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Provide the full text for the following summary: Barnes and Noble operates a large chain of bookstores and as a matter of fact it is the biggest book retailer. It has concentrated its operations in the USA through its Barnes & Noble booksellers. The company is mostly known for its discounts on bestsellers and large bookstore outlets. In addition, its stores sell a variety of newspapers, games, music etc.

Barnes and Noble operates a large chain of bookstores and as a matter of fact it is the biggest book retailer. It has concentrated its operations in the USA through its Barnes & Noble booksellers. The company is mostly known for its discounts on bestsellers and large bookstore outlets. In addition, its stores sell a variety of newspapers, games, music etc.

Barnes and Noble Essay Barnes and Noble operates a large chain of bookstores and as a matter of fact it is the biggest book retailer. It has concentrated its operations in the USA through its Barnes & Noble booksellers (Tavani, 2010, p. 16). The company is mostly known for its discounts on bestsellers and large bookstore outlets. In addition, its stores sell a variety of newspapers, games, music etc. Its other well renowned products include Barnsie (a teddy bear) and Barnes and Noble Nook. As a matter of fact, it has 636 college bookstores and 717 stores. The bookstores and booksellers industry has a lot of competition. Competition has been enhanced by advancement in technology. In this case, more book sales are being done online. This explains why Barnes and Noble has developed Barnes and Noble Nook, a brand of electronic book readers. The company’s Nook faces stiff competition from Sony Reader and Amazon Kindle (Tavani, 2010, p. 13). Therefore, the five forces model can be used to assess the competitive threats to Barnes and Noble. This is because there are various forces that determine the attractiveness of the market and its competitive intensity (Ketchen and Eisner, 2009, p. 36). The five forces model was advanced by Michael E Porter (Porter, 2008, p. 23). These forces can either emanate from the micro environment or the macro environment that the business operates in. Porters’ five competitive forces are the bargaining power of suppliers, intensity of competitive rivalry, bargaining power of customers, threat of entry of new competitors and threat of substitute products and services (Porter, 2008, p. 18). There is a high threat of entry of new competitors because of low costs of doing business. The booksellers market has high returns and this is why it has attracted a lot of new entrants (Tavani, 2010, p. 9). Most of these new entrants are selling their books online. This has been enhanced by technological advancements that allow them to reach as many customers as possible. As a matter of fact, technology has increased access to distribution (Ketchen and Eisner, 2009, p. 9). New entrants in the bookselling industry like Amazon and EBay pose a great competitive threat to Barnes and Noble (Tavani, 2010, p. 14). These companies have posed a serious competitive threat to Barnes and Noble forcing it to start an online website. In a broad perspective, there are many online competitors with an urge to win a large market share. This is a big threat to Barnes and Noble and it needs to reinvent itself for sustainability (Tavani, 2010, p. 21). The intensity of competitive rivalry has also increased because of technological advancements. In this case, companies like Amazon feature greatly. Competitive rivalry has been shifted to emerging markets through the internet. This has therefore enhanced the competitiveness of the booksellers industry. Barnes and Noble should increase its competitive advantage by continually embracing innovation. This should be done by increasing its visibility on the web. Because the industry has a lot of competitors, there are a lot of competitive strategies that have been employed for sustainability. Intensity of competitive rivalry has also increased because of various dimensions like quality, price and innovation. Barnes and Noble has traditionally operated bookstore outlets and stores thereby selling bestsellers, music, games, DVDs and others (Tavani, 2010, p. 28). Because the market is saturated, there are new products and services in the market. Changing trends and lifestyles have also enhanced the threat of substitute products and services. These new products and services include graphic novels and DVDS that are mostly embraced by readers. As much as the company has ensured that it sells graphic novels and DVDs, its competitor’s have also come up with new products to entice the market. As a matter of fact, there is an increase in the existence of products outside the common book boundaries (Tavani, 2010, p. 6). This has increased the ability of consumers to switch to alternatives like graphic novels. Such online products are replacing material products that the market was used to. Amazon has reinvented graphic novels and it is enticing customers with great discounts (Tavani, 2010, p. 9). The threat of new products and services has forced the company to develop a new electronic reader (Nook). It was specifically developed t compete other readers like Amazon kindle from Amazon and Sony reader from Sony. These are new and innovative products that will continue defining the booksellers market. There is a high level of product differentiation in the market and this has increased the availability of substitute products. As a matter of fact, there is a great ease for substitution because of information technology. Price wars have also been witnessed as different companies develop market friendly products (Ketchen and Eisner, 2009, p. 45). Current consumers have a lot of bargaining power because of increased awareness (Ketchen and Eisner, 2009, p. 27). They are aware of their needs and preferences and will always demand for the best products. Access to information has been increased by the Internet and information technology. Many customers have put the company under pressure which has increased its sensitivity to prices. Because there are many competitors in the market, customers are able to access substitutes more conveniently (Tavani, 2010, p. 12). For instance, Amazon has been giving customers discounts to increase its market share (Tavani, 2010, p. 42). This has forced Barnes and Noble to cut down prices in a bid to retain more customers who are price sensitive. Currently there is more information about products (books) through various sites and social networking sites like Twitter and Face book. Such aspects have ultimately increased consumers’ bargaining power (Ketchen and Eisner, 2009, p. 65). Barnes and Noble most notable consumers include college students, faculty members and the general public (Tavani, 2010, p. 24). Because of increased consumer bargaining power, companies have enhanced their differential advantage to strengthen products. Bargaining power of suppliers has also been changing and can be described as the market of inputs (Ketchen and Eisner, 2009, p. 78). Barnes and Noble publishes some of the books that it has been selling in the market. In addition, it reprints other titles more cost effectively. The company’s suppliers are book publishers. This means that it has to engage in good contractual agreements to ensure that it has enough stocks to sustain the market. The company is also supplied with labor and other services that it needs for effective operations. Because the market has a large number of book retailers, there is a high intensity in supplier competition (Tavani, 2010, p. 24). This means that they have the ability to integrate and cut out buyers in relation to their policies and targets (Ketchen and Eisner, 2009, p. 35). Since the industry is going online, the strength of distribution channels has been changing as time goes by. The company works with various suppliers and it has been engaging them in an interactive manner to keep off competition. Digital revolution and technological advancements have increased competition in the books industry. This has seen the emergence of Amazon as the world’s leading online bookstore (Tavani, 2010, p. 14). As much as the company has a large product line, it needs to be more innovative to keep up with its key competitors like Amazon and EBay. Reference List Ketchen, D., & Eisner, A. (2009). Strategy . New York: McGraw hill. Porter, M.E. (2008). The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy. Harvard: Harvard press. Tavani, A. (2010). End of an Era for Barnes & Noble in Hoboken . New York: Hoboken Patch

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: Cognitive development theory is based on the premise that people are not born as smart as they become when they reach their adolescence. At the same time, every infant has to be put in a specific environment to have an opportunity to acquire knowledge and develop his or her intelligence.

Cognitive development theory is based on the premise that people are not born as smart as they become when they reach their adolescence. At the same time, every infant has to be put in a specific environment to have an opportunity to acquire knowledge and develop his or her intelligence.

Basic Premises of Cognitive Development Theory Essay People are not born as smart as they become when they reach their adolescence. At the same time, every infant has to be put in a specific environment to have an opportunity to acquire knowledge and develop his or her intelligence. The basic premises of cognitive development theory lie in the development of a person as he or she grows in terms of intellectual, analytical, learning, and other skills. Many outstanding researchers contributed to the analysis and application of cognitive theories to educational domains and development of an individual. As such, cognition of the world is developed while a person grows while it can be clearly seen only when a person passes through the stages outlined by researchers. As suggested in the study by Taylor (2005), “it is obvious that newborn infants are not capable of complex thought patterns but also that they are born with the capacity to develop the ability for complex thought” (p. 8). As such, the cognition of the world is closely related to the development of skills and complex thought in infants while it also progresses with aging. Cognitive development can be clearly understood from theories presented by such outstanding researchers as Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget. Development of intelligence is one of the aspects that can be seen from the theory of cognitive development. Intelligence is believed to be an integral part of human nature by both theorists under discussion. For instance, Vygotsky thought game an important component of learning because he understood that developing intelligence it is necessary to take into account the preferences and behavioral peculiarities of the age. As such, children should be approached in a different way than adolescents. At the same time, Piaget believed that children could alter their knowledge with regard to the new knowledge they acquire. For example, “children begin to construct knowledge in new ways at a few critical points in development. When this happens, they revise their theories radically” (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2008, p. 14). In other words, when a child comes to know that some features can be applied to more than one object or even to a group of objects, this would reshape the understanding of certain properties of objects or a group of objects. Development of intelligence is seen similarly by Vygotsky and Piaget though we still can notice some differences in their interpretation of cognitive development theory. One of the reasons for such controversies is that the theory promoted by Piaget was widely acclaimed opposed to the theory by Vygotsky. In other words, stages of development presented by Vygotsky and Piaget coincide in some way though Piaget labeled those as stages of cognitive development while Vygotsky introduced those as stages of language development where speech is classified as the one spoken aloud and inner speech a person has inside to guide some actions in the age of seven years and older (Oakley, 2004, pp. 39-40). On the other hand, Vygotsky introduced a classification he labeled ‘stage model of concept formation’ (Oakley, 2004, p. 43) where certain intelligence development is presented on the example of the way children treat wooden blocks when they are assigned to use them for building in their games. Conceptualization can be treated as one of the integral parts of the intelligence development while analysis of theories shows that a concept is a small component compared to the stages of development of an individual with regard to certain achievements and skills. Stages of development can concern a period of time and the progress a child makes in acquiring certain knowledge. At the same time, cognitive development theorists Vygotsky and Piaget introduce stages of development when an individual is analyzed and assessed in terms of skills, preferences, and capabilities with regard to the different periods of his or her life. In other words, an individual is developing his or her skills and gains more knowledge on different concepts with regard to the experience and information received from outside including environment, cultural setting, and people. There is the main thing in common between theories by Vygotsky and Piaget: Piaget calls it stages of development applied more to learning capabilities while Vygotsky applies more to language development and refers to language and inner speech. For instance, infants of the age 0-2 and 0-3 have social speech according to Vygotsky (Oakley, 2004, p. 39) and find themselves in sensorimotor stage of development according to the theory by Piaget (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2008, p. 14). When infants grow, their language patterns change as well when they pass through another stage of development. Language and other skills as well as intelligence of an individual are closely connected and should be analyzed in complex. Differences between cognitive development theories by Vygotsky and Piaget concerning stages of development from birth through adolescence consist in different application of theories in practice. Though Vygotsky suggested that children can talk to themselves (Taylor, 2005, p. 131), it only shows that he focused more on language and it functions in development of intelligence in other words, language development can be considered as a factor or visualization aimed at pointing out when an individual starts to perceive the world in a different way and when the next stage of development starts. Piaget’s perspective includes a more complex approach as he analyzes senses and motor functions of the human organism with regard to the stages of development not focusing only on language as a pointer of changes. As such, Piaget also has divided the stages of development for infants when language cannot be used as a pointer per se. For instance, when a newborn infant starts to use some patterns, it can be understood and seen only from observation and analysis rather than from assessment of speech patterns. Each theorist’s views are interesting for classroom application on cognitive development while it is easier to implement Piaget’s theory as it is wider known and has more practical value rather than the one introduced by Vygotsky. At the same time, Vygotsky has presented such concept as game that is called to facilitate the learning process for children. For instance, it is possible to introduce a few games (they should be short enough to involve many children and manageable at the same time so that an educator can cease the game for the purpose of learning) in order to make the process of learning more interesting for children in certain age. When we talk about games, this means that theory of Vygotsky is in action while Piaget’s theory is more important for educators that need to focus on analytical and logical operations performed by students. At the same time, certain language patterns used by students can be assessed to identify if they face certain problems in intelligence development. Piaget’s theory is interesting from the perspective of a student who does not know what he or she can do and what skills can be developed. In this respect, an educator can introduce analytical tasks or those aimed at classifying objects. Every age group has certain skills that can be developed effectively in a specific period of time. For instance, Piaget insists that in the stage of concrete operational though that lasts from seven years through the adolescence “child understands and applies logical operations to experiences provided they are focus on the here and now” (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2008, p. 14). On the other hand, it can be considered as a recommendation that children in such age should not be assigned to make plans and build hypothetic situations but rather to focus on the actual problems. In this respect, it is easier to plan the lesson with regard to the needs of students and peculiarities of behavior and development in particular age. To conclude, cognitive development theory can be easily applied to the classroom while different interpretations and perspectives of cognitive development theorists on the same concepts can be presented in a complex approach in order to show that they all can be implemented effectively. For instance, Piaget’s classification of stages of development coincides partially with Vygotsky’s analysis of language development patterns with regard to development of intelligence. References Kail, R. V., & Cavanaugh, J. C. (2008). Human development: A life-span view (5 th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Oakley, L. (2004). Cognitive development . Hove, East Sussex: Routledge. Taylor, L. M. (2005). Introducing cognitive development . Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The Bastard out of Carolina is a chef-d'oeuvre, unwrapping blatantly the ugly side of family life and society.The book revolves around Bone, a "by-blow" of a young, uneducated, poor waitress called Anney. At fifteen years of age, Anney, a child herself, is burdened with the responsibility of legitimizing Bone, and giving her the best in life. In pursuit of love, something she rarely experienced

The Bastard out of Carolina is a chef-d'oeuvre, unwrapping blatantly the ugly side of family life and society. The book revolves around Bone, a "by-blow" of a young, uneducated, poor waitress called Anney. At fifteen years of age, Anney, a child herself, is burdened with the responsibility of legitimizing Bone, and giving her the best in life. In pursuit of love, something she rarely experienced

Bastard Out of Carolina Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Gender, Race, Sexuality and Class 3. Conclusion 4. Reference List Introduction Written by Dorothy Alison, The Bastard out of Carolina is a chef-d’oeuvre, unwrapping blatantly the ugly side of family life and society. Family, just like any other institution is a complex establishment that if not managed well, can tear its subjects forever. Drawing mostly from her life experiences, Alison explores issues of race, gender, sexuality and class in what appears to be a semi-autobiography. The story revolves around Bone, a “by-blow” of a young, uneducated, poor waitress called Anney. At fifteen years of age, Anney, a child herself, is burdened with the responsibility of legitimizing Bone, and giving her the best in life. In pursuit of love, something she rarely experienced in her own family, Anney falls into the ‘loving’ arms of Glen, who takes her in and promises love and provision. Within no time, Bone finds herself in the midst of sexual harassment; emotional turmoil and physical abuse that Glen is so versed in executing towards this ‘illegitimate’ child, something that Anney cannot object for she feels ‘loved’ in this marriage. By the time she is thirteen, Bone has tasted a life full of self-hatred, rejection, disappointment and abuse. As aforementioned, Alison uses Bone and the people around her to exploit the issues of gender, race, sexuality and class in a clamorous manner. Gender, Race, Sexuality and Class As the book opens, Alison divulges how class categories rest upon the conspicuous differences between the privileged and unprivileged people in society. To many people, the privileged are industrious, cultured, respectable and legitimate as opposed to the lazy, uncivilized, illegitimate poor in the society. However, Alison proves these are only reversible constructs depending on one’s perspective. Right from the beginning Anney fights to secure a birth certificate for Bone without the word ‘illegitimate’ appearing on it. Anney belonged to the so-called ‘white trash’ class, which the rich exploited to garner their wealth. Bone recounts, “Mama hated to be called trash, hated the memory of every day she’d ever spent bent over other people’s peanuts and strawberry plants while they stood tall and looked at her like she was a rock on the ground” (Alison, 1992, p. 4). In this scenario, Alison deconstructs what societies call ‘attributes’ of the privileged class. It is evident that, while Anney worked so hard for his employers, they were lazy and the best they could do is to stand tall and watch as she worked. This revelation helps the reader to understand and empathize with the majority poor who belonged to the ‘white trash’ category. In Alison’s analysis, the attributes given to the privileged class apparently they rightfully belong to the unprivileged. Drawing from her other work, A Question of Class, Alison states how class categories develop in society through prejudice that the rich employ to ensure their security. Apparently, the privileged believe that their security “depends on the oppression of others, that for some to have good lives there must be others whose lives are truncated and brutal” (Alison, 1994, p. 35). This perspective comes out clearly in Anney’s case where she is a victim of this distorted mindset. By having a birth certificate bearing the words ‘illegitimate’, Bone is automatically relegated to the underprivileged class, well-known as ‘white trash’ in this context. It is unfortunate for the state to be involved in trivial intimate matters like whether one is legitimate or not, or whether a mother is promiscuous or not. Nevertheless, this is the state of matters and Anney has no other option but to comply. The issue of race and racism relate closely with class, and the more Bone narrates her story, the more the reader substantiates how the two mutually relate. The idea of ‘white trash’ not only describes societal class but also race. Of race, Fanon (1967) coins the word “manicheism delirium” (p. 183), which characterizes the mind of a racist. The colonizer (privileged) here paints a picture of the colonized (underprivileged) as a person “who is dangerously sexual, morally slack, and bestial, not fully human” (Fanon, 1967, p. 170). Alison’s ‘white trash’ evokes a group belonging to another race; that is, the “Other.” This “Other’ race where Anney and Bone belong is morally slack per se; if not so, what else could explain the birth of the ‘illegitimate’ Bone. No wonder after Anney receives Bone’s birth certificate with the word “illegitimate”, one of the clerks sarcastically says, “Some people!” (Alison, 1992, p. 5). The ‘some people’ here refers to the ‘Other’ race; the morally loose; the Anneys and the Bones of the day. Reynolds (1993) offers invaluable insight into this form of prejudice by insisting, “As with racial prejudice in a colonial situation, the manicheism delirium that attends class prejudice in Allison’s fictional world is a psychological sickness that pervades a whole society and infects the state apparatuses and their functionaries” (p. 360). This form of racism exists in the mind the colonizer, who in this context is the privileged class. Reflecting on these scenarios, empathy welled up in my throat as the reality of how racial prejudice could subject some people into untold apathy. Gender follows closely in this category, an issue that Alison tackles in depth. Anney together with her sisters have interiorized male-dominated ideologies concerning women to an extent of relinquishing their rights as women. They believe that a woman without a man is wretched and this explains why Anney cannot leave Glen although she knows he abuses Bone. Jacobs (1990) would lament, the far they get to exercise their rights as women is holding herculean woman-talk, which never gets to any man’s ears (p. 128). In their talk, they concur that the patriarchal system is distorted; nevertheless, they graciously accept their role as childbearing ‘machines’ in addition to taking care of these children, fathered by irresponsible, improvident, and pathetic men if Glen’s character is anything to go by. The feminist talk does nothing more than making women feel better albeit for a short time before their husbands return. Alma leaves her husband Wade, after he cheats on her during her pregnancy. Nevertheless, after a short time she walks back to this pugnacious man after financial hardships set in. I could not fail to empathize with Alma and all the women in this story for failing to realize their ‘woman-talk’ cannot sustain them long in this patriarchal system rooted deep in distorted ideologies that a woman is trash without a man (Regen, 1996, p. 87). Sexuality sets in at this point as Alison tackles the issues of rape, masturbation and lesbianism in her story. Raylene; Bone’s lesbian aunt coupled with Glen’s masturbation, although confusing to Bone, give the complete picture of sexuality in this story. Glen rapes Bone and masturbates over her delicate body making her a ‘trash’ in her eyes. This confusion leads Bone to masturbation to silence the ghosts of rape experiences in her. Raylene teases, “out here where no one can mess with it trash rises all the time” (Alison, 1992, p. 180). Trash here refers to the urge to masturbate and Bone cannot tell whether sexual practices are mutual or solitary ventures. As aforementioned, Bone resorts to this kind of behavior as a way of running away from trauma of rape. If anything, Raylene seems “completely satisfied with her own company” (Alison, 1992, p. 179). This is what Butler (1987) would call, “radical invention, albeit one that employs and deploys culturally existent and culturally imaginable conventions” (p. 129). Consequently, Bone dismisses cultural norms of mutual sexual satisfaction and employs radical intervention; that is, masturbation to achieve her conventions. On the other side, Alison exploits another form of sexuality in the name of romantic thralldom, which Anney tirelessly sought from Glen. DuPlessis (1985) calls this “socially learned patterns or scripts that are central and recurrent in our culture” (p. 67). True to this, Anney only learnt these scripts and Raylene failed to learn and that is why they have different perspectives concerning sexuality. Conclusion Alison uses Bone and the people around her to exploit the issue of gender, sexuality, race and class in her story, Bustard Out of Carolina. Through the way, the state treats Anney in her pursuit to get a ‘legitimate’ birth certificate, the issue of class sticks out. There exist two social classes in this society viz. the privileged and the underprivileged. Racism here exists in the mind of those in power and as Anney traverses state offices to secure the birth certificate; those in power ridicule her and see her as a morally loose woman. On the other hand, Bone is caught up in issues pertaining sexuality and she resorts to masturbation prompted by her lesbian aunt and Glen, the rapist. Finally, majority of women here are intimidated by the patriarchal system that demands they bear children for their rather irresponsible husbands. All these expositions enabled me to understand and empathize with issues of race, gender, sexuality and class in this captivating and blatant chronicle. Reference List Allison, D. (1992). Bastard Out of Carolina . New York: Dutton. Alison, D. (1994). A Question of Class. Skin: Talking About Sex, Class and Literature . Ithaca: Firebrand. Butler, J. (1978). “Variations on Sex and Gender: Beauvoir, Wittig and Foucault.” Feminism As Critique . Ed. Seyla, B., & Drucilla, C. Minneapolis: U Of Minnesota P. DuPlessis, R. (1985). Writing beyond the Ending: Narrative Strategies of Twentieth – Century Women Writers. Bloomington: Indiana UP. Fanon, F. (1967). Black Skin, White Masks . Trans. Charles, M. New York: Grove. Jacobs, L. (1993). Victimized Daughters: Sexual Violence and the Empathic Female Self. Signs, 19(1), 126-145. Regen, M. (1996). Undoing the Damage: Dorothy Allison’s Vision of Motherhood and Family. M.A. Radford U. Reynolds, D. (1993). White Trash in Your Face: The Literary Descent of Dorothy Allison. Appalachian Journal, 20(4), 356-372.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The essay discusses the four I's of service in the Bath and Body Works company, including intangibility, inconsistency, inseparability, and inventory. It also talks about how the company prices its products and the effect that competitive pricing has on consumer loyalty.

The essay discusses the four I's of service in the Bath and Body Works company, including intangibility, inconsistency, inseparability, and inventory. It also talks about how the company prices its products and the effect that competitive pricing has on consumer loyalty.

Bath and Body Works Company Essay Bath and Body Works is an American retail store which specializes in producing and selling products such as lotions, Bath items personal care items and house fragrances. Founded in 1990 the company has expanded beyond United States and offers after sale services as well as customer care services as part of selling their products. So how do the four I’s of service in the Bath and Body Works company? First it is worthy noticing that today businesses have realized that customer care service is an integral component in the marketing and maintaining customers. This is why Bath and Body Works, being a merchandise company cannot evade service provision. The four I’s in the service provision includes firstly intangibility; meaning that after sale services and customer care services provided by Bath and Body Company are not physical commodities which one can carry home. The second one is inconsistency which implies that whoever provides the service may not be the one to offer the same service always. The third component is inseparability of the service and the person rendering the service and the last component is the inventory part meaning that the service provider will always have enough stock of knowledge regarding the service to be rendered. Bath and Body Works ensures that inconsistency component is bridged by training all personnel so that they all provide informed quality services. A gap analysis may be needed in the service and product relation whereby the service provided in terms of information regarding a product should be regularly evaluated so that improvement is done. Gap analysis involves evaluating the target of the company versus where it is at that particular time, this will enable the company to see loopholes that may hinder its progress to where it aims to be and take necessary measures. According to the kind of products Bath and Body Company deals with, there are many other competitors in the market and therefore its pricing objective should be to maximize long run profit and increase sales volumes. Prices should be set at a competitive rate which should ensure consumers are sustained and the company benefit from economies of large scale. Competitive pricing will foster consumer loyalty in the long run although at first less profit per product will be made. This strategy pricing will be the only best alternative because Bath and Body Company operates in a competitive type of market where many companies produce alternative products. In determining the prices therefore the cost of producing each product and the prices of alternatives products in the market should be considered. The products the company deals with are consumer products with relative elasticity and therefore any slight changes in price will bring about the high changes on quantity demanded. The potential revenue will be determined by the total revenue generated by each product and the cost will involve the production and packaging cost including the cost of services provided. Maximum revenue is attained when there is the highest difference between the set price and the cost of producing the product. In this case there are six steps to this goal; the first step is to set a price low enough to be accepted in the market and high enough to maximize profit The second step is to set a price that can stand competitor’s prices in the market by researching on other company’s prices for alternative products. The third step is to analyze the consumer characteristics so as to create a price that is acceptable to consumers. The forth step involves determining the company’s desired position to charge high for high quality products or otherwise. The fifth step involves testing the market first with lower prices then determining consumer’s level by the sales made. The final step is to determine the optimal price based on market response and time should be taken to set the prices for maximum sustainable revenue. Determining prices using competitive oriented approach is always the best for Bath and Body Works Company and because it operates in a competitive market, relying on step five and six above will be paramount.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The importance of studying behavior of people at work cannot be overemphasized. When a manager learns the behaviors of workers or workforces, he can note the strong and weak qualities of a worker. This enables the manager to add him more responsibilities so that his productivity is enhanced. Additionally, studying people enables the manager to avoid assumptions at the workplace. Improved communication is another advantage of studying behavior.

The importance of studying behavior of people at work cannot be overemphasized. When a manager learns the behaviors of workers or workforces, he can note the strong and weak qualities of a worker. This enables the manager to add him more responsibilities so that his productivity is enhanced. Additionally, studying people enables the manager to avoid assumptions at the workplace. Improved communication is another advantage of studying behavior.

Behavior and Human Resource Management Report (Assessment) Importance of studying behavior of people at work Introduction Behavior is any action or reaction depicted by a person under different settings. Therefore, the actions or reactions of people at the work must be of immense importance to the manager. The manager should study employee behaviors in order to determine their strengths and weaknesses and knowing their personalities. This essay is going to delve into the relevance of peoples’ actions and reactions in relation to working in an organization. (Champoux 2011, p. 428) Strengths and weaknesses In any organization, understanding employees is essential in achieving targeted or set goals and objectives. Therefore, when a manager learns the behaviors of workers or workforces, he can note the strong and weak qualities of a worker (Kleynhans et al. 2009, p.303). The significance of noting the strength of a worker will enable the manager to add him more responsibilities so that his productivity is enhanced. He can also decide to reward the worker and offer him a promotion to increase his morale in serving the company. On the other hand, observing the weaknesses of an employee enables a manager to note which departments in a company are behind in terms of production. This allows early corrective measures to boost production. Identifying work conflicts Another reason for learning people’s behavior is to identify the conflicts in the organization. This can be between employees, employees and management or employees and clients. The manager can then see on what effective action to take on time. This reduces unnecessary wastage of time and resources in the organization. Additionally, studying people enables the manager to avoid stereotypic acts, which are often based on race, tribe and nationality (Bruce 2006, p.37). Understanding the behavior of workforces empowers a manager with the ability to judge employees based on the content of their character. Assumption of similar characteristics Studying employee behaviors enables a manager to avoid assumptions at the workplace. In most cases, people assume their personalities are parallel to those they befriend (Champoux 2011, p. 428). Studying behavior, therefore, aids the manager in judging an individual on his own personality without any biasness. Additionally, by observing the behavior of people, a manager is able to determine whether an action is influenced by interior or exterior factors. An interior factor is within the command of the person, whereas, exterior issues are caused by situations beyond the influence of a person. Improved communication In addition to helping a manager avoid stereotyping and similar character problems, learning about people also helps managers in improving communication between workers and management. Therefore, the manager can easily determine the feelings, actions and thoughts of the workers in the company. This brings us to something called halo effect. The manager dispels these notions by learning the behavior of the workers and helping in determining their individual personalities (Bruce 2006, p.37). Conclusion It is, therefore, necessary to note that learning the behavior of people is essential for a manager in any organization. The different personalities of individuals and their potentials can only be noticed, if their behaviors are keenly observed. In addition, studying workers enables the manager to treat them with respect, irrespective of their race, gender or ethnicity. Moreover, effective communication enhances better communication among the various stakeholders within an organization (Champoux 2011, p. 428). Responsibilities of Resource Managers Introduction In any organization, there has to be a human resource manager in charge of the welfare of workforces (Kleynhans et al. 2009, p.2). This is often effective with constant interaction between the human resource offices and workforces. Therefore, this essay is going address certain activities conducted by the Human resource manager. Roles of the Human Resource Manager The human resource manager has a number of duties or roles. They are accountable for the company’s ability to achieve its goals. They also strive at ensuring workers do not get bored with their jobs thus assisting them to reach their potential. The human resource managers also ensure that employees under their supervision work in secure places, with guaranteed safety. The personnel also ascertain that the company recruits the accurate numbers of able employees. This goes in line with recruiting new workers in the firm. Lastly, they steer workers towards displaying excellent results for the organization. This is done by way of offering them various training, seminars, workshops and counseling. In addition, they act as a go between for employees and management of an organization to avert cases of strikes (Kleynhans et al. 2009, p.20). Motivating workers to improve the organization In line with the above-mentioned roles, we can discuss how ensuring employees do not get bored with their jobs impact on the company (Bruce 2006, p.37). This is easily achieved, if workers are motivated; motivation alleviates boredom. Motivation can be either intrinsic in nature or extrinsic. Promotions and Rewards The human resource manager can motivate a worker through promotions. A guideline can be set to ensure that hardworking employees have higher chances of being promoted. This adds the morale and attitude of the employee to continue working diligently for the firm or organization. The resource manager can also offer rewards to exceptionally performing workers (Kleynhans et al. 2009, p.171). These rewards can include certificate of recognition, holidays and cash. Increasing salaries of workers using a proper parameter also motivates them to set higher standards or targets. Apart from salaries, the human resource management can give the workers bonuses and commissions, whenever a job is done perfectly. Challenging tasks and additional responsibilities In addition to promotions, rewards and salary increment, the personnel can also give workers challenging tasks. By introducing them to duties they are not used to, workers will try to outsmart themselves thus enhancing competition thus increased productivity. The organization can also decide to add the workers responsibilities. This leads at ensuring workers grow as responsible people who can handle any task in the company. There is also improving the working conditions of the workers. This is, for example, if employees work in a crowded factory without proper ventilation (Champoux 2011, p. 428). This is likely to cause unrest and low productivity. This goes in tandem with giving workers enough resources to conduct their duties without difficulties Conclusion Therefore, we can say that the role of a human resource manager or personnel in any organization is particularly critical due to various reasons. The personnel ensure that workers who meet their potential are compensated for their labor and time. They must also ensure that workforces conduct their duties in s safe environment. All these can succeed, if workers are motivated (Kleynhans et al. 2009, p.20). References Bruce, A 2006, How to Motivate Every Employee: 24 Proven Tactics to Spark Productivity in the Work Place . McGraw-Hill Companies, New York. Champoux, J 2010, Organizational Behavior: Integrating Individuals, Groups, and Organizations , Routeledge, New York. Kleynhans, R Markham, L Weyer, W O’Neill, C & Schlecter, A 2009, Human resource management: fresh perspectives, David Langhan Publisher, Cape Town.

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Write an essay about: The U.S. federal government has put in place various welfare programs to cater for the needs of certain vulnerable groups within the society.These programs target different groups of people in society. This paper explores the available U.S. welfare programs in respect to their beneficiaries.

The U.S. federal government has put in place various welfare programs to cater for the needs of certain vulnerable groups within the society. These programs target different groups of people in society. This paper explores the available U.S. welfare programs in respect to their beneficiaries.

Beneficiaries of U.S. welfare programs Report (Assessment) The U.S. federal government has put in place various welfare programs to cater for the needs of certain vulnerable groups within the society. There are distinctive qualities that define an individual’s eligibility to a welfare program. These programs target different groups of people in society. This paper explores the available U.S. welfare programs in respect to their beneficiaries. First, social security programs majorly provide benefits for military veterans. Military veterans constitute almost a quarter of the social security programs beneficiaries; 9.4 million military veterans received survivors, disability, or old age benefits from the Social Security program (Olsen, 2005/2006, p. 3). This population has exceeded its prime age and does not have the strength to support itself adequately. It is pertinent to note how policymakers determine income credit for beneficiaries of the Social Security programs. In this light, the veteran population predominantly influences the economic well-being of the beneficiaries of the Social Security. Importantly, the characteristic of the military veteran recipients of the Social Security benefits differs from the overall beneficiaries of the Social Security (Olsen, 2005/2006, p. 3). Most of the veteran beneficiaries are males relative to the overall beneficiaries. Other striking differences project the military veterans from other beneficiaries include marital status, and level of education among others. The Social Security program benefits the eligible population through offering financial support. Since 1957, the Social Security programs have covered military personnel, and particularly those who served in 2001 or prior, obtained notable credits that increased their income for the aim of calculating the Social Security benefits. According to Olsen, between 1957 and 1977, these credits totaled $300 per quarter of active-duty reimbursement (2005/2006, p. 2). Further, between 1978 and 2001, credits equal to an extra $100 in pay for each $300 they get in active-duty reimbursement. Who funds such social programs? According to Martin (2007), Social Security programs receive funding from payroll taxes (p. 74). Therefore, the economic status of the U.S. at one point in time, strongly determines the ability of the government to sustain the Social Security program. Economic recession may force policy makers to adjust the eligibility criteria for the Social Security benefits to cover fewer people in dire need of the benefit to reduce the burden on government’s budget. The second social program discussed in this paper is the Supplemental Security Income (SSI). The SSI covers disabled and elderly people who have inadequate earnings and assets. The Social Security Administration (SSA) funds the SSI it although distinctly from the Social Security program (Martin, 2007, p. 74). As opposed to Social Security program, the general funds of the United States Treasury support SSI and limit payments to the U.S. nationals and certain groups of eligible aliens. The eligibility criteria for the SSI are wide. Individuals in the 50 states coupled with the District of Columbia, and some U.S. territories, except Puerto Rico can access the SSI program. Noteworthy, most states provide an addition to the federal benefit. Policymakers base the eligibility criterion for the SSI on the economic status of individuals. Martin (2007) observes that, the SSI beneficiaries had same high poverty rates, which was above 40 percent (p. 91). In addition, the education status for the SSI beneficiary was mainly high school diploma, characteristic of 45 percent of the beneficiaries. Like the Social Security, the SSI sustainability is reliant on the U.S. economy. Global economic trends determine the United States’ general funding such that, low revenues may force program benefactor to cut down on its beneficiaries. The third welfare program is the Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) program. This program protects the work-age population against the negative financial repercussions of becoming disabled (Rupp, Davies, & Strand, 2008, p. 2). Nevertheless, the question remains, to what degree does the DI insure against financial repercussions of disability? The program automatically covers any person who is DI insured. In this regard, the idea of coverage is broader than the idea of program participation. Most of those covered by the DI are not continuing participants because, either they fail to apply or have applied but do not satisfy the disability criteria of the program. Insurance premiums fund the DI program. Thus, this program is relatively stable because not most applicants end up disabled or meet the disability criteria. This program just safeguards the future of the citizens. Reference List Martin, P. P. (2007). Hispanics, Social Security, and Supplemental Security Income. Social Security Bulletin , 67 (2), 73-101. Olsen, A. (2005/2006). Military Veterans and Social Security. Social Security Bulletin , 66 (2), 1-7. Rupp, K., Davies, P. S., & Strand, A. (2008). Disability Benefit Coverage and Program Interactions. Social Security Bulletin , 68 (1), 1-31.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The purpose of this essay is to establish the benefits and drawbacks of old fashioned business models in the light of global financial crisis with reference to Airdrie bank of Lanarkshire in the UK.The benefits of the old fashioned business models in the light of global financial crisis according to this essay are that they help to sustain and even increase client base and remain solvent and competitive. The drawbacks are that they can lead to stagnation and loss of competitive advantage if not properly managed.

The purpose of this essay is to establish the benefits and drawbacks of old fashioned business models in the light of global financial crisis with reference to Airdrie bank of Lanarkshire in the UK. The benefits of the old fashioned business models in the light of global financial crisis according to this essay are that they help to sustain and even increase client base and remain solvent and competitive. The drawbacks are that they can lead to stagnation and loss of competitive advantage if not properly managed.

Benefits of the Old Fashioned Business Models in the light of Global financial Crisis Essay Introduction There are many factors which are requisite for success in business. Those factors range from proper and professional management of business resources to adoption of up to date business models in order to ensure continued existence amid ever stiffening competition. The main conventional goal of any business organization is to maximize profits and to remain solvent throughout. Many business executives who shoulder the responsibility of foreseeing and leading other stakeholders towards achievement of this goal have therefore identified employee and customer satisfaction as one of the main keys to its achievement. Lutolf-Carroll and Pirnes (2009) argues that business operators believe in giving their customers value for their money; creating and selling safe, worth products; and going an extra mile to serve their customer needs. These steps they argue are commonsense business values which pay off in the long run. Many business executives have therefore learnt through experience that a happy and satisfied employee in turn gives happiness and satisfaction to customers who are the main source of financial resources needed to generate profits and maintain solvency. The ability of a business organization to consistently keep up a happy workforce and a superior customer service depends to a large extent on its ability to adjust to changes occurring in its area of specialization in order to sustain its competitiveness (Pinson 2008; Waddell 2004). Failure to adopt the relevant technological changes as well as appropriate business models in this age can be the main cause of its dwindling profits and eventual collapse due to its inability to offset liabilities. Surprisingly there are business organizations which sticks to old fashioned business models and still manages to sustain and even increase their client base and remain solvent and competitive. The purpose of this essay is to establish the benefits and drawbacks of old fashioned business models in the light of global financial crisis with reference to Airdrie bank of Lanarkshire in the UK. Need for Change in Business The need to effect change in any part of your business originates from various factors. Some of these factors are internal while others are external in the sense that they originate from happenings outside your business which bears upon your activities either directly or indirectly. Pinson (2008) for instance argues that changes that necessitate revision of a business plan on regular basis can be linked to three fundamental sources namely: changes inside your business, changes coming from the customers, regulatory changes, general economic changes, and above all technological changes among others. A change within your business itself like the need to expand from B to C into B to B obviously brings need for change in your business. In addition, changes within your organization may call for changes in legal arrangement, adding up of new partners or can necessitate alterations in management. According to Pinson (2008), increase or decrease in the sales of the product or service of your company depends largely on the taste and preferences of your customers. You are therefore bound to effect changes on the basis of changes in their tastes and preference in order to raise your sales and preserve you client base. In the clothing industry for instance you have to keep up to date with fashion styles and color preferences. Technologically, it is naturally expected that you have to adjust you business in order to stay modern with the shifting business world (Pinson 2008; Wadddell 2004). In a nut shell, change is inevitable in business and how well a business organization manages change and adapts to changes determines its future survival and ability to preserve its solvency and continue making profits in a business environment that is highly competitive and increasingly risky. Business models Business models like any other part of your business is subject to change. It is important that we start by finding out what a business model is. According to Longenecker and Loeza (2010), the term business model refers to a set of common characteristics, behaviors and goals that a business pursues in particular business circumstances or situations. Longenecker and Loeza notes that a poorly worked out business model can be the main factor for business collapse. Traditionally, businesses are categorized on the basis of the customers they serve. Here it is important to note that the main target of any given business whether the traditional brick-and-mortar or E- businesses is to serve satisfactorily a given category of customers. Consequently, the business model of your organization should be designed and developed to suit as much as possible the needs of your customers (Pirnes & Lutolf-Carroll 2009; Zhang 2011). In addition, it should be able to adapt to changes particularly from its customers and other sources so that you may be able to build and sustain your client base. How can a business organization stick to its old fashioned business model and still continue making profits and remain solvent especially in the light of financial crisis of a global scale? What are the benefits and drawbacks of the old fashioned business models in the face of global financial crisis? Airdrie bank in Lanarkshire in the UK is a prime example of a business organization that has stuck to its old fashioned business model and yet it has managed thrive and to prosper. According to its general manager, its customers love it and seem to be satisfied with their services. Rev Henry Duncan is credited with having started the savings bank in Scotland, in the 19th century. He was motivated by the need to ensure that his parishioners had a safe place to keep their savings. The bank’s customers are the prime shareholders of the bank. Unlike the other banks, Airdrie does not assume common risks. It only issues debit cards to its customers, and no credit cards. Mr. Lindsay argues that they can only be in trouble if the whole of the British banking system collapsed and even then they would not have as much to worry about like others whose business model keep up to date with the changes taking place in financial sector. The big question then is why all these conservatism? Benefits of the Old Fashioned Business Model in the light of Global financial Crisis A good business model can prove hardy during times of global financial crisis like the one experienced in years 2007-2008 (House of Commons Treasury Committee 2010). The global financial crisis of this period was caused by what has been termed to as credit boom which arose from one of the products of financial innovation in the recent past Sanchez (2010). Sanchez argues that mortgages for instance did not help to decrease informational problems which are common in credit transactions nor did it encourage suitable risk measurement. These facts may explain why some banks like Airdrie opt not to sell customers insurance or give mortgages and other credit products. An old fashioned business model enables business organizations especially financial institutions to uphold preventive measures which include strict capital sufficiency standards, reserves and liquidity ratios for intermediaries, contingent capital and countercyclical loan-loss positioning and more information revelation (Sanchez 2010; Fair & Raymond1994).Such measures enable an organization to insulate itself from the negative effects of experimenting with financial innovations (Arup 2006). Jansen, Steenbakkers and Jaegers (2007)asserts that some business organizations stick to the old fashioned business organization because it enables them tom safeguard their current and previous successes without taking unnecessary risks that comes with venturing into new processes and markets. In the case of the financial institutions like Airdrie bank, players who stick to old fashioned business models are able to evade the risks that accompany untested financial innovations like the ones that brought about the global financial crisis of the years 2007-2009. Old fashioned business model enables organizations to satisfy their customers who prefer the old fashioned familiar way Jansen, Steenbakkers and Jaegers (2007).Other business organizations stick to the old fashioned business model because shifting to new business model rarely generates short term profits thus making measurement of Return on Investment(ROI) hard. Thus they prefer to stick to the old fashioned business model which guarantees them profits with few risks to get into. Drawbacks of the Old Fashioned Business Model in the light of global financial crisis Sticking to the old fashioned business model can have devastating drawbacks for an organization especially during times of global financial crisis. Holding on to the old fashioned business model hinders a business from reaping the benefits that come with new business models. In fact, in business the bigger the risk involved in a venture the greater the rewards and lesser the risks the lesser the rewards. Someone may even safely argue that it is riskier in business not to risk than to risk. So that those who shun risking new business models may end incurring greater losses in the long run especially in case of a global or a normal financial crisis. Contrary to what is held by some organizations like Airdrie bank financial innovations have greater rewards economically for individuals and businesses alike (Sanchez 2010; Rannenberg 2010; Low 2004). Sanchez argues that financial innovation enables business organizations to lower their cost of capital, encourage greater effectiveness and efficiency and enhance the leveling of utilization and investment decisions with substantial profit for families and businesses. In fact, Sanchez asserts that financial innovation is not the cause of crisis per se but the failure of players to put up strict regulation and risk measurement methods when experimenting with new ways of doing business. Therefore, organizations that opt to stick to old fashioned business model may loose benefits which accrue from financial innovation and which may act as a shield against the extreme effects of a global financial crisis. Sticking to an old fashioned business model may makes business organization be unable to provide a superior customer service which is a perquisite for its overall success. During global financial crisis, clients’ tastes and preferences are bound to change and in case you business model lacks what is needed during such times to take of their changing needs you inevitably face the risks of losing you customers to other organizations with models that are able to cater for their needs in the face of hard financial times. The inability of you business model to respond to their needs during times of financial crisis may make them loose trust in the previously accepted old fashioned familiar ways. Winning their trust back thereafter may be impossible especially if you chose to continue with old fashioned business model (Holtsnider & Jaffe, 2009; U K Stationery Office, 2009; Arup, 2006). An organization’s competiveness is dependent on its ability to maintain a firm customer trust without which it is bound to perform badly in a highly competitive market. A large part of that trust is founded on an organization’s business model and especially its ability to respond to their changing needs. The rigidity of an old fashioned business model may therefore be unresponsive to the changing needs the customers during global financial crisis (Marien and World Future Society 1985; Simchi-Levi 2003; Pycraft 2000). Conclusion There is a close relationship between an organization’s business model and its ability to continue making profits and remain solvent. This fact is anchored on the premise that its business model determines how well the customers are served and thus their levels of satisfaction. Therefore, irrespective of the benefits that an organization may derive from an old fashioned business model, it should ensure that its business model has the ability to respond satisfactorily to the needs of the customers always including times of global financial crisis. Financial innovation should not be feared provided the necessary regulatory and risk assessment methods are in place for without innovation human progress can not be achieved at all (Sanchez 2010; Delimatsis 2011; Ellis & Vertin 2003). Reference List Arup, C., 2006. Labour law and labour market regulation: essays on the construction, constitution and regulation of labour markets and work relationships. London: Federation Press. Delimatsis, P., 2011. Financial Regulation at the Crossroads: Implications For supervision, Institutional Design and Trade. Stockholm: Kluwer Law International. Ellis, C. D., & Vertin, J. R., 2003, Wall Street people: True stories of the great barons of finance . New York: John Wiley and Sons. Fair, D. E., & Raymond, R., 1994, The competitiveness of financial institutions and centres in Europe . London: Springer. Holtsnider, B., & Jaffe, B. D., 2009, IT Manager’s Handbook: The Business Edition. New Delhi: Morgan Kaufmann. House of Commons Treasury Committee., 2010, Too important to fail – too important to ignore: ninth report of session 2009-10, Vol. 2: Oral and written evidence. London: The Stationery Office. Jansen, W. et al., 2007,. Business models for the knowledge economy . Farnham: Gower Publishing Ltd. Longenecker, J. G., & Loeza, E.T., 2010, Small business management . New York: Cengage Learning. Low, L., 2004, Political economy of East Asia: a business model. London: Nova Science Publishers. Lütolf-Carroll, C., & Pirnes, A., 2009, From innovation to cash flows: value creation by structuring high technology alliances. London: John Wiley and Sons. Marien, M., & World Future Society., 1985, Future survey annual 1984: a guide to the recent literature of trends, forecasts, and policy proposals . New York: Transaction Publishers. Pinson, L., 2008, Anatomy of a business plan: the step-by-step guide to building your business and securing your company’s future . New York: Aka associates. Pycraft, M.,2000, Operations management . Pretoria, Pearson South Africa. Rannenberg, K., 2010, Security Privacy – Silver Linings in the Cloud: 25th IFIP TC 11 International Information Security Conference, SEC 2010, Held as Part of WCC 2010, Brisbane, Australia, September 20-23, 2010 Proceedings . London: Springer. Sánchez, M., 2010. Financial Innovation and the Global Crisis. International Journal of Business and Management . Vol. 5, No. 11, pp. 1-6 Simchi-Levi, D. P. et al., 2003, Designing and managing the supply chain: concepts, strategies, and case studies . New York: McGraw Hill Professional. U K Stationery Office., 2009, Banking supervision and regulation: 2nd report of session 2008-09 . London: The Stationery Office. Waddell, D., 2004, E-business innovation and change management. London: Idea Group Inc (IGI). Zhang, W., & Alon, I., 2011, A Guide to the Top 100 Companies in China . New York: World Scientific.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, is identified to be one of the great philosophers in the early modern period. His works mainly focused on defending idealism against materialism. In his argument, Berkeley seemed to defend the belief and knowledge on God.

George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, is identified to be one of the great philosophers in the early modern period. His works mainly focused on defending idealism against materialism. In his argument, Berkeley seemed to defend the belief and knowledge on God.

Berkeley’s Argument on Materialism Analysis Essay George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, is identified to be one of the great philosophers in the early modern period (Berman 1). Berkeley’s works mainly focused on defending idealism against materialism (Fogelin 6). Berkeley specifically disagreed with Locke’s concept that asserted that objects had both primary and secondary qualities (Fogelin 13). Berkeley argued that perceiving an object to as possessing both primary and secondary qualities was not enough to ascertain that the object really exists. According to him, Locke and others who held the same point of view were instrumental in aiding the flourishing atheism and scepticism by doubting sense perception. In his argument, Berkeley seemed to defend the belief and knowledge on God. Thus he indicated that experiences were in the person who perceived and sensations could not arise from the objects being perceived Bettcher 43). By this he implied that there was no reason for objects to posses any power that will cause an effect on the senses, primarily because the object was a creation of our senses and did not exist in the absence of perception. Berkeley used this view to discredit the sceptical argument that we do not see objects as they really are (Roberts 107). Berkeley put forward some arguments defending idealism against materialism. The arguments were mainly based on the idea that the perception for an object was in the perceiver and not the object (Bettcher 44). First, he used the following points to discredit the notion that an object can possess secondary qualities: On sensation Berkeley argued that when a hand is placed in cold water, the temperature felt will be different depending on the temperature of the hand (Roberts 108). If one’s hand has a higher temperature then the water will be felt to be colder and if the hand is colder than the water then the water will be felt to be warmer. According to him the water could not be hot and cold at the same time (Berman 7). On taste, Berkeley stated that a pleasurable taste like that of sugar did not exist in the sugar but in the perceiver. T o attack concept of primary and secondary qualities, Berkeley tried to indicate that some perceptions varied from one to perceiver to another. He explained that if different people see an object from different perspectives then one may see it of having a different colour from the other (Roberts 108). The two colours could not exist in the same object at the same time and thus the colour perception must have its origins in the perceiver (Fogelin 10). He also argued that an observer looking at a moving train will perceive it as moving but whoever is sited in the train will perceive it as being at rest. He used this to advance his position that quality exists in the perceiver. Berkeley used the master argument to show that no difference exists between qualities that are taken to be apparent and the real qualities. The master argument asserted that it not possible for something to exist without being perceived (Bettcher 60). This implied that if one cannot imagine how a certain object’s perception is like then he/she cannot be able to say that the object exists. Using this idea, Berkeley discredited the notion “that substance or matter, for if all the qualities we ascribe to it are either primary or secondary qualities” (Berman 23). Works Cited Berman, David. George Berkeley: Idealism and the man. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.Print. bettcher, Talia. Berkeley’s Philosophy of Spirit: Conciousness, ontology and the Elusive Subject. London: continuum, 2007.Print. Fogelin, Jose. George Berkeley: Critical Assessments. London: Routledge, 1991.Print. Roberts, John. A metaphysics for the Mob. Oxford: Oxford University press, 2007. Print.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: Bernard de Fontenelle was an influential French author who contributed to various areas such as philosophy, literature, education, epistemology or theory of knowledge, and education.He was born in Rouen in 1657. His father was a lawyer, while his mother was related to a famous playwright Pierre Corneille.In part, it can be explained by the fact that he was significantly impacted by Renaissance philosophy which postulated that a person should excel or at least be educated in different fields (Black, 16). Yet, one should also take into account that he was an important representative of the Enlightenment. At the beginning of the eighteenth century his popularity could be compared to that one of Voltaire, or Diderot.To some degree, their ideas of liberal freedom were reflected in his writings.

Bernard de Fontenelle was an influential French author who contributed to various areas such as philosophy, literature, education, epistemology or theory of knowledge, and education. He was born in Rouen in 1657. His father was a lawyer, while his mother was related to a famous playwright Pierre Corneille. In part, it can be explained by the fact that he was significantly impacted by Renaissance philosophy which postulated that a person should excel or at least be educated in different fields (Black, 16). Yet, one should also take into account that he was an important representative of the Enlightenment. At the beginning of the eighteenth century his popularity could be compared to that one of Voltaire, or Diderot. To some degree, their ideas of liberal freedom were reflected in his writings.

Bernard de Fontenelle’s Literature Identity Essay Bernard de Fontenelle was an influential French author who contributed to various areas such as philosophy, literature, education, epistemology or theory of knowledge, and education. He was born in Rouen in 1657. His father was a lawyer, while his mother was related to a famous playwright Pierre Corneille. Fontenelle received education in the Jesuit College where he was trained as a lawyer. According to the standards of that period, this was arguably the best education that a person could get in France. However, he did not pursue a career in this area; instead he dedicated his entire life to philosophy and science. Fontenelle was particularly attracted to the ideas, expressed by Rene Descartes, who had profound impact on the development of Western philosophical thought (Marsak, 51). At the very beginning, he tries his hand at drama but his early play but his early plays were not very successful, he decided to pay more attention to natural philosophy and popularization of scientific findings. It should be noted that Fontenelle lived for almost one hundred years [1] , and he witnessed dramatic changes in the French society. Overall, he can be viewed as polymath or a person who is equally skillful in different areas of human activity. In part, it can be explained by the fact that he was significantly impacted by Renaissance philosophy which postulated that a person should excel or at least be educated in different fields (Black, 16). Yet, one should also take into account that he was an important representative of the Enlightenment. At the beginning of the eighteenth century his popularity could be compared to that one of Voltaire, or Diderot. To some degree, their ideas of liberal freedom were reflected in his writings. At this point, it is necessary for us to show the important of Fontenelle’s works and ideas to his contemporaries and modern intellectuals. First, in his lifetime he was largely renowned as a populirizers of science. His book Conversations on the Plurality of World , he tried to explain heliocentric model of the Universe that was put forward by Nicolaus Copernicus. This book was published in 1686 at that time the very idea that the Earth revolve around the Sun was revolutionary if not blasphemous. Certainly, nowadays this book will not produce such an effect on community. However, some aspects of this work still remains relevant for modern community. In particular, this work is presented as a conversation between a philosopher or scientist and a woman. In this way he emphasized women’s ability to make scientific achievement. In seventeenth century France, the idea of gender equality was unaccepted for the community and one cannot say that this problem has been entirely resolved at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Hence, it is quite possible for us to argue that Fontenelle occupies rightful place among the leading figures of the Enlightenment. In a very subtle way, this book attracts the readers’ attention to the problem of gender inequality. Hence, Fontenelle can be regarded as a precursor of modern feminism. Of course, we do not know for sure whether Fontenelle wanted to be perceived in this way, but this book provides room for such an interpretation. One should bear in mind that Conversations on the Plurality of World was later translated into many other languages, and this book enjoyed considerable popularity among English, German, Russian, and Italian readers. This book revived interest to natural science among elites and middle classes, and many young people in France and other parts of Europe became more inclined to pursue career in this area. Thus, popularization of science is probably the major legacy of Fontenelle. In this book, Fontelle says that his intention was to “compose a book that shall neither be too abstruse for the light hearted, nor too recreational for the learned” (Fontelle, 12). He attempted to avoid pedantic writing style and make more similar to that one of a novel (Marsakb, 10). Judging from the enormous success of this book, we can say that he managed to attain this task. This approach is now adopted by many populirizers of science and Montenelle provided an example of how it should be done. Furthermore, Fontelle was working in the French Academy of Science; his task was to make scientific findings of leading French scholars more accessible to the general audience (Sample, p 15). For example, he raised public awareness about the works of Isaac Newton and Rene Descartes (McKie, 193). It has to be admitted that his writing were primarily intended for French aristocracy (Rendall, 498). Still, one can say that he made society appreciate the importance of scientific discoveries. Apart from that Fontenelle wrote several rather controversial treatises on religion and spirituality. One of them is The History of Oracles (Histoire des oracles) . In this work he tried to show that Ancient oracles were in no way inspired by gods and that their alleged mystical powers were in not connected to the supernatural world. The key argument which Fontelle attempted to make is that clergy cannot and should not act a mediator between a person and God. This book infuriated many influential Jesuits of that time. This work posed several important questions which attracted attention of many thinkers such as Voltaire, Diderot, or Tolstoy. In particular, in this work, he cast doubt on the very necessity of clergy for people. This issue remains a subject of heated debate among philosophers and theologians. The discussion of the History of Oracles will be incomplete, if we do not mention Fontelle’s other treatise On the Origins of Myths ( De l’origine des fables ). He compared the myths of American Indians and Ancient Greek. He identified striking similarities in the myths of the two distinct nations, and claimed that myth-making was an inherent need of human beings (Marvick, 70). The thing is that this argument can be applied to religion as well. This is why this treatise was heavily by criticized by the then French theologians. This book can be of great interest to present day thinkers since it shows how our perceptions of the world are formed. Probably, these two books should not be discussed only in connection with religion, since they also explain humans’ urge for creativity. The History of Oracles and On the Origins of Myths were written in the later period of Fontenelle’s life. Leading philosophers of that period subjected religion to heavy criticism. In the book Dialogues of the Dead ( Dialogues des Mortes ) Fontenelle stages a series of conversations between the famous philosophers of the past, namely Seneca, Socrates, Scarron and Montagne. This work shows how human means of knowing and learning have evolved with time passing (Corcos, 363). This book presents a slight skeptical view about humanity, and one of the points that Fontenelle emphasizes is that people should always be aware about incompleteness of their knowledge. Initially, this book was intended to natural philosophers of that time; yet, it seems that modern people will also find it very interesting. We are living in the age of outstanding scientific discoveries and many people believe that sooner or later all mysteries of the world will be discovered. Fontenelle would have disagreed with such a view point, and his treatise demonstrates that our ways of knowing are very far from being perfect. From the point of view of epistemology, this book is aimed at distinguishing such notions as objective truths and belief. Fontenelle tries to draw a distinct line between the two concepts. At this point, this task still remains unresolved by contemporary researchers, philosophers, and scientists. The example of Bernard de Fontenelle shows that ability to pose thought-provoking questions is also a gift which is not possessed by many people. At this point, we can say that the question which reemerges in different works of Bernard Fontenelle is the relation between religion and science. It is very difficult to determine whether Fontenelle tried to reconcile these two different world views. Most probably, he was willing to compare them. This issue is of great importance for contemporary scientists and theologians, who often debate whether these ways of knowing can co-exist. Fontenelle’s legacy should not be assessed in terms of it scientific contribution. More likely, one should focus on the depth of the questions, which this philosopher raised, and on the brilliance of his writing. Probably, this is the main reason why he retain prominent position among French philosophers and writers. Works Cited Black Robert. Humanism and education in medieval and Renaissance Italy: tradition and innovation in Latin schools from the twelfth to the fifteenth century. Cambridge University Press, 2001. Corcos, Fontenelle and the Problem of Generation in the Eighteenth Century, Journal of the History of Biology 4 (2) (1971), pp 363-372. Fontenelle Bernard and Gunning Elizabeth (trans). Conversations on the Plurality of worlds. J Cundee, London, 1803. Rendall Steven, Fontenelle and his Public, Modern Language Notes 86 (4) (1971), pp 496-508. Marsak Leonard. Cartesianism in Fontenelle and French Science, 1686-1752, Isis 50 (1) (1959), pp 51-60. Marsak, Leonard. Bernard de Fontenelle: The idea of Science in the French Enlightenment, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 49 (1959), 1-64. Marvick. Lous. Fontenelle and the Truth of Masks, Modern Language Studies 23 (4) (1993), 70-78. McKie, Douglas. Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle, F.R.S. 1657-1757, Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 12 (2) (1957), pp 193- 200. Sample, Bernard de Fontenelle and the éloge Académique: Columbia University,1981. He died in 1757

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The text discusses how Jesus healed a man who had been sick for 38 years and how he told him to stay away from sin. The text also talks about how Jesus is Lord and how he came to bring the New Covenant to the people.

The text discusses how Jesus healed a man who had been sick for 38 years and how he told him to stay away from sin. The text also talks about how Jesus is Lord and how he came to bring the New Covenant to the people.

Bible Study and Scripture Comparing Essay Inductive Bible Study Form Text: The Healing at the Pool, John 5: 1-15 (Attridge, 2006) Facts What: Jesus has the power to heal. He healed a sick man near the pool of Bethzatha. Upon healing the sick man, Jesus asked him to get up and carry his mat. In addition, Jesus does not like it when people engage in sin. He asked the sick man to stop sinning when He found him at the temple (Attridge, 2006). Who: Jesus healed a man who had been sick for 38 years. He had stayed by the pool for this long time as he did not find someone to help him get to the pool. Where: The healing took place near the Sheep Gate in Jerusalem where there was a pool with five porches. The pool was considered to be sacred and when it was stirred up by an angel, “the blind, lame and paralyzed bathed in this pool so that they could be healed” (Alexander & Alexander, 1999) When: The healing took place on a Sabbath. Jesus had come to Jerusalem for a religious festival and that was when he found this man who had stayed by the pool for such a long time waiting for someone to help him get into the water. Interpretation Context Jesus is Lord and Savior. It is because of the love and mercy he had, that he healed the sick man by the pool. The fact that it was on a Sabbath, thus healing was not in accordance with the Jewish law, Jesus showed that there are no limits for love and kindness. Jesus was love and he came to the world because of salvation of mankind (Alexander & Alexander, 1999). This is seen by the fact that he asked the sick man to stay away from sin when He found him in the temple. Compare Scripture According to the Jewish law, the Sabbath was a holy day and no one was allowed to do anything during that day. Jesus, who is Lord, proved to the Jewish that it was not an offence to show an act of kindness and love towards others on a Sabbath. The Jewish law symbolized the old covenant while Jesus came to bring the new covenant, which He summarized into two parts. These are: 1. Love for your God 2. Love for your neighbor When Jesus healed the sick man, it was an act of love. While the Old Covenant preached punishment to sinners, the New Covenant brought by Jesus preached forgiveness and repentance. Consecrated Common Sense: The act portrayed by Jesus when he healed the sick man is an act of kindness and is part of worship. The Sabbath was a holy day for the Jews during which, worship was carried out. Therefore, when Jesus chose to heal the man on a Sabbath, he implied that healing was part of the Sabbath and worship. In addition, Jesus came into the world for the sake of mankind and especially the sinners. That is why He asked the healed man to stay away from sin. Christ Christ Jesus showed the people that it was not wrong to heal on a Sabbath. He brought the New Covenant to the people and with regard to the New Covenant; Jesus taught people how to love. Application The situation of the sick man is similar to most situations in people’s lives. Many are the times when people will sit back in sorrow waiting for someone to come to their aid. It may be that they are seeking for employment, love or peace. The Bible advocates that people should put their whole trust in God as He is capable of helping them where fellow men fail. The sick man healed by Jesus was alone meaning that he had been abandoned by his family, friends and relatives. That is what happens when someone is in trouble. Everyone leaves but, Jesus assures the people that He is there, ready to help if called upon. The only problem is that people do not realize this and instead rely on unreliable fellow men. The Bible asks the people to put their trust and faith in Christ Jesus as He is the only one who will be there by their side, when everyone else turns away. The very same verse is preaching love. Jesus portrayed an act of love despite the fact that working on a Sabbath, for instance healing as performed by Jesus, was against the law. Therefore, by following Jesus’ example, people are asked not to limit their selves in loving other people. In addition, this verse calls on people to stay away from sin as it can bring about dire consequences. References Alexander, D. & Alexander, P. (1999). Zondervan Handbook to the Bible. Canada: Zondervan. Attridge, H. W. (2006). The HarperCollins Study Bible: Fully Revised & Updated. Yale: Harper One.

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Write an essay about: The essay discusses the history of the relationship between the US and Paraguay, and how it has evolved over time.The US and Paraguay have a long history of working together, dating back to 1845. The countries established the relationship so that they may meet their own interests. The US helped Paraguay in its domestic concerns while taking advantage of their president's anti-communist stand in Latin America. Paraguay wanted the US to assist them in their security concerns. Paraguay's

The essay discusses the history of the relationship between the US and Paraguay, and how it has evolved over time. The US and Paraguay have a long history of working together, dating back to 1845. The countries established the relationship so that they may meet their own interests. The US helped Paraguay in its domestic concerns while taking advantage of their president's anti-communist stand in Latin America. Paraguay wanted the US to assist them in their security concerns. Paraguay's

Bilateral Relations between the US and Paraguay Essay Paraguay is a country located in the southern part of America. It is part of Latin American countries. The country has a population of approximately seven million people, the majority of whom, about ninety percent are Roman Catholic Christians. The people speak Spanish and Guarani languages (Jermyn and Yong, 137). The country has flourished in Agriculture and has pleasant forest and wood resources. Paraguay has a rich history characterized by wars and military interventions. The Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia defined a political system in Paraguay, which has undergone various transformations to form its current political and leadership system. Paraguay has signed many bilateral and other relations agreements with its neighboring countries and other countries in the world. This is in effort of achieving political stability, economic growth, fight against narcotics and terrorism and other social evils in the region and the world at large. The United States on the other hand is a larger country located in the northern part of America. The country is more stable politically and economically when compared to Paraguay (Bowles, 2). With its resources and desire to invest, the US has also entered into a number of agreements with many countries. It also gives such countries political, financial and military support to enable them to achieve their goals, which also interests the US. The bilateral relation between Paraguay and the United States is one of these beneficial relations that has realized much accomplishments and is also likely to yield more benefits for both the two countries in the future. The start of the relation between Paraguay and the United States of America dates back to as early as 1845. The countries established the relationship so that they may meet their own interests. USA helped Paraguay in its domestic concerns while taking advantage of their president’s anti-communist stand in Latin America. Paraguay wanted the US to assist them in their security concerns. Paraguay’s president, Stroessner, felt that his government was threatened by communists and thus supported US’s security policies to solicit US’s support in maters of security and development. The US, on the other hand was interested in trade and investment in Paraguay. The relationship between these two countries was good between World War II and towards the end of 1970s. However, this relationship started wavering in the late 1970s due to a bridge of human rights and lack of political reforms. Stroessner’s dictatorial nature denied the citizens political and press freedom, an issue that America did not support (Mora and Cooney, 196). His government officials also were involved in trafficking of narcotics, an issue which distorted the country’s relationship with America. Therefore, political, constitutional and governance reforms were necessary in Paraguay in order to rejuvenate its relationship with the US. Alfred Stroessner, president of Paraguay, served for the longest time as president as compared to other Latin American countries. Stroessner reigned in Paraguay for eight successive terms between 1954 and 1989, for thirty-five years, after staging a coup d’état against the then reigning President Federico Chavez. Stroessner was born and brought up in a German family. His daddy came from Germany. And his mother was from an influential wealthy family in Paraguay. Stroessner started his journey to power by participating in various public and background activities in Paraguay. He first participated in the Chaco War against Bolivia in 1929 (Morales, 101). This is where he excelled as a good commander and impressed the people who were craving for power once the war was over. However, Stroessner acted in the background through the period of coups and periods of short governments in Paraguay, assisting presidential aspirants ascend to power through military interventions. In 1951, the then Paraguay’s president Federico Chavez appointed Stroessner as the commander in chief of the armed forces of Paraguay as a tribute to his assistance accorded to him to gain presidency. Stroessner later overthrew Chavez in 1954 by staging a coup against him after differing over the issue of arming the police. Stroessner changed the constitution of Paraguay to enable him cling to power as long as possible (Mora and Hey, 2003). His government carried out many assassinations, torture, and was involved in corruption; drug trafficking, money laundering and gross election malpractice. He suppressed the freedom of his opponents and the press an issue that made many of them to live in exile throughout his reign. General Andres Rodriguez staged a coup d’état against Stroessner on February 3, 1989 that ousted him. Stroessner then lived in exile in Brasilia, Brazil for seventeen years where he died. The Paraguayan government denied Stroessner state honors in his burial. His family members and a few of his friends buried Stroessner in Brasilia, Brazil. Stroessner’s anti-communism attitude made him accepted by the US as a partner in many of its activities. The US used his anti-communism to fight anti-communists in Paraguay and in the Latin America. This friendship is what strengthened the relationship between Paraguay and the United States of America. Stroessner depended on the US troops to offer his country security against communists and his political rivals while US was interested in investment and trade. He maintained his relationship with America to his advantage until America pushed him to allow political reforms in Paraguay. Regional blocs played an important role in enhancing relationships between countries in their region (Haas, xi). Countries made regional blocs in order to strengthen their local economies, eliminate trade barriers, and even assist each other in governance issues (Mattli, 3; Laursen, 106). The American countries formed regional blocs after the Cold War. They believed that a state driven economy would lead to economic collapse and would not favorably compete with a market driven economy. “After the Cold War, the market driven, liberal economic model has spread throughout the world and the world economy has become interconnected as a result of globalization” (Kantorun, Para.1). Kantorum also noted that some of the regional blocs formed around the world not only represent trade and economic policies but also other regional interests. Regional blocs of interest in this case include MERCOSUR, EU (European Union, and NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement). MERCOSUR is one of the regional blocks, of Latin American countries. The founding members of MERCOSUR are Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil and Uruguay. The bloc unites countries of southern America. The aim of coming up with this bloc was to establish one market for the members and to do away with internal tariffs. The countries’ motivation into forming a regional bloc was to enhance regional integration, improve their economies and promote democracy in member countries. Brazil and Argentina are the founding nations of the MERCUSOR trade block. They came up with it deliberately to eliminate security uncertainties in these countries and avoid military coups and takeovers as those experienced before. These countries including Paraguay and Uruguay had experienced military coups before they attained democracy. The member countries therefore view this regional organization as an important tool, which is likely to prevent overthrowing of governments through military interventions and institutionalize democracy in their countries. Another motivation for this regional integration is economic liberalization through common plans of industrialization and setting marketing tariffs (Aquin and Caro, 1; Barbato and Bucheli, 2). Uruguay and Paraguay, who were smaller members of MERCOSUR, transformed their policies to allow foreign investment and export substitution between member countries. These are the policies, which enabled Paraguay to liberalize its trade and investment activities and undergo political, social and constitutional transformations to meet basic requirements for the relations. The member states formed committees to make policy and marketing strategies and set tariffs for the trading bloc. They also made committees responsible for dispute resolution in member countries. However, since these countries had non-uniform constitutions, the member states made the last decision in line with their constitution. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) came into action in 1994, with Mexico, Canada and United States as its founding members. Just like MERCOSUR, NAFTA’s aim was to eliminate trade barriers and tariffs between member countries and enhance regional integration (Hufbauer, and Schott, xi). The heads of state of these member counties established NAFTA. Unlike MERCOSUR, NAFTA had no committees to bring together the heads of the member states to put plans in place for further integration. Thee bloc helped boost the economic growth of member states especially Mexico. For US, NAFTA was to help it to minimize illegal immigrations and improve the economic relations between the two counties. MECURSOR had a more comprehensive regional integration plan than NAFTA and it succeeded in combating military interventions in member countries. The blocs also have served as tools for regional integration and globalization of trade and economy. Paraguay’s major economy is Agricultural, some commercial activities, and a struggling industrial economy. The country has a large subsistence sector, high urban unemployment, a large labor population and re-export sector. It has a large electricity-generating sector, which is the world’s second largest hydroelectric generator. The country is open to foreign investors and treats them with dignity. The country’s economic growth depends upon a number of export products. Some of these are cotton, sugar electricity, and various ceral crops. The United States and Paraguay enjoy a cordial association in commerce and in various state operations that are intended for their mutual benefit. Paraguay is committed to counteract drug trafficking, human trafficking, money laundering among other trans-boundary evils taking place across its boundaries. It takes part in anti terrorism and anti narcotic activities in partnership with its neighboring countries and the United States. The United States is also committed to help Paraguay to meet its development goals. It supports the stabilization of Paraguay’s democracy as well as economic and constitutional reforms. The two countries have continued to work together in fulfilling the requirements of a number of global agreements. There is also great improvement in bilateral trade between the two countries. There is an active exchange of imports and exports between the two countries. US’s multinational firms have also a number of branches in Paraguay to enhance this partnership in investment and trade. This firms feature sectors like agro-industry, computer, banking, communication among other service-oriented sectors. (“Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs”, Para. 28). There are many US business agents in Paraguay and a good number of US citizens reside in Paraguay. The US also offers Paraguay material, monetary and technical support. This includes the skills and tools the Paraguay government needs to achieve its goals. The U.S. Department of State, the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Department of Justice, and the Department of Treasury “provide technical assistance, equipment, and training to strengthen counternarcotics enforcement, combat trafficking in persons, promote respect for intellectual property rights, and to assist in the development and implementation of money laundering legislation and counterterrorism legislation,” (Para. 30). Paraguay has signed bilateral investments agreements with other countries. These include Argentina, Taiwan, South Africa, Brazil, France, Chile, United Kingdom and Uruguay. It has also signed other agreements with other countries like Austria, Peru, Spain, Romania, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Germany, among others. The agreements that Paraguay has signed with the US include Agreement relating to investment guaranties of 1955 and Agreement relating to investment guaranties of 1992 (“2008 Investment Climate Statement”, Para. 30). The signing of agreements between regional blocs like MERCOSUR and the European Union will open up marketing opportunities leading to globalization and economic development. Apart from trade and investment agreements between Paraguay and US, the two countries also collaborate in military issues. Military agreement between US and Paraguay came into effect in 1994. The agreement was mainly aimed at averting local military interventions and terrorism. The agreement gave the United State’s military immunity to carry out humanitarian operations in Paraguay and enabled it to carry out joint exercises with the Paraguayan military. They also collaborate in protecting intellectual property rights (Beittel, Para. 2). In conclusion, the bilateral relationship between Paraguay and the United states has been a long-term venture. Even though the relation started in 1845, many scholars do not agree with this fact. This is because the relation between these two countries was not very much public during its establishment. The relation became public in the late 1970s when the US tried to force Paraguay to brig about reforms in its political system and constitution. This is what ended the tyrannical governance in Paraguay and reinstated humanitarian and press freedoms. Even though the US and Paraguay have hand a long-lasting relation, there have been a number of challenges in this relationship. The relationship between the two counties has faltered a number of times due to war, political and humanitarian issues. Similar interests in combating narcotics, terrorism and communism made the relation flourish. The US signed an agreement with the US to get permission and protection to carry out investment activities in Paraguay. Paraguay also entered into the agreement because it needed protection against communists and needed to develop the country. President Stroessner of Paraguay started this partnership agreement with the US in pursuit of his own interest of clinging to power. The relationship, however, forced him to be flexible to reforms and took Paraguay to another level. The Policies of MERCOEUR, in which Paraguay is a member, prohibited the countries to make bilateral agreements with non-member states. This must have threatened the relation between the US and Paraguay. The signing of agreements between regional blocks like MERCOSUR, the EU, and NAFTA has changed the situation. With this globalization, Paraguay and the United States have a good prospective future in their relations. Works Cited Aquin, Nora, and Caro, Ruben. Políticas públicas, derechos, y trabajo social en el Mercosur. Buenos Aires: Espacio, 2009. Print. Barbato, Celia, and Bucheli, Mario. Mercosur, una estrategia de desarrollo : nuevas miradas desde la economía y la política. Montevideo: Ed. Trilce, 2000. Print. Beittel, S. June. Relations United States-Paraguay. Bloggers of the Americas . 2010. Web. Bowles, Nigel. The government and politics of the United States. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993. Print. “ Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs .” Background Note. U.S. Department of State. 2010. Web. Haas, Ernst B. The uniting of Europe; political, social, and economic forces, 1950-1957. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1968. Print. Hufbauer, Gary C., and Schott, Jeffrey J . North American free trade: issues and recommendations. Washington, DC: Inst. für Internat. Economics, 1992. Print. Jermyn, Leslie, and Yong, Jui L . Paraguay . New York : Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2010. Print. Kantorun, Ufuk. Regional intergration in America: MERCOSUR, NAFTA. Bilgesam. 2010. Web. Laursen, Finn. Comparative regional integration: theoretical perspectives. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2003. Print. Mattli, Walter. The logic of regional integration: Europe and beyond . Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1999. Print. Mora, Frank O., and Cooney, W. J. Paraguay and the United States: distant allies . Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 2007. Print. Mora, Frank O., and Hey, Jeanne A. K. Latin American and Caribbean foreign policy . Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Morales, Waltraud Q. A brief history of Bolivia . New York: Facts On File, 2010. Print. “2008 Investment Climate Statement”. Paraguay. U.S. Department of State . N.d. Web.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: In this paper, the author examines the role of billboards as an element of the popular culture. He argues that billboards have been in use in the US for over hundred years now and have undergone considerable transformation from simple structures erected to accommodate few posters to large digital screens. Billboards have been used to enhance and push popular cultures both in US and in the global arena. However, has given rise to both positive and negative effects in the society.

In this paper, the author examines the role of billboards as an element of the popular culture. He argues that billboards have been in use in the US for over hundred years now and have undergone considerable transformation from simple structures erected to accommodate few posters to large digital screens. Billboards have been used to enhance and push popular cultures both in US and in the global arena. However, has given rise to both positive and negative effects in the society.

