions in order to optimize the number of their votes, both will tend to choose the policies which they think will maximize their share (Congleton 4). However, the decision made by one politician has a significant impact on the other. This can also be demonstrated by the rational choice theory which implies that every individual will trend to make decisions which maximizes their interests (The New York Times February 26, 2000. par 2). This is also applicable at the international level. This can clearly be described through the realism theory which describes how states do or think in an effort to secure their interests (Squidoo par 5). The game of the prisoner’s dilemma has a significant implication in the field of economics. For instance, advertisement can form a good example of the political dilemma. For instance, there was time when advertisement was illegal in the United State. The decisions made by the individual companies had a significant impact on the other companies. In other words, the success of every company was determined by the decision made by others. During this period, the success of company X is to some extent determined by the advertisement decisions made by company Y. On the other hand, the returns from the advertisement conducted by firm Y is influenced by the advertisement measures carried by company X. However, in case the two companies choose to advertise simultaneously at the same time, the effect neutralizes itself and the sales remains constant. Nevertheless, there are increased costs incurred through the advertisement activities. However, in case one company decides not to advertise, then the other one will gain significantly from advertisement. Another case of political dilemma can be illustrated through the case of drugs in spot. Schneier demonstrates a situation where decisions by various players to use performance enhancing drugs affect the performance of others (par 2). In this case, the most feasible level of advertisement for the company X will be determined by advertisement undertaken by company Y. In this case, both companies can gain significantly if they choose to cooperate. For instance, they can both reduce their operational costs in case they decide to advertise at a level below the equilibrium (Milgrom 306). In case all the companies cooperate and decide not to conduct any advertisement, then every company will reduce its expenses and the profits will generally increase in the industry. The principle of the game of the prisoner’s dilemma can also be applied in the pricing among cartels. In some cases, a number of companies may decide to set their prices at a certain level. In this case, a company may choose not to adhere to this regulation which implies that they defect. They may also decide to cooperate and keep their prices at the agreed level. The companies which defect in this case gain profits at the expense of others (Hang 59). Conniff (2001) observed that risky behaviour can also be revealed among other animals. For instance, this can be demonstrated in a phenomenon where an antelope jumps high up into the air when chased by a cheetah. However, it would be more reasonable for the antelope to apply all their energy trying to run horizontally as far as possible. There are also some animals which usually tend to dance just in front of their predators before dodging away. In conclusion, this article has given a clear analysis of the concept of the prisoner’s dilemma games and its implication in social, political and economic context. It is based on the principle that individuals will tend to act in such a way that they maximize their interests. However, these decisions may in one way or another affect others. Works Cited Barash, David. “Rogue Elephants Play Congressional Chicken.” Chronicle , 2011. Web. Blum, Jonathan and Booth Rupert. The Prisoner’s Dilemma. U.S.A.: Powys Books, 2005. Congleton, Roger. “ The Median Voter Model. ” Uoregon , 2011. Web. Conniff Richard. Why We Take Risks. DISCOVER .Vol. 22 No. 12 December 2001. Edgar David. The Prisoner’s Dilemma . London: Nick Hern Books, 2002. Hang Amelia. Prisoner’s Dilemma . UK: Lulu.com, 2003. Heylighen Francis. “ The Prisoners’ Dilemma. ” Pespmc1 , 1995. Web. Myagkov Misha and Orbell John. “Mindreading and Manipulation in an Ecology of Prisoner’s Dilemma Games: Laboratory Experiments.” Phoenix , 2011. Web. Rapoport Anatol and Chammah Albert. Prisoner’s Dilemma: A Study In Conflict And Cooperation . Canada: University of Michigan Press, 1965. Schneier Bruce. “ Drugs: Sports’ Prisoner’s Dilemma. ” Wired , 2011. Web. Paul Milgrom. The Evolution of Cooperation. Journal of Economics Volume 15, Number 2, 1984, 305–309. Plott Charles R. and Levine Michael E. A model of Agenda Influence on Committee Decisions. The American Economic Review, Vol. 68, No. 1. (March 1978), pp. 146-160. Squidoo. “Realism.” Squidoo, 2011. Web. The New York Times February 26, 2000. “Political Scientists Debate Theory of `Rational Choice”. Phoenix, 2000. Web. Tim Johnson, Mikhai Myagkov and John Orbell. Sociality as a Defensive Response to the Threat of Loss . Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany. 2001. Tutor2. “ Oligopoly – Game Theory. ” Tutor2u, 2011. Web.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: In this essay, the author discusses the way arts and artists are being affected and influenced by realities of the contemporary world. The author notes that while arts and artists have always been affected and influenced by their environment, the pace of globalization and the introduction of new communication technologies have accelerated the process. The author concludes that while the impact of these changes can be negative, they can also be positive, and that it is up to the artist to decide how they want to respond.

In this essay, the author discusses the way arts and artists are being affected and influenced by realities of the contemporary world. The author notes that while arts and artists have always been affected and influenced by their environment, the pace of globalization and the introduction of new communication technologies have accelerated the process. The author concludes that while the impact of these changes can be negative, they can also be positive, and that it is up to the artist to decide how they want to respond.

Arts and artists being affected by today’s realities Essay Introduction An unprecedented surge of new information and communication technologies has culminated into an increasingly intertwined world. Advancements made by man in the area of ICT during the last half of the twentieth century has accelerated globalization of all spheres of human life at a pace never imagined before. Today, information about political and socioeconomic happenings in remote parts of the world is passed on to other parts on a real-time basis. This task is a discussion of the way arts and artists are being affected and influenced by realities of the contemporary world. Imagination and Expression Since the very humble beginning of human civilizations, man has had various artistic ways of expressing his feelings, emotions, experiences, and perceptions. These expressions underscore one’s society, environments, nature, and significant historical events like battles or immigration episodes, as well as normal and bizarre imaginations. These ways range from performing arts such as dances, drama, music, visual arts, and plastic arts like painting and drawing among others. For instance, during the Stone Age, man did Rock Art whereby, he painted the pictures of the animals he hunted and his tools among other thrilling experiences of his ordinary life and lives of his ancestors in the state of nature, on the walls of his cave dwellings (Pickover, 1992, p.16). Therefore, art has been a vital component of all human civilizations and has evolved alongside other aspects of human cultures to the extent that, today the most talented artists like actors, actresses, painters and musicians are the most celebrated individuals who hold esteemed social status envied by many. How arts and artists are affected and influenced by realities of today Advancement in technology is certainly a weighty drive of progress and history in any society. For example, unprecedented progress in ICT has altered the way people do business, how they interact with their relatives and friends, and even the way they govern themselves. Arts and artists have inevitably been affected and influenced by advancement in technologies, changes in global communication, and an accelerated tempo of globalization in various ways. Today, progress in technology and computer-supported arts permit artists to find out new forms of artistic representations that put more emphasis on the visual and creative features of a given artistic piece. For instance, computer-modeling platforms enable sculptors to observe their work in virtual reality prior to its production (Ehrlich, 1976, p.111). Therefore, artists can create pieces of artwork that are more closely associated to their initial motives; thereby, they push forward accuracy of execution in arts (Ehrlich, 1976, p.114). This has in turn led to increasingly truly realized varieties of an artist imagination. Moreover, advancement in technology has facilitated integration of various kinds of arts as artists endeavor to produce more creative and imaginative artworks and remain competitive in domestic and new global markets. Developments in photographic technologies have had profound impacts on modern arts and artists have embraced photography as an artistic instrument. For instance, modern artists have already successfully applied present developments and inventions in photography to painting (Ehrlich, 1976, p139). Globalization and the ease with which artists can access information about people, places, living things, happenings, environments, and communities in distant lands have undoubtedly influenced their imaginative power. Today, different classes of artists including musicians, painters, actors, and sculptors and others are faced with the reality of the need to create artworks that can appeal to different people living in various diverse global societies (Crawford, 2003, p.4). In other words, they are faced by an inevitable pressure of the need to impart a global perspective on their works of art in order to remain relevant in an increasingly globalized world. Conclusion Modern arts and artists have unavoidably been affected and influenced in various ways by advancement in technology, globalization, and other current everyday factors. Arts and artists in today’s world have come under pressure of the need to appeal to people and communities with diverse social and political orientations. Even though artistic borrowing is not a new phenomenon per se, it has clearly been accelerated by the progress in ICT and ease of movement. In addition, artists have experienced an increase of their fans and consumers of their artworks. References Crawford, R. (2003). The Global Influence on Interior Design and the Impact on a Family and Consumer Sciences Professional . Web. Ehrlich, G. (1976). Technology and the Artist . Ann Arbor: University Microfilm International. Pickover, A. (1992). Visions of the Future . New York: St. Martin’s Press.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : Taipei and Tokyo are both Asian cities with rich heritages and deep cultural inclinations. They are also both rapidly advancing technologically, yet retaining their traditional cultures.

Taipei and Tokyo are both Asian cities with rich heritages and deep cultural inclinations. They are also both rapidly advancing technologically, yet retaining their traditional cultures.