Billboard as an Element of the Popular Culture Term Paper Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Post modern billboards 4. Billboard as an element of the popular culture 5. Critics of the Use of Billboards 6. Billboard encouraging enculturation of shame into the society 7. Conclusion 8. Work Cited Abstract The main aim of this study analyze billboard as an element of the popular culture. Billboards have been in use in US for over hundred years now. They have undergone considerable transformation from simple structures erected to accommodate few posters to large digital screens. Use of billboards has grown much faster than other forms of mass media except cables and internet. This is attributed to its cost effectiveness and its ability to reach the targeted population within a short period of time. Billboards have been used to enhance and push popular cultures both in US and in the global arena. However, has given rise to both positive and negative effects in the society. Introduction Billboards have become part and parcel of our urban and rural landscape with its base in larger outdoor structures that exhibits adverts to the passerby’s (those in vehicles and pedestrians). While common type of billboards are those erected in big structures there are other forms of billboards including billboards on moving vehicles especially trucks and buses, billboards on benches, billboards on buses/ train shelters among others. There main aim is to sell or advertise a products and services offered by a particular company, organization or institution (Arena 3). Nowadays the most common types of billboards are the artist boards. This term refers to the any type of large poster posters created by artists and erected in a public place often for advertisement, political or decoration purpose. Large number of these artist billboards tackles social issues but some reflects interest in communication ideologies than the message itself (Arena 4). According to the US Outdoor Advertising Association, the earliest billboard leases took place in 1867 in US while the first advertisement poster associations were formed in 1972. However, the initial billboard structure was created in the year 1900 and had the capacity to accommodate about three to sixteen sheets of posters measuring 42 to 28 inches (Bolton 8). The quest for standardized and revolutionized billboards started from then and this gave way for large corporations to take over billboards as an advertising tool (Berman 3). Since then, popularity of billboards gradually started to grow since companies could utilized billboard advertisement to aim at particular group of consumers at a smaller fee as compared to other form of mass media. Billboards have the capacity to reach its audience within a day because of its enormous size that arouses attention of the public. Besides its large size, advertising companies nowadays incorporate bright colours, three dimensional pictures and words and rarely audio visual combination to grab the attention of the passersby (Book & Schick 7). In 1960s, music artists started to recognize that a great deal of the visual culture was characterized by the American way of capitalism (Fraser 2). Pop artists by then started to become aware of the advertisement process, thus developed an interest in enhancing the effects of the visual culture in the commercial arena. Pop artists challenged the conventional art by arguing that use of visual objects of the popular culture in the mass media was communicable with the viewpoint of the fine art. Therefore, pop arts extracted materials from their original framework and isolated it or combined it with other materials for consideration (Fraser 6). The evolution of capitalism in the world of mass media in US facilitated active consumption of the advertisements and other imageries. This created a myth of social freedom and satisfaction which people started to perceive as real thus living in the world of illusion and shared values/ beliefs (Fairey 4). People have become materialistic and have attached a lot of significance to the advertised images. Advertisements have mainly been based on new trends in commodities and what people must have. Therefore, most billboard advertisements reflect vanity and excesses of consumption in material objects in fashion (Gibson 8). Post modern billboards Post-modernism is a very difficult term to define but encompasses almost all disciplines including literature, music, art, ICT among others. The only way to comprehend this term is by having a picture of the modern world and the growth in technology, fashion, sports, and films among others. Some define modernism as the movement away from the old standards of producing, consuming and understanding art (Hoffman 3-8). Post-modernism is based on the same ideas but favours flexibility, complexity, self-consciousness, creation of unreal/ alien arts just to name but a few (Hoffman 6). The debate about the use of visual images and their reference to a particular cultural practice and value forms the basis for post modern categories of the billboards. These types of billboards come in diverse forms and mostly display theoretical arts, political arts plus simple but attractive images (Hoffman 10). Post modern billboards otherwise known as artist billboards reflect on current phenomena, popular culture, and politics of the day. Post modern artists have developed artistic tools that incorporate both the pop art, images of advertisement or use of the same language to counter the effects of collision of the commercial images. Post modern billboards have ventured into world of advertisement to challenge the suppositions that have been linked to them. They have also been used to covey uncompromising messages to the mass such as issues related to HIV, terrorism, child and gender rights violations among others (Luke 6). Billboards artists have utilized a number of inspiration and strategies to develop their work of art. For instance during 80’s most billboard artists worried less about the troubles of the commerce but concentrated on the escalating social problems (Kelly &Anoop 4). Artists expressed their feeling through billboards on issues such as civil rights, human rights, environmental protection, and other social troubling subjects. Location and position of the billboards plays a major role in capturing of the audience attention. Most billboards are visible by both pedestrians and motorists. Road side billboards have reduced wordings or pictures since they are accessed at glanced. The term popular culture refers to the general aesthetic and common life practices that can be accounted both statistically and qualitatively. Researchers have used the term more specifically to denote a form of culture that dominates the modern era. Popular culture is very different from the folk and high culture in the sense that it is very highly produced and consumed by the mass (Leavy et al. 3-9). Creators of the high culture have been on the quest to appeal to the wider public through the mass media and that is where the billboards come in. They argued that billboards are more appealing to the public but at a lesser cost compared to other forms of mass media. In the year 2002, a researcher trying to establish the costs of different forms of mass media advertisement found out that it costs 2 dollars to reach 1000 audience using billboards,5 dollars using radio, 9 dollars for magazine and about 20 dollars for newspaper or television (Leavy et al 5-20). The research also established that the use of billboard advertising was growing faster than the traditional forms of mass media but not as fast as the internet and cables. Public perception of the billboard advertising has also gone up significantly. While the other forms of advertising are disintegrating, the advancement in technology is seeing new light besides highly level of creativity (Matt 4). Literature review of the advertising industry shows that most people nowadays spend most of their time cars or other means of public transport than they had been doing in the past. This translates to their more exposure to the billboards than other advertisement medium (Mackinnon 6). Billboard advertising has the potential of bringing product information to wider and specific segment of the population. A survey conducted in Florida in the year 1999 found out that billboards served about 20000 consumers and out these over 5o percent were consumers of the small scale businesses (businesses with less than 25 employees). Therefore, billboard advertising has both attracted large companies as well as small businesses (Neuborne 2-4). Besides generating substantial employment opportunities, income and product output billboard advertisement also act as source of state/federal/local government revenue through taxes. The latest version of billboards is the digital billboard that resembles big screens. These types of billboards combine both the visual and audio effects to convey their message or image to the public (McRobbie 102). Billboard as an element of the popular culture The media encloses a preponderance of popular cultural representations, more often enforcing gender stereotypes and defining social constructs. These stereotypic influences have been felt in all aspect of social set up including leadership, education, how people define themselves, and establishment of the cultural values and biases. The most common and well documented media construct and stereotype has touched on the gender identity (Sigman1-3). Gender labelling and their media representation through the billboards within the context of the popular culture have changed how people identify themselves in the current society (Stafford 45). For instance young females have had changed attitudes, perspective and how they measure themselves from the media representations mostly on the billboards. The current generation especially young females have become vast consumers of the media. Women have even gone a step further to determine gender identity within the media (Stearns 3). Enhanced education coupled with increase in income among the young females along with the current consumer identities, have had a strong impact on the feminine perceptions. This perception has been created and emphasized through the media images and pronouncements (Walsh 15). Nowadays it is very muck okay and enjoyable to look at women as bodily beautiful or sexy. Many billboard advertisements across the world have pictures of models in revealing pose only wearing underpants. The admiring effects of these pictures have changed the way the society view women or how young women view themselves. Opponents argue that this billboard advertisement presents women as mere sex objects. Proponents on the other side argue that these give women a place and freedom to decide on their own future (Woodside 1-3). Therefore, the excess images and stories within the popular culture surrounding female representation by the media in the billboards create a thin boundary between the real world and the images on the media. Analysts in the entertainment sector term this as a hyper reality of incessant connotations, deception and effective intensities (Gibson 3). Consequences of the above representation are how women identify and measure themselves in the contemporary society. The media through billboard adverts have become sites for defining rules of sexual behaviours. The current generation of women feel that they are free to express their feminine side in an extremely sexual and object-like manner (Fraser 6). Billboard signs have diversity of meaning some universal while others restricted to the local set up. The heterogeneity of billboard messages or signs defines cultural differences while the advent of globalization gives these signs or messages a peculiar universal meaning. Analysts argue that billboard advertisements are inevitable to avoid unlike the other mass media (Hoffman 6-8). People have the choice of switching off TVs or Radios in case the message or picture being passed across is likable to them; similarly magazines or news papers can be trashed for the same reason but no one can close his/her eyes when the messages or images on the billboards are not appealing to them. Once the messages/images on the billboards have hit people’s eyes they can never be erased plus no one can ever tell where and when these billboards will pop up (Hoffman 20). All through the history, the introduction of advanced media technologies have had considerable effects on the shape of the products and the society at large. These forms of media have prompted introduction of new products into the market and new images resulting to steady transformation of the people’s cultural practices. Simultaneously, these cultural practices also influence the development of the new technologies, products and images. The link between the medium and message being passed across has rigorous influence on the peoples’ habits and cultural integration (Neuborne 5). Billboard advertising has played big part in encouraging all sorts of behaviours and stereotypes. The Marlboro advert in almost all billboards across the world created an icon the world of cigarette smokers. Among the young generation the Marlboro image represented some sort of influence and autonomy. The advert also created a false impression among some section of the public that if you smoked Marlboro cigarette you could have the cool look and traits of the Man represented on the advert. This advert originated from America but spread to the rest of the world like a wild fire introducing on its way a new generation of chain smokers (Walsh 6-7). Billboard adverts on the youth sports centres, amusement parks, cinema halls and other locations frequented by the young people have influenced the youth a great deal towards the theme being sold. In some countries, billboards on cigarettes and alcohol have been banned due the influence it has on the younger generation. Billboard advertisement not only influence culture in a particular like US but have also been used as globalization tools. Nowadays in whatever destination you find yourself in you can never miss out on a coca cola billboards and this has led to the creation of a popular culture in the global arena through the consumption of common/similar products (Gibson 5). Billboard adverts have contribute a lot to the spread of the western cultures across the globe even to the remotest parts of the world. For instance American ideas and lifestyle have sneaked into other cultures through the use of billboard adverts that even the leadership of some countries feels threatened. Citizens of the third world nations are embracing the American fashion and clothes from European fashion designers as result of the billboard adverts (McRobbie 3-5). Gucci products and Nike labels are nowadays a common feature in these countries. African natives caught the glimpse of Michael Jordan through the billboards and other forms of mass media and now even the US citizens can not believe how basketball has grown in Africa with several African players taking part in the NBA (Neuborne 5-7). Billboard presentation have led to idolization of certain personalities from all the industries especially in US movie, music, sports, and fashion industry among others. Portraits of Angelina Jolie have made her a household name all over the world and every youth’s dream is to be like her. Likewise, the spread of hip hop music all over the world is also attributed to the billboard adverts of the American Hip Hop icons like Shawn Combs of the Bad boy records. Hip hop music has also brought with it the Hip hop culture which includes Hip hop fashion and the American slang. Nowadays when you are walking across the street all over the world, you can no t miss out on characters dressed in baggy jeans and sneakers (Walsh 2-3). Advertisement of different types of sports on the billboards have created die hard fans especially of soccer, American football, baseball just to name but a few. In some countries where some of these games are not so popular people get to learn about them and even develop into professional players for instance soccer in US. Americans have become strong soccer fans and this has boosted the morale of their national team which participated in 2010 world cup in South Africa. If a person wants to dispute sports as a form of culture then he/she must visit England. There soccer/ football is part and parcel of their daily life and billboards of the major clubs are all over their cities. Sports analysts explain that most of English citizens “eat, sleep and drink football” (Stearns 1-3). Another instance where Billboard is the greatest element of a popular culture is the American movie or Hollywood industry. Billboards of the Hollywood’s stars have had strong appeal on people of all walks of life in America and in the rest of the world. Their influence mostly inclines towards the fashion trends such hair cuts, dress designs, make- ups, perfume label among others. It is every American dream to live like a Hollywood star. Billboards of the celebrity icons not only influences personal traits but also the way people spend their leisure time. Most people have become so enslaved on the lifestyles of these celebrities (Leavy et al 5-6). Critics of the Use of Billboards There is a general assumption from the advertising agencies that people are shaped by the products that are imposed on them. Ordinary people get swayed very easily with the dominant culture in place. Therefore, most billboards misrepresent societal inherent values by introducing homogeneous or popular cultural aspects which are universal in nature. Like a viral infection, these billboard messages or images stick and grow into peoples’ mind to the level that people even lose their own identity (Matt, 22). Environmentalists have protested the use of billboards because they are threat to the environment. Many companies cut down trees to ensure good visibility or clear view is accorded to the billboards thus causing serious destruction to the public properties (municipal trees) and environmental degradation. Another danger posed by billboard according to the critics is safety on the roads. They explain that digital billboards on the busy highways cause a lot of destruction to the motorists and even pedestrians leading to road accidents. This is always common in cases where reaction to the traffic signs is limited and there is higher concentration of information in these billboards (Neuborne 4-5). Billboard encouraging enculturation of shame into the society Shame has come into spotlight in the recent times as result of evolutionary concept of the origin of collaboration (Matt, 3).In the field of anthropology, shame has been considered in favor of social emotions with significant impact on conflicts and cooperation among the young people in the society. Shame is brought by inappropriate behaviours which are in contrast to the social or in-group norms (Matt, 4).Shame represents internal control over behavioural traits and penalties for not respecting the rules laid down by the society. Therefore, shame can be described as the feelings that are brought by failure to appropriately control body or mind, following particular customary laws and regulation in the presence of the others, as taught to the young people. Shame affects the identity of a person at the lowest level- the level of societal competency (Matt, 6). Shame illicit the feelings of guilt in this particular case the feeling of blame for a negative event or behaviour that concerns a person at a more conscious point. When feeling shame, an individual person usually lowers his face to avoid being recognized by the passersby. In our contemporary society, shame has become an integral part of human emotion and cross-cultural related to shyness. Stearns (2) describes shame as the most powerful force propping the society and the force that id directly linked to an individual behaviour .A lot of shame is dangerous. An extreme tendency to experience shame leads to humiliation and humiliation results in anger. The conventional norms and traditions in most society has been working very hard to minimize the power of shame to nature behaviour and to justify the use of humiliation. However, the contemporary society would not hear nor listen to that. Pornographic pictures on the billboards have become the order of the day. Some people are even trying to justify these by claiming that it is just an expression of the feminine inner beauty. The pornographic pictures translate moral decay in the society as young women starts to dress in more revealing fashion to express their freedom and independence. The most vulnerable victims of these materials are the young children who are forced to mature at an early age. Besides the unsightly materials, these children get exposed to extreme lifestyles at a very young age such smoking of cigarettes, drinking of alcohol among others (Stearns 2-4). Conclusion Billboard in advertising began a century a go but its use has changed considerably, more so with the technological advancement in the mass media. From very simple structures which could only accommodate a few numbers of posters, billboards have transformed into digital screens that combines both visual and audio means to convey messages and images. Billboard structures can be found by the road side on top of the buildings and lately on moving vehicles. Uses of billboards have been on the rise given its cost effectiveness as compared to other forms of the mass media. Bill boards can also a reach a large number of the targeted group within a short period of time. However, the critics of billboards argue that bill boards cause a lot of destruction to both motorist and pedestrians, thus compromises safety of these roads. Billboards contribute to environmental degradation as companies cut down trees to improve their visibility. Billboard adverts have been used as elements of enhancing popular cultures both in US and the rest of the world. Popular cultures encompass latest trends and practices that have engulfed the majority of the population. For instance the latest trends in fashion, film and music industry, sports, among others. Billboards have been used to enhance and spread these cultures both within and outside the country. The most common billboard adverts focuses on the world of feminine culture where almost nude images of women dominates the billboards. These have drawn both negative and positive reactions across the divide. Work Cited Arena, William. Contemporary Advertising. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. Print. Berman, Barry, and Joel, Evans. Retail Management. New York: MacMillan, 1998. Print. Bolton, Roger. Regional Econometric Models. Journal of Regional Science 25 (1985): 495-520. Book, Albert & Schick, Dennis. Fundamentals of Copy and Layout . Illinois: National Textbook Company, 1997.pp. 166. Fairey, Sheppard. Obey: Supply & Demand The Art of Sheppard Fairey . New York: Gingko, 2006. Print. Fraser, Howard. The American Billboard: 100 Years . New York: H.N. Abrams, 1991. Print. Gibson, Joan. Art and Advertising . London: I.B. Tauris, 2005. Print. Hoffman, Barry. The Fine Art of Advertising . Toronto: Stewart, Tabori and Chang, 2003. Print. Kelly, Mary Jane, and Anoop Nayak. Global femininities: consumption, culture and the Significance of place. Discourse. Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 2008: 325-342. Leavy, Patricia, Andrea, Gnong, and Lauren, Sardi Ross. Femininity, Masculinity, and Body Image Issues among College-Age Women: An In-Depth and Written Interview Study of the Mind-Body Dichotomy. The Qualitative Report (Nova University) 14n no. 2 (2009): 261-292. Luke, Man. The American Billboard: 100 Years . New York: H.N. Abrams, 1991. Print. Matt, Susan. Children’s Envy and the Emergence of the Modern Consumer Ethic, 1890–1930. Journal of Social History 36, no. 2 (2002): 283–302. MacKinnon, Kenneth. Representing men: maleness and masculinity in the media . London: Arnold, 2003. Print McRobbie, Angela. Post-Feminism and popular culture. Feminist Media Studies (Routledge) 4, no. 3 (2004): 255-264. Neuborne, Ellen, and Ronnie Well. Road Show. The New Face of Billboards. Business Week, 2000. Sigman, Aric. Remotely Controlled – How television is damaging our lives– and what we can do about it . London: Vermilion, 2005 Stafford, Barbara. Visual Analogy: Consciousness as the Art of Connecting .Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2001. Print. Stearns, Phillips. Anxious Parents: A History of Modern American Parenting. New York: New York University Press, 2003. Print. Walsh, John. Economy Segment Gets Most Out of Billboards . Germany: H&MM, 2001. Print. Woodside, arch.Outdoor Advertising as Experiments. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 18, 3 (1990): 229-37.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: Richard Rodriguez's article 'Blaxicans and Other Reinvented Americans' reflects on the way cultures of American people have changed over the years. Cultural identities are no longer determined in the same way as in the past where the black or white notion was a common classification factor. Fashion, language, literature, and cuisine are just some of the many aspects that people tend to identify themselves with, nowadays. This approach compared with the black and white notion which sounds more stereotypical.

Richard Rodriguez's article 'Blaxicans and Other Reinvented Americans' reflects on the way cultures of American people have changed over the years. Cultural identities are no longer determined in the same way as in the past where the black or white notion was a common classification factor. Fashion, language, literature, and cuisine are just some of the many aspects that people tend to identify themselves with, nowadays. This approach compared with the black and white notion which sounds more stereotypical.

Blaxicans and Other Reinvented Americans’ Essay This paper reflects on Richard Rodriguez’s claims about culture the article ‘Blaxicans and Other Reinvented Americans’. In this article, Rodriguez has vividly expressed his views about the way the cultures of American people have changed over the years. Cultural identities are no longer determined in the same way as in the past where the ‘black or white’ notion was a common classification factor (Rodriguez B11). As it would be observed, Rodriguez’s arguments in this article have raised a mixture of useful and harmful observations about culture. Throughout the article, Rodriguez has come up with very useful claims about culture. One of these claims is that, the embarrassing concepts or ways that were used to determine and classify cultures in the past are no longer used in the contemporary world. These concepts have been overtaken by events and things such as fashion, language, literature, and cuisines are just some of the many aspects that people tend to identify themselves with, nowadays. This approach compared with the black and white notion which sounds more stereotypical. This view by Rodriguez is very encouraging, considering the fact that America is a diverse country that harbors people of different races. Another useful observation by Rodriguez can be seen in the episode where he likens culture to air and food. Through this observation, Rodriguez makes it clear that, when immersed in certain cultures, people would absorb them in the same way they absorb the air they breathe or the food they consume. The kind of impression Rodriguez tries to create here is that humans will tend to fit within the cultural demands of their living environments. This point can further be elaborated using a much simpler explanation that, people’s cultures are redefined by the various features of their surroundings. This explains the reason why Rodriguez had decided to view culture as a choice and race as an idea. Rodriguez also draws harmful observations on culture in this article, thus raising a lot of controversy on his real stand about this significant trend. For example, he points out that there is no connection between ethnicity and race, and therefore, people can always select their ethnicity based on the things they value and the kind of life they want to adopt. The climax of Rodriguez’s outrageous perception on this matter is clearly manifested through his decision to classify himself as a Chinese when questioned about his nationality (Alefaio 174). In support of his startling response, Rodriguez was quick to assert that he considered himself so because he had lived in the Chinese region for quite sometime. This actually is a very misleading observation. Moreover, Rodriguez’s claim that he acknowledges assimilation on grounds where people of different cultures interact and adopt traits from one another is also a wrongful observation. As it is observed from this article, Rodriguez has provided useful insight on culture and how it is determined. However, some of his claims are not persuasive enough to make him perfect on the matter. For instance, cultural classifications are still very common among people of different ethnicities, regardless of the fact that culture segments are fading away at a very rapid rate as Rodriguez points out. These bad habits are still evident in some states where discrimination on the basis of race or ethnicity prevails. In regard with how culture should be determined, I think there is nothing which can influence people’s cultural aspects more than their ethnicities. Even though it is true that the nature of our living environments will tend to have great impact on our cultures, this cannot exceed the rate by which ethnicity influences our cultures. Works Cited Alefaio, Siautu. “Reflections of a Practitioner: Purely a journey of the heart.” Pacific Health Dialog 15.1 (2009): 171-176. Print. Rodriguez, Richard. ”Blaxicans’ and other reinvented Americans.” The Chronicle of Higher Education 12.9 (2003): B10-B11. Print.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The text discusses the different stages of bone healing after a fracture and how they can be complicated by factors like bleeding disorders and surgical risks.The text discusses the different stages of bone healing after a fracture and how they can be complicated by factors like bleeding disorders and surgical risks.

The text discusses the different stages of bone healing after a fracture and how they can be complicated by factors like bleeding disorders and surgical risks. The text discusses the different stages of bone healing after a fracture and how they can be complicated by factors like bleeding disorders and surgical risks.

Skeletal Trauma: Bone Healing Stages Expository Essay According to Johnston (n.d), bone healing after a fracture undergoes the reactive, reparative, and remodeling stages. However, healing may be complicated because of bleeding disorders and surgical risks. According to Johnston (n.d), the reactive bone healing stage lasts for two to three weeks. This is a very painful and inflaming stage. When healing starts, hematoma, the extravascular blood clot, which forms around the injured site because of the death of blood cells, constricts the flow of blood. Within the fractured area, fibrocartilaginous callus develop and replicate, forming granulation tissue which seals the fractured area (Browner, Jupiter, Levine & Trafton, 2002). That leads to the second reparative stage. At this stage, periosteum replicates and transforms to chondroblasts, which bridge the fracture. The phase takes between four and eight weeks. The tissues formed at this stage grow into fracture callus and form heterogeneous tissues. The remodeling stage comes last and involves the fractured site remodeling itself and correcting deformities a result of the fracture. The stage takes one to several years (Browner, Jupiter, Levine & Trafton, 2002). However, fracture healing can be complicated by a number of factors. One of the factors includes bleeding disorders which are caused by neurovascular injuries. Neurovascular injuries result from severe fractures, which damages the veins and nerves within the injured area. Another complication is caused by surgical disorders. Surgical disorders can be as a result of obesity, smoking, and poor nutrition (Sammarco & Chang, 2002). In conclusion, bone fractures take a few weeks to several years to heal completely. However, there are a number of complications in the healing process that the patient and the doctor need to address. References Browner, B., Jupiter, J., Levine, A. & Trafton, P. (2002) Skeletal Trauma: Fractures, Dislocations, Ligamentous Injuries, 3rd edition. Philadelphia: Saunders Publishers. Johnston, R. (n.d). Problems That Can Occur During Fracture Healing . Web. Sammarco, V. J., & L. Chang. (2002). “Modern Issues in Bone Graft Substitutes and Advances in Bone Tissue Technology.” Foot and Ankle Clinics of North America. 7(1), 19–41.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: Born Poor and Smart is an essay that discusses the ways to eradicate poverty. The author suggests a very persistent way of looking for one's fortune, while Mr. Gans explores the roots of the problem and the ways to fight it.

Born Poor and Smart is an essay that discusses the ways to eradicate poverty. The author suggests a very persistent way of looking for one's fortune, while Mr. Gans explores the roots of the problem and the ways to fight it.

Born Poor and Smart Essay Since poverty, which is defined as the lack of basic needs and cannot be considered a normal state, is constantly growing, according to the recent researches, it has to be dealt with. The ways to eradicate it have been discussed by Angela Locke in ”Born Poor and Smart”, Herbert Gans explored the roots of the problem and the ways to fight it in his article “The war against the poor instead of programs to end poverty”, and the Economist article called “Middle of the Class” has driven a well-thought conclusion concerning the matter. As long as poverty remains the scourge of society, the decisions about fighting it have to be made. Taking Locke’s method (2007), she suggests very persistent way of looking for one’s fortune. The question of “If you are so smart then why are you poor” (Locke 2007, p.106) is taken as a guideline here, and the author pushes the poor to earn for their living with their own brainwork. These are all being cunning and smart that it takes to become rich. The only thing you should do is use the appropriate moment and not to miss the chance. However, that method does have its weak points. The thing about catching your lucky moment depends completely on your own skills and attention. There is nowhere to wait for the backup from, and you are left all alone with the dim chances you might not miss. The drawback of this method is that it does not take the peculiarities of people’s personalities into consideration. The solution that Locke (2007) presents could suit only the people of a particular temper and character features, while those less persistent and more reflexive might simply spend the rest of their lives waiting for the appropriate moments an missing them just as regularly as the fortune comes up with these chances. This is rather a way out for a businessman-like type, but those people already have wealth and fortune. The next solution that is coming up is presented by Mr. Gans (2007). His point is that a poor man is first of all a victim, and he emphasizes that it is the society and the government who are to help the man to get out of the trap. He claims that the society, along with the government, begins the war against the poor; they want to exterminate them instead of brushing through the roots of the poverty and fight the very phenomenon, not the people who have been caught in its claws. “Congress and the President yanked the safety net, never very strong, out from under people, and Congress doesn’t even want to know about the misery they have caused” (Gans 2007, p. 213). So Gans’ method is the contrary to what Locke has suggested. This is the way of the people who are sure that they can rely on the government of their country and that the neighbors and the businessmen will all indulge into welfare as soon as they will be asked for. The idea is very humane, but it is inapplicable to the modern society. Indeed, one can hardly imagine any businessman spending his free time to help a poor man get out of the debt abyss. That is something that borders the science fiction. Finally, there is the third solution presented by the Economist article that presumes that the core idea of wealth is the mobility, and America has never been mobile enough, the author says. People have to get down to work and start thinking wider if they want to shift from the dead point. That sounds reasonable, but the core idea of the mobility is the freedom that only the money can give. Thus, these are not the poor who can make their state better, but the rich. Again, it is quite doubtful that a rich person would agree to use his mobility to improve someone’s state of affairs. It must be kept in mind that this is the century of trade and tradesmen that people live in now, and that such relationship will inevitably end in indifference to the business partners. The world of trade does not like to practice charity. What all three authors agree upon is that the situation still can be improved, which is a reason to be optimistic. The two authors consider that the poor must handle their problems on their own, while Gans is still thinking that the help from the outside is possible. The Economist (2005) drives the example of USA saying that every state can be actually the one of the dreams come true, not the USA only. Meanwhile, Locke drives people to roll up their sleeves and get down to earning their money, finding the ways out and using every opportunity that they can find. The hope works wonders, and maybe someday a bankrupt can turn into a millionaire. However, the fact that the people who have been born poor have almost no chances to climb higher is said to be obvious. “It means that, if you are among the poorest 5% of the population, your chances of achieving an average income are only one in six” (Economist 2005, p. 310) One thing that Locke (2007) is absolutely right about is that people can improve any situation they have got into. It is all to us that it takes. Yet the lack of backup which Gans is speaking about might get an ill-willed person broke. They have not taken the types of character into consideration, and that is what has made them sound so unreal and a bit idealistic. It seems more rational that the one who has gone broke needs all three components to get over the stressful situation. At first, this is working on your own course of thoughts and actions, and then you might start analyzing the financial and economical situation and begin to take some actions. And, finally, this is the encouragement of the people around you, whenever it is your family, or colleagues, or the officials, which gives you forces to go on fighting the crisis. The persistence and belief together with intelligence and good grip make wonders. Works Cited Economist. Middle of the Class (2005). Kennedy, M. L., & Kennedy, W. G. (2007). Writing in the Disciplines (Sixth Edition) . New York, NY: Prentice Hall Gans H. The War against the Poor Instead of Programs to End Poverty. Kennedy, M. L., & Kennedy, W. G. (2007). Writing in the Disciplines (Sixth Edition) . New York, NY: Prentice Hall Locke A. Born Poor and Smart (2007). Kennedy, M. L., & Kennedy, W. G. (2007). Writing in the Disciplines (Sixth Edition) . New York, NY: Prentice Hall

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The paper discusses how brain-based education system can be used to improve the degree of performance in poorly performing schools. It focuses on strong points of the system which include instructions and curriculum, arousal and primer.

The paper discusses how brain-based education system can be used to improve the degree of performance in poorly performing schools. It focuses on strong points of the system which include instructions and curriculum, arousal and primer.

Brain-Based Learning: Strong Points of the System Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Principles of Brain-based learning 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction Brain-based learning is a current teaching approach based on neuroscientists research that suggest that biologically driven framework for creating effective instruction should be adopted by teachers when giving instructions and teaching children. The approach acknowledges that at different development stages, children have certain brain power that can absorb certain issues. Depending with the age and social setting, instructors should adopt educational techniques that are brain-friendly to facilitate learning and memory. The main reason why there are some schools that perform poorly than others is because teachers fail to know the best way to handle and teach their students; every student has potential thus the most important thing is to ensure that there is an environment that can improve the absorption power of students (Sylvan and Joanna 1-7). This paper analysis how brain-based education system can be used to improve the degree of performance in poorly performing schools; to discuss the topic, the paper will focus on strong points of the system. Principles of Brain-based learning The brain is complex but has powers to perform different tasks at the same time; however the parallel structure of the brain needs to be aligned and well instructed. The theory beliefs that the brain has multiple areas that stores information, however for an effective learning, the entire body should be part and parcel of the learning. The concept is of the opinion that the brain is a social organ that is affected by the environment and the general structure of learning environment; brain can be subjected to stressing moments and when stressed then learning is hampered (Kondoh 40). The following are the pillars that can be used to facilitate learning in poorly performing schools: * Instructions and Curriculum Brain is soothed by music and arts; the approach is based on the notion that attention follows the emotions that someone has. With this notion, then when someone’s mind is not emotionally sound, then chances of being attentive to learning and other this is affected. Music and art are known to have the potential of tapping emotional areas in ones brains, lowers stress and thus boosts learning, understanding and memory. Under the frameworks of music, instructors should note the possible intervention mechanisms as: 1. Music as carrier: when music is playing, it has an effect of encoding human brain thus creating and environment of relaxing. Interventions of music should be made for learning students to ensure that their brain remain fresh and attentive. 2. Arousal: when music is playing, it has an effect of relieving the brains thus energizing and calming down the brain 3. Primer: neuroscience research has shown that music has the power of preparing specific pathways for learning content. Other than making the brain prepared, it has an effect of improving ones immune system. With such a research, teachers should use music to prepare students to absorb more information into their system. Teachers should understand their students that when they seem to be worn outs and stressed, then have games, arts and other outdoor activities that are likely to relax the students. Different environments calls for different approaches and so does the music that can reduce stress in children. For instance, in traditional settings, teachers should know the kind of music that restores peace and reduces stress on the people. When engaging in different art physical activities, the actions make avenues of expression and emotional connection and release in children; they need to be engaged in art and activities that involve the use of ones intelligence. In the same angle of art, when someone is taught something and gets the chances to have a hand-on experience, then they are less unlikely to forget the thing. In modern ways where there is technology, teachers should adopt some audio-visual delivery mode that can improve students’ memory. In poorly performing schools, teachers should adopt different teaching methods that improve students’ memory; they should use policies like PowerPoint, fieldtrips, art analysis, metaphoric icons or images and other forms of art that can improve students’ capabilities. When dealing with matters of art, there is need to have a wide knowledge of the culture of the people that the students come from (Duman 2080). * Use more diverse forms of assessment This is the notion that teachers need to have a well illustrated performance and growth model that students have for a certain period of time; since students have different brain power, teachers should have a standard testing and assessment method that can assist in analyzing the trend and improvement pattern that a certain student has. With the well elaborated analysis then teachers will know the specific areas to intervene and sometimes students that require special address. In poorly performing schools, the rate of performance may be attributed it the gauging and comparisons level that the students are given that may make them believe they are weaker than others. For example when examined and rated with other better performing schools, they may feel they are less wise causing them psychological stress and influence. The best way to reduce such chances is to have teachers assessing their students according to the rate of delivery they have given, with such an approach, and then the progress of the child will be noted and improved accordingly. Other than the traditional assessments methods, that has been used as standard ways of accessing students delivery mode, there is need to have other methods both verbal and written self-assessments. Such integrated systems are likely to improve academic growth, interdisciplinary, and realism in assessments; such systems are likely to improve performance of poorly performing schools (Worden, Christina and Kurt 10). * Learning Environment According to Brain-based learning, learning can be improved when social aspects of human life is considered; the environment that children are brought up in have and effect on the perception, attitude and the degree of absorption that the child will have. Poorly performing schools should involve even the community and the people around them when teaching their students; community should offer an optimal learning environment for students. For example, there is a high tendency to find those schools that perform poorly to be located in environments that the people value less education, the community may even hold a negative perception towards the schools that children are going; the totality of these factors creates unfavorable learning environments (Naq 542). Conclusion Poorly performing schools can improve their performance rate by adopting brain-based education method; according to the method, teachers should ensure their students brains is relaxed using interventions like music, art, and simple metaphoric simple icons or images. Other than preparing the brain for learning, instructors should ensure that the learning environment is favorable for learning. Works Cited Duman, Bilal. “The Effects of Brain-Based Learning on the Academic Achievement of Students with Different Learning Styles.” Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice 10.4 (2010): 2077-2103. Print. Kondoh, Michio. “Linking learning adaptation to trophic interactions: a brain size-based approach.” Functional Ecology 24.1 (2010): 35-43. Print. Naq Nawaz Khan, et al. “The Impact of Brain Based Learning on Students Academic Achievement.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business 2.2 (2010): 542-556. Print. Sylvan, Lesley J., and Joanna A. Christodoulou. “Understanding the Role of Neuroscience in Brain Based Products: A Guide for Educators and Consumers.” Mind, Brain & Education 4.1 (2010): 1-7. Print. Worden, Jennifer M., Christina Hinton, and Kurt W. Fischer. “What Does the Brain Have to Do with Learning?.” Phi Delta Kappan 92.8 (2011): 8-13. Print.

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Write an essay about: The essay discusses the building of the Pink brand and the decision making of its consumers. It concludes that the secret of Pink's success in the market both as a part of the Victoria's Secret brand and separately as a cute, young, and bright brand is tracking the peculiarities of its formation in order to make some feasible conclusions about the secret of Pink's success in the market.

The essay discusses the building of the Pink brand and the decision making of its consumers. It concludes that the secret of Pink's success in the market both as a part of the Victoria's Secret brand and separately as a cute, young, and bright brand is tracking the peculiarities of its formation in order to make some feasible conclusions about the secret of Pink's success in the market.

Brand Building and Consumer Decision Making Essay The consumer attitude to the Pink brand has proven to be higher than positive, and it is necessary to track the peculiarities of its formation in order to make some feasible conclusions about the secret of Pink’s success in the market, both as a part of the Victoria’s Secret brand, and separately, as a cute, young, and bright brand. 1. Buyer Decision Process of Pink consumers. The typical customer’s decision-making process concerning the purchase of the product under the Pink brand may identified the following way, depending on whether it is a customer new to the Victoria’s Secret brand or not. In case the customer has never bought the Victoria’s Secret items before, she is likely to perceive the increased accessibility of the aspired brand, and buy the products that she used to want to buy, but could not afford due to the higher than average prices of the VS’s exclusive products. However, some customers (who are indeed of younger age) may really want to buy an item from the Pink series because it suits their hip and fashionable style more than the luxurious items of the mainstream Victoria’s secret brand that may look not old-fashioned, but too adult for some young women who want to seem younger. Those who are not new to the brand, and used to buy Victoria’s Secret items, may be attracted to the Pink series for two reasons: first of all, because they are loyal to the brand and they are sure in its quality, so they want to diversify the set of their lingerie by some more hip, bright, and cute items of the same brand. Every woman is versatile, and at times she wants to look serious and mature, but at times she wants to have fun with peers and friends, so wearing cute and bright lingerie may contribute to the playful mood of a woman belonging to any age group. The second reason is trust to the trend; women know that Victoria’s Secret is a highly fashionable brand that speaks for itself. Hence, issuing a collection of bright, even childish loungewear may indicate the coming fashion for bright colors and playful designs, which makes it strategically important to have such an item in every woman’s wardrobe. 2. Concept of Aspirational Groups; Limits for Its Application. The concept of aspirational groups also has a very serious impact on the buying decisions in the present case. There are two aspirational groups that produce the influence on buyers of Pink items; first of all, it is the group of upper class. As it has been mentioned above, the Pink series is much more accessible in price than standard Victoria’s Secret offers, hence the middle class women who have dreamt of having a VS bra will finally have it, no matter that it will belong to the Pink sub-brand; the main idea is that it is the sub-brand of Victoria’s Secret . However, there is one more aspirational group producing impact on the buyers; according to Kotler and Armstrong (2010), aspirational groups are those “to which the individual wishes to belong”; hence, here not only issues of class but issues of age as well as concerned. As the case study says, the Pink series has attracted attention of much younger categories such as teens and ‘tweens’, who are younger than 18, though the advertising campaign of Pink stated that the targeted segment was between 18 and 30 years old. The Pink products are very attractive to younger girls because they let them feel older, and the aspirational group is already the group of older, more mature girls. It is obvious from this case that marketers should establish certain boundaries for the creation of the aspirational groups’ concept through their advertising or promotion. It is important due to the loss of the brand’s authenticity, specificity, and individuality; in case the brand is suitable for all people in the market segment, or for many market segments, there will be no uniqueness and individuality that is highly appreciated by many customers. More than that, the aspirational group of age is non-ethical, since it creates false images and aspirations in younger categories of customer groups and distorts the brand perception. 3. Positive and Negative Consumer Attitudes towards the Pink Brand. Despite the popularity of the Pink label growing recently, there are clearly both negative and positive attitudes that can be formed towards the sub-brand. The negative attitudes may arise from the change of focus that was exclusive, limited series of supreme lingerie that is now longing to mass production and attraction of greater masses of middle-class consumers. In addition, Victoria’s Secret has been traditionally viewed as a deluxe brand for mature women, so the childishness and light-mindedness of the new brand may also be disapproved as negative reputation to the serious, luxury brand. However, the positive perceptions of the brand are much more popular, and may arise from the accessibility of the brand, at least in a different form, to larger numbers of buyers. In addition, younger women, and girls in their early twenties, may not have to choose between wearing cute, bright lingerie, and buying supreme items thereof. In addition, younger girls may like the brand because it fits their tastes and interests, which is often neglected by lingerie producers – teens already need it, and they should be targeted as well. 4. Role of Pink in the Formation of Teens’ and Tweens’ Self-Concept. It is hard to say what role the Pink brand may play in the formation of the teens’ and tweens’ self-concept, but it is highly probable that a significant change will not occur. The reason for this is in the design of Pink items – they are cute, funny, even childish, so they, on the contrary, will help teens and tweens wear lingerie and loungewear and still be teens and tweens, without the need of getting old quickly. The hearts and polka-dots, staffed animals, bright colors and hip designs of the Pink loungewear will help young women and teens remain in their age, having all items in the wardrobe that they want and need for their casual life. References Kotler, P., & Armstrong, J. (2010). Principles of marketing . (13 th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The knowledge about non-verbal communication cues and the use of body language among individuals of various cultural orientations is critical in the health practice because clinicians and support staff who may be unaware of the cultural variations in communication may not only miss critical medical implications for a patient but can also unintentionally aggravate an often already fragile therapeutic relationship.

The knowledge about non-verbal communication cues and the use of body language among individuals of various cultural orientations is critical in the health practice because clinicians and support staff who may be unaware of the cultural variations in communication may not only miss critical medical implications for a patient but can also unintentionally aggravate an often already fragile therapeutic relationship.

Bridging the Cultural Gap in a Medical Practice: Use of Body Language Essay The knowledge about non-verbal communication cues and the use of body language among individuals of various cultural orientations is critical in the health practice because clinicians and support staff who may be unaware of the cultural variations in communication may not only miss critical medical implications for a patient but can also unintentionally aggravate an often already fragile therapeutic relationship (Chen, 2009). Studies have found that different cultures have distinct culturally-acceptable techniques for non-verbal communication, including the use of body language in terms of using gestures, glances, slight alterations of voice, and other supplementary communication techniques (O’Neil, 2009). In addition to reviewing three cultures and their use of body language, this paper also purposes to describe how a care provider in the medical practice could bridge the gap between American body language and other cultures’ use of body language. In North America, individuals usually employ “…arms and hands to say good-bye, point, count, express excitement, beckon, warn away, threaten, insult etc” (O’Neil, 2009, para. 3). Slight movements of the head are used to gesture acknowledgement or decline something, and changes in facial characteristics are employed to smile, frown, and wink acknowledgement or flirtation. A combined movement of the head and shoulders is used to indicate that an individual do not actually understand something. It is important to note that these highly culture-bound methods are learnt over the years, not in the school environment, but by observing and imitating others (O’Neil, 2009). The intensity of the message being communicated is evaluated in terms of whether the individual is using a high, low, quick, slow, whispering or yelling voice. In the U.S., the interaction distance is also critical in communication, and usually demonstrates the confidentiality, sensuality, or secrecy of the message. Still, culture normally dejects touching by adults except in situations of great familiarity or formal greetings, and men run the risk of being labeled homosexuals or individuals of questionable character if they are seen holding hands. Lastly, clothes are used to communicate different messages, especially in women The Latin American culture stresses very close interaction distance between two individuals, not mentioning that much more physical contact between individuals is expected and desired (O’Neil, 2009). In the Japanese culture, focus is largely placed on the eyes of the communicating individuals to interpret emotions since culture does not allow open expression of emotions as is the case in the U.S. (Hogan, n.d.). A staff member working in a medical practice can bridge the cultural gap between American body language and other cultures’ body language by first and foremost understanding the symbolic significance and meaning of different body language cues employed within the cultural-specific context (Hall, 1987). For instance, the staff member needs to understand that while most Americans express their joy or sadness by varying the direction of the mouth, the Japanese express the same feelings by eye depiction (Hogan, n.d.). Understanding how the Japanese vary their eye depiction will give the medical practitioner much more information about whether a particular patient is happy or sad, the same way an American or a Latin American patient may be understood by the way they vary their mouth. Understanding the communication distance is important in bridging the gap between Americans and Latin Americans since both employ varying levels of distance while communicating. A proper understanding of these variations will assist the practitioner to discern appropriate adjustments in giving assistance. Clothes in the Japanese cultural context do not carry the same meaning as the do in the American culture. In bridging the cultural gap, the staff member also needs to be aware of the implications of distinct gestures and postures demonstrated by various cultures. For instance, while bowing is highly criticized in North America for displaying dominance over others, it is highly respected in Japan as a means to display rank (Hall, 1987). In the same vein, while an American may point at something using his/her index finger to emphasize a point, the same is considered highly rude and disgraceful in the Japanese culture. In addition, the staff member needs to be aware of the fact that people from different cultures suppress or reveal their facial expressions divergently. While the Japanese culture repress facial expression as much as possible, the Latin American culture is known to amplify sorrow or unhappiness using facial expressions, while most American men hide anguish or sadness. Understanding these differences is paramount for effective communication Reference List Chen, P.W. (2009, July 16). Bridging the culture gap. The New York Times . Retrieved from < https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/health/16chen.html > Hall, E.T. & Hall, M. (1987). Hidden Differences, Doing Business with the Japanese , New York: Doubleday. Hogan, K. (n.d.). Reading body language: Japanese vs. American . Retrieved from < https://kevinhogan.com/ > O’Neil, D. (2009). Hidden aspects of communication . Retrieved from < https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/language/language_6.htm >

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Buddhism is a religion which preaches way of life. It is not a structure of doctrine or temples. It is not obtained by mystical or provisional experience, and is not only a religion of qualified people. Although it is natural experience evident in everyday life, and is for every human being in spite of ideology, personality, or status.

Buddhism is a religion which preaches way of life. It is not a structure of doctrine or temples. It is not obtained by mystical or provisional experience, and is not only a religion of qualified people. Although it is natural experience evident in everyday life, and is for every human being in spite of ideology, personality, or status.

Buddhism and its impact on Japan Essay Buddhism is a religion which preaches way of life. It is not a structure of doctrine or temples. It is not obtained by mystical or provisional experience, and is not only a religion of qualified people. Although it is natural experience evident in everyday life, and is for every human being in spite of ideology, personality, or status. This clarifies that Buddhist has an immense impact on the Japanese people in various phases of life. Mahayana Buddhism covers extensive sorts of philosophical schools, meditative regulations and metaphysical convictions. Buddhism has subsisted along with Shintoism for around 1,400 years in Japan. Initially, Buddhism was a belief that was connected with the upper classes, whereas a combination of Shinto and Buddhist convictions were followed by ordinary people of Japan. Buddhism ascribed with Shintoism created purity, and cleared all internal and external issues. When Buddhism entered the borders of Japan, then the people started using the term Shinto to differentiate the indigenous beliefs of Japanese people. Japanese were fortunate people, as they got the Mahayana form of Buddhism. It is a highly tolerant religion, and is capable of accepting new thoughts and creates bonds with other beliefs and religions. To accommodate with Shintoism the Japanese Buddhism made slight additions (Hays). Shinto was enlightened as a kind of local evidence of complete truth and kami were incorporated as a common form of Buddhist divinities. Shintoism made Buddha a kami that was created from Chinese Buddhism and made kamis subject to the similar sequences such as death or rebirth that was a belief of Buddhists. Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples were also constructed near each other, so there should be no arguments between the religious beliefs. Kamis had to listen to Buddhist sutras and later they were considered as embodiments of Bodhisattvas. With the help of these conceptions, the Japanese Buddhist initiated many of the new ideas in the Shintoism and Confucianism, and is now considered as corresponding versions of the similar basic truth. It has achieved a wide acceptance among the Japanese (Hays). Today in Japan, there are approximately 119 million followers of Shinto, and any person who performs any approach of Shinto rituals is counted as well. A wide range of Japanese people who are taking part in everyday Shinto and Confucian rituals and beliefs are also following Buddhist forerunner worship. Buddhism, Confucianism and Shintoism do not require practicing faith to be a practitioner or an advocate. In addition, it is also difficult to question for exact terms comprised on self identification of faith within Japan. Due to the mixed beliefs of Buddhism and Shinto, majority of “life” occasions are carried according to Shinto principles whereas the “death” or “afterlife” occurrences are carried by Buddhism (Global Nomads Group (GNG)). For example, when a child is born in Japan the people celebrate the birth event in a Shinto shrine. Whereas when a person dies, then the funeral arrangements are handled according to Buddhist traditions and principles. Another example is most of the Japanese go to Shinto shrines for New Year celebrations, and is often stated by a specific need or aspiration of the person, while people visit Buddhist temples for dealing with afterlife questions and to know about afterlife situations. Most of the Japanese have accepted that both religious beliefs are complimentary, and necessary for dealing with everyday issues and routines (Global Nomads Group (GNG)). Works Cited Global Nomads Group (GNG). Religion in Japan: Shinto, Buddhism Society. 2010. Web. Hays, Jeffery. Buddhism in Japan. 2010. Web.

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Write an essay about: Buddhism in Canada is a religion that has been growing in popularity. Buddhism is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, the founding father of Buddhism practices. Buddhism is based on the assumption that reality is a constant instability together with the principle of interdependence, the dominance of mind and consecrated admiration of health and the world.

Buddhism in Canada is a religion that has been growing in popularity. Buddhism is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, the founding father of Buddhism practices. Buddhism is based on the assumption that reality is a constant instability together with the principle of interdependence, the dominance of mind and consecrated admiration of health and the world.

Buddhism in Canada Essay Introduction Buddhism emanated from the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama who is the founding father of Buddhism practices. Buddhism is based on the assumption that reality is a constant instability together with the principle of interdependence, the dominance of mind and consecrated admiration of health and the world. Buddhists use these founding principles as a standard by which all other scientific ideas must come to scrutiny. Their concept of interrelations stresses the sequential efficacy between cause and its effect. This brings to light their belief in retribution and reward and gives an account of origins, doggedness, disintegration and disappearance of all what existed. Their principle of interdependence further stress on the aspects of form and spatial mutuality of all what exists. People who believe in Buddhism are known to embrace academic discoveries. They have incorporated some of these discoveries in their doctrine. Thus they take without slightest resistance Darwin’s theories of origin of species and evolution which otherwise met great resistance in the larger Christian West. Transience is an irrefutable opinion for Buddhists. They put to scrutiny in great deal change, its stages, duration and its tangible effect. Introduction of Buddhism in the west met with interest in science that emerged from the need to ground religious belief in new understanding of scientific reality (Jayawardena 1) Development of Buddhism in Canada Similar to many western countries, Canada has embraced Buddhism as a religion. Although it was considered as an alien religion in Canada in the early years of its introduction, Buddhism is now becoming a mainstream religion in not only Canada but also in the United States. Being the largest North American country and one of the largest countries in the world, Canada has many cultures as well as different religions. Buddhism emerged in Canada since the nineteenth century although its major force on religion has been felt 1960s. The membership of Buddhist temples in Canada have raised from 10,000 in 1960 up to 50,000 by 1985. Buddhists in Canada have continued to double every decade thus increasing the percentage of the Canadian population in Buddhism. In fact, Buddhists have outnumbered Sikhs and Hindus especially with the increasing influx of immigrant Buddhists from Sri Lanka and other countries such as china. As a result, Buddhism institutions such as temples and libraries have been discovered. The first Buddhism temple to be established in Canada was by Dr. Dickwella Mahathera in 978. Another temple, Mahavihara, was later established with the specific purpose of serving spiritual and religious needs of the Canadian Buddhists. A Buddhist center called Vihara was established as a sign of devotion and to serve as a missionary instructor by providing information on Dhamma to western investigators. With the help of the president, venerable Pandith Ahangam, the Vihara got extended and was structured with better facilities. One of the largest of the three cities in Canada has a Buddhist temple which is one of the total eight Buddhist temples in Canada. Canada also has Sri Lankan monks for offering free Buddha dharma to all who seek it. With anagarika being the first Buddhist to visit Canada, he is seen as the light of Buddhism in Canada since Canadians were attracted to his cause (Bruce 1). With millions of Canadians showing interests in learning and practicing Buddhism doctrines, Buddhism has been reported to be the fastest growing religion in Canada and the western at large. The relation between the development of Buddhism in Canada and the act of multiculturalism The act of multiculturalism in Canada was passed in 1982 and it declares that it is the policy of the Canadian government to recognize and promote multiculturalism from cultural to racial diversities amongst the Canadian people. Thus the government recognizes the rights of the minority groups regardless of their culture, religion and color. Canada has since been described as diverse and multicultural with records of anti racism depicted by high levels of immigration. Due to this freedom, Buddhism in Canada has continued to grow with exhibitions and shows being held publicly all over Canada. For instance, an exhibition show on heritage of Buddhism was held in 2005 to express and inspire people on Buddhism. It comprised of several photographs which gave the perspective of richness in Buddhism heritage. Such arts associated with Buddhism could only be possible with the act of multiculturalism and they have had great impacts in the process of flourishing Buddhism all over the Asian continent (Canada’s multicultural policies 1). This exhibition was facilitated by a college professor who is a Buddhist with a little help from volunteers most of which were from the university of Toronto. The exhibition has since then remained open for public viewing for free. By passing the act of multiculturalism by the Canadian government, the Buddhists got the gateway to diversify their doctrines and beliefs to a wider population. Conclusion Religion and culture are very important aspects in our society. Every citizen therefore has the right to enjoy and practice a choice culture or religion without any restrictions whatsoever by the law. Works Cited Bruce, Mathews. “Buddhism in Canada”. Web. Canada’s multicultural policies. “understanding Canadian diversity”. Web. Jayawardena, Lakshman. “Buddhism – fastest growing religion in Canada”. 2004. Web.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The essay examines the concept of motivation in business and how it can be used to create a successful managerial environment. It also looks at the importance of client satisfaction and how it can be used to build a core base of return and satisfied clients.

The essay examines the concept of motivation in business and how it can be used to create a successful managerial environment. It also looks at the importance of client satisfaction and how it can be used to build a core base of return and satisfied clients.

Give’Em the Pickle! Motivation in Business Essay Effective business management is one of the core issues lacking in most business organizations. According to Bob Farrell motivating the workers is a central feature in establishing a sound and effective managerial environment. Motivation, for instance, as illustrated in his video titled Give e`m the PICKLE is presented as the principal force behind successful organizations. Thus, the video seems to suggest that lack of motivation is unhealthy for both the client and the concerned business organization. In essence what this indicates is that by inspiring the employees in an organization the chances that they will be productive are high. Another highlighted feature in Bob Farrell’s video, Give em the PICKLE revolves within the scope of client satisfaction. Basically, the central role of any business organization is to satisfy its clients. Hence, Farrell asserts that for any organization to satisfy its clients it ought to embrace the concept of serving others its topmost priority. This is he supports by arguing that business is actually a noble career and all involved must be proud of what they embrace. Also the scope of attitude is equally examined. The core approach to this features pertains to the manner clients are treated. Thus, he notes that ones attitude determines how an individual treats the clients. More so, this is supported by insisting on consistency. What the video does is to explore the dynamics of teamwork. This is testified by the manner he explores the concepts of seeking apposite ways to make each and every aspect of serving look good and eventually delivering on time. Examining the scope of consistency he points to the need of setting high but realistic standards and equally sticking to them. This is shown to be the principal reasons client’s returns for having received satisfying services. Another highlight of the video touches on teamwork. It ought to be noted that individual talent in business is not appreciated as is with teamwork. Farrell notes that teamwork plays a crucial role in establishing the right managerial and organizational approach. This he notes is essential in providing seamless but healthy customer care. And this explains the need for client satisfaction which leads to client loyalty as well as building a core base of return and satisfied clients. In essence, Bob Farrell explores the dynamics of running a business organization that have the right attitude in satisfying its clients. This is demonstrated in the manner he examines the subject pertaining to the client satisfaction. He notes client satisfaction means life to any business organization. Horst Schulze is the chairman as well as chief executive officer of West Paces Hotel Group. Despite his involvement in hotel industry he has a long history in regard to travel industry. As depicted in the video, there a number of managerial issues that he profoundly examines and offers critical insight. Human contact, for example, is one of the major issues that he argues helps in fostering strong business management. He notes that, because human contact cannot disappear it is thus essential to invest in apposite human resources development. This he notes would entail the integration of diverse features which includes training as well as technology. With this in mind it is thus easier to create an organization which can be defined as a centre of excellence in regard to consumer satisfaction. Thus, human contact would entail providing the apposite to the client and this adds value to the services or products being rendered to the client. Another instrumental feature that Schulze touches on this video seems to touch on the aspects of creating value rather than on concentrating on value itself. The concept revolves within the parameters of satisfying the client despite the situation. It is the creation of apposite products that helps in developing organizational values. According to his observation value is paramount in as far as organizational management is concerned and this is not restricted to hotel or travel industry it touches on all business entities. Creating excellence as a leader in regard to proper business management is another feature that is elaborately defined in the video. It would be instrumental to note that excellence helps in the provision of the best products and as helps in establishing ethical parameters across the board. Schulze notes that discipline and strong leadership helps to nurture true aspects of excellence. More so, without any aspects of excellence hospitality business cannot prosper according to his observation. Thus, excellence ought to be a central aspect in regard to any business whether hospitality or service provider. He notes that central to any success is learning to set standard which would add value to both the business as well as the clients. Too, the concept of building brand is equally mentioned as major component of propelling business organizations to grow. He notes motivating the workers is a core feature that compels both managers and their subordinates to be productive. Thus, managerial discipline helps in establishing a brand that is valuable and satisfying and more so profitable.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: MySpace is a social networking site that was started in 2005. The site has approximately 125 million users and provides internet users with a platform to connect and share with each other with regards to culture and content. The paper carries out a critical analysis of the company from a business perspective. It notes that MySpace has an outstanding potential for generating revenue through social networking platforms, but that the issues the company is currently facing can easily lead to its demise.

MySpace is a social networking site that was started in 2005. The site has approximately 125 million users and provides internet users with a platform to connect and share with each other with regards to culture and content. The paper carries out a critical analysis of the company from a business perspective. It notes that MySpace has an outstanding potential for generating revenue through social networking platforms, but that the issues the company is currently facing can easily lead to its demise.

Business Case Analysis: MySpace Company Case Study MySpace.com Company: A Brief Background In the recent past, the number of companies operating in the social networking industry has risen exponentially. The rise is attributed to, among others, the increased growth in information and communication technology (ICT). The companies operating in this field include, among others, Facebook, Linkedln, and Twitter. Facebook is perhaps one of the largest and most dominant of these companies. MySpace is another company operating in the global social networking industry. Currently, this company has approximately 125 million users (CrunchBase, 2013). The site provides internet users with a platform to connect and share with each other with regards to culture and content. Compared to other companies operating in this industry, MySpace is a relatively old company. It was a leading player in this industry in 2005. In spite of this long history, there are several issues that are currently facing the company. When the company was started, the founders wanted to exploit the socializing potential among internet users. However, the economic potential of the company was only realized when it was purchased by News Corporation. In this paper, the author carries out a critical analysis of the company from a business perspective. A number of frameworks, theories, and concepts that were introduced during the semester are used in this analysis. The problems facing the company, as well as the underlying causes of these problems, are analyzed. Finally, recommendations are made to address these issues. MySpace.com: A Detailed Company Analysis Key Issues Affecting MySpace.com When it was acquiring MySpace, News Corporation was hoping to make profits from the venture. However, MySpace is facing a number of critical issues that News Corporation needs to address if the envisaged returns are to be realized. The key issues include, among others, the following: * Competition from other social networking sites. The industry is saturated with many players offering similar services. The competitors include AOL, Yahoo!, and Facebook. * The need for the company to generate revenue through advertisements, especially from the big brands in the global market. * The need to enhance user confidence in the site, especially with regards to content. * The need to strike a balance between revenue generation and user satisfaction. * Keeping up with changing trends in the industry. Such changes affect access platforms and the generation of user friendly features. * The need to transform the users of the site into customers, or at least make them potential sources of revenue generation. Analysis of Key Business Issues It is noted that MySpace has an outstanding potential for generating revenue through social networking platforms. However, the issues the company is currently facing can easily lead to its demise. Opportunities for the company are immense, but the management is unwilling or unable to exploit them. Marketing strategies and decision-making processes are major impediments to growth and future direction of MySpace. Upon acquisition, it was realized that the marketing objectives of existing MySpace managers differed significantly with those of News Corporation technocrats. The management at News Corporation is more concerned with generation of profits. However, the founders of MySpace are more concerned with user satisfaction. Both dimensions are important. However, the varying objectives may result to losses. Intense focus on customer satisfaction may render the company unprofitable. On the other hand, intense focus on revenue generation may lead to low quality services. Such services may push users away from the site. The ethical issues surrounding the services offered by MySpace are critical to the company’s business model. Majority of MySpace users are youths. Their parents and guardians are worried about glorification of sex and drugs in the site. The system does not clearly define the nature of the content promoted. Recommendations Several measures can be taken to address the issues facing MySpace.com. Decision making should take the center stage in the operations of the company. The management and the development teams should be separated. The decisions made by MySpace developers and News Corporation should be harmonized to come up with shared objectives for the company. The company’s value chain also needs to be addressed. According to Laudon and Laudon (2013), the company is currently using the push-based supply chain model. The model predicts customer demands and then pushes products to them. Developers of MySpace should also desist from focusing solely on customer satisfaction. The management at MySpace should provide services targeting the predicted customer demands. The management should also make efforts to increase revenue generation without compromising quality of services. The internet is changing at a very fast pace. As such, focusing on one aspect of an online business, such as customer satisfaction, can result to losses in the long run. Speedy exploitation of online opportunities is paramount. Failure to do this gives competitors an edge in the market. As such, the need for revenue generation at MySpace should be balanced with the need for customer satisfaction. Enhanced management of customer relations and clearly defined user policies will boost the confidence of the customers. However, the policies should not stifle business. Lack of clear boundaries in with regards to content can endanger the survival of MySpace in the industry. References CrunchBase. (2013). MySpace. Retrieved from https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/myspace Laudon, K., & Laudon, C. (2013). Management information system 13e: Managing the digital firm. New York: Pearson Higher Ed.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: In every organization communication plays a significant role in determining the level of efficiency in organization's operations.Communication can be viewed as the process in which one person disseminates or receives message from another. Communication plays a significant role in enhancing an organization to meet its goals. Effective communication facilitates the coordination of various activities in an organization hence promoting the realization of organizational goals. Through communication, it becomes easier for different stakeholders in an organization to exchange ideas. In any organization, business communication

In every organization communication plays a significant role in determining the level of efficiency in organization's operations. Communication can be viewed as the process in which one person disseminates or receives message from another. Communication plays a significant role in enhancing an organization to meet its goals. Effective communication facilitates the coordination of various activities in an organization hence promoting the realization of organizational goals. Through communication, it becomes easier for different stakeholders in an organization to exchange ideas. In any organization, business communication

Optus Company Business Communication Rhetorical Essay In every organization communication plays a significant role in determining the level of efficiency in organization’s operations. Communication can be viewed as the process in which one person disseminates or receives message from another. Communication plays a significant role in enhancing an organization to meet its goals. Effective communication facilitates the coordination of various activities in an organization hence promoting the realization of organizational goals. Through communication, it becomes easier for different stakeholders in an organization to exchange ideas. In any organization, business communication is important in promoting a service, product or even an organization itself. There are several ways through which an organization can use in communication. These include television, internet, publications, and word of mouth or out door. However, these methods differ in terms of efficiency and effectiveness (Varner 2000). Octopus is one of these organizations where communication has significantly contributed to its success. Octopus is an Australian company which is involved in the provision of various kinds of communication which includes mobile, business network, international telephony, and internet and business network services. One of the methods which are used in communication at Optus is face to face communication. This method is mostly used in communication among employees in the organization. According to Locker (2000), this method reveals more information compared to other forms of business communication. Through verbal communication, employees can be able to contradict or even support the ideas of their fellow colleagues. For instance, employees can easily negotiate on the best decisions which are most feasible with the organization through verbal discussions. The company has also used the method of video conferencing in order to overcome geographical barriers (Optus 2008). This method of communication has also enabled different stakeholders involved in the management of the company to collaborate with others without necessarily having to travel. It makes it possible for the stakeholder to communicate face to face. Another type of communication applied in the organization is telephone. This type of communication has also played a significant role in promoting the efficiency in the organization’s operations. For instance, the company uses telephone in contacting its customers. One advantage of this method of communication is that the feedback is received instantly. One of the most effective forms of communication in the company is through the internet and teleconferencing (Anonymous 2011). Octopus has used various methods of communication in its effort to meet its goals. One of the main methods applied in the company is the internet. Through the internet, the organization has managed to expand its market since it can reach a greater number of people despite of their location. This has helped the company to expand its market. It is also cost effective to use internet as a form of communication (Guffey 2004). This method of communication has significantly helped the company in meeting its targets. For instance, the company wanted to expand its consumer base this year (BusinessWire 2011). This target can be realized only through application of effective communication measures. In the contemporary world, many people can now access internet from any part of the globe. Therefore, it is advisable for Optus to concentrate in promoting the use of internet by its stakeholders. This will help the company to reach a greater number of people efficiently. It will also contribute in reduction of the overall operations costs hence maximizing the company’s profits. Reference List Anonymous. 2011. Optus Managed TelePresence . Web. BusinessWire. 2011. Research and Markets: Australia Telco Company Profiles – Optus Company Overview and Operating Statistics 2011 . Web. Guffey, M. 2004. Business Communication. ISBN: 0-324-18535-9. pp.448. Locker, K. 2000. The State of Business Communication. Journal of Business Communication January 2000 Vol. 37; pp111-111. Varner, I. 2000. Theoretical Foundation for Intercultural Business Communication: A Conceptual Model. Journal of Business Communication January 2000. Vol. 37: pp39-57.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay discusses the importance of communication in the success of businesses, and how Qantas Airline has integrated communication in its marketing strategy.

The essay discusses the importance of communication in the success of businesses, and how Qantas Airline has integrated communication in its marketing strategy.

Business Communication: Qantas Airline Report Executive Summary This report entails an analysis of market communication within organizations. To provide a real life situation, the report entails an analysis of how market communication that has been integrated by Qantas Airline. The report gives the background information on the concept of market communication within organizations. The report also illustrates the various market communication strategies used by Qantas Airline. In the report, both traditional and emerging market communication strategies are considered. The report considers a number of marketing communication strategies such as advertsising, public relations, and direct marketing. Furthermore, the report also highlights the effective sue of non traditional marketing initiatives such as the employment of web based communication tools. The paper highlights some of the tools that available for utilization by the company such as social median nd the company’s website. In order to develop a comprehensive understanding of how Qantas Airlines uses these strategies, the report has illustrates the various mediums used by the firm. Some of the mediums considered include use of television, radio, and billboards. Additionally, the report illustrates the emerging market communication mediums used by the firm. Some of the emerging marketing tools that the paper highlights as useful to Qantas include Facebook, twitter and YouTube. The report also evaluates the various factors contributing towards Qantas Airline success in its marketing communication, such as adoption of social media marketing, and the collaborative marketing drives with strategic business partners .Finally, a conclusion on the importance and the effectiveness of the company’s current marketing strategies, their advantages and shortcomings is offered. The paper also offers recommendations on the new strategies in marketing communications that the company needs to adopt. Introduction This report is aimed at conducting an analysis on marketing communication strategies that Qantas airline has incorporated in its operation. Communication entails the process of exchanging information through symbols and words. The objective of communication is to develop a common understanding. Communication is a critical component in the success of businesses. Currently, the global airline industry is characterized by an increment in the intensity of competition. As a result, it is critical for firms to incorporate an effective marketing communication (Ferrel & Hartline, 2008, p.23). One of the ways through which an organization can achieve this is by integrating both internal and external communication network (Merrier, Logan &Williams, p.3). In their operation, organizations should consider communication as one of the most important elements. Communication plays an important role for example in giving instructions and guidance. Through effective communication, an organization is able to develop a strong relationship with its stakeholders (Bartels & Nelissen, 2002, p.34). Qantas has put in place effective communication strategies that are aimed at ensuring effective and timely dissemination of information to all stakeholders. In its communication policy for shareholders, the company has endeavored to publish not only information on its current operations but other relevant managemt information that is suitable for its investors in Qantas investor’s website (Qantas, 2010, p. 7). Furthermore, the company has looked beyond traditional marketing tools such as media releases and is now engaging such modern marketing tools such as social media. Through such social media tools such as Facebook twitter and YouTube the company is able to initiate direct and timely communication with its clients. Background to the study Qantas Airline has been in operation for a considerable duration in Australia. The firm has managed to attain a strong market position within Australia. Currently, the airline is considered to be one of the leading long distance airlines in the country. Additionally, the firm has also developed a strong brand reputation amongst its customers. In an effort to attain its profit maximization objective, the firm has ventured into the international market. Currently, the firm has a human resource base of more than 35,000 skilled employees which makes it one of the best Airlines in Australia. In its quest to increase its profit, Qantas changed its management team and reformulated its goals. In 2009, Qantas catered for more than 38 million passengers. As a result of increment in the number of customers, Qantas Airline purchased a new aircraft known as the A380. The decision to purchase the aircraft was motivated by the need to serve its customers more effectively. The firm has also incorporated the internationalisation strategy by expanding into the international market. It is the firm’s objective to necome one the biggest airlines in world. To achieve this, the firm has engaged itself in a market awareness campaign. One of the strategies that the firm has incorporated entails use of advertising. Advertising is a good communication between a company and their customers. It plays a strong impact on the society which helps a lot of companies to increase their profit and their Reputation. Qantas use TV, website, newspaper and street board as tools to advertise their news. In a way to increase the communication between the company and the customers, Qantas have to make some Questionnaire and be active with Complaints. In its internationalization strategy, it is the firm’s objective to attain a high market share. In order to achieve its objective, the firm has also improved its operation by purchasing more effective aircrafts such as the Airbus A380s. It is also paramount for the firm’s management team to incorporate effective marketing communication (Belliotti, 2008, p.32). Aim This report is aimed at conducting an analysis on marketing communication strategies that Qantas airline has incorporated in its operation. Scope The report is composed of various sections. The first section entails an analysis of market communication within the airline industry. The second section outlines the integrated market communication strategies adopted by Qantas Airline. These include both traditional and emerging marketing communication. In the third section, the report illustrates the various factors contributing to Qantas Airline success in its marketing communication.Finally, a conclusion and a number of recommendations are outlined. Analysis Market Communication The success of firms in different economic sector is dependent on the effectiveness with which it undertakes its marketing. Kimmel (2005, p.1), is of the opinion that marketing communication is one of the ways through which a firm can attain its profit maximisation objective. This arises from the fact that it contributes towards creating product awareness which is one of the steps that motivates consumers to consider purchasing a particular product in their purchasing process (Carkenord, 2009, p.3). Marketing communication is also paramount since it creates a link between a firm and its competitors. However, Rao (n.d) asserts that marketing within the services industry is challenging. As a result, marketing within the airline industry which is a service sector is a demanding task. This arises from the fact that it entails converting seats into sales revenue. Since its inception, the airline’s management team has been committed at ensuring that a large number of customers are aware of its products. In order to achieve this, the airline has incorporated the concept of integrated marketing communication. Integrated marketing communication Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) entails integration of various marketing communication methods (Russel & Taylor, 2004, p. 56). IMC entails incorporation of both traditional and emerging marketing communication strategies. Jain (2008, p.3) is of the opinion that IMC contributes towards value addition in a firm’s effort to create market awareness. In its operation, Qantas Airlines has taken into consideration the importance of incorporating an effective marketing communication which entails incorporation of both traditional and emerging marketing communication methods in an effort to succeed in the international market. This is evident in that the firm has incorporated a wide range of marketing communication methods. Some of the marketing communication techniques which the firm uses entail use of advertising, public relations, direct marketing, and sales promotion. In its advertising strategy, Qantas Airlines has incorporated different mediums which entail emerging and conventional marketing communication mediums. Traditional advertising mediums In order to reach all the customer categories, firms should incorporate traditional marketing communication methods. This arises from the fact that it is not all individuals who are versed with emerging marketing communication technologies (Gitman & McDaniel, 2009). In its operation, the traditional methods which the firm uses entail use of print media such as newspaper and magazines, radio and television. Additionally, the firm also uses different outdoor advertising mediums such as billboards, poster and branding its vehicles with promotion messages. In effort to create market awareness, Qantas Airline has developed a press office. The core role of the press office is to deal with direct communication. Through the press office, the firm is able to pass information regarding various issues to the journalists. Some of the information which the firm communicates through the press office relates to incorporation of new routes in its flight schedule. Considering the fact that the firm deals with both individual and institution customers, Qantas Airlines has incorporated direct mails in its market communication. The direct mails have enabled the firm to develop a strong relationship with institutional customers. This arises from the fact that the firm is able to interact effectively with the customers. In its outdoor advertising using bill boards, Qantas Airlines has entered into a contract with outdoor advertising companies which have their bill boards strategically located. In order to create effective awareness, Qantas Airlines ensures that its logo is appropriately displayed. In all these adverts, the airline ensures that its distinctive logo is clearly visible. In its advertising, the airline uses catchy slogans which influence both individuals and organizational customers within Australia to consider the firm in their purchasing process. For example, one of the television commercials that the firm uses is ‘I still call Australia home’. This makes the consumers to consider Qantas Airline to be a part of the Australian society. The resultant effect is that the firm is able to stimulate brand loyalty within its domestic market. Attaining a strong market position is an effective strategy that a firm should consider. This arises from the fact that market position acts as a competitive advantage to a firm (Knox, 2004, p. 23). In an effort to position itself in the market, the airline developed a number of advertising commercials. One of this commercial is ‘The Spirit of Tomorrow’. In this commercial, the firm depicts its commitment in improving its operation within Australia. Qantas Airline has also undertaken marketing communication through being involved in public relations. One of the ways through which the firm has achieved this is by sponsoring various sporting events. Within Australia, the airline associates itself with different sports such as soccer, athletics, football and rugby. For example, Qantas Airline has entered into a sponsoring relationship with the Australian Rugby Union by sponsoring various rugby events. The airline is considered to be the official airline with regard to Qantas Wallabies. Qantas Airline also associates itself with the Australian Olympic Committee by supporting the Australian Olympic team for a considerable duration. The firm also participates in Olympic festivals which presents the firm with an opportunity to communicate to a large number of sports enthusiasts. Through public relation, the firm is able to make a strong bond with its target clients. This increases the probability of the sports enthusiasts considering the airline in the process of making travel decisions. In addition, Qantas Airline has also incorporated the concept of using celebrities to be its ambassadors. These celebrities have played an important role in popularising Qantas Airlines both in the domestic and the international market. Some of the ambassadors that the firm has used include Mark Webber who was a renowned motorsport champion especially with regard to open wheel racing such as Formula 1. A second ambassador is Mark Schwarzer who is a renowned Australian goalkeeper. John Eales a famous rugby player and Catherine Freeman a renowned runner have also been effective ambassadors of Qantas Airlines. Within the golfing sports, Greg Norman was the firms’ ambassador since 1976 to 2001 when he was inducted in the Hall of Fame. By using celebrities, the firm has been effective in developing awareness amongst the customers. Emerging marketing communication tools Over the past decade, there has been a rise in the degree of rivalry within the airline industry. One of the factors which have stimulated this is the high rate of globalization and economic integration. These two factors are making it possible for airlines companies to expand their market. The resultant effect is that the intensity of competition has increased. In an effort to enhance their competitive advantage through creating market awareness, most airline firms have integrated the internet in their marketing strategies. Qantas Airline’s management team has appreciated the fact that it can enhance its product awareness through integration of emerging Information Communication Technology (ICT) (Ferreri, 2008, p.33). One of the strategies which the firm has integrated is electronic commerce in communicating to the market. One of the ways through which the airline has attained this is by developing a website (www.qantas.com) through which consumers can access information regarding the firm’s products. Through its internet marketing the firm has been able to communicate with a wide range of customers more efficiently. For example, the internet has enabled the firm’s customers to be more efficient in booking for their flight online. Additionally, customers can also be able to access information regarding flight routes. Through the internet, the airline has been able to develop a strong relationship with its customers. This arises from the fact that the firm has been able to customer database that has enabled the firm to customize its services. In an effort to provide its customers which more information, the firm has also expanded its internet services to its aircrafts. The firm has achieved this by ensuring that the customers can be able to access its website during their flight. In its internet marketing, the airline has also entered into a contract with major search engines which include Yahoo and Google. The contract entails posting the firm’s adverts on the home page of sites hosted by these companies. The resultant effect is that the firm has been able to create sufficient market awareness. This arises from the fact that a large number of customers access these search engines on a daily bases. Qantas Airlines also appreciates emerging social networking tools. As a result, the firm has incorporated social networking tools in its marketing communication. Some of the social networking tools that the firm has integrated include the Face book, You Tube, Blogs and Wikis. These tools have presented the firm with an opportunity to interact with the customers. For example, the You Tube has enabled the firm to be effective in creating market awareness regarding its services. For example, the firm posts commercials it hosts on the television on You Tube. The resultant effect is that the firm will be able to communicate to a large number of customers. According to Longenecker (2010, p.56), You Tube has become prominent amongst individuals. Additionally, using You Tube is also a cost effective method of market ensuring sufficient market awareness. Verma (2008, p.50) is of the opinion that social networking tools have undergone significant transformation over the past few years. As a result, it is paramount for firms to consider integrating these tools in their marketing efforts. In its operation, Qantas Airline has taken this into consideration. One of the ways through which the firm is implementing this entails use of Face book, Wikis and Blogs has enabled Qantas Airlines to create an interactive environment between potential customers and the firm. Additionally, these social networking tools enable customers to create awareness regarding the firm’s products to their colleagues. Additionally, the social networking tools provide a platform through which customers interact with the customers. This arises from the fact that the customers can be able to communicate their opinions to the management. Through the social networking tools, customers are able to make their opinion and complaints known to the management team. This has played a critical role in Qantas Airline’s effort to improve its market communication. This means that integration of Wikis and Blogs does not only act as an informative strategy but also as an interactive strategy. In its communication policy for shareholders, the company has endeavored to publish not only information on its current operations but other relevant managemt information that is suitable for its investors in Qantas investor’s website (Qantas, 2010, p. 7). In this regard, the company looks beyond traditional communication tools and is now embracing non traditional marketing such as social media. While the adoption of social media tools has been a hard lesson to learn for Qantas its benefits are clearly evident. One of the social media tools that the company uses effectively is Facebook. The decisions to opt for Facebook has been motivated by the fact that the company needed to engage its customers directly. While the traditional media releases have served the company well in the past, Facebook is a new avenues that helps the company communicate directly with its clients and thus avoid the risk of traditional media speculations about the company’s operations which destroy the company’s reputation. Additionally, the company finds Facebook as an efficient communication strategy in management of crises. This is because traditional media releases are bureaucratic, while Facebook is more instant and direct to its consumers. As such through, in the face of crises, Facebook the company is able to reach its clients directly and fast in efforts to control the spread of malicious information. The company is also using Facebook to communicate to its clients about new products and services (Qantas, 2011). Factors contributing to Qantas Airline success in marketing communication In its market communication, Qantas Airline has been effective. The success has been as a result of a number of factors. As mentioned earlier, one of the factors that has lead to the success of Qantas market communication strategies has been the company’s adoption of social media marketing. The company operates both Facebook (facebook.com/Qantas) and twitter (@QantasMedia) accounts. Through these social media tools the company is not only able to launch new products and services but also engage its clients in other marketing initiatives such as promotions (Qantas, 2011). Another factor that makes the company’s’ communication strategies successful is the company’s adoption of a specialised corporate marketing team, which is charged with the responsibility of handling media relations. This team is in charge of such marketing initiatives such as advertising campaigns for new and innovative products. Furthermore, the team was also given the mandate to popularise the Qantas acquisition of the world fastest aircraft (Qantas, 2007). Additionally, Qantas engages in other types of marketing activities such as joint promotional events with strategic business partners. Some of these events include a tourist promotional event dubbed Australia G’Day, in collaboration with Australian tourism authorities. This event was aimed at popularising the company’s products and services amongst tourists. Due to the success of the campaign, Qantas launched similar initiatives in the United States of America. The company also sees proper planning of marketing initiative as a fundamental factor that will ensure success of its marketing communication. Qantas in realization of the need to realize profitable returns plans and develops its marketing communication process so as to enable the company not only meet the needs of its consumer but also deliver new products and service. As such the planning of the company’s marketing communication strategies in alignment with informing its consumers of the availability of new products and services such as Qantas Courier. Other than the factors mentioned above, the segmentation of the company’s markets and the development of market specific communication strategies have made Qantas marketing strategies top be even more effective. Qantas segment its markets and develops specific marketing strategies for those particular markets, with the intentions of developing and using customer specific marketing communication strategies. This is advantageous since it also allows the company to reach target client in specific markets segments. For instance the company has segmented its leisure market into various sub-segments such as price sensitive domestic and international. Qantas established Jetstar to serves the price sensitive leisure market segment. In efforts to reach the target audience, the company has to develop market communication strategies specific for this market segment (Qantas, 2009) Conclusion The analysis has illustrated that marketing communication is critical in the success of firms in the market. This arises from the fact that marketing communication enables business firms to be effective in positioning themselves in the market. Through effective market positioning, a firm is able to attain a high competitive advantage. Additionally, marketing communication can contribute towards a firm attaining its profit maximisation objective. This arises from the fact that market communication enables a firm to increase its customer base. Additionally, market communication contributes towards a firm developing a high level of customer loyalty. In its operation, Qantas Airlines has been effective in marketing communication. The firm has managed to achieve this through integration of integrated marketing communication. Through IMC, the firm has been able to incorporate both emerging and traditional marketing communication strategies. Through conventional marketing communication such as use of advertising, sponsoring and public relations, the firm has been able to reach a wide market both locally and internationally. This has further been enhanced through integration of different mediums in its advertising such as use of television, radio, print media such as newspapers and magazines and outdoor advertising. Through integration of emerging marketing communication technologies such as use of social networking tools, Qantas Airline has been able to develop a strong relationship with its customers. This arises from the fact that these tools provide an opportunity to customers to communicate with Qantas Airline management team. Recommendations Despite the firm’s effectiveness in its marketing communication, the airline should consider ways of enhancing its marketing communication. One of the ways through which the firm should achieve this is by allowing timely use of social media in its communication strategies. Facebook has been useful as a communication strategy. However, the company needs to compare the most effective social media tool among the ones available. In this regard, the company would engage twitter as the most effective en d real time marketing communication tool. This is informed by the fact that twitter is more real-time and conveys information in real time as compared to other social media tools such as Facebook. By doing this the company will not only be able to communicate instant marketing information to consumer but also handle communication about crises effectively. This is an effective damage control mechanism. Considering the fact that Qantas Airline is committed at establishing itself in the international market, the firm should take into consideration the existence of cross-border differences. Some of the cross border elements that the firm should take into consideration relate to the customers language and culture. According to Rao (n.d, p.65), firms may face a challenge in their effort to create awareness in the international market. This arises from the fact that words have different meaning from country to country. Existence of difference in meaning of words can result into emergence of language barrier in the international market. Language barrier may limit the effectiveness with which Qantas Airline succeeds in the international market. For example, language barrier and difference in meaning with regard to words used in the advertising strategy may limit consumers from considering the airline in making their travel decisions (Varey, 2002, p.67). Qantas Airlines marketing department should conduct a market research in order to develop an understanding on the actual meaning of the words to use in its advertising strategy. The need to understand the words arises from the fact that some words may violate some cultural norms In its effort to penetrate the foreign market, Qantas Airlines should consider training its human resource on relating with the customers. This will contribute towards Qantas Airline being effective in its effort to create effective market awareness. Qantas Airline should also consider conducting a competitor market research. The research should enable the firm to develop a comprehensive understanding of its competitors. Reference List Bartels, G. & Nelissen, W., 2002. Marketing for sustainability; towards a transactional policy making. Amsterdam: IOS Press. Belliotti, R., 2008. Common use facilities and equipment at airports . Washington: Transport Research Board. Carkenord, B. (2009). Seven steps to mastering business analysis . Ft. Lauderdale, Fla: John Ross Publishers. Ferrel, O.C. & Hartline, M., 2008. Marketing strategy . Mason, OH: Thomson. Ferreri, D., 2008. Marketing and management in the high technology sector; strategies and tactics in the commercial airplane industry . New York: Greenwood Publishing. Gitman, L. & McDaniel, C., 2009. The future of business; the essentials . Mason, OH: South Western Cengage. Jain, S., 2008. Integrated marketing communication; trends and innovations . New Delhi: Global India Publications. Kimmel, A., 2005. Marketing communication: new approaches, technologies and styles . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Knox, S., 2004. Positioning and branding your organization. Journal of Product Brand & Management. Vol. 13, issue 2, pp. 105-115. New York: Emerald Publishing Limited. Longenecker, J., 2010. Small business management: launching and growing entrepreneurial ventures. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Mouncey, P. & Wimmer, F., 2007. Best practice in market research . Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Qantas. 2007. Marketing. [Online] Web. Qantas. 2009. 2008/2009. Full year result investor briefing. [Online] Web. Qantas. 2010. Board charter. [Online] Available at https://www.qantas.com/gb/en/about-us.html Qantas. 2011. Follow us. [Online] Available at https://www.qantas.com/gb/en.html Rao, R., n.d. Services marketing. New Delhi: Pearson Education India. Russel, P. & Taylor, J., 2004. Marketing communication; an integrated approach . London: Kogan Page. Varey, R., 2002. Marketing communication; principles and practices . New York: Routledge. Verma, H., 2008. Services marketing; text and cases . India: Dorling Kindersley.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The text discusses the implications of starting a restaurant/bar for two friends, Lou and Jose. It talks about the best business entity for this choice of business as a partnership and the reasons why. It also mentions the taxation implications, liability issues, and laws and regulations for starting a restaurant.

The text discusses the implications of starting a restaurant/bar for two friends, Lou and Jose. It talks about the best business entity for this choice of business as a partnership and the reasons why. It also mentions the taxation implications, liability issues, and laws and regulations for starting a restaurant.

Business Entities, Laws and Regulations Research Paper Starting a restaurant/bar The case of starting the business for the two friends, Lou and Jose, has implications in terms of entity, Laws and regulations. The best business entity for this choice of business is a partnership. The reason for this selection is that there is scanty information on the experiences of the two friends with regard to management of a restaurant as well as a bar. If the assumption is that the two friends have business management skills, a general form of partnership is ideal (Bevans, 2006, p 73). There is also ready capital funding from the investor. Since the agreement with the investor s that the investor gains a percentage ownership, the implication draws management commitment to Lou and Jose. Taxation implications During the first years of the operation of a partnership, it is expected that operating losses may be incurred. As a result, these losses are shared amongst the partners operating the business. The implication is that the returns of the partners is not nominated for taxation, but could be exempted. Secondly, in comparison with other business entities like corporations, taxation is done at the level of investor or partner with regard to business earnings (Smith, 2009, p 6). Due to these tax benefits, this form of business entity is ideal for these entrepreneurs. Liability issues A general partnership in this case has an unlimited liability. This comes as a disadvantage to the partners since there is lack of protection of the partners’ assets in the event of creditors claim. However, for this kind of arrangement, the risk to the partners is low considering the fact that capital will be provided by an investor who will own the business partially. Laws and regulations The laws and regulations for starting a restaurant require compliance to some laws and regulations. Some of the laws and regulations require a registration certificate in the state, health department regulations certificates, fire department permits, sales tax registration, building, and construction permit. Other regulations that require compliance will be acquisition of state liquor license for the operation of the bar. The major risks involved in running a restaurant are financial. The business is a lucrative venture but it does not have direct success particularly in its start up stages (Lee, 2005) Birth clinic business start-up The two friends do not have sponsorship able to finance their business start up costs. Depending on their mode of running the business, they can choose either a partnership or sole proprietorship. The ideal entity in their case would be a general partnership. As the business will be in its initial stages, management and responsibility of Tara and Akiva would be highly required. This is preferred to limited partnership due to its simplicity in running the business (Spadaccini, 2010). Since they are certified and licensed practitioners, they can choose to bring other interested practitioners in their business in order to help secure the huge start up loan that they intend to borrow. Taxation issues With regard to taxation, partnerships have tax advantages leading to crucial comments claiming that taxes are only reported in partnerships but not paid. Since it is a general partnership, its tax implications resemble those enjoyed by the starters of restaurant above. Taxation depends on the nature of the investors as well as business earnings. Liability Running the clinic as a general partnership has an unlimited liability to the partners. In the event of failure to pay back the borrowed loan, the creditors have a right to take the assets of either the partner. The implication therefore is that each partner has a full liability to the obligation of the business Laws and regulations Before starting a birth clinic business, one has to pass experience and education aspects in order to obtain a license as a practitioner. Since the two friends already have these basic requirements everything the legal requirements for the area that they should register the business for taxation purposes as required by their state or country of operation. Under the medical regulations, equipment and construction requirements should be up-to-date for those willing to establish private medical clinics. During practice there, are set codes that medical practitioners are required to adhere to. For instance, physician’s codes spells out the conduct and behavior of physicians, medical assistant’s code that defines the ethics of a person affiliated to a medical organization (Keir, 2007, p 53) The risks involved in the practice of private clinics are when the patients develop complications requiring intensive care admission, where the facilities available cannot handle the situation. As a business, the risk involves money investment. Should the business fail to perform, the two investors may find it hard to repay the huge loan borrowed to fund the startup costs. Construction Scenario Michelle is an experienced person in the operation of the jackhammer. Because of her qualifications, she is a probable candidate for the advertized position. The hiring manager must not discriminate against her condition and deny her the position. She is covered under the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA), which prohibits discrimination against pregnant women at the workplace (Ford, 2011). In the case of Nick, he is a college graduate suitable for the jackhammer despite being epileptic. Therefore, he shall not be discriminated against because of his epileptic condition bearing in mind the Disability Discrimination Act. With provisions of this Act, he shall not be disadvantaged on grounds of epilepsy. Felipe has two disadvantages in his employability. In the first place, he has a language barrier such that he cannot speak any English. Secondly, he doesn’t have a high school diploma. However, he has experience enough with a jackhammer. Felipe has a chance to be considered for the post advertized by the hiring manager on grounds of experience. Besides, the Jobseeker’s Employment Act (JEA), entitles to getting employed without being discriminated against due to a language barrier. On the other hand, due to law qualifications, this Act also covers him with respect to age and compensation he is entitled to as a worker (Schimdt, 2000). With respect to Erick, age is a factor to consider. Although, he does not have the educational qualifications, there is no doubt that he is the most experienced of the applicants. Others have relative experiences. In some cases, applicants do have required academic merits for the position but lack the comparative experience held by Eric. If the construction company seeks quality output at the jackhammer, Eric is the choice. However, it is natural for the hiring manager to be indifferent to Eric’s application, considering his age. Assuming that he is not hired because of his age, he can petition this discrimination under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act 1967(Sergeant, 2006, p 91). References Bevans, N.R. (2006). Business organizations and the cooperate law. Clifton: Thomson Delmer Ford, L.E. (2011). Women and Politics: the Pursuit of Equality. Boston: Cengage Learning Keir, L. (2007). Medical assisting: administrative and clinical competencies. New York: Thompson Learning. Lee, R. (2005). The Everything Guide to Starting and Running a Restaurant: Secrets to a Successful Business . Avon: F+W media, Inc. Schmidt, R. (2000). Language Policy and Identity Politics in the United States. Philadelphia: Temple University Press Smith, J.E. (2009). Taxation of Business Entities 2009. Mason: Cengage Learning. Spadaccini, M. (2010). Forming an LLC: In Any State. Miller Works: Entrepreneur Media, Inc. Sergeant, M. (2006). Age Discrimination in Employment, Volume 13. New York: Gower Publishing.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The text discusses how transformational leadership is the required ingredient to human resource management for effective realization of organizational goals.The text discusses how transformational leadership is the required ingredient to human resource management for effective realization of organizational goals.

The text discusses how transformational leadership is the required ingredient to human resource management for effective realization of organizational goals. The text discusses how transformational leadership is the required ingredient to human resource management for effective realization of organizational goals.

Transformational Leadership in Human Resource Management Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Discussion 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction The business environment is highly dynamic. High stakes in management have been raised rendering the traditional management theories ineffective and compelling new revitalized approach to organizational management. The human capital is the most important agent of change, innovation, and excellence in service in today’s business environment (Burns, 1979, p. 56). Thus, human resource management is no longer regarded as a factor of production but a business partner in the pursuit of the goals and objectives of organizations. This research proposal highlights the change in human resource management required given the current trends in business. Transformational leadership is the required ingredient to human resource management for effective realization of organizational goals. Discussion Organizations have realized that human capital is the most important driver for change to the extent that it facilitates the creation and maintenance of sustainable competitive advantage in an organization. Leadership style adopted by an organization is an important people management factor that the style of leadership as indicated by Bass et al. (2003, p. 102) sets the tone in every aspect of people management from performance management to organizational culture adopted and practiced everyday in the workplace. A study by Hay Foundation as explained in Berman et al. (2006, p. 99) examined over 75 components that promote employee satisfaction. It identified trust and confidence in leadership as the most important factors of promoting employee satisfaction and job commitment. The study also showed that effective communication was the most important leadership vehicle for winning workers’ loyalty, trust and confidence. The classical theories are no longer applicable in the management of people and specifically employees in organizations. These theories were autocratic and failed to realize that human capital has an important role to play in the performance and growth of an organization. Many organizations have embarked on using a modern theory of transformational leadership in managing their employees. According to Inkson & Kolb (2002, p. 69), one of the theories that successful organizations have adopted in the recent past is transformational theory. Transformational theory makes possible for individuals to redefinition of vision and mission, and refocuses on their pledge and the reformation of their systems for objective achievement. “A relationship of mutual stimulation and elevation converts followers into leaders and may convert leaders into moral agents” (Samson & Raft, 2008, p. 79). It is a process where leaders and followers create a mutual and collective approach to management by emphasizing upon one philosophy, vision, high standards of morality and performance. Transformational leadership style essentially transforms every worker into a leader; it is squarely pegged on egalitarian culture, empathy and self – management. The use of this type of leadership inhuman resource management will guide organizations to higher levels of performance. The modern organization employing transformational type of leadership usually applies its four components to their management styles to produce excellent out come for the organizations. According to Samson & Raft (2009, p. 80), transformational leadership can be applied in the top management of the organization. To begin with, the management should act as role models to inspire and motivate the employees. Through the application of charisma, the management will depict admirable behavior towards employees. They can also inspire and motivate their employees by coming up with vision and mission for the organization that include employees. By making the employees internalize the goals of the company, the human resource management can match the goals of organization and employees’ goals therefore making them achievable (Burns, 1979, p. 121). Human resource management ensures that there is a good compensation package for employees. According to Berman, (2006), when a company is doing well financially by generating more revenue, it commits a substantial part of it to improve the working conditions of its employees as well as raising their salaries. It also employs the best human resource personnel that manage the employee welfare well. Additionally, they improve working conditions so that employees find no reason to complain again. Through promotion strategies, employees gain a sense of belonging and they feel they are valued hence better performance of an organization. The employment of an effective human resource management team is very important. Best performing organizations have efficient and effective human resource management skills. This has enabled increased communication in such organizations thus reducing the cases of employee-employer misunderstanding. According to Samson & Raft (2009), an effective human resource management is vital for the dealing with case of collective bargaining. An organization with an effective human resource management rarely experiences strike. The effective management takes into consideration core values like putting the employee first. This is because the employee is a factor of production like capital and the output of the firm is because of the employees’ hard work. Therefore, the employees’ needs and values should be seriously handled (Samson & Raft, 2009). The human resource management should challenge employees’ assumptions while stimulating and encouraging creativity at the work place. Above all, the employees should be appreciated for their achievements. The human resource management should come up with mechanisms to recognize, appreciate, and reward extraordinary employee efforts at the work place. This will encourage more productivity and lead to higher performance of the organization. Winkler (2009, p. 145) argues that through the employment of the four major components of transformational leadership in the organization, employees will be transformed to leaders in their respective fields of work and all parties will benefit the organization, the management and the employees. The organization will increase its competitive advantage and therefore become more profitable. Higher profits will translate to higher rewards to employees and the management in terms of better compensation packages. Conclusion The world has changed with globalization and technology transforming the business environment. Many organizations have now turned to transformational management for human resource management. This is because the use of this type of leadership enables organizations to change their employees into leaders in their field of specialization and therefore increasing the competitiveness of the organization. The four components of transformational leadership are applied in shaping the employees and matching their goals to those of the organization. The management acts as role models and employees follow, as the competitive advantage is increase leading to the benefit of all parties (the employees, the management, and the organization). References Bass, B. et al. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology , 88 (2), 207-218. Berman, M., James, S., Jonathan, P. & Montgomery, W. (2006). Human Resource Management in Public Service: Paradoxes, Processes, and Problems . New York, NY: Sage Publications. Burns, J. (1979). Leadership . New York, NY: Prentice Hall. Inkson, K. & Kolb, D. (2002). Management: perspectives for New Zealand. 3 rd Ed. New York, NY: Prentice Hall. Samson, D. & Raft, R. (2009). Management: Asia pacific edition . 3 rd Ed. Victoria: Cengage. Winkler, I. (2009). Contemporary leadership theories: Enhancing the understanding of the complexity, subjectivity, and dynamic of leadership . Philadelphia, PL: WB Saunders Press.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The business environment of Turkey is one that is rich with possibilities.The paper examines the development of businesses and corporations worldwide and how it has created a market that is property and rights oriented. Turkey will the main focus of the business environment in relation to the UAE's product.

The business environment of Turkey is one that is rich with possibilities. The paper examines the development of businesses and corporations worldwide and how it has created a market that is property and rights oriented. Turkey will the main focus of the business environment in relation to the UAE's product.

Business Environment of Turkey Report Table of Contents 1. Intellectual property rights 2. Political ideology 3. Stability of government 4. Type of legal system 5. Type of economic system 6. Regulations 7. References Abstract: The environments and culture of a country are the major aspects that influence business and people’s readiness to get involved in one. The following paper will focus on the development of businesses and corporations worldwide and how it has created a market that is property and rights oriented. Turkey will be the main focus of the business environment in relation to the UAE’s product. Intellectual property rights Also, as there is a lot of scheming and fraud that governments and private companies have to develop protection for in a form of copyrights and patents, intellectual property rights and ethical considerations will be examined. Not only are there ownership rights for products and physical property but also, for ideas and potential goals, plans and strategies. An idea is worth much more than the finished product because it is the basis for all production. But there is also the matter of usage of already existing material and the contracts that are drawn up by companies to make a profit. Often, these contracts come with a pricy tag and are thought to be unfair by people who want to use information available to the public. The environment has become very efficient for opening and operating in Turkey. Because the soil for development is becoming very rich with possibilities, the economy is estimated to grow exponentially. Tourism, shopping and the culture itself are very alluring to people and potential businesses, so the UAE’s jewelry business would be very much accepted and demanded by the growing economy. The federal capital Abu Dhabi, the center of UAE has a lot of dealings with Turkey, so it would be very progressive to align businesses and establish contracts and ventures ( Doing business with the United Arab Emirates , 2006). Political ideology Turkey is a unique place that has its own qualities of life and business expectations. ARJMST Jewellery of the UAE is one of the most famous products, thus it must be carefully and legally protected from any illegal copies or idea “borrowing” ( ARJMST, 2007). Even though there are differences present between the two nations, but mutual businesses unite environments and cultures for reciprocal beneficial future. This has led to a significant increase of migrants, who are developing and contributing to the nation. This resulted in the rise of many projects within Turkey, including infrastructure, residential construction, education and manufacture. It is considered a “rising star” among other countries in Europe, thus the need for patents and proper business conductions has grown geometrically (Dereligil, 2013). The establishment of companies involved in sales and services created opportunities for business to move into the region and expand their success. The communication systems and internet have aided in the coordination of businesses and people’s involvement in small companies and corporations. Stability of government Security and stability of the environment have been at a constant increase, as the government is becoming more tolerant and has been implementing policies that help for businesses to be successful. An example would be the taxation system and allowance for specific “zones” where ownership and operation is fully given to the owner of the land. Even though the business seems to be on the rise, there is some instability due to the recent riots. In 2013, people have been outrage by some of the government’s decisions, and participated in peaceful protests. The police had to disperse the protesters, as people gave the government a scare. In reality, people demanded things similar to those of the “Occupy” movement. Protesters demanded their public properties be kept public, end police violence and give people human rights. This added great instability to the government. Type of legal system The government welcomes new businesses and has lowered tariffs on the imported goods. The system and administration also protect any investments and ideas, such as trademarks and intellectual property. At the same time, the government has designated for a portion of the profits to be contributed to the budget and development of the local economy (Chaudhry, 2012). The benefits of the general Turkey’s environment and the conditions that the government offers create a strong foundation for business and further expansion. The constitutional rights and laws that are centered on proper regulation of the society help businesses to prosper. The government has made its regulation one of the major benefits, as it provides the necessary transportation, production, communication and property distribution (Taplin, 2010). Taking its business worldwide, and particularly to Turkey, it must be aware of the local laws and regulations regarding the distribution and sale of products. The need for agreements and laws that regulate trading and property possession are a necessary attribute of the global economy and businesses. Governments, private corporations, as well as individuals, all participate in the establishment and continuation of fair and respectable trade. Even thought there is minimal difference between classes and incomes, most recently, Turkey and UAE have been considered the land of opportunity where business will prosper. Type of economic system Turkey has greatly contributed to the growth in the United Arad Emirates, as the cooperation within businesses is very beneficial for both sides. Turkey’s government welcomes any international partners, especially from friendly and has close relations with the UAE. Establishment of joint ventures and other partnerships have allowed for easier export and import transactions. Turkey’s finances are becoming stable with loans given by the government, banks and credit companies which have low interest rates, and provide healthy environment for business both domestically and internationally. The policy makers have oriented themselves to allow for more opportunities and more cost efficient trade with companies outside Turkey and European Union. As such, Turkey is a great partner nation that can be especially aligned by people and culture. Regulations The government has played an important role in the progression of business. The time needed for the preparation and process of documents were largely decreased. The customs have been adjusted to better aid in clearance and technical support, as well as handling of the products and services. It is very much involved in the domestic but also international transportation and handling, in relation to any business. The overall costs and days needed for the transactions have been lowered, so that the businesses have an opportunity to receive significant gain. The environment in Turkey is thought to be one of the most beneficial, as there are specific laws that observe and support fair trade. People’s rights are one of the necessary aspects of any business and the authorities make sure that everyone abides by the same rules. This enables individuals and business owners to expect certain things and adjust, as well as predict tendencies beforehand which allows for better control and manipulation of the business (Clesse, 2004). References ARJMST. (2007). Web. Chaudhry, P. (2012). Protecting Your Intellectual Property Rights . Staten Island: Springer. Clesse, A. (2004). Turkey and the European Union: 2004 and Beyond . Amsterdam: Rozenberg Publishers. Dereligil, E. (2013). Further Proptection and Enforcement of IP Rights . Web. Doing business with the United Arab Emirates. (2006). London, United Kingdom: GMB Publishing Ltd. Taplin, R. (2010). Intellectual Property, Innovation and Management in Emerging Economies. New York: Taylor & Francis.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The importance of business ethics cannot be overemphasized. Businesses that adhere to given business morals have improved chances of thriving, measured up to the ones whose sole aim is to generate profits, no matter if they have to compromise on a number of issues for them to achieve that.

The importance of business ethics cannot be overemphasized. Businesses that adhere to given business morals have improved chances of thriving, measured up to the ones whose sole aim is to generate profits, no matter if they have to compromise on a number of issues for them to achieve that.

Importance of Business Ethics Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Significance of business ethics to any business 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction The major explanation for humankind having continued to exist for so long is due to certain, conventions, standards, mores and principles, which all of us live by. One needs to take a minute to see in their mind’s eye what would take place if out of the blue humanity was left minus any sense of decency or principles. In such a case, without a doubt, disorder will reign all over the place. As a result, morals and principles are the very establishments on which humanity is standing. The idea is alike in business (Importance of Business Ethics). Establishments that adhere to given business morals have enhanced chances of thriving, measured up to the ones whose sole aim is to generate profits, no matter if they have to compromise on a number of issues for them to achieve that. Significance of business ethics to any business To begin with, the magnitude of values in business can be recognized by the reality that principled ventures have a propensity to generate much more gains as compared to the others. The explanation for this is that clients of establishments that go by ethics are steadfast and contented with the services and commodity submissions of such establishments. For instance, take a case of a company that produces toiletries and to the highest degree considers the significance of business ethics. When this firm publicizes its products in the market, being a principled establishment, it will be very straightforward and candid in its message to the likely clients. It will announce accurately about the form of ingredients it has employed while coming up with the commodities. There will be no making a mountain out of a molehill concerning the gains or uses of its commodities. Consequently, the end users who purchase its products know accurately what they are getting into. This way, the commodities will meet their prospects. The next obvious thing will be a satisfied clientele who will be faithful to the firm and will keep buying the firm’s products. This will without a doubt add to the profits of the company. In an establishment where ethics rule the way matters are conducted there is proficient use of business resources. In any establishment, staff members working at low-ranking levels in most times try to be like the ones working at the top. The same is to be expected with moral principles. If those at the top adhere to ethical business observations, those below them will imitate them. The management or leadership should refrain from immoral acts like lying, engaging in corruption, being uncouth, among others. Members of staff will learn from their seniors and will not use the company resources for individual benefits. The outcome of this will be proficient use of the establishment’s resources (Importance of Business Ethics). An establishment that is founded on ethics normally has goodwill for itself in the market. Shareholders or venture capitalists are more ready to invest their money in the venture in which they have confidence. Thus, ethics in business are vital for forming goodwill and establishing long-standing associations. To add to this, an ethical establishment imparts higher value on its workers and as a result, workers remain steadfast to such an establishment as well. Conclusion Ethics is without a doubt a vital business topic for any capitalist to look at, and it as well holds a broader function all over establishments. One person’s take on what is moral and for the paramount may be totally poles apart from another man’s take. As a result it is imperative to come up with a combined set of standards that stand for the whole firm as opposed to simply taking on a bit by bit approach. Works Cited Importance of Business Ethics. 2010. Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The debate on whether employees should smoke at their workplace has been on going for a long time and in the process sparking a lot of controversy. Charles Renfold, a supervisor at Redwood Associates finds himself in a tight spot and finds it difficult to make a decision on what to do with two of his dependable employees who have the habit of smoking within the company premises. The paper suggests the appropriate course of action to be taken by the supervisor and at the same time describes the smoking policy that should be recommended to Redwood Associates.

The debate on whether employees should smoke at their workplace has been on going for a long time and in the process sparking a lot of controversy. Charles Renfold, a supervisor at Redwood Associates finds himself in a tight spot and finds it difficult to make a decision on what to do with two of his dependable employees who have the habit of smoking within the company premises. The paper suggests the appropriate course of action to be taken by the supervisor and at the same time describes the smoking policy that should be recommended to Redwood Associates.

Redwood Associates Company Business Ethics Case Essay The debate on whether employees should smoke at their workplace has been on going for a long time and in the process sparking a lot of controversy. Charles Renfold, a supervisor at Redwood Associates finds himself in a tight spot and finds it difficult to make a decision on what to do with two of his dependable employees who have the habit of smoking within the company premises. By experience, Charles is well aware of how difficult it can be to quit smoking because he used to smoke himself. The supervisor is under pressure from Darlene, who is a non-smoker working in the same office with Frank and Alice who are smokers. Darlene if fed up with the behavior of her colleagues and is urging the supervisor to act because she can not continue working with the two. This paper will suggest the appropriate course of action to be taken by the supervisor and at the same time describe the smoking policy that should be recommended to Redwood Associates. Charles Renfold should strictly enforce the smoking policy for the company to continue functioning effectively. However sympathetic he can be, when it comes to sensitive issues like smoking in the office, the rules should be fully enforced (Price, 1997). From this case, Darlene is uncomfortable and is unable to give her best performance because her morale is very low. The company should set up a smoking zone for its employees incase they want to retain them because of their expertise. Smoking should only be done in the designated zones or when out of duty (Price, 1997). Smoking in other areas within the company premises is subject to strict action from the management. The smoking policy is aimed at ensuring that the health and general well-being of all employees is guaranteed by enhancing quality indoor air. The company is supposed to be smoke free except in areas designated by the policy (Chenoweth, 2007). Smoking is not allowed in all enclosed areas within the company. Some of the areas in which smoking is banned include conference rooms, private offices, common working areas, restrooms, company vehicles, hallways, stairs and other enclosed company facilities. Incase the company wishes to provide a smoking zone for its smoking employees, the smoking zone should be located outdoors at the far end of the building with the area being well fenced (Chenoweth, 2007). Employees are only allowed to smoke exclusively in the smoking areas and not other outdoor areas of the company such as the parking lots and other relaxing areas of the company. No one is allowed to smoke along the pathways and other grassy areas of the company. Smoking in personal vehicles is allowed as long as all the tobacco products and smoke are completely contained in the employee’s personal vehicle. Both smoking and non-smoking employees should not be subjected to the smoke in the parking lot or other areas within the company premises (Price, 1997). A company has no legal responsibility to provide a smoking zone for its employees and it is only a favor from the company towards its smoking employees. Since there is no legal protection to use these areas, those employees who use these smoking areas at their own risk. There are no additional breaks to allow the employees to smoke and employees are not allowed to use their working workers to smoke (Price, 1997). The other most important section of the smoking policy is the section on disposal of tobacco products. It is an offence to be found disposing tobacco products within the company. All tobacco products should be disposed in designated containers within the company premises (Price, 1997). This measure is aimed at ensuring that company environment is clean and conducive for all the employees, customers and other visiting partners. This policy also takes effect when on company duty outside the company premises such as the customer’s site. Employees are allowed to use tobacco products as long as their fitness for duty and professional appearance is maintained. Employees being allowed to smoke in their workplaces have a privilege that can be withdrawn if the smoking employees start abusing it. Employees having the smell of tobacco can be very irritating to fellow non-smoking employees and customers. Smoking employees should try as much as possible to do away with the tobacco smell while on duty. The smoking policies are not meant to intimidate anyone but are for the good of all employees regardless of whether they smoke or not (Price, 1997). The company management should ensure that the policies of dealing with smoking should be clearly defined. A healthier workplace promotes the morale of workers and the smoking policies can help smoking employees to quit smoking because they find a better reason to do so. The company and employers stand to benefit a lot if smoking is controlled at the workplace. By preventing smoking, the company reduces direct healthcare costs, reduces the risk of fires and enables the employees to avoid smoking-related diseases that can interfere with their work attendance and general performance (Price, 1997). Apart from the irritating smoke odor, there are some offensive perfumes and body odor that are irritating to other employees especially those with allergies. The issue of body odor should be handled professionally by the company management to avoid a conflict of interests (Price, 1997). Since there are many causes of body odor such as the physical activities of the company that lead to sweat, the company should encourage its employees to have regular showers with the use of underarm deodorants to put the issue of body odor under control. There are other causes of body such as dietary issues and clothing and the company should call upon professionals to help their employees deal with the problem of body odor. Employees whose work is more physical and leads to sweating should put on clothing that made up of anti-bacterial materials. Perfumes and colognes used excessively can be very uncomfortable to fellow employees and customers especially those with allergies (Chenoweth, 2007). The issue of perfumes can be a subject of lawsuits because the offensive perfumes create dissent among employees. It is the responsibility of employers to talk privately to those employees with body odor problems and help them have solutions to their problems. In conclusion, Redwood Associates should put in place the recommended smoking policy to make all their employees comfortable so that they can perform to their full potential in a healthy working environment. Smoking employees can only be allowed to smoke in designated smoking zones and inside their private vehicles while ensuring all the smoke and tobacco products are contained in their vehicles. Companies should also work hard to bring the issue of body odor and offensive perfumes under control. References Chenoweth, D. (2007). Worksite health promotion . New York, NY: Human Kinetics. Price, C. (1997). Group Practice Personnel Policies Manual . New York, NY: Medical Group Management Association.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: Business ethics is a branch of ethics that attempts to harmonize the conflicting issues concerning the acceptable behaviors in a business environment.Business ethics is a branch of ethics that attempts to harmonize the conflicting issues concerning the acceptable behaviors in a business environment.

Business ethics is a branch of ethics that attempts to harmonize the conflicting issues concerning the acceptable behaviors in a business environment. Business ethics is a branch of ethics that attempts to harmonize the conflicting issues concerning the acceptable behaviors in a business environment.

Business Ethics History Essay (Article) In a normal social setting, ethics refers to the acceptable chord of conduct upon which the behavior of an individual can be evaluated as acceptable or not acceptable, or as either right or wrong. The means of setting up a universally acceptable chord of conduct has however had controversies, with different philosophers coming up with various theories in attempt to develop the standards. This has led to diverse views on what is ethical and what is not ethical among different communities or social groups. Philosophy and religion are the major ways of attempting to establish the generally acceptable principles in these settings. Business ethics, therefore, is a branch of ethics that attempts to harmonize the conflicting issues concerning the acceptable behaviors in a business environment. It is basically concerned with examining the various activities involved at different levels or channels of production and determines if they are morally or ethically upright or not. As De George (n.d) broadly puts it, “ethics in business is simply the application of everyday moral or ethical norms to business” (p1). De George further points out that in considering business ethics in this sense, “the example from the Bible that comes to [our] mind most readily is the Ten Commandments, a guide that is still used by many today” (p1). The ethical values have been historically drawn from the religious and traditional practices, which encourage various virtues while strongly condemning vices like theft. Moreover, different religions have their position on the acceptable conduct in business. In a business setting, ethics will be applied in determining the rights and privileges of the employees, their roles in ensuring business confidentiality, the roles of the top management in keeping business privacy, determination of labor prices and the prices of the commodities/ products that the organization deals in, as well as sales promotion through advertisement. It will also enable the management to curb vices like harassment at work, biased recruitment, and selection of new employees, poor price evaluation, as well as establishing poor marketing strategies. In addition, it helps the management in various conflict resolutions. Business ethics will also define the roles that politics and politicians can play in business development. The manner in which activities are formulated, scheduled, and executed must be in accordance with some kind of pre-established legislation (Ferrell, Fraedrich and Ferrell, 2009). In studying business ethics, one can approach the subject from different angles or perspectives. One can speak of business ethics in relation to the employees in a business enterprise, the top management of the enterprise or the enterprise itself. It can also be considered in relation to the society with the analysis of social, political, and economical impacts such behaviors have to the society. Considering the diversity that is often witnessed in these settings, there arises conflict between various organs that are fundamental in the smooth running of the enterprises. The interest of each of the different parties may not be fully satisfied in that, attempting to satisfy one party may be equivalent to harming another party. An act or a decision by the management might suite the interest of the employees while it carries with it losses to the business. Various forms of conflict emerge in a business environment and failure to properly resolve them can lead to the organization’s/firm’s downfall (De George, Para 2). The conflicts in a business environment could be external conflicts, management conflicts, or strategic conflicts. In conclusion, it is first worth noting that in as much as any business enterprise is charged with various responsibilities, the major responsibility that it has is to maximize profits of the shareholders. This will boost their spirits and the business will have funds to push on. Secondly, a business that hopes to survive in the current and future local and global market needs not to rely only on some forms of government legislation. Instead, it needs to ensure high level of universal morality in its entire leadership. References De George, R. T. (N.d). A History of Business Ethics. Web. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. and Ferrell, J. (2009). Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases . OH: Cengage Learning.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The essay discusses the ethics of employers screening potential employees' social media profiles. It concludes that social media should not be used to screen potential employees because of the many negatives associated with such.

The essay discusses the ethics of employers screening potential employees' social media profiles. It concludes that social media should not be used to screen potential employees because of the many negatives associated with such.

HR Ethics: Employees’ Privacy and Social Media Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Biopolitics theory 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction Social media should not be used to screen potential employees because of the many negatives associated with such. First among these is that such comprise an action which leads to discrimination on the basis of race, gender, among others. Profiles on the social media are rich in personal information. They sometimes include uploaded photos of the person. In the case that the potential employer views the profile, he or she directly views these photos. The view of the photos can in the end influence the choice of the employer, according to the ideological beliefs held especially those relating to gender and race as these are easily decoded when the photos are appear. If these assessments inform the selection of the employee, then the employee has been discriminated on gender or race, or any other ground, which is unacceptable in employment (Klososky, 2011, p. 61). Besides the outright discrimination, the idea of ‘popping’ into the potential employee’s profile can also lead to unfair treatment of the potential employee during interview. It leads to potential employee being treated badly in interviews. This is true thinking of question that may arise such as, “are you such a drinker as you indicated in your profile on a certain social site?’ When one is to hear this during an interview, then such is bound to be angry towards the whole process because these questions relate to personal views and interests and thus cannot be explained to anyone else. Besides, social media is personal. Each individual needs to be given in the advantage of knowing that there is no one spying on them (Bernstein, 2010, p. 9). Biopolitics theory This theory defines existence of parts of individual and parts of society as separate. According to the theory, each individual possesses power, as well as sovereign rights which cannot be alienated (Lemke, 2011, p. 45). According to biopolitics, because individuals make the society, the individual is sovereign to any intrusion by the society. According to the theory, any breach of the powers and sovereignty of the individual by the society has to be voluntarily agreed on by the individual to maintain a proper relationship between the individual and society. In the context of employee recruitment, the potential employee represents the individual and the social media represents the power and sovereignty which is possessed by such as an individual. In the same situation, the employer represents the society which interacts with the individual. Basing on the biopolitical theory, the norm of the interaction would thus be that the employer first asks permission from the employee on whether they can view their profiles. This permission is what in the biopolitical theory is referred to as voluntarily agreement. The permission represents the only point at which entrance into the social media right of the employee by the employer could be allowed. In the situation that the intention to use these sites has not been communicated to the employee, the employer would definitely be going against the theory. According to the biopolitical theory, violation of the power balance has consequences. Such include the influence of ideology to negatively impact the individual. As the theory holds, when these principles of consent and sovereignty are abused, the individual becomes exposed to the prospect of having opinions developed on him or her that he or she does not understand (Lemke, 2011, p. 46). This would evidently be the case when the employee uses the social media without seeking consent. The impact of this is that the employer would develop an opinion on the employee without the employee knowing the existence of such. Because opinion influences interaction, it basically means that the opinion developed affects how the employer interacts with the potential employee without the former knowing the source of such ideology. This is an abuse to the social interaction rules which require disclosure from both sides. As another aspect, the biopolitical theory identifies that violation of this theory is not good because such has the potential of influencing the outcome of a vote. In relation to the employee recruitment drive, this case means that the employer though this violation has a high chance of being influenced into taking the employee or declining to employ solely on the basis of what was found out from the social media profile of the potential employee (Klososky, 2011, p. 61). This would be a sad precedence. This is because it ignores two important points on hiring. First is the point that there is a competently administered interview to select the best among the applicants. When they are voted out from the social media content it is important also to recognize that such is not a competent interview because the interview is not present. Besides, doing this voting from the social media content is comprises not giving each of the applicants a fair chance at the job. This in the end comprises discrimination because it assumes those who have good profiles are good while those who have non-impressive ones are bad. Considering that the differences between profiles on social media could only be on the ground of choice by each on what to include and what to avoid, the whole selection process could come out as a failure on the part of the employer because it is based on wrong assumption, ideology and attitudes on the employee. Conclusion After the above discussion, it is true to conclude that the use of the social media to look for information on employees, though sometimes well intended, will always lead to abuse of the right and privileges of the potential employee as a person. As discussed, this act will comprise discrimination of the employee on unconfirmed grounds as well as on gender and racial divide. According to the paper, such should be avoided because besides the above, it may also leads to the employer getting wrong assumptions on the potential employee or even hire cheats. References Bernstein, D. A. (2010) Essentials of psychology . S.l., Wadsworth Pub Co. Klososky, S. (2011) Manager’s guide to social media . New York, McGraw-Hill. Lemke, T. (2011) Biopolitics: an advanced introduction . New York, New York University Press.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The name business intelligence (BI) is a name that was formed in the mid 1950s to describe the act of changing un-grouped data from a company's or an organization's contrasting functional data into a common data warehouse that could help the organization to come up with or in reporting and presenting information. Geographic information system is an old but well developed and very informed technology that sprung up in the university's computer science development in the later years of the 1960s.

The name business intelligence (BI) is a name that was formed in the mid 1950s to describe the act of changing un-grouped data from a company's or an organization's contrasting functional data into a common data warehouse that could help the organization to come up with or in reporting and presenting information. Geographic information system is an old but well developed and very informed technology that sprung up in the university's computer science development in the later years of the 1960s.

Business Intelligence and Data Warehousing System Report (Assessment) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Geographic Information System and Business Intelligence 3. Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence 4. Models of Data Warehousing 5. Standard Statistical Methods and Business Intelligence 6. Reference List Introduction The name business intelligence (BI) is a name that was formed in the mid 1950s to describe the act of changing un-grouped data from a company’s or an organization’s contrasting functional data into a common data warehouse that could help the organization to come up with or in reporting and presenting information. The person uses this collected data network through an easy-to-use interface which functions to display the outcome of the extraction, transformation and loading procedure. This is commonly known as the ETL procedure and it is used to expand the data warehouse. This particular network also acts as an ordered reporting environment that distributes the completed and available functional reports and business decisions all over the various departments of the organizations. It is noted that in the recent times, service oriented architecture (SOA) has decided to start supplanting and augmenting data warehousing and business intelligence implementations (Biere, 2003). This action of merging data warehousing and business intelligence has a business advantage in that the reporting and making of decisions are carried out or are dependent on a common functional view or better still on one model of the truth. Access to business intelligence information has become timely and it is also known that graphic dashboards have been developed with the main aim of keeping tracks of major business operations. As a result, this has made business intelligence more graphic intensive. Practically, charts and business graphics now form a common part of reports. The graphic dashboards were named so because of their resemblance to the usual automobile or car dashboards. They work by giving operational information at a glance (Moss & Atre, 2003). Business intelligence is made up of various techniques of analyzing data and conveying the information that the would-be customers or users will need. The categories include: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) used in collecting spatial data; Standard statistical method used for collecting quantitative data for the purpose of forecasting, predictive models, and decision trees; and Semantic analysis method which is usually used for textual data (Biere, 2003). The Geographic Information System and Business Intelligence Geographic information system is an old but well developed and very informed technology that sprung up in the university’s computer science development in the later years of the 1960s. The main reason for coming up with geographic information system was to relate the available collected data with geographic referenced map graphics and pictures so as to help people understand the impact and effects of geography on factors such as behaviour and outcomes of results. Geographic information system and business intelligence have been known throughout history to follow different growth and implementation ways. However, these two technologies have been merged due to the overwhelming request by customers to use a more complete technology and also for practical reasons. Within different organizations it is known that the visibility of these two technologies has improved to meet regulatory needs. To meet the needs and requirements of business intelligence and geographic information system beneficiaries, leading business intelligence providers have continually used the two technologies and have provided innovative answers to their rapidly increasing number of end users (Weber, Grothe & Schaffer, 1999). The outcome is that the new users have answered to this with new applications that influence the synergy of the merged technologies. Geographic information system can be merged with other data technique analysis and business intelligence. There are various factors that have made their integrations very easy as will be discussed in the paper. The merger of geographic information systems with other data technique analysis provides numerous benefits to the whole organization without interfering with or interrupting the already available information technology data. In today’s world, geographic information system recognizes the location component of data and relates the data to geographic feature found in a GIS. These features are geographic representations of real features like roads, river, forests, lakes oceans, mountains, buildings, game parks and game reserves, deserts and many more. They also include conceptual features like political boundaries and service areas. When one relates information to these features, she or he enables users to arrange data depending on the geographic area of each record in the data. For example, they get to know data on mountains, water sources, can easily locate roads, homes and schools while conducting a survey. This type of geographic data operations is shown as a map and clearly shows spatial relationship and influence that cannot be pointed out in traditional tabular views of data (Hall & Jordan, 2010). A geographically sorted data gives a chance for the usage of new data that might not have anything in common with the already existing data apart from location, for example, schools and other governmental organizations that engage in data collection such as insurance companies. GIS analysts can map the addresses they will need or those of insured facilities and overlay flood plain boundaries so as to identify all the facilities within the flood prone areas. This information enables them to compute the logistics on reserves from potential catastrophic floods and can help schools to come up with a budget. Similarly, private and public organizations can also carry out the same investigation to find out the potential impact on facilities, supply chains and employees (Hall & Jordan, 2010). Geographic information system and business intelligence came into use or were implemented at a time when the general information technology was developing to embrace common ways of compiling, distributing, storing and using data. Most business environments, both public and private organizations, had an increasing demand to operate effectively so as to be able to meet the requirements of their increasing number of clients. As a result, they found a propriety system a major hindrance to their daily business operations. To solve this problem, various IT providers and different organizations proposed that they should try to adapt a method that had concepts of using standard and common ways of integrating data. From the time these standards were adopted by the providers of IT, it became very easy for different applications to interact as they shared the same foundations of technology. It is also noted that internet technology also improved tremendously and became a major communication protocol that enabled the exchange of information between the various functional departments of an organization. As the standards were being put to use, business intelligence and GIS concentrated more on dealing with and giving information they considered very important to their major users (Prabhu, 2004). The BI providers made connectors for most common file formats used by businesses while on the other hand the GIS experts worked hard to create connections of geographic features formats that were in worldwide use then. The increased use of internet and the adoption of standards as a data and information medium partly contributed to mission of enterprise implementations of applications. BI application operators had technology grounds and applications that could help in meeting the requirements of enterprise implementations. However as discussed earlier, both BI and GIS operations work differently. It was therefore thought that merging these two applications would give opportunities for proliferations of the technologies and the benefits of these two technologies would be realized through using operational units that are recently not using similar technologies. Consequently, this would lead to the expansion of integrated applications in the entire enterprise. These same sentiments were shared by innovators in governmental organizations that needed to obtain actionable information from the existing data (Prabhu, 2004). BI experts also found out that the already adopted standard technology architectures would make the merging of GIS and BI very easy. If anything, every technology gave solutions and answers to issues that were seen as major obstacles to enterprise implementations of respective applications. GIS experts saw that using tabulated data obtained from numerous databases and file systems would have been hard and expensive, while on the other hand the BI experts solved this problem by using the ETL method or using connectors that enabled BI applications to use native language. However BI providers found it most difficult to work with geographic data format, CAD data and imagery. To add to this problem, they also had difficulties with the projections used in GIS maps. But then again the GIS providers solved this issue by using standards of the interoperability of their data (Prabhu, 2004). Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence Data warehousing is an important aspect to talk about when discussing business intelligence. Data warehousing has different definitions a few of which are listed below: Data warehouse is a recent development in database management in which copies of all the databases in an organization or a company are kept or arranged in one single location and can easily be accessed by employees from any locality. It is also the method of designing, building and maintaining a data warehouse system (SCN Education, 2001). Data warehouse can also be defined as a collection of an organization’s data that has been compiled and kept electronically. They are made in such a way that they make easy the reporting and analysis of information (Thierauf, 2001). Data warehousing is related to business intelligence (BI). It tells us that the major thing that the project personnel should do is to collect information from final consumers because they are usually not well conversant with the data warehouse matters and as a result they need the guidance of a business sponsor. It is very important to do a proper choice of data warehouse personnel and tools and also business intelligence software. The personnel can either be external consultants who are normally more experienced and have elaborate knowledge in the field, or they can be permanent employees. Permanent employees are found to be much more economical as opposed to consultants who are very expensive (Hall & Jordan, 2010). The next step involves executing data warehouse design which involves several steps such as quality assurance, incremental enhancement, the physical environmental set up and many more. The design of the data warehousing must be done taking into consideration various issues such as what is supposed to be done to successfully finish the phase, the approximate amount of time that is needed to finish it, and the documents that will be needed at the end of the task to show every single step taken during the data warehouse task. The documents help consultants to relay their outcomes to clients. Models of Data Warehousing The models of data warehousing are divided into dimensional model, conceptual model and logical model. Dimensional model is normally used in data warehousing systems that are used for translational type systems. It deals with aspects such as category of information for instance time and attributes. It also contains a fact table which is a table that gives information on the measure of interest such as amount of sales in a business. On the other hand a conceptual data model shows the level of relationship between various areas. A logical data model gives a much detailed description of data without taking into account how they will be implemented in the database. Business Intelligence is made up of various techniques for analyzing data and conveying information to the would-be decision makers. Standard Statistical Methods and Business Intelligence This is a method that uses statistical surveys to compile quantitative information involving attributes of a population. This analysis may centralise on opinions or factual information based on its use and it mostly involves asking questions directly to individuals. “These questions can be given by a researcher whereby this type of examination is called a structured interview or researcher administered survey,” (Thierauf, 2001, p. 67). It can also be in the form questionnaires. In this technique, the questions are usually ordered and standardized in such a way that the question does not have any effect on the answers to the questions. This is done to ensure validity, reliability and generalizability of the research. All the other people taking the survey test should be given the same questions in the same order as it was done to the others. This ensures accuracy and reliability of the collected data. In organization development (OD), keenly structured examination tools are usually used on the basis of data collection, organizational diagnosis and other expected outcomes of the business (Weber et al., 1999). This technique can be used to study concepts such as curriculum development. It becomes more useful when the researcher wants to have a one-on-one encounter with the respondents. Here the survey questions are given in the form of questionnaires. The people involved go from door to door or home to home asking questions and collecting their data at the same time. The data collected is then quantified for later use. For example, if a given country needs to change its curriculum, first it will have to come up with the design of how it wants the new syllabus to look like, the subjects that are supposed to be taught and those that should be left out, the stages at which the subjects are supposed to be taught, the resources they would expect the teachers to use and the methods of teaching, as well as the form of behaviour reinforcement to be used to mention but a few. The response to these questions during the piloting stage will give the developers the green light to go ahead and implement the new structured curriculum or they will have to go back to the drawing board. For instance, if majority of the people find the newly proposed curriculum to meet the country’s educational and workforce needs then it can be implemented. On the other hand, if majority of respondents are not satisfied with the proposed curriculum then the developers will use their responses and opinions to come up with a syllabus that is suitable to their citizens and one that meets their country’s needs. Usually the outcome of this technique is very reliable and effective and can also be merged with geographic information system to help the people involved to get to various regions of the country (Thierauf, 2001). The standard statistical methods can also be used by a country to find out how its citizens have advanced technologically. For example surveyors can set out to find out the number of people using electronics such as computers, televisions, microwaves, electric cookers, refrigerators among other electronics at home. In such a case, the surveyors move from home to home both in the rural and urban areas collecting data about each of the equipment named above. Businesses can also make use of this technique to find out about their customers’ feelings towards their products and services. The results from the survey can help the organization to make decisions that would increase their customer base by developing products and services that meet their customers’ needs. The advantage of this method is that it does not require users to be highly educated so as to be able to interpret the data. On the negative side, it is time consuming since it is done manually and not electronically. This technique becomes much more effective when merged with GIS because whereas the technique itself does not give maps and pictorials, it can use maps and pictorials from the GIS (Prabhu, 2004). Semantic text mining and BI too go hand in hand as this helps in retrieving data from large amounts of data that is mainly collected in text form. Text mining helps BI experts by equipping them with skills on how to get textual data organised and ordered so that it can be easy to use. Most companies such as call centres, emails and many more collect their data in text form. This information is noted to be increasing on a daily basis and at a high rate. By using text mining BI experts apply the knowledge of text mining examining numbered and short hand data information in the business organization. They then organize this information into manageable form that can be used by others. They do this without omitting the most important part of information that would have been otherwise lost if text mining was not used (Gao, Chang & Han, 2005). Reference List Biere, M. (2003). Business intelligence for the enterprise. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education. Gao, L., Chang, E., & Han, S. (2005). Powerful tool to expand business intelligence: text mining. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 8, 110-115. Hall, D., & Jordan, J. (2010). Human-centred information fusion . Chicago: Artech House. Moss, L., & Atre, S. (2003). Business intelligence roadmap: the complete project lifecycle for decision-support applications. New York: Addison-Wesley. Prabhu, C. (2004). Data warehousing: concepts, techniques, products and applications. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India. SCN Education. (2001). Data warehousing: the ultimate guide to building corporate business intelligence. Berlin: Wiley-VCH. Thierauf, R. (2001). Effective business intelligence systems. London: Greenwood Publishing Group. Weber, J., Grothe, M., & Schaffer, U. (1999). Business intelligence. Berlin: Wiley-VCH.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Business process management is a concept in business management aimed at making businesses more efficient and effective. It is a holistic approach to business which aligns all the different aspect of the organization towards realizing the requirements of consumers.It incorporates critical aspects such as flexibility, innovation, as well as technological integration to achieve growth in business. The main aim is to optimize the business process hence achieving the best results at minimal application of resources.

Business process management is a concept in business management aimed at making businesses more efficient and effective. It is a holistic approach to business which aligns all the different aspect of the organization towards realizing the requirements of consumers. It incorporates critical aspects such as flexibility, innovation, as well as technological integration to achieve growth in business. The main aim is to optimize the business process hence achieving the best results at minimal application of resources.

Business Process: Achieving the Best Results at Minimal Resources Report Business process management is a concept in business management aimed at making businesses more efficient and effective. It is a holistic approach to business which aligns all the different aspect of the organization towards realizing the requirements of consumers. It incorporates critical aspects such as flexibility, innovation, as well as technological integration to achieve growth in business. The main aim is to optimize the business process hence achieving the best results at minimal application of resources. It is a shift from the traditional functional focused hierarchical management arrangement. The three main methods applied in improving business processes include Total Quality Management (TQM), Six Sigma and Lean Production. This paper examines the three methods explaining how they work as well as origin. It also outlines the merits and demerits for each method and also gives examples of companies utilizing the methods. Total Quality Management entails a general management approach focused on long-term vision mainly through overall satisfaction of customer expectations. In this effort, the entire organizational members are involved in an overall improvement of processes, culture as well as products offered by the organization. The method is attributed to quality leaders such as Edwards Deming and Phillip Crosby. Implementation of this method is hinged on a set of practices in management aimed at helping companies raise quality as well as productivity. One important practice is the creation of a constant purpose towards upgrading the organization’s products. This ensures that in the organization is constantly in search of ways to better products to meet the changing customer requirements. Secondly, there is a deliberate aim for the organization to constantly adopt new philosophies towards the philosophies which support better productivity. The method also discourages reliance of direct inspections towards achieving better quality as well as awarding business based purely on prices. Instead it encourages minimization of total costs through advantages of economies of scale such as dealing with one supplier (Total Quality through Six Sigma, 2010) Six Sigma is also a long-term approach to management aimed at changing corporations towards better returns through rationalization of operations, better quality and commitment to the elimination of mistakes and errors in all areas of operations. It aims at recreating processes to ensure that mistakes of defects do not occur. It was first tested by Motorola an American manufacturer faced with stiff competition from Japanese manufactures. It was formulated by Bill smith in the year 1986. It adopts some critical aspects of total quality management such as quality control and others. The method is based in several principles. First and most important is a true and authentic interest to customer satisfaction. In addition, management is largely based on researched data and facts. It relies heavily on proactively as opposed to reactive measures. It focuses centrally on process management, comprehensive cooperation among all members of the company and an undying strive for perfection. The main stages of the Six Sigma process stages are define, measure, analyze, improve and control (Six Sigma, Lean, TQM and BSC, 2010) Lean production is a practice in manufacturing which adopts a rather strict way of handling resources in an organization. It considers that any activity with no direct link towards creation of benefits to the customers is wasteful and hence should be considered for elimination (Lean Production, 2010). Constant focus is on “value for the customer” which is defined as anything that the customer is willing to buy. The method is attributed to the world number one car manufacturer Toyota which developed in the 1990’s. The company is known for its reduction in wastes and improvement of customer value resulting in phenomenon growth. An example of a waste reduction effort is in storage. Clearly, a customer gets no value from the fact that a car was stored in a factory for a specified period of time. This is so yet the storage costs of a car are part of the final cost. Consequently, lean production principles require that all options be explored towards elimination of such costs. The method applies identification of value and value streams and perfection (Six Sigma, Lean, TQM and BSC, 2010) Both Six Sigma and TQM share philosophy to a great extent. They have a sharp emphasis on the role of top management in offering leadership and support. They also have a common long-term approach towards improvement of quality and hence success. It is however true that Six Sigma is more popular than TQM. The main difference derives from a management perspective (Problems and advantages of Total Quality Management, 2010) Notably Six Sigma unlike TQM was developed by corporate CEOs with a quest for both short term and long-term results. Consequently, Six Sigma is more responsive to the demands of business as it achieves a unique mix of both short term as well as long-term results. TQM is largely focused in the quality of the end products. Six Sigma on the other hand emphasizes on specific strategies and their application to costs and business schedules. Consequently, TQM gives a direction towards making progress but Six Sigma seeks to ensure that specific investments achieve targeted returns. Both lean production and Six Sigma methods have focus on individual projects and processes. They take more consideration the company strategy. However TQM aims at holistic improvements hence disregarding company strategy. It is implemented within certain departments and has less urgency in terms of time. It however mainly focuses on manufacturing. This leaves other critical areas such as marketing to other management systems. Six Sigma and Lean production strictly require that experts be employed in implementation while TQM has room for non-expatriates. As mentioned above Six Sigma relies heavily on facts and figures especially financial unlike TQM which often has no specific targets hence minimal application of figures. Lean production is driven by five areas including cost, quality, safety, delivery and morale (Total Quality Management, 2010). According to experts, application of lean production would help achieve enormous successes in cost controls. In areas of production, overproduction could lead to significant cost increases. This could be through producing more than what customers require or incorporating unnecessary materials in production. Applying lean production could lead to a 50% reduction in cost of production. Another aspect of consideration is waiting time. This incorporates delays and idle moments when there is no value addition. If addressed through principles of lean production, wastage would be reduced by half. The same applies to costs of inventory handling, transportation and handling of defective units (Problems and advantages of Total Quality Management. 2010) The most visible benefits of applying TQM method is the fact that in the long-term the organization experiences better morale among workers due to emphasis on teamwork significant decrease in costs and more importantly higher consumer trust. However, this method puts less emphasis on immediate goals of the company. It is also driven by the need to improve internal processes more than meet customer expectations. As mentioned earlier TQM is mainly applied by companies in Europe while Six Sigma is applied my companies like Motorola in the USA. Lean production on the other hand is best applied by companies in Asia especially Japan’s motor manufacturing giants like Toyota. The success of these methods is immense. However experts have a higher rating for lean production and Six Sigma methods. This does not in any way mean that TQM method is inefficient, it just implies that both Six sigma and Lean production methods are more improved and better able to motivate employees in organizations towards achievement of measureable and timetable specific goals. The application of these methods is considered an important step towards realizing competitiveness at the international level. However, the choice of which model to best apply is not necessarily based on the rating of the three different methods. It is more dependent on the ability of the organization to fully and successfully implement the method. This is because despite the great benefits available, implementation may be a complex undertaking likely to upset the status quo in the organization hence generating unforeseen frictions. It is therefore important that choices are made wisely in regard to the most applicable method in a particular organization in order to minimize risk of failure in implementation. This is because failure in implementation could be worse than not implementing the methods at all. Reference List Lean Production . 2010. Web. Problems and advantages of Total Quality Management. 2010. Web. Six Sigma, Lean, TQM and BSC . 2010. Web. Total Quality Management. Organization wide approaches. 2010. Web. Total Quality through Six Sigma . 2010. Web.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: Over the last few years, information technology has transformed marketing of electronic products. From the research, it is obvious that electronic businesses and potential customers use communication media such as social sites, television, radios, and mobile phones as means of fulfilling their varied needs.

Over the last few years, information technology has transformed marketing of electronic products. From the research, it is obvious that electronic businesses and potential customers use communication media such as social sites, television, radios, and mobile phones as means of fulfilling their varied needs.

Business Research and Writing Research Paper Introduction In the recent past, a number of advancements in information technology have taken place in various aspects of business such as marketing, management, accounting, and sales amongst others. These advancements have continued to shape how entrepreneurs run their businesses. Notably, advancements in information technology are in the form of developments that have affected almost every aspect of businesses. Businesses and other related sectors that involve human interaction have experienced the impacts of information technology. Outstandingly, businesses can market, advertise, and sell their products easily if they employ information technology as part of their production system (Chang & Rajiv, 2002). Therefore, businesses are shifting their attention to information technology and embracing its advancements so that they can expand their market share and retain consumers. Fields such as marketing, accounting, and sales require information technology so that businesspersons can successfully reach their potential customers and convey the desired information. Information technology enables businesses relay information to individuals in a cost-effective manner. In addition, information technology uses communication media like televisions, radios, and newspapers when reaching out to a large number of potential customers easily and quickly (Baye, Morgan, & Scholten, 2003). Since modern customers emphasizes on the quality of products that a firm produces, businesses and companies employ information technology to enlighten potential consumers on the quality of their products. Through the advancements in information technology, businesses can increase customers’ awareness of products, persuade customers to purchase the products, and increase sales; hence creating phenomena that translate to an increased market share and revenues in a firm (Badrinarayanan & Laverie, 2011). Hence, this research paper evaluates advancements of information technology over the last five years in the fields of marketing, accounting, and sales, and consequently considers their potential impact on the electronic business. Research Findings Marketing and Information Technology Over the last few years, information technology has transformed marketing of electronic products. From the research, it is obvious that electronic businesses and potential customers use communication media such as social sites, television, radios, and mobile phones as means of satisfying their varied needs. Masrek, Karim, and Hussein (2007) argue that businesses employ communication media to market their products to potential consumers. The research also identifies that businesses use media like televisions and social sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube to inform customers of the existing products, and thus persuade them to purchase the electronics (Gurrib, 2007). Therefore, through these media, businesses achieve the core objective of marketing, which is to inform clients about existing products, and thus persuade them to purchase these products (Baye, Morgan, & Scholten, 2003). Furthermore, the research finds out that the presence of many channels of communication increases awareness among customers. Analysis: From the research, it is clear that electronic business should employ communication media like mobile phones and newspapers to market their products to potential users. Using newspapers, the business conveys messages, which are in the form of texts or images, to their customers. Since phones and newspapers are available and used by almost every individual, their application in marketing electronics is very instrumental. Additionally, with the advent of technology, phones have transformed into small computers, which send and receive e-mails and other visual messages that are useful in marketing of products. From extensive research, it is clear that modern customers are concerned about the quality of products, and so they use communication media to increase their level of knowledge about the products (Masrek, Karim, & Hussein, 2007; Baye, Morgan, & Scholten, 2003). As a result, the electronic business should use communication media when reaching out to customers it is cheap and effective in marketing. Accounting and Information Technology The research paper identifies that information technology has transformed the accounting field positively. Historically, accountants used to record data manually in large and bulky books that sometimes were lost, mixed up, or misplaced. However, the advancements in information technology have automated the accounting processes. Hence, recording of data and other accounting information has become effective and efficient. Modern accountants can record information quickly and easily as opposed to medieval accountants who performed accounting activities manually (Ahearne & Bhattacharya, 2005). From the research, it is unmistakable that businesses employ communication media because they are efficient and effective. Additionally, the research found out that the advancements in technology enabled the introduction of software such as spreadsheets, which help accountants to record information (Chang, & Rajiv, 2002). The software is useful to accountants because it is applicable in payment of bills, recording data, and enhancing accuracy of data. In the research, it is apparent that accountants employ the Internet in their daily duties. According to the findings, many accountants use the Internet to relay data from one point to another (Badrinarayanan, & Laverie, 2011). In addition, the Internet has increased the level of security in storage of data, as accountants can securely store data in online databases. Analysis: From the research, it is apparent that electronic business and consumers use information technology in performing their accounting procedures. Critical analysis depicts information technology as indispensable in the electronic business because it enhances accuracy of data analysis as well as safety of stored data. Information technology has simplified accounting, and so accountants can record data safely, quickly, effectively, and correctly. Therefore, since information technology is very important in accounting, the electronic businesses must employ it in its operations. Sales and Information Technology Information technology provides a platform for businesses to market their products and consequently increase their sales. The research paper observes that a number of businesses undertake extensive marketing campaigns in an attempt to increase their sales volumes (Gurrib, 2007). Additionally, from the findings, increased marketing leads to improved knowledge among customers about the existing products, and thus influence their buying behaviour. Deawan (2005) explains that present customers are more skeptical and choosy than medieval customers. From extensive research, it is understandable that businesses employ information technology in improving their sales. With the use of information technology, customers can access products and services at any time, while salespersons can deliver products to consumers easily and effectively. Analysis: Information technology is a very important element in today’s electronic business. For the success of any electronic business, its management should employ information technology. Salespersons must apply information technology and embrace its advancements, as they are crucial in marketing of products and increasing sales. According to the analysis, the electronic business should institute an effective marketing strategy, which persuades potential consumers and increases their desire to purchase the electronic products (Badrinarayanan, & Laverie, 2011). Through the employment of information technology, salespersons can inform customers about available products in the electronic business. Informing the potential customers about the existing products increases their level of awareness enhances their willingness to buy the electronics products. It is also very fundamental that the electronic business employs information technology effectively because relaying of wrong information leads to distrust and reduced sales. Recommendations Recommendation: To expand market share, the electronic business should adopt and apply advancements related to information technology in marketing the products. From the research findings, information technology plays a very vital role in the progress of the electronic industry (Masrek, Karim, & Hussein, 2007). Therefore, the electronic business should employ information technology in its marketing departments as it enables them market electronics effectively and efficiently. Furthermore, entrepreneurs should understand that information technology is an indispensable means of marketing in modern world of business (Alphar, 1991). It is important that electronic business should use communication media such as televisions, radios, social networks, and mobile phones to convey messages to their potential users and increase its market share. Recommendation: Accounts departments in the electronic business should not ignore the significance of information technology because it has numerous benefits in financial analysis and projection of growth. Using information technology managers and accountants can record data in computers, versatile disks, or other devices, which are safer than bulky files. Additionally, accountants can encrypt and save the documents in online databases where only authorized people can access (Chang & Rajiv, 2002). This implies that electronic business can make very little progress in the absence of information technology and its advancements. Recommendation: Given that customers have increased knowledge on the use of communication media, the electronic business should employ information technology in promoting its sales. According to Badrinarayanan and Laverie (2011), information technology is very instrumental in promotion of sales volumes in any business. Hence, the electronic business should use information technology in marketing electronics, and consequently improve sales. Moreover, the electronic business should seek expertise from information technology experts to optimize the use of the technology in promoting sales. Conclusion Advancements related to information technology are very fundamental in the progress of any business. By using information technology, the electronic business can market its electronics quickly and easily to potential customers. Furthermore, through increased marketing and enhanced awareness of electronic products among customers, sales volumes will increase resulting in overall development of the electronic business. Accountants can also use information technology tools such as computers to process data accurately and store them safely. References Ahearne, M., & Bhattacharya, C. (2005). Antecedents and Consequences of Customer- Company Identification: Expanding the Role of Relationship Marketing . Journal of Applied Psychology, 90 (3), 574-585. Alphar, P. (1991). A Micro Economic Approach to the Measurement of Information Technology Value. Journal of Management Information Systems, 7 (2), 55-69. Badrinarayanan, V., & Laverie, D. (2011). Brand advocacy and sales effort by retail salespeople: Antecedents and influence of identification with manufacturers’ brands. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 31 (2), 123-140. Baye, M., Morgan, J., & Scholten, P. (2003). The Value of Information in an Online Consumer Electronics Market. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 22 (1), 17-25. Chang, H. & Rajiv, B. (2002).Impact of Accounting on Public Accounting Firm Productivity. Journal of Information Systems, 16 (2), 209-222. Deawan, K. (2005). The Role of Information Technology in Supply Chain Relationship: Does Partners Critically Matter? Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 20 (4), 169-178. Gurrib, I. (2007). Standard Deviation or Variance: The Better Proxy for Large Hedgers and Speculators, Risk in Major U.S Future Markets . African Journal of Business Management, 12 (2), 34-49. Masrek, M., Karim, N., & Hussein, R. (2007). Antecedents and Impact of Intranet Utilization: A Conceptual Framework Journal of Information Technology Impact, 7 (3), 213-226.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The Canadian softwood lumber dispute is one of the major trade disputes in the contemporary history. The softwood trade between the United States and Canada has lasted for more than twenty five years. There have been perpetual disputes over the trade of softwood. These disputes have significantly affected the countries involved, especially the exporters.

The Canadian softwood lumber dispute is one of the major trade disputes in the contemporary history. The softwood trade between the United States and Canada has lasted for more than twenty five years. There have been perpetual disputes over the trade of softwood. These disputes have significantly affected the countries involved, especially the exporters.