Asian Cities: Taipei and Tokyo Overview Essay Table of Contents 1. Taipei 2. Tokyo 3. Reference List 4. Footnotes Asia is the world’s largest continent and the most populous. Asia also has one of the richest heritages, with deep and authentic cultural inclination among its people. Asian cities are very unique and to some extent different from the other modern cities of the world. Asian economies are rising rapidly with Japan, India, and China in the top five on the list. Asian cities are therefore sophisticated with rapid technological advancement but at the same time retain the traditional cultures. Consequently, Asian cities are a good illustration of the harmonious and symbiotic blend of traditional and modern settings, be it in design, culture or language. The people in these cities retain their traditional cultures but at the same time endorsing the modern technology. In fact, Asia has one of the highest and most sophisticated technological advancement in the world, with Japan and China, leading the way (Cybriwsky, 1998). Taipei Taipei is the capital of Formosa, present day Taiwan. Taipei is a large city and like many Asian cities, it is highly populated (Binder, 2008). Located in the island of Taiwan, it is one of the most beautiful cities in the world and a centre for tourism activities. The people of Taipei and Taiwan in general are the friendliest all over Asia with multidimensional cultures being accommodated. With a marine tropical climate, the city is conducive for many diverse activities both maritime and physical geographical. The city is also the nation’s center for politics, commerce, and mass media. The city has opened up to the western culture and thus it is now possible to experience western cultures like the pop cultures right in the city. The city is thus being flooded with visitors for various reasons like work, leisure, adventure, and business. Due to the rapid expansion, the city has expanded rapidly making it the fastest growing city in Asia. (TIGP, 2011) It has also rapidly expanded becoming a centre of educational engagement, industrialization, with numerous centres of electronics, textiles and shipbuilding. The economy of the city is thus driven by industries and has received international recognition having won the 2006 intelligent community award. As a modern metropolis, the city has endorsed sophisticated, advanced technology in its architectural designs with very advanced transport networking system. Although the city has sophisticated skyscrapers, the architectural designs have retained a rich and distinct Chinese flavour. Various landmarks that portray this distinct flavour include the Confucius Temple and the National Palace Museum (Ryan & Melvin, 2003). Although the city like many of the modern metropolis has embraced modernity, the people’s cultures have not been radically transformed. There is tolerance of culture and celebration of the diverse ways of life, without conflict or contradiction. Cultural traditions and arts are still very lively in the city and continue to act as a source of thrilling ventures, and spellbinding celebrations. Colourful ceremonies whose origins can be dated hundreds and thousands of years back continue to be publicly practiced with other people of diverse cultures including tourists, open to join and participate in the merry making. These spectacles have in turn become tourist attractions with those who join in the celebrations returning every year to partake, that is, if the ceremonies are annual. The life in Taipei is not dull and gloomy nor cold like the way western cities have been described to be, especially during the normal working hours of daylight, traditional concerts, festivals and other diverse celebrations are held openly in full splendour all year round. This aspect is lacking in western cities. Western cities are very individualistic and it is very rare to find people of diverse cultures sprawling in the streets during the time of the year, in merry of appreciation of cultures leave alone all year round. Although the city has embraced technological advancement, natural sites or ancient monuments are still intact. Nature lovers have a wide range of sceneries to choose from and visit. The city is surrounded by mountains depicting the natural setting of the Far East; there are also unique greenery, urban parks, and aqua marine beauty sites. The numerous hot springs offer visitors to engage in-group steaming, the hot springs also offer the much-needed warmth during winter. Taipei has a wide variety of foods to choose from and has one of the widest varieties of cuisines to offer in all over Asia. However, the city has maintained a wide variety of Chinese food some of which are known to have been discovered thousand of years ago, making it a haven for traditional foods. The foods are prepared with exemplary Chinese expertise that has passed from one generation to the other. The foods have been widely credited and have been recognized all over the world for their appealing colour, flavour, spice and aroma making the food in Taipei world class (Kelly, 2007). The wide variety of foods offered include the various varieties of meat, which have been cooked with great expertise. Some of the animal meats available include pork, beef, duck, chicken and lamb. The meat could be roasted, smoked, barbecued or braised allowing a wide range to choose from, vegetables and black beans are also served in plenty. Sea foods are the mostly consumed dishes with one of the widest variety to choose from in the world found here. Almost all sea creatures are readily available and the various cuisines are made from these sea foods (Fang, 2009). Some of Taipei’s unique places are listed and explained below. The Yangmingshan National Park is a suitable site for nature lovers. It has volcanic geography and numerous hot springs. The Park is a perfect summer resort owing to its breathtaking mountainous scenery and hospitable comfortable weather. The park has some of the most peculiar animals, which would be enjoyable to catch a glimpse of. These include the Taiwan bandicoot, Formosan boar, and Formosan rock-monkey amongst many more. The Chung Cheng Memorial is another of Taipei’s captivating scenery (Rubistein, 2007). The octagonal shaped historical monument rises seventy meters or so from the ground and the entrance door is more than a hundred feet tall making it an awe site of the traditional Chinese. The Shilin Market is also another unique feature; having all sorts of delicacies. [1] The market has also many massage parlours, fortune-tellers and a temple for good luck. It has a big shopping mall and almost all fashion trends can be purchased here. The market has become famous for its nocturnal nature, which offers a unique feeling to its visitors (Faure, 1997). Apart from the discussed features, Taipei can also offer a passenger lift viewing of the city, which is over 500 meters from the ground. Dragon Mountain Temple offers a perfect reflection of Taiwanese religion as people of all faiths gather here to worship the so-called Goddess of mercy. Fresh juices are also locally available and noodle soup. Various festivals are also held at different times of the year. These include the Buddha’s Birthday, Celebrating the moon; but for a festival lover, then the Lantern Festival is the biggest and most indulging. Basking in the hot spring is also offered by this beautiful city (Freiberger, 2008). Tokyo Tokyo is Japan’s largest city and is considered to have a duality of definition in that although it has come to be referred to as a metropolis since the formation of the metropolis in 1943 it is still considered as one of the country’s forty-seven prefectures. Apart from being the base of operation by the national government, it is also host to the imperial palace and the ancestral home of the highly regarded imperial family. The city has over twelve million people but the whole prefecture has more than thirty million people making it the most populous metropolitan area in the world. The city has been regarded as one of the most viable economic hub of the world having the world’s most dominant and largest purchasing power and thus the largest metropolitan economy in the world (Lonely Planet, 2011). Tokyo like many of the Asian cities has become an economic centre with diverse business operations having their headquarters in the city like the Japanese vehicle manufacturing company, Mitsubishi. Tokyo is one of the most modernized cities in the world and the economic centre of Asia and thus receives visitors from all over the world. Investors, buyers, students, philanthropist, dealers and all diverse professionals converge in Tokyo and thus it is a true global city exhibiting all forms of cultures. Together with London and New York, Tokyo has been regarded as one of the most dominant and commanding centres of world economy. In terms of stock exchange, sophisticated lifestyle, technological advancement, revenue generation, liberalism and dynamism, Tokyo is always among the top cities of the world (Thompson, 2007). Although Tokyo is a global city, like many other Asian cities, the culture of the natives is much exhibited. Tokyo uniqueness stems from the blend of the modern sophisticated method and time-honoured old. Although the Japanese pop culture is much exercised in the city, the imperial family institution still has considerable influence with the institution being highly regarded and respected. Individuality is closely linked and associated with the old form of group identity. Some of Japanese cultures like the emergent pop culture of Manga has taken the world by storm especially Asia and thus could be viewed as a modern synthesis, but scrutiny shows the culture has its origins in the traditional Edo-period. No matter the level of dynamism and sophistication, with the adoption of some aspects of western cultures, the basic concepts and foundation of Tokyo’s cultures remain founded and true to its origins (Dutt, 1994). In the preservation of the cultures that remain integral to the people’s behaviour, the city has many museums and art galleries, the largest being the Tokyo National Museum, dealing with traditional cultural artefacts preservation and Japanese art. Theatres of performing art are also numerous, specializing in both traditional forms of Japanese drama and depiction historical figures, and modern cultural drama. Just like in Taipei, there are many festivities and celebrations of which many have historical background, these festivals attract a large following that sometimes reach millions. Cuisine in the city is very popular and internationally approved. Majorities of foods in the city are sea foods with Japan being among the leading fishing nations on earth. Tokyo has also become a centre of movie production and shooting, with even Hollywood directors approving the shooting of movies in the city. Ginza, Rainbow Bridge, Tsukiji jogaii market and Tokyo sky tree are some of the sites that one could visit (McKinnon, 2011). Tokyo is an advanced metropolitan area with huge economic prowess. Like other Asian cities, the language of the metropolitan is that of the native people, in this context Japanese. Asian nations have at one time or the other, fallen under foreign occupation and others colonization. Countries like India were colonized by the British while Japan was actively occupying China and her neighbours. Although some of the states fell under foreign occupation, they have retained their languages as the main language of communication. Other countries in the world that fell under colonialism or were at one time occupied by foreign powers adopted the culture and language of the aggressor. This can best be seen in Africa where African cities are dominated by the language of the colonizers. Asian cities have also retained their cultures and traditions. They are also experiencing massive and radicalized technological developments quickly turning them to global cities. Their traditions however remain their major influencer. The architectural designs of many Asian cities portray the local cultural beliefs rather than the western designs. They are also faced with natural disasters frequently experienced in the region. Earthquakes and typhoons are very frequent compared to other cities of the world, and thus Asian cities like Tokyo have come up with architectural designs that can withstand the earthquake magnitude (Waley, 1991). For example, the March 2011 earthquake in Japan was more severe than the 1923 earthquake but less damage was witnessed in 2011 than in 1923 because of the improved architectural designs. Cities like Tokyo do not have ancient buildings as they have been destroyed at one time or the other by disasters. Reference List Binder, G. Taipei 101 . Victoria: Image Publishing, 2008. Cybriwsky, R. Tokyo: the shogun’ city at the twenty-first century . Sussex: J Wiley & sons, 1998. Dutt, K. The Asian city: processes of development, characteristics, and planning . Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994. Fang-Long Shih. Re- Writing Culture in Taiwan . Abingdon: Routledge, 2009. Faure, D . Society . Hong Kong: Hong University Press, 1997. Freiberger, S. Taipei in a Day Includes: Taiwan from A to Z. New York: LULU Publishers. 2008. Kelly, R, and Brown J. Taiwan New York: Lonely Planet, 2007. Lonely Planet. ‘‘Introducing Tokyo’’ 2011. https://www.lonelyplanet.com/japan/tokyo McKinnon, M Asian Cities: Globalization, Urbanization and Nation- Building . Hong Kong: Nordic Press, 2011. Rubistein, M. Taiwan: a new history . New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc, 2007. Ryan, M, & Neo, Melvin .Taiwan . New Jersey: Gareth Stevens Pub, 2003. Thompson, S. Tokyo . London: New Holland Publishers, 2007. TIGP. ‘‘Taipei City,’’ 2011. Web. Waley, P. Tokyo: city of stories . New York: Weather hill, 1991. Yuen, B, & Yeh, A. High-Rise Building Living in Asian Cities . London: Springer Heidelberg, 2011. Footnotes 1. The Shilin market is also surrounded by many hotels making it favourable for tourism.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The meaning of crime, different types of crimes, and different forms of punishment are all discussed in this paper. It also looks at murder as being a crime against a person and differentiates between murder and manslaughter. Finally, it discusses social crimes and the different types of social crimes that are common in society today.

The meaning of crime, different types of crimes, and different forms of punishment are all discussed in this paper. It also looks at murder as being a crime against a person and differentiates between murder and manslaughter. Finally, it discusses social crimes and the different types of social crimes that are common in society today.

Aspects of Criminal Law Research Paper Introduction Understanding the notion of crime gives a better expression of what constitute an acceptable behavior and what does not. Some behaviors have been regarded as crimes in some societies while in others they are not, for instance, prostitution has been legalized in some nations while it is seen as a criminal behavior in others. By understanding criminal law, we are able to identity what constitute an acceptable behavior and what does not. There are different types of crimes; for example, we have property crime, crimes against a person, and social crimes. A property crime is committed when an individual takes property belonging to another person without his will. Examples of property crimes include theft, burglary, and robbery. Murder is a crime against a person and involves taking another person’s life. Social crimes are crimes committed against the society. They can also be defined as a violation of the societal norms. This paper will look at the meaning of crime, different types of crimes, and different forms of punishment. It will also look at murder as being a crime against a person and differentiate between murder and manslaughter. It will conclude by looking at the definition of social crimes and the different types of social crimes that are common in society today. Crime Crime is something done against the law. It is a violation of law. In this sense, law refers to something that shapes and is shaped by the society in which it operates. According to Gottfredson & Hirschi (1990), everyone has the potential of breaking the law and therefore those who break it do it out of choice. A behavior is classified as a crime if a criminalized behavior is committed; there is a victim, law officer, and the offender. A criminalized behavior is a behavior that is unacceptable according to the laid down law. It can also be defined as a derogatory or blasphemy. A victim is a person who is harmed by a criminalized behavior. It is worth noting that a behavior is considered to be a crime if the victim is innocent and was harmed due to the actions of the offender. A law officer is police officer who has been given the responsibility of enforcing law and the offender is the person who commits the criminal behavior. Most law enforcement officers assume that the law offender and the criminal behavior are tied in space. Crimes can be classified into different categories, for instance, we have property crimes, computer crimes, crimes against a person, social crimes among others. Over the years, there has been an increase in the rate of property and computer crimes. Some of these crimes include; robbery, theft, burglary and internet crime. The introduction of computers and internet has accelerated the rate at which these crimes are taking place, for example, most people have taken advantage of the internet to conduct illegal businesses such as drug trafficking while others use it to rob people off their money in the name of trade. Robbery is a criminal act that involves forcibly taking or trying to take another person’s property by enacting fear upon the person. The offence that is usually committed is theft. Punishment for Criminal Behaviors In some cases, community supervision is used in place of prison incarceration. It is a situation whereby monitoring methods are employed to supervise the activities of law offenders. Community supervision is a light form of punishment that gives a criminal time to reflect on his criminal activities and learn from them without necessarily serving the prison sentence. Fines are another form of sentencing which is imposed on pretty crimes. Minor forms of sentencing include probation, incarceration in prison, fines or community supervisions. Probation is a kind of punishment that hinders an offender from committing the criminal activities within a given period of time. It is a light punishment that is imposed on the criminal to help him learn from his mistakes. Probation can be used together with other forms of sentencing or can be used solely on people who have committed less serious crimes (Siegel, 2008). Prison incarceration is a situation whereby a criminal is confined in a restricted area such as a prison or jail for a given period of time. It is used for criminals who have committed a crime for more than two times or for more serious crimes. The purpose of prison incarceration is to take the criminal from the society since he is deemed to be dangerous, and confine him in an area where he will be able to reflect on his mistakes and where he might get rehabilitated. Inmates can be paroled after serving the minimum sentence if they are considered rehabilitated and ready to live in the community. In addition, the minimum or maximum time served may be reduced if the inmate’s behavior is deemed to have changed after going through the rehabilitation (O’Malley, 2000). However, there are some inmates whose behavior does not change even after serving long sentences. This is because it is almost impossible for criminals to acquire jobs with felony records and worse enough, criminals associate with other criminals making it difficult to get other sources of income other than the criminal activities. This is why we find criminals who have just been released from prison committing acts of crime without being worried. Others acquire even intense criminal behaviors from their peers in prison which they practice the moment they are released Crimes against a Person: Murder Murder can be classified as either first-degree murder of second degree. First degree murder is a restrictive kind of murder while second-degree is merely defined as murder that is not in the first degree. Murder in the first degree is defined as premeditated killing. It is defined as predetermined killing because the offender is assumed to have planned about the killing. Murder can also be committed without provocation; this means that the murderer had not intended to commit the crime and cannot give any justified explanation why he took someone’s life. Murder can also be defined as felony-murder. This type of murder occurs when a person commits a felony such as theft or rape and someone is killed in the process (Tappan, 1997). Such a person is charged with murder even if he had no intention to do so. It is assumed that the victims’ death was a result of the dangerous act being committed by the offender. Another type of killing is referred to as manslaughter, this defers from murder in that there is no premeditation to kill in manslaughter. There are two types of manslaughter; these are; voluntary and involuntary. In voluntary manslaughter, the offender kills intentionally mostly due to emotions though he does not premeditate about the killing. In most cases, voluntary manslaughter occurs when the offender is provoked by the actions of the victim and is angered beyond control. This kind of killing mostly occurs in bars where fights results into killings with both parties being drunk. Involuntary manslaughters occur due to negligence but the killer does not have an intention to kill. Negligence in this case refers to failure of the offender to take necessary caution. An example of involuntary killing would be a policeman mishandling a loaded gun that goes off unintentionally and takes the life of an innocent person. Murder bears the more serious sentencing than voluntary manslaughter, although this depends on the law applied in a given state. Involuntary manslaughter is also penalized not unless the killing was a result of self-defense. However, the offender has to prove beyond any reasonable doubt that his actions were as a result of direct danger. Nowhere is the thought that the menace of punishment can control crime more evident that in the execution of tough obligatory criminal sentences to control violent crimes. Regardless of its questionable deterrent effect, some advocates argue that the death penalty can in actual fact limit criminality; at least it guarantees that convicted criminals never again get the opportunity to kill. Many witnesses are disappointed because people who are convicted of murder sometimes kill again when released on parole. Research shows that more than nine percent of all inmates on death row have had previous convictions for murder. Advocates argue that if these criminals had been executed for their first offenses, hundreds of people would not have died (Dicklitch & Malik, 2010). Social Crimes Social crimes can be defined as the acts that obstruct society’s operations and the capability of people to carry out their tasks efficiently. They can also be defined as the criminal behaviors that are against the expected values, customs, and societal norms. According to Robertson (1989), a crime is an act that breaches a law. However, there is a difference between political crime and social crime. In the latter, the community suffers from the acts of criminals while in political crime, the victim is perceived to be the government or the state. Some of the examples of social crimes are discussed below; Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) Crimes In many nations, it is illegal to drive under the influence of intoxicant drinks such as alcohol. Many sociologists classify DWI crimes as victimless because no one is affected physically as a result of the crime except the offenders. However, not all social scientists agree with this view; some point out that DWI may cause damage that engages in far more costly activities. They have classified DWI as a deviant behavior which has to be enforced by law. This law has only been enforced systematically like three decades ago. Many people agree that driving under the influence of alcohol is dangerous but they fear to point at such drivers because drinking has become a social activity that frequently violates the norm (Kendall, 2009). Prostitution Prostitution is a sexually related crime that is considered to be a threat to the society because it causes disruption to the public order. This is the act of engaging in sexual activities for compensation. Prostitution is one of the oldest world’s professions since it has been there at the ancient times. In every year, more than 80,000 prostitution offenders are arrested; the ratio of these arrests is 2:1 (female to male respectively). Out of the total number of arrests 1.5% involves minors under the age of 18 and some even below the age of 15. Some sociologists argue that criminal law should not interfere with sexual transactions because no one is harmed (Mann, 1993). However, some scientists affirm that crimes like prostitution actually inflict damage that engages in far more serious and costly criminal activities. Obscenity Many cultures all over the world have produced laws that define obscenity and the jurisdiction that follows if prosecuted. Obscene materials include pornography. These include books, magazines, and films that show sexual acts. If pornography is considered to be obscene, then it becomes a crime. This is because such materials are not only offensive but also a violation to the values of morality in the society. It is true that no one is harmed by such materials but the influence they have on the society is immense, for example, if minors are exposed to such kind of materials, their body is affected and as a result they may engage in sexual acts leading to prostitution (Mann, 1993). Lewdness Lewdness is a public order crime that can be grouped under public indecency. It can be defined as the deliberate exposure of private parts such as breasts, genitals and buttocks in public. It can also be defined as an attempt to engage in sexual acts in public or in places where one can be observed. In places where sexual acts have been a problem, one does not need to expose his/her private parts or engage in a sexual act for it to be considered as a public lewdness (Anon. 2010). Conclusion The paper has looked at the definition of crime, some of the most common types of crimes and the different types of punishment to be imposed on law offenders. It has also looked at murder as a crime against a person, the difference between first degree murder and second degree murder, manslaughter as well as social crimes. A crime is a violation of the law. It is a behavior that is against the acceptable norms in a society. Types of crimes include robbery, theft, and computer crimes. A law offender attracts a punishment that is determined by the judicial system. A crime against a person is known as murder. Murder differs from manslaughter in that in murder the offender premeditates about the killings while in manslaughter there is no premeditation. Both voluntary and involuntary manslaughter are not premeditated although in voluntary there is intention to kill while involuntary occurs accidentally. Examples of social crimes include but not limited to prostitution, WDI, obscenity, and lewdnesses. These are crimes that affect the proper functioning of the society. They are regarded as deviant behaviors or unacceptable behaviors. Public safety education should be provided to all age group to provide them with the necessary information that will help them recognize and prevent such crimes. For instance, most of the individuals involved in prostitution do it out of ignorance and they do not know the negative effects associated with it. Reference List Anon. (2010). Police Praised Over Anti-Social Crimes . Cardiff (UK): South Wales Echo. Dicklitch, S. & Malik, A. (2010). Justice, Human Rights, and Reconciliation in Post conflict Cambodia. Human Rights Review . New York, Vol. 11 Issue 4 Pg.515. Gottfredson, M.R., and Hirschi, T. (1990). A General Theory of Crime . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Kendall, D. (2009). Sociology in Our Times: The Essentials . New York: Cengage Learning. Mann, C. R. (1993). Unequal Justice: A Question of Color Blacks in the Diaspora . Indiana: Indiana University Press. O’Malley, P. 2000. Criminologist of Catastrophe? Understanding Criminal Justice on the Edge of the New Millennium. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 33, 2:153-67. Robertson, I. (1989). Society: A Brief Introduction. New York: Worth Publishing. Siegel, L. J. (2008). Criminology . New York: Cengage Learning. Tappan, P.W. (1997). Who Is the Criminal? American Sociological Review 12: 96-102.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: This essay explored the religious services in a mosque, preconceptions and psychological interaction of Muslims and non-Muslims. It found that the unique and hard religious practices in the Mosque limit effective interaction of Muslims and non-Muslims causing more interreligious suspicion and doubt. The interreligious suspicion and doubt emanate from the preconceptions and misconceptions, which negatively affects interreligious interaction.