Canadian Softwood Lumber Dispute Research Paper Introduction The Canadian softwood lumber dispute is one of the major trade disputes in the contemporary history. The softwood trade between the United States and Canada has lasted for more than twenty five years. There have been perpetual disputes over the trade of softwood. These disputes have significantly affected the countries involved, especially the exporters. These disputes have affected the countries economically, politically, and socially. Despite of the long duration of these disputes, no long lasting or effective solution has been found to solve these problems. In fact, the dispute is the largest trade dispute over the recent past [1] . The condition is worsening each and every day and it is expected to last for more than ten years to come. However, demand for the Canadian lumber in the United States was higher earlier in 1962 and there were very minimal understandings between these two countries. [2] The situation only worsened in 1982, the period when the fraction of the lumber imported from Canada to the United States increased. In the United States, about 58% of the forest is privately owned. [3] The states owned 8% while the rest part was owned by the municipality, county and tribal governments. [4] On the other hand, 71% of the total forest land in Canada is owned by the provincial governments while 23 percent of the land under forests is owned by the federal government. [5] Only 5 percent of the total forests in Canada are owned by private sector. Discussion Over the past, Canada and the United States have stayed in a good relationship both politically and economically. The two countries have enjoyed diplomatic relationships which have favored interactions between them. The two countries have also been rated the best in bilateral trade. [6] These two countries have also integrated their forestry activities that involve ownership of the forests as well as the forest products like lumber and wood. Over the past, Canada has been exporting softwood lumber to the United States. The United States imports soft wood lumber from Canada for various purposes. These range from construction of different structures among others. The two countries have also been integrated through investments in the forest products. However, these relations have been characterized by high level of disputes. This has attracted the attention of many leaders in these two countries including senators, presidents and other elected officials. It has also attracted the attention of the corporate leaders from both Canada and U.S. Both sides have been involved in perpetual interactions in an attempt to find a solution to their problems. In Canada, the forestry arrangements differ significantly from the forestry arrangements in the United States. In United States, most of the lumber is harvested from the private forests. The main cause of the problem which has prevailed for over more than twenty years is about the stumpage fee which softwood producers’ pay. [7] Lumber producers from the United States claimed that the stumpage fee applied was below the market price and therefore the product will automatically be lowly priced. When the production costs are low, producers can supply their goods at lower prices in the market. This frustrated the United States’ producers since the Canadian lumber prices were set below the equilibrium prices. Therefore, this situation led to endless disputes among the two countries. Such subsidies by the government seemed to disrupt the United States market. Circumstances That Led To the Dispute The main issues which has led to disputes in the softwood lumber disputes is whether the Canadian lumber industry is subsidized and whether this has affected the U.S. lumber industry negatively or whether it poses any danger to the U.S. lumber industry. [8] The U.S. government claims that the subsidization of the lumber industry in Canada by both the provincial and federal governments was threatening the domestic producers. For instance, the price of harvesting lumber was artificially fixed. Contrary to this, the price of harvesting lumber in U.S. was left to adjust freely in a competitive auction. [9] Such subsidy reduces the costs of lumber production in Canada. Therefore, the government timber will have lower prices than any other timber in the market. Thus, the government will manage to provide the lumber below the market prices. The U.S. government thought that this was not a fair subsidy as it led to unhealthy competition. According to the U.S. foreign trade laws, any imported goods that enjoyed unfair subsidizes were subject to an extra tariff. The purpose of this tariff was to increase the prices of the imports back to the market prices in order to protect the domestic goods. When the imported goods are available in the market below the market prices, this poses a big threat to domestic producers because their production expenses are relatively high. Therefore, the U.S. government uses this strategy to offset the impacts of the government subsidies on timber by bringing the prices of its products back to equilibrium. Another main reason which led to the perpetual disputes in the trade between these two countries was the fact that there were two principal sources of lumber, that is Canada and United States and only one market in North America. [10] This poses a major problem because the consumer will not be able to consume all the goods supplied. In other words, the supply exceeds the demand. This leads to problems because each party wants to sell more than their partners. The softwood market in the United States has been very unstable. For instance, the share of the Canadian companies was 15% in 1965 which almost doubled in 1985. [11] This raised a concern because Canada shared the same market with the United States. Since the level of demand was almost stagnant, this increased in the market share was likely going to create problems of competition for the customers. This is another circumstance which has contributed to formation of the disputes in the lumber trade between these two countries. Another reason for the disputes in Canada-United States trade was the Canadian taxes and subsidies. United States and Canadian governments had very different tax and subsidies systems. Subsidies are not common in the United States. However, the country emphasizes on the infrastructure and electrical distribution. At Canada, the government subsidizes the production of the softwood which has led to low prices for its products. The mode of transporting the logs is cost effective since they are allowed to float on the down the river to destination. [12] This further helped in retaining the prices of the already subsidized production of Canadian lumber. Since 1982, these disputes can be categorized into four phases. These include; Lumber I In the late 1970s, the prices of federal timber in the U.S. increased dramatically. However, the crises followed in early 1980s when the value of timber fell at the same rate. [13] This situation led severe crisis as the people buying the timber were forced to pay exaggerated prices which did not reflect the value of the timber as they were obliged to conform to their contracts’ regulations. One of the main factors which contributed to the crisis was the federal procedures applied in the sale of the timber. The crisis was also caused by the macroeconomic policies. Meanwhile, United States implemented a restrictive monetary policy in reaction to inflationary pressure in the economy. [14] As the crisis persisted, the buyer of the federal timber who was mostly small firms decided to seek for way through which to overcome the problem. These buyers were represented by the Northwest Independent Forest Manufacturers Association (NIFM) which was located in Washington and Tacoma. [15] As these buyer continued to pay very high prices for then low valued federal timber, they combined and formed a group called Western Resource Alliance. Through this group, these buyers demanded for bailouts of their contracts. The group succeeded since these buyers were able to receive bailout. In other words, they were saved from paying the inflated prices of the timber. This crisis forced the NIFM to send a request to the government to restrict the softwood imports from Canada. On 1980, the leader of NIFM association was advised by one official from the department of the commerce on what he was supposed to do in order successfully restrict the Canadian imports. [16] It was explained to him on how the Canadian exports could be restricted through antidumping duties or countervailing duties. Kuehne, who was the leader of the NIFM contacted other officials on restriction of Canada’s exports and they later decided to form an association. This association was composed of small and medium saw millers. Later, meetings were held and it led to the formation of a coalition known as the U.S. Coalition for Fair Canadian Lumber Imports where Paul Ehinger served as the chairman. [17] The members of NIFM held frequent meetings where they discussed the best ways to handle the Canadian lumber problem. In the late 1980s, NIFM released a report which indicated that the government subsidies to the Canadian lumber producers allowed them to under price the U.S. producers, the fact which threatened the employment opportunities in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Lumber II During this period, there were several bills which were introduced in the U.S. Congress which were directed at coming up with a formal action to suppress the impacts of the subsidized Canadian lumber in the united states market. [18] DZ 396 In this period, the Canadians were opposing the restrictions imposed on the product through the National Association of Home Builders. Later, another opposition group in Canada was formed. However, this group was not successful as it did not follow the formal procedures. When negotiations started on September 1985, Regan who was the president declared that he wished to have a fast track negotiating authority and a having a legislation which allowed president to participate in negotiations. President Regan suggested that the president be involved in the negations after which the agreed procedures would be passed to the Congress so that they can be approved. [19] This created a lot of optimism of finding a solution to the prevailing problems. In 1991, the United States government was notified by the Canadian government on its intention to leave the MOU since it met its rules and that it was going to continue being committed. Following this decision, senators requested the president to propel the Canadian government to take the necessary actions to offset the subsidies provided by the government. In 1992, ITA provided a\n interim duty of about 15 percent as well as the countervailing duty of 6.51 percent. [20] Meanwhile, United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) was already in force. This agreement replaced the court procedures used in both United States and Canada. Lumber III This phase started from 1991. In 1996, United States and Canada came up with an agreement known as Softwood Lumber Agreement (SLA) which was aimed at settling the dispute. [21] This agreement was designed to limit the amount of timber exported from Canada to the United States. The United States government implemented this agreement by imposition of restrictions on the Canadian softwood imports to the United States. These included the quota system and the export duty on the lumber exported from Canada to the United States. [22] The quota system was implemented through restricting the maximum length of the timber which can be exported in a specific period. On the other hand, export duty is the charge that was levied on the exported lumber. These policies were targeting to increase the prices of the lumber exported to the United States. Since the government was providing subsidies on timber production in Canada, export duties increased the prices of the Canadian lumber in the United States market. This eliminated unhealthy competition which was threatening the existence of the United States producers in the market. Following these measures, United States was forced to drop the actions which were taken by the American Lumber industry in the courts. [23] However, this agreement (SLA) expired on 2001. Therefore, lumber producers from Canada were free to export lumber in the United States without limits. This revived the disputes which had been suppressed by the agreement during this period. On realizing this, the Coalition for Fair Lumber Imports abruptly reacted to this by filing a countervailing duty petition. [24] According to Carmody, the Canadian lumber exports were posing both material and domestic industry. [25] This revived the initial antagonism which existed before the formation of the Softwood Lumber Agreement; Canada on one side and the United States producers on the other. The two sides started giving their differing views pertaining to the prevailing situation. Canada used the WTO Agreement in their defense arguing that the DOC’s results were violating this agreement. On the other side, the United States producers, through their association were busy trying to come up with restrictions to limit Canadian exports into the United States market. In an attempt to suppress these problems, an antidumping determination through the DOC was issued. [26] This was issued against the biggest Canadian softwood producers. This was implemented to prevent these producers from exporting timber at very low prices in the United States market. Antidumping levies were aimed at discouraging the Canadian producers from exporting rubber at throw away prices. The results of the investigation carried known by ITC indicated that the Canadian lumber imports was not responsible for the prevailing material injury. [27] However, the results indicated that these imports posed a threat to the material, injury. As a result, high rates of countervailing and antidumping duties were imposed on the lumber imported from Canada to the United States. These restrictions had a big impact on the Canadian producers. Many of them closed as they were unable to operate under these regulations. There combined rates of both duties summed to 27.79%. This was too high compared to other market conditions. However, these restrictions favored the United States producers. This is because they could easily dominate the market when there are fewer imports to compete with their product. The small industries in Canada were the most affected by these regulations. However, the bigger companies overcame the situation by diversifying their markets to other places like China. Lumber IV This phase came after the expiring of the Softwood Lumber Agreement in 2001. This incited the U.S. producers to come up with a restriction in order to limit the total amount of lumber entering into the United States market. This phase involves the determination of the authorities from the United States in funding out more about the rulings made by the WTO and the U.S. courts concerning the dispute prevailing between Canada and the United States. The United States government was compelled to impose countervailing duties in order as well as the antidumping prices. [28] Again, these restrictions were aimed at increasing the prices of the imports in the United States in order to protect the domestic producers. Resolution As already seen, the two trading partners were determined to solve the disputes which rose between them. However, it is difficult to solve the situation because both sides have opposing needs. The Canadian Lumber dispute momentarily stopped in 2006 following an Implementation of the U.S.-Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement. [29] This agreement was very significant as it stopped the disputes which had adversely had negative effects to Canada around that time. In this agreement, the two countries agreed on managed trade of the softwood in the following for not less than seven years. Under the same agreement, the Canadian Lumber exports were to be taxed increasing scale as the prices of the fell. [30] However; policy was not feasible with the trade agreements which had been signed earlier. Therefore, for this agreement to be effective, all the previous agreements were to be dropped. A lot of time was wasted in solved the problem. The disputes continued to increase. Over the last twenty years, the United States of America and the government of Canada has been engaged on various agreements in an attempt to solve their differences. [31] The two countries had agreed on the fact that the imports from Canada to the United States did not pose any injury or threat to the domestic industries. [32] ASO 1197 This was realized by eliminating unhealthy competition from the imports. The two partners also agreed on the point that United States should not self-initiate an investigation under Title VII of 1930. [33] The United States jaws also not supposed to take any action according to the sections 201-204 of the agricultural Act 1956. In an attempt to solve their disputes, Canada and United States has signed two free trade agreements. [34] These agreements involved having the United States being granted free access to its market. United States was the importing country and therefore restricted Canada who was mostly exporting in the United States. All these attempts were aimed at finding the resolution for the problems through the Free Trade Agreement. Under this agreement, the actions of both parties were expected to Several cases have been filed concerning the trade between these two parties. The cases dealt with issues which were political and economic issues. Conclusion In conclusion, this discussion has clearly given the real picture of the Canadian softwood lumber dispute. The study has revealed that the root cause of the trade of lumber between Canada and the United States was the fact that the Canadian products underpriced the domestic products in United States. The Canadian government gave subsidies in harvesting of timber. Consequently, the Canadian lumber was priced below the equilibrium levels (market price). Since the buyers are expected to act rationally, they will choose the cheapest products in the market. Therefore, more of the Canadian products will be bought compared with the domestic goods from the United States. This threatened the existence of the domestic producers at the expense of throw away prices. Various associations and groups have been formed but none of these led to a lasting solution. Each agreement existed for a small duration of time after which it proved impotent. This has raised a concern about the future of the Canadian softwood lumber dispute. Unfortunately, these disputes are expected to continue for the next ten years. Bibliography Anderson, F. and Cairns, Robert D . Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Jun., 1988), pp. 186-196 Anonymous, “Canada-United States: Softwood Lumber Agreement.” International Legal Materials, Vol. 35, No. 5 (SEPTEMBER 1996), pp. 1195-1205 Carmody, Chi. “Softwood Lumber Dispute (2001-2006).” The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 100, No. 3 (Jul., 2006), pp. 664-674 Doran, Charles F. “Trade Dispute Resolution ‘on Trial’: Softwood Lumber.” International Journal , Vol. 51, No. 4, Globalization (Autumn, 1996), pp. 710-733Published Parfitt, Ben. After The Windfall: Plotting a New Course for BC Beyond the Softwood Lumber Agreement. Vancouver: CCPA, 2008. Percy, Michael and Yoder, Christian G. The softwood lumber dispute and Canada-U.S. trade in natural resources. Canada: IRPP, 1987. Rajala, Richard A. “Technological Change, and the Transformation of the West.” Journal of Forest History, Vol. 33, No. 4 (Oct., 1989), pp. 168-179 Reynolds, Matthew B., and Nelson, James B. Canadian Imports and Trade Issues. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2008. Zhang, Daowei and Laband, David. From Senators to the President. Solve the Lumber Problem or Else. Vol. 123, No. 3/4 (Jun., 2005), pp. 393-410 Zhang, Daowei. The softwood lumber war: politics, economics, and the long U.S.-Canada trade dispute. Washington DC. Earthscan, 2007. Footnotes 1. Daowei Zhang. The softwood lumber war: politics, economics, and the long U.S.-Canada trade dispute. Washington DC. Earthscan, 2007. p.15. 2. Daowei 3. Daowei 4. Daowei 5. Daowei Zhang. The softwood lumber war: politics, economics, and the long U.S.-Canada trade dispute. Washington DC. Earthscan, 2007. p.81. 6. Chi Carmody, “Softwood Lumber Dispute (2001-2006).” The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 100, No. 3 (Jul., 2006), pp. 664-674 7. Chi Carmody, “Softwood Lumber Dispute (2001-2006).” The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 100, No. 3 (Jul., 2006), pp. 664-674 8. Daowei Zhang. The softwood lumber war: politics, economics, and the long U.S.-Canada trade dispute. Washington DC. Earthscan, 2007, p.73. 9. Ben Parfitt,. After The Windfall: Plotting a New Course for BC Beyond the Softwood Lumber Agreement. Vancouver: CCPA, 2008. p.65. 10. Charles F Doran,. “Trade Dispute Resolution ‘on Trial’: Softwood Lumber.” International Journal , Vol. 51, No. 4, Globalization (Autumn, 1996), pp. 710-733 11. Charles F Doran,. “Trade Dispute Resolution ‘on Trial’: Softwood Lumber.” International Journal , Vol. 51, No. 4, Globalization (Autumn, 1996), pp. 710-733 12. Richard A. Rajala, “Technological Change, and the Transformation of the West.” Journal of Forest History, Vol. 33, No. 4 (Oct., 1989), pp. 168-179 13. Daowei Zhang. The softwood lumber war: politics, economics, and the long U.S.- Canada trade dispute. Washington DC. Earthscan, 2007, p.84. 14. Michael Percy and Christian G Yoder, The softwood lumber dispute and Canada-U.S. trade in natural resources. Canada: IRPP, 1987, p.28. 15. Daowei 16. Daowei Zhang. The softwood lumber war: politics, economics, and the long U.S.- Canada trade dispute. Washington DC. Earthscan, 200, p.54. 17. Daowei 18. Daowei Zhang and David Laband. From Senators to the President. Solve the Lumber Problem or Else. Vol. 123, No. 3/4 (Jun., 2005), pp. 393-410 19. Daowei Zhang and David Laband. From Senators to the President. Solve the Lumber Problem or Else. Vol. 123, No. 3/4 (Jun., 2005), pp. 393-410 20. Daowei 21. Chi Carmody, “Softwood Lumber Dispute (2001-2006).” The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 100, No. 3 (Jul., 2006), pp. 664-674 22. Anderson, F. and Cairns, Robert D . Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Jun., 1988), pp. 186-196 23. Chi 24. Chi Carmody, “Softwood Lumber Dispute (2001-2006).” The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 100, No. 3 (Jul., 2006), pp. 664-674 25. Chi 26. Chi 27. Chi Carmody, “Softwood Lumber Dispute (2001-2006).” The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 100, No. 3 (Jul., 2006), pp. 664-674 28. Richard A. Rajala, “Technological Change, and the Transformation of the West.” Journal of Forest History, Vol. 33, No. 4 (Oct., 1989), pp. 168-179 29. Daowei Zhang and David Laband. From Senators to the President. Solve the Lumber Problem or Else. Vol. 123, No. 3/4 (Jun., 2005), pp. 393-410 30. Reynolds, Matthew B., and Nelson, James B. Canadian Imports and Trade Issues. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2008, p.85. 31. Reynolds, Matthew B., and Nelson, James B. Canadian Imports and Trade Issues. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2008, p. 154. 32. Anonymous, “Canada-United States: Softwood Lumber Agreement.” International Legal Materials , Vol. 35, No. 5 (SEPTEMBER 1996), pp. 1195-1205 33. Anonymous 34. Charles F Doran,. “Trade Dispute Resolution ‘on Trial’: Softwood Lumber.” International Journal , Vol. 51, No. 4, Globalization (Autumn, 1996), pp. 710-733 Published. Demonstrate objectivity and fairness. This will reduce the chances of unwanted practices which could hurt the other party.

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Write an essay about: The use of cannabis is often associated with memory challenges in the short term and long term basis. Studies continue to be carried out to determine if chronic cannabis use affects long term memory by examining variety of cognitive functions.

The use of cannabis is often associated with memory challenges in the short term and long term basis. Studies continue to be carried out to determine if chronic cannabis use affects long term memory by examining variety of cognitive functions.

Cannabis and its Effects on Long Term Memory Research Paper The use of cannabis is often associated with memory challenges in the short term and long term basis. Studies continue to be carried out to determine if chronic cannabis use affects long term memory by examining variety of cognitive functions. This paper reviews related literature on memory dysfunction in cannabis users (Parath, 2009). The literature reviews includes studies that looked at memory function in cannabis users of chronic intoxication period (Austin, 2010). Specifically, it examines studies in working memory and verbal episodic memory. In addition, they have continued to deduce evidence indicating impaired encoding, storage, manipulation and retrieval systems in long term cannabis users (Allhoff, 2010). Cannabis is extracted from the plant Cannabis sativa. Usually, Cannabis is taken in the form of dried leaves and female flower heads, or the resin secreted by these. This drug can be eaten, but is more usually smoked in the form of cannabis cigarette, or joint, often mixed with tobacco, or in pipe. Cannabis is an illicit drug that is commonly consumed in Europe and approximately 10% of adults aged 16-59 years in the UK used it in the year 2000 (Solowij, 1998). Majority of cannabis users attribute short memory problems as the most prevalent and this forms part of the reason many of them seek help to quit or reduce its consumption. Scientific literature in general avers memory impairment as often cited in relation to cannabis use (Wilson et al., 2002). Cannabis use has risen to become the most widely used drug in the developed world over the years. The memory function in general has been studied in acute administration studies of long term users of cannabis to humans and animals, and in long term studies of cannabis users (Pope et al., 2002). Cannabinoid System and Memory Endogenous Cannabinoid system is directly involved in the necessary functions of memory. This is because cannabinoid receptors happen in high density in brain areas critically involved in memory functions. Profoundly, cannabinoid affects synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory, disrupting long term potential in hippocampus (Martin-Santos, 2010). Cannabinoid receptors are metabotropic receptors which are the most common in the brain and are involved in multiple physiological and behavioural events. They are found on pre-synaptic terminals in locations concerned in cognition, especially learning and memory, critically in hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulated, basal ganglia and cerebellum (Miller, 2010). Endogenous cannabinoid system guides the flow of information in the brain through retrogrades signalling, modulating inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter release critical for synaptic plasticity, depolarisation-induced suppression of inhibition or excitation, long term potentiation, and hence learning, memory and other higher cognitive functions (Kanayama et al., 2004). Structural Brain Changes Related with Chronic cannabis use There is lack of concrete lack evidence in most undertaken indicating that structural brain alterations in cannabis users. There are no global or regional alterations in brain tissue volume or composition in some recent studies (Ries, 2009). Other studies have discovered grey and white matter density alterations globally or in para-hippocampal areas. Utilizing more sensitive measures and assessing cannabis consumers with greater exposure to cannabis than previous research, critical reduction of hippocampus and amygdale volumes in long term cannabis users have recently been reported (Lyketsos et al., 1999). Hippocampus volume reduction was related to dose, correlating with current daily dose, and cumulatively. Only excessive daily doses over long period of time, will lead to structural changes. Another critical factor may be the age of onset of cannabis use. This has a devastating impact to the brain, specifically cannabis consumers’ start at the early stages of neurodevelopment (Allhoff, 2010). Evidence adduced recently of reduced neuronal and axonal integrity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex represented by magnetic resonance spectroscopic markers of metabolism (Solowij, 2009). Changes related to dose were found in anterior cingulate and globus pallidum, but not in hippocampus. Solid evidence for dose related cumulative neuronal damage, neuronal and synaptic density. Since functional dysfunction is likely to precede major structural changes in the brain, or to show concomitant to more minor neural alterations. This presents good reason to think that long term effects of use of cannabis on memory function (Wilson et al., 2002). A Review of Related Literature: Effects of Cannabis Use on Cognitive ability in the long term Cannabis has the ability to exert prominent effects on the central nervous system. In the central nervous system, cannabis acts on an endogenous cannabinoid system that is concerned with regulation of mood, memory, emotion, attention, and other cognitive functions (Hall, 2009). Cannabinoid receptors play a significant role in memory storage and retrieval processes. Discoveries from human and animal research reveal that prolonged use of cannabis changes the functioning of the cannabinoid system of the brain. However, this does not lead to serious impairment (Solowij, 2002). Observation for structural brain impairment for in humans following long term cannabis use has not been sustained generally. Some current research has discovered no global or regional alterations in brain tissue volumes. Other studies have however, shown grey and white matter density changes world wide undertaken to date lack evidence of changes in structural brain in cannabis users or in para-hippocampal areas (Wilson et al., 2002). A recent study that used unique techniques of measurement to indicate that frequent but relatively short term use of cannabis creates neither structural brain abnormalities nor global or regional alterations in the brain tissue volume or composition that are assessable by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Pope et al., 2002). Several studies have indicated altered brain function and metabolism in humans due to acute and chronic use of cannabis using cerebral blood flow, positron emission tomography, and electroencephalographic methods. In sum, use of cannabis has deleterious effects on memory and attention (Solowij, 2009). Individuals who use cannabis show clear signs of cognitive impairments relative to controls. More of concern about cannabis is that its use may cause neurological damage resulting in persistent cognitive deficits, but the evidence is currently inconclusive. The evidence, however, does suggest that early use of cannabis may cause long-term cognitive problems (Solowij, 1998). Chronic Use of Cannabis and cognitive Dysfunction Cognitive dysfunctions or impairments, specifically deficits in short term memory, are reported by many cannabis addicts who seek help to stop using cannabis, and are often advanced as one of the main reasons for needing to stop using cannabis (Allhoff, 2010). However, evidence provided from controlled studies shows that long term heavy use of cannabis does not appear to produce severe debilitating dysfunction of cognitive function like that produced by chronic heavy alcohol use (Ries, 2009). Nonetheless, there is evidence that long term or heavy cannabis users exhibit more subtle types of cognitive impairment that are detected in well controlled studies using sensitive measures (Lyketsos et al., 1999). Earlier studies of the cognitive effects of chronic cannabis use have elicited major concern that cannabis users may have had poorer cognitive functioning than controls before they commenced to administer cannabis (Sadider, 2010). However, studies from the recent past have looked at this problem by matching users and non-users on estimated premorbid intellectual functioning or on test performance prior to the onset of cannabis use. These studies have revealed cognitive impairments associated with frequent and long term use of cannabis (Solowij, 1998). Frequent cannabis consumers were showed impairment in tests assessing verbal expression, mathematics, and memory. Heavy users of cannabis were more susceptible to interference, made more perseverance errors, had poorer recall, and indicated deficient learning compared to light users (Wilson et al., 2002). Solowij et al., (2002) discovered few dysfunctions when they compared neuropsychological performance of dependent, heavy cannabis users with an average 10 years of regular use to anon-user control group. Chronic cannabis users with a regular use averaging 24 years were discovered with impaired attention and had retarded memory in general with dysfunctional verbal learning. Both groups of users indicated impaired temporal judgment. Solowij (1998) in a series of earlier studies applied more sensitive measures of brain function to demonstrate attention impairments in short term users. Solowij et al., (2002) deduced that long term use of cannabis escalated memory impairment. Specific deficits in verbal learning, memory and attention continue to be the most consistently replicated impairments to cannabis users. These impairments are associated to the period, frequency, and cumulative dose impacts (Pope et al., 2002). Differential effects of the various parameters of cannabis use such as, frequency, duration and dose, have not been investigated consistently. As a result, studies are still ongoing to determine whether memory impairments should be related or associated to acute, drug dose, and others occurring the brain memory due to long term cannabis exposure (Solowij et al., 2002). Studies continue to be conducted to investigate the propensity for recovery of cognitive functioning following cessation of cannabis use. Solowij (1998) discovered partial recovery following median 2 years abstinence in a small group of ex-users performing a selective attention task. However, sensitive brain event related potential measures continued to indicate impaired information processing that was correlated with the number of years of cannabis use. Solowij et al., (2002) showed persistent dose associated decrements in neuro-cognitive performance after 28 days abstinence in heavy young users of mean age 20, 5 years use. According to pope et al., (2002), verbal and memory deficits persisted in those who had started using cannabis prior to the age of 17 years but not in those who commenced later in life. The sampled population was between the ages of 30 and 55 years at the time of research. This observation agrees with other observations of adverse effects in that beginning regular cannabis use before versus after the age of 17 years (Wilson, et al., 2000). There is still need for further studies to elucidate the effect of cannabis use in developing brain. Solowij (2009) reported that hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and cerebellum are main sections of endogenous cannabinoid activity and heavily implicated in the cognitive impairments associated with chronic cannabis use. Lyketsos et al., (1999) were able to report the only large scale prospective epidemiological study of the effect of cannabis use on cognitive functioning. They made assessments on cognitive reduction on the Mini Mental State Examination in 1318 adults over 11.5 years. They deduced no relationship between cannabis use and decline in Mini Mental state Examination score, and this persisted when adjustments were made for sex, age, education, minority status, and use of alcohol and tobacco. This study concurs with other evidence that cannabis does not produce gross cognitive impairment (Pope et al., 2002). Memory in Chronic Cannabis Users A cute administration of cannabis can disrupt the working memory. Animal literature exists that reports impaired working memory following acute and chronic use of cannabinoid, including an impaired delayed matching to sample tasks that resembles lesions or removal of the hippocampus (Azzam, 2010). A growing number of recent literatures have continued to study working memory and related functions in chronic cannabis users. Kanayama et al., (2004) examined spatial working memory in long term heavy cannabis users by using functional magnetic resonance imaging using relatively simple tasks. In this study non users made non significant more errors on the task, although few errors in both groups reflected the simplicity of the task and it has been suggested that performance deficits in chronic cannabis users are more likely to be elicited in complex tasks (Kanayama et al., 2004). In addition, Kanayama et al (2004) studies revealed that cannabis users exhibited widespread brain activation with enhanced activation of areas utilized in spatial working memory tasks. They interpreted their findings in terms of cannabis users experiencing subtle neuro-physiological deficits for which they compensate by working harder and calling upon additional brain regions to meet task requirements (Mack, 2010). In a study of abstinent adolescents aged 13-18, cannabis and tobacco smokers compared to tobacco only smokers (Hall, 2009). The group identified functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence of changed neuro-circuitry during the performance of an n-back auditory working memory task in the cannabis group, but only during nicotine withdrawal. Representative samples were tested twice, once during an ad libitum cigarette smoking condition, and again after 24 hrs abstentions from tobacco and cannabis users were in abstinence from cannabis for at least two weeks prior to testing. Cannabis users who abstained from tobacco revealed enhanced task biased activation, for instance, posterior cortical regions and others (Solowij, 1998). A study using real world functions approach examined mood and cognitive performance in a sample of workers with and without recent cannabis use, before and after work at the start and end of the working week. There were scanty details regarding cannabis levels in the sample. A verbal reasoning task was used to measure working memory. Other memory tasks encompassed immediate and delayed free recall and recognition of 20 words presented on a computer screen and a semantic processing task measuring speed of knowledge retrieval from general memory (Pope et al 2002). Poorer performance in verbal reasoning was apparent in cannabis users at the start of the working week and correlated and frequency of cannabis use. Lacklustre performance in verbal reasoning in delayed recall was found in cannabis users pre-work at the end of the working week and was correlated with duration of cannabis use. Cannabis users also indicated slower response organization and lower alertness than non-users, and slower psychomotor speed toward the end of the week, reflecting a lack of improvement in the speed over the working week in contrast to controls, rather than a progressive slowing by cannabis users (Solowij et al., 2002). Episodic Verbal Memory Verbal learning and memory have been the most impaired cognitive functions in the studies of acute cannabis use as well as in chronic cannabis users. Cannabis users experience impairments in cognition in terms of the period of cannabis use and the frequency of cannabis consumption, and lastly, the impact of cumulative dosage. Studies of acute cannabis use suggest that poorer performance can be seen in immediate and delayed recall of words. Recent studies have replicated dysfunction in learning, recall, and delayed recall, with some evidence of rot. The studies deduced 17 hour abstinent long term chronic cannabis users recalled fewer words than shorter term chronic users and non user controls over learning trials (Roffman, 2009). Conclusion Satisfactory evidence has gathered from recent research of cannabis users in the unintoxicated state to conclude heavy cannabis use in the long term is associated with impaired memory function. This implies that impaired memory function goes beyond the period of acute use and is related to a variety of cannabis use parameters. Studies deduce memory impairments to increase proportionate to frequency, dosage, and cumulative dosage of cannabis administration. However, the exact that lead to memory deficits remain to be determined. A collection of research of cannabis users abstinent for reasonably long durations suggest that dysfunctional memory may persist for some time after acute use (Solowij, 2009). The overall evidence from the various reviews suggests that the use of cannabis does in a way affect negatively upon the function of memory. Greater deficits in memory may be apparent in tasks that are more complex and among chronic cannabis users. The kind of memory deficits in chronic cannabis users is not different to that observed under acute influence (Roffman, 2009). Heavy cannabis consumers in the unintoxicated state also indicate impaired immediate, but further delayed free call of verbal information, poor retrieval of information from memory, and difficulties manipulating the contents of the working memory. Memory recognition is inconsistently reported and dysfunctional (Sadider, 2010). Strategies of organizational nature within memory have not received sufficient research. Limited evidence is available for strategy use in spatial working memory. Several studies found similar dysfunctions in cannabis users in learning, on measures of immediate and delayed recall and to research where other verbal learning tests have been administered to cannabis users (Roffman, 2009). In sum, there exist a wide range of individual differences in the propensity to create memory impairment associated with long term chronic cannabis use. The effect of multiple interpersonal factors on resilience to and susceptibility to cognitive dysfunction deserves greater attention. Such factors may involve personality and differing genotypes. A perspective to substance use in general may also confer enhanced vulnerability to cannabis related cognitive memory and needs further attention in prospective studies (Allhoff, 2010). Generally, findings of changed brain activation from imaging studies of cannabis users suggest compensatory procedures activated to ameliorate cognitive deficits. A number of recent advances in techniques are beginning to interrogate pertinent questions; however, the field is still open for continued research. The specific nature of memory deficits in cannabis users has not been comprehensively elucidated. Evidence exists for dysfunctional encoding, storage and retrieval (Roffman, 2009). Reference List Allhoff, F., Jacquette, D., & Cusick, R. (2010). Cannabis. New York: Wiley & Sons. Austin, L. (2010). Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing for Canadian Practice. Sydney: Wolter Kluwer Health. Azzam, A., Yanofski, J., & Kaftarian, E. (2010). First Aid for Psychiatry Boards . New York: Wiley & Sons. Hall, W. (2009). Review Adverse Health Effects of Non Medical Cannabis. Elsevier , 374 Kanayama, G., Rogowska, J., pope, G., Gruber, A., Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2004). Spatial working Memory in Heavy Cannabis Users. Psychopharmacology, 176:239-47. Lyketsos, g., Garrett, E., Liang, K., & Anthony, C. (1999). Cannabis Dependence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mack, A., Harrington, A., & Frances, R. (2010). Clinical Manual for Treatment of Alcoholism and Addictions. New York: American Psychiatric Pub. Martin-Santos, R., Fagundo, A., Crippa, J., et al., (2010). Neuroimaging in Cannabis Use. Psychological Medicine , 40, 385-398. Miller, N., Gold, M. (2010). Addiction Disorders in Medical Populations . New York: Wiley & Sons. Parath, A. (2009). Clearing the Smoke on cannabis . Canadian Center on Substance Abuse, vol. 30 Pope, G., Gruber, J., Hudson, Huestis, A., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2002). Cognitive Measures in Long Term Cannabis Users. Journal of Clinical pharmacology, 42, 41-47. Ries, R., Miller, S., & Fiellen, D. (2009). Principles of Addiction Medicine . Sydney: Wolter Kluwer Health. Roffman, R., & Stephen, R. (2009). Cannabis Dependence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sadider, P., & Keshavan, M. (2010). Use as a Precipitant of Psychosis . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Solowij, N. (2009). Cognitive Abnormalities and Cannabis Use. Psychopharmacol, 23(3), 266-77. Solowij, N. (2002). Cognitive Functioning of Long Term heavy Cannabis Users Seeking Treatment. Journal of American Medical Association, 287(9), 1123-1131. Solowij, N. (1998). Cannabis and Cognitive Functioning. ICambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wilson, W., Mathew, R., Turkington, T., Hawk, T., & Coleman, E. (2002). Brain Morphological Changes and Early Marijuana Use. J Addict Dis 2000; 19: 1-22.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The essay discusses the impact of comprehending the canonical play manuscript and the mode of its reception by the modern reader by reviewing one of Shakespeare's plays.The essay discusses the impact of understanding the canonical play manuscript and the mode of its reception by the modern reader by reviewing one of Shakespeare's plays.

The essay discusses the impact of comprehending the canonical play manuscript and the mode of its reception by the modern reader by reviewing one of Shakespeare's plays. The essay discusses the impact of understanding the canonical play manuscript and the mode of its reception by the modern reader by reviewing one of Shakespeare's plays.

Canonical Status of Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay Introduction Shakespeare’s works have been received with mixed reactions. Not because of the rare quality attributed to his works but due to difficulties in comprehending his original texts. However, Shakespeare continues to influence and inspire each and every generation with his creative artistic mind of playing around with words. Shakespeare applied early modern English in his works, a concept that many current literature readers view as difficult to understand. The grammar, sentence structure, spelling and word interpretation differs from the current modern English. Studying Shakespeare’s original manuscripts has been heavily criticised. Most of his critics argue that being a canonical author, understanding the play scripts pose a challenge to many readers. This paper will discuss the impact of comprehending the canonical play manuscript and the mode of its reception by the modern reader by reviewing one of Shakespeare’s plays. The Concept of Literary Canon The literary canon is archaic works that have been passed from one generation to another. These works continue to make an impact in current modern literature due to their unique artistic nature that captivates a reader’s mind (Vanhoozer 2). In most cases, it becomes hard to understand the deep rich language used in the texts. However, the works are interestingly written and have played an important role to shape the western culture. Literary canon dates back from the works of Homer, John Milton, Jane Austen, the Bible and the great William Shakespeare amongst others. The Gutenberg Revolution saw the introduction of this canon culture that appreciated the historical culture at the time. This revolution period, also known as the age of printing, introduced various forms of non-print mass media. The era was established by Johannes Gutenberg in mid 1450. However, canon literature at the time seemed to invite mixed reactions from both its supporters and critics. The critics on one hand claimed that the literature created a rift between the high and the low popular culture while the supporters on the other hand argued that its taste and value was ideal for the high-cultural required standards. The canon works gained popularity with thousands of people thronging cinema halls to watch plays written by Shakespeare and other canon play writers such as Charles Dickens (Lyons 23). Canon is conceptualized as complex and privileged. For a text to qualify as a canon, it should be of high aesthetic quality that gives the reader pleasure after reading it. Literary canon is constantly changing due to the experiences and thoughts of authors and the canon readers. This has been interpreted to mean that literary work is important to describe continuous trends in historical events. It is for this reason that canon literature has not conformed to a specific definition due to its subjectivity (Branagh and Shakespeare 23). Demystifying Canon Literature: Hamlet By William Shakespeare It is best if we understood William Shakespeare himself in order to have the ability of reading him canonically. The historic information regarding Shakespeare is sketchy as regards to the exact date of his birth and life. Born to a local alderman, Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway who bore him three children. However, the exact dates remain unknown but he became famous around 1592 when he began his theatre career. Interpreting Shakespeare’s canon literature is very difficult though his works continue to be celebrated from one generation to another due to the richness in their textual quantity that lead to a great storyline (University of Southern Queensland 13). Hamlet is perhaps one of the longest yet popular plays written by Shakespeare. It has been labelled as a literally canon. Hamlet is a tragedy of a prince, Hamlet, who wants to revenge on the current king of Denmark. The king, who is Hamlet’s uncle, is accused of killing Hamlet’s father and later taking Hamlet’s mother as his wife (Brooks 4). In order to succeed in his set out plan, Hamlet pretends to be insane. However, the story ends tragically when most of the characters including Hamlet are killed. The play has been praised for its classic artistic texts used in its script. Hamlet’s script was written using a unique technique called functional shift. Shakespeare used this kind of technique in all his works to enable his readers to understand the meaning of a word used in a sentence prior to comprehending its functionality. A good example is his ability of replacing a verb with a noun. Though this technique seems to cause confusion in the mind of a reader, it causes the brain to react. When Hamlet’s good ally Horatio requests him to call off a duel, he declines by telling him, “If it be now, ‘tis not to come. The readiness is all.” Such play text causes confusion in the mind of a reader and the canonical status of understanding Hamlet by use of manuscripts has been put in question by scholars. Understanding the Canonical Status Used in Hamlet’s Language The language used to write the play script has struck most readers as complex and difficult to comprehend. Much of the language used in the play script has been conceptualised as courtly. This form of writing is both amusing and inventive in nature. It is also enriched with rhetorical figures. He makes good use of stichomythia to develop dialogue in the play. This is a skill of writing dialogue in single lines to which the characters converse alternately. In addition, Shakespeare skilfully applies the use of anaphora and asyndeton in his words to captivate the minds of his audience. This he succeeds by using similar words in the same sentence to create an effect. The words also apply hendiadys as a figure of speech (Marino 34). This is a rare rhetorical device used to express a certain idea by using two words that are linked by a conjunction. A good example is during Ophelia’s speech when she says, ‘And I, of ladies most deject and wretched.’ The use of hendiadys throughout the play has caused a reaction among scholars, most of whom find it odd to use this particular form of rhetoric device in most of his texts. However, the technique has been defended by some of the scholars who argue that Shakespeare’s skill is to develop and emphasize the purpose of duality and dislocation in the play. The language used in Hamlet’s script is unique as the characters have the ability to say several words simultaneously that seem contradictory to the audience. This concept helps the character to appear confused and possessed by disturbed feelings. A sentence like ‘Get thee to a nunnery’ is such an example which showed Hamlet’s confusion about sexuality and purity. Hamlet’s soliloquies have also been criticised by most scholars who argue that the dialogue is based on Shakespeare’s beliefs. This claim has however been rejected by Hamlet’s supporters who argue that the use of this technique is to emphasize the character’s process of thinking (Jardine 13). Analysing the Ideal Mode of Reception of Understanding Canonical Works It has been discussed above on the complexity of studying the original works of Shakespeare in play script form due to its complicated nature. The play Hamlet in particular causes more confusion not only to its audience but also to students trying to analyse the play. Most scholars have come to a conclusion that this mode of reception is boring to students and should be interpreted and edited as printed matter. However, some scholars seem to be in disagreement with this theory by arguing that Shakespeare’s works should not be interpreted as suggested by literature critics. They base their arguments on the fact that stage performance is reflective of the intended real issue, a concept that is largely ignored when the play text is presented in printed form. In response to the need of editing Hamlet’s text due to its immoral nature, they argue that Shakespeare intention was to reflect his life as it was and should not be subjected to any changes. Various versions of the play Hamlet have been analysed and most of them contain numerous mistakes derived from the printing process. This changes the original meaning of the play. This has been attributed to the fact that most editors are unable to give accurate translations to the original text as applied in the play script hence altering the meaning of words in their final draft. Textual scholarship argues that the primary text by Shakespeare is actually indefinable due to the fact that none of his original manuscripts has survived. The attempt by numerous editors to interpret the works in their own way has caused a stir among literature tutors and scholars alike. The question that arises is whether print form is the ideal mode of reception and how it influences the understanding of the canonical status in Shakespeare’s works. It has been suggested that Shakespeare’s future editors should take into account the textual instability that has been characterised with textual authority during the printing process. Based on the fact that the current generation is inclined towards digital media, the mode of understanding canonical works in primary mode poses a challenge. The issue that therefore need to be discussed is whether the play should be performed or studied in its textual content. Whilst most people have supported the former, others seem to favour the art of performing Shakespeare’s play to enhance the level of understanding. However, understanding the play using print form mode of reception has been favoured by many scholars (Benchimol and Maley 45). What then is the impact of studying Shakespeare’s work in print form? As earlier discussed, canonical texts are not easy to read and watching a stage performance becomes even more difficult. The printing process offers an interpretation that eases the reader’s mind hence offering some form of pleasure. Use of manuscripts to study the works of Shakespeare limits the understanding of the reader as opposed to the printed form. This therefore limits the level of literacy circulation among the readers. However, most people could possibly argue that the future of canon literature is likely to be affected by interpreting the play text in print form. On the contrary, with so much advancement in technology, it is highly unlikely to wipe out the culture of canon literature. On the other hand, technology will help to filter some of the technical words used in the manuscript without necessarily changing the intended meaning. It has been argued that the ideal mode of understanding a play is by reading it in text form rather than through stage performance. This does not entirely mean that the historical stage performance should be disregarded. As a matter of fact, a play script that guides the stage performance serves as a guide towards any play text transformed in print form. However, reading Shakespeare in print form makes understanding his works a lot easier hence enhancing its popularity especially to the current generation. Most critics argue that transition to print form will not only change the entire meaning of the play but that it will lose the purpose and theme of the play (Mclver and Stevenson 22). It should be noted that Shakespeare himself seems to encourage authorship in Hamlet by using a play within a play. Most of the protagonists in Hamlet are learned, a concept that emphasizes the authorial role very well (Howard and O’Connor 45). More about Hamlet What Does Hamlet Mean When He Refers to the “Pangs of Dispriz’d Love”? 5 2413 What does Hamlet mean by “shuffled off this mortal coil”? 5 1003 What does Marcellus’s and Horatio’s characterization of the ghost imply? 5 156 What is the Meaning of “There Are More Things in Heaven and Earth, Horatio, than are Dreamt of in Your Philosophy”? 4.3 10951 Which Statement Best Describes Gertrude’s Development Between Act 1 and Act 4? 5 168 In act 1, scene 1, which character does Shakespeare use most to create suspense? 5 1447 Conclusion Stage performance of a canonical play elicits some form of excitement in the audience but it should be noted that only few people understand the concept of the play. Most Shakespeare lovers admit that they did not understand his canonical words during performance and prefer reading them in print form. Transition from manuscripts to print form in Shakespeare does not only make the brain to function but also engages the reader in comprehending the canonical works as intended by the author. However, care should be taken by the editors not to misinterpret the canonical words as they appear in the original manuscripts. This is possible by the editors taking into consideration the previous works by the canonical writer and interpreting the words as they are. Works Cited Benchimol, Alex and Maley, Willy. Spheres of Influence: Intellectual and cultural publics from Shakespeare to Harbemas . Germany: European Academic Publishers, 2007. Print. Branagh, Kenneth and Shakespeare, William. Hamlet . London: W.W Norton & Co., 1996. Print. Brooks, Jean. Hamlet by William Shakespeare . Denmark: Macmillan Education, 1986. Print. Howard, Jean and O’Connor, Marion. Shakespeare Reproduced: The text in History and Ideology . Britain: Routledge, 2005. Print. Jardine, Lisa. Reading Shakespeare Historically . New York: Barnes & Noble, 1996. Print. Lyons, William. Canon and Exegesis: canonical praxis and the Sodom narrative . London: Sheffield Academic Press, 2002. Print. Marino, James. Owning William Shakespeare: The King’s Men and their intellectual property . USA: University of Pennysylvania Press, 2011. Print. Mclver, Bruce and Stevenson, Ruth. Teaching with Shakespeare: critics in the classroom . London: W.W Norton & Co., 1995. Print. University of Southern Queensland. The Literary canon: how to read great books . Australia: University of Southern Queensland, 2011. Print. Vanhoozer, Kevin. The drama of doctrine: a canonical-linguistic approach to Christian theology . Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2005. Print.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The author argues that the world's inequality is due to capitalism, not to capitalism having made certain groups poor, but to its making its practitioners wealthy.Noberg argues that the world's inequality is due to capitalism. Not to capitalism having made certain groups poor, but to its making its practitioners wealthy.

The author argues that the world's inequality is due to capitalism, not to capitalism having made certain groups poor, but to its making its practitioners wealthy. Noberg argues that the world's inequality is due to capitalism. Not to capitalism having made certain groups poor, but to its making its practitioners wealthy.

Capitalism and World Inequality Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Background Information 3. Production of Resources 4. Argument against capitalism 5. Putting the record straight 6. Equal Distribution 7. The Western World 8. Conclusion 9. Works Cited Introduction The concept of capitalism has been in existence since time immemorial. While on one hand there are those who are ardent supporters of the concept, there are others who feel that this concept has not been of any benefit to the world. Some people argue that capitalism is only a tool for the rich and well established countries which they use to propagate their selfish motives at the expense of poor or third world countries. Johan Noberg argues that, “the world’s inequality is due to capitalism. Not to capitalism having made certain groups poor, but to its making its practitioners wealthy.” This paper takes a critical look at this quote and attempts to demystify it in order to establish the correct position as far as capitalism is concerned. Background Information It has been said that close to the total number of resources that are available world over are consumed by only a small percentage of its population. To be precise, more than 80 percent of the world’s resources are under the control and strict management of about 20 percent of the entire population of the world. The other 80 percent of the population have to share the 20% and since it is hardly enough, they have to fight for it and it is survival for the fittest. That is without a doubt a great form of inequality. The big question however is, what causes this great discrepancy and discordance? Are the developing countries or the peripheral countries poor because the developed countries are rich? Would that be a valid argument? Does it mean that if the 1 st world countries were less rich then the poor countries would be doing better? It is obviously a misconception when we assume that those countries that are rich are the cause of poverty that the third world countries experience. Production of Resources Noberg notes that most of the countries that are doing well economically, for example the United States of America were colonies and that they had a lot of catching up to do after they gained independence. Surprisingly, some of the countries that are least developed, for instance, Liberia and Afghanistan were not colonized and have had control of their resources from the word go (Noberg 154-155). The main reason however why only about 20 percent of the world’s population has control of close to 80 percent of the world’s resources is because the same countries are in charge of production of these massive resources. Therefore, the problem that needs to be addressed is the fact that many people in the world are generally poor, and not because there are other people who are rich. Argument against capitalism Those who advance arguments against capitalism are of the opinion that looking at the per capita GDP of some of the rich countries and in comparison to the per capita of poor countries, the former is said to be 30 times higher (Peet 94). It is because of this observation that critics argue that this inequality is caused by capitalism. While they may be right in making such a conclusion, they are definitely mistaken in regard to the reasons they give. Most of the countries that have prospered economically have taken the path of capitalism while those that have resulted in communism while impeding production, trade and ownership have always experienced economic hardships. There are natural factor that may be considered to have played a role in determining the prosperity of some countries. Factors such as climate, natural calamities among others have undermined the economic development of some countries. Countries that have more than half of the land being a desert or countries that continually experience natural calamities such as earthquakes and floods have been affected in terms of economic development. This not withstanding, the kind of economic strategies that countries have taken happen to be the great determinants of how well their economy has been thriving; the main issue therefore is whether a country is liberal or controlling in terms of management of resources. Liberal countries have managed to gain a stable ground and are now very prosperous while those that are controlling tend to lag behind in terms of development and economic growth. Studies conducted have shown that the GDP of countries that are liberal is way higher, close to two times higher, than the GDP of those countries that have remained less liberal and more controlling. Looking at this situation, then it is clear that the discrepancy that exists could be reduced if the developing countries would agree into becoming more liberal thereby accessing open markets and free economy. Some countries in the periphery that have since discovered the need to embrace liberty have experienced exponential growth and this has seen them grow not only faster than other third world countries but a lot faster than some of the 1 st word countries. Putting the record straight Taking into consideration the above discussion, then there is need to revisit the quote by Johan Noberg, “the world’s inequality is due to capitalism. Not to capitalism having made certain groups poor, but to its making its practitioners wealthy.” In simplified language, Noberg is simply arguing that the inequality in terms of distribution of resources in the world has been caused not directly by capitalism but because capitalism in itself is unevenly distributed. When we consider the aspects of investment and trade, we realize that they tend to flow evenly only in the economies that are more liberal and open to the rest of the world. This shows that economic development is not usually achieved in isolation (Kegley and Shannon 23). For a country to grow and develop in terms of the economy, it must get support and investment both within (domestic) and also from outside (foreign). Therefore, a country that does not create conducive environment for foreign investors to come invest will always have an economic go slow in terms of growth. An economy that is considered closed to the rest of the world is one that is attempting to flourish in isolation. The result of such a move is that since there is no external intervention, there is no much investment from the outside world and the result is that the economy of such a country becomes stunted in its growth (Harvey 345). Between the years 1988 and 1998, an estimated quarter of all the total direct investments from the international community were channeled to the developing economies. Since the 80s the amount of direct investments from affluent countries to the developing ones has been increasing. However, it is not all developing countries that have been developing from these direct investments. Instead, it is only those that have made it possible for foreign investments to come into their country that have become more liberal. Those countries that have since decided to become more liberal have not only experienced tremendous growth in their economy but have almost outdone or at least managed to catch up with those that are considered affluent (Soros 88). It has therefore become more apparent that for the countries that want to catch up in terms of economic growth thereby becoming more liberal and open to the rest of the world is the best way to go about it. Chairman of the Panel of Imminent Persons, Koffi Anaan, when still holding the office of the Secretary General to the United Nations was quoted to have said that the world is unequal and in view of this, the main losers are not so much those who have had a fair share of exposure to globalization, but more so, those who have been left out of the globalization concept. When critics argue that capitalism is by large to blame for the uneven distribution of resources and therefore inequality in economic development, then such can be said to be contradicting (Hutton and Giddens 123). The argument by critics is that many well established corporations and companies only want to invest in countries that are well established and stable as far as the economy is concerned. Critics further argue that when corporation go to poor countries and decide to set base, it is only because they will get low cost of production due to cheap labour and therefore do so at the expense of the labour force in that country leading to economic stagnation and redundancy. Going back to the sentiments made by the former UN Secretary General, it becomes apparent that those countries which would rather not participate in globalization stand back, they tend to marginalize themselves and they are not marginalized as critics would want the rest of the world to believe. Practical examples will go along way in this discussion to demonstrate that there has always been a misconception regarding capitalism. Economic studies that have been conducted over time have taken side to side comparisons of countries that have embraced openness and free economy as opposed to those who have kept off (Ross and Kent 231). Countries such as South Korea, Taiwan and West Germany have been seen to be better off economically due to the liberal nature than their counterparts such as China and North Korea (Biel 55). When a country embraces economic freedom, there is always a notable growth with the per capita GDP increasing. As a result, the standards of living are improved and the life of the society in general improves. Even critics cannot deny the fact that capitalism is pathway to prosperity. This therefore means those who are yet to embrace the concept of liberalism need to lobby for liberalization of trade so that the poor countries can benefit as well. It may not be easy to make critics see the merits or advantages of liberalism. They are adamant in believing that there is any good that can come out of a concept which they verily believe is the cause of the gap in economic development that exists between the core and the periphery countries. Equal Distribution Although the concept of capitalism cannot be blamed for the inequality that exists in the world today, developed countries have been accused of protectionism, an aspect that has continued to affect the poor countries. For instance, the United States of America as well as the European Union is known for offering subsidies to the textile and agricultural sectors. As a result, these sectors in the third world countries are deprived a competitive advantage since the product from the EU and American markets are way cheaper that people opt for them instead of the products from the developing countries. It therefore becomes very hard for the economies of such countries to thrive and especially when the sectors affected are the backbone of the economy of such countries. The Western World The western world where the core countries or the first w3orld countries are concentrated have for a long time appeared seemingly concerned in the plight of the third world countries and even appeared as though they are interested in helping these countries come out of the woods (Centeno and Joseph 45).. However, economic analysts a lot of lip service considering that these some countries are partly to blame for the slow and almost non existent economic growth in third world countries. As already mentioned, the subsidies given by the core countries for some of the products in the agricultural and textile industry has been one of the greatest pitfalls for the third world countries. This is because, they are not able to compete in a market that has products which are already subsides and the end result is that these sectors end up collapsing. If the western countries are indeed committed in helping third world countries revive their economies and actually boost their economic growth, they would not offer such subsidies being fully aware of their impacts. Other than the subsidies, it has been noted that all the imports that western countries make from third countries are subjected to more than 30 percent above what is considered average duty (Frieden 23). Paying attention to these observations, it becomes clear, that there is a deliberate and absolute attempt by the western world to ensure that third world countries have no way of catching in terms of economic development and stability. We are not saying that is wrong for the western world to sell to us that which we are not able to produce. Our bone of contention is when we make something and they on the other hand make something similar and sell it at a considerably lower price than we are selling thereby out rightly pushing us out of business. The commitment by 1 st world countries must be more than just lip service and empty promises. Instead, measures which are tangible in nature must be seen to be out in place so as to aid the third world countries become equality economically stable. However, having set the record straight, we must revisit the issue of capitalism being the cause of poverty and as already mentioned, this is a big misconception. Third world countries nee to be encouraged to open their markets so tat foreign investment can come into their country and this will be their first step in ensuring that they gain economic growth. Economic analysts argue that while it is true that there is great inequality especially between the developed and the developing world, it is a big mistake to blame this discrepancy to capitalism. The discrepancies and inequalities that exist between first world countries and third world countries can be attributed to other factors such as the ones discussed above including the trade barriers that first world countries impose making it difficult for third world countries to trade freely. Conclusion The reason why the issue of inequality has remained controversial even when it is so apparent that it exists is because of some unanswered questions. To begin with, some analysts pose the question that, what is used to measure inequality? Just because a country has certain resources and another does not have does not make the former to be more equal than the latter. The other question that is frequently asked is, what is wrong in one country attaining economic stability before the other, after all, we all cannot get there at the same time? Those are very critical questions in addressing the issue of inequality and whether capitalism has any role to play in the inequality. It has been argued that those countries that classified as poor do not necessarily experience poverty. This is because poverty as a concept is relative in the sense that instead of considering what one a country does not have analysis look at what a country does not have in relation to others. Even critics who are totally against the concept of capitalism do concur with the fact that the world in general is not where it was a couple of decades back. They also agree that the changes that have occurred over time have not happened miraculously but it is all thanks to capitalism. It is unfortunate however that capitalism has only worked for those countries that have embraced it. On the other hand, those countries that have decided to shun the concept of capitalism and globalization in general can only have themselves to blame. This is because by failing to embrace capitalism, they have in essence alienated themselves and the result of this has been lack of economic development, economic stagnation and redundancy in economic growth. With capitalism come freedom and liberty. The concept of open markets and free trade has come as a result of capitalism. Whether to embrace the concept is a choice that individual countries are supposed to make. If they feel that they do not want to be part of the global network, then it only means that they have alienated themselves. No country can grown isolation, neither is there any economy that can stabilize on its own. Foreign investment is one of the core pillars of ay economy, be it through exports, tourism or any other kind of investment. Therefore, when countries close up avenues for foreign investment to come in, then such a country cannot expect to prosper much in terms of economic development. In view of the above discussion, one may say that the inequality that exists in the world today and especially between the core and the periphery countries is not as a result of capitalism per se but other factors including failure by poor countries to embrace the concept that is capitalism. It is important that poor countries are made to see the benefits of capitalism because it is only then they will accept top embrace the concept and in so doing will catch up with the affluent countries if not become more stable economically than these countries. Works Cited Biel, Robert. Global Capitalism: Its Dynamics and the Impact on the Prospects of Poor Countries. California: Zed Books, 2000. Centeno, Miguel and Joseph, Cohen. Global Capitalism: a Sociological Perspective. California: Polity, 2010. Frieden, Jeffry. Global Capitalism: Its Fall and Rise in the Twentieth Century . Mexico: W.W. Norton. 2007. Harvey, David. Spaces of Global Capitalism. New Jersey: Verso, 2006. Hutton, Will and Anthony Giddens. Global Capitalism. California: New Press, 2001. Kegley, Charles and Shannon Blanton. World Politics: Trend and Transformation . New York: Cengage Learning, 2009. Noberg, Johan. In Defense of Global Capitalism. New York: Cato Institute, 2003. Peet, Richard. Global Capitalism: Theories of Societal Development . New York: Taylor and Francis, 1991. Ross, Robert and Kent Trachte. Global Capitalism: the New Leviathan . London: Suny Press, 1990. Soros, George. The Crisis of Global Capitalism: Open Society Endangered . New York: Public Affairs, 1998.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The essay examines the concept of capitalism in general over the last two decades and explains how the global capitalist system has evolved.

The essay examines the concept of capitalism in general over the last two decades and explains how the global capitalist system has evolved.

Capitalism Concept Evolution Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Global capitalist system Evolution in the last two centuries 3. Mercantilism 4. Industrial capitalism 5. Keynesianism and Neo-liberalism 6. Neoclassical economic theory 7. Pros and cons of capitalism 8. Conclusion 9. Reference List Introduction The following essay examines the concept of capitalism in general over the last two decades and explains how the global capitalist system has evolved and the main phases that are involved in the evolution process. Capitalism refers to an economic system whereby the production means i.e. land ,labor capital as well as entrepreneurship are owned by private individuals for profit gains and the decisions that concerns such aspects as price of commodities, demand and supply e.t.c are usually done by the private players in the market. According to economists, the government usually does not have control as far as property rights and markets are involved. The entire economy is thus vested in private hands in a capitalism form of economy and the role of the government is mainly to regulate and ensure that the system operates safely and effectively without fraud or fear. Capitalism history dates back to the early merchants of the seventeenth century and the word capital was derived from a Latin word capital which has signifies a moving property. Engels and Marx were the proponents of the capitalistic system whereby they described capitalist as a production mode that is characterized by private ownership of production means (Polanyi, 1945, p.78).generally, the capitalist economics was as a result of such elements as products whereby a product was defined as anything that is produced with the aim of exchanging it in the market. Products may be classified as either capital or consumer goods which depend on whether the goods are used for production of goods and services or consumed directly by the consumers. Thus capitalism involves the ownership of both the capital goods as well as natural resources privately and the products are owned by capitalists either collectively or individually. (Fulcher, 2004, pg.2) Global capitalist system Evolution in the last two centuries Capitalism system is currently the most dominant economic model but there has been evolution over the past two centuries which started with mercantilism followed by industrialism then Keynesianism and neoclassical economic theory which is the capitalism system in the 21 st century (Seldon, 1990, p.390). Mercantilism Mercantilism refers a theory that was common in Western Europe from the period between 15 th to 18 th century and it is a form of capitalism that is nation-oriented and holds the notion that the states’ wealth is mainly increased by a way of balance of trade that is positive with the other states. The theory thus assumes that both monetary and wealth assets are usually identical and that the government has the sole mandate of protecting the economy by maintaining a positive trade balance through such means as discouraging imports and encouraging exports and the imposition of tariffs and subsidies. The capital is mainly represented by gold and silver which forms bullion and is mainly in custody of the state. The theory was believed was believed to have an impact on the intra-European wars that was experienced in many parts of Europe and the subsequent expansion (Saunders, 1995, P.45). The emergence of Mercantilism approach occurred during the time when the economies in Europe changed into being centralized states from the former feudal estates. France and England were the mostly affected countries by the transition. Other European countries such as Netherlands, Spain and Portugal adopted the mercantilism policies at a much later time. The innovation as far as shipping is concerned and the emergence of urban centers in Europe fueled the international trade among states and in turn mercantilism. Mercantilism was mainly concerned on how to enhance cooperation among states by way of trade .The emergence of modern accounting methods such as the double entry concept of book-keeping was also a major boost in developing the mercantilism theory. The United states of America also has an impact as far as the development of this theory is concerned due to the emergence of new mines and markets which paved way for international trade. The theory however was criticized by such scholars as dam Smith in his wealth of nations who argued that the wealth creation was due to myriad individuals who pursued their individual interests and thus the wealthy European nations that were considered successful were beginning to enter the new phase of economic growth and so there was need for the corporations which could have massive production and which could pave way division of labor as well as the economic growth and efficiency. This thus led to the evolution of the industrial capitalism (Filcher, 2004, p .8). Industrial capitalism Industrial capitalism refers to an economic system that is usually characterized by extensive use of machinery and the theory was developed by theorists led by Adam Smith and David Hume in 18 th century. The merchant who was a sole actor as far as the capital system was concerned was thus replaced by an industrialist and this saw the demise of the handicraft skills which were possessed by artisans and the subsequent rise of the commercial agriculture as well as the emergence of factories for large-scale manufacturing. Industrial capitalism was also characterized by division of labor and specialization whereby tasks are subdivided among individuals and an individual is given a task which he or she is best suited to perform or that matches his or her skills so as to increase efficiency. The Industrial Revolution started in the United Kingdom before subsequently expanding to other European countries then North America and the world at large. In the United Kingdom, Industrial Revolution saw the rise in the use of the refined coal, the emergence of steam power which was fuelled by coal, mechanization of garment and textile industries and such techniques as the iron-making and this had the effect of enhancing the living standards of the citizens, emergence (Rabinowitz, 1917, p.104-180). Keynesianism and Neo-liberalism Keynesian theory refers to macroeconomic theory that was developed after the global economic depression that was experienced in the 1930s shortly after the World War 1 by John Keynes who was a British economist. This period was marked by high inflation rates and a rise in the level of unemployment and so John Keynes argued that the decisions that are made by the private sector can result to adverse economic effects and so there is a need for good policies by the governments such as fiscal policies as well as monetary policies (Friedman, 2002, p.8-67). The Keynesian economics assumed a mixed economy that is composed of both the private sector and the government so as to stimulate economic growth but the private sector having the greatest proportion. Thus government spending in infrastructure and interests rates reduction could enhance the economic growth according to Keynes (Mason, 2010, P.25-29). Keynesians argues that the capitalist economies emerged from the process aggregate demand generation that the economies experienced. Keynesian had some weakness such as the belief that nor mina wage and downward price were the reason behind unemployment and it was replaced by the neoliberalism in the 1970s (skidelsky, 2009, p.233). Neo-liberalism is an economic policy that was developed by John Williamson’s with a view of transferring the entire ownership of the economy from the public sector to the individuals’ i.e. private sector so as to improve the economic growth of a state and enhance the government’s efficiency. The international organizations such as the world bank and International Monetary Fund have developed on the Williamson’s policy and hence proposed other policies such as fiscal policies, introduction of tax reforms aimed at broadening tax base, the floating exchange rates, trade liberalization among others. Neo-liberalism dominated the global economy to the late 1980s from the end of 2 nd world war and the idea behind it was not to subject the states from the Great depression economic stress that they faced in the 1930s. Neoliberalism insists that full employment is attained through price adjustments and the interventions for increasing the employment can cause inflation or result to unemployment as the market process will be destabilized (Heckescher, 1994, p.287). Neoclassical economic theory Neoclassical economic theory have been in use since the 1980s and was characterized with globalization which have the effect of increasing the mobility of capital as well as people. Neoclassical economies encompasses the individuals,markets,governments as well as the enterprises and so the individuals are only regarded as consumers, investors and laborers. This implies that an individual have the choice of choosing which jobs he or she should engage into and also the kind of markets where he or she can search for work. Individuals can also decide on the proportion of their income that should be invested, consumed or go to savings (Rand & Nathaniel, 1986, p.64). On the other hand, business may decide on what ventures to undertake and the best locations to locate do business. Neoclassical is characterized by competition among employees and therefore, the more a person is skilled, the higher the incomes and vice versa. The trade unions demands are common in this form of economic system and they are meant to provide an avenue for the recognition of the right of the workers (Schumpeter, 1943, p.32-35). Pros and cons of capitalism Capitalist system however is the most dominant form of economic model in the world today as compared to socialism and democracy systems due to the major benefits that are associated with it. Some of the advantages of capitalism system include the fact that capitalism enhances open competition as far as the production of goods and services is concerned and this in turn promotes the economic growth. It thus provides individuals wit better opportunities of raising their living standards and also a platform which is essential for raising their revenues. Capitalism is also characterized by a decentralized system that allows individuals to have an option of operating any number of businesses as long as they act within the law. As they operates their businesses ,entrepreneurs are often exposed to stiff competition and numerous challenges and so they finds lasting solutions which enables them to be competitive and this has the effect of encouraging them to work hard because in a capitalist economy, the more harder you work, the more the rewards and vice versa. Capitalism as a form of an economic system is not without criticism and several critics who included communists, socialists among others have strongly been against it with such arguments that capitalism promotes unequal distribution of power and wealth, the tendency of monopoly, unemployment, and social alienation among others. In poor countries however, capitalism usually doesn’t flow as compared to developed countries as a result of the massive corruption that is usually widespread in these countries (Case, 2004, p.32-35). The stiff competition that exists in capitalism may pose as a major drawback because some people may use it to act in unethical manners so as to remain in the business and drive others out of the business altogether. Different religions such as Christianity, Judaism and Islam have also been against some capitalism elements with regards to lending and banking methods. The scientists and environmentalists also holds some critics against capitalism because they deems the system as a form of depleting the natural economic resources that are scarce because capitalism tries to maximize the factors of production for generation of profits. The production process must be a continuous one for the capitalism system to continue in its existence and hence the argument that it can lead to the depletion of resources by the scientists as well as environmentalists (Nee &Swedberg, 2007, p.236). Conclusion The last two centuries have seen the development of capitalist theories from mercantilism to neoclassical theory which is the most current theory of capitalism. During the 19 th and the 20 th centuries, capitalism gained its prominence mostly in Europe boosting industrialization in the world. In capitalism however, the forces of demand and supply plays a vital role in the determination of prices of goods and services. There is much innovation in capitalism as compared to socialism or other mode of economic system as a result of competition. The government have limited control on private property on ownership and also does not prohibit people from working in areas that they desires or prevent organizations from determining their price for their goods and services (Case, 2004, pp.32-35). Reference List Case, K., 2004. Principles of Macroeconomics . New Jersey: Prentice Hall, p.32-35 Friedman, H., 2002. Capitalism and freedom . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.p.8- 67 Fulcher, J., 2004 Capitalism . Oxford: Up Oxford.p.8 Heckescher, E., 1994. Mercantilism . London: Routledge, p.287 Mason, D., 2010. Meltdown 2 nd edition . London: Routledge.p.25-29 Nee, V. & Swedberg, F., 2007. On capitalism . San Francisco: Stanford University Press.p.236 Polanyi, F., 1945. Origins of our time . Boston: Beacon PressBoston.p.78 Rabinowitz, S., 1917. Capitalism . New York: S.Rabinowitz, p104-180. Rand, A, & Nathaniel, B., 1986. Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal . New York: Signet, P.64 Saunders, P., 1995. Capitalism. Mineapolis: University of Minnesota.p.45 Schumpeter, J., 1943. Capitalism, Socialism and democracy . London: Routledge, p.32- 35 Seldon, A., 1990. Capitalism .London: Basic Blackwell, p.390 Skidelsky, R., 2009. Keynes: the return of the master . London: Allen lanep.233

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The essay examines the development of British capitalism from the time of Industrial Revolution until the present day. It argues that British capitalism is unique in that it is the only self-sustainable sector of the economy, and that this is due to the fact that the origins of British capitalism are rooted in the workings of Puritan/Protestant mentality.

The essay examines the development of British capitalism from the time of Industrial Revolution until the present day. It argues that British capitalism is unique in that it is the only self-sustainable sector of the economy, and that this is due to the fact that the origins of British capitalism are rooted in the workings of Puritan/Protestant mentality.

British Capitalism Development Definition Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction/Thesis statement 2. Main part/Conclusion 3. References 4. Footnotes Introduction/Thesis statement In order for us to be able to define and to explain the most distinctive features of British capitalism, ever since the time of Industrial Revolution until comparatively times, we will need to refer to the discussed subject matter from not solely economic but also geopolitical and socio-cultural perspective. If put in a nutshell, the history of British capitalism can be outlined as follows: After Industrial Revolution made it possible to invest in such newly emerged industries as textile producing, railway building and steam-engine engineering, through years 1760-1860 British economy experienced an unprecedented boom. Nevertheless, from 1860 onwards, the vitality of British economy started to become progressively undermined. This process continued throughout the course of 20 th century and had resulted in creation of a situation when, as of today, British financial system is essentially the only self-sustainable sector of country’s economy. And, there are good reasons to believe that the closer analysis of British capitalism’s evolution, will provide us with the insight on what represented its foremost features, throughout the course of an affiliated historical era. In this paper, we will aim to do just that. Main part/Conclusion The origins of British capitalism are rooted in the workings of Puritan/Protestant mentality. As it was pointed out by Max Weber, the very essence of Protestantism, as essentially secular religion, created objective preconditions for Industrial Revolution to begin in Britain, as the country that featured a stable government, on one hand, and idealistically minded but utterly industrious population, on another – it is namely the combination these two socio-political factors that drives forward scientific progress. [1] Thus, it was due to objectively existing laws of historical dialectics that, from 1760 onwards, the value of labor in British economy started to attain independent subtleties – hence, facilitating the process of country’s industrialization. By the end of 19 th century, Britain became the first fully industrialized nation. Nevertheless, what differed Britain from other countries that had undergone industrialization later in history, is that it possessed a vast colonial Empire. This was exactly the reason why in Britain, instead of being invested into developing of new technologies, the bulk of ‘surplus value’, created by an ongoing process of industrialization, was invested into the maintenance of an Empire and into developing the resource-based sectors of economy. In his book, Rubinstein (1993) states: “British investment increasingly went overseas, especially into developing the primary industries – minerals, rubber, jute, gold and diamonds – of the tropical Empire, or the infrastructure – railways, docks, public works, construction – in the temperate regions of the Empire settled by emigre Britons” (p. 4). Nevertheless, as we are well aware of, the pace of scientific progress renders the functioning of resource-based commercial enterprises increasingly unfeasible. For example, after the end of WW2, the cost value of a copper in telephone cables accounted for 80%. The telephone cable at the bottom of Atlantic Ocean, which during the course of forties and fifties was connecting America and Europe, was utterly expensive and yet – it allowed making only 138 parallel telephone calls. Nowadays, despite the fact that the cost value of raw materials in optical fiber cables accounts for only 10%, they can sustain 750.000 parallel telephone conversations, at the time. [2] In other words, the initial vigor of British capitalism was lost, because Britons’ capitalistic industriousness was channeled into improving the living standards for local populations in colonies. To put it allegorically – the kinetic power of British capitalism was transformed into the heat, which later simply dispersed into the thin air, on the account of colonies having succeeded in liberating themselves from ‘white oppression’. Thus, one of the most distinctive traits of British capitalism was its affiliation with ‘white man’s burden’ of spreading the light of civilization, which sets it apart of from capitalisms of Germany or U.S., for example, strictly concerned with generating a commercial profit. As it was rightly pointed out by Rubinstein in the same book: “ Gentlemanly capitalism , based on land, finance, and commercial services, is the key to understanding the growth of the British Empire” (p. 40). Apparently, British capitalists never ceased being little more than just profit-driven individuals, as it used to be the case with their counterparts from the rest of the world. Thus, British capitalistic ‘gentriness’ can be partially blamed for the fact that, by 20 th century’s twenties and thirties, there were millions of highly skilled but unemployed industrial workers in Britain. And, as time went by, it was becoming increasingly harder for them to find a job, as commercial feasibility of Britain’s industries, associated with extraction and utilization of natural resources (especially of those overseas), started to become progressively undermined. For example, in 1925, when prices for natural rubber were at all times high, this product accounted for 15% of all British exports. However, since Germans discovered a technology for producing synthetic rubber in 1935, within a matter of two years, the share of natural rubber from colonies in British exports fell down to 3% – selling this product simply ceased being quite as profitable. [3] Therefore, it is not by a pure accident that it was namely during the course of twenties and thirties, that British trade-unionist movement started to gain a momentum, which in its turn, established socio-political preconditions for the concept of so-called ‘welfare state’ to grow increasingly popular with more and more Britons. Very rapidly, the functioning of British free-market economy was attaining a number of clearly defined Socialist subtleties. This brings us to discuss another distinctive feature of British capitalism – the fact that it had undergone a rapid transformation being ‘wild’ to becoming essentially ‘semi-socialist’. Despite the fact that, throughout the course of second half of 19 th century, British capitalism was strongly associated with merciless exploitation of child labor and with virtual absence of trade-unionist movement, in the first decade of 20 th century a number of legislations have been passed by the Parliament, in order to protect workers’ social and economic rights. For example, Britain was the first country in the world that in 1911 made workers eligible for unemployment insurance. Moreover, as time went by, the government continued to bestow a variety of social benefits upon workers. In his article, Fulcher (1997) states: “The 1920 National Insurance Act greatly extended the coverage of unemployment benefit and the 1921 Act first provided allowances for the dependants of the unemployed… The 1925 Act established the modern pension system of non-means-tested pensions for those over 65” (p. 515). In its turn, this explains why, unlike what it used to be the case in other major capitalist countries, such as France, Italy, U.S., Spain and China (with exception of Nazi Germany, of course), British Communists were never popular with British ‘proletarians’, on behalf of which they spoke. According to Wood (1959): “The C.P.G.B. (Communist Party of Great Britan) has always been smaller than any Communist party of a major industrial nation. Although membership of 10,000 was officially claimed at the time of its foundation, the actual figure seems to have been nearer 2 . 500” (p. 259). The reason for this is simple – due to Labor Party’s political activities, during the course of thirties, British society was growing increasingly Socialist. And, socialist-minded citizens are much more likely to affiliate themselves with the concept of a ‘welfare state’, as opposed to affiliating themselves with the concept of ‘class struggle’. Nevertheless, as we know from the lessons of history, while providing various benefits to unprivileged members of society, the implementation of the concept of ‘welfare state’ undermines the effectiveness of economy’s functioning. The economies of ‘welfare states’ are necessarily stagnant, which explains such economies’ insensitivity to free-market challenges. This was the reason why, unlike what it was the case with America’s capitalism, British capitalism remained largely unaffected by the Great Depression of 1929 – Britain’s depression began in 1921 and it subtly continues until today. As Booth (1982) had put it in his article: “At some time in early 1921 it became clear that the period of prosperity was over. To all sections of the community, therefore, the outlook was one of unaccustomed bleakness” (p. 208). The fact that this depression was being extended over such long period of time, simply made it less acutely felt. Unlike what it was the case with American depression, British depression was not predetermined by free-market economy’s fluctuations, but by government’s attempts to keep these fluctuations under control. Despite the fact that Britain came as a winner out of WW2, country’s economic might was greatly diminished by this war and by India’s proclamation of independence in 1947, which initiated the process of Empire’s dismantling. Britain’s financial system, represented by London’s City; nevertheless, remained comparatively strong. However, despite being semi-independent and privately own financial institution, much like America’s Federal Reserve, the Bank of England had chosen in favor of qualitatively different approach towards increasing the effectiveness of economy’s functioning, as compared to what it was the case with Federal Reserve. Instead of striving to provide a boost to the economy by increasing the amount of money in domestic circulation – hence, increasing citizens’ buying power, which in its turn, would result in increasing the competitiveness of nation’s industries, it simply embarked upon lending money to foreign governments and financial institutions and also upon ensuing a variety of internationally traded bonds. [4] In the book from which we have already quoted, Rubinstein states: “The City’s traditional role re-emerged strongly in the late 1950s and early 1960s, with the rise of the Eurocurrency and Eurobond markets… and the beginnings of large-scale investment and borrowings by Third World and Arab countries” (p.73). Such City’s strategy; however, should not be referred to as conceptually fallacious. After all, country’s peasantry has been ‘burned off’ is the chimney of industrialization in 19 th century, which is why, after having been deprived of its colonies, Britain simply could not begin expanding industries on its own soil by the mean of increasing citizens’ buying power – there was simply no ‘human fuel’ left to sustain the process of industrialization once again. On the other hand, since the era of post-industrialism has not began yet, City also could not invest into developing of informational technologies and into setting up industrial production lines in the countries of Third World, which would have turned Britain into ‘manufacturer of intellect’, as it is the case with today’s Germany, Japan and U.S. This was one of the reasons why the capitalist realities in Britain, through 1945-1955, closely reminded the Communist realities in Soviet Union, around the same time – people standing in lineups to buy basic food, the system of products’ rationing, and the high extent of governmental corruption. Such was the unsightly face of British capitalism in post-war years. Throughout the course of sixties and seventies, the essence of British capitalism’s functioning can be outlined within the following framework: every time, citizens felt that their economic well-being was starting to improve, they would vote for Labor, and after that, their standards of living would take a steep dive again. And, so it went on and on, until Margaret Thatcher was appointed a Prime Minister in 1979. After that, British capitalism started to remind capitalism proper, for a change – the government allowed the privatization of many state-owned companies, it cut back on investing into public sector and reformed country’s taxation policies. Within a matter of few years, British economy began to regain its former vitality. Unfortunately, British capitalistic revival did not last for too long. After winning the elections of 2001, New Labor proceeded with its old agenda of building a ‘welfare state’. [5] As a result, up until most recent elections, Britain was nothing short of a classical Socialist state – the whole armies of uneducated immigrants from Third World were instantly made eligible for generous welfare payments, on the account of their ‘cultural uniqueness’, the quality standards in country’s health care and educational systems were drastically lowered, the medium-sized commercial enterprises were heavily taxed, which had brought many of them on the threshold of bankruptcy, the proper functioning of Britain’s energy sector was brought to a halt, etc. Nevertheless, as it was shown by the outcome of political elections of 2010, it is much too early to bury British capitalism, as the concept synonymous to the concept of properly functioning free-market economy. References Booth, A 1982, ‘Corporatism, capitalism and depression in twentieth-century Britain’, The British Journal of Sociology , vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 200-223. Feenberg, A 1990, ‘Post-industrial discourses’, Theory and Society , vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 709-737. Fulcher, J 1997, ‘Did British society change character in the 1920s or the 1980s’, The British Journal of Sociology , vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 514-521. Lisle-Williams, M 1984, ‘Beyond the market: The survival of family capitalism in the English merchant banks’, The British Journal of Sociology , vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 241-271. Martin, C 2004, ‘Reinventing welfare regimes: Employers and the implementation of active social policy’, World Politics , vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 39-69. Rubinstein, WD 1993, Capitalism, culture, and decline in Britain, 1750-1990 , Taylor & Francis Routledge, London/New York. Solo, R 1954, ‘Research and development in the synthetic rubber industry’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 61-82. Weber, M 2001, The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism . New Translation and Introduction by Stephen Kalberg, Roxbury Publishing, Los Angeles. Wood, N 1959, ‘The empirical proletarians: A note on British Communism’, Political Science Quarterly , vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 256-272. Footnotes 1. M. Weber 2001, The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism , Roxbury Publishing, Los Angeles, p. 15. 2. A. Feenberg 1990, ‘Post-industrial discourses’, Theory and Society , vol. 19, no. 6, p. 720. 3. R. Solo 1954, ‘Research and development in the synthetic rubber industry’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol. 68, no. 1, p. 63. 4. M. Lisle-Williams 1984, ‘Beyond the market: The survival of family capitalism in the English merchant banks’, The British Journal of Sociology , vol. 35, no. 2, p. 250. 5. C. Martin 2004, ‘Reinventing welfare regimes: Employers and the implementation of active social policy’, World Politics , vol. 57, no. 1, p. 45.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The essay discusses the different types of cars available in the UAE, focusing on the most common ones: coupes, sedans, and four-wheel drive (4WD).

The essay discusses the different types of cars available in the UAE, focusing on the most common ones: coupes, sedans, and four-wheel drive (4WD).

Car Classification in the UAE Classification Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Coupé 3. Sedan 4. Four-wheel drive (4WD) 5. Conclusion Introduction For teenagers turning eighteen years of age in the UAE, the idea of owning and driving their own car or cars is fascinating. These desires cut across all sexes, both girls and boys. Although young girls might not care much about cars, their interests and desires to own cars increase with age. When teenagers turn eighteen years and acquire driving license, their curiosity about cars, brands, and types of cars increases incredibly. There are high-end luxury cars and sports cars, which may attract teenagers despite the fact that not many of them would ever be able to afford them. While luxury cars are the most admired and viewed, they are rarely sold to most people except to the rich. Luxury models vary, and they have different price ranges, which keep on increasing every year. The price factor has made these cars to be fantasy for teenagers. However, in the UAE, there are several brands of car, including popular and well-known ones. While there are many car brands in the UAE, the three common ones are coupes, sedans, and four wheels. This essay focuses on these types of cars in the UAE. Coupé A coupé is a car with two doors and attached closed body. The car’s roof is permanently fixed, although there are other models with convertible roofs. Different manufacturers of coupés may use the term differently, but generally, coupés lack rear seats. The modern coupés originated from the idea of horse drawn vehicles, which had a single compartment for passengers. People use the term coupé to denote several models of cars with close-coupled rear seats. In fact, these cars are mainly coupelet, coupé, and convertible coupé under the coupé car models. A coupé differs from a two-door sedan because it does not have the B compartment that provides support to the roof. Several forms of coupé have been classified depending on the nature of their roofs. For instance, there are hardtop coupés or coupés without pillars, which have fixed-roof tops. It is also imperative to note that some models of sedan are also without pillars and have hardtops. There are convertible top model coupés. However, the rooftop can move, but in not more than two sections while the other parts remain intact. Another model of convertible coupé has a drop head with a movable hardtop. Coupés offer their owners advantages of convertible cars, as well cars with fixed-roofs. Some coupé cars include Bentley coupé de ville, Cadillac Coupe de Ville, Ford coupé, Honda Civic coupé, Saturn Ion 4-door coupé, Dodge Stratus, and BMW E46 coupé among others. Today, there are high-end, luxury coupés as the term has become associated with sport model cars with attractive appeals. Sedan A sedan is also known as saloon in other countries. It has a three-box body model of A, B, and C with the main sections developed for the engine, load, and passengers. The passenger section has two rows of seats while the load section is at the back of the car. Sedan is the most common car model in the UAE. Several models of sedan exist. First, the notchback model has three compartments with a distinct passenger section. It has a plane roof, which lies in a parallel position to the ground. A typical notchback is Chevrolet Impala. Second, a fastback model like the Honda Civic has two boxes with a running slope to the base from the roof. However, some fastback models often confuse people, who may refer to them as coupés, particularly the Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class sedan because of its design that gives the impression of a four-door coupé. Automakers and customers prefer this design because of its fuel efficiency. Third, Hardtop sedan has a frameless door glass, but the car design lacks the B compartment, which bears the roof at the back of front doors. The body design enhances structural strength of the car. It is also the four-door hardtop, which was once a top selling car design in most regions. Over time, car manufacturers have aimed to improve on hardtop sedan by enhancing its strength. A good example of the hardtop sedan is the AMC Ambassador Hardtop sedan. Fourth, the hatchback or the liftback is also a model of sedan. The rear part of the car lifts up. The hatchback has four doors for the passenger in addition to the rear liftback. Chevrolet Malibu Maxx is an example of the liftback sedan car. Finally, Chauffeured sedans have different sections for passengers and the driver. The car is long and can accommodate forward-facing seats. These sedan cars are usually Mercedes Benz, Maybach, or Lincoln Town Car. In most cases, only wealthy families have these cars. Four-wheel drive (4WD) Four-wheel drive (4WD) cars have conveyor cases that are between the front and the back axles. In other words, when the vehicle is engaged, both the rear and front shafts become locked. As a result, the vehicle can gain utmost torque transmission to the axle with the highest grip. However, binding could occur during high grip conditions. Four-wheel drive vehicles either have full-time or part-time torque transmissions. Today, four-wheel drive car models are many. Besides, other manufacturers have adopted names like four by four, four-wheeler, and six by six. Generally, car owners perceive four-wheel drive as simple, affordable cars for most terrain in the UAE, which is suitable for long distance drive in the desert. These qualities have made the vehicle to be popular. As a result, there are several models for passengers, heavy trucks, and road racing. In addition, manufacturers of construction vehicles have also adopted the four-wheel drive car models. They believed that such construction equipment could handle most terrains. Generally, the term four-wheel drive reflects the capability of a car. However, four-wheel drive also refers to the vehicle itself. Other users refer to these cars as All-Wheel Drives (AWDs) or SUVs. These are cars, which lack important off-road functions. In addition, it also may also denote pickups. Conclusion In the UAE, four-wheel drives, sedan, and coupé are the most common vehicles. Perhaps, any teenager who has turned eighteen years old and acquired driving license, will most likely to purchase one of these vehicles. There are several models of coupés, which consumers could select. Moreover, these cars have become high-end, and luxury. They provide comfort and safety that many customers require. Sedan cars also have advanced features, and now appeal to customers through their luxurious features. Four-wheel drive cars have become popular in the UAE because of their capabilities to manage long distance and rough terrains of the desert. All these cars have both affordable models and high-end, luxurious models for different consumers.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay discusses the car design from 1950-2000 and how it has evolved over the years. It talks about the different designers and their impact on the industry, as well as the different car models that were introduced during this time.Car design from 1950-2000 Essay IntroductionCar design is a way of making both outside and inside of an automobile in a style, which integrates shape of the car with its mechanical ability. Automotive design involves vehicle development in the way it appears which includes its ergonomics. The design elements are usually divided into three important areas: one is the exterior design, which involves the design in the proportion, shape and how the texture of the surface of the vehicle will look like. This design is done first through making drawings either manually or electronically.Then there is the development of clay or digital model. The other aspect is in interior design which defines where parts such as doors, and seats, among others, are placed. This aspect emphasizes mainly on the ergonomics and the passengers comfort. It goes through the same procedure as the exterior design of sketching, then designing the digital and the clay model. The last aspect in design is usually focused on trims along with its color. To

The essay discusses the car design from 1950-2000 and how it has evolved over the years. It talks about the different designers and their impact on the industry, as well as the different car models that were introduced during this time. Car design from 1950-2000 Essay Introduction Car design is a way of making both outside and inside of an automobile in a style, which integrates shape of the car with its mechanical ability. Automotive design involves vehicle development in the way it appears which includes its ergonomics. The design elements are usually divided into three important areas: one is the exterior design, which involves the design in the proportion, shape and how the texture of the surface of the vehicle will look like. This design is done first through making drawings either manually or electronically. Then there is the development of clay or digital model. The other aspect is in interior design which defines where parts such as doors, and seats, among others, are placed. This aspect emphasizes mainly on the ergonomics and the passengers comfort. It goes through the same procedure as the exterior design of sketching, then designing the digital and the clay model. The last aspect in design is usually focused on trims along with its color. To

Car Design from 1950-2000 Essay Introduction Car design is a way of making both outside and inside of an automobile in a style, which integrates shape of the car with its mechanical ability. Automotive design involves vehicle development in the way it appears which includes its ergonomics. The design elements are usually divided into three important areas: one is the exterior design, which involves the design in the proportion, shape and how the texture of the surface of the vehicle will look like. This design is done first through making drawings either manually or electronically. Then there is the development of clay or digital model. The other aspect is in interior design which defines where parts such as doors, and seats, among others, are placed. This aspect emphasizes mainly on the ergonomics and the passengers comfort. It goes through the same procedure as the exterior design of sketching, then designing the digital and the clay model. The last aspect in design is usually focused on trims along with its color. To achieve this, extensive research and development is usually involved. Discussion 1950s Cars Design The early 1950s gave rise to chrome on cars and stylists who influenced by ideas from planes and trains designed many automobiles. The 1950s saw emergence of the tail fin courtesy of Harley Earl who worked on aeronautical designs. The tail fin era was between 1957 and 1960. The tail fin and chrome were most regarded as the design, which gave some of the outlandish cars ever designed in this era. Another revelation came in 1955, when Ford designed its model, which they named Ford Thunderbird. It was quite complex with rear exhaust, windshield, and front grill with fixed turbines (Hulbert, 2010). Ford Thunderbird Convertible 1955 Source: Anythingaboutcars.com. Chrysler’s group designer by the name Virgil Exner was notable with his different style of cab forward also known as the Forward Look. An example of the Forward look design is a 1956 Plymouth Fury, as is shown in the picture below (Bell, 2003, p. 12). 1956 Plymouth Fury Source: Anythingaboutcars.com. General motor’s Harley Earl and Virgil Exner turned out to be very influential in this era. They competed with one another with tail fins that are more elaborate. Earl saw this as a ploy to marketing while Exner believed the fins helped the car while on the road. These fins were later on utilized to control cars in great speeds. In 1957, there was a new design called the Chevrolet Bel Air as shown in the picture below, which gives the extent to which the designers were willing to go (Hulbert, 2010). 1957 Chevrolet Bel Air Source: Anythingaboutcars.com. In 1959, the previous designs were replaced with the Cadillac Series 62. This design was fitted with fins that were over 1ft high, and it had bullet lenses at the rearwards. This was regarded as a design icon and rates highly among all time American classics (Jain, 2004, p. 2). 1959 Cadillac Series 62 Source: Anythingaboutcars.com. The above picture shows the design of a tail fin 1959 Cadillac automobile which came up at the height of the tail fin era. Earl later came up with iconic designs together with his group to create such designs as Auburn 851, among others. Auburn 851 Source: Anythingaboutcars.com. In 1959 saw a new design of Cadillac Cyclone, which was a fantasy of a rocket like, it, had a wheelbase of about 104 inches. It had an independent suspension and a top of clear plastic. It was coated inside using vaporized silver that it can resist sunrays and had electric sliding doors. 1959 Cadillac Cyclone Source: Anythingaboutcars.com. 1960s During this era, focus was shifted to vehicle speeds and acceleration as well as engine size. The designs that were available included Ford Mustang, Chevrolet Camaro, and Dodge Charger. These designs were fitted with vents all over which had no purpose at all but for just mere appearance. The Dodge Charger had a fuel tank capacity of 7.2 liters. Chevrolet Source: Raizman Chevrolet Camaro Source: Anythingaboutcars.com. Ford Mustang In this same era, there was consolidating into the big three of General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler together with American Motors. These firms dominated both the global market and the domestic market. In 1961, General Motors introduced three models. One was the Oldsmobile F-85, which was a sedan and station wagon powered, and it had a V8 engine. It was available for the period from 1961 to 1963. The Oldsmobile F-85 was later upgraded in 1964 to an intermediate car. 1964 Oldsmobile F-85 Deluxe Source: Anythingaboutcars.com. 1970s Cars Design This decade saw the introduction of the wedge and high profile cars. Examples of the cars of this era include BMW M1, De Tomaso Pantera, Lamborghini Countach, and Lotus Esprit. The 1970s ushered in an interesting design, in angular box lines, which became a trait in style. This was again copied over into the 1980s. DeTomaso Pantera Source: Raizman. 1980s Cars Design The 1980s decade came with a trend of over indulgence, and the cars produced during this era were overpriced. It also witnessed the effects of materialism in that style was outdated, as most of the people wanted the expensive cars. The cars that were available at this time were the likes of Audi Quattro. Though it looked purposeful and powerful, it had no style and was not beautiful in shape. Another model was the Ferrari Testarossa, which was quite unfamiliar from the traditional Ferrari lines. Among the easily recognizable inclusions in designs of 1980s was incorporation of a hot hatch. In line with this, cars like Peugeot 205 along with Volkswagen Golf, which are both GTis started penetrating the market and were popular with the product named above (hot hatch) (Diseno-art., 2011, p. 1). Peugeot 205 GTi Source: Diseno-art.com. 1990s Cars Design The effects of the styling traits from the 1980s extended to some part of the early 1990s. Later on some interesting shapes began to come up which were very organic with appearance looking much powerful like the Dodge Viper. The Dodge Viper was made in a more look of an animal than a machine. In 1992, an Italian design house called Ghia extended the organic form to another level with shapes covering the car. The front face of this car model looked like a prehistoric animal. In 1995, another design came in Ford GT90; this design was clearly the reverse of Viper. This new model utilized edge design as its policy to create new model (Anythingaboutcars, 2011, p. 1). Dodge Viper GTS Source: Raizman. What the major point that change from the car design from 1950-2000 1950s The main changes in car design covered areas such as fuel efficiency and output of the engine. In 1950s, major changes that took place in car designs included jet designs, among others. This design made cars quite fascinating. 1960s This era saw the introduction of basic wedge profile. Later on, the engines of these cars were transversely mounted, and their bodies designed to support structural loads. 1970s This period saw introduction of a utility that combined luxury along with capability of four-wheel drive. Another additional change was the inclusion of electronic anti-lock braking system. This era had the most changes as it also saw design of restraint airbags, seatbelts, and traction control systems. In addition, the era also saw inclusion of computerized engine system. 1980s This era brought about the introduction of front-wheel drive cars along with compact cars, which had the advantage of being efficient in fuel consumption. This period also saw the introduction of the two-box minivan design in 1983. 1990s This decade was quite memorable with the introduction of designs with hatchbacks. car bodies were designed to incorporate passengers as well as cargo. Explain how material culture has been designed and used as relational media on car development 1950-2000 Automobiles play an important role in life since they ease travelling; their introduction opened opportunities for people to transport goods and services. Development in car designs also encouraged subjective democracy since people could go to their places of choice. Moreover, Car development brought about power, style, and a way of identifying each other’s taste and style in society. Automobiles were much friendlier to the environment and were cleaner because it eliminated the animal waste in the streets (Raizman, 2003). Influence of car designs between 1950 and 2000 on political, economic, and social as well as culture climates Political Development of automobiles has contributed greatly towards political change. This is due to increase in individualism and reduction of social interactions amongst people from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. In addition, automobiles manufacturers urged governments to construct roads and conservatives have become more interested in promoting improvements in automobile industry (Raizman, 2003). Economic Developments in car designs have greatly influenced spreading of employment opportunities and planning of the city, among others. In addition, it has minimized rate at which people walk to work and use of railroads. Another area that has greatly benefited is infrastructure; this is evident in the increased number of good roads all over the world (Logix Microsystems Ltd., 2011). Social Social changes brought about by the effects of development in automobile industry include disconnection between communities due to reduced pedestrian-village interaction. It also brought less communication amongst neighbors because they rarely walk unless it is for exercise reasons. Culture The developments of automobiles brought about ease in travelling from one place to another since it was more affordable and convenient. This was mainly in areas not accessed by railways. Another change brought about by automobile development is that it made people keener while walking across the streets. This growth also led to outward expansion of cities and development of suburbs. In addition, it encouraged people to live in less expensive areas, which are far from the city and encouraged interactions in neighborhoods. Another cultural change is in incorporation of automobiles in all aspects of life. These range from books to music as well as movies (Logix Microsystems Ltd., 2011). Which mutations of styles and idioms morphed and ensued The styles that are usually used in car design are quite varying and distinct in style of body design and its classification is not huge. The most common styles used are four-wheel drive vehicle, which are designed in such a way that all the wheels receive engine power at the same time. Another style is called the convertible design, which has a folding roof that allows for an open roof while driving. Thirdly, there is the station wagon design, which has same height from both sides. Conclusion For the past few years, car designers have engaged in designing products for ideas. A smart car is one that can get instructions from a user and execute the information by itself. An example would be a smart car. There are two elements involved in car design; these include ensuring a balance in ergonomics as well as aesthetics. Car design is a field, which keeps on changing and can never be said to be predictable (Anything about cars, 2011, p. 1). Smart Car Source: Diseno-art.com. References Anythingaboutcars. (2011). The Fabulous 1950s Cars – Here is Their Story . Anythingaboutcars.com. Web. Bell, J. (2003). Concept of Car Design: Driving the Dream . Rotovision. Web. Diseno-art. (2011). From Concept Cars to Power Boats: Car Design History – a brief overview . Diseno-art.com. Web. Hulbert, L. (2010). Car Design: Car Designs of the 1950s. Web. Jain, S. L. (2004). Dangerous Instrumentality: The Bystander as Subject in Automobility . Cultural Anthropology 19 (1): 61–94. Web. Logix Microsystems Ltd. (2011). Car Designs: 1950-2009. Web. Raizman, D. (2003). History of Modern Design . New Jersey: Prentice Hall Art.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The success of Carrefour Hypermarkets is due to the company's location and internal design strategies. Carrefour has established its outlets in strategic locations and has an appealing internal design to facilitate fast shopping and create good impression to its customers.

The success of Carrefour Hypermarkets is due to the company's location and internal design strategies. Carrefour has established its outlets in strategic locations and has an appealing internal design to facilitate fast shopping and create good impression to its customers.

The Success of Carrefour Hypermarkets Essay Table of Contents 1. Case Background 2. Location 3. Internal design and the effect on customers 4. Works Cited Case Background Carrefour is the world largest foodstuff retail chains in volume sales; the hypermarkets have their head office at Levallois-Perret, France; Lars Olofsson and Amaury de Sèze opened the company’s first branch on June 3, 1957 at Annecy , France. To remain competitive in the fast changing and competitive retail industry, the company ensures it has established its outlets in strategic locations and has an appealing internal design/layout to facilitate fast shopping and create good impression to its customers (Carrefour Official Website). This paper discusses Carrefour’s location and design strategies. Location To ensure that the company gets to its target customers effectively, it is located in places of high population; areas that they expect to have a large customer base. The company offers fresh products thus, they need to be close to the consumers as possible. The locations include in shopping malls, shopping centres, airports and in emerging towns, depending with the location, the products that the company stocks varies. For example, the company sells fast foods at airports in their kitchen section. In every chain, the company ensures that there is ample parking that customers can use when shopping, the locations are also accessible when using public means and when having a personal means of transport. The location of the hypermarkets offers a pleasant experience to customers, they feel their needs are catered for within any chain; this helps in creating customer loyalty and confidence with a hypermarket (Carrefour Official Website) Internal design and the effect on customers The company offers more than 3,000 non-food items; some of these items include cosmetics, furniture, electronics, office equipments, and kitchenwares. To ensure that customers are able to get products in a shopping mall, the company has created a pleasant and easy to follow internal design; it has divided the malls into sections offering similar goods and they are well label. For example, vegetables are found in the same section, electronic and kitchenware in the same section. When a customer is not able to trace a commodity, the staffs are willing and ready to assist, they are well versed with the structure and the way the chain of supermarkets have been arranged, this assists in easy guidance inside the chain. It is a policy that all companies operating under the name of Carrefour has the same arrangement strategy; this strategy assists international consumers be able to buy from any chain of the company. To effectively manage the multibillion stores, the company manages an orchestrate team. For an effective operation, Carrefour requires an optimal combination of physical and human resources. Well-trained and experienced work force is the greatest asset that an organization can have; it is through human resources that an organisation exists. The company ensures that there is good customer service offered by the staffs at all level; staffs are expected to have high morale and good mastery of the chain of markets and how they are planned. In case a customer feels that he/she want shopping guide, the company is willing to offer some. There are good shopping trolleys that have engine in case someone needs (Fred 12-56). Conclusion The success of Carrefour hypermarkets can be attributed to its strategic locations and quality customer service. The company has appearing internal designs where products of the same categories are placed in the same segment to facilitate fast shopping. Works Cited Carrefour Official Website. Carrefour UAE . 2011.Web. Fred, David. Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases . New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2008.Print.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The Gulf of Mexico has one of the worst oil spills history incident; more recently this region experienced a massive oil spills that turned out to be an environmental disaster. A bi-criterion, multiperiod mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model was used to develop a cost-effective and efficient response operation for an oil spillage that was 25 degree API crude oil that had been spilling for 42 days at an average rate of 10,000 M 3

The Gulf of Mexico has one of the worst oil spills history incident; more recently this region experienced a massive oil spills that turned out to be an environmental disaster. A bi-criterion, multiperiod mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model was used to develop a cost-effective and efficient response operation for an oil spillage that was 25 degree API crude oil that had been spilling for 42 days at an average rate of 10,000 M 3

Responding to Oil Spillage: The Gulf of Mexico Case Study This case study is on the Gulf of Mexico which has one of the worst oil spills history incidents; more recently this region experienced a massive oil spills that turned out to be an environmental disaster. This case study intends to discuss a framework of responding to oil spillage operations occurring specifically in the Gulf of Mexico and how related factors impacts on such an operation; in this case the oil spill was Deepwater Horizon. The model that we shall refer to is known as “A bi-criterion, multiperiod mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model” (Zhong and You, 2011). In such a case where Oil spill is of Deepwater Horizon, the response operations are spread across three levels described as S1, S2 and S3 which are at peripheral distances from the point of oil spill indicated as 60km between each other (Zhong and You, 2011). For this case the MILP model was supposed to develop a cost-effective and efficient response operation for an oil spillage that was “25 degree API crude oil that had been spilling for 42 days at an average rate of 10,000 M 3” (Zhong and You, 2011). The expected end results and other variables needed to develop the response operation plan is to have a final of only 1500 M 3 oil spill remaining after the clean up and have 3 types of mechanical systems that will be used in cleaning the oil spill (Zhong and You, 2011). Other factors and variables were considered and included in the MILP model in developing the response operation while using 180 days as the base number of days that would achieve the same results if no response was implemented. In determining the optimal number of days that is the most cost-effective Pareto-optimal curve was utilized in this case which gave range of 75-180 days and cleaning costs that vary from $1095MM-162MM (Zhong and You, 2011). Figure 1 Figure 2 During this particular response, the model indicated 77 days to be the most economical compared to cleaning the oil spill in 75 days though they only vary by two days since the cost differences is very significant between these two points by almost 50% (Zhong and You, 2011). Because oil spill cleanup is very costly, this model indicates that use of booms to protect coastline is a cheaper strategy than cleaning the spill on sea since natural process will clean most of the oil spillage anyway (Zhong and You, 2011). Finally, the model indicates that dispersant application is the most efficient method of oil cleanup in this case (Zhong and You, 2011). Recommendation Based on the analysis indicated by the MILP model, it would appear that oil spill cleanup should be hedged on specific critical times during the duration of the spill when the exercise is most economical to undertake. Thus, one recommendation for this study is that oil spill cleanup in this region be planned along these critical times so as to maximize resources in doing so and take advantage of the natural cleaning process that as we have seen is very effective in achieving the same. Reference Zhong, Z. & You, F. 2011. Oil spill response planning with consideration of physicochemical evolution of the oil slick: A multiobjective optimization approach. Computers and chemical engineering , 1: 1-17.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The text discusses how Walt Disney's managerial skills transformed over time and how these transformations were influenced by the changing business environment.

The text discusses how Walt Disney's managerial skills transformed over time and how these transformations were influenced by the changing business environment.

Walt Disney: A Learning Organization Transformation of managerial skills Since its foundation, Disney has experienced transformations in managerial skills. The transformations have been due to the changing business environment and as Samson & Daft assert, managers should align their skills with the relevant strategies for business survival and expansion in this changing market (2009, p.83). As illustrated, managerial skill’s transformation depends on economic situation of the organization. Participative to scientific management skills At its foundation, Walter and his brother, Roy, clearly understood that for the company to grow stably and compete effectively, it required teamwork and cooperation. The managers therefore deployed participative skills in the organization’s administration. In fact, Walter advocated for cooperation and teamwork among the ‘members’ of the organization regardless of the position one held. However, during Eisner’ period the focus was no more on the foundation. The managerial skills transformed from participative to scientific in which Eisner focused on the best way to do things; Eisner dedicated his strength to creativity. Specialization to innovation skills Walter and Roy deployed specialization and division of labour during the foundation. Walter specialized in production while Roy headed the finances. In specialization, managers focus on the output of each individual with little regard of their individual development. This managerial skill was significant for the setting of strong foundation of the Disney Company. Eisner on his part focused on growth and development of individual employees. In order to leverage the company’s financial situation after Walter’s death, Eisner encouraged innovation among the employees through the concept of learning organization. By introduction of cross-divisional initiatives, Eisner deployed not only specialization skills but also innovation skills among the employees. Hybrid style of leadership Initially, Walter and Roy focused on employees’ completion of duties with little concern about their specific needs. They demonstrate leadership style in which employees are ‘free to think’. Walter emphasized on performance regardless of the position of the employee. In order to revive the company’s financial situation, Eisner deployed conglomerate of leadership skills. Learning organization aimed to develop the employees, whereas the cross-divisional initiatives meant to improve the performance each employee. In his leadership, Eisner therefore used both skills of people-oriented and task-oriented styles. Eisner developed ‘organizational hierarchy’ through his emphasize for skilled managers. This evidences that Eisner used some bureaucratic skills to manage the organization. Learning Organisation Disney should adopt the concept of learning organization in order to benefit from the advantages it presents to the businesses in the dynamic market of the 21 st century. In order to realize effective expansion and fulfil the dreams of the founder, Walter, Disney management should adopt the concept of learning organization. Expansion of business requires motivated management and employees. Since for decades the management focus has been on ‘task-completion’ without regard of individual development, it is important to empower employees through learning organization. Learning organization encourages rewards and punishment based on performance. The management should develop an evaluation strategy to reward those who perform excellently and punish underperformers. As a result, high performer feel empowered while underperformer feel challenged. Once challenged, the underperformers have to improve. In effect, the overall performance and expansion of Disney will improve. Innovation is integral part of strategic planning for creative companies such as Disney. With the dynamic technologies in creativity, Disney has to keep its systems updated, which will guarantee it a considerable market share for its products. Learning organization enhances innovation of technologies among the employees. Such technologies should be specific for completion of tasks within the organization. Learning organization encourages the management to provide employees with challenging tasks. Since the employees have to accomplish these tasks, despite the challenges, they have to research and consult on the effective means of handling the challenges. Research enables capacity development and growth of individual employees. At Disney, the shop floor employees will acquire more skills and boost their level of innovation and consequently, the organization will experience high-level creativity for a competitive position in the industry. Learning organization enhances globalization. As illustrated in the case, Roy’s attempt to new ventures of the business resulted into financial crisis of the organization. Globalization and trading in international market has a direct correlation with expansion in terms of product and services of a business. Roy’s failure was a result of lack of learning organization principles. Learning organization enhances innovation and creativity. Innovation results into creation of efficient methods and procedures of ‘production’. Efficient methods mean mass production of high quality and low cost products. Products with such features attract more customers in the market. Learning organization would therefore enhance Disney’s trade in the international market and compete with the leading players in the industry. Eisner’s Management skills Scientific managerial skills Eisner’s introduction of learning organization illustrates deployment of scientific skills of management. Scientific management dictates for four strategies of management, which aligns to characteristics of learning organization. The management should reward and punish employees on their basis of performance. The employees should develop the best and creative ways of accomplishing their duties. In scientific management, the manager should plan and control the employees and by using learning organization, Eisner introduced scientific skills of management. Some aspects of this skill could be applicable to the today’s management. However, the managers should be involved not only in planning, as depicted by the management theory, but also in active engagement of the plan. By doing so, these managers will have what Eisner refers to as ‘hand-on skill’. In turn, it enhances efficiency in accomplishment of the organizational plans. Capacity development skills In his leadership, Eisner focused on innovation of individual employees. Learning organization encourages innovation, as earlier noted. Eisner once noted “Synergy, For Us, Goes with Creativity” (Walt Disney Co, 2011, p.2). This emphasizes his efforts to enhance creativity. In this way, Eisner deployed the skill of capacity development for it employees. The market dynamics experienced in the current business world is a result of changing technologies in creativity. To compete in such situations therefore, today’s managers should use this management skill. Learning organization skill Learning organization is a management skill in itself. Eisner introduced the skill to motivate the employees as “motivated employees develop the own-drive to undertake their duties” (Samson & Daft, 2009, p. 84). To achieve this strategy, the management should assign duties to the employees based on interest and hard work. In this way, the employees perform their duties effectively. In fact, Eisner’ success at Disney was due to learning organization. Since learning organization acts to motivate employees, current managers can still use it to motivate their employees. With the changing market, managers should apply the learning organization skill to empower employees to meet these dynamics. Hybrid leadership skill As noted, Eisner combined aspects of different leadership styles to leverage the financial situation of the organization. He combined the aspects of people-oriented and task-oriented leadership. His emphasis on creativity and capacity building of individual employees manifests this fact. Bureaucratic aspects were also eminent in his management. For instance, his focus on employing highly experienced and skilled managers reveals the ‘organizational hierarchy’ in the company. Hybrid skills are practical to the management of this century because decision-making varies with situations and time. Since these changes are complex, managers find it difficult to apply a single style of leadership in management. References Samson, D., & Daft, R. L. (2009). Leading in Organizations: Management . South Melbourne, Vic.: Cengage Learning Australia. Walt Disney Co. (2011). Once upon a time at Disney . Retrieved from < https://dpep.disney.com/ >

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Provide the full text for the following summary: This paper sets out to carry out a synthesized review of three literatures concerning autism and to provide an overview of strategies that educators can undertake so as to better the chance of children with autism in the learning environment.This paper sets out to carry out a synthesized review of three literatures concerning autism and to provide an overview of strategies that educators can undertake so as to better the chance of children with autism in the learning environment.

This paper sets out to carry out a synthesized review of three literatures concerning autism and to provide an overview of strategies that educators can undertake so as to better the chance of children with autism in the learning environment. This paper sets out to carry out a synthesized review of three literatures concerning autism and to provide an overview of strategies that educators can undertake so as to better the chance of children with autism in the learning environment.

Autism and Educational Process Analytical Essay Introduction Autism has been noted to be among the most prevalent psychiatric disorder in childhood. Kuder (2003, p.34) denotes that in the USA, an estimated 2.1% of the population aged between 8 and 17 is affected by autism in its various forms. Autism is manifested by varied behavior but it is chiefly characterized by inability to communicate, lingual deficits, lack of a sustained attention, low level of activity, temper tantrums, sleep disturbance, aggression and other non-compliant behavior. These behaviors are detrimental to the educational endeavors of the children involved. Owing to these adverse effects that can stem from autism and the shear prevalence of the condition in the country’s population, a lot of research effort has been dedicated to the early diagnosis and treatment of the condition. This has been aimed at providing viable solutions to help those suffering from the disease cope effectively and acquire knowledge. This paper sets out to carry out a synthesized review of three literatures concerning autism and to provide an overview of strategies that educators can undertake so as to better the chance of children with autism in the learning environment. To this end, a review of Interventions to Improve Communication in Autism by Rhea Paul (PhD), Language and Communication in Autism by Hellen Tager-Flusberg, Rhea Paul and Catherine Lord and Social Skills Development in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Review of the Intervention Research by Susan Williams, Kathleen Kionig and Lawrence Scahill shall be presented. This shall aim at providing an informative discussion regarding autism, its diagnosis and treatments. The strategies that can be undertaken by teachers to assist them deal with children suffering from autism spectrum shall also be highlighted. Communication and language difficulties in autistic students: A literature review Autism spectrum is a medical term that is used to describe children and adults who experience difficulties in socializing, communicating (verbal and non-verbal) and language acquisition (Tager-Flusberg, Paul and Lord, 2005 p. 335). The authors describe autism as a neurological disorder that stems from the brain’s inability to carryout some functions normally. The causes of Autism as well as the reasons why it affects lingual and communication skills are not entirely known though there is a close linkage between Autism and genetics. As the study conducted by Tager-Flusberg, Paul and Lord (2005, p.337) indicate, Children with this condition lack the capability to stay focused on a task or sit still. They also rarely finish any tasks that they undertake. In addition, they are relatively slower in communicating and learning languages. Autism was previously assumed to be a childhood disorder that appeared at about 3years and then disappeared at the onset of adolescence. However, research conducted by Tager-Flusberg, Paul and Lord (2005, p.338) highlights that the condition is not limited to children and while the symptoms of the disorder may change over time, the children with Autism do not outgrow the condition. A study by White, Keonig and Scahill (2006 p.1859) indicates that 60% of children with Autism have other problems as well. These additional problems, medically termed as comorbility, mostly include; oppositional defiant and conduct or learning disorders. The additional problems are erroneously assumed to be part of Autism. In the learning process of Autistic students, the authors reiterated that a holistic approach should be considered since despite being separate issues from Autism, the other problems will also significantly impair the child’s development if left unattended to. The authors further stated that communication and language problems exhibited by autistic students may inherently lead to other antisocial behaviors if not addressed in the early stages of autism. Whereas Autism does not affect the intelligence of the children who suffer from it, research indicates that 30%-60% of children with Autism exhibit learning disabilities such as communication difficulties and lingual inefficiencies (Paul, 2008 p.49). The author claims that when Autism persists into the later years of a person’s life, there is an increased risk associated with educational failure and antisocial behavior. As such it is imperative that Autism be treated at the earliest possible detectable stage. A prerequisite to any form of treatment is the diagnosis of Autism. Paul (2008, p.64) goes on to list the specific criteria that can be used to diagnose Autism. Symptoms for inattention in autistic students include; failure to give close attention to details or making of careless mistakes in tasks assigned, difficulty in sustaining of attention in tasks and play activities, reluctance in the engagement of tasks requiring sustained mental efforts amongst other symptoms. For mental retardation, the symptoms include; restricted and repetitive conduct and behavior, troubles in verbal and non-verbal communication. An analysis of literature It has long being established that a child’s academic success is almost invariably pegged on his/her ability to fulfill tasks specified by the teacher and follow through activities with the least distraction. This ability to concentrate in class enables the students to receive the knowledge being imparted since they can participate fully in all the required class activities (Gleason & Ratner, 2001 p.19). Currently, it is documented that almost half of the students diagnosed with this disorder exhibit other deficiencies and problems. This being the case, children who have autism are at higher risks of low cognitive and academic performances. In the education system, the interests of children suffering from Autism are protected by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) (White, Keonig and Scahill, 2006 p.1872). All schools therefore have a responsibility of setting up medication management in the school environment and subsequently monitoring the progress of the child. It is acknowledged that education programs are critical in the assistance of children suffering from Autism. In regards to interventions pertaining to language and communication difficulties in autistic students, Tager-Flusberg, Paul and Lord (2005, p.337) explain the various difficulties that autistic students may exhibit in class. According to the authors, the first step that should be implemented is identifying the learning needs of the autistic students. This would help in designing the appropriate intervention. However, it should be noted that autism affects each individual differently depending on the social and environmental situations. In addition, the authors state that teachers need to select and implement strategies and practices that should effectively help them assist the Autistic students. However, the authors failed to consider the fact that autistic students do not have consistent behavioral patterns. How does a caregiver factor this fact into during the implementation process? Personally, I think that autistic students should be taught depending on their immediate needs. This is because it may be difficult to follow the schedule fully if the students are moody, forgetful and repetitive. White, Keonig and Scahill (2006, p. 1860) further assert that it is imperative that the teachers are aware that Autism is an educational disability that is treatable but not curable. The authors suggest that teachers should invest their efforts in analyzing and understanding the behavioral and social characteristics of the students suspected to be suffering from this disability. The knowledge gathered from such investigations may at the end help in during the successful implementation of any conceived strategies. According to Kuder (2003, p. 76), some of the strategies implemented by educators include but are not limited to: needs assessment and analysis. This strategy aims at identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the students so as to enable the coming up of programs that can build on their existing strengths. In addition, Kudger (2003, p. 77) proposes that understanding the individual needs of autistic students may also facilitate in the selection of appropriate instructional practices which meets the learning and socio-behavioral needs identified for the student. The author further recommends that a combination of either strategies or integrating them with the educational programs in place may also help achieve desirable results in regards to solving the language and communication difficulties exhibited by autistic students. Research shows that students with Autism learn best with a carefully structured academic lesson which entails the teachers placing skills and knowledge in the context of previous lessons (Paul, 2008 p.52). This is especially the case since students with Autism find it hard to transit from one lesson to another, express their views eloquently and coherently. Autistic students are prone to distraction and generally have a hard time focusing their attention on the assigned tasks. The teacher can therefore come up with measures to ensure that the students improve their organization and that their attention span is not swayed. Critic of reviewed literature As has been established, students with Autism spectrum are involved in behavior that is at times out of societal norms. However, communication is very essential and understanding the commonly used language is equally important. As such, teachers need to implement teaching aids that help the students accordingly. In the study conducted by White, Keonig and Scahill (2006, p. 1860), the results indicated that the use visual and audio aids were most effective to students with autism. This is mainly because autistic students cannot use different learning styles to acquire knowledge. However, visual (pictures and slides) and audio (songs and audio lectures) seems to capture their attention giving them a chance to grasp some concepts. Nevertheless, I feel as though these strategies would only help them learn the language and acquire knowledge. The only question is: do they improve their communication and social skills? I believe that more studies should be conducted in regards to strategies that can be used to improve their communication and social skills. Example of my recommendations includes group work, story telling and debates. This would help the students interact and learn from each other, all the while getting motivation from their peers. Conclusion This study set out to carry out a review of literature on Autism spectrum so as to shed light on how the condition can be diagnosed, treated and overcome by teachers in a class setting. It can be articulated from this literature review that Autism is a problem that needs to be focused on especially in the educational system. With proper understanding as to what the condition entails, teachers are better armed to assist their students overcome the weaknesses brought about by the condition and therefore achieve successful lives. From this study, it can be authoritatively stated that early diagnosis and treatment of Autism spectrum is necessary to increase the chances of success in learning for the child suffering from this disease. However, Studies as to long term effects of medical treatment should be made so as to enable physicians and parents alike to make more informed decisions as to the best treatment programs for the children. Whereas Autism is not curable, it can be managed so as to ensure that it is not disruptive to the life of the individual during his/her future endeavors. References Gleason, J., & Ratner, N. (2001). The Development of Language. USA: Allyn & Bacon Incorporated. Kuder, S. (2003). Teaching Students with Language and Communication Disabilities. USA: Allyn and Bacon. Paul, R. (2008). Interventions to Improve Communication in Autism. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17(4) , 48-76. Tager-Flusberg, H., & Lord, C. (2005). Language and Communication in Autism. Web. White, W., Keonig, K., & Scahill, L. (2006). Social Skills Development in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Intervention Research . NY: Springer Science, Business Media, LLC.

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Write an essay about: The increase in dependency on fossil fuel and other non renewable energy sources is facing challenges because of environmental concerns and economic reasons. Fossil fuel releases green house gases and is prone to price fluctuations while hydroelectric power is dependent on environmental conditions. Many countries are looking for alternative energy sources that are renewable cleaner and independent from price fluctuations. Solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy and geothermal energy are the main renewable sources of energy.

The increase in dependency on fossil fuel and other non renewable energy sources is facing challenges because of environmental concerns and economic reasons. Fossil fuel releases green house gases and is prone to price fluctuations while hydroelectric power is dependent on environmental conditions. Many countries are looking for alternative energy sources that are renewable cleaner and independent from price fluctuations. Solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy and geothermal energy are the main renewable sources of energy.

Renewable Energy Sources Summary Report Table of Contents 1. Summary of the case study 2. Issues presented in the case study 3. Analysis of the case study 4. Results 5. Recommendations 6. Reference List 7. Appendix Summary of the case study The increase in dependency on fossil fuel and other non renewable energy sources is facing challenges because of environmental concerns and economic reasons. Fossil fuel releases green house gases and is prone to price fluctuations while hydroelectric power is dependent on environmental conditions. Many countries are looking for alternative energy sources that are renewable cleaner and independent from price fluctuations. Solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy and geothermal energy are the main renewable sources of energy. This paper gives a summary of the renewable energy sources that two students contemplated and researched after finishing their graduate school. Issues presented in the case study The issues presented in this case were mainly concerned with the energy demands in Ontario. The need for the electricity supply mix to be replaced was the main issues that brought about the aspect of alternative energy sources. Large and Berkeley found out that renewable energy source was the way to go since other energy sources presented economic problems, environmental problems and scarcity. They did an analysis of the different renewable energy sources and discovered that they could only venture into the renewable energy source that used the technology which they were best suited to capitalize on. A renewable energy source such as geothermal is pretty cheap but requires a lot of capital in order to establish its economic viability. Solar photovoltaic energy also requires a relatively large amount of capital although the standard offer price is pretty cheaper than some of the other sources. Analysis of the case study Large and Berkeley provides several different analysis of their research. They tabulate their data to compare between all the renewable energy that they researched on. There is also an analysis of the different energy sources that supply energy in Ontario. In an analysis of 2005 energy sources, it is evident that nuclear energy was the dominant energy source followed by renewable and coal in that order. Conservation was the least energy source that came behind gas and cogen. Another analysis done for the future supply of energy in Ontario in the year 2025 indicates that renewables will take over from nuclear to become the dominant energy supplier. Nuclear takes the second position followed by gas and cogen, conservation and gasification in that order. The graph below shows the general trend of the energy sources from the year 2005 to the year 2025. Figure 1: graph of the trend of energy sources between the years 2005 and 2025. Reeds, A. (2010). Renewable Energy Co. Richard Ivy School of Business Foundation Series 1 represents the energy fractions in the year 2025 while series two shows the fractions in the year 2005. In addition, Ontario’s standard offer program payment schedule tabulated in the file shows that solar photovoltaic energy is valued at $0.11 per Kilowatt hour. This price is way above the other energy sources that are offered the same value of $ 0.11 per kilowatt hour. All the prices are at base price. The photovoltaic potential of Canadian cities is also compared to that of other cities. From the table, it can be deduced that Canadian cities have relatively high photovoltaic potential compared to many other world cities. The city of Regina is the sixth city with the most solar photovoltaic potential. It is followed by Calgary, Toronto, Vancouver, and St. John. Another comparison was done on some quick facts for the renewable energies researched. The standard offer program price for solar voltaic energy potential is 42 cent per kW installed while that of other renewable energy sources like wind, hydropower and biogas is 11.08 cent per kW. While there is an inflation index of 20 percent of the price increases by the consumer price index for all other renewable sources, the solar photovoltaic energy project has no inflation index. When the capital cost of the renewable energy sources are compared, solar photovoltaic energy leads with an estimated capital cost of $10, 000 to $14, 000, per kW installed. The table below summarizes the above analysis. Table 1: Table of comparison of all the renewables discussed Solar photovoltaic wind hydro biogas Standard offer time 42 cent/kWh 11.08 cent/kWh 11.08 cent/kWh 11.08 cent/kWh Inflation index None 20% of the contract price increases by the consumer price index 20% of the price increases by the Consumer Price Index 20% of the price increases by the Consumer Price Index On-peak rate Not legible Not eligible 3.52 cent/kWh (must be 80%) 3.52 cent/kWh (must be 80%) Capital cost (estimated) $10,000-$14,000 $2,000-$2,750 per kW installed $4,000 to $7,000 per kW installed $4,000 to $7,000 per kW installed Average lead time 1-6 months 3-4 years 4 to 7 years 2 years None for < 2MW None for <5 MW Environmental permits None All projects require an environmental screening process Environmental screening for all projects > 2 MW Environmental screening for >5 MW Municipal permit Navigation Canada Ministry of Natural Resources Building permit Transport Canada possible official plan and zoning amendments Water supply issues Municipal permits Other permits zoning Possible bylaw changes Zoning Official plans and zoning bylaws Building permits Building permits Property tax reclassification Ontario energy board license Ontario energy board license Ontario Energy Board License Ontario Energy Board License Connection Local distribution company connection agreement Local distribution company connection agreement Local Distribution Company Connection Agreement Local Distribution Company Connection Agreement Electrical safety authority certification Electrical safety authority certification Electrical Safety Authority Certification Electrical Safety Authority Certification Shores of the Great Lakes Steep rivers, streams, creeks or springs Resource South-facing, inclining approximately 45 degrees Areas with high elevations Flowing year-round Proximity to renewable biomass Exposure to prevailing wind directions Hilly areas with high year-round rainfall Canadian Bioenergy Association (CANBIO) www.canbio.ca Canadian Wind Energy Association (CanWEA) Ontario Waterpower Association (OWA) Canadian Biogas Association www.canwea.ca www.owa.ca Industry association Canadian solar industry association www.biogas.ca Ontario Sustainable Energy Association (OSEA) Ministry of Natural Resources Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs www.ontario-sea.org www.mnr.gov.on.ca (OMAFRA) www.omafra.gov.on.ca Adapted from Reeds, A. (2010). Renewable Energy Co. Richard Ivy School of Business Foundation Results From the graph in figure 1, even though the energy output and usage increases, the general trend is that renewable energy is slowly but gradually taking over the energy scene. From the table above, it can be deduced that solar energy is the most expensive in terms of standard offer time. Solar photovoltaic energy also requires the most capital cost. It is also quite expensive in terms of average lead time. However, solar energy needs no environmental permit and has the least number of permits needed. Recommendations It is beyond doubt that renewable energy is the most appropriate alternative energy source that can be utilize for sustainable economic growth and environment management. Since fossil fuel prices are always fluctuating, they affect economies and thus contribute to inflation. Fossil fuels also contribute to greenhouse gases because they produce carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Carbon dioxide depletes the ozone layer which is essential for blocking ultraviolet rays that may otherwise cause skin cancer. Sulfur dioxide is known to cause acid rain that corrodes man made structures. Renewable energy sources are clean, cheaper, and stable for economic development. In my own opinion, since wind, solar, hydroelectricity and biogas, all depend on environmental conditions, I would recommend geothermal energy to be sourced in tectonically active areas. This renewable energy source does not depend on climatic conditions. It is available throughout the years and the earth’s interior is not going to cool soon. Reference List Reeds, A. (2010). Renewable Energy Co. Richard Ivy School of Business Foundation. Appendix Figure 1: graph of the trend of energy sources between the years 2005 and 2025. Figure 1: graph of the trend of energy sources between the years 2005 and 2025. Table 1: Table of comparison of all the renewables discussed. Table 1: Table of comparison of all the renewables discussed. Solar photovoltaic wind hydro biogas Standard offer time 42 cent/kWh 11.08 cent/kWh 11.08 cent/kWh 11.08 cent/kWh Inflation index None 20% of the contract price increases by the consumer price index 20% of the price increases by the Consumer Price Index 20% of the price increases by the Consumer Price Index On-peak rate Not legible Not eligible 3.52 cent/kWh (must be 80%) 3.52 cent/kWh (must be 80%) Capital cost (estimated) $10,000-$14,000 $2,000-$2,750 per kW installed $4,000 to $7,000 per kW installed $4,000 to $7,000 per kW installed Average lead time 1-6 months 3-4 years 4 to 7 years 2 years None for < 2MW None for <5 MW Environmental permits None All projects require an environmental screening process Environmental screening for all projects > 2 MW Environmental screening for >5 MW Municipal permit Navigation Canada Ministry of Natural Resources Building permit Transport Canada possible official plan and zoning amendments Water supply issues Municipal permits Other permits zoning Possible bylaw changes Zoning Official plans and zoning bylaws Building permits Building permits Property tax reclassification Ontario energy board license Ontario energy board license Ontario Energy Board License Ontario Energy Board License Connection Local distribution company connection agreement Local distribution company connection agreement Local Distribution Company Connection Agreement Local Distribution Company Connection Agreement Electrical safety authority certification Electrical safety authority certification Electrical Safety Authority Certification Electrical Safety Authority Certification Shores of the Great Lakes Steep rivers, streams, creeks or springs Resource South-facing, inclining approximately 45 degrees Areas with high elevations Flowing year-round Proximity to renewable biomass Exposure to prevailing wind directions Hilly areas with high year-round rainfall Canadian Bioenergy Association (CANBIO) www.canbio.ca Canadian Wind Energy Association (CanWEA) Ontario Waterpower Association (OWA) Canadian Biogas Association www.canwea.ca www.owa.ca Industry association Canadian solar industry association www.biogas.ca Ontario Sustainable Energy Association (OSEA) Ministry of Natural Resources Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs www.ontario-sea.org www.mnr.gov.on.ca (OMAFRA) www.omafra.gov.on.ca Adapted from Reeds, A. (2010). Renewable Energy Co. Richard Ivy School of Business Foundation

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : In order to remain competitive, technology companies employ the customer orientation approach whereby the company focuses on consumer demands and produces products to meet them. This means that all the strategic marketing decisions rely on the needs of potential consumers. A company can also employ a market change identification approach whereby its products are tailored to meet changing consumer needs. In addition, technology companies also employ product innovation approach whereby the new products made are convenient and user-friendly.

In order to remain competitive, technology companies employ the customer orientation approach whereby the company focuses on consumer demands and produces products to meet them. This means that all the strategic marketing decisions rely on the needs of potential consumers. A company can also employ a market change identification approach whereby its products are tailored to meet changing consumer needs. In addition, technology companies also employ product innovation approach whereby the new products made are convenient and user-friendly.

Sony, Microsoft, and Nintendo Report (Assessment) Table of Contents 1. Concepts and Theories 2. Evidence and Analysis 3. Implications 4. Conclusion and Recommendations Concepts and Theories Marketing concepts encompass the processes and strategies an organization employs to achieve its goals. These strategies depend on the needs of the target market and the level of competition in the market. In order for an organization to meet its organizational goals, it should be able to satisfy the needs of consumers more effectively than its competitors do. To remain competitive, technology companies employ the customer orientation approach whereby the company focuses on consumer demands and produces products to meet them. This means that all the strategic marketing decisions rely on the needs of potential consumers. A company can also employ a market change identification approach whereby its products are tailored to meet changing consumer needs. In addition, technology companies also employ product innovation approach whereby the new products made are convenient and user-friendly. Evidence and Analysis In this case study, the three companies, Sony, Microsoft, and Nintendo have employed different strategies to remain competitive. Nintendo strategizes to attract more customers included improving its Wii games such that users can access older Nintendo games online through Connect 24, which also provided other value added services to the consumers. Other than the Wii, the company’s other products like the DS, DS Lite, and Game boy satisfy diverse consumer needs raising its market share to 55%. Additionally, Nintendo undertook to diversify its sales to include software in addition to the game consoles; a strategy different from those used by the other competitors, Microsoft and Sony. Sony employed product innovation approach to compete effectively in the video game market. Cutting edge technology incorporated into the Play station 2 introduced in 2001 makes it more appealing to the young population than the Super NES system produced by Nintendo. Sony also incorporated more game categories into its Play station 2 giving it a competitive advantage over the other video game companies. Block buster game titles produced for the play station made Sony’s play station more appealing to older gamers. Microsoft’s 2001 introduction of home entertainment division that included the X box was successful because the company incorporated other products making it the most advanced game console in the industry by then. The company also produced appealing game titles like the Age of the Empires III that became popular with the consumers. In addition, the company diversified its offerings to include TV programming in order to meet the changing consumer needs. Implications Nintendo’s product-based approach of diversifying its products to include both the game systems and video game software increased its revenue to $840 million in 2006. Its products also targeted children producing game systems that are easy to use raising its market share to 55% in the same year. Its innovations like the Nintendo DS targeted market segments ignored by the other players. Sony’s product-oriented approach ensured that the technology used in the Play station was unrivalled resulting to more than 100 million Play station consoles being sold in 2001. The inclusion of entertaining blockbuster games in play stations also contributed to success of the company. Microsoft’s strategy of relying on consumer research to produce consumer-tailored products coupled with innovations like mobile gaming, Business software and MSN online services generated revenue of $ 44.3 billion in 2006. Conclusion and Recommendations For a company to acquire a greater market share especially in the technology industry, consumer-oriented approach is important. Microsoft depended on consumer research to develop products that meet customer needs while Sony employed innovative technology ensured unrivalled video games. Nintendo on the other hand diversified its products to cover large market segments. To obtain a competitive edge over other players in the market, a company should employ strategies that involve use of new technologies and diversify the products offered with the aim of meeting the needs of the consumer.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The research paper will focus on both sides in trying to compare and contrasting the two denominations (Marstensen 205). Although they are termed as two different religions, they share the most common believes of all Christian.

The research paper will focus on both sides in trying to compare and contrasting the two denominations (Marstensen 205). Although they are termed as two different religions, they share the most common believes of all Christian.

Catholicism and Christianity Research Paper Table of Contents 1. God the creator 2. Final Judgment 3. The Bible 4. Pope and his system 5. History of the two religions 6. Difference in doctrine and believes 7. The way they work in today’s world 8. Works Cited The religious believes of both Christianity and Catholicism has some common features and differences as well. The research paper will focus on both sides in trying to compare and contrasting the two denominations (Marstensen 205). Although they are termed as two different religions, they share the most common believes of all Christian. God the creator Some of the similarities that both the Catholics have with Christianity are about only one God who is in trinity. God the father, the son and the Holy Spirit is what has been there, today and forever (Christian Century Foundation 116). They pray to this one God through Jesus who is the son in human flesh. God who is in three forms is the sole creator of everything found in universe both living and non-living things, and He is the one who sustains the whole of his creation. Final Judgment Another similarity is about God who is rightly angry with his people who do not work according to his will. They believe after death, God will make everyone to resurrect and come back to earth where judgment will take place. The way people live on earth deserves either a reward or a punishment from God. When Jesus Christ died on the cross and resurrected on the third day he paid for the sins, but those who keep on repeating their sins will be punished (Chilson 314). Everyone has a chance to repent his or her sins on earth to avoid the punishment on the judgment day, when sinners would be punished. The repentance may be speaking to God either directly or through the priests for the Catholics, for those people who mind the life after death. The Bible Another similarity between the Catholicism and Christianity is about the bible, well known as the words of God. They both know that bible is the collection of different works written by men, God inspired most of them. The bible contains information about the will of God, through which we are supposed to follow to be rewarded in heaven. The bible contains the views of men and the words of God through his people (Anatolios and Brown 287). Whoever does according to the will of God declared in the bible shall be rewarded in heaven and be saved from everlasting punishment of the sinners. The good things believers are promised in heaven are contained in the bible that Christians are supposed to follow. All in all Catholics are Christians, but not all Christians are Catholics. Pope and his system The first difference is Catholicism has Bishop of Rome who is the pope, and they believe is the spiritual leader of their entire church system. The Catholic Church is centralized with the head controller being the pope, who they follow in most of their practices. The pope guides other catholic leaders as well as the church followers as he is the spiritual leader. However, for other Christians who are non-Catholics, believe that Jesus is the spiritual head of the church (Marstensen 210). This makes them not to have other religious figures since they believe with Jesus Christ all the religious requirements of the church are fulfilled. Catholics allow the pope to speak on behalf of the church about the morals or dogma assuming that he cannot make mistakes because the holy spirits guides him. Other Christians cannot allow anyone to speak for the church, because, it was only Jesus who could present the church. History of the two religions The history of the two religions has some differences especially about the fall of humanity in the Garden of Eden. According to the Catholics, despite the fact that human being race was stained by sins, they still believe some original innocence and goodness was left with humanity (Chilson 318). However, other Christians have a view that nothing good was left with humanity because the entire race was very depraved. The entire humanity was stained by the original sin of Adam and Eve. Difference in doctrine and believes The doctrines of the Catholicism are very different with that of Christianity. For instance, Catholics believe that the bread and wine in the Eucharist are changed through the power of the Holy Spirit that appears unseen to real body and blood of Christ. According to what other Christians believe, they assume that the bread and the wine taken during Eucharist are just symbols of the blood and the body of Christ. The Catholics still believe in seven sacraments that represent holy moments of their followers, while most of other Christians believe in two types of sacraments only baptism and Eucharist (Chilson 383). Catholics believe in requesting saints to pray for them, but Christianity believes that, it is only Jesus Christ, who can intercede between them and God almighty. This act is viewed as idolatry by most of non-Catholics Christians. The way they work in today’s world In today’s world, there are some differences in how Catholics practice their faith from other Christians (Marstensen 364). For instance, there is celibacy of the clergy in Catholics where the priests are not supposed to be married. They do this because Jesus Christ himself was not married as he dedicated his full life in service of God his father. Another difference in today’s life is about their act of verbally expressing their sins to the priests. It is their believe that their sins are fully forgiven by Christ through the priest. They do this as a way of strengthening their faith, as well as adding happiness and joy in their peaceful lives. The image of Jesus Christ, God the son, who is a common figure to all Christians The image of Mary and his son Jesus Christ, Catholics pray through Mary by use of rosary ( http://www.turnbacktogod.com/ ) The picture of catholic pope, who is the spiritual leader of their church Works Cited Anatolios, Khaled and Brown Stephen. World Religions. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009. Chilson, Richard. Catholic Christianity: a guide to the way, the truth, and the life. New York: Paulist Press, 2003. Christian Century Foundation. The Christian Century. Michigan: Christian Century Foundation, 2006. Marstensen, Hans. Christian dogmatics: a Compendium of the doctrines of christianity. New York: T. & T. Clark, 2003.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: Self-Directed Learning: Goals, Theories, Process essaySelf-Directed Learning: Goals, Theories, Process essay discusses the importance of self-directed learning in andragogy, outlines the goals and objectives of such learning, and describes the process of how it can be achieved.

Self-Directed Learning: Goals, Theories, Process essay Self-Directed Learning: Goals, Theories, Process essay discusses the importance of self-directed learning in andragogy, outlines the goals and objectives of such learning, and describes the process of how it can be achieved.

Self-Directed Learning: Goals, Theories, Process Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Goals and Objectives 3. Theoretical Background 4. The Process 5. Conclusion 6. Reference List Introduction Self-directed learning is central to andragogy. It has been acknowledged that adult learners prefer having a great deal of autonomy when acquiring knowledge (Merriam, Caffarella & Baumgartner, 2012). Of course, to be effective, the learning should be structured and well-thought. People have different learning styles, and it is essential to understand one’s most effective approach. Mezirow identified three major learning styles (instrumental, dialogic and self-reflective), and the individuals should choose strategies consistent with their styles (Kitchenham, 2008). However, prior to choosing the necessary strategies, materials and so on, it is crucial to identify the goal and major objectives of the learning. Goals and Objectives To start any learning process, it is essential to identify reasons for such learning. Thus, I want to learn how to bake cakes. I have a sweet tooth, and I have tried thousands of types of pastry. I have become quite picky, and it is difficult to surprise me so my friends and relatives often say that I should bake myself if no one can satisfy my needs in the delicious dessert. I have tried to bake a sponge cake and failed completely. Therefore, the primary objective of my learning will be the ability to bake a sponge cake. At that, I will also aim at baking a good cake in a week. Theoretical Background To choose the most appropriate strategies and materials, it is helpful to outline the theoretical framework. I believe Mezirow’s approach is the most relevant in my case. After some reflection, I understood that my learning style was instrumental. I always focus on the ways I can acquire knowledge rather than reasons for learning or environment (Kitchenham, 2008). Hence, I will concentrate on materials and tools to acquire knowledge and skills as well as use them in the future. Importantly, Gureckis and Markant (2012) stress that decision-making is one of the central peculiarities of self-directed learning. The learner is empowered to craft the entire process, which makes him/her more motivated. It is also necessary to add that Illeris model provides insights into the effective knowledge acquisition. I agree that the three dimensions (cognitive, emotional and social) are central to the learning process. In my case, the social dimension plays an important role as I am motivated to prove to my relatives and friends that I am able to bake. Appraisal or even admiration will be my extrinsic motivation. At that, emotional component is also very strong due to the involvement of my close ones. It is also significant as I will do something I like very much (learn to do something, eat desserts, achieve goals set). The Process The reflection on some theoretical points helped me to develop an effective plan. First, I made a simple plan. I focused on timing. I knew I would be invited to a birthday party, so I decided to bring my cake. I had a week, so I had to practice each day. Of course, I had many responsibilities so I could practice several hours a day only. The first stage was collecting the necessary information. The major source of knowledge was the Internet in this case. It is the fastest way to find some information. Kop and Fournier (2010) note that online students often find it difficult to cope with the abundance of information and resources. I have also faced this issue. There are various books, journals, websites, workshops and so on teaching how to bake. At that, I was not devastated as I knew that I did not have to go through all resources available, but I could choose the ones I find the most effective. First, I found a recipe of the cake I want to bake. I also read some how-to websites. I was especially focused on something I failed to do previously (bake sponge). I also watch some videos on YouTube and found many useful tips. I wrote down some of the most helpful hints. When I decided I was ready to practice, I started baking. Of course, I had access to the Internet all the time, and I followed the stages in a video. I have to add that there was a social component in my learning as I called my mother. At that, I faced a kind of dilemma. I wanted to surprise everyone, and I did not want my mother to think that I was inexperienced in quite simple things. I believe this is an influential aspect when it comes to self-directed learning. Many learners face similar issues as they do not want to seem inexperienced, unconfident or unaware of some things, which makes them reluctant to address other people (peers, instructors and so on). I would like to add that I enjoyed a significant sense of autonomy as I knew I was totally responsible for all choices I make (including assessment, which will be my personal assessment). Nonetheless, I have to admit that I limited my autonomy when I practiced the knowledge I obtained. I used the video tutorial during several times as I was not sure I could handle it. I have to admit that I did everything needed, but the cake was not as perfect as it was in the pictures. At that, I acknowledged errors I made. Those were errors with temperatures, time and technique. After some time, I tried to bake one more time. I used some video tutorials. After several attempts, I focused on the recipe only. I knew the techniques necessary to make the sponge. That attempt was successful, but I spent too much time. I knew that my learning was not complete as I was not a confident baker of the cake in question. At that, my major goal, to bake a cake for the party, was achieved, and people liked my treat. Of course, I intend to make other attempts until baking the cake becomes a simple task for me. I would like to note that the project considerably enhanced my knowledge of some aspects of self-directed learning. I was able to apply one of the models of learning. I think the understanding of the theoretical framework helped me apply the model effectively. I reflected on the three dimensions, which enabled me to set specific goals and objectives. I also acknowledged the way the context affects my decisions. Thus, I chose the cake that could be to particular people’s taste. I also wanted to learn without any help from people I knew, which could negatively affect my learning as I limited resources available. One of my friends is a chef, and he could help me a lot, but I did not address him. I think I was quite a successful self-directed learner. I managed to set goals, to develop a plan and implement it. My time-management was efficient as well. I have gained a valuable experience that will be applied later. Of course, there were some difficulties and errors. Thus, I was not confident enough. I limited my autonomy when practicing my knowledge and skills. I believe it can be more effective to be more autonomous during my further projects. I believe my use of videos led to the prolonged time of skills acquisition. I could have learned earlier. I also think that my unwillingness to address some people had an adverse effect on my learning. I will be more open next time. At that, I understand that there will always be some situations when I will be unwilling or unable to use this or that source of information. Conclusion On balance, I would like to note that the project was a valuable experience for me. I was able to revisit the theoretical frameworks we studied and use them. Of course, I should also note that the project changed me to a certain degree. For instance, I understood the complexity of autonomy in self-directed learning. I changed my perspective, and I now understand that my sense of autonomy can be limited by many factors even though there can be no formal assessment. I also acquired the necessary experience in developing and implementing the plan. I have become a more efficient self-directed learner. I also intend to continue my attempts to acquire new knowledge and skills. I will also continue my research concerning theoretical frameworks and practical strategies associated with self-directed learning. Reference List Gureckis, T.M., & Markant, D.B. (2012). Self-directed learning: A cognitive and computational perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science , 7 (5), 464-481. Kitchenham, A. (2008). The evolution of John Mezirow’s transformational learning theory. Journal of Transformative Education , 6 (2), 104-123. Kop, R., & Fournier, H. (2010). New dimensions to self-directed learning in an open networked learning environment. International Journal for Self-Directed Learning , 7 (2), 1-19. Merriam, S.B., Caffarella, R.S., & Baumgartner, L.S. (2007). Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide . San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The essay discusses the applied behavior analysis report on self-injury in autism. The report focuses on the examination, design, use, and assessment of social and other natural adjustments to deliver important changes in human conduct.

The essay discusses the applied behavior analysis report on self-injury in autism. The report focuses on the examination, design, use, and assessment of social and other natural adjustments to deliver important changes in human conduct.