This essay explored the religious services in a mosque, preconceptions and psychological interaction of Muslims and non-Muslims. It found that the unique and hard religious practices in the Mosque limit effective interaction of Muslims and non-Muslims causing more interreligious suspicion and doubt. The interreligious suspicion and doubt emanate from the preconceptions and misconceptions, which negatively affects interreligious interaction.

Attending a Mosque during a Religious Services Term Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Religious Service at a Mosque 3. Preconceptions of Non-Muslims 4. Psychological Reactions 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction Religious services in a mosque require strict observation of worship ethics and etiquette. Worship in a mosque entails subtle religious practices that are hard for a non-Muslim to practice. The unique and hard religious practices in the Mosque limit effective interaction of Muslims and non-Muslims causing more interreligious suspicion and doubt. The interreligious suspicion and doubt emanate from the preconceptions and misconceptions, which negatively affects interreligious interaction. There are some preconceptions and misconceptions about Muslim religious practices during their worship services that lead non-Muslims to perceive Islamic religion as hostile and inhospitable. The multicultural and religious interactions have psychological implications to both the Muslims and the non-Muslims. This essay will explore the religious services in a mosque, preconceptions and psychological interaction of Muslims and non-Muslims. Religious Service at a Mosque As aforementioned, the religious services at the mosque are unique and strange to a non-Muslim. Muslims do not allow anybody to enter their Mosque unless one is a Muslim or identified and given permission because the mosque is the most holy place and strangers who do not profess Islamic faith should not defile it by entering into it. The Quran prescribes standard etiquette and worship practices for the Muslims worldwide; therefore, there is no ambiguity in their worship due to the geographical location. The standard etiquette prescribes dressing code and worship practices, which must be followed strictly. The non-Muslims are required to learn the etiquette because if they do not follow them in the mosque, they are deemed to profane the mosque intentionally and this creates many fears to non-Muslims. If a non-Muslim has to enter a mosque, he/she has to make formal request and upon approval, he/she can only enter when prayers are not session to be guided through the process of worship. Muslims have religious services at specific times of the day. Before entering into the mosque, Muslims are required to be in their dress code and to remove their shoes at the entrance. After removing their shoes, they proceed to the washing place where they wash their feet, hands and feet prior to praying. Inside the mosque there are no seats, instead a soft carpet is spread on the floor unlike in churches where the congregation use seats. The prayers of Muslims are recited while kneeling and bowing down facing Mecca followed by the Quran reading of the day then other routine prayer recitations follow. Conventionally, a male leads the worship service because women are strictly forbidden to enter mosque during their menstruation period, as they are unclean and unfit to worship. Smoking, eating, drinking and switch-on phones are forbidden in the mosque for they interfere with the worship service. Preconceptions of Non-Muslims The non-Muslims have many of preconceptions and misconceptions about Islamic religion and Muslims. There is misconception that associates Muslims with terrorists, violence and extremists. “This is the biggest misconception in the Islam; no doubt resulting from the constant stereotyping and bashing the media gives Islam” (Ahmad, 2008, p. 22). The media has stereotyped the Islamic religion and Muslims as violent, extremists and terrorists in the way they report events. For, terrorists are referred as Islamic terrorists, while instance countries are referred as Islamic countries but rarely do we have Christian countries. The Islamic religion has been associated with the vices in the society but in real sense, Islam is a peace-loving religion, which stands for total submission to God. Another preconception is that the Islamic religion oppresses women. The teachings of the Quran do not support the oppression of women as it teaches that, “the most perfect in faith amongst believers is he who is best in manner and kindest to his wife” (Ahmad, 2008, p. 23). The non-Muslims perceive the Islamic women as oppressed lot due to their lifestyles and dress code. The Quran requires both men and women to wear decent and modesty clothes that depict dignity to the people around at any instance; regrettably, many non-Muslims perceive this as oppression towards women. Freedom of wearing any dress code is against the Islamic teachings, and this does not amount to women oppression, as many would want to believe. There are other misconceptions concerning the way of worship and spread of Islamic religion. Majority of non-Muslims often presume that Muslims do not worship God the Creator, but they worship a lesser god, Allah. Nevertheless, this misconception arises from sheer ignorance. Allah is an Arabic word for God the Creator. “Muslims believe that Allah’s sovereignty is to be acknowledged in worship and in the pledge to obey His teaching and commandments, conveyed through His messengers and prophets who were sent at various times and in many places throughout history” (Ahmad, 2008, p .23). Christians too believe in the same God but the differences exist on matters concerning the prophets that were sent by God. In their case, Muslims believe that Allah send Mohammed. Other misconception about Muslims is that they spread their faith through jihad war, all are Arabs, men are polygamous and Mohammed is their God. With all these misconceptions, a non-Muslim will definitely fear to enter a mosque or relate with Muslims. Psychological Reactions Muslims believe that their religion requires total submission to God and they guard this belief zealously. The mosque also is the most a sacred place of worship where non-Muslims should not enter, as they will profane the holy place. On the other hand, non-Muslims harbor many misconceptions about Muslims. Therefore, if a Muslim encounters non-Muslim in a mosque during the course of worship, psychological mechanism of evaluation apprehension ensues. According to Myer (2008), “…when two or more people who, for longer than a few moments , interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as [us]” (p. 262). This happens in an interactive process of social loafing, facilitation and deindividuation. Social loafing occurs when the non-Muslim receives guidance through the process of worship, while social facilitation occurs when evaluation apprehension increases on the part of Muslims. In this case, they perceive that non-Muslims are watching their way of worship. Myer (2008) asserts that, “deindividuation represents a breakdown in evaluation apprehension because of decrease in self-consciousness, and an increase in group consciousness that can lead to more disinhibited behavior” (p. 263). The balance in social loafing, facilitation and deindividuation will give effective social interaction in the worship service. Conclusion Multicultural and religious misconceptions and preconceptions affect the effective interaction between people. The misconceptions and preconceptions of the Muslims and their religion limit the effective interaction of Muslims and non-Muslims in the mosque. For the worship service to be interactive despite barriers of misconceptions and preconceptions, the evaluation apprehension process requires reduced social loafing and increased social facilitation and deindividuation. References Ahmad, H. (2008). Misconceptions about Islam. The Islamic Journal , 6(3), 20-27. Print. Myers, D. (2008). Social Psychology . New York: McGraw Hill.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: This is a concise representation of revolution of media in terms of how audiences are captured, analyzed and sold to the advertisers; particularly understanding the capture of the media and how it has evolved with time to the present internet era.

This is a concise representation of revolution of media in terms of how audiences are captured, analyzed and sold to the advertisers; particularly understanding the capture of the media and how it has evolved with time to the present internet era.

Audience Manufacture in Broadcasting Essay Article Summary This is a concise representation of revolution of media in terms of how audiences are captured, analyzed and sold to the advertisers; particularly understanding the capture of the media and how it has evolved with time to the present internet era. Audience manufacture calls for concise determination of size and behavior of the audience and by the use of a set of measurement procedures shaped by industry dynamics and technological usage patterns, the audience is manufactured and sold to the advertisers. The need for advertisers to understand the quantity and quality of audience they were paying for led to the evolution of audience manufacture and analysis (Bermejo 2009). Audience manufacture dates back to the radio era where different methods of advertisement approaches were carried out over the radio. However, the mode of determining or measuring the quantity, behavior and response of the audience receiving began with the invention of advertising rating systems most of which depended on the sampling concept. Such early methods included the famous Nielsen’s metered system. The growing need for understanding of media audience led to rise of independent third party to carry out the research. With much struggle and improvements, national representative samples were achieved at around 1940 (Bermejo 1). Initially, the concept of dividing a program into segments which were sold to different sponsors was preferred but this later changed to spot commercials. Different methods of measuring audience exposure time were invented with the most prominent being use of questionnaires, telephone and booklets with each having its advantages and disadvantages. This was later followed by A.C. Nielsen of audiometers which did not last for a long time due to the increased need for detailed demographics and personal viewing patterns as well as the shift from household to individual unit of audience. Audiometers could not keep up with the diminishing size and increased portability of radio receptors. People meters provided viewing data at the individual level and thus provided more precise information about the audience. Possible solutions such as satellite, cable and digital television as well as switching channels using remote controls brought yet another complexity in audience measuring techniques (Bermejo 1). Evolution of the society brought about yet another advertisement platform with the internet technology. Internet technology provided better methods of audience analysis with techniques such as trace Log files, and use of tags both of which could provide the needed information about the interaction of the audience with the internet platform. However, they could not give details of the number of viewers or their profile for a given page. Search for a standard source of measurement took the center stage. This brought about new methods of advertisement pricing depending on cost-per-action on the platform. Internet is global in nature and thus presents a problem of precise sampling such as home or work based users. Metered panel method when integrated with other methods seems to generate acceptable audience information. The idea of site visit is a somewhat misleading since there are far too many considerations to be factored in. Google provided part of the solution by clearly separating advertising from search results and distinguishing between organic, algorithmic or editorial search results and sponsored links (Bermejo 1). New searching methods developed with time and different types of advertising and pricing such as frequency, location and prominence dependent models, page relevance as well as pages pay-per-placement and system AdWords programs. This has brought yet another advertisement model based on the concept of quality scores whereby the price models are based on the performance of the relative sites (Bermejo 1). Work Cited Bermejo, Fernando. New Media and Society . New York: Sage, 2009. Print.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The paper discusses the role of the state in industrial relations in Australia. It highlights three functions of the state activities in employment relations, which were forwarded by a renowned writer, Offe, in 1984.The paper also discusses the key arenas in industrial relations that the state is involved in.

The paper discusses the role of the state in industrial relations in Australia. It highlights three functions of the state activities in employment relations, which were forwarded by a renowned writer, Offe, in 1984. The paper also discusses the key arenas in industrial relations that the state is involved in.