Self-Injury in Autism: Applied Behavior Analysis Report Abstract Gnawing, self-injury in autism and skin pitching are self-harmful practices displayed by people with handicaps, which may bring about long haul physical harm and hinder ordinary scholarly improvement. These self-damaging practices may transform into stereotypic practices which are generally characterized as non-useful practices. Cliché conduct is generally found in kids with tactile, scholarly and subjective inabilities. There may be a few behavioristic, formative, excitement regulation and neurological clarifications for stereotypic practices. Inside of these clarifications, the behavioristic methodology has turned out to be more famous as of late. Not at all like different clarifications, has behavioristic methodology advocated that positive and negative fortification is the principal driver of stereotypic conduct. Numerous examination studies have been directed to discover the capacity of stereotypic practices. Introduction Background information Applied behavior analysis is an all-around created logical order among the helping professions that spotlights on the examination, configuration, usage, and assessment of social and other natural adjustments to deliver important changes in human conduct. Applied behavior analysis incorporates the utilization of direct perception, estimation, and useful investigation of the relations in the middle of the environment and conduct. Applied behavior analysis uses changes in natural occasions, including precursor stimuli and results, to deliver reasonable and critical changes in conduct (Ahearn, Clark, MacDonald & Chung, 2007). These significant environmental occasions are typically distinguished through an assortment of particular appraisal strategies. Applied behavior analysis depends on the way that a singular’s conduct is dictated by the past and current ecological occasions in conjunction with natural variables, for example, their hereditary enrichment and physiological variables. In this manner, when connected to behavioral disorder, applied behavior analysis concentrates on altering so as to treat the issues of the issue the singular’s social and learning situations (Kennedy & Souza, 1995). Gnawing, self-injury in autism and skin pitching are self-harmful practices displayed by people with handicaps, which may bring about long haul physical harm and hinder ordinary scholarly improvement. These self-damaging practices may transform into stereotypic practices which are generally characterized as non-useful practices. Cliché conduct is generally found in kids with tactile, scholarly and subjective inabilities (Ahearn et al., 2007). There may be a few behavioristic, formative, excitement regulation and neurological clarifications for stereotypic practices. Inside of these clarifications, the behavioristic methodology has turned out to be more famous as of late. Not at all like different clarifications, has behavioristic methodology advocated that positive and negative fortification is the principal driver of stereotypic conduct. Numerous examination studies have been directed to discover the capacity of stereotypic practices. As per the discoveries from these studies, a few arbitrations have been connected to diminish the sum or level of these stereotypic practices. Some stereotypic practices may be kept up by tactile support. These specialists additionally suggest that showing elective tangible things for people with stereotypic conduct may diminish their issue conduct (Ahearn et al., 2007). This paper writes about the discoveries of an examination study finished with a blind student at a Qatari school. The study used differential support of other conduct mediation systems keeping in mind the end goal to diminish the event of self-injury in autism in the watched understudy. In the accompanying pages, a writing survey on self-injury in autism conduct and sorts of mediations connected to reduce such conduct is given. After that, the methodology is outlined, followed by the results and the discussions. Literature Review Applied behavior analysis These significant environmental occasions are typically distinguished through an assortment of particular appraisal strategies. Applied behavior analysis depends on the way that a singular’s conduct is dictated by the past and current ecological occasions in conjunction with natural variables, for example, their hereditary enrichment and physiological variables (Kennedy & Souza, 1995). In this manner, when connected to behavioral disorder, applied behavior analysis concentrates on altering so as to treat the issues of the issue the singular’s social and learning situations (Ahearn et al., 2007). Connected conduct investigation is an inside and out created intelligent request among the health specialists that spotlights on the examination, setup, use, and appraisal of social and other common acclimations to convey essential changes in human behavior. Connected conduct examination consolidates the usage of direct observation, estimation, and valuable examination of the relations amidst environment and behavior. Connected conduct examination uses changes in characteristic events, including antecedent stimuli and results to convey sensibly and basic changes in behavior. The present rules are particular to applied behavior analysis as a behavioral wellbeing treatment of the behavioral disorder. By and by, applied behavior analysis has likewise been shown as viable for treating the side effects of an assortment of conditions, including serious dangerous conduct, substance misuse, dementia, pediatric feeding issues, traumatic cerebrum harm, and so forth. Applied behavior analysis is a specific behavioral wellbeing treatment methodology and most graduate or postgraduate preparing projects in brain research, directing, social work or different zones of clinical practice do not give top to bottom preparing in this order. In this manner, a comprehension of the credentialing procedure of the behavior analysis by the BACB (Behavior Analyst Certification Board) can help health procedures and their supporters in distinguishing those suppliers who meet the essential capabilities to practice applied behavior analysis (Kennedy & Souza, 1995). The formal preparation of experts affirmed by the Behavior Analyst Certification Board is like that of other therapeutic and behavioral health experts. That is, they are at first prepared inside of the educated community and afterward start working in a regulated clinical setting with customers. As they bit by bit exhibit the skills important to oversee complex clinical issues over an assortment of customers and restorative situations, they get to be autonomous specialists. In synopsis, the behavior analysis experiences a thorough course of preparing and instruction, including a temporary position period in which they work under the immediate supervision of an accomplished behavior analyst (Ahearn et al., 2007). It ought to be noticed that other authorized experts may have applied behavior analysis included inside of their specific extent of preparation and skill. What’s more, a little subset of clinicians may be authorized by a different profession and hold an accreditation from the Behavior Analyst Certification Board, in this way giving extra confirmation of the nature and profundity of their preparation in applied behavior analysis. Social insurance financing and administration of behavioral health medicines managed by the behavior analysis is generally late. The behavior analysts– like other restorative and behavioral health providers– depend upon techniques and methods recorded in works of literature, built up treatment conventions, and clinical choice-making systems. They consistently assess the present condition of the customer and alter treatment choices in light of the aftereffects of direct perception and information from a scope of different appraisals. Conduct analysis additionally requests and incorporate data from the customer and relatives and direct care with different experts (Kennedy & Souza, 1995). Treatment Models Applied behavior analysis treatment programs for behavioral disorder fuse discoveries from many connected studies concentrated on the comprehension and treating applied behavior analysis in various scientific journals over a stretch of 50 years. The treatment may fluctuate as far as to force and length of time, the multifaceted nature, and scope of treatment objectives, and the degree of direct treatment given. Numerous variables, including the number, many-sided quality, and force of behavioral targets and the customer’s own particular reaction to treatment figure out which model is generally proper. Albeit existing on a continuum, these distinctions can be by and largely sorted as one of two treatment models, for instance, focused or comprehensive applied behavior analysis treatment (Kennedy & Souza, 1995). The focused applied behavior analysis treatment Administration Description Focused or comprehensive applied behavior analysis treatment alludes to the treatment given straightforwardly to the customer to a set number of behavioral targets. It is not confined by age, subjective level, or co-happening conditions. Focused or comprehensive applied behavior analysis treatment may include expanding socially fitting conduct (for instance, expanding social initiations) or decreasing issue conduct (for instance, animosity) as the essential target. Notwithstanding when lessening of issue conduct is the essential objective, it is basic to likewise target increments in fitting options conduct, on the grounds that the nonappearance of proper conduct is frequently the antecedent to a genuine conduct issue. Subsequently, people who need to obtain abilities (for instance, correspondence, enduring change in situations and exercises, self-improvement, social attitudes) are likewise fitting for focused or comprehensive applied behavior analysis treatment (Ahearn et al., 2007). Focused applied behavior analysis treatment arrangements are fitting for people who need treatment just for a predetermined number of key practical aptitudes or have such intense issue conduct that its treatment ought to be the need. Cases of key practical abilities incorporate social-relational abilities, consistency with restorative and dental methodology, rest cleanliness, self-care attitudes, well-being abilities, and autonomous relaxation skills (for instance, investment in family and group exercises). Cases of extreme issue practices requiring centered intercession incorporate hostility, dangers, pica, sustaining issues, elopement, property decimation, resistance, and problematic conduct, or useless social conduct (Kennedy & Souza, 1995). At the point when the center of treatment includes expanding socially proper conduct, treatment may be conveyed in either individually or in a group. At the point when it is led in a little group, ordinarily creating companions or people with comparative findings may take part in the session. Individuals from the conduct diagnostic group may control customers through the practice and routine of behavioral focuses with one another. Just like the case for all medicines, programming for speculation of attitudes outside the session is basic. At the point when the center of treatment includes the decrease of serious issue conduct, the conduct analyst will figure out which circumstances are well on the way to accelerate problematic conduct and, taking into account this data, start to distinguish its potential reason or capacity. This may require directing a practical examination technique to experimentally exhibit the capacity of the issue conduct. The outcomes empower the conduct analyst to add to the best treatment convention. At the point when the capacity of the issue conduct is recognized, the behavior analyst will outline a treatment plan that adjusts the surroundings to diminish the inspiration for problematic conduct and/or build-up another and more fitting conduct that serves the same capacity and consequently substitutes the problematic conduct (Kennedy & Souza, 1995). Now and again, people with behavioral disorders show replicating serious conduct issues that require centered treatment in more escalated settings, for example, outpatient with many specialties, day-treatment, private, or inpatient schedules. In these cases, these conduct issues are given different and particular findings (for instance, Stereotypic Movement Disorder with extreme self-harmful conduct). The applied behavior analysis administrations conveyed in these settings commonly require higher staff-to-customer proportions (for instance, 2 to 3 attendants for every customer) and close monitoring from the conduct analyst. Moreover, such treatment programs regularly have specific treatment situations (for instance, treatment rooms intended for examination and to keep the customer and the staff as secure as would be prudent). The exhaustive applied behavior analysis treatment Service description Exhaustive applied behavior analysis alludes to the treatment of the various influenced formative areas, for example, intellectual, social, passion, and versatile working. Maladaptive practices, for example, resistance, fits of rage, and stereotypy are likewise ordinarily the center of treatment. Despite the fact that there are diverse sorts of far-reaching treatments, one sample is early serious behavioral mediation where the general objective is to bridge the gap between the customer’s level of working and that of regularly developing companions. These projects tend to extend from 30 to 40 hours of treatment for every week (in addition to immediate and indirect monitoring and guardian training). At first, this treatment show commonly includes 1:1 staffing and steadily incorporates little group configurations as proper. Thorough treatment might likewise be suitable for more established people determined to have a behavioral disorder, especially on the off chance that they take part in extreme or hazardous practices over situations (Ahearn et al., 2007). At first, treatment is regularly given in organized treatment sessions, which are incorporated with more naturalistic techniques as suitable. As the customer advances and meets built up criteria for cooperation in bigger or diverse settings, there should be enough provision of treatment. Training the relatives and different guardians to oversee issue conduct and to collaborate with the person with a behavioral disorder in a restorative way is a basic part of this treatment model. The gaps within these models Treatment programs inside of any of these models differ along with a few measurements, including the extent to which they are essentially supplied or coordinated; in some cases depicted as organized versus naturalistic. Different varieties incorporate the degree to which friends or relatives are included in the conveyance of treatment. At long last, some vary as far as the extent to which they are marked and accessible industrially. Choices about how these different measurements are actualized inside of individual treatment arrangements must depict numerous variables, including the exploration base, the age of the customer, particular parts of the objective practices, the customer’s rate of advancement, showing of essential aptitudes, and assets required to bolster execution of the treatment settings (Kennedy & Souza, 1995). Applied behavior analysis procedures An expansive number of applied behavior analysis are routinely utilized in the models depicted earlier. They contrast from each other in their unpredictability, specificity, and the degree to which they were planned basically for use with people determined to have a behavioral disorder. All depend on the standards of applied behavior analysis and are utilized with adaptability dictated by the person’s particular treatment arrangement and reaction to treatment. On the off chance that one applied behavior analysis or a blend of applied behavior analysis is not creating the fancied results, an alternate one may be efficiently executed and assessed for its adequacy. These systems incorporate distinctive sorts of support and plans of support, differential support, forming, binding, behavioral force, behavioral aptitudes training, termination, utilitarian correspondence training, discrete-trial educating, coincidental instructing, self-administration, useful appraisal, preference evaluations, activity timetables, speculation, and upkeep methodology, among numerous others. The field of conduct investigation is continually creating and assessing applied behavior analysis (Piazza, Adelinis, Hanley, Goh & Delia, 2000). Areas where treatment is delivered The principle of care requires that treatment is conveyed reliably in different settings to advance speculation and upkeep of restorative advantages. No applied behavior analysis is particular to a specific area and all may be conveyed in an assortment of settings, including private treatment offices, inpatient and outpatient projects, education centers, and other spots in the society. It ought to be noticed that treatment may happen in various settings around the same time. Treatment ought not to be denied or restrained in light of the fact that a guardian cannot be at the treatment area reliably. To guarantee the coherence of consideration adequately applied behavior analysis treatment and conference ought to be conveyed in consequent instructive and restorative settings to effectively bolster and transition people (Kennedy & Souza, 1995). Self-injury in autism The available examination on a practical investigation of self-injury in autism conduct is restricted and obsolete. For example, the previous investigation of the self-injury in autism conduct of an understudy determined to have astigmatism and incomplete ptosis in the right eye proposed that self-injury in autism is kept up by visual incitement (Kennedy & Souza, 1995). In their exploration, they utilized goggles as intercession and found that wearing goggles is effective in diminishing self-injury in autism. Furthermore, some researchers made a nitty-gritty examination of social factors that may influence self-injury in autism (MacDonald et al., 2002). A young child of four years determined to have serious formative handicaps and visual hindrance was watched. Their discoveries recommended that self-injury in autism is not impacted by physical contact and verbal collaboration yet rather it is kept up by finger-hand contact (Lalli, Livezey & Kates, 1996). In this manner, interfering with finger-eye contact (reaction blocking) and utilizing goggles were utilized as mediation. The discoveries demonstrated that self-injury in autism was lessened with such mediation. This is critical stereotypic conduct among kids with visual weakness (MacDonald, Wilder & Dempsey, 2002). It is typically characterized as dull squeezing and rubbing in the eyes which is for the most part found in youngsters with visual weakness. There are a few clarifications of self-injury in autism which comprise of formative hypothesis and behavioristic hypothesis. In spite of the fact that a couple of exploration has connected to decline self-injury in autism conduct for kids with visual debilitation, this examination neglected to incorporate the examination of precursors (what transpired initially) and outcomes (what transpired after) connection that may bring about self-injury in autism. In addition, some research has completed a utilitarian investigation of eye jabbing conduct in people with visual disabilities. The researchers watched the eye jabbing conduct in diverse settings and conditions to comprehend the capacity of eye jabbing. They inferred that self-injury in autism was demonstrated just during the play-time and that self-injury in autism may be kept up by sound-related or visual incitement. On the other hand, taking into account their examination, other researchers proposed that utilizing a reaction blocking system with discipline may lessen self-injury in autism conduct (Lalli et al., 1996). Essentially, some researchers also led a practical examination of self-injury in autism conduct with a female grown-up with extreme mental hindrance (McKenzie, Smith & Soderlund, 2008). They utilized unforeseen verbal censures as an intercession to diminish the event of self-injury in autism. The reason for this study was to figure out regardless of whether tactile incitement was a conceivable capacity of self-injury in autism. In addition, some exploration studies used differential reinforcement of other behavior intercession techniques to diminish the event of some stereotypic conduct. For instance, applying differential reinforcement of other behavior systems alone diminished stereotypic conduct as it was (McKenzie et al., 2008). On the other hand, one of the studies which thought about reaction blocking and differential reinforcement of other behavior figured out that utilizing just differential reinforcement of other behavior will not be compelling in a few circumstances; on the other hand, applying both reaction blocking and differential reinforcement of other behavior together may demonstrate more successful in lessening stereotypic practices (Piazza et al., 2000). Theoretical framework Research Methodology is an approach to discover the aftereffect of a given issue on a particular matter or issue that likewise alludes as a problem in research. In Methodology, analyst utilizes diverse methods for comprehending and looking at the given problem in research. Diverse sources use a distinctive sort of strategies for taking care of the issue. Considering the term ‘methodology’, provides the method for seeking or taking care of the problem in research. Noting unanswered inquiries or investigating which, as of now, does not exist, is considered to research. The research methodology is a cautious examination or requests particularly through the quest for new realities in any branch of learning (Blanchard & Cathy 2002). It is an arranged method to push to increase new information. In Research Methodology, the scientist dependably tries to seek the research question deliberately in a particular manner and figure out every one of the answers to the conclusion. On the off chance that the examination does not work deliberately on the issue, then there is less probability to figure out the last result. For discovering or investigating the research questions, a scientist confronts parcel of issues that can be adequately determined by utilizing the right research methodology (Saunders, Thornhill & Lewis, 2009). Research philosophy Research philosophy refers to the improvement of the research foundation, research information and its tendency (Blanchard & Cathy, 2002). It is additionally characterized by the assistance of the research paradigm. A research paradigm is a wide structure, which contains discernment, convictions, and comprehension of a few hypotheses and practices that are utilized to lead research. It is described as an exact methodology, which includes different strides through which an analyst makes a relationship between the research targets and inquiries. Paradigm is a particular state of mind about directing an exploration. It is not entirely a procedure, but rather all the more a logic that aides how the exploration is to be led. Research philosophy and logic contains different variables, for example, the state of mind of an individual, his point of view, the assortment of convictions towards reality, and so on. This idea impacts the convictions and estimation of the scientists, with the goal that he can give substantial contentions and phrasing to give solid results. There are three sorts of research paradigm. They incorporate authenticity, positivism, and interpretivism (Blanchard & Cathy, 2002). Positivism This idea is specifically connected with objectivism. With this philosophical methodology, researchers give their perspective to assess the social world with the offer of objectivity set up of subjectivity. This implies the analysts are intrigued to gather general data and information from a substantial social example as opposed to assessing subtle elements of the examination. As indicated by this position, the analyst’s particular convictions have no worth to impact the exploration study. The positivist philosophical methodology is for the most part connected with the perceptions and analyses to gather numeric information (Saunders et al., 2009). Interpretivism This can allude to social constructionism when focusing on research management. As per this philosophical methodology, examination offer significance to their convictions and worth to give a satisfactory defense for a problem in research. With the assistance of interpretivism, scientists center to emphasize the genuine statistical data points as indicated by the problem in research. Interpretivism comprehends particular business circumstances. In this methodology, analysts utilize a sample and assess them in point of interest to comprehend the perspectives of the population (Blanchard & Cathy, 2002). Authenticity Realism (or authenticity) predominantly gathers in the truth and convictions in nature. Two primary methodologies are immediate and basic authenticity. Immediate reality implies the tangible attributes that a person can see, touch or feel. Then again, in basic authenticity, people contend about their encounters for a specific circumstance (Blanchard & Cathy, 2002). This is connected with the circumstance of social constructivism, in light of the fact that a person tries to demonstrate his convictions and qualities. Quantitative and Qualitative Approach Qualitative research, commonly known as subjective research is a form of exploratory examination. It is utilized to pick up a comprehension of hidden reasons, sentiments, and inspirations. It gives bits of knowledge into the issue or creates thoughts or speculations for potential quantitative examination. Subjective research is additionally used to reveal patterns in thought and sentiments and plunge more profound into the issue. The subjective information accumulation systems vary utilizing unstructured or semi-organized methods. Some regular routines incorporate focus groups, individual meetings, and cooperation or perceptions. The sample size is ordinarily little, and respondents are chosen to satisfy a given share (Saunders et al., 2009). Quantitative research is utilized to evaluate the issue by a method for producing numerical information or information that can be changed into usable insights. It is utilized to evaluate states of mind, suppositions, practices, and other characterized variables – and sum up results from a bigger sample of the population. Quantitative Research utilizes quantifiable information to plan actualities and reveal designs in the examination. Quantitative information accumulation routines are considerably more organized than qualitative information gathering strategies. Quantitative information gathering techniques incorporate different types of overviews – online studies, paper reviews, phone interviews, longitudinal studies, site interceptors, online surveys, and orderly perceptions (Saunders et al., 2009). Merits and demerits of primary research Primary exploration addresses objective issues. The association requesting the examination has the overall control on the procedure and the exploration is shaped similarly as its destinations and degree are concerned (Saunders, Thornhill & Lewis, 2009). The organization taking the research can be requested to focus their attempts to discover information with respect to a particular market instead of fixation on the mass business sector. The elucidation of information is better in primary exploration. The gathered information can be analyzed and translated by the advertisers relying upon their needs as opposed to depending on the elucidation made by authorities of optional information (Saunders et al., 2009). Normally auxiliary information is not all that late and it may not be particular to the spot or circumstance that the advertiser is focusing on. Primary research turns into a more precise device since the researcher can utilize the information that is helpful for him. The data collector in primary research is the proprietor of that data and he need not impart it to different organizations and contenders. This gives an advantage over contenders answering optional information. Gathering information utilizing primary exploration is an expensive affair as the advertiser must be included all through and needs to outline everything. Due to the comprehensive nature of the activity, the period needed to do research precisely is long when contrasted with secondary information, which can be gathered in much lesser time length. In the event that the exploration includes taking feedback, there are high risks that the input given is not right. Criticisms by their essential nature are normally one-sided or given only for the purpose of it. Apart from cost and time, different assets like HR and materials too are required in a bigger amount to do studies and information accumulation (Saunders et al., 2009). Methodology Participant Oman is a young boy who is ten. The boy has been detected to have self-injury in autism. With an end goal to diminish the level and power of this handicap and formative issues, his family admitted Oman in the Shafallah Center for Children with Disabilities at the age of 3. The facility gives assistance to children with scholarly handicaps, visual impedances, Autism, learning inabilities, physical incapacities and inabilities to hear. Restorative and recovery administrations to visually impaired children are given at Al-Noor Institute, a branch of Shafallah Center. Oman was examined at the Al-Noor Institute. The boy was seen in a classroom where there was a work area, five seats, one organizer, one tent to be used for playing and resting, a huge window and materials for direction. Setting The understudy was watched for five days for standard information. Subsequent information was gathered by both the classroom instructor and the spectator. The spectator sat beside the window and gathered information utilizing a notepad. There were generally eight individuals inside the room: 4 understudies, the examiner, an instructor, and an educating aide. Furthermore, cleaning specialists who work at the school were called into the room when there was a need or when it was mealtime. Materials and equipment The recurrence recording system was utilized to gather self-injury in autism information. At the point when the understudy occupied with the objective conduct, the onlooker denoted a count in the count sheet with a pen. The recurrence of self-injury in autism was scored continuously and afterward changed over into a rate after the perception wrapped up. The adequacy of the intercession was assessed utilizing an ABAB plan. Measurement techniques The young boy was watched for 30 minutes in the classroom setting that had been arranged. For dependability contemplations, interobserver understanding information was gathered by a second onlooker in the class who simultaneously watched the conduct with the first onlooker. A graduate student from the specialized curriculum program from Qatar University was the second onlooker. Dependent variable The dependent variable is self-injuries behavior in autism, which is characterized as a disorder in the behavioral system. The recurrence recording was utilized to perceive how often Oman, the watched understudy, occupied with self-injury in autism conduct. The understudy was watched for 30 minutes in the classroom setting determined previously. For dependability contemplations, interobserver understanding information was gathered by a second spectator in the class who simultaneously watched the conduct with the essential onlooker. A graduate understudy from the specialized curriculum program from Qatar University was the second spectator. Independent variable The classroom of the understudy was seen to discover the day by day schedules of the student in the initial ten minutes of the class. This offered the two onlookers some assistance with recording the other practices led by the student and prompts that build his conduct, and it additionally helped the observers when executing the intercession. It was resolved that Oman was interactive but still exhibited unusual behavior. A percentage of the normal things which were done in the initial ten minutes of the classes were, taking participation, giving guidelines, approaching the students to be prepared for the exercise, requesting consideration, and pondering between understudies to see who neglected to bring his materials. The operational meanings of the self-injuries conduct were set and concurred on by the two onlookers. Experimental design The recurrence of self-injuries behavior in autism is in four conditions (consideration, request, alone and play) was assessed by utilizing a Multielement outline. Every state of the conditions (consideration, request, alone and play) was watched once every day for the length of time of every perception session. Amid the consideration condition, the educator and the understudy were situated beside one another and no relaxation things were exhibited. The educator began perusing a story. At the point when the self-injury in autism happened, the educator conveyed 5 seconds of verbal censure saying, “do not touch your eyes. You will get hurt”. On the off chance that the self-injury in autism proceeded following 5 seconds the verbal censure was given, the instructor touched the understudy’s hand and put them far from his eyes. After the physical contact, the following event of self-injury in autism created the same grouping. Amid the consideration condition, the specialist and the graduate understudy recorded the recurrence of self-injury in autism. The motivation behind this condition is to ensure regardless of whether Oman’s self-injury in autism was kept up by uplifting feedback (getting consideration). Inter-observer reliability The essential spectator and the graduate understudy recorded information autonomously and contrasted their discoveries. The information was ascertained utilizing the accompanying formula: Interobserver Reliability for Frequency Recording = Agreements/ (Agreements + Disagreement X 100). The normal Interobserver assertion for Oman’s self-injury in autism was 83 percent, extending from 83% to 100% within five days. ABAB outline was utilized to assess the adequacy of differential reinforcement of other behavior in diminishing self-injury in autism conduct. Findings and Results Introduction This section covers the examination of the data, presentation, and interpretation. Results Oman is a ten-year-old child. The kid has been distinguished to have self-injury in mental imbalance. With a deciding objective to lessen the level and force of this debilitation and developmental issues, his family conceded Oman in the Shafallah Center for Children with Disabilities at 3 years old. The office offers help to kids with insightful impairments, visual impedances, Autism, learning ineptitudes, physical insufficiencies and failures to listen. Helpful and recuperation organizations to outwardly disabled youngsters are given at Al-Noor Institute, a branch of Shafallah Center. Oman was inspected at the Al-Noor Institute. The kid was found in a classroom where there was a work territory, five seats, one coordinator, one tent to be utilized for playing and resting, a gigantic window and materials for heading. Oman was seen for five days for standard data. Resulting data was accumulated by both the classroom educator and the observer. The onlooker sat next to the window and assembled data using a scratchpad. There were, for the most part, eight people inside the room: 4 understudies, the inspector, an educator, and a teaching associate. Moreover, cleaning experts who work at the school were called into the room when there was a need or when it was supper time. The repeat recording framework was used to assemble self-damage in mental imbalance data. Right when the understudy possessed with the objective behavior, the observer indicated a number in the check sheet with a pen. The repeat of self-harm in a mental imbalance was scored constantly and subsequently changed over into a rate after the discernment wrapped up. The sufficiency of the intervention was evaluated using an ABAB arrangement. The dependent variable is self-injury in autism, which is characterized as squeezing one or more fingers to the edge of the eye for 3-5 seconds. The repeat recording was used to see how regularly Oman, the observed student, involved with self-damage in mental imbalance conduct. He was checked for 30 minutes in the classroom setting decided already. For reliability thoughts, interobserver comprehension data was accumulated by a second observer in the class who all the while watched the behavior with the first observer. A graduate understudy from the specific educational programs program from Qatar University was the second onlooker. The standard information was gathered amid no social cooperation condition. Five sessions were evaluated amid this benchmark to get a steady pattern. Amid standard, Oman jabbed his eyes a normal of 7.6 times inside of 30 minutes. All through the intercession, the educator gave the understudy a musical toy to keep his hand possessed. On the off chance that the understudy did not participate in self-injury in autism inside of 5-minute interims, the instructor applauded the understudy verbally. The recurrence of self-injury in autism in four conditions (consideration, request, alone and play) was assessed by utilizing the Multielement outline. Every state of the conditions (consideration, request, alone and play) was watched once every day for the length of time of every perception session. Amid the consideration condition, the educator and the understudy were situated beside one another and no relaxation things were exhibited. The teacher started perusing a story. When the self-injury in autism happened, the educator conveyed 5 seconds of verbal disapproval to warn the student to not touch his eyes to avoid getting hurt. If at all the self-injury in autism proceeded after the disapproval, the instructor touched the understudy’s hand and put them far from his eyes. All through the interest condition, Oman’s educator gave a verbal request at regular intervals. The instructor attempted to show him to take the little ball from the wicker container and set it back. At the point when the understudy took the little ball from the wicker bin, the educator adulated the understudy. On the off chance that the understudy experienced issues in discovering the little ball, the instructor offered him after 10 seconds slipped by. The educator held the understudy’s hand and put his hand inside a wicker container. In the event that self-injury in autism happened amid this undertaking, the educator offered 20 seconds to reprieve to the errand request. During the alone condition, Oman was situated on the floor by the wall and no action and social collaboration happened amid this condition and all practices were overlooked. The reason for this condition was to ensure that whether Oman’s self-injury in autism was kept up by non-social fortification. It implies that the self-injury in autism was happening as a result of the self-incitement or self-satisfying (program support). Amid the playtime, Oman played with a Pilate’s ball given by his educators as a favored toy. When playing with the ball, the educator lauded Oman at regular intervals without self-injury in autism. The event of self-injury in autism diminished altogether. Oman jabbed his eyes a normal of 2.25 times in a span of 30 minutes. After four sessions of mediation, the differential reinforcement of another behavior was pulled back to see whether self-injury in autism would expand or not. Amid the second standard, the event of self-injury in autism expanded and came to the same level as the first pattern. Oman occupied with self-injury in autism on a normal of 7.75 times. After the second standard information, the mediation was presented once more. Additionally, with the first arbitration information, the event of self-injury in autism dropped remarkably. Amid the mediation, the normal of self-injury in autism was 1.25 times. In this manner, a conclusion can be drawn that the mediation was fruitful for Oman’s self-injury in autism. All things considered, this mediation did not stifle the self-injury in autism conduct totally. Discussions The outcomes of the study demonstrate that Oman’s self-injury in autism is kept up via programmed fortification. These outcomes bolster the discoveries of past exploration which express that stereotype is not kept up by any social capacity, but rather it is controlled via naturally fortified tactile results (Ahearn et al., 2007). Oman takes part in issue conduct just when he is distant from everyone else; which verifies that self-incitement or self-satisfying may be the principal catalysts for his self-injury in autism conduct. Oman appreciates engaging in self-injurious behavior. As per the aftereffect of this study, it can be contended that differential reinforcement of another behavior is a successful intercession to limit self-injury. Be that as it may, this study has a few impediments. The initial impediment is that self-injury in autism can be kept up by visual or sound incitements. The previous researchers analyzed the relationship between visual and sound incitement and found that the incitements are a reinforcer for self-injury in autism (McDonald et al., 2002). Also, a few studies demonstrate that naturally, fortified conduct diminishes when non-unexpected access to favored incitement that matches the plain result of the issue conduct is given (Piazza et al., 2000; Lovaas, Newsom & Hickman, 1987). The second impediment is that the discoveries of this study are not totally solid because of time imperatives. Another impediment is that there is an absence of activity to assess different sorts of equipment that diminish self-injury in autism. In this research, various tools were utilized to abate self-injury in autism yet it should be seen regardless of whether a toy with light serves the same impact on self-injury in autism. The last impediment is that the understudy was watched just in the classroom. The study can be enabled by watching the understudy in the music room, treatment room and at home. The repetition of self-injury in autism in four conditions was assessed by utilizing an element outline. Every state of the settings was inspected once every day for the length of time of every observation session. Amidst the consideration condition, the instructor and the understudy were situated beside one another and no relaxation things were exhibited. The educator began perusing a story. At the point when the self-injury in autism happened, the educator conveyed a verbal censure saying, “Do not touch your eyes. You will get hurt”. This lasted for only five seconds. On the off chance that the self-injury in autism proceeded following 5 seconds the verbal censure was given, the instructor touched the understudy’s hand and put them far from his eyes. Subsequently, the following event of self-injury in autism created the same grouping. During the consideration condition, the specialist and the graduate understudy recorded the recurrence of self-injury in autism. The impetus behind this condition is to guarantee regardless of whether Oman’s self-injury in autism was kept up by uplifting feedback or getting consideration. All through the interest condition, Oman’s educator gave a verbal request at regular intervals. The instructor attempted to show him to take the little ball from the wicker container and set it back. At the point when the understudy took the little ball from the wicker bin, the educator adulated the understudy. On the off chance that the understudy experienced issues in discovering the little ball, the instructor offered him after 10 seconds slipped by. The educator held the understudy’s hand and put his hand inside a wicker container. In the event that self-injury in autism happened amid this undertaking, the educator offered 20 seconds to reprieve to the errand request. In the middle of the alone condition, Oman was situated on the floor by the wall and no action and social collaboration happened amid this condition and all practices were overlooked. The reason for this condition was to ensure that whether Oman’s self-injury in autism was kept up by non-social fortification. It implies that the self-injury in autism was happening as a result of the self-incitement or self-satisfying (program support). During the playtime, Oman played with a Pilate’s ball given by his educators as a favored toy. When playing with the ball, the educator lauded Oman at regular intervals without self-injury in autism. Analysis of Baseline Data Introduction This section provides the deduction and the endorsements of the with regard to the aims of this research. Analysis Self-injury in autism is critical stereotypic conduct among young children with visual weakness. The condition is typically characterized as dull squeezing and rubbing in the eyes which is for the most part found in youngsters with visual weakness. There are a few clarifications of self-injury in autism which comprise of formative hypothesis and behavioristic hypothesis. In spite of the fact that a couple of exploration has connected to decline self-injury in autism conduct for young children with visual debilitation, this examination neglected to incorporate the examination of and connection that may bring about self-injury in autism. In addition, some research has completed a utilitarian investigation of eye jabbing conduct in people with visual disabilities. The accessible research on a handy examination of self-injury in a mental imbalance behavior is limited and out of date. For instance, the past examination of the self-injury in autism behavior of a young student resolved to have astigmatism and inadequate ptosis in the right eye recommended that self-harm in a mental imbalance is kept up by visual. In this investigation, the scientists used goggles as an intervention and found that wearing goggles is compelling in lessening self-harm in a mental imbalance. Moreover, a few analysts made a bare essential examination of social components that may impact self-damage in a mental imbalance. A youthful child of four years resolved to have genuine developmental impairments and visual obstruction was viewed. Their revelations prescribed that self-damage in a mental imbalance is not affected by physical contact and verbal joint effort yet rather it is kept up by finger-hand contact. Implementation for intervention Applied behavior analysis integrates the application of direct observation, valuation, and useful investigation of the associations in the middle of the environment and conduct. Applied behavior analysis is an exceptionally created reasonable order among the helping occupations that spotlights on the checkup, outline, custom, and calculation of social and other natural adjustments to provide important changes in human behavior. Applied behavior analysis uses changes in natural occasions, including precursor stimuli and results, to deliver reasonable and critical changes in conduct. There could be a couple of conduct, developmental, fervor regulation and neurological illuminations for stereotypic practices. Within these illuminations, the conducted strategy has ended up being more popular currently. These noteworthy ecological events are ordinarily recognized through an arrangement of specific evaluation techniques. Connected conduct investigation relies on the way that a particular’s behavior is directed by the past and current biological events in conjunction with regular variables, for instance, their innate enhancement and physiological variables. In this way, when joined with the behavioral issue, connected conduct examination focuses on changing in order to treat the issues of the issue the solitary’s social and learning circumstances. The results of the study exhibit that Oman’s self-injury in extreme autism is kept up by means of modified fortification. These results support the disclosures of past investigation which express that generalization are not kept up by any social limit, but instead it is controlled by means of actually invigorated material results (Ahearn et al., 2007; Lovaas et al., 1987). Oman participates in issue behavior exactly when he is inaccessible from others; which confirms that self-instigation or self-fulfilling may be the standard impetuses for his self-harm in mental imbalance conduct. Oman acknowledges inflicting personal injuries and the behavior continues on and on. According to the delayed consequence of this study, it can be concluded that differential support of another conduct is a fruitful meditation to the utmost self-injury. In any case, this study has a couple of hindrances. The introductory obstruction is that self-harm in a mental imbalance can be kept up by visual or sound promptings. The past scientists examined the connection in the middle of visual and sound induction and found that the inductions are a reinforcer for self-injury in autism. Additionally, a couple of studies show that strengthened behavior reduces when non-sudden access to various incitements that matches the plain consequence of the issue behavior is given. The second obstacle is that the revelations of this study are not as absolutely strong as a result of time goals. Another obstacle is that there is a nonappearance of action to evaluate distinctive sorts of tools that limit the student’s self-injury in autism. In this examination, toys were used to lessen self-harm in a mental imbalance yet it ought to be seen paying little respect to whether a preferred toy serves the same effect on self-damage in autism. The last hindrance is that the young student was observed just in the classroom. The study can be empowered by watching the young student in other environments. Recommendations There could be a couple of behavioristic, developmental, energy regulation and neurological illuminations for stereotypic practices. Within these elucidations, the behavioristic procedure has ended up being better known in the recent past. Not in the least like distinctive illuminations have behavioristic approach supported that positive and negative fortress is the standard driver of stereotypic behavior. Various examination studies have been coordinated to find the limit of stereotypic practices. The following are the recommendations. 1. Oman is a young child, so he should be kept much occupied with various activities to distract him. 2. The caretaker in the school ought to be inclined to Oman and have a meeting with his teachers to know about the things he prefers and abhors. 3. The teachers need to show Oman substitution practices rather than disregard their practices. 4. The instructors ought to have more positive discussions with Oman. 5. It will be great if instructors offer him in their exercises like playing various games; that will make him be attached to them as he carries on in his activities. 6. In the future, the teachers ought to emphasize psychological conduct alteration for Oman to change the convictions about himself. 7. It will be prudent if Oman is exchanged for another class to have a decent beginning as he works on the self-injury behavior. References Ahearn, H., Clark, M., MacDonald, F., & Chung, I. (2007). Assessing and treating stereotypy in children with autism. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 40 (1), 263-275. Blanchard, K., & Cathy, S. (2002). The Generosity Factor: Discover the Joy of Giving Your Time, Talent, and Treasure. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kennedy, H., & Souza, G. (1995). Functional analysis and treatment of eye-poking. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 28 (2), 27-37. Lalli, S., Livezey, K., & Kates, K. (1996). Functional analysis and treatment of eye-poking with response blocking. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 29 (1), 129-132. Lovaas, I., Newsom, C., & Hickman, C. (1987). Self-stimulatory behavior and perceptual reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 20 (1), 45-68. MacDonald, J., Wilder, D., Dempsey, C. (2002). Brief Functional Analysis and Treatment of Eye-poking. Behavioral Interventions, 17 (1), 261–270. McKenzie, D., Smith, R. G., & Soderlund, J. (2008). Using a Stimulus Correlated with Reprimands to Suppress Automatically Maintained Eye Poking. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 41 (1) , 255-259. Piazza, C., Adelinis, D., Hanley, P., Goh, H., & Delia, D. (2000). An evaluation of the effects of matched stimuli on behaviors maintained by automatic reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33 (1), 13-27. Saunders, M., Thornhill, A., & Lewis, P. (2009). Research Methods for Business Students. New York: Prentice Hall.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The Semco company is an example of an organization that has successfully implemented innovative management approaches. The company has abolished hierarchy and authoritarianism, and employees are now self-governing and self-managing. The Semco company is proof that even the most radical changes are possible.

The Semco company is an example of an organization that has successfully implemented innovative management approaches. The company has abolished hierarchy and authoritarianism, and employees are now self-governing and self-managing. The Semco company is proof that even the most radical changes are possible.

Semco Company’s Innovative Management Approaches Case Study The majority of people are of the opinion that “organizations are too large and/or too bureaucratic to change” (Maresco and York 2). Well, perhaps some of them are. But Ricardo Semler, the President and CEO of the Semco company, has proven to the world that even the most radical changes are possible. People consider his company as the most interesting in the world, call it the “insanity that works” and describe with many other different words, and all of them are actually right – Ricardo Semler has managed to do something that seems really impossible (“Semco” par. 1). Brief Background Information The story about the Semco company and Ricardo Semler usually starts in the following way. The Semco S.A. is a Brazilian company with the annual income of $210 million, which it regularly gets despite the fact that it operates in one of the most changeable economies in the world (Baumgartner par. 3). Founded in 1953, the organization was firstly guided by Ricardo’s father who made it “hierarchical and patriarchic” with “a rule and a policy for just about everything” (“Lessons from Semco” par. 5). When Ricardo joined Semco at the age of nineteen, he suggested implementing many changes. Among other things, he was convinced that the company was too harsh and rigid. Nevertheless, his father disagreed, and everything just went on as usual. The economic recession that overtook the country in the 1980s became the turning point, and Ricardo insisted on his strategy even threatening to resign in case his father disagreed. That is when Semco S.A. got a new CEO and was on the verge of significant changes. The Fundamental Differences between the Semco Company and Standard Management Approaches The first thing Ricardo Semler did after becoming the CEO was the dismissal of two-thirds of managers: he left only three people out of twelve. Many of those managers were his father’s friends (“Lessons from Semco” par. 8). He decided to abolish authoritarianism and hierarchy since he believed those decreased productivity. Presently, the employees in Semco are “self-governing and self-managing” and they “have, in most cases, mastered several jobs” (Maresco and York 4). That runs counter to any classical management approach that implies hierarchy and subordination, among which bureaucracy probably goes first on the list (Mullins 47). The absence of a clear organizational chart is probably the most fundamental difference between the Semco company and classic management approaches. Still, it is not the only one. There is nothing similar in the workweek, the working environment, scheduling, or salary policy either. Ricardo Semler decided to “throw out all the rules” (Maresco and York 4). Employees set production quotas, wages and working hours on their own. Although they are supposed to come to work between seven and nine in the morning and work for eight hours, there can freely leave the site earlier if the work is done. There are no restrictions for traveling. No dress code exists in the workplace since it generates stereotyping. The working places can be organized by employees in their own fashion. Managers and employees make decisions together, and no one has secretaries or assistants. Although managers still exist in the company, their positions are not secure – they can be fired because of the poor scores just as any other employee (Andrewartha par. 5). In the Semco company, “the standard policy is to have no policy” at all (Maresco and York 4). On the face of it, all of this seems to be a strategy for chaos and disaster. Nevertheless, it works. The Impact of the Semco Management Model on the Human Resource Management Function in Medium-to-Large Organizations The Semco management model can offer employees the absence of everything they are so tired of at work. No overloaded schedule and working from nine to five. No five-day workweek and a certain amount of vacation. How many employees hate Sundays evenings only because on Mondays they return to the same routine? Semco S.A. does not have any routine. People work there not because they have to work but because they love what they do. They are provided with flexibility and possibility to innovate. They are treated respectfully. Additionally, they can choose their own salaries, which solves another significant problem of HR management. Therefore, that is not surprising that the Semco management model not only attracts the best candidates but also helps to retain the talents within the organization. According to Maresco and York, the annual turnover in Semco S.A. is less than 1%, which is twenty times less than in other organization in the same industry (2). All of this would be especially useful for medium and large organizations since they usually forget about the interests of their employees and focus on the goals of business only. Nevertheless, no matter how well it all sounds, it is not so easy to implement. As for Ricardo Semler, those changes cost him huge efforts and even problems with his health. His doctor told him that he had “the highest level of stress the doctor had ever seen in a twenty-five year old” (“Lessons from Semco” par. 11). Besides, to achieve the goal, not only the right leader is necessary but right followers as well. None of the things discussed above is easy to do. But in the case of success, a significant breakthrough will follow. Works Cited Andrewartha, Jeanee. Ricardo Semler – Seven Day Weekend . 2012. Web. Baumgartner, Peter. 4 Reasons You Should Let Your Team Set its Salaries . 2013. Web. Lessons from Semco on Structure, Growth and Change . 2005. Web. Maresco, Peter A. and Christopher C. York. Ricardo Semler: Creating Organizational Change Through Employee Empowered Leadership . n.d. PDF file. Web. Mullins, Laurie J. Management and Organisational Behaviour . 8th ed. 2007. Harlow, England: Pearson Education. Print. Semco – Insanity That Works . 2014. Web.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Sensory marketing provides essential information for developing products that meet the interests and preferences of the target market segment. It allows marketers to optimize a product's features in order to meet consumer needs and boost sales. Consumers like products that meet their expectations and interests. Thus, product development that is based on sensory research increases product 'likeability', which translates into more sales.

Sensory marketing provides essential information for developing products that meet the interests and preferences of the target market segment. It allows marketers to optimize a product's features in order to meet consumer needs and boost sales. Consumers like products that meet their expectations and interests. Thus, product development that is based on sensory research increases product 'likeability', which translates into more sales.

Sensory Marketing: M&D Research Questionnaire Essay Introduction Sensory research provides essential information for developing products that meet the interests and preferences of the target market segment. It allows marketers to optimize a product’s features in order to meet consumer needs and boost sales. Consumers like products that meet their expectations and interests. Thus, product development that is based on sensory research increases product ‘likeability’, which translates into more sales. Sensory research refers to a form of marketing research that quantifies consumer’s reactions (sensory experiences) to an external stimulus (product) (Burns & Bush, 2010). Sensory analysis helps marketers to understand the impact of product features on the customers and manipulate them to meet predicted consumer tastes and preferences in order to increase sales. M&D Research intends to conduct a sensory research to determine opportunities for the growth the Trojan condom brand in the US market. Trojan markets popular condom brands. However, barriers, such as fearless attitude towards STDs among the at-risk groups, limit condom use in this market. Therefore, the aim of M&D’s sensory research is to unravel the consumer beliefs that affect the use of condom products in order to inform new product development and marketing. This paper reviews the questionnaire that used in M&D research to determine its capacity to collect sensory data to guide the development of Trojan brand products. Variables to be Measured M&D research seeks to understand the sensory stimulus of customers by examining “hedonic aspects of product liking” that drive product consumption (Kotler, 1999). Thus, M&D research will attempt to measure variables (sensory qualities) associated with ‘liking’ or sensory stimulus. It will measure ‘product liking’ variables such as scent/fragrance, appearance (visual), and auditory attributes (brand name). Analysis of the data collected can give statistically significant information about consumer expectations, which would guide product development. Appropriateness of the Questions The questions in the questionnaire focus on the attributes of the product (Trojan brand) that influence ‘product liking’. They probe on aspects of ‘attribute’ liking and intensity, which will help define the variables measured in the study, including scent, appearance, auditory attributes. Thus, the questions are relevant to the measurements of the research. However, the open-ended questions used may not give desired feedback about ‘likes and dislikes’ as most customers provide ambiguous responses. Phrasing of the Questions The questionnaire contains structured questions based on a nominal rank of the consumers’ preferences. Good survey questions must be well phrased so that respondents can understand and interpret them correctly (Lindstrom, 2005). In M&D In-Store Fragrance Test Questionnaire, most of the questions clear to the respondents. The questions on ethnicity/race, age, and ‘fragranced’ products, among others, give a range of options (nominal order). This eliminates ambiguity, as it makes it easier for the respondent to select the appropriate category or option. In this questionnaire, the use of words such as “specifically”, “why”, and “how”, among others, at the beginning of the questions allows the interview to probe specific points that are crucial for the sensory research. Moreover, the wording of most of the questions is not too direct as to elicit negative emotions on the part of the respondent. The analyst uses less direct questions to probe the respondent’s views without eliciting negative emotions. Additionally, the analyst avoids difficult terminologies to avoid confusing the respondent. The options in each question are clear and explicit. However, the phrasing of some questions is too direct or personal, which may be disturbing for the participants. An example is “specifically, during what times of the year would you use or give products in sample ESG?” Question Sequence In a funnel questioning technique, the interviewer begins with general or closed questions before probing the answers given by the respondent (Lindstrom, 2005). The technique helps the interview to find more details about a particular point. In M&D’s questionnaire, the analyst begins with general questions before narrowing down to specific details of interest in the research. For instance, each fragrance description section begins with a more general question about the respondent’s ‘fragrance like or dislike’ before delving into specific fragrance attributes and respondent’s consumption behavior. In addition, the leading question about the time of the year the respondent uses or gives a certain fragrance is followed by a probe of the specific seasons. Thus, the analyst has used the funnel technique to probe the customer’s responses. Overall, question placement in the questionnaire is excellent. The analyst begins with easy descriptive opening questions before asking sensitive ones. According to Lindstrom (2005), this approach helps build a good rapport with the participant. In this questionnaire, sensitive questions that touch on the respondent’s consumption behavior are placed near the end of each section. However, there are some instances of order bias in the questionnaire. Question B1 asks the respondent whether he/she has a family member working in Limited Brands divisions. On the other hand, question B2 focuses on the respondent. Ideally, leading questions should primarily focus on the respondent before extending to other parties. The Accuracy of the Questions The questionnaire uses more structured questions and few open-ended ones. It involves a few dichotomous questions (Yes/No) and several nominal and ordinal ones. The rank ordering avoids confusion as it accurately depicts the respondents’ choices. The questions focus on various aspects of the respondent’s subjective liking of the fragrances. The questions seek to find out the respondents’ perceptions regarding the various fragrances. The analyst uses structured questions to find out the respondent’s attitudes towards the fragrances and open-ended questions to probe their ‘likes or dislikes’ about the fragrances. The structured questions are accurate in the sense that they explore the key attributes related to consumer product liking. However, the open-ended questions, which the analyst uses to find out the fragrance ‘likes or dislikes’, may not accurately identify the key “drivers of liking”, as not all consumers will give meaningful responses. Questionnaire Layout The objective of M&D’s study was to conduct a sensory market research that would identify growth opportunities for Trojan’s condom brands in the US market. The questionnaire covers of four major fragrance categories: EMG, ECV, ETW, and ESG. This layout clearly captures the important sensory attributes that influence product liking among consumers. However, the ‘liking space’ is limited. The analyst should include other aspects of ‘sensory liking’ such as color in order to create a complete product profile. The questionnaire avoids vague and complex terminology in the wording of the questions. Most questions use clear and simple language, which makes them easy to understand. However, the wording of some questions makes them unclear. An example is ‘how much do you agree or disagree with this statement: “this fragrance is a fragrance for me?” The phrasing is objectionable and unclear, as it does not ask whether the respondent is personally satisfied with the fragrance. The use of ‘leading’ questions helps the interviewer to guide the respondent “to his/her way of thinking” (Armstrong & Kotler, 2000). The analyst does not the use many leading questions. The questions give several options to the respondents. Only O and P are leading questions in the questionnaire because they give respondents two options (Yes/No). Most of the questions are clear and unambiguous. However, a few questions are ambiguous. For example the question “what specifically about the name Malibu do you find appealing or unappealing” is ambiguous because it does not specify whether Malibu is a brand, a place, or a building. Moreover, question 14 is double-barreled, as it means the respondent likes either the fragrance or the advert. Some questions are based on pre-defined assumptions. For example, in question 4 (for all the four fragrances), the analyst assumes that the respondent is familiar with the fragrance. Some questions also tax the respondent’s memory. Examples include questions 10-12, which ask the respondent about the fragrance that is appropriate for a particular season and age group. A respondent would have to be familiar with weather patterns and age-specific preferences to answer this question. Interviewer Instructions The instructions advise the interviewer on how to sample the respondents (target population). They also specify on the inclusion criteria (women entering or shopping at a store). However, the instructions do not specify on the amount of time to be allocated for each question. Respondents normally need more time to respond to open-ended questions. Moreover, the instructions do not inform the interviewer to observe and record non-verbal cues during the interview session. The inclusion of instructions on the average duration to be spent on each question can improve the interviewing process. ‘Pretesting’ the Questionnaire The questionnaire can be pre-tested through a pilot test involving a few respondents (women shoppers) drawn from the target population. This will help identify errors related to ambiguity of words or question structure. Appropriate changes can then be made to improve the interviewing and data collection processes. References Armstrong, G. & Kotler, P. (2000). Marketing: An introduction . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Web. Burns, A. & Bush, R. (2013). Marketing Research . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Web. Kotler, P. (1999). Principles of Marketing . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Web. Lindstrom, M. (2005). Broad sensory branding. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 14 (2), 84 – 87. Web.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay examines the role of bank services in the context of state economics and business, and reveals the strategies used by worldly recognized first-rate banks of the world to achieve customer satisfaction.Worldly recognized first-rate banks of the world, located in Switzerland, the UK, the USA, Japan, France, etc. attract their clients with many-years experience, good reputation, reliability and safety of bank services and operation.

The essay examines the role of bank services in the context of state economics and business, and reveals the strategies used by worldly recognized first-rate banks of the world to achieve customer satisfaction. Worldly recognized first-rate banks of the world, located in Switzerland, the UK, the USA, Japan, France, etc. attract their clients with many-years experience, good reputation, reliability and safety of bank services and operation.

Services in Banks: Strategies and Plans Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Literature Review 3. Body of the Paper: Services in Banks 4. Bank Strategies Used to Attract and Satisfy Clients’ Needs 5. New Plans for the Future 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Appendices Introduction Services play an extremely essential role in political, economic and social aspects. It is not possible to imagine people’s life without personal, government, business, financial and other services. On a state economics level, service sector is one of the most reliable parts of country GDP. Mutually beneficial service practice strengthens not only interpersonal, but international relationships, as well. Every day, customers want to satisfy their needs from a service provider. Naturally, the role of bank services in the context of state economics and business can not be underestimated. Bank operations influence macro-economic indices and welfare of society. Worldly recognized first-rate banks of the world, located in Switzerland, the UK, the USA, Japan, France, etc. attract their clients with many-years experience, good reputation, reliability and safety of bank services and operation. Such banks use effective strategies to achieve the customer satisfaction. The aim of the present essay is to reveal the multifaceted nature of bank services through understanding bank strategies and examining the experience of specific banks. Literature Review The role of services in people’s life is great. All services are performed for a customer, called to provide his life with comfort, satisfying his needs. Services support and facilitate customer personal life. The essence of a service is to help and do work for someone. Mutually beneficial service providing has become the basis for business, trade, interpersonal and international relationships. There are many people employed in services. According to some researchers, in 2005, there were about 80 % of people in the USA involved in the service sector. The indices of another countries are also notably high: the UK – 77%, Canada – 76%, Germany – 68, 5%, etc. (Fitzsimmons, & Fitzsimmons, 2008). As one may see, services are appreciated and demanded by people. In the history of human civilization, economic evolution has proved favourable environment created by services. A service offers commodity, and performs delivery function (on customer demand). It has an intangible nature, and customized attribute. Any service should be directed to benefits of both a client (buyer) and a provider (seller). Information technology and innovations are the main sources of service sector growth (Fitzsimmons, & Fitzsimmons, 2008). Banking and bank services have been in the scope of interest of many researchers. For example, Mullineux and Murinde (2003) dedicated their book to the problem of international banking. Mishra (2010) examined a bank in the context of microeconomics and macroeconomics, and the essence of the financial system, where a bank plays an exceptionally essential role. Analyzing the works of these and other relevant researchers, one may see that a bank is a complex and unique financial institution that performs numerous functions, and provides a wide range of services to its clients. Being a financial intermediary, a bank can be central (issues governmental money and regulates the money supply), commercial (accepts deposits and channels them into landing activities with the help of capital markets), and savings one (receives customer savings accounts, and pays interest to depositors). In addition, most of people have become clients of retail bank, as it provides its services to general public. A modern bank has so many functions that it is difficult to enumerate them all. In general, a bank “accepts deposits from the public, makes fund available to those who need them, and helps in remittance of money from one place to another” (Mishra, 2010, p. 181.). In other words, a bank deals with money and credit in a different way. This is the main essence of commercial banking. Bank strategies were in the scope of the researchers, as well. For example, Botten and McManus (1999) described the British Internet-oriented strategy that gave bank clients to make financial operations in a cyberspace. Bank card system gave rise to application of other strategies. Smart bank card applications technology contributes to electronic financial solutions. The network of Automated Teller Machines (ATM) allowed banks to dispense its services to customers through a Personal Identification number (PIN) and a magnetic card. ATM gave customers an opportunity to be engaged in “receiving and dispensing cash, funds transfer between accounts, balance enquiries, etc.” (Wonglimpiyarat, 2005, p. 6). At the same time, Visa, MasterCard and bank’s ATM networks serve to promote its brand, and spread its services among the world population. Future of the bank services attracted researchers’ attention. In the 90s, it was evident, that globalization, commercialization and Internet expansion reflected on bank performance. Blery and Michalakapoulos (2006) believe that customer-oriented strategies will be applied in the future. Banks will tend to make services more effective, accessible, time-saving, quality and satisfying. New innovative technologies and additional Internet opportunities will contribute to this process. Body of the Paper: Services in Banks Numerous functions of a bank predetermined the presence of range of services to its consumers. According to Mishra, it is possible to differentiate the following principal services. First, it accepts deposits: many people prefer saving their money in banks. This function helps people to earn interests and avoid theft. The presence of different types of accounts allow banks to attract clients’ savings: fixed (money is deposited for a fixed period of time; the rate of interest is high), current (serves businessmen and traders to make payments every day, making them pay incidental charges for a service), saving (encourages and mobilizes small savings with a low rate of interest; the number and amount of withdrawals is limited), recurring (encourages regular savings with interest of maturity of depositions; a rate of interest is relatively high), home safe (promotes saving habits under a special scheme), etc. deposit accounts (Mishra, 2010). Second, a client may take advantage of loans, becoming debtor of a lending bank. However, loans are granted by a bank, depending on the creditworthiness of the borrowers (depends on clients yearly income). Among various types of loans, there are the following ones: money at call (a short period loan, provided for banks and other financial institutions), cash credit (given to a borrower against his current assets, and allows to withdraw money from time to time), overdraft (a borrower is allowed to withdraw more money than his deposits), discounting of bills of exchange (a popular and self-liquidating loan that gives an opportunity to pay the bill with the help of bank commission), and term loans (medium- and long-term loan that allow the amount to be either paid or credited to the borrower’s account; it must be repaid) (Mishra, 2010). Credit creation is the following bank service: “a bank has the ability to create credit many times more than its deposits, and this ability to multiple credit creation depends on its cash-reserve ratio” (Mishra, 2010, p. 183). Credit creation is favoured by many people, because it allows to obtain good or service before payment. Promoting cheque system is the other bank service that became popular in the age of business transactions: “through a cheque, the depositor directs the banker to make payment to the payee” (Mishra, 2010, p. 183). Also, a bank provides a customer with the following agency services: remittance of funds, payment and collection of credit instruments (bills of exchange, cheques, etc.), execution of standing orders (for example, a bank may pay rent on behalf of its clients), sale and purchasing of securities (bonds, stocks, shares, etc.), collection of dividends on shares, income tax consultancy, acting as executor and trustee (preserves its customers’ wills after their death), acting as a correspondent and representative (a bank may get traveller’s tickets, passports, and receive letters on clients’ behalf). Besides, a bank provides its customers with general utility services: locker facility (valuables and important documents are kept for safe custody in a bank), traveller’s cheques (a customer may travell without the fear of loss and theft of money), letter of credit (used in foreign trade to certify customer’s creditworthiness), collection of statistics (a bank keep important information about country money, industry, commerce, trade, banking; publishes bulletins and journals with research articles), underwriting securities, gift cheques (of various denominations), acting as referee (for seeking information about its customers’ business reputation, financial position, and respectability), and foreign exchange business (by discounting foreign bills of exchange, a bank finances foreign trade) (Mishra, 2010).Nevertheless, people’s daily life suggest the idea that payment services are the most demanded services of a bank that meet customer needs every day. One of the world financially strength banks in the world that satisfy its clients with practically all possible services, accessible for both general and elite public, is National Bank of Abu Dhabi (NBAD), founded in 1968 (Oxford Business Group, 2007). It has served as a central bank that actively participates in formation of the currency abroad. In 2005, its net profit equaled “$702, 42 m, return on quality of 43, 9% and total assets of $22, 76 bn” (Oxford Business Group, 2007, p. 97). Nationals who live outside the UAE have certain preferences in bank services. In general, the bank offers quick, reliable and secure services, giving an opportunity to take advantage from personal, corporate, and free Internet banking. Provision with personal bar-code, bank archive data, credit cards, currency exchange, time deposits, account opening, online trading are only one of possible services, available there (National Bank of Abu Dhabi, 2011). The researchers believe that “NBAD is the chief provider of corporate services to business, the government, key public sector institutions, and major corporate groups. Corporate services include cash flow management, foreign exchange, and capital market products and assess management” (Oxford Business Group, 2007, p. 97). Providing the mentioned services, NBAD keeps up the evolving international market, as well, because the considerable number of its clients is foreigners. This bank is able to meet the needs of growing market owing to its successful and effective development strategies. Also, NBAD has developed the advantageous system of international partnership. For example, Italia and Japan take part in corporate cross-border transactions. The bank has 23 overseas units and banking divisions located in Paris, Cairo, Oman, etc. that constituted the branch network that allow to provide with bank services customers from different corners of the world (Oxford Business Group, 2007). In general, banking is an important service industry for all countries. In a bank, all customer-provider relationships and interactions are concentrated around services. For this reason, services are the most essential integrative elements of banking. Bank services are appreciated by general public, because they help people to achieve what they want: to buy a good or service, to transact money, to get borrower’s credit, etc. Providing a client with a service, a bank is interested in success, as well: a service produces benefit for a bank (difference between amount of deposits and credit percentage) and additional money supply that plays important role for state economy. When a client comes to a bank to get a certain service (for example, he wants to be accommodated with a loan), it should meet consumer expectations. According to some researchers, it is reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy and tangibles (Fitzsimmons, & Fitzsimmons, 2008). Hence, a bank should have credibility; bear responsibility for services provided. Besides, a client should be assured that a bank is able to provide the needed service on favourable terms. A provider should understand the reason of the demanded service, and demonstrate empathy to the client (in case of a loan, it can be family’s financial necessity owing to back pay, unexpected constrained loss of money, a desire to buy a house or a car). Loan is tangible if a consumer get desirable amount of money before he can repay the debt. Bank Strategies Used to Attract and Satisfy Clients’ Needs There are many bank strategies called to attract new customers and satisfy their needs. One of them was applied in 1996 by the royal Bank of Scotland. It became the first bank in the UK that offered its clients bank services on the Internet. Since that time, direct banking by PC became possible. It was estimated that about 60 % of the UK population used to pay their bills and check the accounts using a home computer (Botten & McManus, 1999, p. 205). The Internet-oriented strategies of the UK banks allowed internet users to print statement, pill bills, transfer account data into home-banking software package, and take advantage from on-line services and PC banking services (including mobile commerce) (Botten & McManus, 1999). Bank card innovations of the 1970s gave rise to new competitive strategies in the UK and USA banking sectors. However, the bank card on-line system was quickly extended across the world, because it made bank services (especially, payment ones) accessible and efficient; it notably contributed to electronic commerce that allow to make electronic transactions on the Internet, and buy a product. As one can see on the figure 1 (see appendices), on-line shopping has notable advantages (for example, timesaving capability), in comparison with traditional shopping, that meet modern consumer needs. However, there are some disadvantages, as well (for example, it requires delivery fee) (Fitzsimmons, & Fitzsimmons, 2008). Nowadays, credit plastic cards, issued by banks, are used every day: they allow to purchase goods and services on credit. Besides, electronic cash currency system proved to be extremely convenient (Wonglimpiyarat, 2005). Credit card and electronic service strategies facilitate the social life: owing to these strategies, people easily make certain banking operations, get cash money from a card, and buy certain goods and services through mobile e-commerce. Globalization, decreasing customer loyalty, economic volatility, resource outsourcing and other factors made banks to elaborate survival strategies for financial services. The essence of these strategies lies in the following processes: workforce performance improvement, cost reduction, revenue enhancement, return increase, cost-effective activities, integration of up-to-date technologies, etc. Capitalization of banks plays an extremely important role in bank strategies. Retail banking strategies that practiced in Europe were adopted on the CEE ground. As the internet decreased the customers’ loyalty, banks needed special customer-oriented strategies called to increase bank clients’ loyalty. The loyalty programs that provided special benefits to customers were introduced. Traditionally, cooperative banks possessed “a strong loyalty tool, membership of the bank”.(Groeneveld & Wagemakers, 2004, p. 6). Besides, Customer Relationship Membership (CRM) systems provide banks with good knowledge of their clients that allow banks to meet their needs. For this reason, many banks used to chose a niche-strategy, and focus on a specific customer need (real estate segment, for example). Retail banking is an extremely competitive industry, for this reason, CRM have certain priorities. Figure 2 (see appendices) shows that three top priorities are customer loyalty, profit growth and client satisfaction (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2003). Retail networks are used to sell all kinds of possible products: multidistribution provides with alternative options. For example, multi-channeling strategy, described as “selling products and servicing of clients with different channels, such as branches, ATMs, telephone and internet”, attracts clients with free choice, diversity of channels for different clients, and cost savings. (Groeneveld & Wagemakers, 2004, p. 7). The European largest internet bank, Rabobank, is a virtual distribution channel that offers transaction services on internet-mode technology that allows all users of mobile phones to make bank transaction operations. Some banks offer other essential strategies that improve customer experience, leverage up-sell and cross-sell opportunities, and promote customer satisfaction. Some of retail bank strategies sound in the following manner: “facilitate integrated and consistent interactions across all channels”, “offer an inviting “Customer Front Door”, “integrate self-service with agent assistance”, etc. (Genesys, 2008, p. 3). On the whole, the strategies mentioned in this part of the essay, are beneficial for both banks and customers; moreover, all of them are called to attract and satisfy customer’s needs in a different way. New Plans for the Future CRM systems have proved its effectiveness in aggressive bank competition, and will be used in the future. The strategic importance of CRM is obvious: it helps banks “to build long-lasting relationships with their customers and increase their profits through the right management system and the application of customer-focused strategies” (Blery & Michalakapoulos, 2006, p. 116). The Greek bank and other banks that use CRM system will be able to focus on most profitable customers with the help of efficient segmentation that corresponds to clients’ individual behaviour. The commercial approach based not only the product but a client, as well, will help to satisfy and retain bank customers. Obviously, more banks will implement voice and phone banking services (loans, stock exchange transactions, etc.) and customer segmentation system (that responds to clients’ needs, interests, habits, etc.), and more clients will take advantage from synchronized networks, offered by banks (branch ATM, Interactive Voice Response, telephone center) (Blery & Michalakapoulos, 2006). Even modern successful banks are concerned with plans for the future that will bring them more customers, more innovations, and better profit. The research of Oxford business group showed that development strategy of NBAD for the future is directed to expansion and positive innovative changes: installation of new ATM, opening of new branches, provision with first mobile phone banking service in the Middle East and North Africa region (Oxford Business Group, 2007). Revolutionizing e-commerce is one of the reasons why banking system should be improved and transformed. Internet banking of the future will “reduce transaction costs, enhance customer service, increase the customer base and improve cross-selling opportunities” (Nath et al., 2001, p. 21). The phenomenon of Internet banking can not be underestimated, as it is future of modern society: the number of Internet and PC users grows every day. Online loans, brokerage services, bill payment will be popular clients’ banking activities in cheap cyberspace of electronic banks. Additional and expanded online bank services will be available to clients in private and business life. In addition, “banks are adding real-time loan applications, the ability to make Individual Retirement Account investments, and the opportunity to trade stocks through their web sites” (Nath et al., 2001, p. 26). Thus, the concept of “one-stop shopping” will be wide spread in the future. Conclusion Taking into consideration all the information mentioned above, one can make the following conclusion. Bank services serve for the benefit of people, engaged in financial relationship, commerce, business, and other activities. Owing to a great variety of bank services, a customer may deposit, save, transact, exchange, loan money, get a credit card, purchase goods and service via Internet, etc. There are many effective, development and competitive bank strategies used to attract and satisfy clients: customer-oriented strategies, electronic service strategies (Internet-oriented, e-commerce), retail banking strategies (multi-channeling), etc. However, successful future for banks consists in improved, expanded and quality e-banking services that serve for the customer’s benefit in the commerce, business and private life, customer segmentation, increasing and improving clients’ opportunities. References Blery, E., & Michalakapoulos, M. (2006). Customer relationship management: a case study of a Greek bank. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 11 (2), (pp. 116-124). Web. Botten, N., & McManus, C. (1999). Competitive Strategies for Service Organizations. Basingstoke, UK: Purdue University Press. Fitzsimmons, F., & Fitzsimmons, M. (2008). Service Management: Operations, Strategy, and Information Technology (6 th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Genesys. (2008). Industry strategy guide: customer service strategies for the retail banking industry. Web. Groeneveld, J., & Wagemakers, J. (2004). Retail bank strategies in Europe. Economic Research Department. Web. Lele, U. (2000). The World Bank Forest Strategy: Sticking the Right Balance. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications. Mishra, S. (2010). Engineering Economics and Costing. Philadelphia, PA: PHI Learning. Mullineux, A., & Murinde, V. (2003). Handbook of International Banking. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. Nath, R., Schrick, P., & Parzinger, M. (2001). Bankers’ perspective on Internet banking . E-Service Journal, 1 (1), (pp. 21-36). Web. National Bank of Abu Dhabi. Official Website. Web. Oxford Business Group. (2007). The Report: Abu Dhabi 2007. Dubai, UAE: Oxford Business Group. PricewaterhouseCoopers. (2003). Tackling the key issues in banking and capital markets. Web. Wonglimpiyarat, J. (2005). Strategies of Competition in the Bank Card Business: Innovation Management in a Complex Economic Environment. Brighton, BN: Sussex Academic Press. Appendices Fig. 1. Grocery Shopping Comparison. Source: Fitzsimmons, F., & Fitzsimmons, M. (2008). Chapter 5: Technology in service. In Service Management: Operations, Strategy, and Information Technology (6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Fig. 2. CRM priorities in the USA financial organizations (2001). Source: PricewaterhouseCoopers. (2003). Customer relationship management: transforming the retail banking industry. In “Tackling the key issues in banking and capital markets”.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The paper below focuses on the barriers to setting up a safari zoo in the UAE. The report seeks to identify how animal zoo may be effectively established and managed in the UAE. Through this, the study will identify the animals that are more likely to be comfortable in the zoo.In the gulf region, safari zoos are one of the best family destinations. They offer amusement and education opportunities in a natural out-of-door settings.

The paper below focuses on the barriers to setting up a safari zoo in the UAE. The report seeks to identify how animal zoo may be effectively established and managed in the UAE. Through this, the study will identify the animals that are more likely to be comfortable in the zoo. In the gulf region, safari zoos are one of the best family destinations. They offer amusement and education opportunities in a natural out-of-door settings.

Setting Up a Safari Zoo in the UAE Essay Introduction The paper below focuses on the barriers to setting up a safari zoo in the UAE. The report seeks to identify how animal zoo may be effectively established and managed in the UAE. Through this, the study will identify the animals that are more likely to be comfortable in the zoo. Similarly, the study will highlight on how the zoo should be modified to ensure that the animals’ wellbeing and rights are upheld. As such, issues with respect to shortage of space, well-beings of animals, unpleasant smell, and the UAE’s weather will be identified. The research is worth studying because its findings will offer means of setting up a reputable safari zoo that meets the international conservancy regulations. In the gulf region, safari zoos are one of the best family destinations. They offer amusement and education opportunities in a natural out-of-door settings (Vine 12). Through the study, it can be revealed whether the current animal zoos in the UAE are well managed considered that a number of challenges exist. Equally, through the study it will be known whether the current animal zoos in the country infringe on animals’ rights. Based on the above illustrations, it is apparent that a comprehensive research on the subject should be carried out before setting up a new venture in the region. The findings obtained from this study may also be used in improving the management of the existing animal zoos. The research is divided into two parts. In the first part, barriers faced when establishing safari zoo are highlighted. The second part focuses on the means to address the barriers. Barriers to sustainable development According to Tuyl, a number of challenges have affected the people’s behaviour and decisions with respect to setting up safari zoos in the UAE (Tuyl 10). Space constraint is a major decision that should be considered before setting up an animal zoo in the UAE. In the last few decades, the country has witnessed rapid urbanization. Usually, zoos are set up in urban regions to serve the needs of the city dwellers (Tuyl 12). Therefore, in the country zoo investors have to face huge competition for space with real estate developers. In this regard, it will be expensive to acquire space in the region pushing up the cost of setting up the venture. Tuyl notes that the issue of space constraints also implies that zoos in the region will experience clarity of view challenges (Tuyl 12). Unlike in the wild, animals in the zoos are kept in cages. As such, the cages are made of heavy metal bar and mesh to prevent the animals from escaping. Similarly, the cages are meant to protect the visitors from being attacked by the animals. The cages prevent the visitors from having a clear view of the animals. Tuyl suggests that aanother issue that will be faced when setting up a zoo in the region is how to get rid of the unpleasant smell of the animal excreta (Tuyl 17). The zoos’ floors are made of concrete floors. After the animals have soiled the floors, zookeepers should clean the floors to keep germs, stench, and diseases at bay. Given that in the region, space is a vital issue cleaning would be an uphill task. Similarly, visitors’ hours will be interrupted for cleaning to be carried out. Another challenge that will be faced while setting up the zoo is UAE’s hot weather conditions. Unlike in the tropics, where a number of the animals in the zoo will be sourced from, temperatures in the region are so high. The above imply that without proper ventilation and other cooling mechanisms the animals in the zoo would not survive. Therefore, before setting up the venture, the investor should ensure that proper ventilation and cooling mechanisms are installed. The cost of installing and managing such services is higher. Therefore, the cost of setting up a zoo in the region will be higher compared to doing so in tropical countries. According to Vine, the above challenges were faced while setting up Dubai’s Safari Park (Vine 78). Due to space constraints, some animals have been forced to live in cages. Viewing and taking pictures of the animals in the cage has not been easy as clarity is obscured by the mesh. Owing to this, a number of visitors attest to the fact that their experience in the zoo was less thrilling compared to in wild parks and reserves. Another challenge faced in Dubai’s Safari Park is stench smell (Vine 82). To reduce the stench smell, the zookeepers wash the animal cages twice in a day. Similarly, the zoo floors are divided into two. One part is made of concrete floor. The other part is made up of sand floors. The sand floors are changed frequently. As such, the cost of maintaining and cleaning such floors in EAE is higher compared to zoos in tropical countries that have natural floors. An additional problem experienced in Dubai’s Safari Park is poor ventilation. Because the zoo is situated in an arid region, the temperatures in the zoo are very high (Vine 85). With limited space and high temperatures, the zoo experiences ventilation challenges. The issue has aggravated the unpleasant smell in the zoo. To reduce on the issue, the zookeepers use the disinfectants when washing the floors. Similarly, trees have been planted in the zoo to keep the temperatures down. Owing to this initiative, the temperatures in the zoo have reduced by two degrees compared to the external environment. An additional issue experienced in Dubai’s Safari Park is how to meet the animals’ wellbeing. Because a number of animals are kept in enclosures, many have exhibited symptoms of boredom (Wibbelt 45). In the wild, the animals are supposed to roam freely. By enclosing them in cages, the animals are emotionally affected. Similarly, some animals in the zoo have become accustomed to the presence of human beings. Such animals feel bored in the absence of visitors. Strategies to manage the identified barriers to make the initiative successful To manage the above challenges, zoo investors in the UAE should solve space issues. As such, zoos should be located at the outskirts of cities. At the outskirts, competition from real estate investors will be limited. Therefore, the cost of acquiring land will be reduced freeing up the much-needed funds for the construction of other zoo facilities. Owing to the abundance of land at the outskirts, large animal enclosures can be constructed to allow the animals to roam freely in their enclosures (Hodge & Marie 34). With large enclosures, animals will not easily be bored compared to when they are enclosed in small cages. Equally, large enclosures will make it easy for zookeepers to carry out their cleaning exercise. Through this, the stench issue will be solved. Correspondingly, my venture will be successful if I prioritize on the animals that will be best suited to the UAE’s environment. The animals I will chose are scimitar horned Oryx, Arabian Oryx, Arabian gazelle, lion, giraffes, chimpanzees, and tigers. I will keep the animals in cages. The above animals have been reared in UAE’s zoos. Based on this, there are higher chances that the animals will do well in my zoo. When temperatures are high, the wildlife should be sprayed with cool water. Similarly, my zoo will be installed with efficient ventilators to ensure that the facility is kept at the right temperatures. In addition, my zookeepers should ensure that the animals have access to clean drinking water at all times. Through this, the animals’ rights and health will be upheld (Vine 16). Similarly, the above practice will ensure that the zoo investors save on the funds required to manage the animals’ health. Lastly, as a zoo investor I should invest in qualified and experienced zookeepers. With the right personnel, the above challenges will be addressed with ease. Qualified zookeepers will educate the public on how to handle and socialize with the animals reducing on cases of attacks by the animals (Vine 22). In addition, the zookeepers will ensure that the animals are fed appropriately and at the right time. If I adhere to the above strategies, I will be able to save on the cost of establishing my zoo in and ensure that the venture is effectively managed. Works Cited Hodge, Annelies, and Marie Turcotte. Organizational Change towards Sustainable Development: Learning from a Best-practice Zoo . London: Trident, 2009. Print. Tuyl, Christine. Zoos and Animal Welfare . Detroit: Greenhaven, Thomson Gale, 2008. Print. Vine, Peter. Natural Emirates: Wildlife and Environment of the United Arab Emirates . London: Trident, 2013. Print. Wibbelt, Gudrun. Proceedings of the International Conference on Diseases of Zoo and Wild Animals 2013, Vienna, Austria . Berlin: Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 2013. Print.

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Write an essay about: The text discusses the ethical issues of opening a sex shop in Germany, including the legal and social implications of such a decision. It also talks about how the legalization of prostitution in Germany has affected the sex shop industry.

The text discusses the ethical issues of opening a sex shop in Germany, including the legal and social implications of such a decision. It also talks about how the legalization of prostitution in Germany has affected the sex shop industry.

Sex Shop Opening in Germany: Legal and Ethical Issues Essay Germany has been the centre of porn, sex, drugs and trafficking in Europe. It has been estimated that almost 75 percent of sex workers in Germany are foreigners i.e. non-Germans. Hence, it is the centre of all time attention towards women and girls trafficking. Suppliers are caught at many instances in trafficking women and under-aged girls, with Polish, Turkish and Russian background, to Germany (Germany, n.d). Also, the number of women trafficked from Thailand to Germany exaggerated the officials in Germany (Thailand-th.net, 2006). The government in Germany intervened in the prostitution and drug sector immediately after the increasing number of cases of women trafficking and kidnapping in different parts of Germany. The 100% mount in those numbers were seen in 1996 with trafficking numbers found at 1094 cases compared to those 517 cases just three years back from that of 1996 figures (Germany, n.d). Also, the women were subjected to physical and social harassment in Germany. They were deprived of medical and social facilities if compared to local populous. Also, the fear of being deported, if once caught, kept many women especially those non-German to do their work in the dark times, i.e. during the late nights, in Germany. Hence, the government legalized the prostitution in Germany in 2002 due the continuous increasing numbers of trafficking, accidents and women harassment cases (i.e. deprivation of sex women workers from medical and other facilities) (Easton, n.d). Also, the Government wanted to reduce that trafficking numbers and thus ensures that sex workers especially the women sex workers are working in a out of harm’s way ambience in Germany. The government also intended to give open rights to those sex workers that include the proper brothel houses, proper medical facilities and social recognition. The positive impact was the welcome of around 40 thousand sex workers to Germany during the football world cup back in 2006 (Pravda.Ru, 2006). The move to authorize the Prostitution in Germany came as a sign of relief to all those businesses involving sex toys, products and utilities. Because, since prostitutes or sex workers were assured to be provided with all relevant and equal facilities as compare to other labors in Germany, the business of sex shops began to rise. This also insures the sex shop owners as a separate place called Mall was entitled for the working of sex workers and prostitution. Legal and Ethical Issues The legal issues of operating a sex shop in Germany are almost settled because of the legalization of prostitution by the Government itself, which is just quoted and stated in the sources mentioned in the above text. Hence, the owner of those sex shops now has the legal right for the purchase or selling of sex toys, magazines, products, porn videos and everything that the prostitute industry needs in order to prosper. Also, the prostitution industry in Germany is the bread and butter of those thousands of sex workers working prostitution and porn industry. Many of those workers come from developing countries of Asia, Africa and South America. As mentioned above, an unexpected huge numbers of women from Thailand flew all the way to Germany to earn via mean of prostitution. But still the prostitutes are subject to restrict themselves to certain boundaries within cities in Germany. Many sex workers, although have entitled with the benefits of medical and social recognition from the government, but they avoid to utilize them due to disgrace or being discriminated as subjugates or sex workers. Hence, the government plans to put all the offenders of sex workers trafficking behind the bars, which is why it legalized the prostitution, leaving behind an enormous but tight business for sex shops in the country. References Easton, R. (n.d). German Culture: The Sex Industry & Prostitution in Germany . Web. Germany. (n.d). Web. Germany. (n.d). Web. Pravda.Ru. (2006). Germany attracts prostitutes on the eve of football World Cup . Web. Thailand-th.net. (2006). Thailand Human Traffiking. Web.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The text examines the concept of managing sex tourism and whether it is inherently offensive. It also discusses how sex tourism affects family lives and societies in disproportionate ways.

The text examines the concept of managing sex tourism and whether it is inherently offensive. It also discusses how sex tourism affects family lives and societies in disproportionate ways.

Sex Tourism: Features, Effects, and Control Essay Introduction Sex tourism is one of the main features of market for various tourist destinations around the globe. Some of the major destinations where sex tourism booms include Bangkok, Amsterdam, Cape Town, Mombasa, and Dublin. Specifically, sex tourism is rampant in third world countries. Countries like Kenya, Costa Rica, Cambodia, Thailand and Brazil have been mentioned consistently concerning sex tourism. Of great interest is the fact that both male and female tourists are actively involved in sex tourism. Sex tourism has become a global issue because of its link to human trafficking and drug abuse. Moreover, countries where prostitution is illegal have also faced challenges in managing sex tourism. For instance, Kenya has found sex tourism challenging because prostitution is illegal in the country. On the other hand, countries like Thailand have created ways of managing sex tourism. This paper will critically examine the concept of managing sex tourism. In addition, the paper will determine if management of sex tourism is inherently offensive (Hesse & Tutenges 2011). Sex Tourism Sex tourism refers to the voyages prearranged within the sector but exploiting its networks and structures for commercial sex affairs between locals and tourists. Sex tourism is a booming industry in most tourist destinations around the world. Specifically, sex tourism targets poor countries. In most cases, people from wealthy countries exploit men, women and children from poor countries (UNWTO 2015). Interestingly, commercial sex has become a source of income for sex workers from poor countries. To some extent, one can argue that sex workers’ bodies have been colonized. Sex tourism leads to moral degradation of society within which it is practiced. In particular, uncontrolled sex tourism can lead to vices like human and drug trafficking within the areas concerned. In this regard, sex tourism destroys moral standing of destination countries. Sex tourism affects family lives and societies in disproportionate ways. For instance, locals are used and damped when tourists move back to their countries. Moreover, sex tourism exposes victims to organized crimes, which impair their family relationships (Laing & Crouch 2011). Sex tourism exposes victims to issues such as child prostitution, sexually transmitted diseases and human trafficking. All these vices are detrimental to development of societies. In contrast, sex tourism adds value to economies of countries in which it is practiced. In this regard, sex tourism has both its advantages and disadvantages to society. While sex tourism benefits governments through increased revenues, it has dire consequences, if left uncontrolled. Sex tourism earns foreign exchange to destination countries. Moreover, sex tourism creates market for local goods. Additionally, sex tourism exposes destination countries to the world, which is beneficial to them. In this regard, doing away with sex tourism is difficult. In fact, most government officials have been left wondering which way to go. As long as a country values tourism, sex tourism cannot be avoided since it is a socio-cultural event. In essence, governments that prohibit prostitution and yet allow tourism are hiding the reality of events on the ground. For instance, Kenya outlaws prostitution yet Mombasa is a sex tourism destination. In essence, countries that prohibit prostitution try to deny the existence of sex tourism and therefore cannot manage it effectively. In the process, such countries expose their citizens to worse vices such as drug abuse, child prostitution and human trafficking, as is the case in Mombasa (Omondi 2011). Characteristics of sex tourism Although sex tourism is associated with some specific destinations, it should be noted that it happens everywhere. Nonetheless, some governments do not give sex workers power because their activity is considered illegal. On the other hand, certain destinations give sex workers power which ensures they are protected. Of great concern are unprotected sex workers. Sex tourism focuses more on poor countries than on wealthy countries. Poor countries do not have effective legal systems to protect sex workers while their rich counterparts do. The vices that arise from sex tourism come because of poor management of the sector in tourist destinations. Most sex tourists go in search of cheap or peculiar sexual indulgences. Past research has established that sex tourists travel for exact reason of indulging in sexual relations that are either too risky or too expensive in their home countries. In this regard, it can be shown that such tourists target destinations where sex workers are cheap, submissive and unprotected (Katsulis 2010). This behavior has created the negative impacts of sex tourism. In this regard, one cannot argue that managing sex tourism is inherently offensive. In fact, exploitation is rampant where sex tourism is left uncontrolled. Specifically, tourists that target areas where they can indulge in risky sexual behaviors like child prostitution or child pornography would obviously cherish destinations where sex tourism is not regulated. For instance, peculiar sexual behaviors were reported in Mombasa. In particular, certain women were paid by tourists to sleep with dogs. Moreover, some sex tourists went to Dominican Republic in search for hardcore sex, which was probably scarce in their homeland (O’Connell-Davidson 1999). Male sex tourists Male sex tourists are the most affected since they have a long history of association with sex workers. Besides, most studies have focused on male sex tourists who look for submissive women. In most cases, sex workers in poor countries offer cheap sex. In addition, these sex workers are superbly submissive because they are desperate for money. Moreover, male tourists usually target sex workers who offer them peculiar sexual indulgences. Sometimes male sex tourists migrate temporarily to these destinations until they fulfill their operations. Resentment arising from loss of position of white males has also contributed greatly to sex tourism. The males attempt to reclaim rights lost at home by participating in sex tourism. Some theorists also suggest that desire to attack modern feminism has lead American white males to sex tourism. This activity satisfies their conscience since they meet overly submissive women from poor countries (Coles 2010). Male tourists tend to run away from their materialistic and powerful women in the U.S. to exploit innocent and desperate women from poor countries. Most male sex tourists tend to conceal their home lives. In fact, their ages usually range between 30 and 70 years. Most male tourists are considered wealthy in destination countries although that may not be the case in their home countries. Male tourists tend to justify their actions by noting how helpful they are to their victims (Garrick 2005). Male sex tourists tend to pretend to save their victims from oppressive relationships and unsupportive husbands. Nonetheless, it should also be noted that some males also travel to the West for sexual adventure (Bandyopadhyay 2013). Conversely, male sex tourists who visit the West are usually wealthy. In addition, sex tourists who visit the West respect authority. In most cases, they go for sexual adventure. This exposes the difference between managed sex tourism and unregulated sex tourism. Moreover, it calls for management of sex tourism (Rivers-Moore 2012). Female sex tourists Middle aged or old women seeking romance in poor countries usually characterize female sex tourists. In most cases, female sex tourists pretend to seek true love from males of color. However, the characteristics of their relationships usually suggest the opposite. Most female tourists come from Europe and North America. To some extent, female sex tourists are usually considered insecure. They are also considered to have a history of failed relationships. Additionally, female sex tourists are considered to have low self-esteem in their homeland. Nonetheless, it should also be noted that female sex tourists might be characterized as those who want to have a different sexual experience or those who want superfluous sex. Female sex tourists also show resentment at men from their homeland because of failed relationships. Furthermore, female sex tourists tend to have stereotypical assumptions that suggest fantasies and prowess which are not present in their men. However, the fact that they pay men from poor countries to indulge in sexual relations makes it exploitative. Moreover, female sex tourists tend to treat their ‘lovers’ as servants. Comparison of male and female sex tourism From the above context, it can be observed that both female and male sex tourists are exploitative. Similarity in both cases is evident because there is exchange of money or gifts for sex. Essentially, sex tourists pay their clients for services offered. Moreover, in both cases clients are abused if the industry is not regulated. Moreover, in both cases tourists are only interested in sex but not in the personnel offering sex. In both cases, tourists pose as good Samaritans to sex workers with full knowledge of the massively disparate economic power between them. This shows that both genders exploit sex workers from poor countries. Furthermore, both genders pose social issues in destination countries (Jacobs 2010). Why people become workers in sex industry People go into sex industry for several reasons. Interestingly, most of the reasons are negative since they arise from societal problems. For instance, some people go into sex industry because of poverty. Poor countries have more than 50% unemployment rates that keeps surging. Moreover, these countries are characterized by mismanagement of public funds and poor legal systems. These issues cause unemployment and poverty in poor countries. Some people also go into sex industry due to family problems such as child abuse or chauvinism. Street children can also be lured into sex industry because they lack basic needs. Moreover, drug abuse that could be due to family problems can also cause youths to become sex workers. In countries where sex workers are not protected, street children or innocent citizens can be forced into prostitution. However, some people go into sex industry to seek sexual adventure with different races. Moreover, others move into sex industry to exploit or violate the opposite sex. Potential consequences of unregulated sex tourism Potential risks associated with unregulated sex tourism include contraction of sexually transmitted diseases such as Gonorrhea and Aids, among others. These risks are real even though some governments tend to downplay them to safeguard revenues, as is the case in Thailand. Unregulated sex tourism exposes sex workers to police harassment, which might result in bribery or abuse. In addition, unregulated sex tourism exposes sex workers to harassment by clients who may deny them their rights as well as abuse them. Unregulated sex tourism can also lead to social stigma since there is lack of representation or recognition of sex workers. Furthermore, unregulated sex tourism can lead to violence among clients or between clients and tourists. Unregulated sex can also lead to rape or coercion into human trafficking. In essence, regulating sex tourism would contain vices involved in the sector. Managing sex tourism Managing sex tourism involves regulating activities of sex tourists with the help of sex workers. Managing sex tourism would appear offensive on the outside; nonetheless, it would be essential in safeguarding sex tourism. Society has its morals, which would be tainted by decriminalization of sex tourism. In fact, sex tourists will also feel exposed to the public since they love to do these acts in private. From this perspective, both the public and sex tourists will feel caged by decriminalization of prostitution and regulation of sex tourism. Past researches have shown that sex tourists deny any involvement in the activity. In fact, they tend to pose as visitors, sponsors, or holidaymakers, among others (Chon, Bauer & McKercher 2003). This shows clearly that regulating the industry would appear offensive to them because they tend to hide their true intentions. Nonetheless, the effects of unregulated sex tourism are overly compelling (Ryan & Page 2000). Exploitation of sex workers as well as its consequences can have big implications on society and the country at large. For instance, sexually transmitted diseases that are acquired in commercial sex can be spread thereby increasing prevalence of such diseases in destination countries. Moreover, leaving sex tourism unregulated can promote thriving of criminal enterprises. In essence, managing sex tourism is compelling despite its capacity to be inherently offensive. From the arguments above, it is quite clear that sex tourism should be regulated. Managing sex tourism would eliminate illegal exploitation of sex workers and children. In addition, managing sex tourism would improve working conditions of prostitutes (Cruz & van-Iterson 2015). Furthermore, managing sex tourism would improve healthcare, safety and security. Additionally, managing sex tourism would reduce police harassment and violence. Again, managing sex tourism would give more control to sex workers as well as open ways for leaving the industry. Effective management of sex tourism can be achieved by decriminalizing prostitution. This can be done by registering sex workers, zoning the areas of such activities and providing health care support. Furthermore, managing sex tourism can be put into action by counseling sex workers (Yew 2014). Conclusion Managing sex tourism is inherently offensive, but must be implemented to mitigate potential risks associated with it. These risks are dire and can lead to unimaginable loss to both sex workers and sex tourists. However, managing sex tourism should be done in a manner that does not encourage prostitution. Moreover, emphasis should be employed in weeding out criminal activities within the sector. In addition, managing sex tourism should be done in a manner that does not openly offend sex tourists because this could lead to undesirable results. In this regard, zoning should not be done in a way that suggests isolation and abandonment of stakeholders in sex tourism. Instead, zoning should emphasize integration. List of References Bandyopadhyay, R 2013, ‘A paradigm shift in sex tourism research’, Tourism Management Perspectives , vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-2. Chon, K, Bauer, T & McKercher, B 2003, Sex and Tourism: Journeys of Romance, Love, and Lust , Routledge, London. Coles, T 2010, ‘Negotiating the field of masculinity: The production and reproduction of multiple dominant masculinities’, Men and Masculinities , vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 30-44. Cruz, J & van-Iterson, S 2015, The Audacity of Tolerance: A Critical Analysis of Legalized Prostitution in Amsterdam’s Red Light District . Web. Garrick, D 2005, ‘Excuses, excuses: Rationalisations of Western Sex Tourists in Thailand’, Current Issues in Tourism , vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 497-509. Hesse, M & Tutenges, S 2011, ‘Young tourists visiting strip clubs and paying for sex’, Tourism Management , vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 869-874. Jacobs, J 2010, Sex, Tourism and the Postcolonial encounter (New Directions in Tourism analysis) , Ashgate, Surrey. Katsulis, Y 2010, ‘”Living like a King”: Conspicuous consumption, virtual communities, and the social construction of paid sexual encounters by U.S. sex tourists’, Men and Masculinities , vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 80-104. Laing, J & Crouch, G 2011, ‘Frontier tourism: retracing mythical journeys’, Annals of Tourism Research , vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 1516-1534. O’Connell-Davidson, J 1999, Prostitution, Power and Freedom , University of Michigan Press, Michigan. Omondi, R 2011, Gender and the political economy of sex tourism in Kenya’s coastal resorts . Web. Rivers-Moore, M 2012, ‘Almighty gringos: Masculinity and value in sex tourism’, Sexualities , vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 850-870. Ryan, C & Page, S 2000, Tourism Management (Advances in Tourism Research) , Routledge, London. UNWTO 2015, Protection of children in tourism . Web. Yew, L 2014, Containing Commercial Sex to Designated Red Light Areas: An idea past its prime? Web.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: Managing sex tourism can be controversial, but it is important to do so in order to regulate the industry and protect those involved in it.

Managing sex tourism can be controversial, but it is important to do so in order to regulate the industry and protect those involved in it.

Sex Tourism Management Controversy Essay According to a research by Taylor (2001), sex tourism is increasingly becoming common, especially in the developing economies in Africa and parts of Asia-Pacific. However, the question as to whether the concept of managing sex tourism is inherently offensive has remained controversial for the past several years. According to Harrison (2001), sex tourism refers to trips within the sector of tourism with primary aim of having commercial sex relationship with the residents at the point of destination. Tourists in this case make their travels primarily to get sexual satisfaction in the points of destination. In this context, managing sex tourism refers to developing clear systems and structures that facilitate sex tourism in a given destination. This management brings together the government, tour operators, the hotels, sex workers, and all other relevant stakeholders to come up with an industry that is legal, taxed, and protected. Is this concept of managing sex tourism inherently offensive? This is the question that the researcher seeks to answer by looking at the views of those in support and those opposed to it. It is very important to first understand the concept of sex tourism before attempting to state whether or not it is offensive for it to be managed. As explained in the introductory section above, sex tourism refers to an aspect of tourism where the primary aim of the tourist is to have in sexual engagements with the people in their destination. Male and female sex tourists have a number of factors in common. First, they have financial capacity to enable them pay for the services they seek. In most of the cases, they are rarely seeking for emotional attachments with their clients. The people who are targeted in this industry are young, jobless and sometimes homeless people who are easily contented with little favours that can help them feed, clothe, and house themselves. Poverty and hopelessness in life are the two main leading reasons why people become workers in the sex industry. According to Del (2005), majority of the sex workers, both male and female, are always not proud of their profession. However, they lack alternatives that can help them fight poverty and hopelessness. Some of the major consequences of working in this industry include contracting sexually transmitted diseases, physical and verbal abuse by the clients, harassments from the local authorities, and even slavery. A study by Williams (2013) shows that sex tourism is associated with countries that are poor. It is only the poor and disparate individuals who consider engaging in sex tourism as a means of earning a living. According to Taylor (2001), it is very important to manage sex tourism in order to regulate it and ensure that people involved in it are adequately protected. Prostitution is one of the oldest professions in the world. Despite the negativity with which many people view it, it has grown in popularity in all parts of the world irrespective of issues such as religion and status of the society. According to Rivers-Moore (2012), the biggest problem that most societies around the world face is the silence that is always received when this topic arises. The society, and especially people in government, does not want to talk about sex tourism. Everyone knows that it exists even with ambiguous laws that prohibit it, but they do not want to face the truth. They prefer assuming that it does not exist, and for those who work in the industry, they are considered social outcast. This is the genesis of the major problems faced in the sex tourism industry. According to Harrison (2001), sex workers in many countries where the industry is not managed are always subjected to many sufferings. Some of them are physically abused, but they do not have the law on their side. The owners of hotels would exploit men and women in this industry because these sex workers rely on them to survive. The police would harass these people regularly, either demanding for free service or bribes. In such environments, these workers have limited ability to define what happens to them. Jacobs (2010) says that managing this industry will change this trend. The sex workers will be considered citizens who are engaged in legal industry that has clear regulatory policies. The tourists and their clients will have a good environment where they can negotiate and reach agreements that are suitable for both parties. If these workers are offended in any way, they have a legal system that can duly protect them, not harshly judge them as prostitutes. According to Clift (2000), the problem of human trafficking has been a major problem not only in the developing countries but also in the developed nations around the world. Women have been the greatest casualties. They are kidnapped in one part of the world and transported to another part where they work as sex slaves. They are kept in hotel rooms which act as cages. They are not allowed to interact with the outside world. In fact, Rivers-Moore (2012) says that they are viewed as properties that do not have all the basic human rights. They are abused all the times and they rarely benefit from the money they earn their abductors. The reason why this problem has persisted is that sex tourism is not managed. In most parts of the world, this industry is run in a clandestine manner that law and order cannot prevail. Hotels where these services are offered have special arrangement with law enforcement officers who visit regularly to collect money because the business in itself is illegal in such countries. It means that no one will take an audit of women in such hotels and determine whether or not they are in the industry out of their own free will. If this industry can be managed, then these hotels will be expected to engage in ethical practices. There will be special government officers who will be assigned the role of auditing women working in the industry and ensuring that their rights are protected at all times. In such regulated environments, it will be easy to fight human trafficking and sex slavery that is increasingly becoming popular in many parts of the world (Hitchcock, King, & Parnwell 2009). Sex tourism is a major industry that can earn a government handsome amount of money in form of tax. According to Williams (2013), it is a known fact that in almost all countries around the world, there is some form of sex tourism that is practiced either directly or indirectly. When it is prohibited by law, then it is always done in a clandestine manner. The government stands to benefit if this industry can be properly managed. It will not only create jobs for the sex workers but also government employees who will be assigned the task of conducting life audit of the sex workers and ensure that their lives are protected at all times. The earnings from such taxes can be used to empower these sex workers and help them engage in safe practices that do not expose them to diseases and other problems that may affect them physically or psychologically. Managing sex tourism is the only way of preventing excessively aggressive and brutal tourists who travel to different parts of the world to inflict bodily harm on their clients. According to a research by Kibicho (2009), showed that cases where sex workers are strangled to death or killed using other brutal means have become very common not only in developing countries, but also in Wealth nations in Europe and North America. Such criminals always go unpunished because such cases are rarely investigated. The government, the hotel managers, and other stakeholders involved in this industry already consider sex workers as outcasts in the society. They are rejects who to them, lack most of the fundamental human rights. As such, their deaths, especially in circumstances when they were offering their services, are rarely investigated. Such bodies are always dumped in mortuaries by the police without any explanation as to how they met their death. This is one of the greatest injustices that sex workers, especially women, face in their profession. The perpetrators, who know that they are never investigated, will continue with their heinous acts because they know that these poor workers are not protected by the law. The opponents of the concept of managing sex tourism argue that prostitution (sex for money) in itself in an immoral act. They argue that sex tourism should entirely be prohibited and measures put in place to punish the perpetrators. Any attempt by the government to manage sex tourism will be legitimizing the trade that is prohibited among many religious groups. It will be a clear communication from the government that prostitution is tolerated and that one can engage in it at will without facing any consequences. Many nations around the world, including most of the developing nations where sex tourism is very rampant, have laws that prohibit prostitution. Managing sex tourism means legitimizing this practice. It means changing the law and accepting prostitution as a virtue that the society respects. This is one of the reasons why many people are opposed to managing this industry (Davidson 2001). According to Taylor (2001), the society is yet to accept prostitution as a practice that is normal among humanity. One of the main reasons why people resort to this practice is that they lack economic strength that can help them have access to basic needs in their lives such as food, shelter, and clothing. Most of them would state that given a better option, they would consider quitting prostitution. In fact, a research by Brents, Jackson, and Hausbeck (2010) revealed that over 98% of the prostitutes in the United States feel that the practice is shameful and that they would not want their children involved in it. They stated that they were working in the sex industry to earn a living and take their children to school so that they can become better citizens working in decent offices within the country. If the prostitutes themselves are ashamed of their practices, why would the government legitimize it? It goes against some of the basic morals in the society. According to Brennan (2004), children learn from what they see in the society. Many in the society would not want to see a scenario where their children grow up knowing that prostitution is an option in life. This is one of the industries that expose the workers to numerous diseases most of which are contagious. According to Brennan (2004), whether or not prostitution is legalized, sex workers always expose themselves to serious danger of acquiring numerous diseases that are transmitted through sex. This may be because of a conscious or unconscious decision not to use protection, or malfunction of the protective materials. Diseases such as genital harpers can be transferred even when one engages in safe sex. Even if it were to earn government money in form of tax, such earnings will all be spent in buying drugs, machines, and paying doctors to treat diseases such as HIV/AIDS, gonorrhoea, syphilis, genital harpers, and numerous other sexually transmitted diseases. A good number of these sex workers eventually become HIV-positive. When they get sick and weak, they become unable to engage in their business that requires them to be very attractive and active. They start relying on other members of the society, becoming a burden to the society. Some of them leave their young children under the care of their aging parents after their death. That is why under no circumstance should prostitution be popularized or legitimized by coming up with a system to manage sex tourism (Seabrook 2000). It should remain an illegal business that every child would want to avoid at all costs when they are growing up. Instead of managing sex tourism, Rivers-Moore (2012) says that it should be completely banned and measures put in place to curb it because it is a dangerous vice. The above discussion that looks at the varying views of various stakeholders can help in answering the question posed in this research. Yes, managing sex tourism is inherently offensive, but it is a practice that the society may be forced to embrace. Indeed prostitution is largely considered an immoral vice that should be avoided as much as possible. Our children should grow up knowing that they need to work hard to earn a living, and that prostitution is not an option when they fail to get decent jobs. However, the truth is that prostitution has been in existence since the history of humankind, and chances are high that it is here to stay. It is also true that prohibiting sex tourism may be simply but ensuring that it does not take place is a very complex task that no government can actually succeed in implementing it. This is so because it happens between two consenting individuals who can easily say they are couples. The best that can be done to ensure that children below 18 years are protected is to manage this industry. The best that the government can do to protect those who are forced by fate into the industry is to come up with measures to ensure that it only happens among two consenting adults in a fair environment. List of References Brennan, D 2004, What’s Love Got to Do with It: Transnational Desires and Sex Tourism in the Dominican Republic , Duke University Press, Durham. Brents, B, Jackson, C & Hausbeck, K 2010, The State of Sex: Tourism, Sex, and Sin in the New American Heartland , Routledge, Print New York. Clift, S 2000, Tourism and Sex: Culture, Commerce and Coercion , Pinter, London. Davidson, J 2001, Children in the Sex Trade in China , Save the Children Sweden, Stockholm. Del, C 2005, Creating “tourism Space”: The Social Construction of Sex Tourism in Thailand , McMillan, London. Harrison, D 2001, Tourism and the Less Developed World Issues and Case Studies: Issues and Case Studies , CABI, Wallingford. Hitchcock, M, King, V, & Parnwell, M 2009, Tourism in Southeast Asia: Challenges and New Directions , NIAS, Copenhagen. Jacobs, J 2010, Sex, Tourism and the Postcolonial Encounter: Landscapes of Longing in Egypt , Ashgate, Farnham. Kibicho, W 2009, Sex Tourism in Africa: Kenya’s Booming Industry , Ashgate, Farnham. Rivers-Moore, D & Fox, L 2012, Lamb Loves Springtime , Barrons, Hauppauge. Seabrook, J 2000, No Hiding Place: Child Sex Tourism and the Role of Extraterritorial Legislation , Zed Books, London. Taylor, J 2001, Where Did Christianity Come From, Liturgical Press, Collegeville. Williams, E 2013, Sex Tourism in Bahia: Ambiguous Entanglements , Springer, New York.

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Write an essay about: Tragedy is one of the most ancient and well known arts in the world. Beginnings of this kind of art can be found in Ancient Greece where such geniuses of world literature as Sophocles, Aeschylus and Euripides were creating their immortal works. They destined development of this genre having made a great contribution to its development. They developed the main features of the art of tragedy which were followed and copied by their followers. The idea of a person being in

Tragedy is one of the most ancient and well known arts in the world. Beginnings of this kind of art can be found in Ancient Greece where such geniuses of world literature as Sophocles, Aeschylus and Euripides were creating their immortal works. They destined development of this genre having made a great contribution to its development. They developed the main features of the art of tragedy which were followed and copied by their followers. The idea of a person being in

Shakespeare’s “Macbeth” and Sophocles’ “Oedipus” Essay Tragedy is one of the most ancient and well known arts in the world. Beginnings of this kind of art can be found in Ancient Greece where such geniuses of world literature as Sophocles, Aeschylus and Euripides were creating their immortal works. They destined development of this genre having made a great contribution to its development. They developed the main features of the art of tragedy which were followed and copied by their followers. The idea of a person being in the center of the action and trying to overcome some problems connected with doom, fate and some other supernatural forces become peculiar to this kind of art. It is due to them ancient rituals connected with gods became one of the most famous kind of art. Shakespeare is known to be one of the most ingenious followers of Sophocles, Aeschylus and Euripides. He contributed to the development of tragedy too, however making it in his own personal way, changing the idea of classic Ancient Greek tragedy. His works also contain the idea of impending doom and dependence of human life on some divine powers. However, he also adds some new ideas of possible change of fate. It depends from a human being now and this is the difference. Some unexpected shift can occur. To see differences more distinctively it is possible to compare two works belonging to different time periods. Famous cycle devoted to the King of Thebes and which consists of works called Oedipus the King and Oedipus et Colonus gave the world the great example of a typical Ancient Greece Tragedy. At the same time Shakespearean Macbeth is also brilliant. Two works have common and different features. The first common sing which seems obvious is a great role of some supernatural forces. They are presented with the help of different means in tragedies. In Oedipus, it is the insuperable will of Olympic Gods. From the first lines of the tragedy, this power is introduced as “it was God that aided you, men say, and you are held 45 with God’s assistance to have saved our lives” (Sophocles p. 4 l. 44). The Priest says it directly outlining the main force which determines the life of people. The whole Oedipus destiny was changed by the prediction about his destiny. Doom weighs upon him since his childhood. In Macbeth, Shakespeare also introduces the main power of his play. There are three witches, whose appearance is even followed by special effects to underline their power and significance such as “Thunder and lightning. Enter three Witches” (Shakespeare Act I, scene I). So both authors introduce supernatural forces which will influence the whole development of the play from the first lines. It is peculiar for Greek tragedy where the overwhelming power of Gods can be seen in any work and Shakespeare follows this pattern. However, his does not underline the great power of these three witches from the beginning of the play, leaving it for the reader to judge on the level of their influence. With the development of the action, he uses more and more prompts in order to show their prevailing character. Prediction which changes the whole life of the main character should be mentioned. One by one, they pronounce three phrases but the most important was the final phrase “All hail, Macbeth, thou shalt be king hereafter!” (Shakespeare Act I, scene III). As it turns out, these words create the main phrase in the whole play. Nevertheless, difference between plays lies in different approach to the idea of predeterminacy of human life. Sophocles just underlines it, describing the life of his main character, while Shakespeare, describing to the reader misfortunes of Macbeth, shows the slight idea of presence of a choice. Belonging to the age of Renaissance he could not but believe in human forces, trying to show that Macbeth had another variants, though still was not strong enough to face destiny. Another feature that appears in both tragedies is the question of family relations. In Oedipus and Macbeth two very important figures appear. They are Jocasta and Lady Macbeth. They both serve as a weapon of doom which helps to realize the will of higher forces. Not knowing the origin of Oedipus, Jocasta helps to complete the prediction becoming his wife. She is blind in her ignorance, however her eyes are opened by another manifestation of Gods will. Blind prophet Teiresias says “I say you are the murderer of the king whose murderer you seek” ( Sophocles p. 361 l. 416).Having understood the horrible truth she commits suicide being not able to live with this knowledge, not sharing it with the main character “O Oedipus, God help you! God keep you from the knowledge of who you are!” (Sophocles p. 372 l. 1222). Lady Macbeth plays more important role in the play helping Shakespeare to add Greek like tragic element to his work. She serves as the weapon of fate not only with her existence, but taking the plunge in bringing three witches words to life. It is she, who kills the king being sure in predetermined character of her actions. “Leave all the rest to me.” (Shakespeare Act I, scene V). It is she who makes everything, trying to make her husband king. However, her destiny becomes similar to Jocatas. Being not able to overcome pangs of conscience she commits suicide. These two women are very similar in these plays. Their figures represent that destiny not only determines the life of a person but it can also chose someone to be its remedy. Being active or passive, the person is still in its power. Shakespeares play Macbeth has obviously some common traits with Sophocles’ Oedipus. He was influenced by its style, plot and composition. However, there is a great difference in the way the reader feel while reading the works. Having read Ancient Greek tragedy, he can feel the great power of destiny on the background of a small human being which cannot stand against it. Shakespeare’s Macbeth leaves another impression. The reader can also feel the great power of doom which can predetermine the life of people, however he will not feel himself forceless. The impression of some slight ability to overcome all troubles appears. This is the difference which is conditioned by epoch. Renaissance gave birth to the belief in power of human being to be the owner of his life. Having analyzed these two different tragedies it is possible to conclude that they both are bright representatives of genre of tragedy. However, having common structure and some main ideas, they differ in approach of the authors to the question of fate and predeterminacy. In Oedipus people act with approval of goods, being not able to change at list something. Macbeth is a bright example of embryonic idea of belief in human forces. These two works are great masterpieces of literature heritage. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. 2nd. ed. Ed. Kenneth Muir. London, UK: Arden Shakespeare, 2001 Print. Sophocles. The Complete Greek Tragedies: Sophocles I. Ed. David Grene and Richmond Lattimore. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1991. Print.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The importance of customer satisfaction for service organizations cannot be underestimated. It is paramount to conduct studies in this field because the importance of customer satisfaction for every single business should not be disregarded.

The importance of customer satisfaction for service organizations cannot be underestimated. It is paramount to conduct studies in this field because the importance of customer satisfaction for every single business should not be disregarded.

Sharjah Electricity & Water Authority’s Customer Satisfaction Research Paper Introduction It needs to be said that service organizations have been developing at a fast rate over the last few years in UAE, and they started to focus on the customer service. Research It is paramount to conduct studies in this field because the importance of customer satisfaction for every single business should not be disregarded. Scope and Importance of the Study This study is focused on Sharjah Electricity & Water Authority (SEWA) organization that operates in Sharjah and is focused on the provision of a range of services. It needs to be said that this study is incredibly important because most firms have started to view satisfaction levels of customers as one of the most important factors that influence the success of an enterprise. However, they frequently lack the understanding of ways in which this issue needs to be addressed and are satisfied with the current situation. Nevertheless, improvement of customer satisfaction should be viewed as an opportunity for most companies to increase their profits. It is also paramount to note that new technologies are always being developed, and it becomes easier for consumers to have access to essential information. 1 This aspect is significant and should be taken into account because any reviews of customers that had a bad experience should be avoided in the modern world because information is being spread at an incredibly fast rate on the Internet. Objectives: Primary and Secondary The primary purpose of this study is to identify the level of importance of customer satisfaction for service organizations. The secondary goal is to determine if customers are currently satisfied with the level of services that are provided by this company, and how the levels of satisfaction may be improved in the future. Another factor that should be taken into account is the development of recommendations that should be considered by the firm. Also, one of the core objectives of this study is to draw attention to this issue because it is currently perceived as not significant. Data Analysis A range of tools has been chosen for this particular study. First of all, literature and peer-reviewed journals were reviewed to get a better understanding of this problem in this sector. Another aspect that needs to be noted is that customers of this company were surveyed with a use of various questionnaires, and interviews. The response rate is one of the primary issues that needed to be addressed because it affected the validity of the received data. Paper-based surveys were chosen because they have several advantages such as an ease of conducting and others. 2 Finally, the information was manually reviewed and compared to the information that is available in other sources to determine any connections. Analysis of the literature reveals that a consensus on this topic is present, and most authors agree that customer satisfaction is of utmost importance for service organizations, and an enormous number of resources should be devoted to this address this point. Critical incidents were noted as a significant issue that should be identified because it is one of the most important factors that frequently affect the experience of customers. 3 Data Interpretation The data has been categorized in spreadsheets and organized. Manual analysis was chosen as a tool in this case. It needs to be said that the data that has been collected can be viewed as valid because the response rate were approximately 80 percents, and people of different nationalities and religions were questioned. It is paramount to note that data may be interpreted differently in this case. It is paramount to limit the number of customers that are not happy in this sector most of the time, and even a small percentage should not be disregarded. 4 Another pattern that has been identified in the responses is that expatriates are much more worried about the price of services that are provided because of exchange rates and other factors. A possibility of any possible bias also should not be disregarded. Findings The results of the study indicate that only 70 percent of individuals that participated in this study agree that the price for services that are provided is fair. Also, it needs to be said that 85 percents have noted that the situation has improved significantly over the last few years. Those individuals that viewed the prices as appropriate also reported a higher income, than those who disagreed with this point of view. Also, it is important to say that most have reported that the name of the organization plays a significant role in their opinion, and 90 percents have said that they believe that SEWA is capable of providing high-quality services. Only 20 percent think that complaints are taken into consideration by the firm, and it is a significant problem because many individuals do not know how to make such reports. 5 It is understandable that it is not possible to prevent all the instances of service failure, but 55 percents of individuals have voiced their opinion that service recovery could be managed much better. It is an essential aspect that should not be disregarded because customers are less satisfied with services than they are with products in most cases. 6 This point needs to be considered by the firm, and it is paramount to take necessary measures to improve the experience of customers in other ways other than gradual changes to the quality of the service to maximize the effectiveness of activities. Conclusions In conclusion, it is paramount to note that customer satisfaction is a significant aspect that should be taken into account by service companies. Results indicate that most clients are satisfied with the way SEWA treats customers, but some points are in need of improvement. It also needs to be said that one of the studied has shown that clients who are satisfied with the quality of services that are provided are ready to pay more in most instances, and this should be viewed as an opportunity by SEWA to increase profit. 7 It is imperative to address the fact that this company does not have many competitors, but it does not affect the way customers are treated, and the firm tries to improve the quality of the services. It is evident that satisfaction levels have a significant influence on the overall financial results of the company. Another important factor that should be considered by the firm is to make sure that the levels of customer satisfaction are reasonable compared to global competitors. 8 Recommendations It is paramount to ensure that the percentage of customers that are satisfied with the services are provided is increased, and it is especially important in this sector. A use of modern technologies for the analysis of customer satisfaction is of utmost importance and should be considered in this case. Its stance on the identification of service quality gaps also needs to be reviewed by SEWA, and continuous improvement should be viewed as a primary objective. Critical incidents should be minimized because electricity and water services are vital to everyday lives of consumers. Also, necessary measures should be taken to make sure that a company is ready for any possible emergencies that may affect the satisfaction levels of customers. A speed of repairs is also incredibly important and perceived as one of the most important factors for most clients. The fact that religion may have an influence on the way the quality of a particular service is perceived is another aspect that is still not well studied, and there is a need for future research. 9 Another important aspect that should not be disregarded is that SEWA currently does not actively communicate with its customers, and this issue needs to be addressed. It is possible to use such tools as social media and blogs to develop relationships with clients. Valuable information and news about the industry may also be provided. The fact that customers can ask questions and voice their opinions in a convenient manner is paramount, and satisfaction levels will also be significantly increased in most cases. It needs to be said that orientation on customers may be achieved in three phases in most situations, and implementation is the most important part of the process. 10 Overall, the experience of firms that operate in this sector in other countries needs to be viewed as an example. Reference List Cochran, C., Customer Satisfaction: Tools, Techniques, and Formulas for Success , Chico, CA, Paton Professional, 2003. Goldstein, S., Superior Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty: Engaging Customers to Drive Performance , Milwauke, WI, ASQ Quality Press, 2009. Gustafsson, A., ‘Customer satisfaction with service recovery’, Journal of Business Research , vol. 62, no. 11, 2009, p. 1220-1222. Hayes, B., Measuring Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty: Survey Design, Use, and Statistical Analysis Methods , 4th edn., Milwaukee, WI, ASQ Quality Press, 2008. Hill, N., G. Roche, and R. Allen, Customer Satisfaction: the Customer Experience through the Customer’s Eyes , London, UK, Cogent, 2007. Homburg, C., N. Koschate, and D. Hoyer, ‘Do Satisfied Customers Really Pay More? A Study of the Relationship between Customer Satisfaction and Willingness to Pay’, Journal of Marketing , vol. 69, no. 2, 2005, p. 84-96. Noroozi, A., ‘A Study of Islamic Customer Satisfaction’ , International Journal of Social Entrepreneurship and Innovation , vol. 2, no. 1, 2013, p. 98-107. Olsen, L., L. Witell, and A. Gustafsson, ‘Turning Customer Satisfaction Measurements Into Action ‘, Journal of Service Management, vol. 25, no. 4, 2014, p. 556-571. Reis, D., L. Pena, and P. Lopes, ‘Customer Satisfaction: the Historical Perspective’, Management Decision , vol. 41, no. 2, 2003, p. 195-198. Vavra, T., Customer Satisfaction Measurement Simplified , Milwaukee, WI, ASQ Quality Press, 2002. Footnotes 1 D. Reis, L. Pena, and P. Lopes, ‘Customer Satisfaction: the Historical Perspective’, Management Decision , vol. 41, no. 2, 2003, p. 196. 2 N. Hill, G. Roche, and R. Allen, Customer Satisfaction: the Customer Experience through the Customer’s Eyes , London, UK, Cogent, 2007, p. 86. 3 B. Hayes, Measuring Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty: Survey Design, Use, and Statistical Analysis Methods , 4th edn., Milwaukee, WI, ASQ Quality Press, 2008, p. 24. 4 S. Goldstein, Superior Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty: Engaging Customers to Drive Performance , Milwauke, WI, ASQ Quality Press, 2009, p. 6. 5 C. Cochran, Customer Satisfaction: Tools, Techniques, and Formulas for Success , Chico, CA, Paton Professional, 2003, p. 39. 6 A. Gustafsson, ‘Customer satisfaction with service recovery’, Journal of Business Research , vol. 62, no. 11, 2009, p. 1220. 7 C. Homburg, N. Koschate, and D. Hoyer, ‘Do Satisfied Customers Really Pay More? A Study of the Relationship between Customer Satisfaction and Willingness to Pay’, Journal of Marketing , vol. 69, no. 2, 2005, p. 84. 8 T. Vavra, Customer Satisfaction Measurement Simplified , Milwaukee, WI, ASQ Quality Press, 2002, p. 10. 9 A. Noorozi, ‘A Study of Islamic Customer Satisfaction’ , International Journal of Social Entrepreneurship and Innovation , vol. 2, no. 1, 2013, p. 104. 10 L. Olsen, L. Witell, and A. Gustafsson, ‘Turning Customer Satisfaction Measurements Into Action ‘, Journal of Service Management, vol. 25, no. 4, 2014, p. 556.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : South Asia is the largest Shipbreaking destination in the world that is responsible for approximately 80% of all related activities. India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh are the main shipbreaking centres in the region. Breaking yards use parts from the recycled ships to manufacture steel that is used in several industries for construction purposes. The main reason for the surge in shipbreaking activities in South Asia is the availability of cheap labour due to the high population in the region and lax laws.

South Asia is the largest Shipbreaking destination in the world that is responsible for approximately 80% of all related activities. India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh are the main shipbreaking centres in the region. Breaking yards use parts from the recycled ships to manufacture steel that is used in several industries for construction purposes. The main reason for the surge in shipbreaking activities in South Asia is the availability of cheap labour due to the high population in the region and lax laws.

Shipbreaking on the South Asia Beaches Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Shipbreaking in South Asia 3. India 4. Pakistan 5. Bangladesh 6. Current law of ship recycling 7. The validity of Patrizia Heidegger’s statement 8. Conclusion 9. References Introduction Shipbreaking refers to a method of disposing ships that involves the demolition of vessels into small pieces that are thereafter recycled (Galley 2014). Ships usually last for several decades before they wear out. Demolition is more economical than repair in cases where the vessels are highly damaged or worn out. Shipbreaking facilitates the recycling of steel and other components used to manufacture the vessels. Currently, South Asia is the centre for Shipbreaking and recycling. Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India are famous for these activities. The three countries account for approximately 80% of the world’s shipbreaking activities (Galley 2014). Shipbreaking has been criticised because of its many adverse health and environmental effects. It results in massive pollution, abuse of labour rights, and accidents that result in injuries and other fatalities. Shipbreaking is widespread in South Asia because many maritime companies avoid the costs associated with proper ship disposal. By selling their ships to breaking yards, maritime companies save money and other valuable resources. In addition, the surge in shipbreaking has resulted from legislation that supports such activities. For instance, taxation on ship demolition was lowered from 15% to 10% (Galley 2014). Shipbreaking in South Asia The claims by Patrizia Heidegger, the executive director of NGO Shipbreaking Platform that Shipbreaking causes pollution and accidents are true. South Asia is the largest Shipbreaking destination in the world that is responsible for approximately 80% of all related activities. India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh are the main shipbreaking centres in the region. Breaking yards use parts from the recycled ships to manufacture steel that is used in several industries for construction purposes. The main reason for the surge in shipbreaking activities in South Asia is the availability of cheap labour due to the high population in the region and lax laws (Galley 2014). Many countries especially in Europe transport their ships to South Asia or recycling. In addition, the region has low compliance costs due to lax laws that encourage such activities. In the past few years, the industry has been subjected to criticism because of the environmental destruction and health hazards associated with it. Environmental experts describe the industry as a haven for pollution, which affects both ecosystems and human lives in various ways. In particular, workers suffer the most mainly due to injuries that they sustain. Enforcement of law is ineffective because laws to regulate the industry are weak. The main consequences of the industry include accidents, violation f human rights, injuries, and environmental pollution. India The largest shipbreaking yard in India is located at Alang in the Saurashtra region of Gujarat (Galley 2014). The yard is famous because of its geographical and climatic characteristics. It was established in 1983 and has grown over the years to become a major shipbreaking location in South Asia. The yard releases large amounts of dangerous pollutants that include used oil, poly-chlorinated biphenyls, heavy metals, and chemical waste (Galley 2014). The pollutants are released into water bodies thus causing pollution. Before a ship is demolished, any unused oil is removed. The oil that remains is then cleared using sand that is afterwards thrown into the sea. These activities result in the build-up of oil and grease in the coastal waters. The pollutants choke marine life and destroy ecosystems (Galley 2014). Environmental experts are urging the Indian government to enact legislation that will require ship companies to decontaminate their vessels before hauling to breaking yards for demolition. According to the Central Pollution Control Board, more than 45 tonnes of solid waste are dumped on the shores of the sea. Workers live within the precincts of the yard and release organic loads into the sea. Their living conditions are poor because they lack access to proper sanitation, which contributes to high levels of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (Galley 2014). Accidents are also a common occurrence at the yard. According to a report released by the Gujarat Maritime Board, more than 230 deaths have been reported between the years 2001 and 2011 (Galley 2014). These deaths were caused by fires and explosions. In June 28 2014, five workers were killed at Alang after a gas explosion. A report released by the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) in 2013 revealed that workers at Alang are subjected to poor living conditions, poor safety standards, and unfavourable working conditions (Galley 2014). There is poor enforcement of safety regulations, which promotes the occurrence of accidents. Moreover, the yard has inadequate health facilities to taken care of the workers’ welfare. For instance, the location has only two health facilities that lack emergency services. Injured workers rely on government ambulances for assistance. Between 1983 and 2013, the yard reported 470 deaths from various causes such as fires (Galley 2014). 141 deadly accidents were reported between 2001 and 2013 (Galley 2014). Finally, reports have been released detailing the death of cattle after consuming toxic waste from the yard. In addition, cases of people who have suffered respiratory and skin problems due to fumes from the combustion of toxic waste have been reported. Water in the surrounding villages is usually saline and unfit for human consumption (Galley 2014). Toxic wastes from the yard have led to the abandonment of wells in nearby villages due to extensive pollution. Pakistan Pakistan is home to the third largest shipbreaking yard in the world. The Gadani shipbreaking yard has more than a hundred demolition plots and employs approximately 6,000 workers. In the 1980s, it was the largest yard but was later overtaken by Alang and Chittagong yards. The yard experienced a surge in activity after tax reductions in 2001. The government lowered shipbreaking duties from 15% to 10% thus increasing activity in ship demolition yards. In addition, it offered other incentives that contributed towards the growth of the industry in the past decade. Accidents are usually caused by toxic gas explosions and heavy metals (Tanoli 2012). The non-skilled workers who work at the yard are usually illiterate and therefore unaware of safety standards and the health effects of toxic chemicals (Tanoli 2012). In addition, many work without prior training on proper handling of metals and toxic chemicals. Abuse of human rights has been reported in numerous cases. Employers hire workers without formal employment contracts and as a result, workers are treated unfairly and subjected to unfavourable working conditions (Tanoli 2012). In addition, the employers hire children and underpay them. It is unethical and illegal to subject children to dangerous working conditions. The workers are denied their rights and are frequently threatened by their supervisors whenever they ask for better working conditions. Workers perform their duties without protective equipment such as helmets and gloves (Tanoli 2012). The workers are exploited because they make a lot of money for the employer but work under poor conditions. For instance, they are not provided with clean drinking water. The government is lenient on enforcing regulatory laws because the shipbreaking industry employs thousands of people and brings in millions in revenue. Accidents are not as common as in Alang. 5 deaths and 13 injuries were reported in the year 2012 due to lack of protective equipment and health facilities (Tanoli 2012). In 2012, several deaths and injuries were reported. Bangladesh Chittagong Ship breaking Yard is the largest ship demolition yard in Bangladesh that employs more than 200,000 people (Galley 2014). At one time in its history, the yard was visited as a tourist attraction. However, this ceased after numerous cases of accidents were reported at the location. In addition, its reputation for poor safety led to its termination as a tourist attraction. Poor safety standards are the result of numerous accidents and deaths that have been reported at the yard over the years (Galley 2014). For instance, workers do not wear protective equipment. In October 16 2012, 4 workers died after inhaling toxic gases. The vessels that are brought in for demolition usually contain asbestos or dangerous gases that have adverse health effects on workers. Shipbreaking yards facilitate the deaths of workers because they accept old ships that contain toxic gases that predispose their workers to health hazards. Report released y the Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association (BELA) revealed that since 2006, the yard has reported more than 80 deaths and numerous injuries (Galley 2014). The deaths were caused mainly by explosions. In 2012, a worker died after falling from a ship and another died after being crushed by a ship’s hydraulic door. These deaths were facilitated by lack of protective equipment and lack of proper medical facilities within the shipbreaking yard (Puthucherril 2010). Current law of ship recycling The regulatory framework for shipbreaking in the European Union (EU) is based on few laws that have so far been ineffective in regulating the industry. The latest regulation to be enacted by the EU will become operation between the years 2016 and 2019. This regulation will create new rules that member states will be required to follow. The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal is the major legislation that regulates the shipbreaking industry (Puthucherril 2010). Its key principle is the minimisation of the transportation of hazardous materials between countries. The regulation applied to old ships because they contain hazardous materials such as asbestos, lead, and other heavy metals. In that regard, the ship companies that transport their old ships to South Asia breach the convention. In 1995, EU member states amended the Convention to include a clause that illegalized the transport of wastes for recycling and recovery purposes to developing countries (Puthucherril 2010). The new amendment was included in the Waste Shipment Regulation. The Basel Convention describes the unlawful transport of hazardous waste to other countries as criminal. Therefore, it is the most effective legislation that can be used to protect workers and the environment against the accidents and deaths encountered in the shipbreaking industry. However, ship companies use several ways to circumvent the legislation. For instance, they usually designate their ships for recycle after docking in the demolition yard or while navigating international waters in order to avoid the restrictions of the Convention (Engels 2013). A new legislation known as the International Convention for Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships was created in 2005 (Puthucherril 2010). The aim of the legislation is to lower the risks to human health and the environment that the shipbreaking industry poses. According to the Convention, ships should have updated records of the hazardous materials they carry. The law is weak because it does not provide a framework that identifies the most effective ship-recycling method. In addition, it does not lay down a strategy to punish those who breach it. The ineffectiveness of the two conventions led to the creation of the European Ship Recycling Regulation in 2013. The legislation contains several requirements that all marine vessels with EU Member State flags should adhere to. In addition, vessels docking at EU ports are required to follow the rules. The vessels that abide by this legislation are exempt from the influence of the Waste Shipment Regulation (EC) 1013/2006. This implies that ship companies have a legal loophole to breach international obligations. The European Union aims to streamline the process of recycling ships in order to regulate the demolition of ships and thus reduce environmental pollution and accidents. Its regulations usually target developing countries that are the target of developed countries with regard to dumping old ship that contain hazardous materials. According to the convention, all European ships must have records of the hazardous materials they carry and should also possess certificates that indicate their fulfilment of recycling requirements (Engels 2013). The ships are supposed to be recycled in yards that are approved by the EU. The NGO Shipbreaking Platform and the European Environmental Bureau were opposed to the convention because it lacked financial incentives that are important for the streamlining of the ship recycling regulation (Engels 2013). The legislation has another weakness in that it does not address re-flagging issues. Many companies register their vessels to non-EU flags during their last journeys in order to circumvent certain regulations (Richardson 2003). Present legislation does not address the issue of using flags of convenience to circumvent certain regulations. This creates legal loopholes that ship companies use to transport their old ships to developing countries for recycling (Richardson 2003). Many ship owners transport their ships to South Asia because the region is famous for high steel prices and low labour costs. Other ship owners register their vessels in countries that have lax regulations (Richardson 2003). The Waste Shipment Regulation (WSR) implements several laws that regulate the ship recycling industry. For instance, it executes the Basel Ban Amendment and the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, which describe the transportation of hazardous materials as illegal (Engels 2013). Despite the existence of these laws, ship owners still transport their ships to South Asia. They circumvent the regulation by declining to inform their states that they wish to recycle their ships. They sell the ships to demolition yards once they dock in their ports. Current legislation lacks proper enforcement mechanisms that could address the problem sufficiently. The aforementioned legislation contains numerous legal loopholes that enable ship owners to transport their ships to South Asia and therefore avoid recycling costs (Engels 2013). Ship owners capitalize on loopholes to sell their old vessels to recycling yards in developing countries. The validity of Patrizia Heidegger’s statement The foregoing discussion has validated Heidegger’s statement that shipbreaking in South Asia results in pollution, abuse of labour rights, and accidents among workers. Several accidents and deaths have been reported in the major shipbreaking yards in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The fatalities result from explosions, inhalation of toxic gases, accidents, and lack of proper medical facilities. There is widespread abuse of labour rights because workers are hired without employment contracts and insurance policies. An insurance policy is an important aspect of employment because it insures the employee in case they get an accident. Employers reduce costs and maximize revenues by avoiding contracts and insurance. Employees work in uncertainty because they can be fired at any moment due to lack of employment contacts. Moreover, they work under unfavourable working conditions without protective equipment such as helmets and gloves. The waste materials from shipbreaking yards are released into the sea where they cause destruction of marine life and ecosystems. In addition, cattle in surrounding villages die after consuming toxic waste from the yards. Many wells have been abandoned due to extensive pollution. Existing laws to regulate the shipbreaking industry are ineffective and weak. Ship owners take advantage of legal loopholes to sell their ships to yards in South Asia in order to avoid recycling costs. The various conventions that have been created have proven ineffective and limited in their scope. Ship owners either register their vessels with non-EU flags or decline to report to their state ports that their vessels are ready for recycling. There are several methods that ship owners use to circumvent the various regulations that exist to stop the transportation of hazardous materials to developing countries. Heidegger’s statement is valid and reflects the severe situation of the shipbreaking yards in the beaches of South Asia. Concerned governments need to act fast in order to address the issue appropriately. Conclusion In the past ten years, the shipbreaking industry has grown significantly especially in developing countries such as India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. The beaches of south Asia are famous for shipbreaking yards that employ thousands of workers. The yards have been severally accused of polluting the environment, promoting abuses of labour rights, and causing accident and fatalities among workers. Many yards lack proper safety measures that are required by law. Many governments are lenient on the shipbreaking industry players because of the critical role the industry plays in economic development through revenues and creation of employment. The EU has several laws that aim to address the problem of pollution and worker fatalities caused by shipbreaking. However, the laws are ineffective because of their limited scope. They contain numerous legal loopholes that ship owners use to see their ships to yards in South Asia. For instance, they lack financial incentives to dares the high costs of recycling ships. High costs of recycling are the main reasons why ship owners transport old ships containing hazardous materials to developing counties. Developing countries have low labour costs and lax execution of recycling laws. Shipbreaking yards on the beaches of South Asia are havens for environmental pollution, accidents, and abuse of labour rights. The EU needs to create more stringent laws that eradicate the legal loopholes that are present in current regulations. References Engels, U. D 2013, European Ship Recycling Regulation: Entry-into-Force Implications of the Hong Kong Convention , Springer Science & Business Media, New York. Web. Galley, M 2014, Shipbreaking: Hazards and Liabilities , Springer, New York. Web. Puthucherril, T. G 2010, From Shipbreaking to Sustainable Ship recycling: Evolution of a Legal Regime , Brill, London. Web. Richardson, M 2003, Crimes Under Flags of Convenience: In a Depressed Shipping Market, Poor Nations Sell Flags for Criminal Venture . Web. Tanoli, Q 2012, Fatal Accidents on the Rise at Gadani Ship-Breaking Yard . Web.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : Marijuana should be treated like alcohol because it is similar to alcohol in many ways. First, the use of marijuana affects the body initially in a similar way as alcohol. The short-term effects are decreased concentration and slowness in making decisions. The use of alcohol also causes similar short-term effects. Second, marijuanaWhen taken alone, the short-term effects are short-lived but more intense. When taken with another drink, the effect on the drinker's body is less

Marijuana should be treated like alcohol because it is similar to alcohol in many ways. First, the use of marijuana affects the body initially in a similar way as alcohol. The short-term effects are decreased concentration and slowness in making decisions. The use of alcohol also causes similar short-term effects. Second, marijuanaWhen taken alone, the short-term effects are short-lived but more intense. When taken with another drink, the effect on the drinker's body is less

Should Marijuana Be Treated Like Alcohol? Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Comparison between Marijuana and Alcohol 3. Benefits that can result from treating marijuana like alcohol 4. Conclusion 5. Works Cited Introduction Also known as cannabis, Marijuana primarily consists of dry leaves of the hemp plant that people chew or smoke in order to experience euphoric effects. Besides tobacco and bhang, people around the world consume large quantities of marijuana, and as a result, debates have emerged on whether governments should legalize marijuana like alcohol or maintain its ground that it is an illegal drug. In the United States, for example, a major debate ensued in the year 2005 on whether or not to treat marijuana like alcohol (Debusmann Para. 2). Prior to this debate, approximately 5000 economists, among which there were three winners of the much-coveted Nobel prize, had written an open letter calling for attention towards the economic benefits that would come as a result of treating marijuana like both alcohol and tobacco. The responses to these debates were diverse and depended on the angle from which one approached the issue. One such response came from William Buckley. According to Buckley’s argument, it would be good if people treated marijuana like alcohol. To ensure that its legalization would not bring any problems, he further added that the government should intervene in its regulation, control, and taxes on top of making it illegal to children as it does to alcohol. Considering the benefits that would accompany the legalization of marijuana and its treatment like alcohol, I strongly agree with Buckley’s comparison; marijuana should be treated like alcohol. Comparison between Marijuana and Alcohol Though consumed differently, marijuana is similar to alcohol in many ways. First, the use of marijuana affects the body initially in a similar way as alcohol. The short-term effects are decreased concentration and slowness in making decisions. The use of alcohol also causes similar short-term effects. The second similarity between marijuana and alcohol is how it stimulates the body. Ashton argues that, once an individual takes marijuana, “the body responds shortly afterward, but the effect lasts for only three hours” (104). When one takes marijuana in combination with other consumables, the body takes longer to respond, and the resultant effects last for quite a long period. Alcohol also has similar short-term effects. When taken alone, the short-term effects are short-lived but more intense. When taken with another drink, the effect on the drinker’s body is less intense and slower but lasts longer. The third similarity is that with prolonged use, both marijuana and alcohol cause addiction. Addiction is a craving that an individual develops towards a certain drug due to continuous use. Like alcohol, addiction in marijuana makes it difficult for the affected individual to stop taking it. The only slight difference is that addiction to alcohol is more difficult to overcome. The fourth way in which marijuana is similar to alcohol is how it affects the user’s health after its prolonged consumption. Scholars have established that long-term consumption of marijuana causes cancer to the human body. In its composition, marijuana contains some cancer-causing agents similar to those in tobacco, the only difference being that those in tobacco are fewer. Hall and Lemon argue that “an individual who usually takes five joints of marijuana daily consumes as many cancer-causing agents as one who takes a full packet of cigarettes” (113). These cancer-causing agents qualify marijuana for a disposing agent for head, neck, and testicular cancer. Like alcohol, Marijuana impairs the consumer’s immune system. Studies in the past have shown that prolonged use of marijuana weakens the T-cells in the lungs and reduces their ability to fight infection, which explains why marijuana consumers develop lung-related problems such as coughs and chest colds. The long-term effect of excessive alcohol consumption is hypertension. Another similarity marijuana has with alcohol is that it affects one’s ability to drive. The drug impairs the user’s ability to track, control, or concentrate maximally on a moving vehicle. As a result, they take a longer duration to make decisions and increase their tendency to change lanes, a characteristic that is so common in alcohol consumers. Finally, marijuana has medicinal value. In some medical situations, doctors recommend the use of alcohol as the most appropriate cure. Similarly, doctors have established that marijuana has the ability to reduce symptoms of various side effects with minimum side effects. The comparison between marijuana and alcohol is realistic since the two drugs have many similarities in common; the big difference is only that the former is illegal while the latter is legal. Benefits that can result from treating marijuana like alcohol If governments enacted laws to legalize, regulate, and effectively control the consumption of marijuana, the accompanying benefits would be a hundredfold. First, through legalizing marijuana, governments would make billions after billions through the tax they levy on marijuana sellers and companies that manufacture the drugs. The letter from economists in the United States, who wanted the government to consider legalizing this drug, has illustrated this benefit well. According to the letter, the economists posited, “legalizing marijuana would bring billions of dollars to the USA government” (Debusmann Para. 3-4). These billions come in two ways; first, they come through the huge savings that the government would make in its annual budget. Secondly, the government would make billions by taxing those organizations and individuals involved in the business of selling the drug. As a result, the government would have revenue that it would spend in improving its economy and the standards of living of its citizens. Besides economic gains, by treating marijuana like alcohol, the government would achieve a reduction in the crime rate. Conventionally, one would think that legalizing marijuana causes an increase in crime rate rather than causing a decrease given the misconception that people have concerning drug abusers who engage in crimes and other violent activities. However, a deeper look at the situation reveals that the reverse is true. By pushing the government to treat marijuana like alcohol or simply legalize marijuana, it means that marijuana is illegal, and that is true; nevertheless, the illegality of the drug has facilitated the emergence of illegal markets popularly known as black markets. Succeeding in acquiring and selling illegal drugs in the illegal markets, sometimes it involves violence. For instance, protecting such businesses from intervention by those in authority requires its operators to engage in crime. Debusmann argues that legalizing the drug would cause the disappearance of the illegal markets since their operators will find it needless to operate undercover if their government has already allowed them to sell their products freely (Para. 6). As a result, there would be no need for drug dealers to protect themselves from the authorities. Consequently, the cases of crime associated with this business would die slowly and finally diminish. Tobacco trade does not attract crime or violence simply because the business is legal and free to all provided one meets and keeps the stipulations put in place by law concerning the trade. Legalizing Marijuana would also help to create medical benefits amongst populations. Studies in the past have shown that marijuana has medicinal value that would offer significant help to patients suffering from different types of ailments. In specific terms, marijuana with medicinal value has proved to be beneficial to patients suffering from “chronic pain, glaucoma, cancer, epilepsy, nausea, HIV, Aids and Crohn’s disease among others” (Mechoulam 21). However, it is worthy of mentioning that marijuana does not benefit the sufferers of these ailments by curing them, but rather by decreasing the severity of their symptoms or completely alleviating the pains. In addition, scientists have always shown that when the drug performs its medicinal functions, it does so with minimum side effects as compared to the drugs that the pharmaceuticals recommend. Treatment of marijuana like alcohol by legalizing it also creates numerous job opportunities among citizens. Consider the industries that would emerge to seize the opportunity of legalized marijuana trade in the market. Such organizations would embark on mass production of manufactured joints and sell them through different retail outlets to the consumers. The operations in such industries would require human labor to monitor or carry out different operations necessary in the production of the final products. As a result, several job opportunities would emerge hence creating opportunities for the unemployed. The result would be improved living standards for thousands of unemployed people in the society. Other job opportunities would also come through different businesses that individuals set up to assist in the distribution of marijuana for commercial gains. Treating marijuana like alcohol would cause relieve in the administrative arms of the government. The move would make its regular buyers prefer buying it by following the legal procedure rather than dealing with cartels, and as a result, the cartels would suffer big losses on their usual income. The cartels would then have no choice other than quitting the illegal business. The prisons, courts, and police would now have ample time to concentrate on more harmful and more dangerous criminals rather than trying to curb a few errant drug cartels. The police would have more time maintaining security while courts would have enough time dealing with more serious and sensitive cases. The prisons will also have adequate space for accommodating and reforming criminals. Conclusion Although the consumption of marijuana has negative short-term and long-term effects, it has tremendous advantages that would persuade governments to treat it like alcohol. If governments legalized marijuana, the economy would experience tremendous growth. The new legal business would create numerous job opportunities given the numerous processes that are involved in the processing of the drug. The citizenry will also benefit from its medicinal value. Marijuana has many similarities to alcohol: It is addictive in nature; it affects one’s ability to concentrate on or control a moving vehicle fully; it has short-term and long-term effects on human health and has medicinal value. According to Buckley, governments should make efforts to legalize marijuana consumption because it has many benefits, and if anything, it compares strongly to alcohol, a legal drug. Therefore, in light of the explored points in this essay, I strongly agree with Buckley’s comparison between alcohol and marijuana. Works Cited Ashton, Heather. “Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: a brief review.” The British Journal of Psychiatry 178.1 (2001): 101–106. Debusmann, Bernd. “The Great Debate: The Economic Case for Legal Marijuana.” Reuters, 2010. Web. Hall, Wilson, and Lemon, John. The Health and Psychological Consequences of Cannabis Use . Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1994. Mechoulam, Richard. Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents . Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1984.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The book "Shouting Won't Grow Dendrites" by Marcia Tate presents its readers with the techniques of managing a classroom. The strategies suggested by the author inspire the educators to become proactive managers instead of being reactive.

The book "Shouting Won't Grow Dendrites" by Marcia Tate presents its readers with the techniques of managing a classroom. The strategies suggested by the author inspire the educators to become proactive managers instead of being reactive.

Shouting Won’t Grow Dendrites by Marcia L. Tate Essay (Book Review) What are the most appealing ideas expressed by the author(s)? The book “Shouting Won’t Grow Dendrites” by Marcia Tate presents its readers with the techniques of managing a classroom. The strategies suggested by the author inspire the educators to become proactive managers instead of being reactive. To my mind, the most useful and interesting idea of Marcia Tate is the development of discipline and maintaining it in the classroom in order to avoid the disruption. Tate notices that most educators dealing with challenging classrooms normally wait till some of the classroom rules are broken and then react to unwanted behaviors. Tate explores an alternative approach towards the order in the classroom that will allow the teachers to keep the situation under control and, at the same time, be prepared for the conflicts. Marcia Tate describes psychological techniques that help the teacher to maintain their authority and prevent the discipline disruptions at the root. The author notes the importance of the teacher’s confidence and stamina, which kills the very attempts of the students to misbehave because they would all the time feel that the educator is actively watching and correcting the behaviors. Marcia Tate’s techniques would definitely create a better atmosphere during the learning process, minimize the chance of students moving off the course, and save a lot of nerves to the teacher. The author emphasizes that the teacher’s voice and behavior need to remain calm and assertive in any situation because the students see shouting as a sign of weakness and loss of control over the classroom, which will lead to more discipline issues. Tate suggests engaging various decorations, music, and lighting in order to create a better and friendlier atmosphere in the classrooms. What are the implications of the ideas in the book for you as an educator? According to Marcia Tate, a proactive manager nurtures the nature of the children, their desire to move, speak, and learn. The author believes that shutting these desires down is wrong, and it creates a conflict in the classroom. Tate emphasizes that engaging lessons are the answers to all the issues a teacher can experience during the learning process. Tate’s techniques imply a lot of creativity from the side of the teacher. The author wants the readers to understand that being active and keeping the students active is the key to perfect discipline and interest in the lesson. Of course, children of different ages have different needs; this is why the activities should respond to what is most important for a particular classroom. Tate also mentions that a case of misbehavior will occur even in the classrooms with the best and most proactive teachers; they are a normal aspect of the teaching process. The educators need to be prepared for such situations and take active measures that will allow the lost student to return to the road to recovery and join the rest of the students as soon as possible. The author implies that an educator whose students occasionally misbehave should not feel discouraged, as mistakes are a part of learning; they are necessary and essential for the children. The teacher’s responsibility is to predict possible negative outcomes and work through warnings and advice. What ideas of the author, if any, do you challenge? Why? It can be very challenging always to find inspiration to create engaging lessons every day. A teacher that wants to keep their students interested in the learning process will use different means to add creativity to a lesson. Such means may include visual demonstrations, films, music, games, stories, debates and discussions, plays, and various projects. Teachers that have a desire to organize their classrooms and create the most interesting engaging lessons have unlimited resources on the Internet. The Internet allows arranging online investigations, online field trips, and case studies. The classrooms can join discussion forums, blogs, create their own videos, solve riddles, and play educating games. A challenging aspect of constant creativity can be defeated with the help of the World Wide Web. One more challenging idea presented in Marcia Tate’s book is the strategy of positive expectations. It seems like an absolutely great approach towards a classroom, yet it can be very difficult to use, especially for experienced teachers that have been through various cases of misbehavior. It is challenging to forget the mistakes of the past and start believing that all of the children in the classroom will meet the teacher’s high expectations. Although being devoted to such belief is one of the most important traits of a proactive manager. Loving children for the way they are and seeing the potential in them are the main duties of a good educator, but after several years of working as a teacher, most people start working on impulse assuming that most of what their students say or think is wrong and needs to be corrected and fixed. The greatest skill of the teacher is the ability to help the child develop their potential without preventing them from being who they are, without subduing the personalities and dictating the only “correct” way of thinking. Marcia Tate’s twenty techniques are useful for the harmonious development of a student and teacher; they help both sides learn and improve.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : Shukran Shoe Company's expansion: Change management essay examines the implications of the firm's recent acquisition of two new subsidiaries in India and South Africa.The decision to expand to these two new markets poses a new challenge to the management team. They will have to deal with the cultural issues that come with having employees from different cultures working together.

Shukran Shoe Company's expansion: Change management essay examines the implications of the firm's recent acquisition of two new subsidiaries in India and South Africa. The decision to expand to these two new markets poses a new challenge to the management team. They will have to deal with the cultural issues that come with having employees from different cultures working together.

Shukran Shoe Company’s Expansion: Change Management Essay Table of Contents 1. Scenario 2. Cultural Issues 3. Ethical Issues 4. CSR Issues 5. HR Implications 6. List of References Scenario Shukran Shoe Company is an emerging manufacturing firm with its headquarters in Dubai. The firm specializes in all types of shoes. It has been in operation in the local market for about two decades. Over this period, this company has registered impressive growth despite the competition from multinational corporations in the local market. In its expansion program, the firm recently acquired two new subsidiaries India and South Africa. These new subsidiaries specialize in the production of sports shoes. In the past, Shukran Shoes Company had made an unsuccessful attempt to start the new line of sports shoes. Acquisition of these two firms in different countries was a creative new approach to producing this new line of products. This move is in line with its strategic goal of becoming a global leader in all types of footwear. The firm has taken control of the local market and is now moving to the regional markets. The decision to acquire these two new subsidiaries means that this firm will have to embrace change. The management has been employing local workers in its manufacturing plants. Most of its junior employees and mid-managers are Emirati nationals. At the top management level, the firm has two Saudi nationals and one Indian. At the junior level, the firm laid little emphasis on the academic qualification of these employees. The main focus at this level was their capacity to undertake the duties at the manufacturing plant. The mid-managers and marketing officers have college diplomas and degrees. The top managers at this firm are highly learned individuals with postgraduate degrees in various courses relevant to the departments they head. Cultural Issues According to Nini, Caran and Yim (2013, p. 54), cultural issues are very important when analyzing the ability of a firm to operate successfully within a given market. Shukran Shoe Company has been operating in Dubai for the last two decades. The national culture in the country has defined the organizational culture used at this firm. One national cultural value that has been very important in defining the organizational culture is religion. Almost over 98% of the employees at this firm are Muslims. On Fridays, they have to be allowed to go and pray for about an hour before they get back to work. In fact, the firm has constructed a hall where the employees can rush and make a prayer, especially at lunch hours before they can continue with their work. The employees approach their respective assignments as a single community. They prefer helping one another instead of taking an individualistic approach when assigned various tasks. This partly explains why the company has experienced success over the past years. The decision to expand to these two new markets poses a new challenge to the management when it comes to managing organizational behaviour. In India, cultural practices are very different from those of the United Arab Emirates. The same case applies to South African culture. Most of South Africans are Christians. Muslims make a very small percentage in both India and South Africa. The management of this firm will, therefore, be forced to understand how to inculcate an organizational culture fit for these two different environments. The new cultural values must be in line with national values. The top managers will have to embrace a change in organizational culture (Caldwell, Truong, Linh &Tuan 2010, p. 178). The firm will have to work under a highly diversified culture at the top management unit. Ethical Issues As Shukran Shoe Company makes a move to operate in the global market, it must be ready to deal with the global ethical concerns in order to achieve sustainability. According to Greenwood (2002, p. 265), maintaining ethics is of critical importance for a firm that seeks to achieve success in the new markets. Ethical issues will be looked at from two perspectives. The first perspective will be the ethical behaviour of the employees. According to Shen (2011, 1358), employees are always in constant interaction with the customers. They are the ambassadors of the firm to the community in which a firm operations (Gond, Igalens, Swaen & Akremi 2011, p. 118). They must be responsible for every action they take. They must respect the customers and members of society in general. This will play an important role in developing a positive image for the firm. To the managers, Cooke (2011, p. 14) says that they must understand that junior employees always emulate their actions. They must lead others into embracing practices that will have a positive impact on the firm. They should be flexible to change and be ready to use new approaches of operation as soon as they are introduced into the market. At the corporate level, this firm will need to conform to the laws and regulations in the host countries to avoid legal suits. Issues concerning environmental pollution must be addressed in a convincing manner. CSR Issues In the current business environment, corporate social responsibility has become an integral part of the strategic activities that a firm cannot ignore (Grimshaw, Rubery & Almond 2011, p. 6). The operational activities of the Shukran Shoe Company have a direct negative impact on the environment in terms of wastes. Although the management of this company has been keen on coming up with programs to reduce emissions and other pollutants into the environment, there is still need to participate in community programs that will help enhance the social welfare of the locals. According to Guest and Woodrow (2012, p. 110), many manufacturing companies have been focusing on the planting of trees, getting rid of electronic and plastic wastes within the environment, among other activities that can help improve environmental conditions. This company may consider undertaking such activities. Other CSR activities that this firm may be faced with are the need to participate in relief programs in case of natural disasters. HR Implications The decision to go global will have implications in the human resource functions at this firm. When the firm had the United Arab Emirates as the only country of operation, hiring of employees was simple. Now that this firm has moved to new markets abroad, it will have to find effective recruitment strategies that will be acceptable in the host country. The HR department will have to find a way of choosing its employees from the three categories of parent country nationals, host country nationals, and third-country nationals. All the junior employees and a number of mid-managers will have to be host country nationals. Technocrats who understand how to operate and manage production machines can either be host country nationals or third-country nationals. In the top management unit, the firm may need to have a few parent country nationals, especially at the top-most position. Other top managers should be host country nationals and third-country nationals based on their qualifications. List of References Caldwell, C, Truong, D, Linh, T &Tuan, A 2011, ‘Strategic Human Resource Management as Ethical Stewardship’, Journal of Business Ethics , vol. 98. no. 1, pp. 171–182. Web. Cooke, F 2011, Social responsibility, sustainability and diversity of human resources, International human resources management , Sage, London. Web. Gond, J, Igalens, J, Swaen, V & Akremi, A 2011, ‘The Human Resources Contribution to Responsible Leadership: An Exploration of the CSR–HR Interface’, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 98. no. 6, pp. 115-132. Web. Greenwood, M 2002, ‘Ethics and HRM: A Review and Conceptual Analysis’, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 36. no. 3, pp. 261-278. Web. Grimshaw, D, Rubery, J & Almond, P 2011, Multinational companies and the host country environment: International human resources management , Sage, London. Web. Guest, D & Woodrow, C 2012, ‘Exploring the Boundaries of Human Resource Managers Responsibilities’, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 111. no. 2, pp. 109–119. Web. Nini, Y, Caran, C & Yim, W 2013, ‘ Navigating Corporate Social Responsibility Components and Strategic Options: The IHR Perspective’, Academy of Strategic Management Journal, vol. 12. no. 1 , PP. 39-57. Web. Shen, J 2011, ‘Developing the concept of socially responsible international human resource management’, The International Journal of Human Resource Management , vol. 22. no. 6, pp. 1351–1363. Web.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The Sicilian Mafia in the US Before and After John Gotti Research Paper examines the rise and fall of the Italian Mafia in the United States. The paper argues that while despite the Italian Mafia was once a powerful force in the United States, it has now been marginalized by the legal and corporate sectors.

The Sicilian Mafia in the US Before and After John Gotti Research Paper examines the rise and fall of the Italian Mafia in the United States. The paper argues that while despite the Italian Mafia was once a powerful force in the United States, it has now been marginalized by the legal and corporate sectors.

Sicilian Mafia in the US Before and After John Gotti Research Paper There can be only a few doubts that during the 20 th century’s first half, the Italian (Sicilian) Mafia used to affect the socio-economic realities in the U.S. to a considerable extent. The Mafia’s influence on the domestic body politics in America’s Northeast remained rather sizable up until the late-eighties – the story of John Gotti illustrates the validity of this suggestion perfectly well. Nevertheless, as of today, this effectively ceased to be the case. Even though the affiliates of Cosa Nostra continue to take part in a number of the semi-legal moneymaking activities, associated with the American way of life (such as gambling, for example), the Italian Mafioso is no longer in the position to affect the functioning of this country’s legal system. Such a development appears to have been predetermined by the objective laws of history. After all, it was only the matter of time before the continual empowerment of the country’s legally legitimate corporate/banking sector, which continues to be dominated by the so-called WASPs (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants), would naturally prompt it to aspire to take control of the most lucrative criminal enterprises in America – something that marginalized the Italian Mafia’s power rather substantially. In my paper, I will aim to explore the validity of this suggestion at length. It nowadays represents a commonplace assumption that it was named the introduction of the so-called ‘Prohibition Law’ in 1920, which made the Italian Mafia an integral part of the discourse Americana, as we know it (Kelly 79). After all, the Mafia’s initial activities used to be concerned with bootlegging, as the way to make enormous profits without having to apply much of an effort. What came in particularly handy for the Italian Mafioso, in this respect, was their endowment with the primitively-rural mentality, extrapolated in what later became known as the Italian Mafia’s ‘trademarks’ – the code of silence ( Omerta ), the strongly defined sense of nationalism (only Italians can be made men ), the highly hierarchic structure of each crime-family, and the fact the Italian Mafioso has always been known for their adherence to the traditional/religious values. The reason for this is that, as opposed to what it used to be the case with American society of the time, in which people (predominantly Anglo-Saxons) were encouraged to believe that the relationship between the authority (government) and ordinary citizens was ‘vertical’, the Italian Mafia was able to introduce another kind of non-governmental ‘horizontal’ authority, enforced by the power that comes ‘out of the barrel of a gun’. In other words, the early successes of the Italian Mafia have been predetermined by the fact that, throughout the 20 th century’s twenties and thirties, Italian immigrants in American large cities were able to create their own (essentially rural) society within the society, to which the American secular (urban) law did not apply. Thus, the highly romanticized Hollywood accounts of the Italian Mafia, which depict the heads of crime-families (Dons) being regarded benefactors by the whole communities of Italian immigrants, are thoroughly adequate. However, as time went on, the Italian Mafia’s strengths, concerned with establishing the ‘horizontal’ links between the affiliates, began to backfire. For example, one of the reasons why throughout the fifties and sixties the Mafia’s power started to decline is that at the time several Dons refused to get involved in drug-trafficking – partially, due to these individuals’ genuine belief in ‘family-values’. As Reuter noted: “The (Italian) Mafia has failed to maintain control of the New York heroin market and has been a marginal player in the cocaine business everywhere” (91). What also contributed to the process is that, throughout the mentioned period, the number of Italian immigrants (from Italy’s rural areas) decreased rather drastically. This created the situation when, as of the early seventies, the overwhelming majority of Mafioso consisted of the second and third-generation Italian-Americans, who were not quite as enthusiastic about observing the ‘old rules’ as their predecessors, on one hand, and of those who nevertheless preferred sticking to these rules, on the other. As a consequence, the intensity of internal tensions within the Italian crime-families continued to increase exponentially – something that had a strongly negative effect on the Mafia members’ overall ability to get away with committing crimes. The Gambino crime family, which came to prominence during the seventies, illustrates the validity of this suggestion perfectly well. After having been appointed the Don, Paul Castellano began to alter the traditional ways of conducting business in the family, which in turn was met with fierce resistance, on the part of the family’s capos , such as John Gotti. The latter ended up murdering Castellano (1985) and taking his position, as the boss, while assuring the rest of the family members that he would be able to run the business as usual. In particular, the specifics of Gotti’s Don-rule can be outlined as follows: a. The selection of the capos / underbosses was done in close observance with the so-called ‘prepotenza’-principle. As Bovenkerk pointed out: “Some people have a certain natural authority. It is something Italians call prepotenza. Anyone who has ever looked the Sicilian Told Riina in the face, even on a magazine cover, understands why people just do what he wants them to” (237). In its turn, this allowed Gotti to ensure that the family’s key-figures did have what it takes to exercise effective leadership. At the same time, however, this resulted in lowering the overall intellectual level of the family’s main functionaries – something that explains why most of these individuals (including Gotti himself) ended up falling easy prey to the legal traps, set for them by the FBI. b. The practice of racketeering was elevated to account for one of the family’s prioritized activities. Gotti also used to pay much attention to what was a particular person’s ‘street reputation’, before deciding to promote him through the ranks. As a result, throughout the years 1985-1992, the rate of premeditated homicide in New York saw a steady rise. c. Much effort used to be applied in ensuring Gotti’s positive publicity with New Yorkers, as well as with the rest of American citizens. Gotti has made it an unofficial order that the members of the Gambino family are never caught committing crimes that people find especially despicable, such as rape. Gotti used to believe that being in favor of New Yorkers would allow him to continue thwarting the FBI’s attempts to nail him (Lombardi and Capeci 29). Nevertheless, the fact that Gotti strived to run the family in more of an old-fashioned way did not help him to avoid being sentenced to spend the rest of his life in prison (1992), without the possibility to apply for parole. Quite to the contrary – it helped to seal his fate more than anything else did. The rationale behind this suggestion case can be formulated as follows: Throughout the mentioned historical period, America has been set on the path of corporatization – all in full accordance with the provisions of neo-Liberalism, which calls for the abandonment/reduction of governmental control over the functioning of large transnational corporations/banks. However, as history shows, the lesser is such a control, the more these organizations strive to become the independent subjects of their own, which either overtake the functions of the government or exercise a heavy influence on the legislative/judicial processes in this country (Sionneau 331). When it happens, the law ceases to be impartial – something that used to allow the Italian crime-families to proliferate in the past. After all, the line that divides the legally legitimate activities of transnational corporations/banks, on one hand, and the illegitimate/immoral activities of the Italian Mafia, on the other, is rather imaginary. In this respect, Bovenkerk came up with a good observation: “In the business world, legal activities can turn into illegal ones, and they are often carried out at the same time and by the same people. The only reason why the distinction has to be maintained is that different concepts and theories have been developed for business crime” (236). In plain words, the most powerful representatives of America’s corporate sector began to perceive the Gambino family as such that competes with them for essentially the same wealth-generating resources. Given the fact that the amount of these resources is limited and also the fact that those who control the government (through ‘lobbying’) are also in by-proxy control of the secret services/the courts of law, it did not prove a particular challenge throwing Gotti and many of his cronies in jail for life. Once the corporate agenda is at stake, the law can be ‘bent’. This is the reason why, despite his admission of having committed multiple murders on behalf of Gotti, Salvatore Gravano (Gotti’s underboss ) was sentenced to only three years in jail and allowed to apply for the Witness Protection Program – all in exchange for the concerned person’s agreement to testify against his former boss. The same explains why during the case hearing, the judge simply refused to take into consideration that there was a strong lack of legal soundness to the manner, in which incriminating evidence against Gotti was collected, in the first place – something that should not have been the case, had this hearing proceeded in strict accordance with the word of the law. After all, the annual income of the Gambino family used to account for $300-$500 million, at best – a joke, as compared to what accounts for the annual income of an average transnational corporation in America. This shows once again that in its confrontation with the legally legitimate and enormously wealthy ‘mafia’ of the country’s actual owners, any ethnic Mafia (such as the Italian one) simply does not stand a chance – especially if, due to the specifics of their ethnocultural background, the affiliates of the latter happened to be highly emotional but not particularly bright individuals. I believe that the deployed earlier line of argumentation, as to the discursive significance of the phenomenon of the Italian Mafia, in general, and John Gotti, in particular, is consistent with the initially provided thesis. Works Cited Bovenkerk, Frank. “’Wanted: Mafia Boss’ – Essay on the Personology of Organized Crime.” Crime, Law and Social Change 33.3 (2000): 225-242. Print. Kelly, Jack. “How America Met the Mob.” American Heritage 51.4 (2000): 76-85. Print. Lombardi, John, and Jerry Capeci. “The Dumbest Don.” New York Jan 17 (2005): 26-33. Print. Reuter, Peter. “The Decline of the American Mafia.” Public Interest 120 (1995): 89-99. Print. Sionneau, Bernard. “Legitimating Corporate Global Irresponsibility.” Journal of Global Responsibility 1.2 (2010): 330-365. Print.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: In this case study, the author discusses the group dynamics of Simmons Laboratories, a company that was undertaking research by the use of groups. The paper highlights the importance of team leadership in the successful working of a group.The paper discusses the group dynamics of Simmons Laboratories, a company that was undertaking research by the use of groups. The paper highlights the importance of team leadership in the successful working of a group.

In this case study, the author discusses the group dynamics of Simmons Laboratories, a company that was undertaking research by the use of groups. The paper highlights the importance of team leadership in the successful working of a group. The paper discusses the group dynamics of Simmons Laboratories, a company that was undertaking research by the use of groups. The paper highlights the importance of team leadership in the successful working of a group.

Simmons Laboratories Group Dynamics’ Case Essay Introduction Most of the work in modern organizations is usually done in groups that are specifically set up to perform certain functions of ultimate benefit to the company. In this case, each member of the group usually plays a very important part in the achievement of the general objective of the group. His contribution is usually of great help to the group as he tries to incorporate his individual perception of the problem at hand as well as trying to solve such a problem using his own knowledge and experience. Sharing of the ideas therefore helps the group to function properly, and thus produce high quality work. While undertaking a certain project in a group, certain factors usually come up to promote or hinder the working of the group. This paper will discuss the group dynamics of Simmons Laboratories, a company that was undertaking research by the use of groups. Simmons laboratories Simmons Laboratories was a company that undertook scientific research on various issues and used to receive funding for the projects it undertook. For instance, the company had received funding to undertake scientific research on photons. In this case, the company had undertaken considerable progress in the research under the leadership of Brandon Newbridge. Newbridge had successfully managed to cultivate an environment that facilitated cohesion of the group members. However, the entry of Lester Zapf into the groups led to the deterioration of the group cohesion, which threatened the attainment of the objectives of the project that the group was undertaking. This was despite the fact that Zapf was intellectually brighter than the initial members of the group were. The intellectual ability of Zapf proves to be disastrous to the group and finally leads to disintegration of the group, especially after the departure of Newbridge. The main problems that Simmons Laboratories is faced with are: * Team leadership * Lack of communication * Personality differences * Group thinking Team leadership Team leadership is one of the most important features leading to the success or failure of a group. The team leader must be able to provide direction and guidance on the main objectives of the group. The team leader generally supervises the activities of the group members and allocates them the tasks that they can effectively handle. In addition, he should generally have more knowledge on the project being undertaken by the group in order to be able to effectively supervise the group and determine whether the group is making progress or not (Huczczo, 2004, p. 24). Moreover, the team leader must be able to motivate the group members to enable them achieve objectives of the project. Generally, a team leader should care about the project more than any other member of the group should, in order to effectively monitor the development of the project (Lewis, 2004, p. 21). Another characteristic of a team leader is that, he should have control of the group and he should always allow and be ready for competition for leadership with other members of the group. Effective team leadership usually leads to increase in the cohesiveness of the group, hence facilitating the working together of the team members to attain the major objectives of the project. Before the entry of Zapf into the photon group, Newbridge had effectively managed to achieve the above leadership attributes; the members of the group had a high level of cohesiveness. The team members usually viewed the other members as critical to the success of the group regardless of their professional contribution to the project (Starbuck, n.d, p. 496). Zapf immediate contribution upon entry into the group proves that he is more knowledgeable on the issue that the group is undertaking. The group therefore looks for guidance from him to enable them to solve the problems that it is faced with in attainment of the objectives of the project. However, instead of providing guidance to the group, Zapf looks down upon the members of the group. However, instead of Newbridge correcting Zapf so that he may understand that each member is critical to the group’s success, Newbridge decides to keep quite though he is irritated by the remarks (Starbuck, n.d, p. 498). This way, he slowly starts to loose control of the group, which he initially had, to Zapf. By ceding control of the project to Zapf, Newbrigde exposes the group members to prejudice by Zapf, slowly leading to the disintegration of the cohesiveness of the members. Zapf points out to Goh, the project head, the irrelevance of Oliver and Davenport to the group. On the other hand, Zapf singles out Link as important to the group, thus creating divisions in the group. Lack of effective communication Communication is another important aspect that determines the success of various arms of an organization. Effective communication enables sharing of ideas between different arms of the organization. In addition, there are channels through which certain information is supposed to be shared. These channels mainly involve passing of information to the person who is directly higher or lower than the specific party in the hierarchy of leadership of the company. However, there is lack of effective communication in Simmons Laboratories. The arrival of Zapf breaks up the effective communication and understanding, which existed between Mr. Goh and Newbridge. Goh now confides more on Zapf with regard to the photon group instead of confiding to Newbridge, who headed the photon group. This makes Newbridge to feel his leadership is disregarded as Zapf provides information even regarding the performance of some of the members of the photon group. All this is being done despite the fact that Zapf is not the head of the photon group and was not present when the group was spearheaded to begin the project. Lack of effective communications therefore hinders Newbridge from freely expressing his ideas especially after informing Goh of the tension caused by Zapf presence in the group. Serious individual differences between Newbridge and Zapf When working within a team, individual differences will generally be exhibited within the team members. For instance, cognitive ability of Zapf is higher than that of the team members including the team leader, Newbridge. This may be beneficial to the group if well applied given that, the higher the cognitive ability of the team members, the higher the performance of the team (Thompson, n.d, p. 5). The cognitive ability of the members of the photon group was the same before the entry of Zapf into the group. This enabled the members to function effectively without creating factors, which would hinder the teamwork of the members. In addition, there is a marked difference in the sociability of Zapf and the other members of the group. A higher ability to interact with the other members of the group usually increases the effectiveness of the team hence enabling them to achieve the desired outcomes (Thompson, n.d, p. 9). Before the entry of Zapf into the group, Newbridge used to interact freely with the members of the group as evidenced by the fact that the members could tell them of their personal affairs, such as the secretary who was telling him of her excitement due to her husband’s enrolment into a graduate school (Starbuck, n.d, p. 95). However, Zapf is not sociable to the members of the group, preferring to socialize only with Link, the mathematician and Goh, the overall head of the project. When Zapf finds fault in some of the members’ ability to work in the group, he directly informs Goh instead of informing Newbridge or the members directly. The individual differences between Newbridge and Zapf lead to the disintegration of the group especially due to the fact that the management, the people who are funding the research, and other parties who are generally not part of the group regard Zapf highly. This makes Newbridge to feel unappreciated as the leader of the group, hence opting to quit his job at the Simmons Laboratories. Group thinking Group thinking refers to the situation where a group collectively agrees on certain issues in the group in order not to create disagreements in the group. Group thinking is mainly brought about by a lack of knowledge of the methodological procedures or the tendency of a group to demand quick answers to problems that it may be faced with (Guffey, Rogin and Rhodes, 2009, p. 32). The photon group’s group thinking is exhibited when the members come to the quick conclusion about a certain problem. This irritates Zapf who clearly points it out with disregard to the feelings of the other group members. Therefore, group thinking hinders the group from properly achieving the desired results of the work. Solutions to the problems Among the major problems that Simmons Laboratories is faced with include, lack of communication between the management and the employees who undertake the projects of the company. The other problem is lack of clear targets of the groups of the company. To solve the problem of lack of proper communication, the company should come up with a strategy, which ensures that the group members are well informed of any additional member to the group. The company should also ensure that it sets the goals for the groups involved in different projects for the company. This will prevent the group from viewing certain aspects of the project as unachievable. Implementation The company should come with a system where the success of a project is not only credited to one person. The project should be wholly owned by the group that undertakes the project. The company can break up the project into sections and allocate each member of the group to the management of a certain part of the project. This will ensure the active participation of all the members of the group and prevent any person from “owning” the project. The members of the group who manage the parts of the project should also take part in the presentation of the parts themselves. After allocating each group to a certain section of the project, the company should provide a timeline for the completion of the project. This will ensure that the members complete their parts in time, as they would not like to be the black sheep of the group due to the lack of completion of their portions in the required time hence making the project to lag behind in time. Application of the above strategy would enhance the communication of the group and help them achieve their goals in the required time. Assumptions In creation of the above strategy an assumption that all the members of the group have the intellectual capacity to lead certain parts of the project has been made. The other assumption made is that all the members have the required leadership skills, which would enable them to head the portions of the project. Conclusion The above problems threaten the survival of the photon group. It seems too late for the company to solve the problems as Newbridge who was the group leader leaves Simmons Laboratories to work for another company where his efforts will be appreciated. Moreover, Zapf, the person who led to the creation of most of the above problems, leaves the group to head another project, thus makes the photon group to face a bleak future. However, Simmons Laboratories can avoid future occurrence of the problem if it implement the above strategies. References Guffey M. E., Rogin, P. and Rhodes, K. (2009 ). Business Communication: Process and Product . OH: Cengage learning. Web. Huszczo, G. E. (2004). Tools for team leadership: delivering the X-factor in team excellence . CA: Davies-Black Publishing. Web. Lewis, J. P. (2004). Team-Based Project Management . Washington: Beard Books. Web. Starbuck, W. (N.d). Case 12: Simmons laboratories . Web. Thompson, M. M. (N.d). Individual Difference Theory and Research: Application to Multinational Coalition Teamwork . Toronto: Defence research and development. Web.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The article describes the tendencies that occurred in the United States at the beginning of the nineteenth century. In particular, Tocqueville explores the specifics of politics of skilled labor witnessed by him during the tour to America in 1831-1832.

The article describes the tendencies that occurred in the United States at the beginning of the nineteenth century. In particular, Tocqueville explores the specifics of politics of skilled labor witnessed by him during the tour to America in 1831-1832.