Australian Industrial Relations Policy Essay Synopsis The Australian Industrial policy has put in place measures to ensure a harmonious working relationship between the workers and the management. The State has played a major role to shape the industrial relations in Australia. This paper will discuss three outstanding functions derived from Offe’s works in 1984. In addition to the functions, it will be important to analyze the key arenas in industrial relations that the State is involved in to conduct its functions as discussed by Hymen. The contribution by both writers helps in understanding the role of different types of States in shaping employment relations in Australia. Brief Overview Of Australian Industrial Relations Policy Australia’s modern culture offers streamlined flexible working conditions in the workplaces. This ensures that the plights of the workers and the employers are well represented hence leading to a productive and innovative culture. The culture has not only contributed to a stable economy but also put in place structures to react to any global challenges (Hunt 1995). The Australia’s industrial relations ensure that both the employers and employees have the negotiation ability to handle matters that affect their workplaces hence promoting efficiency in human power. Functions Of State Activities In Employment Relations Hyman (2008) attempts to define the role played by the state in setting up industrial relations policies. He identifies three outstanding functions of the state activities that were forwarded by a renowned writer, Offe, in 1984 (Hyman 2008). Offe identifies accumulation as one of the state activity that corresponds to employment relations. He explains that by accumulation, the state plays a vital role to promote productivity and competitiveness that lead to an increased economic performance. The other function is the Pacification. Offe argues that it is the role of the state to ensure that social order and integrity of national boundary is maintained. This is with an aim of suppressing any conflict that may arise between both the industrial and social -political arena. In most countries, it should be noted that the relationship between the industrial and social-political arena has remained uncertain. It is therefore the duty of the state to ensure diffusion of this boundary conflicts. The last function of the state is Legimitation. It is the role of the state to ensure that social equity is pursued hence leading to a fostered citizenship and freedom to be heard at work. In addition to the state functions discussed by Offe, Hyman goes on to describe the key arenas in industrial relations that the state is involved in. He argues that these arenas of state action are operational in almost all the states. The first arena is the State itself as an employer. Most citizens work for the state in different areas such as the military, police force and other public offices. He states that State employment applies its industrial relations regimes differently from private sectors. The rules that pertain to the public regime are stricter and restrictive as opposed to the private regime. A good example is the right to collective bargaining power by public employees which is more constrained as compared to private workers. The other arena is through procedural regulation, whether voluntarily or involuntarily. This action gives the state an outstanding role of getting involved in the players’ activities in the workplaces. The state finds itself laying down procedural rules and regulations to govern both the employees and employers to protect the rights of each key player. The state is also involved in ensuring employment rights as indicated in any performance contract. In this arena, the state defines the applicable terms in a contract to avoid ambiguity. The other arena that the state has a key function is managing the macroeconomics in the labour market. This is through fiscal and monetary policy regulations. The other arena is in the supply and demand management necessary to balance the employment and unemployment ratio. The other arena is its involvement in the state of welfare as observed in the industrial relations. The state is also involved in taking such actions as it deems fit that shapes the economy and industrial relations. Understanding The Role Of Australia’s Types Of States In Shaping Industrial Relations By Comparing Offe and Hyman’s Arguments Hymen has come up with a stylized model that explains the kinds of states and the role that they play. These states are the laissez-faire state that applies to individualism, the social state that modifies the labour relations and the developmental state that discusses industrialisation. Offe’s three outstanding functions of state correlate with the arenas of state action claimed by Hymen. This relation plays a key role to help the reader understand the role of the above kinds of states. Hyman and Offe are both in agreement that the state should ensure freedom of expression in the work place and to uphold each player’s rights. This brings to light the role of laissez-faire state. The constitution upholds the freedom of expression which has been backed by the industrial unions allowing workers to speak out against oppression in their work places through the Workplace Relations Act. This allows both employees from private and public sector to be accorded protection in such instances. The other arena to which it is applied is through its laid down procedures that govern the industry players (Howell 2007). Further, both arguments describe the state as a protector and custodian which brings to light the role of the social state as discussed by Hymen. This means that the pacification role can be applied in macroeconomic management, balancing the demand and supply chain and maintaining the state of welfare in the industry. This means that the state has the role to ensure that peace prevails between the political-social arena on one hand and the industries on the other. The Australian’s government gives priority to industrial relations by allowing the bargaining power at the enterprise level. The bargaining power has opened the industrial sector to global competition hence strengthening the Australian dollar. Unemployment rate has drastically reduced and the economy is more stable. This reduces tension among the citizens. The last function of legimitation is applied in the arena of shaping the industrial relations and economy by the developmental state. This is aimed at promoting working relation policy. The policy in Australia has put in place a system that ensures a fair pay and standard working conditions, minimum pay payable to employees as per the basic pay scale and binding agreements that protects the rights of both parties. It also guarantees freedom of association that ensures that all employees are protected by virtue of being a member of a union. What this mean is that the employees can take part in legal industrial actions without facing dismissal or termination by the employer. The policy is currently in the process of setting down a modernised and flexible award system to further protect the employees (Colling and Terry 2010) Conclusion All states should be involved in industrial relations for the sake of the country’s economy. The industrial relations policy in Australia is highly regarded and protected by the state. The government is still in the process of developing the industrial relations system aimed at making the system even more flexible. The industrial relations policies are aimed at promoting productive and competitive working conditions so as to maintain a strong economic growth in Australia. Reference List Colling, T and Terry, M (2010) Industrial Relations: Theory and Practice . New York, Wiley Publishers. Howell, C (2007) Trade Unions and the State: The Construction of Industrial Relations. New Jersey, Princeton University Press. Hunt, I (1995) The New Industrial Relations in Australia . Sydney, The Federation Press. Hyman, R (2008) The State in Industrial Relations . London, Sage.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: In recent years, Australia has seen a falls in full-time employment. This is likely due to the fact that Australian managers focus on economic results at the expense of more important things, such as downsizing, workplace diversity, restructuring, globalisation and quality.

In recent years, Australia has seen a falls in full-time employment. This is likely due to the fact that Australian managers focus on economic results at the expense of more important things, such as downsizing, workplace diversity, restructuring, globalisation and quality.

Discussion of the Managers in Australia Expository Essay Introduction It is impossible to imagine the modern world without economical relations. The whole world is involved into global economy system and Australia is not an exception. Still, there are a lot of different models and practices in the economical relations. Various countries apply the economic and management systems which may be focused on contradictory issues. Thus, it is obvious that human resources play crucial role in running business. But, there are companies which pay less attention to human resources thinking that economy results are more important. On the contrary, there are companies where human resources are valued greatly and the company is eager to lose some money but will keep a valuable employee. Getting down to discussing Australia and the management in that country, it is crucial to point to the fact that there is an idea that Australian managers have a tendency to focus on economic results at the expense of more important things, such as downsizing, workplace diversity, restructuring, globalisation and quality. This paper is going to focus on this problem with the purpose either to support this idea or contradict it. According to the findings presented by Australian Management Practices and Productivity global benchmarking project, Australia is the country where operation management is developed more than people management (Australian Government 21). Therefore, the economic results are really important for the Australian managers rather than other issues, which are also core for business and economy in the whole. Organisational Culture and Its Effectiveness Australia is the country where business is subordinate to the government. Australian managers value the policies implemented by the government greatly. This also relates to the organisational culture. The research shows that “Organisational vision and mission statements from the public providers demonstrated the close alignment between government policies and the stated goals for each of the registered training organisations” (Clayton, Fisher, Harris, Bateman, and Brown 16). The same research shows that when the government considered some specific financial loss, the organisational changes were applied by means of the agenda created by the Council of Australian Governments (Clayton, Fisher, Harris, Bateman, and Brown 16). Thus, it may be concluded it is Australian significance to regulate the business organisational culture by means of the government policies. To check whether this organizational culture is effective or not, it is important to follow the changes in the employment for the recent several years. It is natural that when the Australian budget experienced deficit, the measures were directed at the employment sector. To balance the situation, the government have decided to reduce the working time and keep all employees at work. These actions led to the situation that “Falls in full-time employment have been more than offset by higher part-time employment (“Economic policy” 13)”. As a result, the working efficiency had reduced and the workers did not want to work better. The change of the situation is observed for now as people become full-time employed that appeared to be possible after the elimination of Australian budget deficit by means of higher tax payment from the companies which was not expected (“Economic policy” 12). Management’s Role in Managing Organisational Culture Having considered the role of government in organizational culture and the factors which influence business and economic decisions, it is high time to talk about the role of managers in making decisions and where these decisions are mostly directed at, economic results, quality, globalization, etc. The organisational culture is influenced by the national culture. Due to the specifics in the political and social relations, the organizational culture in Australia is democratic and bureaucratic. The control is decentralized and in most cases it is aimed at giving tasks, coordinating activities, and providing purposes. Considering the results of the comparative research conducted by Peter Lok and John Crawford, it is possible conclude that Australian management value equalitarianism and participation, “authority is legitimised more on performance and merit” (Lok and Crawford 324). The information from this research helps us make some important conclusions. Firstly, managers play important role only on the level of giving tasks and checking the results. The Australian managers got used to the fact that their demands are followed and the work is completed as the employees in the country always follow the instructions they are given. The employees work on the result and sometimes do not notice that the work could have been done more effective and with greater efficiency in the future if some changes in the task were implemented. This is the first confirmation of the fact that Australian managers are focused on economic results. The work must be done in time. This is the central condition for business in Australia. The quality and other important issues are sometimes ignored. Secondly, giving some freedom for employees in the relation to the task performing, the managers as if relieve them of responsibility for the methods used by the employees. It may be concluded that downsizing and workplace diversity are not their problem if the task is not ready in time. This is one more supportive argument in the relation to the thesis statement of this paper. Focus on Economic Results with the Increase of Management Participation To understand whether the economic results from such strategy and organizational culture are high, it is important to consider the factors in management performance and relate to its effectiveness. Analysing the results of the research conducted by the Australian Government, it is possible to states that due to the fact that operational management is more developed in the country, the managers usually “lag in their deployment of advanced people management practices” (Australian Government 7). The main reason for this is the misunderstanding of company success. The main purpose of the report is to show that in case if the company pays more attention to the workplace diversity, training and management performance, the economic results are going to increase greatly. It is obvious that to reach the highest results in business, the companies should not only direct all their attention to the economic results, but also introduce “more flexibility in their management styles, decentralising decision-making processes and fostering self-managing work environments” (Australian Government 7). The research has been provided to understand what is more effective, either the capital investment or the management practice. The increase of management practice on one point in both capital and labour sectors led to the following results, the capital increased on 44% while the labour presentation increased on 56%. This proves that management empowerment is really important for the whole working process. If the employees are managed by some specific facilities, their economical performance is going to increase (Australian Government 14). The same source shows that most of the Australian companies work on reaching the results rather than on the strategic improves of the company functioning. The information that operational management is more developed in the country along with human recourse management is supported with the exploration in different areas of the country. The average score of the operational management in the country is 3.22 of 3.5. Other activities are rather lower, performance management score is 2.96 and human resource score is 2.71 (Australian Government 22). Thus, it can be easily concluded that the companies in Australia direct all their working force on economic results paying fewer attention to the human resource management product quality, globalization, etc. It has already been mentioned that the implementation of the human resource management along with the focus on the economical results may give good profit. Jones, Jimmieson, and Griffiths have conducted research to show that “employees who perceive a human relations cultural environment within their division would report higher levels of user satisfaction and system usage” along with higher economic results (396). The research showed that the companies should care not only about economic results but also about the quality of the product as the dissatisfied customers are not going to return to the company one more time. Furthermore, the universal globalization of the economy is also important and if the companies in the country do not pay necessary attention to the problems of workplace diversity and environment, downsizing, structure of the workers and product quality it will have to lag behind in a couple of years when other countries will go ahead. Conclusion Thu, it may be concluded that the hypothesis that the Australian managers pay more attention to the economic results rather than to the downsizing, workplace diversity, restructuring, globalisation and quality. Moreover, this high attention to the result in the economic relation is usually paid at the expense of those important facilities. The information is considered via numerous research which shows that operational management is highly developed in the country apart from performance and operational ones. The companies in the country got used to the fact that they follow the instructions and polices provided by the government, and the government usually directs it attention of gaining more profit. Moreover, the organizational culture in the companies of Australia follows the same principle, the employees perform their tasks directly, they are aimed at reaching the final result, economic profit rather than being inspired by the healthy and supportive environment at the workplace or high quality of the products. Using this method for running business, the companies in Australia should remember that the whole world has changed the strategy and pay much more attention to the human resources. The government should create a policy which points at the importance of human resources and their role in gaining profit. The companies should pay more attention to training their employees as this is aimed at increasing the working performance and increasing the profit. Works Cited Australian Government. “Management Matters in Australia: Just how productive are we?” Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and research November, 2008. Print. Clayton, Berwyn, Fisher, Thea, Harris, Roger, Bateman, Andrea, and Mike Brown. “A Study in Difference: Structures and Cultures in Australian Registered Training Organisations. Full Report.” National Centre for Vocational Education Research, 2008. Print. “Economic policy.” Country Report. Australia (2009): 12-13. Print, Jones, Renae A., Jimmieson, Nerina L., and Andrew Griffiths. “The Impact of Organizational Culture and Reshaping Capabilities on Change Implementation Success: The Mediating Role of Readiness for Change.” Journal of Management Studies 42.2 (2005): 361-386. Print. Lok, Peter and John Crawford. “The effect of organisational culture and leadership style on job satisfaction and organisational commitment: A cross-national comparison.” The Journal of Management Development 23.3/4 (2004): 321. Print.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: Understanding Australia's National Interests is Fundamental in Addressing This TaskAustralia has established herself as true liberal democracy. The country began opening its doors to the emigrants from British and Europe after the First World War. Through consistent struggle, Australia has become a beacon of hope in the Southern Hemisphere.

Understanding Australia's National Interests is Fundamental in Addressing This Task Australia has established herself as true liberal democracy. The country began opening its doors to the emigrants from British and Europe after the First World War. Through consistent struggle, Australia has become a beacon of hope in the Southern Hemisphere.

Australia’s National Interests Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. National Interests 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction Through consistent struggle, Australia has become a beacon of hope in the Southern Hemisphere. Australia began opening its doors to the emigrants from British and Europe after the First World War. Rajendra (2002, p.28) adds that 50 years after the war the country became affluent due to creation of new labor and new markets. Australia has established herself as true liberal democracy. According to Lansford (2007, p. 9) democracy means “government of the people, by the people and for the people” with parliamentary system form of government where the Queen of England is the head of the state with the Prime Minister as the head of the government. Some of the democratic values held by the Australian government include the universal suffrage, respect to rule of law, political party pluralism, and respect to human rights amongst others (Seldie & Dodetry 2003, p. 57). Besides the Australian history, understanding national interests is fundamental in addressing this task. National interest refers to the country’s aspirations and goals to achieve economic, military, environmental and cultural greatness. It is a political device used by the political class to seek support for domestic policy objectives. At the international level, a nation state tries to portray its public image and interests within the radical international super structure, which is constantly at risk. Referring to the words of a classical political realist Hans Morgenthau, when the government talks about its national interest, it refers to what seems the best for the country in relation to other states. Finnermore (1996, p. 3) highlights how states constantly long for power, security and wealth to protect themselves from invasion, extinction and economic meltdown. Therefore, based on these reasons, Australia has set her own apparatus to align itself to the new international order based on its evident national interests: economic security, national security, international alliances and treaties amongst others. National Interests Economic prosperity is prerequisite for any government to measure as an economic power in the international standards. Australia economic power has been built on the international trade and investment. Addressing the same subject, Clarke (2007, p.581) points out “Australia’s reputation as a nuclear non-proliferation standard bearer, regional strategic and economic considerations and the weight of the Australia-US alliance”. Further, Seldie and Dodetry (2003, p.23) observes that Australia’s foreign policy is concerned about these issues: economic security, national security, international alliances, treaties, and its core values. In understanding the national interests of this country, one has to appreciate the existing democratic culture. Australia is a western country placed in South East Asia. As a result, it has borrowed much of her practices from the Western Europe and USA due to constant conduct in the past. Rajendra (2002, p.21) further argues based on how it prides itself on the heritage of the West. Besides that, democracy is a form of government where power is vested on the people whereby they elect their leaders through a secret ballot. They exercise the rule of law, respect to human rights just to name a few. For instance, Australia has been instrumental in democratization process in the region. For example, Australian government is supporting Indonesia on its transitional stage from an autocracy form of government to decentralized democracy. As Downer (2002, p.30) confirms, “Nowhere have Australian values been better demonstrated than through our contributions to peace and stability and the promotion of democracy in the region – in East Timor, Fiji, the Townsville Peace Agreement for the Solomon Islands and in…” This is to show its great contribution to peace and stability in the region. As a newly elected member of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, he further argues that his country is pushing for realistic measures to promote peace. Both mining and agricultural industries emerged with the help of global markets accessibility. The government also relies on the bilateral relations around the globe to progress its national interests. For example, the trading profits between Australia and Malaysia amounted to $8 billion in 2001-02 while that of Australia and Germany was $10.2 billion in the same year (Downer & Vale 2003, p. 8). Government has further initiated economic reform programs, which have seen rapid growth in the exports. In the late 1990s, exporting firms grew by 8%. Australia has also lowered its trade barriers namely taxation, deregulation of market prices putting into place effective infrastructure, which has seen great economic development. Australia has a major economic venture in the Asian markets with a $67 billion of merchandise exports in 2002. According to Dee (2011, p.74), the government has progressively pursued free trade agreement with China, South Korea, Malaysia, as well as the Gulf Co-operation Council that comprises of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Territorial sovereignty is another universal national interest for all countries including Australia. Each country has to maintain a through security of its borders. The government has made prior alliances with the USA since the Second World War when the USA set Pacific Base with million troops based in Melbourne. Rajendra (2002, p. 28) the government has put in place armed forces with technological training recognized in Asia and the Pacific. Terrorism poses a great concern to Australia and the rest of the world. The pacific region alone has the world’s top three volatile flashpoints – the Taiwan channel, the Korean cape and Kashmir. Therefore, Australia is concerned about the regional peace in order to protect its interest (Downer 2002, p.40). The government works with the allies to enforce security in the Gulf. It also contributes to the UN keeping mission in Afghanistan with its naval forces serving a constant role the operations in the same Gulf. Australia is much concerned about the security of Israel rejecting the use of terror and bombs. It condemns Iraq’s nuclear weapons, which pose a threat to the world peace and security (Downer & Vale 2003, p.106). After the September 11 attacks, a new world order emerged to fight terrorist groups such as Al Qaeda and Al Shabaab, USA being in the lead with partners such as Australia, France, Britain and Canada. The issue of treaties stands out as another Australia’s national interest. Australia and United States have shared almost similar values and ideals that bind their relationship ranging democratic culture to shared sacrifice. Nevertheless, these countries do not agree on everything. For instance, the Australian government opposed the USA’s implementation of Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and Farm Bill. Besides this, close bilateral ties continue to exist (Downer & Vale 2003, p. 86). However, the two countries have remained great partners in trade, security training, funding of top world most organization, the United Nation and World Bank. Climatic changes too form part of Australia’s key national interest. Australia and the US plus the other countries of the world have greatly involved themselves in fighting the issue of climate change. One of the main challenges that have fueled the fight is the emission of greenhouse gases (Hayley 2009, p. 169). Australia is one of top three highest emitters of green house gases in the globe, and its progress to avert the situation has been discreditable. Brown (1999, p. 6) observes “The Environment Minister Robert Hill pressurizes the global community to accept the his country’s greenhouse gas emissions by 8% over 1990 levels, when most advanced countries agreed to a 5% decrease by 2008-2012” in addition to cease ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. Also in Queensland state, 300 000 to 400 000 hectares of native vegetation cover is cut down per year. Nevertheless, in the recent past, the government has attempted to show some respect to the International Agreement by putting implementation bills in place. According to Michalis (2009, p.61), “This bill will ensure that Australia meets its commitments under the Framework Convention on Climate Change and the 1997 Kyoto Protocol — the international agreements which commit the global community to protect the Earth’s climate for present and future generations”. Australia contributes significantly to the education system in the Asia. The first students to come to Australia for study were under the Colombo plan (Downer & Vale 2003, p. 74). Tertiary education accounted for 60% of education exports to Asia in 2000. Education is an income earner for the government. Conclusion In conclusion, national interests as Evans, (2010 p.38) points out are based on mutual principle. Therefore, in foreign policy terms, the paper has tabled some of its key national interests ranging from economy through security to climatic changes. For example, the September 11 Attacks saw allies help in the rescue operations. The interest here is to reciprocate in times of crisis. Although some of the interests addressed may coincide with those of other countries, it is worth noting that they stand out well in the Australian government. Generally, national interests shape the country’s approach to expansionist nature in both economic and political advancement. References Brown, B., 1999. The Climate Change (Implementation) Bill . Oxford: Oxford UP. Clarke, M., 2007. In the National Interest: Australia’s Approach to Nuclear Plorification in a Changing Environment. Australian Journal of Politics and History, 53 (4), pp.581-599. Dee, M., 2011. National Competition Policy and the Retail Sector. Journal of Australia’s Political Economy, 67 (1), pp. 68-94. Downer, A., 2002. Advancing the National interest: Australia and foreign Policy Challenge . Canberra: National Press. Downer, A., & Vale, M., 2003. Advancing the National Interests. Australia’s Foreign and Policy white paper . Canberra: National Capital Printing. Evans, G., 2010 . Enlargers, Straiteners and the Making of Australian Foreign Policy . ANU Canberra: Annual Manning Clark. Finnermore, M., 1996. National Interest in International Society . New York: Cornell University press. Hayley, S. Cheating on Climatic Change? Australia’s Challenge of Global Warming Norms. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 63 (2), pp.165-186. Lansford, T., 2007. Democracy. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. Michalis, M., 2009. Australia’s Handling of Tensions between Islam and the West under the Howard Government. Asian Journal of Political Science, 17 (1), pp. 45-70. Rajendra, V., 2002. Australia; Cultures of the world . New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. Seldie, L., & Dodetry, D., 2003. Reforming parliamentary Democracy . Canada: MC Gill-Queens press.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The paper describes the origins or where the fossils were discovered, identify the range of places they are located on the map, identify the individual who discovered them, the actual published time range that the specimen existed, and finally identify whether there are any controversy/ issues/research challenges about them.

The paper describes the origins or where the fossils were discovered, identify the range of places they are located on the map, identify the individual who discovered them, the actual published time range that the specimen existed, and finally identify whether there are any controversy/ issues/research challenges about them.

Australopithecus Africanus Characteristics and Facts Report Introduction Australopithecus africanus is the name given to early hominid that lived between 2 and 3 million years ago (Aiello & Dean, 1990). A. Africanus had a slender physique and is often believed to be an immediate ancestor of the present human being. Its “cranial features resemble those of human beings though the arms are slightly larger than the legs such as in the chimpanzees” (McKee, 2000: 23). According to McHenry many fossil findings indicate that the hominid had more similarities with modern human beings than A. afarensis, Australopithecus africanus “had a cranial capacity of between 435cc and 530 cc” (1998: 5). The males of this species are believed to have had weight measuring up to 100 pounds. The females are believed to have weighed much less, approximately 50 pounds. The body of Australopithecus africanus is comparable to that of A. afarensis only that it had longer arm and shorter legs (McHenry, 1998). This paper seeks to describe Australopithecus africanus according to: the origins or where the fossils were discovered; identify the range of places they are located on the map; identify the individual who discovered them; the actual published time range that the specimen existed; and finally identify whether there are any controversy/issues/research challenges about them. Origins of Australopithecus africanus and the range of places they are found on the map The “first fossil of Australopithecus africanus was discovered in 1924 in South Africa by an Australian anatomist at the University of Witwatersrand, named Raymond Dart” (Abitbol, 1995: 6). The fossil was discovered incased in limestone at a quarry in a placed called Tuang, South Africa. After it had been liberated from the limestone, the fossil resembled a young primate and thus was named “Tuang Baby” (Green & Gordon, 2008: 1). The location of fossils of Australopithecus africanus has mainly been in the southern Africa. These places include “sterkfontein, Makapansgat, gladysvale and Tuang” which are all located in South Africa (Aiello & Dean, 1990: 56). Other areas where the fossils are believed to be located include around Lake Turkana in Kenya and Omo in Ethiopia. The fossils discovered in Ethiopia had been categorized in another genus referred to as paraustralopithecus but were described as not being biologically valid and thus re-designated to A. africanus (Ferguson, 1987). Several other fossils have been discovered in other parts of Ethiopia and Tanzania but there have always been contentions on whether to classify them as new species or just call them A. africanus . Time range for the Australopithecus Africanus There are varying time ranges for the fossils of A. africanus discovered in different areas. According to Green & Gordon, current data indicates that the fossils of A. africanus “date to between 2.85 and 2.0 million years” (2008: 3). This time range has been established by a combination of different measuring techniques particularly palaeomagnetism, electron spin resonance, faunal dating and uranium lead Pickering (McHenry, 1998). The “fossils from the Makapansgat have been found to date to between 2.85 and 2.58 million years; those from sterkfontein dates to between 2.58 and 2.00 million years and gladysvale dates to between 2.4 and 2.0 million years” (Abitbol, 1995: 5). The time range for the fossils from Tuang has been more challenging to determine and is currently being investigated at the University of Witwatersrand (McKee, 2000: 76). Individuals who discovered the A. africanus fossils The original Australopithecus africanus fossils found in Tuang, South Africa were discovered in 1924 by Raymond Dart who was one of the pioneers of paleoanthropology (Aiello & Dean, 1990). At the time of the discovery there were rejections from other paleoanthropologists who held a strong believed that any human ancestors must be found in Europe. The Makapansgat A. africanus fossils were discovered by James Kitching who was one of the researchers working with Dart (McKee, 2000). According to Ferguson the fossils discovered in Makapansgat valley were originally called A. Prometheus but were later included in a single taxon ( Australopithecus Africanus ) (1987: 36) . The fossils at sterkfontein were originally discovered by Dr Robert Broom in 1935. Controversy/issues/research challenges about Australopithecus Africanus The controversies surrounding A. africanus have been around since the first discovery of its fossils in Tuang, South Africa. The material was first rejected by several anthropologists who likened it to a young gorilla or chimpanzee (McHenry, 1998). In those days it was a perquisite that any human ancestor should have an “enlarged brain and an apelike jaw” and thus the hominid fossils of A. africanus were rejected. Many researchers asserted that the “Tuang child” could have grown into a chimpanzee (McKee, 2000: 103). There has been a major debate concerning the limbs of A. africanus . The challenge has mainly focused on how to “interpret the locomotor implications of the australopith postcranial anatomy” (Green & Gordon, 2008: 2). Some scholars have asserted that the more apelike features possessed by the A. africanus should be viewed as adaptations. Others have rejected this allegation claiming that climbing did not form a significant part of the australopith locomoter repertoire (Abitbol, 1995). According to Green & Gordon it is further difficult to link the evolutionary history of this hominid to that of the earlier Australopithecus afarensis (2008, p. 3). A. afarensis is seen to possess limb size proportions that are comparable to those of modern man and yet it is older and more primitive than A. africanus . The assertion that A. africanus has more apelike proportions has prompted the carrying out of several studies to shed more light on that. In one study it was found that A. africanus had more human like hands though the overall proportion of limbs was more apelike than A. afarensis . However, such studies have been limited been the limited number of samples that can be of any statistical significance (Abitbol, 1995). There are other perennial controversies surrounding the africanus material that is viewed differently by different groups. According to McKee some individuals often look at this hominid as being a “regional variation or subspecies of the A. afarensis, some look at as being a completely different species” (2000: 7). The variations in the africanus fossils has led to the un ending debate on whether this represented more than one species, a sexually dimorphic species, or a very variable species particularly when the intra-era speculation is considered (Aiello & Dean, 1990). Conclusion This paper sought to describe Australopithecus africanus according to: the origins or where the fossils were discovered; identify the range of places they are located on the map; identify the individual who discovered them; the actual published time range that the specimen existed; and finally identify whether there are any controversy/issues/research challenges about them. It has been established that A. Africanus is was the immediate ancestor of modern man and existed between 2 to 3 million years ago. The fossils were mainly discovered in South Africa by a research team headed by Dr Raymond Dart (Ferguson, 1987). It has also been established that there is a lot of controversy mainly surrounding the proportion of its limbs. Works Cited Abitbol, Malhotra. “Reconstruction of the STS 14 (Australopithcus africanus) pelvis.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology (1995): 143-58. Print. Aiello, Imre and Collins Dean. An Introduction to Human evolution Anatomy. London: Academic Press, 1990. Ferguson, Walter. “Revision of the Subspecies of Australopithecus Africanus.” Primates (1987): (2): 258-265. Print. Green, David and Adam Gordon. “Metacarpal propotions in the Australopithecus africanus .” Journal of Human evolution (2008): 705-719. Web. McHenry, Hillary. “Body proportions in Australopithecus afarensis and A. africanus and the origin of the genus Homo.” Journal of Human Evolution (1998): (35) 1-22. Print. McKee, James. The Riddled Chain – Chance, Coincidence, and Chaos in Human Evolution . New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press., 2000. Print.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Autism and Visual Thinking is a research paper that discusses the connection between autism and visual thinking. The paper examines different ways of thinking and how variations among autistics and visual thinkers can affect their ability to form meaningful relationships.

Autism and Visual Thinking is a research paper that discusses the connection between autism and visual thinking. The paper examines different ways of thinking and how variations among autistics and visual thinkers can affect their ability to form meaningful relationships.

Autism and Visual Thought Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Autism and Visual Thinking 3. Different Ways of Thinking 4. Variations among Autistics and Visual thinkers 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Introduction The human mind is a critical component of human life because it is the control unit of not only the physiological processes of an individual’s body but also the social-psychological procedures. Social-psychological capacities are key to formation of meaningful and genuine relationships with others at the family level and the wider society. In spite of our inheritance of intellectual abilities our academic growth and development largely depends on our mental conditions and well being. Unfortunately, some children are born with incapacitating mental conditions which adversely affects their growth and development either physically, academically and/or social-psychologically. One such condition is autism. This task is a presentation of my agreement with Dr.Temple Grandin’s assertion that there are individuals who think in vivid pictures but most of us think in a combination of words and blurred, indiscriminate pictures. Autism and Visual Thinking According to Baron-Cohen and Bolton “autism is a condition that affects some children from either their birth or infancy and leaves them unable to form normal social relationships or to develop normal communication.”(1).Autistic children are normally cut off from social contact and always engaged in monotonous activities and interests that are fascinating to him or her alone. They may have hearing problems which differ in severity in different cases.Bogdashina provides that there are autistic children who suffer from severe hearing processing problems who may either be late speakers or never speak throughout their lives while others may live with speech difficulties their whole lives (118). Bogdashina explains that variations in perception between and among individuals including those born of the same parents lead to different abilities and thinking style (118). Visual thinking and verbal thinking are two of the main thinking styles recognized by psychologists. According to Bogdashina, autistic thinking is more often than not perceptual in dissimilarity to the verbal thinking of ordinary individuals (118). Autistic individuals if put under remedial procedures in good time may have a normal life. However, they are usually visual thinkers. Bogdashina points out that the most common type of insightful thinking in autism is visual (118).O’Neill as cited in Bogdashina elucidates that visual thinkers express ideas as images that offers them a real basis for understanding (118).The world as well all that is around them tends to be fathomed in terms of what the psychological experts call visual images. Visual thinkers experience problems understanding something that does not have an object or an image they can associate with and that is why some words are totally meaningless to them. In fact, the most meaningful words to a visual thinker are nouns while majority of adjectives and verbs may have no concrete meaning. Different Ways of Thinking There is overwhelming evidence that people have dissimilar thinking styles. As a already noted earlier, psychologists have established that autistic and non-autistic individuals have different thinking patterns On one hand non-autistic individuals are largely verbal thinkers while on the other hand have been confirmed to be mainly visual thinkers.Visuial thinkers as opposed to verbal thinkers have an associational kind of thought processes. That is why they may talk of two things in manner that sound of context in their attempt one thing to another in a manner may not be articulate to verbal thinkers. For example, an autistic person may associate his or her lack of fear for heights with height at which aeroplanes fly and think that airplanes fly high because her she does not fear them. Variations among Autistics and Visual thinkers Autistics and visual thinkers vary depending on their where they fall in the Autistic Spectrum (AS). So that it is not all individuals who are autistic in real life who are highly visual thinkers or who process information in the same manner. Those with cases of severe autism as noted earlier take longer time before they can begin talking verbally or they may never speak the rest of their lives or have speech difficulties the rest of their lives.Diiferences in growth, development of the auditorial and verbal capacities eventually bears on the way individuals thinks visually. Bogdashina argues that visualized thinking models vary from one individual to another (118).on one hand there is a category of visual thinkers who are able retrieve memory pictorial images in manner similar to searching through slides and are also able to manage the speed at which the pictorial images pass through their imagination. On the other hand, others are unable to control the speed at which the images are retrieved and may end up filled to full capacity of his or her mind with too many pictorial images being retrieved at the same time Bogdashina (118). There are o0ther autistics who have serious difficulties in terms of interpretation of written or spoken information into a visual form. Still others are unable to hold in their minds visual images together Bogdashina (118).Meaning that there are autistics who have speed problems in terms of converting a piece of information into pictorial images while others have mental challenges of putting together visual images in their minds. Suprisingly the quality of visual thinking according to Bogdashina is dependent on other factors like time and the state the autistic person is in (118). Example is given of Dr.Temple Grandin world’s moist popular visual thinker whose mind pictures are said to be more vivid and to have the most comprehensive visual images when she is drifting off to sleep (118). It is important to note that visual thinking is not exclusively the only possible type of thought process in autism. In other words autistic individuals are not automatically visual thinkers.Likewise; there are visual thinkers who can not be categorized as autistic per se even though they may show signs of autism. However, research studies have shown that in most instances the greatest majority of autistic individuals are naturally visual thinkers but not absolutely all the time. This fact owes largely to their auditorial and verbal challenges which if it is allowed to go unchecked in good time makes their autistic condition to worsen thereby making their communication the rest of their lives worse. Bogdashina points out that a relatively good number of people at the working end of the autistic continuum and a considerably big percentage of people at the more intellectually challenged autistic end of the scale may not necessary think in pictures oat all (119). Bogdashina asserts that majority may not in reality be able to think in visual images and may in the end be denied what could work better for them and in such circumstances their intelligence is wrongly judged by their ability to link visual images with words [or even sounds (119). The above line of argument is a stern warning to all especially teachers and parents dealing or handling autistics from rushing to assume and conclude that the individual should be able think visually at a given point of their lives. This is a call for unshakeable patience so that you may understand fully his or her thought patterns and be in a perfect position to decide the best help that befits their special condition. Bogdashina cautions that “…not all autistic individuals are visual in their thought-production process.”(119) see also Gray (56). He points out that some autistic individuals think in kinaesthetic images that can not be converted into mental images and more often than not have problems learning nonfigurative things that can not easily be visualized through perceptual form Bogdashina (119).This sentiment is in a perfect harmony with Dr.Temple Grandin’s assertion that not all people with autism are necessarily highly visual thinkers and that not all process information in the same way. Visualization skills are important but when coupled with mental conditions they pose a threat to the development of the communication abilities of the autistic individuals who are more often than not visual thinkers. Consequently there is need to understand autistic children as early as possible so that the necessary help may be accorded. If helped at the right time those who are intellectually able like in the case of Dr.Temple Grandin can learn to appreciate their condition and be helped towards improving their verbal or articulation skills. Also they can be helped to nurture their visualization skills which can be utilized for the common good of the individual and the wider society Lichtenstein Creative Media (13). Bogdashina explains that children with autistic condition are actual thinkers and that therefore there is need to understand their associative and spatial thought patterns (119). A spatial thinker understands things in his or her mind in a multi pattern which is usually the case with visual thinkers like Dr. Temple Grandin who has a unique ability to design live stock structures and equipments in her imaginations long before it is made in real life. She is also able to sense structural and design mistakes with many structures and equipments because her ability to represent them in multidimensional pattern in a manner that many verbal thinkers can visualize. This argument is supported by Bogdashina’s assertion that spatial way of thinking brings both pros and cons in that on one hand it is easier to see certain patterns of the world and infer images from those patterns (119). On the other hand, he argues that spatial thinkers may have problems to things that are largely one dimensional particularly when that comprises taking a mono-dimensional line out of multi-dimensional alternatives Bogdashina (119). Conclusion In conclusion, it is evident that even though majority of autistic individuals are usually visual thinkers not all of them are able to think visually. And as argued by Dr.Temple Grandin and other quoted in this essay, autistic individuals who are visual thinkers exhibit identifiable differences in terms of their visual thinking abilities. This is determined by factors like time as well the state that the individual is in. Works Cited Baron-Cohen, Simon and Bolton, Patrick. Autism: the facts. Oxfor Lichtenstein Creative Media d University Press, 1993.Print. Bogdashina, Olga. Theory of mind and the triad of perspectives on autism and Asperger syndrome: a view from the bridge . Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2006.Print. Grandin, Temple. Thinking in Pictures . Grandin.com.Web.2011.15th April 2011. Gray, Carol (FRW). Learners on the Autism Spectrum: Preparing Highly Qualified Educators . Autism Asperger Publishing Company, 2008.Print. Lichtenstein Creative Media. Autism: Beyond the Silence. Lichtenstein Creative Media,2001. Print.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The case study focuses on the challenges and opportunities, faced by Avon Products, Inc. This enterprise is one of the largest manufactures of cosmetics and perfume in the world. At the moment, the management of this firm tries to implement a new marketing strategy that would allow them to strengthen their positions in the domestic and foreign markets.

The case study focuses on the challenges and opportunities, faced by Avon Products, Inc. This enterprise is one of the largest manufactures of cosmetics and perfume in the world. At the moment, the management of this firm tries to implement a new marketing strategy that would allow them to strengthen their positions in the domestic and foreign markets.

Avon Products, Inc. Essay The case study, which has been written by Rochelle Brunson and Marlene Reed, focuses on the challenges and opportunities, faced by Avon Products, Inc. This enterprise is one of the largest manufactures of cosmetics and perfume in the world. At the moment, the management of this firm tries to implement a new marketing strategy that would allow them to strengthen their positions in the domestic and foreign markets. The authors of this case study discuss the following problems, which Avon should address: 1) brand image that does not appeal to many customers; 2) inability to establish new distribution channels; 3) intense competition (Brunson & Reed, as cited in Fred, 17, 28). This case also describes the history of the company, their mission and values, current business models, the structure of this organization, and top management. Apart from that, this article includes extracts from Avon’s financial statements, namely, net sales by product categories, revenues by product segments, and the data about Avon’s performance in various regions of the world such as North and Latin Americas, Western Europe, Middle East and Asia (Brunson & Reed, as cited in Fred, 26). Furthermore, this case explains the differences between Avon and its major competitors such as Mary Kay. The authors do not suggest solutions toward the problems of this organization; instead they carefully explore those factors, which contribute to these problems. The information, presented in this case, can be or great assistance to both managers and students, because on its basis, one can map out strategies that would enhance the performance of Avon Products, Inc. The challenges, faced by Avon Products, Inc Branding In part, the challenges, encountered by this company, can be explained by the inappropriate approach to branding. For a very long time, Avon has styled itself as “housewife’s favorite” (Haig, 272). Yet, the role and position of women in society have dramatically changed over the last decade, and they no longer want to associate themselves with housewives. This image is no longer appealing to them. Rochelle Brunson and Marlene Reed also point out the fact that this firm usually targets women, (usually, housewives) living in suburban areas, rather than “urban trendsetters”, who can significantly increase the market share of this corporation (Brunson & Reed, as cited in Fred. 26). In sharp contrast, Avon’s key competitors like L’oreal or Max Factor try to target women who are willing to be strong and independent. More than that, Avon has never positioned itself as a luxury brand that aims to raise client’s self-esteem. This is why many potential customers tend to disregard their goods. Overall, branding is one of the key problems, which needs to be addressed by the management. Distribution Channels The business model, adopted by Avon, can be classified as multi-level marketing (MLM). The main peculiarity of this approach lies in the fact that the firm markets its products through a network of independent distributors, who, in their turn, recruit other sales representatives (Cohen & Roussel, 92). At the moment, there are more than five million Avon representatives in more than 100 countries (Brunson & Reed, as cited in Fred. 25). Therefore, we may say that it take much time and effort to find, recruit and train this representatives. Certainly, Avon has tried to implement new business models; in particular, they attempt to distribute their products through websites. However, this approach does yield good results. The thing is that the marketing model of this organization is based on close relationships between the seller and the customer. Again, it should be mentioned that their major rivals such as Loncome and Revlou successfully distribute their products to the customers through cosmetic counters in pharmacies and department stores. This is one of the reasons why Avon cannot get competitive advantage over them. Supply Chain The companies, which rely on multi-level marketing, often cannot accurately estimate the demand for their products. Avon manufacturers a great variety of cosmetics and perfume, but the management of this company does not know which products will enjoy popularity among the customers in the near future. One should bear in mind that this enterprise has a very short selling cycle; in fact they start a new marketing campaign every three weeks. As a result, their factories often have to break their manufacturing schedules in order to switch from one product to another (Cohen & Rossel, 92). The problem is that such interruptions often lead to great expenses and delays. This inability to predict the sales volumes increases the amount of unsold merchandise (Cohen & Rossel, 92). This underdeveloped supply chain immensely hinders operational and financial performance of Avon Products, Inc. We need to take into account that the companies, which operate at international level, must develop methods of reducing shipment expenditures, and Avon cannot do that due to their inability to forecast demand for their products. This is one of the key obstacles, which need to be overcome. Opportunities Variety of Products As a manufacturer of cosmetics and perfume, Avon can offer their clients a wide variety of products. There are very manufactures that compete with Avon in terms of product variety, except only Mary Kay or Oriflamme. Avon sells more than one hundred different items: if we look at the competitive strategy of this enterprise, we can say that it has taken a focus approach, which means that it tries to address various needs of a particular target audience (Porter, 22). As it has been noted before, Avon tried to build close relationships with a particular group of people, namely women, whose age ranges from twenty to fifty. Even by the roughest estimations, we may say that this target audience numbers more than one billion people, who know about this company. Provided that this enterprise manages to modernize its brand image, they will be able to attract even larger number of new customers. The variety of products is one of Avon’s major strengths and still needs to be fully utilized. The increasing popularity of word-of-mouth advertising Avon is arguably the most experienced company that uses direct marketing approach. It strongly relies on the so-called word-of-mouth advertising, which means that a potential customer learns news about the product from someone, who is closely familiar to him/her (Harris. 47). The development of informational technologies has provided modern businesses to advertise their goods and services at various social networks and forums, visited by a large number of people. Very often the visitors of such websites discuss various, including cosmetics and perfumery. More than that, on the basis of such discussions, people often make their purchasing decisions. The thing is that consumers usually put more trust in word-of-mouth advertisements, than in TV or radio commercials. This is why Avon should advertise their cosmetics and perfumery at such forums and networks. This will allow them to attract new customer and more importantly, spread the news about their products in the quickest possible way. Changing demands of the consumers Women throughout the world continue to set higher standards for quality of cosmetics and perfumery. Their requirements for products as well as their preferences constantly evolve, and this requires companies to bring changes into the manufacturing process as quickly as possible. More than that, in many cases it is necessary to disrupt manufacturing processes in order to better suit the demands of the consumers. As we have said before, Avon has a very short selling cycle, they bring new items to the market almost each month (Cohen & Rossel, 92), and this can become their core advantage over other their rivals. The production of cosmetics and perfumery is one of those industries, where the success or failure depends upon the company’s ability to manufacture new products. Certainly, Avon often incurs heavy expenses due to such disruptions of manufacturing process; however, they manage to better forecast future demand for their products, they will be able to enhance their financial performance and improve their operations. Conclusion This analysis shows that Avon’s recent decline in revenues can be explained by the following circumstances: 1) their brand image has become less appealing to the target audience: 2) the company is too dependent on one distribution channel, namely direct marketing; 3) Avon cannot accurately predict the demand for their products. Nonetheless, this organization can still retain competitive advantage over other due to the fact they offer a wide variety of products and can adjust themselves to the changing demands of the customers. Works Cited Cohen. Shoshanah & Roussel J. Strategic supply chain management: the five disciplines for top performance. NY: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2005. Print. Fred David. Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases. 13th ed. Vol. 306. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. Print. Haig. Matt. Brand Royalty: How the World’s Top 100 Brands Thrive & Survive . NY: Kogan Page Publishers. 2006. Print. Harris G. Advertising on The Internet . Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2001. Print. Porter Michael. On Competition . Cambridge: Harvard Business Press. 2008. Print.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The text discusses the use of business-2-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) websites in e-commerce. It also examines the role of technology in underpinning the whole customer experience through social media through B2B and B2C websites.Business-to-Consumer (B2C)A Business-to-Consumer website is one that caters to the needs of consumers. These types of websites often provide a

The text discusses the use of business-2-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) websites in e-commerce. It also examines the role of technology in underpinning the whole customer experience through social media through B2B and B2C websites. Business-to-Consumer (B2C) A Business-to-Consumer website is one that caters to the needs of consumers. These types of websites often provide a

B2B and B2C Websites Report Abstract This study examines B2B and B2C approaches that are used by businesses and other organizations in their day to day operations. The research proposal has suggested interviewing and secondary data methods in identifying the concept and principle behind B2B and B2C websites. Consequently, the paper has explored the contribution of social media like Facebook in business expansion, enhancing competition as well as assessing their impacts on successful running of businesses. The study further elaborates the methodology and research design that will be used in the final project as well as the findings and recommendations that need to be put into consideration in future researches. Introduction The use of websites, software and social media has gained momentum as a growing trend in the business world today. Different organization involved in businesses have significantly embraced the use websites for innovation and improving efficiency in operations. Regardless of awareness or location a business, websites connects teams and communities much easier and quickly due to their mode of working, roles and needs. E-commerce, which involves the use of websites to transact business empowers employees, partners and customers through delivering efficient business results and breakthroughs (Tojib & Sugianto 50). They also engage and connect business professionals with customers by building networks. Different types of commerce require particular websites. It is against this background that this paper will present a project proposal of two types of e-commerce namely Business-to-Business (B2B) and Business to consumers (B2C). Aims * To investigate the use of B2B and B2C in e-commerce * To determining sectors of the market that use B2B and B2C to transact business * To identify present website use in different market segments Research questions * What is the role of technology in underpinning the whole customer experience through social media through B2B and B2C? * Is the social media marketing platform the right technology for businesses with B2B and B2C websites? Literature review Business-2-Business (B2B) Business-to-Business is a term that is used to refer to business transactions carried out between retailers and wholesalers, or between wholesalers and manufacturers (Balocco, Mogre & Toletti 245). B2B transactions in a supply chain are normally at a higher level and involve raw material or associate components. For instance, the B2B transactions that would be carried out by BMW, an automobile manufacturer, would include buying rubber hoses, glass for windscreens and tires for vehicles (Rowley 530). Additionally, B2B has is being used by most organizations for collaboration and communications through social media. B2B Website Company provides a platform for businesses or organizations to improve and promote their interests and that of others. Its target market includes business organizations or limited liability as well as public companies (Alpár 166). It provides them with a platform where they can buy and sell products as well as interact with customers. Companies may also perform website audits, carry out chart and track changes on search engines and provide access, information and simple navigation to customers. Some of the B2B websites include Alibaba.com in China, Eceurope.com in Europe and Infobank.com in India. Business-to-Consumer (B2C) Business-to-consumer in e-commerce refers to communication media that is facilitated by internet for purpose of selling products and services to consumers (Caescu & Dumitru 280). In e-commerce, B2C has been classified in five models that include community-based, advertising-based, online intermediaries, manufacturers and direct sellers models. Moreover, manufacturers and e-tailers use B2C that offers them enhanced buying experience, real-time changes in price and products and convenience to virtually sell products and services online (Rangone & Renga 340). As already mentioned, B2C provides to end-user consumers, products and services which may be both offline and online (Zhang & vonDran1257). B2C has a large market target since it provides products to wholesalers, retailers and consumers. It is product driven and has shorter transaction duration. With the advancement in technology, many businesses have adopted the use of B2B, B2E, C2C and B2C websites as powerful tools for establishing business and market links. This, indeed, is a fact worth considering since many businesses use them to easily pass information to other partners, colleagues and customers. As Huang, Jin & Yang (200) argue, they have enhanced building solid foundation for businesses where people are able to reach out buyers and sellers to get goods and services through relationships built. Today, the number of B2B and B2E users such as IT management companies and advertising companies has increased with some depending on it to earn income while others using it as a tool of promoting or advertising business online (Zhang & von Dran1257). As a matter of fact, appropriate engagement and better approach to collaborations and communications in the websites has helped brand businesses to make huge profits. Additionally, B2B and B2E allow two ways communication leading to active marketing where not only businesses but also employees and consumer views are considered. This, as Rangone & Renga “Mobile business research” (330) point out, has made these websites to be the most preferred networks for e-commerce. It has enhanced the manufacturers and marketers to appeal to their consumers with ease. According to Groff & Wingender (100), the use of B2C in web marketing has been regarded as one of the most significant marketing tools that have been utilized in the market to reach both potential and actual customers. Website as a marketing tool can be accessed by millions of people across the world. It has afforded employers and investors opportunities to meet with their clients though a virtual environment (Alpár, 166). The Web as a marketing tool has undergone technological innovation and as a result, entrepreneurs are increasingly switching to website for marketing and advertising their merchandise. It is pertinent to note that some types of algorithms benefit from the large amount of volumes on the Web (Smith & Correa 460). They have relied on social networks because social business networks offer knowledge to customers about the value of products and services which leads to the increase of both social commerce and social shopping communities. Using e-commerce websites by businesses offers them accessibility and chances to make better sales and improve their benefits. For the purpose of communication, businesses have been using B2B as a communication tool. Its use has become a global phenomenon among business people (Singh, Gordon & Purchase 40) .B2B has made communication simpler, faster and better by enhancing accessibility in both social and business fields. Through Facebook and Twitter applications found in the website, businesses have been able to interact with consumers (B2C) online about products and services they offer. Moreover, they have not only been able to do online marketing, but have also conducted several other businesses online (Urbach, Smolnik & Riempp 140). Generally, these applications have boosted the marketing sector by allowing advertising of products to be done online free of charge. Due to the immense population of Facebook and Twitter users, anything the business community brings into the market gains global audience. Consequently, businesses have been able to develop communication with customer to understand their needs, preferences tastes and behavior. Methodology The information that will be used for this research will be gathered from primary and secondary data. Information from secondary data will be obtained from books, journals, literature materials and magazines. The researcher will use the literature sources to examine B2B and B2C websites, their characteristics and use in daily business operations. Primary data will be collected from focus groups which included young entrepreneurs, experienced entrepreneurs, business owners and consumers through the use of questionnaires, individual depth interviews, group interviews, field studies and information on business history of individual participants. This will be necessary in order to establish the website used by each of the respondent. Secondary data will be obtained using two broad methods. They included quantitative and qualitative studies. The former will comprise of various databases which contained information on e- commerce and especially with regard to social media. Some of the resource materials for quantitative analysis of this research study will include published books, peer reviewed journals, newspapers, magazines and credible websites. On the other hand, primary research data for this study will be gathered through observations, taking field notes, focus groups discussions, transcripts, recording communications as well as structured and semi structured interviews. The information gathered will form the better part of primary data and will be used for qualitative analysis. In conducting content analysis, CRA methodology will be applied. This is a system that uses Crawdad, a specifically developed analytical software package, to analyse reports gathered from quantitative data, interpret and determine meanings of words and phrases (Barnes, Scornavacca & Innes 173). It achieves this through representation of concepts, checking position of words and building upon inference based on network theory and a combination of linguistics. The researcher will use CRA methodology as it was important for analyzing and giving meaning to data gathered from primary sources that had phrases or words through bringing out their inter-relationships, their influence and main concepts (Remus 550). Analysis and comparison of websites From the research carried out on B2B and B2C websites, the task of identifying intrinsic content quality when using the websites in e-commerce was determined from interviews that were carried out on business and company owners. Some of the issues the interviews sought to find out included investigating the use of B2B and B2C in e-commerce, to determining sectors of the market that use B2B and B2C to transact business and to identify present website used in different market segments. The study discovered that the knowledge of day-to-day impacts of B2B and B2C on business activities acts as sources of information to many business. In addition, the social media assist them to develop skills, become educated decision makers and effective collaborators (Oliva 43). As a matter of fact, the continual evolution in functionality of the social media has increased the capabilities of the social media platforms through new features such as video conferencing and internet phone services. According to recent research studies, it was found that social media has been used by an average of 16 online leads or about 60% of business planners each year (Burn & Ash1090). This number has increased tremendously over the years. Today, financial planners with large clients identified Facebook as a perfect forum to conduct their businesses. Additionally, there are other social media networks that have been designed solely for the purpose of conducting business. B2B website provides opportunities for people or corporations with centers of influence to connect besides the fact that it is designed primarily as a platform for business professionals. In comparison, the sales process of businesses using B2B or B2C regardless of the environment is aimed at successfully providing consumers with good products and services. Some of the similar characteristics of B2B and B2C websites include the fact that they have technical sophistications of broad ranges (Chun-yan, Kong-lai & Zong-guo 115). They offer information, services or products to consumers and businesses with diverse and technically sophisticated needs such for basic materials such as raw material, food products or for technical commodities such as scuba divers, car nuts and audiophiles (Mansor & Ali 140). Additionally, the language used in the aforementioned websites fairly simple. Even though it may be technical and complex to others, it has been crafted to meet the requirements of consumers. In terms of media agnostics, B2B and B2C in e-commerce use all kinds of media with emphasis on social media sites (Lai et al. 457). Recommendations and conclusion This study used methodology such as interviewing and secondary data which were limited by such factors like time and biasness. It is recommendable that future studies should be carried out with different kind of methodologies in order to come up with good results. For instance, observation method can be used in future studies in order to come up with raw data on how social media is carried out and how it impacts on expansion of the business and competition. Furthermore, future studies should be narrowed down to one area of study as this will assist in coming up with finding that are more elaborate. For instance the role of B2B in marketing is a viable research topic. This is because the current research did not have ample time in tackling the topic fully due to broad area of the subject. To sum up, the opportunities provided by B2B and B2C websites for businesses to succeed in provision of goods and services is a wide research study that cannot be concluded with a single empirical study. It is worthy to note that there are countless factors that are instrumental when deliberating on a topic of this nature. Even though most businesses have not fully utilized this new development, it is imperative to underscore the fact that many owe their successes in the growth and development these websites. As was discussed in the literature review, it is important to highlight that the use of social media in these websites for purposes of planning, advertising and marketing by businesses cannot be underestimated or ignored. Works Cited Alpár, Fekete. Matchmaking framework for B2B E-Marketplaces. Informatica Economica 14.4 (2010): 164-170. Balocco Raffaello, Mogre Riccardo & Toletti Giovanni. “Mobile internet and SMEs: a focus on the adoption.” Industrial Management + Data Systems 109.2 (2009): 245. Barnes Stuart J., Scornavacca Eusebio & Innes Douglas. Understanding wireless field force automation in trade services. Industrial Management & Data Systems .106 (2), (2006):172 – 181. Burn, Janice & Ash, Colin. A dynamic model of e-business strategies for ERP enabled organizations. Industrial Management & Data Systems .105 (8) (2005): 1084 – 1095. Caescu, Stefan & Dumitru, Ionel. Particularities of the competitive environment in the business to business field. Management & Marketing 6.2 (2011): 273- 284. Chun-yan Guo, Kong-lai Zhu & Zong-guo, Ma. The design of B2B E-commerce system based on MVC Model and J2EE. Management Science and Engineering 4.4 (2010): 113-119. Groff, James & Wingender, John. The impact on firm value from joining a B2B sourcing market. The Business Review, Cambridge 16.1 (2010): 99-104. Huang Jen-Hung, Jin Bih-Huang & Yang Chyan. Satisfaction with business-o-employee benefit systems and organizational citizenship behavior: An examination of gender differences. International Journal of Manpower . 5 (2), (2004): 95–210. Lai, Chi-Shiun, et al. The effects of corporate social responsibility on brand performance: the mediating effect of industrial brand equity and corporate reputation. Journal of Business Ethics 95.3 (2010): 457. Mansor, Norudin & Ali, Siti. A B2C business agenda: analyzing customers’ perceptions towards Bumiputera retailers. ”Asian Social Science 6.7 (2010): 132-141. Oliva, Ralph A. The B2E connection. Marketing Management 11.4 (2002): 43-44. Rangone, Andrea & Renga, Filippo Maria. B2e mobile internet: an exploratory study of Italian applications. Business Process Management Journal .12 (3), (2006):330 – 343. Rangone, Andrea & Renga, Filippo Maria. B2e mobile internet: an exploratory study of Italian applications. Business Process Management Journal : Mobile business research 12.3 (2006): 330. Remus, Ulrich. Critical success factors for implementing enterprise portals: A comparison with ERP implementations. Business Process Management journal. 13(4), (2007): 538 – 552. Rowley, Jennifer. Understanding digital content marketing. Journal of Marketing Management . 224(5/6), (2008): 517-540. Singh Tanuja, Gordon Geoffrey & Purchase, Sharon. B2B e-marketing strategies of multinational corporations: empirical evidence from the United States and Australia. American Journal of Business . 22 (1), 2010:31 – 44. Smith, Alan D. & Correa, Joseph. Value-added benefits of technology: E- procurement and e-commerce related to the health care industry, International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance.18 (6), (2005): 458 – 473. Tojib, Dewi Rooslani, & Sugianto, Ly Fie. The development and empirical validation of the B2E portal user satisfaction (B2EPUS) scale. Journal of Organizational and End User Computing. 19.3 (2007): 43-63. Urbach Nils, Smolnik Stefan & Riempp Gerold. Determining the Improvement Potentials of Employee Portals Using a Performance-based Analysis. Business Process Management Journal . 17(5), (2011) 110-147. Zhang, Ping, & von Dran, GM. Satisfiers and dissatisfiers: A two-factor model for website design and evaluation. J ournal of the American Society for Information Science . 51(14), (2000): 1253-1268.

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Write an essay about: The essay discusses the expectancy theory, a psychological measure of employee attitude that depends on three factors: valence, expectancy and instrumentality. The expectancy theory is used to measure how people make their own business decisions depending on the differences of behavioural patterns, which determine the alternatives they are likely to choose.

The essay discusses the expectancy theory, a psychological measure of employee attitude that depends on three factors: valence, expectancy and instrumentality. The expectancy theory is used to measure how people make their own business decisions depending on the differences of behavioural patterns, which determine the alternatives they are likely to choose.

Balancing Expectations of Superiors and Subordinates Essay Introduction The measure of expectancy theory depends on attitude of employees as the only measure for their relationships (DuBrin, 388, 2008). Every person has a different perception of achieving firm’s set targets/goals. They also have various personal targets such as the anticipate goals set during their elevated efforts in performances. The expectancy theory is one of the standardized measures of how people make their own business decisions depending on the differences of behavioural patterns, which determine the alternatives they are likely to choose. These behavioural patterns are known as the motivational forces (MF) over tasks, actions or business conducts, which determines performance (DuBrin, 388, 2008). According DuBrin (388, 2008), Vroom’s Expectancy theory presents the motivational force as a measure that depends on three factors namely, Valence, expectancy and instrumentality. Motivational force is thus a product of the three factors. MF= Valence * Expectancy * Instrumentality Reference of the Expectancy theory The emotional point of reference that each employee has towards satisfactory achievement of personal goals refers to valence. One needs to place some motivating goals such as the rewards they anticipate at the end of the contract. These rewards can be needs, goals or personal values such as better remuneration packages, promotion, and engagement into a program. From the case study, Andrew’s valence was the promised nomination for the firm’s management course, which would provide opportunity for possible posting as a future executive. Andrew anticipated higher income was indirect since his primary concern was possibility of getting promotion to a management position after the firm’s managerial studies. The program sponsored by the company is highly respected since upon completion, successful learners have high possibilities of becoming executives in the firm. Andrew hard and long input hours were in the aim of securing a place at the program. Valence depends on one’s expectations of satisfaction. It is a force that makes people to react differently for a given situation for instance, the position one get appointed to may be having situations that cause a lot of anxiety but one can give in all other aspirations, to achieve the goals amidst crisis. It is individual’s attitude towards determining the motivational levels. These personal perceptions are subject to intrinsic beliefs for instance, a person might shy away from a task or role due to value for personal peace of mind, while those with greater value for money will work towards the goals to enhance their pays. Valence is therefore not the final product or satisfaction that one gets after attaining a goal, but the expectations for some personal goals (DuBrin, 389, 2008). This means that employees who lack motivating factors have zero valences. They have negative point of reference or find no need of attaining goals. Contrary David felt that Andrew had not attained the require competence to get a nomination for a position to the graduates ‘management training program due to the reports about his performance on the assigned tasks, and this injured his further prospects in the firm. According to DuBrin (389, 2008), Expectancy Theory indicates that expectancy is a personal conviction over ability or strength to meet firm or self-set targets/goals. It is personal desire to achieve expected levels, especially those set by the management. The desire makes one to have a strong conviction over personal ability to deliver, therefore one is able to place expectancy based on prior analysis of efforts and performance on similar tasks. At the attachment and casual levels, Andrew had the submissive and agreeing personality that went well with the supervisors as well as the customers. This good quality made him a good sales person and presented him as an amiable personality among his clients who had become regular customers. His advice to clients enhanced his relationship with supervisors since it was crucial for their decision-making and need to return to the store. His reputation at the store during internship and casual programs was excellent and the relationship with the store manager caused his recall after his six-month certificate course to serve as the assistant manager. David was sure that Andrew would meet the expectancy levels based on his prior performances. The recall also boosted Andrew’s confidence and therefore all along he expected that his efforts would lead to anticipated performance. He was sure that positive interactions with others and hard work would improve customer experiences, and consequently improve sales. Andrew was a self-proclaimed achiever as indicated by his actions. He was immensely confident of achieving the set objective of enhancing employees- customers’ relationship and gain a subsequent accomplishment of his set-objective, to win nomination for the prestigious company’s managerial course. Contrary, when an employee feels that the efforts may fail to meet the set targets, their probable expectations are lower. The level of confidence determines the employees’ expectancy and eventually boosts motivational levels. In accordance with McShane et al (331, 2010) Expectancy Theory indicates that when the employee is confidence enough, the managements are ready to live up to the end of the bargain since his involvement is a good deal. This influential or convincing level is termed as instrumentality. European clubs bargain for good international athletes and are often ready to pay highly since they eventually anticipate better results and consequently better financial benefits for their clubs. Instrumentality is therefore the probability that a certain engagement will deliver better outcomes based on the relationship between prior perceived performances and offered rewards. It is a personal believe that ability to meet performance levels translates to better or hefty rewards. In most firms people believe that better performances such as better production leads to bigger rises in salary or levels of command. Various companies offer commission for achievement of certain levels of performances. In such a situation, employees will be motivated to achieve the set level for the material gains. The companies therefore fail to establish a better, constant method of motivation. The extra gain is the valence since it creates satisfaction. The set target is achievable, but it depends on one’s confidence over ability. In such a case, the valence and personal expectancy of higher compensation are very instrumental in determining possibilities of working hard to realize the set target. In line with Gitman and McDaniel (246, 2008), “The product between perceived levels of satisfaction, the personal confidence of achieving the level and the rewards that one hopes to achieve makes up a motivated person.” “Valence* Expectancy* Instrumentality = Motivation”. Since motivation forces is a product of the three factors, if any of them is zero, then there is lack of a motivating force. During the call up, Andrew was assigned role of restructuring the employee’s relationships with clients across the entire city store. His confidence emerged due to fact that most colleagues liked him even better than they liked their manager. They were free to discuss with him various business challenges and follow his guidance. This was a boost on his expectancy probability and his confidence that his efforts would deliver required results. Andrew’s confidence strengthened his instrumental probability to meet the set expectations and therefore receive the promised reward. The reward was his immediate valence to win nomination for the prestigious management-training program. Equity Theory of employees’ Motivation According to Gitman and McDaniel (247, 2008), equity theory of employees motivation determines the relationship between the drudgery of an employee and the fairness of the management’s actions against their work. Berating staff due to failure to meet achievements is common in many organizations or firms. There is a great correlation between an employee’s perception of supervisors’ treatments and efforts required for the task. This relationship determines the motivational level and any future decisions. Equity theory enables employees to find a balance between their input to a job/task and output (Gitman and McDaniel, 247, 2008). The employees unconsciously place values for their contributions such as time factor (amount of time lost), qualifications, contributed experience, strength and capabilities. The output values are often promotion (status or power gains), recommendation, monetary gains, work flexibility, variety and perquisites, some of which one is able to gain after a promotion. Andrew perceived David’s decision to nominate a colleague instead for the management course as unfair and considered a quit would be better than another year’s wait. His efforts were enormous since he had follow-up programs for the employees and worked extra hours due to the expectancy probability of winning the nomination. Although the efforts were great, he lacked strategy and evaluation procedures. Lengthy sessions were devoted to training and solving individual problems to perfect their presentations. He forgot that the performance analysis, mainly analysis of company’s income from sales would be the key determinant of performance and not the employees’ abilities. At one time, Andrew considered the performance analysis to be David’s task and confidently thought that his strategies would deliver better results. This was a clear indication that achievement depends on performance of various people in the organization; therefore, cooperation and guidance are key aspects of performance. Comparison of Case to Expectancy Theory According to DuBrin (289, 2008), on expectancy theory, a highly motivated person is one who is able to achieve his/her valence, but achievement is also measurable in terms of whether the rewards are measurable to the efforts. Fair treatment therefore comes in when the remuneration is equivalent or close to the work input. Although fair treatment is essential, employees should not be treated equally, despite others measuring up better in terms of their contributions to the firm. In line with DuBrin, (289, 2008), over rewarded employees perform better and have better produce compared to the under-rewarded employees. David’s failure to nominate Andrew was a clear indication that there existed conflict over their valence. Andrew worked towards achieving the nomination from his supervisor, while David focused on his bonus gains after enormous sales volumes. However, there is negligence from both since Andrew would have found some means of determining his performances other than basing on possibility of performing better as per the employee’s responses. David on the other hand should have been involved in evaluation procedures and thus offer guidance early enough to avoid poor outcomes that were converse to expectations. Andrew deserved better treatment and encouragement even when he failed to meet the sales levels. He had achieved the set goal of improving customer experiences but in a different manner, which failed to be productive enough. Andrew felt the urge to quit and find something different such as enrol for the commerce degree elsewhere because his instrumental probability in line with expectancy theory has failed thus killing his motivating factor (Gitman and McDaniel, 247, 2008). His output as the assistant manager at city store was in vain, since it was the only bridge for the managerial course and consequently long-term prosperity at Myer Company. Andrew was being compelled by consequences. According to Gitman and McDaniel (246, 2008), reinforcement theory states that behaviour exists as a meaning of one’s consequences. The manager’s decision not to nominate him shutters Andrew’s self-confidence. Instead of just indicating his intentions of nominating one of Andrew’s colleagues for the program, David would have taken time to review Andrew’s performance together with him and point out the problems that caused failure. Providing alternative offered would also not shutter his motivation to a point of forfeiting his job for a different option. Clarification and alternative rewards encourage employees to work smarter or work on the same tasks/situations, since their instrumental probability is still in existence although lowered. Poor relationship between managers and subordinates creates discouragement and feeling of failure among the subordinates. They often cannot question the responsibility of the manager and thus endure the whole burden solemnly. Conclusion Good Working Relationships It is important to have good working relationships between managers and subordinates. The work relationship between David and Andrew must have gone wrong considering that David had initially promised Andrew direct nomination into the management program, as long as he performed well as assistant manager during his first six months of service. Placing personal needs ahead of others destroys performances since there are high possibilities of obliterating any existing motivation among subordinates. David had a slow and hierarchical career progress, where he worked very hard in various companies to progress to the next level. He did not have job mentors and considered his experience as an essential business learning procedure. Due to his prior business-performance relationship with Andrew at Myre, David believed in Andrew’s excellence and knew that by engaging him as assistant manager, he would improve the aspect of customer courtesy across the entire store. This would eventually improve the store’s performances and he would gain better bonuses. On the other hand, having been awarded team responsibility in various sections of the store, Andrew found this to be an opportunity to prove and market his leadership skills among them for a possible senior management position in the future. They were both acting selfishly for some personal gains or relating to personal prior experiences. Bibliography DuBrin, A. J. (2008). Essentials of Management . Ohio, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning Publishers. Gitman, L. J. & McDaniel, C. (2008). The Future of Business: The Essentials . Ohio, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning Publishers. McShane, S., Olekalns, M. and Travaglione, T. (2010). Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim . 3rd Edition. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill Australia.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay discusses how Barclays has used strategic management to ensure that it has a competitive advantage over other institutions involved with banking and financial services. It has also used modern technology to enhance efficiency and effectiveness in its operation. The essay also talks about how globalization has also played a role in the success of Barclays bank.

The essay discusses how Barclays has used strategic management to ensure that it has a competitive advantage over other institutions involved with banking and financial services. It has also used modern technology to enhance efficiency and effectiveness in its operation. The essay also talks about how globalization has also played a role in the success of Barclays bank.

Barclay: Matt Barrett’s Journey-Winning Hearts and Minds Report (Assessment) Capabilities and Core Competence of Barclays Barclays is a global financial institution that offer a variety of services for instance retail and commercial banking services, investment banking and management services, wealth management and credit cards services. Barclays has superior performance as it has been leading in profitability in relation to other institutions involved with banking and financial services. This is shown by the returns it makes on the capital invested. Barclays has been using its resources efficiently especially human resource or employees (over 147,000) through strategic management hence enabling it to maximize its profits. Barclays has managed to utilize modern technology to enhance efficiency and effectiveness in its operation. For example, with the support of Microsoft services and IT consultancy, it managed to develop a back-office solution based on SQL application. This had various advantages, for instance, database queries are solved easily and they no longer slow position updates, performance of web services increased by 30 percent, the capacity to process more trades per second increased and the scalable solutions of the SQL server enhanced growth and development of the institution. The Barclays capital has achieved guaranteed reliability and performance with new fixed income solution. Technology has enabled traders to make good decisions based on the up- to date information they receive from the system. Barclay’s capital is a success due to the upgrading of its trade management system which can now produce increased trade volumes. Barclays has also provided financial and risk management needs solutions. It has proved to be useful to governments, corporate firms, and other institutions. Treasury risk management has been another factor that has led to the success of Barclays bank. It has done this by investing its capital in various treasury centres through which various teams rely on Barclays corporate banking well established units for advice on all financial matters especially on treasury risk management. The Barclays bank works by striking a balance between performance, participation, and protection of the clients. It utilizes its corporate banking capabilities and the fact that it is specialized in the provision of services to offer specific risk management solutions since they have a profound understanding of clients need and therefore knows how best to cater for the needs and solve problems. Barclays has good pool of assets and sales finance that offer diversity in financial solution like in stock and asset finance and invoice discounting. It is also innovative and flexible in carrying out its activities for example in lending and sourcing for capital. Globalization of its activities has also enhanced its success (Anonymous, 2007). It has also gone a step further to ensure that a majority of people access banking services. This is done through financial inclusion which entails providing those that do dot have access to banking services with financial products and services that satisfy they needs and enhancing effective use of the products and services. Barclays has been undertaking the financial inclusion with an aim of attaining commercial sustainability, promoting economic growth and improving the quality of life of the people they serve. In 2002, Barclays initiated entry level business account that enables customers to access compensation facilities and wages/ salaries. This especially targets the low income earners and new customers in the banking sector. It has also invested in affordable credit services that attract a large number of people (Anonymous 2009). Sustainable Competitive Advantage of Barclays According to Hill and Jones (2008), competitive advantage is usually attained when a company perfectly matches its resources with the marketing trends. Competitive advantage is realized when a company is able to offer the same or more benefits as those offered by competitors but at a lower cost. Barclays has a competitive advantage since its profitability is much greater than the profitability of other banking and financial institutions. It has a sustainable competitive advantage given that it has managed to retain its above average profitability for many years (from 2000 to present). A sustainable competitive advantage leads to superior performance. Barclays has got a good brand name and has created a good public image due to the achievements it has had. It is ranked as the 21st largest company in the world. It is the largest financial institution globally based on market share and the second largest banking organization in the United Kingdom in regard to its asset size. According to BBC news (2010), Barclays being the fourth- biggest bank will take over Woolwich which is among its competitors. This is expected to boost Barclay’s image. The combination of strengths from the two strong companies will definitely improve the status of retail banking in the United States. Barclays in addition incorporates outsourcing in its operation so as to take advantage of global opportunities. Outsourcing enables the company to concentrate on the core functions that lead to its growth and development as other functions are taken care by the outsourced organizations. Barclays has also invested in knowledge as a resource and offers specific information to its clients to enable them make the right decisions and creating a good customer relationship. It has also utilized its strong resources such as well trained and qualified employees to ensure that its operations are executed professionally and successfully. Barclays has used the aspect of cultural diversity and globalization as a source of international competitive advantage. This is evident in its operation in different countries with diversified cultures. Financial inclusion initiative and credit facilities discussed under question 1 has established Barclays as a leader in the financial sector as compared to other financial institutions as it has attracted many low income earners hence boosting its reputation (Anonymous 2009). Barclays has the advantage of the provision of a variety of offshore saving accounts and banking services from which customers can choose the best that suits their specific needs. Although other financial institutions offer credit cards facilities, Barclays surpass them due to the Barclaycard freedom program that gives the card holders the advantage of earning points for every purchase transaction made. These points are used as cash after accumulation. The card also gives the owners other benefits like identity protection and travel discount services. Barclaycard also increases online banking. Due to the competitive advantage associated with Barclays its profits increased from 2000 to 2001 for example, personal financial services from 423 to 498 and business banking from 1,102 to 1152 £ millions (Chelmer, 2010). The growth in personal financial services was as a result of growth in savings, technology, increased customer recruitment etc. The major source of Barclays Sustainable competitive advantage is its excellent strategic management, utilization of modern technology, its diversity of products and services, its large market share and accumulated strong resources which lead to its overall success (Ackrill and Hannah, 2001). Reference List Ackrill, M., & Hannah, L. (2001). Barclays: The Business of Banking, 1690-1996 . United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Anonymous (2007). Treasury Risk Management. Work Management Journal, pp. 7. Anonymous (2009). Barclays: CSR Case Study Series . Web. BBC News (2010). Barclays Buys Rival Woolwich . Web. Chelmer, C. F. (2010). Barclays Credit Card . Web.

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