Skilled Labor and Alexis de Tocqueville’s Views Essay (Book Review) Craft practice has a long history full of important events (Helland, Lemire, and Buis 1). Numerous researchers try to explore the events related to replacement of craft methods with mechanized methods of production (Smith and Martello 169). Alexis de Tocqueville, a French political theorist, presented a well-grounded exploration of the politics of skilled labor in the era of Industrialization in his article How an Aristocracy May Emerge from Industry, from Democracy in America . The analysis of the article helps to reveal its contribution to the twentieth-century craft history field. Summary of the Main Theme The main theme of the article is related to the hierarchy within America’s capitalist manufacturing system that was evolving in the 1830s. The author shares his observations on the changes in the character of the labor of craftsmen. The author reveals that when a craftsman does the same work every day, he becomes more weak and dependent. These changes lead to greater speed and economy, but cause the craftsmen to lose “the general faculty of applying his mind to the direction of the work” (Tocqueville 62). Such situation is determined by the author as typical for America of that time. Besides, Tocqueville claims that the work of manufacturers of that time required much intelligence and a large amount of capital while previously such role was abandoned for “poor or ignorant craftsmen” (62). Therefore, the author demonstrates that the changes in the character of work of masters and workmen caused huge differences between them. Such situation logically promoted the manufacturers to become more aristocratic. However, the author emphasizes that aristocratic manufacturers did not have traditions or purposes in common, and, therefore they could not be unified into a definite class. Moreover, there was no real bond between them and the poor, as masters and workmen were not continuously connected to duty or habit. The manufacturing aristocracy of that time did not have an opportunity to hold upon the employers, but neither had an obligation to provide some support for them. Such aristocracy used the workmen as long as there was a need, and, afterward, abandoned them “to be supported by the charity of the public” (Tocqueville 63). Therefore, the author concludes that such aristocracy was supposed to become the harshest that ever existed as it diminished the labor of employees. However, it did not present serious threat, as the employees were not bonded to one employer. Contextualization for the Reading The article describes the tendencies that occurred in the United States at the beginning of the nineteenth century. In particular, Tocqueville explores the specifics of politics of skilled labor witnessed by him during the tour to America in 1831-1832. That labor of that time was largely influenced by the changes in America’s capitalist manufacturing system. While previously craftsmen were regarded as people possessing specific knowledge that was difficult to obtain, the era described by the author faced the changes in the character of craftsmen’s work, as they became only a small part of the mechanism of manufacturing, and their labor became more narrowly specialized and less valued. The author explicitly describes the causes and consequences of such situation and explains the premises for the formation of manufacturing aristocracy. Therefore, the author’s article fits the context of the middle of the nineteenth century that was significant for the manufacturers gaining enormous power and dominating the society. The analysis of the politics of skilled labor in the 1830s in America provided by the author helps to explore the features of craft in that time and understand the specifics of the Industrial Revolution. Besides being related to the Industrial Revolution, the theme of the article can be interpreted as connected to Arts and Crafts movement that began in 1860 (Triggs 1). Though the author wrote the article prior to the beginning of the movement and could not predict it, he presented an argumentation that helps to understand the situation in which craftsmen were put in the first half of the nineteenth century. The direction towards automation of craft described in the article reveals the factors that played a major role in encouraging craftsmen to unite against diminishing of their profession and substitution of human hands with machines resulting in an impoverished state of decorative arts. The article helps to understand the causes of the development of one of the most influential design movements of modern times (“The Arts & Crafts Movement” par. 1). The movement tried to oppose the tendencies described in the article and eliminate negative effects of industrialization “on design, on traditional skills, and on the lives of ordinary people” (“The Arts & Crafts Movement” par. 2). The Role of the Article in Providing an Aspect of Twentieth Century Craft History The article discussed above presents a well-developed piece of information that is crucial to understanding the premises for main events in the twentieth-century craft history. Though it does not explore the specifics of craft history of the twentieth century, it provides a careful analysis of the main features of the skilled labor in the beginning and middle of the nineteenth century. The tendencies described in the article demonstrate the way of manufacturers get to the top of the society, and, therefore, helps to understand why and when the process of domination of manufacturers started. Such information is crucial for understanding the premises and important features of the Industrial Revolution and the course of events of the twentieth century. Tocqueville’s analysis illustrates how the work of a craftsman was changed from a craft requiring intelligence and unique skills to the set of identical actions performed every day and mastered to the highest level of accuracy. Such process can be considered an automation of skilled labor. Such situation explains the willing of manufacturers to find the ways of literal automation of labor which resulted in stimulating the innovations that lead to mass industrialization starting in Britain and spreading to America and all over the world (Crafts and O’Rourke 2). Therefore, Tocqueville’s analysis of politics of skilled labor in the first half of the nineteenth century in America makes a significant contribution to the field of twentieth-century craft history, as it is impossible to understand the nature of events that shaped craft history without exploring their premises. The article helps to identify when, how and why certain changes in craft labor evolved. The article is well-written and presents a proof of the author’s talent for writing. Tocqueville managed to do complex and detailed research on the tendencies in the investigated area clear and comprehensible. Besides, the author masterly illustrates the relation between politics and skilled labor market. The language he uses is simple enough to be understandable for every educated person and, at the same time, appropriate enough for giving explanations and definitions for numerous phenomena in skilled labor. The article has a well-developed argument properly revealed by the author. The text can be divided into several parts: the introduction, the explanation of new changes in the work of craftsmen and masters (manufacturers), the explanation of the formation of manufacturing aristocracy as a consequence of these changes, and the conclusion. The transitions between the parts of the narrative are logic and fluent and help the reader to follow the author’s train of thought and delve into presented argumentation. The article is both informative and persuasive, as it shares a large piece of information and gives the appropriate facts proving the accuracy of the authors’ statements. Tocqueville’s article presents an example of well-structured argument related to craft history. William Morris’s Red House in London can be considered an object that is pertinent to the theme explored in the article, as it presents an example of opposing the tendencies in capitalist manufacturing described in the article. This house can be considered an illustration of the way craftsmen tried to oppose the process of diminishing their work by manufacturers explored by Tocqueville. The article does not clarify the differences between the twentieth and twenty-first-century approaches to craft, as it was written in the nineteenth century. However, it presents valuable evidence on the premises of the changes in approach to craft that occurred in the twentieth century. Though the aim of Tocqueville was to present the analysis of certain tendencies for his contemporaries, the article is relevant even nowadays, as my personal experience shows that all historical changes are interrelated with each other, and only comprehensive analysis can reveal the real causes of different events. The careful analysis of the article reveals its important role in understanding the premises of events shaping the approach to craft in the twentieth century. The author managed to create a persuasive piece of information that remains relevant even today. Works Cited Crafts, Nicholas, and Kevin O’Rourke. “Twentieth Century Growth.” Discussion Papers in Economic and Social History 117 (2013): 1-97. Web. Helland, Janice, Beverly Lemire, and Alena Buis. Craft, Community and the Material Culture of Place and Politics, 19th-20th Century , Surrey, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2014. Print. Smith, Merrit Roe, and Robert Martello. “Taking Stock of the Industrial Revolution in America.” Reconceptualizing the Industrial Revolution . Ed. Jeff Horn, Leonard Rosenband, and Merritt Roe Smith. Boston, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2010. 169-201. Print. The Arts & Crafts Movement . n.d. Web. Tocqueville, Alexis. “How an Aristocracy May Emerge from Industry, from Democracy in America.” The Craft Reader . Ed. Glenn Adamson. New York: Berg, 2010. 61-64. Print. Triggs, Oscar Lovell. Arts & Crafts Movement , New York: Parkstone International, 2009. Print.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: MRSA is a bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics. It can cause skin infections in athletes and lead to hospitalization. Sports medicine specialists and physicians need to be aware of the new data related to skin injuries and infections in the athletic community to diagnose accurately, efficiently treat skin diseases, and prevent the infection outbreaks.

MRSA is a bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics. It can cause skin infections in athletes and lead to hospitalization. Sports medicine specialists and physicians need to be aware of the new data related to skin injuries and infections in the athletic community to diagnose accurately, efficiently treat skin diseases, and prevent the infection outbreaks.

Skin Injuries and Infections in Athletes Research Paper Table of Contents 1. MRSA: Types, Symptoms, Treatments 2. The Impact of MRSA on Sports Activities and Professions 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited The most common injuries that the athletes can meet with during the sports activities are the skin injuries. Nowadays, epidemics of bacterial infections that affect skin take place in amateur and professional sports teams more often. Some skin infections are non-hazardous and can be treated easily, but the others can represent a threat to an infected person’s life. The antibiotic-resistant skin infections are the dangerous ones, and they usually are characterized by the high-level morbidity and in some cases they can even lead to a fatal outcome. Thus, those infections need a special treatment and require the skills of the fast and correct recognition. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is one of the most prevalent in the sports environment, and according to the recent reports, nowadays it frequently requires hospitalization. Sports medicine specialists and physicians need to be aware of the new data related to skin injuries and infections in the athletic community to diagnose accurately, efficiently treat skin diseases, and prevent the infection outbreaks. MRSA: Types, Symptoms, Treatments MRSA is “an isolate of Staphylococcus aureus characterized by antibiotic resistance to penicillins and cephems, including methicillin, oxacillin, and other narrow spectrum β-lactamase resistant penicillin antibiotics” (Diduch et al. 557). MRSA can develop virulently, and in some particularly severe cases the hospitalization is required for a person diagnosed with MRSA. The several cases of death caused by the infection were reported. The potentiality of the fatal outcomes is taken seriously by the public, and currently MRSA infection research gains more attention. Nowadays there are two types of MRSA recognized. In the recent past, MRSA was “traditionally viewed as a hospital pathogen,” but nowadays the infection is frequently met in the other communities, and particularly in group sports, such as football, volleyball, wrestling, rugby, etc. (Winterstein 189). Thus, MRSA can be hospital-associated (HA-MRSA) or community-associated (CA-MRSA). The HA-MRSA’s treatment always was problematic and had many issues. This kind of infection “affects primarily those in hospitals and nursing homes, those with immune disorders, and those with recent antibiotic usage” (Micheli 504). These requirements and conditions are not necessary for CA-MRSA, and it can affect even healthy people. The threat of MRSA is in its virulence and the resistance to several antibiotics. CA-MRSA can be found in the skin lesions caused by many of the known infections, the damage from which is usually mild. “MRSA can be the pathogen involved in many skin conditions,” such as folliculitis, scabies, impetigo, furunculosis and others (Micheli 504). The neglecting of the symptoms and inappropriate treatment can cause the development of MRSA. The cases of the severe skin damage, necrotizing fasciitis and abscesses are often reported. “Fully invasive CA-MRSA is not common, but it can cause significant mortality and disabling outcomes” (Winterstein 189). CA-MRSA infection can be recognized by skin lesions, “which can appear in a variety of ways including folliculitis, impetigo, mild to moderate cellulitis, large soft tissue abscesses measuring up to 7 cm in diameter, and can occur simultaneously on different areas of the body” (Diduch et al. 559). Sports medicine specialist need to pay attention to the fact that MRSA lesions often imitate other skin and soft tissue lesions. The systemic symptoms such as fever, vomiting, malaise, and nausea should be recognized timely. The treatment of the infection usually includes the drainage of abscesses and usage of the oral antibiotics. Usually, the treatment procedures can be defined only after obtaining results of culture and antibiotic sensitivity analysis. Hospitalization and surgical treatment, and intravenous antibiotics are required in cases of severe lesions caused by infection. The appropriate treatment of skin and soft tissue lesions is determined by clinical presentation. The period of treatment usually lasts up to 14 days, but it depends directly on the severity of infection and the recovery process. The correct treatment of the individual cases helps to prevent the widespread dissemination of infection that can lead to an outbreak in the community. The Impact of MRSA on Sports Activities and Professions Like all the other diseases, skin infections interfere with the athletic activities and performance. Trainers and athletes need to pay a significant attention to any manifestations of skin infections in teams. Even the infections that are in fact do not affect the health severely, without the appropriate medical therapy can become infected with MRSA. In the case of MRSA infection, the diagnosis must be especially quick and correct because “once contracted by one athlete, the disease can transmit rapidly throughout the team,” and so the one athlete can infect the whole team and provoke the infection epidemic (Eaves 216). An athlete who was diagnosed with the symptoms of MRSA infection should be immediately withdrawn from all the sportive activities, and separated from the team members. The medical treatment must be provided for the infected individual. The athletes can return to practice only when the infection lesions are completely dried, the antibiotic treatment is accomplished, and no new lesions appear on his or her skin within 48 hours (Fincher and O’Connor 303). Along with the individual cases of MRSA infection, the multiple cases of mass infections that occurred in the various US athletic teams since 2003 were reported by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Diduch et al. 558). The risk factors that could be responsible for the infection development were sharing the contaminated equipment and towels, skin traumas, and cosmetic shaving. According to the latest research, the main risk factors that cause MRSA infection development are the skin-to-kin contacts, contacts with the contaminated items, crowding, poor hygiene, and the disturbed skin integrity (Fincher and O’Connor 302). Thus, it is evident that the athletic teams are especially prone to the dissemination of infection because of the close and prolonged contacts that are inherent in the sports environment. According to recent reports, the continuance of contacts is crucial for contamination process. The infection is more often passed to the teammates rather than to the opponents in the athletic competitions, and it means that “the repetitive, close contact predisposes players to infection with CA-MRSA” (Diduch et al. 558). It was proven by many researchers that MRSA is highly contagious. As it was observed, the contamination more often occurred through the physical contacts, and often it occurs on uncovered the parts of the body: elbows, forearms, and knees (Diduch et al. 558). Nevertheless, the areas covered with the clothes are also exposed to infection because of abrasions caused by shaving. Even the superficial abrasions, scratches or traumas make athletes prone to infection. Sharing of the personal athletic equipment and towels also provoke the infection transmitting. The level of participation of the infected athlete in the sportive activities and competitions is usually determined individually and is dependent on the particular conditions. But it is important to keep the diagnose athlete out of the group and to stick to the safety precautions; otherwise the consequences may be serious. The criteria that can cause disqualification due to skin disorders are defined by the National Collegiate Athletic Association. The document concerns wrestling because this sport has a “long history of dermatologic issues” (Eaves 216). The football players also meet the high risk of CA-MRSA contamination. According to the latest research the MRSA manifestations are the most common in the football environment, and most of the players are treated with the surgical drainage (Diduch et al. 558). Since many infections can be transmitted by skin-to-skin contacts, the sportive group activities are at risk. The contamination factors include “exposure to infection, compromised skin integrity, and transmission via person-to-person or person-to-object contact” (Diduch et al. 558). As it can be observed, the infection development within the group of athletes is usually caused by ignorance and lack of compliance with the rules of personal hygiene, inappropriate treatment or the lack of recognition of the individual infections that later develop through the physical contacts. To prevent CA-MRSA infection one needs to keep up to the rules of the personal hygiene. Athletes need to wash their hands thoroughly, especially before and after treating wounds. It is necessary to take showers after activities. The towels and other personal equipment shouldn’t be shared, and they must be kept clean. The athletes with wounds and lesions must be provided with the proper first aid treatment, and those with the suspicious lesions should be diagnosed. During the participation in athletic activities, even the smallest wounds must be covered (Fincher and O’Connor 302). It is possible to assume that the risk of dissemination of all the skin infections and disorders can be reduced by proper cleaning of the training rooms, equipment, and facilities. The trainers and athletes must gain awareness of the infection impacts on the sportive performance. Thus, the proper education is required. Athletes must be told to report about abrasions to their coaches or physicians, and the coaches in their turn need must be trained to recognize the symptoms and signs of MRSA infection. Conclusion The treatment of MRSA infections is problematic because it is highly contagious and resistant to the variety of antibiotics. For few decades, the infection often occurs in the athletic communities. CA-MRSA commonly transmitted through physical contacts, the skin traumas also make the transmitting fast. Within the athletic teams, the cases of MRSA infection epidemic are frequent. Usually, the infection development happens because of the noncompliance with the rules of hygiene, the infection symptoms neglecting, and the incorrect treatment. To avoid the infection outbreaks, first of all, the personal hygiene rules must be followed, and the thorough cleaning of the training rooms must be provided. The trainers need to be more alert of the skin infection manifestations among the team members. All the skin lesions have to be treated, and in case if the athlete shows the symptoms of CA-MRSA, he or she must be immediately excluded from the team and participation in the sports activities until the complete health recovery. The timely infections recognition and their appropriate treatment support the reduction in the MRSA proliferation and epidemics. Works Cited Diduch, David, Terry Grindstaff, Joseph Hart, John MacKnight, Dilaawar Mistry, Daniel Redziniak, and Kimberly Turman. “Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) in the Athlete.” International Journal of Sports Medicine 30 (2009): 557-562. Print. Eaves, Ted. The Practical Guide to Athletic Training , London, UK: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2010. Print. Fincher, Louise and Daniel O’Connor. Clinical Pathology for Athletic Trainers: Recognizing Systemic Disease . Thorofare, NJ: Slack Incorporated, 2008. Print. Micheli, Lyle. Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine . London, UK: Sage Publications, 2010. Print. Winterstein, Andrew. Athletic Training Student Primer: A Foundation for Success . Thorofare, NJ: Slack Incorporated, 2009. Print.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The text discusses the marketing plan for the SkyRoll Garment Bag Company, which includes a review of the company, a situation analysis, market summaries, a sales diagram, market demographics, and market needs.

The text discusses the marketing plan for the SkyRoll Garment Bag Company, which includes a review of the company, a situation analysis, market summaries, a sales diagram, market demographics, and market needs.

SkyRoll Garment Bag Marketing Plan Report Executive Summary Company Review SkyRoll was established in 2001 with a speciality in protecting clothes from packing and unpacking while travelling. The company’s mission was “to make better carry-on luggage, so your clothes arrive looking like you never packed them” (SkyRoll 1). As a result of their strategy, this product has been named as the best product of the year by business week magazine. Additionally, the company was recognised by Fox News as one of the “top 5 coolest pieces of luggage”, the USA and LA Times rated the company as among the best in the industry. SkyRoll Garment Bag manufactures suitcases that are unique since you do not need to fold them and, as a result, the company had revolutionised travelling experience when they introduced the world’s first roll-up garment bag. Due to their uniqueness, we have a plan to introduce this product in the United Arab Emirates to change the market for better (Rice 17). Situation analysis Market summaries The SkyRoll Garment Bag Company is an enterprise with a future plan. The company’s first plan is to enter into the market and compete wisely with the competitors that are already in existence and if possible to phase them out of the market. After this is done, the company will introduce other products to the market. Company’s main product is the garment bags followed by the suitcases then other products follow as illustrated in the pie chart below. Sales diagram Market demographics With market demographics, the distribution density and the major statistics of the market population will be highly considered. We will consider age, sex, education, geographic location, and marital status of the population among others will be factored in. They will be targeting most of the population of the United Arab Emirates. Nevertheless, their main target will be tourists, both local and international. Market Needs They believe that SkyRoll Garment Bags and Suitcases will be a great success in the United Arab Emirates for this reason high returns are expected. This is because the United Arabs Emirates is a place visited by many tourists, thus guaranteeing them the target market and consequently preempting success. Statistics has it that people from all over the world travel to the UAE. The company has plans to use this knowledge to their advantage and therefore aims at making the product a success. Tourists are their main target group, followed by the locals, and it is for this reason that they have to like and purchase the SkyRoll garment bags and suitcases. Market Trends The market has been known for the existence of many customers shopping for clothes and bags, and it is even open to other countries overseas. There is a ready market from continents like Africa. There has been an increasing number of tourists in the area, and the economy of the United Arab Emirates has since improved. The business sector has diversified with time, and there are many foreign companies existing in the UAE market. This gives a huge market for the product. Market growth The sale of bags and suitcases is a good product to venture into because it is used in day to day activities. The UAE economy is growing at a very high rate compared to most of the economies in the world, putting SkyRoll in a good position to improve its growth. With the growth in the UAE economy, then there is a ready market for the product. When there is an increasing demand, then the supply will also increase, and this will lead to high returns. S WOT Analysi s The SWOT analysis will guide SkyRoll in the right direction in achieving or attaining the desired goals. This will be the guideline of their marketing plan and the way forward to competing wisely and outdoing our competitors. Strengths SkyRoll is already a big name in the business world, and this is an advantage since it was recognised by Fox news for being ‘the top 5 coolest pieces of luggage’ and was awarded by the USA Today and LA Times. The UAE market is already established due to its high prevalence of tourists. Tourists need bags and suitcases for their transportation and SkyRoll will be there to avail them to the target customers. Weaknesses The weakness of their product is that there are many existing competitors in the market. The United Arab Emirates market has been discovered by many companies, and therefore there are many bags being sold. We have to have a unique product to gain market. Opportunities SkyRoll has many opportunities in the United Arab Emirates market. They will have an opportunity to diversify to other products like designing clothing and even venturing in more commodities as they learn the market. The market is conducive to venture into other fields, and therefore the future of SkyRoll is bright. Threats They believe that their main threats are the upcoming companies and the already existing ones. They will bring competition and therefore, SkyRoll has to make sure that it establishes a long term relationship with its customers. They have to market their product to the market to get the target customers mainly through advertisement. Competition The UAE market has a lot of competition and SkyRoll has to work its way up. There are a lot of companies producing and selling bags, and that’s why SkyRoll has to be the best. The competition is very high from well-known companies to the upcoming companies, and every one of them is aiming at succeeding in the same industry. Keys to success Benchmarking will be a way forward to succeeding in the UAE market. According to Rice (18), the strategies used by the companies that succeeded in the market are the ones that will be duplicated and adding the few marketing strategies that weren’t applied by those companies. Publicising the company will be of great importance to our image and what we offer to the customers. Advertising will be their main marketing strategy and mostly through the media since it will reach a large audience. Critical Issues The critical issues for their product are many. They should study the competitors and know what they think before they act. They should always be one step ahead of them in order to be successful and face them out of the market. SkyRoll will also consider customer behaviour and know their thoughts and feelings, thereby giving them what they want. The other critical issue is getting to learn and know the market trends s of the United Arabs Emirates. Therefore, they will have to make an effort to build a good and long-term relationship with the customers. SkyRoll will, therefore, train or get employees who have knowledge and skills on customer relations or customer service (Macinnis and Folkes 906). Marketing Strategies Mission Our mission is ‘satisfaction of our clientele through the provision of better and high-quality SkyRoll bags and suitcases’. Marketing Objectives SkyRoll’s marketing objective will include: * To be known internationally and SkyRoll brand to diversify into other different commodities and to publicise the company to every part of the world. * To be outstanding, dedicated and sensitive to the needs of their employees and to customers we provide for. * To be an outstanding company in terms of quality production and service satisfaction. Financial Objectives The financial objectives include: * To be able to sell many products and gain high returns and the long-term objective is to maximise the profits. * To be financially stable throughout the financial year * To be the market leader in terms of turnover in sales and clientele satisfaction Target Markets The potential target markets are the tourists who visit the United Arab Emirates. The tourists always want to buy something to take back with them as a reminder of where they have been. The best and easy things to buy are the bags and suitcases in that it will also assist them in carrying the extras they bought when they visited the place. They will also need the bags to carry their items when they are touring around the place because most people do not like carrying extra items to their travel zone when they can still buy them. They will carry their credit cards, and SkyRoll will give them bags to carry what they fancy. Positioning There should be a realisation that the products cannot appeal to everyone in the market, and therefore we might not be able to satisfy all. SkyRoll will have to consider the positioning of benefits to the product. Brand awareness and product differentiation should be highly considered. Positioning will be done according to their specific use, against competing bags and user category and class. Marketing Mix This includes the product, price, place and promotion. The product is the bag and suitcase. The product has to be introduced in the market with knowledge of what the customers want. The product should be appealing to the customers, and thus the image of it should be able to attract the customers. This will involve its packaging since it is the first thing to be seen. The perception of the customers will greatly involve its sale. The products lifecycle is considered by the customer because they want to have a product that will have a long lifecycle (Delany 7). The price is the amount we are going to ask the customers in exchange for our products. They never want anything expensive, so we will have to use pricing strategies to make them feel that it is not more than what they can afford. The strategies include pre-season pricing; price is no object, price lining and competitive advantage. We will mostly use competitive advantage and price lining. Competitive advantage is whereby they copy their competitors’ prices while the price lining is whereby we will place products with different prices according to what the customers prefer. They can have three bags with prices like $9.99, $4.99 and $ 14.99. This may be used to represent their quality. The one with a high price ($ 14.99) will be of more quality than the one will a lesser price ($ 4.99). Marketing Research In order to succeed in the UAE market, they will have to study the market carefully. This is done by observing the competitors or the already established companies and getting to know the facts of the markets through the statistics available. This will be done through the marketing model, having a marketing plan, doing market segmentation and finally focusing on the positioning (Delany 14). Financials Financing in the industry is the short-term to long-term funding of the company. The company should focus on its budget and get to know its financial statements very well. The expense should be less than the returns made and if it’s vice versa, then the company’s objectives and goals to maximise on its goal will only be a mere goal set and will risk being faced off or getting losses. The revenues should be increasing, and therefore the break-even analysis should be put into consideration. Sales Forecast Increase in bags and suitcases In the above graph, the introduction of SkyRoll’s bags and suitcases are showing an increase in their sales in the market. This leads to the attainment of profits if it is maintained in the upward trend, then the SkyRoll’s objectives will be realised. Contingency plan The plan will take place when the product has been introduced in the market, and it is not selling to its expectations. When this happens, a contingency plan will be in need. This is normal in business because there are factors that will contribute to this loss. SkyRoll has a contingency plan since losing is not an option. They will have to go back to the drawing board and find out where the problem occurred and work on it by setting different goals and objectives and working towards attaining them. This is what makes us different and successful. Works Cited Delany, Ben. “The marketing mix”. BenDelaney.com . 2007. Web. Macinnis, Deborah and Valerie Folkes. The disciplinary status of consumer behavior:a sociology of science perspective on key controversies. Journal of Consumer Research 36 (2010): 899-914. Rice, Fredrick. “Marketing strategies for growing business”. US Business Administration .1999. Web. Skyroll. Mission statement. 2010. Web.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The text discusses the correlation between sleep disturbance, depression, and anxiety. It highlights that both scholars and medics have many times investigated the connection between sleep and mood. The text notes that when sleep is repeatedly interrupted it could modify mind activity and neurochemicals, which influence our temper and thinking. It also mentions that disrupted sleep may cause emotional imbalances, clinical despair, or nervousness. The study concludes that cognitive behavioral therapy has an affirmative result in this test.

The text discusses the correlation between sleep disturbance, depression, and anxiety. It highlights that both scholars and medics have many times investigated the connection between sleep and mood. The text notes that when sleep is repeatedly interrupted it could modify mind activity and neurochemicals, which influence our temper and thinking. It also mentions that disrupted sleep may cause emotional imbalances, clinical despair, or nervousness. The study concludes that cognitive behavioral therapy has an affirmative result in this test.

Sleep Disturbance, Depression, Anxiety Correlation Research Paper Introduction Humans spend a lot of their time in life sleeping. Sleep is necessary for people to live a healthy and useful existence. Nevertheless, several people suffer from sleeping problems and complications. For instance, students and busy employees have higher chances of practicing deprived sleep behaviors (Callaway & Bodenhamer-Davis, 2008). Because of this, many of them suffer from sleep-related disorders. Some research specifies that sleep difficulties frequently co-occur with numerous psychological health conditions. Both scholars and medics have many times investigated the connection between sleep and mood (Morin, 2007). Morin (2007) notes that persons with insomnia symptoms have higher levels of despair and nervousness compared with individuals with normal sleep habits. As such, they are nine times more likely to exhibit signs of clinical depression. Similarly, they are sixteen times more likely to develop clinical anxiety compared with people who have normal sleep. The study indicates that the more an individual experiences sleeplessness, the higher chances for him or her to suffer from depression. Disruptive sleep, apnea, has also been associated with despair. Apnea is a disorder in which somebody wakes up recurrently and very temporarily all through the night (Backhaus, Junghanns, & Broocks, 2002). One research conducted on over 18, 000 participants indicated that individuals with apnea four times more likely to agonize from medical depression (Ancoli-Israel & Kripke, 1991). The researchers suggested that when sleep is repeatedly interrupted it could modify mind activity and neurochemicals, which influence our temper and thinking. Carpenter & Andrykowski (1998) suggested that the link between sleep and mood is multifaceted. They highlighted that disturbed sleep may cause emotional imbalances, clinical despair, or nervousness. Notably, the study noted that the above disorders could also interrupt sleep (Carpenter & Andrykowski, 1998). They asserted that irregular sleep habits are the leading cause of many psychological health issues. In one study, partakers were administered with antidepressant prescriptions, cognitive behavioral therapy, and a control treatment (Gunklman & Johnstone, 2005). The results showed that participants who received cognitive behavioral therapy together with the antidepressant medicine progressed well compared with those who were treated with control treatment and antidepressants. The percentage of reduction of despair for those administered with control and antidepressant was 33.0%. While, the declining rate for persons treated with cognitive behavioral therapy alongside antidepressants was 62.0%. The proportion of cutback of sleeplessness was 8.0% for those who were treated with both control and antidepressants. The above figures illustrate that cognitive behavioral therapy has an affirmative result in this test. The treatment had increased reduction for sleeplessness and depression. It implied that when the sleep inhibitor was treated other signs of unhappiness were enhanced. In this regard, it is apparent that managing the sleep disrupter may aid the general depression. Hammond (2005) established that patients exhibiting depression symptoms and suicidal thoughts could be linked apnea and insomnia. The unhappy clients with sleeplessness recorded higher points on the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation. According to the research, the focal clinical effect of the suicidal thoughts or sleep disorders correlation is that sleep evaluation can enhance the assessment of suicidal threat in clients with critical key depressive illnesses. Therefore, when treating depression disorder, sleep inhibitors should be accounted. Numerous biological concepts explain the relationship between sleep and depression (Baehr & Rosenfeld, 2004). The theories offer some explanation about the relations of the above conditions. For instance, SCN, hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis, cortisol stages, and circadian beat procedures are associated related to both levels of despair and sleeplessness. The SCN controls circadian processes. The variations in activity in the SCN are analogous to the sleep/wake sequence. As such, an electrical action is advanced in the day when people are attentive and exposed to light. The activity is reduced during the night persons are less energetic and have little contact with natural light. Instabilities in the SCN are positive among individuals with depression and anxiety issues. Many researchers have been undertaken to understand the above connections (Kerson, Sherman, & Kozlowski, 2009). However, the relationship among sleep, despair, and nervousness has not been fully comprehended. Astonishingly, little investigation has explicitly investigated the extent that anxiety affects the relationship between depressive symptomology and reduced sleep disturbances among non-clinical populations. The above imply that many questions are still unanswered with respect to the kinds of sleep complaints affecting undergraduates and the impact on their psychological health. The article below seeks to investigate the issue among students from Monash University. Before relating the precise particulars of the current study, a brief literature review is offered to describe former explorations that have investigated the phenomenon. Through the study, the relationships between sleep disturbance, depression, and anxiety will be established. Indicated below are the papers hypotheses: 1. The positive correlation between sleep and depression will become insignificant after anxiety is controlled. 2. Depression measured by DASS will be positively correlated to sleep measured by PSQI. The stress was measured by DASS will be interrelated with sleep and depression will be associated with anxiety. Discussion The above study was intended to inspect the relationship among people’s sleep behaviors, depression, and nervousness. The findings support former results that suggested that depression is linked with apprehension and sleeplessness (Daley & Savard, 2009). Nevertheless, contrasting past studies, the above research aimed to identify the extent that anxiety affects the relationship between depressive symptomology and reduced sleep disturbances among non-clinical populations (Sateia, 2009). As hypothesized, there was a noteworthy affiliation amid depressive symptomology and sleep disorder among non-clinical populations. As such, depression evaluated by DASS was found to be positively linked with sleep appraised by PSQI. Similarly, the hypothesis that a relation existed between depressive symptomology and sleep disorders when nervousness is controlled was supported. For instance, the results showed the existence of a positive correlation between sleep and depression because the link became trivial when nervousness was regulated. Notably, depression and anxiety are usually diagnosed in patients exhibiting sleeping disorders. Both scholars and medics have many times investigated the connection between sleep and mood. For instance, one study examining relations between depression and insomnia noted that the leading cause of sleeplessness is depressive symptoms and unhappiness. During the study, the researchers identified that there was a link between both insomnia and despair. During the analysis process, the results were analyzed using an SPSS program. A bivariate Pearson’s correlation factor (r) was computed to evaluate the connection among unhappiness, sleep, and nervousness. The bivariate factor among hopelessness and sleep was positive and modest, r (258) =.386, p<.001. The bivariate link between anxiety and sleep was positive and robust, r (258) =.441, p<.001. The association between nervousness and unhappiness was positive and strong, r (258) =.596, p<.001. The fractional relationship was used to evaluate the linear relationship amid depression and sleep, after regulating nervousness. The parietal link was statistically noteworthy but with no connection, r (258) =.171, p<.001. Based on the above findings, it is apparent that variations in mental state achieved by regulating anxiety led to disparities in the quality of sleep. A motivating reflection was that all results examined in this research resembled the justifications for distressed sleep as backed by the hyper-arousal concept of insomnia (Arns, Gunkelman & Breteler, 2008). As formerly deliberated, the theory presents a bio-psychosocial procedure whereby usual sleep is considered an involuntary process (Gunkelman, 2006). The sleep system and the CNS are imbalanced in insomnia incidents. Severe sleep disorders are thought to be activated by situational stressing agents that lead to enhanced cognitive activity. The activities include a strong emphasis on symptoms, contemplation, anxiety, and autonomic stimulation. The above issues combined with poor sleep habits result in prolonged sleep difficulties. According to Moore (2000), the hyper-arousal concept of insomnia and trans-diagnostic models of insomnia also forecast the existence of unhappiness in people with deprived sleep. The above theories were supported in the study as demonstrated by the clinical elevations on manifold acts of depression (Cortoos & Cluydts, 2010). However, the linear relationship amid unhappiness and sleep after regulating nervousness suggested that medics should first emphasize their managements on addressing signs of nervousness when sleep is a central presenting issue. The study also supported the findings by other investigations (Agnihotri, Paul & Singh, 2007). The results showed that participants who received cognitive behavioral therapy together with the antidepressant medicine progressed well compared with those who were treated with control treatment and antidepressants. The treatment had increased reduction for sleeplessness and depression. It implied that when the sleep inhibitor was treated other signs of unhappiness were enhanced (Allen, Harmon-Jones & Cavender, 2001). In this regard, it is apparent that managing the sleep disrupter may aid the general depression as indicated by the current study. The current study experienced some limitations. One major problem was that there were no considerable measurements to evaluate some of the psychological health glitches. Even though structured interviews are inexistent, the absence of a self-report tool that precisely evaluates nonconforming depression factors was a limitation to the contemporary study (Masterpasqua & Healey, 2003). An additional challenge of the current research is the generalizability of the conclusions. The non-clinical sample was drawn from a university population. Thus, the results may not extend to all non-clinical populaces. There are many possibilities for upcoming research. As showed above, new tools for assessing of uncharacteristic signs of unhappiness, insomnia, and anxiety are required to explore the links among downheartedness, sleep difficulties, and nervousness. Besides, the research should examine the despair subtypes and sleep complications in diverse populations. With respect to implications, it was noted that the link between sleep and mood was intricate. As such, disturbed sleep may cause emotional imbalances, clinical despair, or nervousness. Notably, the study noted that the above disorders could also interrupt sleep. As such, sleep is necessary for people to live a healthy and useful existence (Masterpasqua & Healey, 2003). In general, the study indicated that the more individual experiences sleeplessness, the higher chances for him or her to suffer from depression or anxiety complications. References Agnihotri, H., Paul, M., & Singh Sandhu, J. (2007). Biofeedback approach to the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 2 (3), 90 95. Allen, J., Harmon-Jones, E., & Cavender, J. (2001). Manipulation of frontal EEG asymmetry through biofeedback alters self-reported emotional responses and facial EMG. Psychophysiology, 38 (6), 685-693. Ancoli-Israel, S., & Kripke, K. (1991). Prevalent sleep problems in the aged. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 16 (4), 349-359. Arns, M., Gunkelman, J., & Breteler, M (2008). EEG phenotypes predict treatment outcome to stimulants in children with ADHD. Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, 7 (3), 421-438. Backhaus, J., Junghanns, K., & Broocks, A. (2002). Test retest reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in primary insomnia. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53 (7), 737-740. Baehr, E., & Rosenfeld, J. (2004). Changes in frontal brain asymmetry associated with premenstrual dysphoric disorder: A single case study. Journal of Neurofeedback, 8 (1), 29-42. Callaway, T., & Bodenhamer-Davis, E. (2008). Extended follow-up of Peniston protocol results with chemical dependency. Journal of Neurofeedback, 12 (4), 243-259. Carpenter, J., & Andrykowski, M. (1998). Psychometric evaluation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 45 (1), 5-13. Cortoos A.,& Cluydts, R. (2010). An exploratory study on the effects of tele neurofeedback and tele-biofeedback on objective and subjective sleep in patients with primary insomnia. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 35 (2), 125 134. Daley, M., & Savard, J. (2009). The economic burden of insomnia: Direct and indirect costs for individuals with insomnia syndrome, insomnia symptoms, and good sleepers. Sleep, 32 (1), 55-64. Gunkelman, J. (2006). Transcend the DSM using phenotypes. Biofeedback, 34 (3), 95 98. Gunklman, J., & Johnstone, J. (2005). Neurofeedback and the brain. Journal of Adult Development, 12 (2), 93-98. Hammond, D. (2005). Neurofeedback treatment of depression and anxiety. Journal of Adult Development, 12 (2), 131-1377. Kerson, C., Sherman, R., & Kozlowski, G. (2009). Alpha suppression and symmetry training for generalized anxiety symptoms. Journal of Neurofeedback, 13 (3), 146 155. Masterpasqua, F., & Healey, K. (2003). Neurofeedback in psychological practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34 (6), 652-656. Moore, N. (2000). A review of EEG biofeedback treatment of anxiety disorders. Clinical Electroencephalography, 31 (1), 1-6. Morin, C. (2007). Family history of insomnia in a population-based sample. Sleep, 30 (12), 1739 1745. Sateia, M. (2009). Update on sleep and psychiatric disorders. Chest, 135 (5), 1370 1379.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The essay discusses a campaign to find a home for ciggThe Sm discusses a campaign to find a home for cigg butts. The campaign will educate smokers on the hazards of disposing of cigarette butts carelessly.

The essay discusses a campaign to find a home for cigg The Sm discusses a campaign to find a home for cigg butts. The campaign will educate smokers on the hazards of disposing of cigarette butts carelessly.

Smokers’ Campaign: Finding a Home for Ciggy Butts Research Paper Project Overview Few campaigns touch on the rising need to properly get rid of cigarette butts. As a result, most smokers do so in a casual manner that often results in environmental pollution (Lee, Ranney & Goldstein 2013). The proposed campaign will educate smokers on the hazards of disposing of cigarette butts carelessly. Background Research Indiscriminate Disposal of Cigarette Butts as a Social Problem A social problem is one that affects the peaceful interaction and existence of people in society. Careless disposal of cigarette butts is an example of such a problem (King 2011). The practice affects the smoker and other members of society. It is a common practice among smokers to dispose of butts in a haphazard manner. The butts litter roads and parks. The view of such sites is degraded. Butts that are not properly put out also continue to emit fumes that may ruin the comfort of others. In addition, forest fires that are caused by careless cigarette smokers cause environmental pollution. Addressing the Problem Little has been done to address the problem (Riutta 2008). Current efforts are in the second stage of social innovation, proposals, and generation of ideas. The prompt stage has been completed since the crisis has been identified. The need for new social innovation has been discussed. An idea to deal with the problem was generated following the proposal to use television advertisements and Facebook to increase awareness about the harmful effects of careless disposal of cigarette butts. However, the idea has not yet been tested. Critical Factors There are three critical factors to take into consideration when implementing the ideas proposed in social innovation. They include conditions, causes, and attitudes. Condition refers to the way something exists. When carrying out the campaign, it is important to know what the situation on the ground is to be able to address the root cause of the problem facing the population (Barnes 2011). Causes of the problem also need to be evaluated. In this case, one should highlight some of the reasons why the problem has occurred. People’s attitudes towards the problem are also important. Alternative Solutions There are several approaches that can be used to solve the problem at hand. Due to public demand, cigarette companies have resorted to the manufacture of biodegradable butts (Riutta 2008). As a result, littering is avoided. The move is the first alternative solution. Many governments have banned smoking in public places to reduce pollution. Some states, such as San Diego and Chicago, have already put the policy in place (Barnes 2011). In light of this, legislations can also be used to deal with the problem. Another viable solution entails banning the production of disposable filters. As a result, cigarette smokers will be required to recycle the material to reduce wastage (Barnes 2011). Educating smokers on the negative effects of casual disposal of butts through television and social media campaigns is another alternative solution. Facebook and Twitter can be used due to their popularity. The Viable Approach The most appropriate strategy involves educating smokers on the negative effects of this practice. Such education can be conducted through television advertisements and social media. Facebook and Twitter will be used to achieve this objective. The two platforms will be used to run a competition where people will design portable ashtrays to curb careless disposal of the butts. Unlike the other alternatives, the strategy engages the smokers who are the major cause of the menace (Hansen 2011). Social Innovation Unlike other approaches, the proposed solution is a form of social innovation. It does not generate profits for the innovator. On the contrary, it seeks to find a lasting solution to a social problem. The innovation also originates from a concerned member of society. Community members are also involved in addressing a matter that concerns them. The community does not rely on help from external sources, such as the government (Li 2012). Listening Listening to Hubs The campaign will involve five important hubs. They include the campaigner, television stations, social media companies, smokers, and the government. The campaigner is the most important element. They are the originator of the ideas and strategies to be used. They will establish links with smokers via social media. Communication of the intended message to the target group (the smokers) will be through television (Hansen 2011). The campaigner will also establish blogs where they will be the figure of authority. Television stations serve as an important tool for the dissemination of information. They link the campaigner to the target population (Li 2012). Most of the television outlets have their own blogs. They also subscribe to social sites, such as Twitter and Facebook. They interact with viewers through these channels. Social media companies, including Twitter and Facebook, will also be important hubs in the campaign. They provide a platform on which the competition involving ashtrays will be held. They will connect the campaigner with the designers. The companies are ranked as important authorities in blogging activities. Smokers, the target population, are other significant elements. Their activities necessitated the launch of the campaign. They are closely associated with cigarette manufacturers, television stations, and the government. They also use the services of social media companies (Mathos & Norman, 2012). They act as followers and page viewers. The government plays an oversight role in the campaign. It is linked to all the other important hubs. It plays the role of authority in the blogging process. Listening to Content The success of the campaign depends on the ability of the media used to generate the content of the desired quality. Dissemination of the resulting content is also important (Hansen 2011). It is important to use repeating content, especially in television advertisements. In this case, the campaign will place emphasis on the need to dispose of cigarette butts in a responsible manner through the use of ashtrays. The potential hazards of casual disposal of butts will be highlighted. With regards to social media, a number of hashtags will be used on Twitter. Some of them include: #home for ciggy butts #designing a home for ciggy butts , and #ashtray design competition The campaign will also earn a spot in the ‘trending topics’ slot in social media. ‘Hot’ topics on these sites will involve competition for the ‘five best ashtray designer’ spots. Home for Cigar Butts Campaign: Strategy Formulating the Strategy The campaign aims at using television advertisements to educate smokers on potential hazards of disposing of cigarette butts in a casual manner. It will introduce portable ashtrays through competitions held on Facebook and Twitter. Smokers will be the main target group. Television advertisements will enlighten this cohort on the advantages of disposing of butts in a safe way (King 2011). The campaign will also target non-smokers hoping that they will influence the way their smoking colleagues handle butts after smoking (Riutta 2008). The social media competition targets the entire community. The move will enhance the social element of the strategy used to deal with the cigarette problem. The solution will depend on the strategy’s ability to influence the behaviour of smokers. Today, there are over 1.3 billion smokers in the world (Lee et al. 2013). About 1 billion of them are from developing nations. It is noted that 20% of smokers are aged between 13 and 15 years (Lee et al. 2013). They cannot dispose of the butts in the right manner without portable ashtrays. As a result, the two processes should take place simultaneously. Efforts to educate smokers should go together with the introduction of portable ashtrays. The Use of Additional Social Media A blog is needed to enhance the success of the campaign. A Facebook page and Twitter account will also be used. However, these outlets are not sufficient. As such, print media will be used. Newspaper advertisements will be utilised to promote the campaign. It is important to note that not all people have access to the internet (Li, 2012). As a result, the use of social media alone has limitations. Other platforms, such as billboards, will be used to advertise the competition and the campaign itself. Message Strategy The campaign is dubbed finding a home for ciggy butts . The term ‘ciggy’ stands for cigars and cigarettes. The youth, who are the main users of tobacco products, are likely to own the name readily. The ashtrays will serve as the home for the ciggy butts (King 2011). The Role of the Campaigner The campaigner, who is also a blogger, will play the role of an instigator. The strategy is a social innovation aimed at educating smokers and designing portable ashtrays to reduce cases of casual disposal of ciggy butts. As a result, the campaign is a sustainable social movement. Conclusion Television advertisements and social media competitions are regarded as possible solutions to the problem of careless disposal of cigarette butts. The advertisements will be used to educate smokers. On the other hand, competitions on social media will be used to generate portable ashtray designs. The platforms to be used include Facebook and Twitter. References Barnes, R 2011, ‘Regulating the disposal of cigarette butts as toxic hazardous waste’, Tobacco Control , vol. 20 no. 1, pp. 45-48. Hansen, A 2011, ‘Communication, media and environment: towards reconnecting research on the production, content and social implications of environmental communication’, International Communication Gazette , vol. 73 no. 2, pp. 7-25. King, A 2011, ‘Research advances: addressing the environmental fates of everyday products from cigarette butts to shampoos and cleaning agents’, Journal of Chemical Education , vol. 88 no. 1, p. 8. Lee, J, Ranney, L & Goldstein, A 2013, ‘Cigarette butts near building entrances: what is the impact of smoke-free college campus policies?’, Tobacco Control , vol. 22 no. 2, pp. 107-112. Li, X 2012, ‘Content-based visual search learned from social media’, ACM SIG Multimedia Records , vol. 4 no. 1, p. 31. Mathos, M & Norman, C 2012, 101 social media tactics for nonprofits: a field guide , Wiley, Hoboken. Riutta, A 2008, Cigarette butts and lilacs: tokens of a heritage , Modern English Tanka Press, Baltimore.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: This report examines the purpose of social collaboration in the enterprises, the current status, outcomes and the future of the social collaboration enterprise. It is noted that there is a blurred line between personal and work life because of social technology tools. As such, business software developers have focused on pushing new technologies that can improve social collaboration through integrating social platforms in their software packages.

This report examines the purpose of social collaboration in the enterprises, the current status, outcomes and the future of the social collaboration enterprise. It is noted that there is a blurred line between personal and work life because of social technology tools. As such, business software developers have focused on pushing new technologies that can improve social collaboration through integrating social platforms in their software packages.

Social Collaboration in the Enterprises Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Purpose 3. Background Information 4. Methodology and Research Details 5. Issues 6. Findings 7. Conclusion 8. Works Cited Introduction In the past few decades, the world has witnessed a revolution in communication technology that has altered how organizations conduct their affairs. Consequently, social networks for organizations have emerged to assist enterprises properly collaborate within and outside their units, departments, organization-wide and countries. Technology is at the center of social collaboration enterprise. In fact, some researchers have identified social media as the new tools for communication and collaboration in the business environment. As such, there is constant and fast uptake in the application of the Internet to enhance communication and collaboration (Georgescu and Popescul 277). Modern social technologies create a sense of online community for the workforce and assist them to develop connection as they pursue business goals. At the same time, new studies have identified critical business benefits, which organizations have attained from social collaboration (Borg 1). Some organizations, specifically senior executives, still have difficulties comprehending the relevance and benefits of social collaboration enterprise. In addition, some firms that have attempted to adopt social collaboration normally realize that shortly after embracing the social technologies, employees lose interest, and only a few employees, if not none, continue to use such tools. The Purpose The purpose of this report is to demonstrate why organizations should adopt collaboration tools and enterprise social networks to enhance the concept of social collaboration enterprise while creating a competitive edge. Hence, this report will explore some attempts to push social collaboration enterprise, the current status, outcomes and the future of the social collaboration enterprise. Background Information According to the most recent study conducted by Altimeter, while organizations continue to push for social collaboration enterprise, the reality is that several attempts have failed (Li 1). In fact, less than half of these initiatives have regular users (Li 1). Nevertheless, in the recent few years, social technology has transformed how individuals collaborate and communicate (Mettler and Winter 1). It is noted that there is a blurred line between personal and work life because of social technology tools. Consequently, business software developers have focused on pushing new technologies that can improve social collaboration through integrating social platforms in their software packages. Organizations require their vital employees to work smarter, efficiently and more productively (Hamilton, Kass and Alter 2). To realize this goal, organizations need to integrate collaborative social technologies within their activities and promote collaborative behaviors to eventually change how they transform expertise into action. Social collaboration technologies should assist employees to perform their work beyond discussions and talks. It is imperative to recognize that collaboration technology platforms have existed for several years. However, organizations have never utilized these technologies to attain their full potential. Clearly, social collaboration technologies are abundant in the marketplace. Vendors currently provide various collaboration tools to assist employees manage their tasks. Some of these tools include Chatter from Salesforce, Newsgator, Jive Software, Telligent and Yammer. In addition, AnswerHub also provides social networking services to organizations. Other social sites such as wikis, blogs, RSS feeds, user groups and file repositories among others are also vital components of social business software platforms. It is an integrated enterprise solution with questions and answers for employees. These tools have gained popularity in the last few years. In fact, the success of Facebook triggered critical questions for both vendors and businesses. They wanted to adopt social tools that would ensure that employees worked together within and across organizations. Some research showed that a section of employees used their social media while at work, and another significant percentage of those employees often used their social media platforms for business-related issues (Holtzblatt et al. 1). Initially, organizations used social media platforms for marketing campaigns. Today, however, firms have noted that social media platforms can also be used for knowledge management, idea generation and enhancing social ties. While these tools are widely available in organizations, some studies have shown that a significant number of organizations require their employees to engage actively with social collaboration enterprise tools (Holtzblatt et al. 1). The increased adoption of enterprise social media platforms has expressly offered opportunities for enhancing personal and work life. Increasingly, many firms are now focusing on broader application of social media to engage employees in idea generation, discussion, refining and assessment of such ideas (Tierney and Drury 2). Enterprise social media platforms used for the above-mentioned purposes are also known as idea management tools or innovation management platforms (Tierney and Drury 2). These specialized names depict that organizations are now finding enterprise social platforms increasingly useful for various purposes. As the current employees become more technologically savvy, they have changing needs at workplaces. Generally, they are referred to as ‘social media’ workforce, which mainly consists of employees aged between 20s and 40s. Such employees have different social behaviors that would eventually influence how organizations work. In fact, the new generation of employees would want to use their own devices at workplaces and change effortlessly between social communication and job, or conduct their roles remotely or work while on the move if they can gain access to all the necessary tools and information required (Atos 3). On this note, organizations can only attract and retain such employees when they invest in relevant devices and technologies and incorporate useful social media platforms within the enterprise to offer a favorable environment in which such employees can deliver most effectively. Organizational change to embrace information technology is therefore necessary for modern firms (Medlin 74). This process requires organizations to identify specific social issues and determine their related constructs. Thus, companies should focus on social collaboration enterprise success while mitigating failures associated with information technology. Organizations should, therefore, develop long-term social collaboration enterprise models or strategies to meet expectations of various stakeholders, including internal uses and external relations such as customers. Finally, it is also necessary for organizations to realize risks associated with the use of social media platforms as they pursue social collaboration enterprise (Shullich 3). These platforms have a common attribute of user-generated content, which could expose an organization to attack. Hence, the pursuit of social collaboration enterprise requires effective management. Methodology and Research Details In carrying out social collaboration enterprise research, literature research methodology was used. Basically, the methodology entails in-depth reading of literature materials, analyzing and finally sorting literature materials. This is done to identify the imperative attributes of materials. Further, literature research methodology does not deal straight with the object under study. Rather, the methodology uses the “non-contact method” by accessing information from an assortment of related literature materials. Therefore, the deliberate selecting of representative research literature is necessitated. The following principles guided processes of selecting representative literature materials for social collaboration enterprise reports. First, the selected literature materials had authority. Worthy materials selected were from reputable authors who included article writers in renowned national magazines, expert editors of key research bases, and academicians among others. The number of times literature materials was cited helped the researchers in verifying the authority of the material. A literature material that has been cited by many writers tends to have authority. Second, the selected literature materials were considered effective. That is, literature materials added value to the study issue by being constructive for obtaining arguments, earnest for abstracting, and conducive to the development of research thoughts. Thus, accuracy, comprehensiveness, relevance, depth, and timeliness of data were upheld. Consequently, they led to logical scientific conclusions. Third, the literature materials used were considered reliable. Reliable literature materials are authentic with accurate and verified facts that are not subject to modification. The content of the literature material faithfully portrayed the truth paying attention to accuracy on dates and data. Fourth, the literature materials used had purposefulness by being relevant for the research subject. The theoretical base of the matter under study was a typical example of the selected literature materials. Researchers then used the material to study the past trends and forecast the future issues pertinent to the issue. Issues Some studies and professional points of view highlight critical challenges for social collaboration enterprise. As previously mentioned, many senior executives are yet to acknowledge the relevance of social collaboration enterprise. Consequently, it is noted that the landscape of social collaboration is characterized by failed outcomes. In fact, it was observed that not more than half of enterprise collaboration technologies deployed have many regular users. Multiple issues have been identified that could curtail the success of social collaboration enterprise. * Collaboration that lacks clear values may not work for all employees * Processes and people are ignored as attention shifts to technologies * Some organizations may not use the most effective social collaboration technologies * Employees, in some instances, opt for knowledge hoarding * Reluctance to adopt new social collaboration due to past failures * Most organizations are overwhelmed by technology choices * Failure to demonstrate management buy-in * Difficulties in measuring value The answers to these issues are not simple because they are responsible for massive failures in social collaboration enterprise efforts. These challenges result from mistakes that organizations make when they decide to adopt social collaboration technologies. Findings Most social collaboration tools for enterprises have failed because of the failure to attain senior executive or middle-level managers’ buy-in. It is generally acknowledged that organizational culture that supports social collaboration should always begin at the top. Senior-level managers should be actively engaged in developing a culture of social collaboration with the right tools. Hence, they must go beyond allowing employees to use such tools in their organizations. At the same time, middle-level managers should also play their critical roles in promoting social collaboration in their departments. Such managers are responsible for the tactical implementation of organizational and executive visions. Hence, they should create a corporate culture that encourages employees to adopt new technologies. As such, middle-level managers should understand the overall benefits of social collaboration technologies to avoid failures. It has also been observed that in most instances senior executives are reluctant to change and, therefore, tend to continue with traditional practices because of their positions. Challenges experienced with senior executives often result from failure to understand how social collaboration technologies would benefit the organization and lack of technical know-how to use such new tools. In this case, it is recommended that senior executives should be given a step-by-step guide on how social collaboration technologies would work, how they can use them and demonstrate the expected outcomes and benefits. While the new generation of workforce may champion social collaboration technologies, it is still necessary for support to come from senior executives. In this case, senior executives and managers should publicly and regularly use social collaboration technologies to communicate with employees while developing transparency and trust in the organization. Another critical issue identified is how to measure value from social collaboration enterprise. It is difficult to assess return on investment of social collaboration. Hence, it is equally difficult to determine its value. Social collaboration technologies can be evaluated in terms of meetings and their values. Hence, the value of social collaboration technologies can only be derived from the interaction among individuals communicating or interactions noted in during meetings. Alternatively, organizations should simply research to determine costs associated with social collaboration technologies against increased productivity in an organization. Many organizations fail to attain social collaboration enterprises because of failure to develop effective collaboration strategy. Surveys have identified that many organizations lack collaboration strategies and expect it to grow organically (Coleman 1). In fact, it emerges from a new generation of employees, who are technologically well informed. While management may initiate a social collaboration strategy and plan for the adoption of social collaboration tools, such cases could be rare. In addition, some organizations completely lack plans, and employees just rely on social networking tools they have used before, such as Twitter, LinkedIn, and Facebook among others. Employees included corporate contents in their communications. Organizations will face the challenge of identifying goals and results from collaboration activities. In this case, an external consultant can assist a company to develop goals and outcomes for social collaboration processes. Stakeholders must be involved in the processes to limit possible cases of resistance. Technology vendors with social collaboration tools promising better results are numerous. Consequently, organizations often face the challenge of picking the best tools for their social networking activities. Several vendor solutions exist that nearly do the same tasks for organizations. Nevertheless, an IT department can always recommend specific solutions. The choice is always daunting. On this note, it is recommended that organizations should focus on outcomes rather than technologies. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the needs of end-users and expected outcomes. This process will require stakeholder assessment and work on identifying technology solutions that would assist employees and the organization to attain the preferred objectives. Organizations may also be reluctant to initiate new social collaboration enterprise efforts because of past failures. Employees may attempt to resist general collaboration tools such as SharePoint, but support tools that deliver benefits that all stakeholders can notice. Hence, organizations should find specific solutions developed for specific collaboration processes to control resistance. Knowledge hoarding is a major challenge for social collaboration enterprise. Information attains multiple values when it is shared. However, that value diminishes when employees hoard information. Organizations should develop transparent processes while developing trust among employees. Hoarding information is a behavioral dysfunctional issue. Thus, the best solution should come from managers and senior executives when they openly contribute on social collaboration platforms without hoarding vital information from juniors. The main purpose of the social collaboration network is to enhance the collective sharing of ideas and knowledge. In most companies, ideas usually emanate from senior executives and then disseminate to junior employees, but such ideas are not subjected to real discussions or contributions from employees. It is imperative to note that these organizations also acknowledge contributions and feedback from their employees. Traditionally, executives have however not developed a culture of two-way communication in their organizations and across departments. It is expected that social collaboration technologies will help organizations to overcome such traditional communication barriers. Hence, it would be simple for any employee with viable contributions to submit and receive feedback. Today’s workplace is characterized by information overload. Hence, they spend much time tracking down vital information and resources and perhaps organizational experts they require to obtain vital information. Social collaboration technologies will help organizations and employees to overcome such challenges because all employees will have opportunities to engage directly with subject matter experts and benefit from the collective expertise of the workforce. These platforms offer opportunities for employees to engage with each other in real-time and crowd-source ideas and feedback. Hence, it becomes easier for employees to ask and answer questions, analyze and solve issues while leveraging existing knowledge within the company. Organizations that implement social collaboration tools tend to concentrate on technology rather than employees and processes (Avanade 5). In fact, too much emphasis is put on technology at the expense of solutions and outcomes. Organizations must focus on their employees and critical behavioral issues because these factors can derail the adoption of social collaboration tools. They must, therefore, develop sustainable relationships and encourage employees to use such technologies to overcome notable barriers in social collaboration networks. As the IT department implement social collaboration technologies, they should also focus on the best solutions and strategies that would meet the diverse needs of employees across the organization. It has also been observed that some social collaboration initiatives fail because adoption and usage are made mandatory. It is difficult to force social collaboration between people. In fact, mandatory adoption often fails. Instead, senior executives, managers, and IT teams should strive to demonstrate to employees the relevance of social collaboration and show how such new initiatives will benefit the organization and all employees through simplifying work processes. Employees are mainly interested in understanding how they will benefit from their efforts devoted to learning and using social collaborative tools. Through aligning the possible benefits of social collaboration efforts with individual employee needs and goals as well as organizational and departmental ones, the efforts have high chances of reflecting the needs of each employee. This approach will perhaps lead to sustained adoption and usage. As organizations continue to identify benefits that they can attain from social collaboration and gain more skills in evaluating the ROI of such efforts, it is most likely that they will want to adopt such solutions. At the same time, when companies understand possible challenges, the IT department and managers can strive to avoid them and strive to determine the most appropriate time and how turning into a social enterprise can assist the company to attain its strategic business goals. Turning into a social collaboration enterprise requires comprehension of end-user needs and habits. Social collaboration tools should assist employees to attain their full potential. In this regard, organizations should first assess how their workforces work best and critical resources they require for success. Most social collaboration technologies have vibrant analytics capabilities relative to e-mail (Krishnan and Rogers 11). As such, user preferences and adoption patterns have shifted significantly. Modern social collaboration tools allow users to gain insights about subjects and vital ideas. Consequently, they can understand an organization and relevant social dynamics that influence employee behaviors and performances. Employees are most likely to use social collaboration technologies when they offer robust analytics capabilities. Flipboard, for instance, is a social network aggregation platform that collects the most relevant information for the day because of its robust analytical capabilities. In addition, other social collaboration technologies offer employees opportunities to learn about the trending topics and pieces of information for their companies. Organizations that implement social collaboration technologies focus on powerful means of solving common corporate challenges, enhancing collaboration and developing an enhanced sense of engagement. Social collaboration technologies build on the basics of interpersonal interaction already experienced by many employees. Thus, they create fundamental networks that can change how employees perform their duties, learn and communicate across an organization. Failure to train end-users also results in low usage and eventual failure of social collaboration technologies. When employees lack skills to use such platforms, they will not use them. Training and development, therefore, are critical elements of social enterprises. It is based on the assumption that knowledge acquired by employees would lead to efficiency in the use of such tools. Learning about social collaboration technologies and related statistics is beneficial to organizations. It is noted that underspending has led to poor implementation of some technologies and equipment and managers fail to account for poor outcomes associated with such actions or inactions. Finally, collaboration is not great for all employees. Hence, organizations should develop a collaboration strategy as an element of a critical process that leverages collaboration tools. Organizations should focus on business processes that require collaborative leverage and then develop a benchmark metric prior to the introduction of collaboration technologies to such processes. Outcomes should be compared with outcomes after the introduction of such tools to determine their benefits. Social collaboration enterprise requires organizations to develop a strong sense of community. Employees tend to perform better when they feel as a part of a larger community that is focusing and contributing to a meaningful goal. In most circumstances though, employees feel disengaged from critical organizational goals and objectives. In addition, it is not clear how they contribute or fit into these goals and differences they make. The purpose of social collaboration tools is to help employees to overcome such barriers through open communication and contribution that cut across the entire organization. Thus, senior executives, managers, and employees can work together towards a shared vision. Besides, social collaboration technologies provide platforms that can be used to recognize the contribution of employees publicly and create networks that foster peer-to-peer collaboration. The strategy results in a deeply engaged community of employees. Overall, social collaboration enterprise relies on “social media and Next-Generation Communications technologies (integrated voice, mobile, video, instant messaging / chat, and presence) to foster increased teamwork and knowledge sharing, to improve business outcomes” (Aberdeen Group 1). Successful organizations have applied these tools to drive efficiency in their current business processes. As such, they have enhanced functions of various roles using social collaboration technologies to create social enterprises. Conclusion This report has explored various aspects of social collaboration enterprise. It shows that the current landscape is characterized by a myriad of challenges, which can be managed through effective strategies and adoption. Thus, for organizations to realize social collaboration enterprise, strategies, outcomes, and benefits should be clear and specific to all stakeholders. Such an approach will have buy-in from all employees and executives. It is imperative to recognize that collaboration is inevitable because of notable changes in workplaces brought about by technologies, new ways of doing tasks, changing organizational structures, workforce dynamics, and talent wars. Despite all these shifts, organizations must realize that social collaboration enterprises should be people-driven and not technological pursuits. Thus, it can only take place when there is a culture of working together and leveraging human capital to transform business processes for success. Hence, social collaboration enterprise will be the new future. Works Cited Aberdeen Group. Enterprise Social Collaboration: The Collaborators’ Advantage. 2013. Web. Atos. Enterprise Social Collaboration for a Better Way of Working. 2012. Web. Avanade. Global Survey: Is enterprise social collaboration living up to its promise? 2013. Web. Borg, Andrew. “Why Enterprise Social Collaboration Means Business.” InformationWeek . 2013. Web. Coleman, David. “Pitfalls of Enterprise Collaboration (and the Solutions).” CMSWire . 2015. Web. Georgescu, Mircea and Daniela Popescul. “Social Media – The New Paradigm of Collaboration and Communication for Business Environmen.” Procedia Economics and Finance 20 (2015): 277–282. Print. Hamilton, Mary, Alex Kass and Allan E. Alter. “How collaboration technologies are improving process, workforce and business performance.” Outlook Point of View 2 (2013): 1-5. Print. Holtzblatt, Lester, Jill L. Drury, Daniel Weiss, Laurie E. Damianos and Donna Cuomo. “Evaluating the Uses and Benefits of an Enterprise Social Media Platform.” Journal of Social Media for Organizations 1.1 (2013): 1-22. Print. Krishnan, Krish and Shawn P. Rogers. Social Data Analytics: Collaboration for the Enterprise. Waltham, MA: Elsevier, 2014. Print. Li, Charlene. “Why No One Uses the Corporate Social Network.” Harvard Business Review . 2015. Web. Lin, Guijuan. “Higher Education Research Methodology: Literature Method.” International Education Studies 2.4 (2009): 179-181. Print. Medlin, B. Dawn. Integrations of Technology Utilization and Social Dynamics in Organizations. Hershey, PA: IGI Global, 2012. Print. Mettler, Tobias and Robert Winter. “Are business users social? A design experiment exploring information sharing in enterprise social systems.” Journal of Information Technology (2015): 1-14. Print. Shullich, Robert. Risk Assessment of Social Media. 2012. Web. Tierney, Mary Lou and Jill Drury. “Continuously Improving Innovation Management through Enterprise Social Media.” Journal of Social Media for Organizations 1.1 (2013): 1-17. Print.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Social deviance has been a “normal work for many years. Deviance is defined as a Ghana recognized violation of cultural norms. However, within the realms of difference crime organizations, adult members have grown up knowing no other form of life. Therefore, for these people, having a life in organized crime is a cultural norm.

Social deviance has been a “normal work for many years. Deviance is defined as a Ghana recognized violation of cultural norms. However, within the realms of difference crime organizations, adult members have grown up knowing no other form of life. Therefore, for these people, having a life in organized crime is a cultural norm.

Social Deviance and Crime Organizations Essay Social deviance has been a “normal” abnormality for many years. Deviance is defined as a “recognized violation of cultural norms” (Hollemans, 1998). However, within the realms of difference crime organizations, adult members have grown up knowing no other form of life. Therefore, for these people, having a life in organized crime is a cultural norm. In the Utah State Prison, one of the most prominent gangs in the Odgen Trece. Although membership is small, this Latino gang is extremely violent. It has been in existence for about 30 years and was created by Robert Terrazas when he was only twelve years old. Several of his biological family members are also incarcerated within the Utah State Prison. In the documentary “Lockdown: Utah State Prison,” his niece, Natalie, was interviewed. At 27 years old, this is the only way of life she has ever known. Natalie has lost permanent custody of 4 of her five children, and the youngest is currently living with relatives. Although Natalie stated that she wished to do better by her daughter, she also states that it will be very difficult not to fall back into the gangway of life (cite the website for this program). In the past, these types of deviant behavior were thought to belong almost exclusively to men. In the last 30 years, however, more women are becoming part of this “norm.” Although methamphetamine production was initially introduced in the 1960s through the exclusively male motorcycle club The Hells Angels, statistics show that in the recent past and current years, women are taking an active role in the use, production and distribution of methamphetamine (Jankot). There is a hierarchy within the methamphetamine production organization. The most respected member of a team of individuals who produce this drug is the cook. This person is the individual who “cooks” the final product. This is the most respected individual who is on the team. Just under this position is the gas man, or juicer, who is the person that gets the anhydrous ammonia. This is a chief chemical in the production of methamphetamine and is very dangerous. The ammonia is highly flammable and, when combined with water, creates a painful contact chemical burn to the skin. Additionally, when this product is inhaled directly, it causes chemical burns to the airway and lungs. The Shopper is the individual who gets the ingredients for the methamphetamine, and the Drug Ho’s provide sexual services to the cook’s for a high As the production of this drug gets larger, the group will splinter into other groups which generally maintain some sort of contact. When the words “organized crime” are spoken, individuals commonly think of Mafioso. However, both of these criminal activities shown above are examples of organized crime. Organized crime is a group of individuals who band together for the exclusive of committing illegal activities. It is very difficult to get out of an organized crime “syndicate,” but it is possible. However, many individuals who have only known this way of life have a hard time resisting the lure of easy money and the adrenaline rush that comes with belonging to the gang (Smalley, 2009). In conclusion, a member of an organized crime syndicate may not be able to walk away simply. There are many organizations that assist gang members in the attempt to withdraw from gang life, such as Operation No Gang, which operates out of El Paso, Texas, and the Southern area in New Mexico. Their goal is to assist young people in finding alternative lifestyles to prevent them from returning to gang life (Gallardo, n.d.). This can be effective for some individuals, but limited statistics do show that because a “gang banger’s” friends and family are all involved with this way of life, the individual, more likely than not, will eventually return, even if it is only to visit (Smalley, 2009). References Gallardo, R. (n.d.). Operation no gangs, the decision to live out the gangster lifestyle: “smile now cry later” – guaranteed. Web. Hollemans, D. (1998). Social deviance . Web. Jankot, R. (2007). “ Cooks are like gods”: hierarchies in methamphetamine producing-groups. Deviant Behavior, 29, pp 667-689. © Tayler & Francis Group, LLC 0. Lockdown: Utah State Prison (2007). Web. Smalley, S. (2009). The draw of “dead town.” Web.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The colonization of the Aboriginals resulted in various social impacts on the Aboriginals.The colonization of the Aboriginals resulted in various social impacts on the Aboriginals. These included racial and cultural discrimination, unemployment and poverty, and the erosion of their culture.

The colonization of the Aboriginals resulted in various social impacts on the Aboriginals. The colonization of the Aboriginals resulted in various social impacts on the Aboriginals. These included racial and cultural discrimination, unemployment and poverty, and the erosion of their culture.

Social Effects of Colonization on the Aboriginal People Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Racial and Cultural Discrimination of the Aboriginal People 4. Unemployment and Poverty 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Abstract The colonization of the Aboriginals resulted in adverse social impacts. The Aboriginals have been left out when it comes to accessing social and public amenities. The rate of unemployment among the Aboriginal youths is so high that most of them have resorted to crime and violence. Moreover, most of the Aboriginals live in poverty. Introduction The colonization of the Aboriginal people resulted in various social impacts on the Aboriginals. The effects of colonialism have continued to haunt the Aboriginal people from generation to generation. Many of them face racism and discrimination when it comes to accessing various social amenities (Brown, Higgit, Wingert, and Miller 2005: 81). The Aboriginal youths have not been fully incorporated into society; thus, they are not seen as positive contributors to the development of the nation. Colonization also caused the erosion of the culture of the Aboriginal people. As a result, many of the colonized communities are characterized by behaviors such as drunkenness, depression, and violence (Kirmayer, Brass, and Tait 2000: 607). The creation of residential schools inflicted pain and trauma on the Aboriginal people due to the segregation shown by the government, as well as society as a whole (Sutherland, Russell, Adams, Baird, Shearer, and Watson 2014: 125). The conditions that the Aboriginal people experienced while in the residential schools inflicted internal and social wounds that may take longer to heal (DeGagne 2007: 49). This paper aims to look at some of the social effects of colonization of the Aboriginal people, especially in Canada. Racial and Cultural Discrimination of the Aboriginal People One of the impacts of colonization on the Aboriginal people was discrimination. The problem started the moment the European population thought that the culture of the Aboriginal people was not appropriate and needed radicalization (Kirmayer et al. 2000: 608). The discrimination by the whites led to the creation of residential schools, where the Indians were forced to attend these schools against their will. According to DeGagne (2007: 50), a lot of injustices happened in those schools; the Indians were harassed at many times, girls were sexually abused, and the language used was mostly violating the beliefs and cultures of the Aboriginal people. The extent of discrimination had escalated to include the government of Canada. The government of the day developed policies that would result in the segregation of the aboriginals due to the pressure from its citizens (Kirmayer et al. 2000: 608). Consequently, the Aborigines succumbed to a reserved life. As a result, the culture of the Aboriginals gradually eroded and was absorbed by European culture. Brown et al. (2005) indicate that a majority of the lifestyle diseases that the Aboriginals are experiencing today are as a result of the absorption of the Aboriginal culture into the culture of the Europeans (p. 84). The Aboriginals did not have diseases like diabetes and obesity because their lifestyle allowed them to eat balanced diets and do a lot of physical exercises. This was contrary to what the culture of the white people was, as it involved more of a sedentary lifestyle and eating junk foods. Willows, Hanley, and Delormier (2012) signal that the rate at which the Aboriginals are contracting these lifestyle diseases is alarming. If the government does not intervene, then the whole generation of the Aboriginals will be in great danger in terms of health (p. 4). Willows et al. (2012) further point out that the prevalence type 2 diabetes mellitus among the Aboriginals is 3 to 4 times higher than the general Canadian population (p. 4). One of the worst forms of discrimination that the government of Canada has continued to show even in the modern times is the refusal to have particular groups of the Aboriginals registered as citizens of Canada (Brown et al. 2005: 85). The Metis and the Inuit are the groups of the Aboriginals that the government does not register. The only Aboriginals that the government approves are those who were initially registered as North American Indians (Brown et al. 2005: 25). Unemployment and Poverty Unemployment is another major blow that the Aborigines have to deal with each day. It is a problem that has mainly affected the youths because they end up doing manual jobs, despite traveling from one city to another in the search for jobs (Sutherland et al. 2013: 128). The Canadian society has not embraced the Aboriginals in totality. Moreover, society thinks that Aboriginals cannot contribute to the positive development of the nation. Another factor that has contributed to the widespread unemployment for the Aboriginals is the fact that none of the government is responsible for the welfare of the Aboriginals who decide to move to the city. Brown et al. (2005) narrate that it has never been clear who among the federal government, the territorial government, provincial government, and the Aboriginal government should be tasked with the responsibility of taking care of the Aboriginals (p. 85). The above mentioned adverse social impacts that the Aboriginals have tolerated since colonization has contributed to poverty. When the youths and other classes of the Aboriginals lack employment, they end up not growing financially. Putting the Aboriginals into residential schools and reserves made it difficult for them to interact with others, learn from others, and improve their social and economic welfare. As revealed by DeGagne (2005), the segregation contributed to poverty among the Aboriginals (p. 52). Poverty comes with other injustices, such as crime, violence, and murder; this has been true with the Aboriginals, as they have manifested these vices in a more pronounced manner. According to Willows et al. (2012: 5), the many cases of crime, violence, and murder are reported to emanate from the Aboriginals. Poverty has led many youths to engage in criminal activities in the search for money. Other Aboriginals have resorted to drug use as a way of reducing the depression that is fuelled by poverty and alienation (Kirmayer et al. 2000: 613). The above examples show that the colonization of the Aboriginals had significant social impacts on the Aboriginals, from one generation to another. Conclusion The colonization of the Aboriginals did not go well with the initial occupants of present-day Canada. The Europeans started to discriminate against them due to racial differences, and more precisely due to cultural differences. Many Aboriginals were forced to attend residential schools, where all forms of social injustices took place. There were cases of sexual abuse of the Aboriginal girls and physical violence against the boys. In addition, there were reserve areas where the Aboriginal families were forced to relocate, as their cultures were viewed as primitive. Some of the Aboriginals were compelled to abandon their culture and embrace the White culture. This resulted in sedentary lives and lifestyle diseases, such as heart diseases, diabetes, and obesity. The government of Canada has continued to discriminate against the Aboriginals by failing to register some groups of the Aboriginals on the mere fact that they were not initially registered as North American Indians. Other forms of social impacts that have adversely hit the Aboriginals are unemployment and poverty. These two issues have contributed to social ills, such as violence, murder, and drug addiction. Works Cited Brown J., Higgitt N., Wingert S. and Miller C. 2005. “Challenges faced by Aboriginal youth in Inner City”. Canadian Journal of Urban Research. 14(1): 81-106. Web. DeGagne M. 2007. “Toward an Aboriginal paradigm of healing: addressing the legacy of residential schools”. Australisian Psychiatry. 15: 49-54. Web. Kirmayer L.J., Brass G.M. and Tait. C. 2000. “The mental health of Aboriginal Peoples: Transformations of identity and community”. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 45: 607-616. Web. Sutherland S., Russell L., Adams M., Baird R., Shearer H and Watson S. 2013. “Attending the truth and reconciliation commission of Canada national event in Vancouver”. Australian Aboriginal Studies . 1: 125-131. Web. Willows N.D., Hanley J.G. and Delormier T. 2012. “A socialecological framework to understand weight-related issues in Aboriginal Children in Canada”. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab .37: 1-13. Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The targeted film for this analysis is “How Green Was My Valley”. This film was produced in the year 1941 and was directed by John Ford. The film gives a detailed analysis of the issues and challenges experienced by many mine workers throughout the 19 th century. According to the film, the workers faced numerous challenges and obstacles. Such problems affected their lifestyles thus being unable to realize their potentials. As well, they continued to encounter various workplace issues such as low wages and poor conditions. These problems forced the workers to form a new union.The film also explores the upwards mobility of Angharad Morgan. The movie explains how Morgan's daughter married the mine-owner's son. The marriage transformed and changed Angharad Morgan's social class. However, the film shows clearly that the marriage was loveless. The concepts learned in class will therefore be applied in the film in order to put the concept of upward mobility into perspective. The targeted issues will include social class, gender, achievement, ascription, intra-generational mobility, and status attainment.

The targeted film for this analysis is “How Green Was My Valley”. This film was produced in the year 1941 and was directed by John Ford. The film gives a detailed analysis of the issues and challenges experienced by many mine workers throughout the 19 th century. According to the film, the workers faced numerous challenges and obstacles. Such problems affected their lifestyles thus being unable to realize their potentials. As well, they continued to encounter various workplace issues such as low wages and poor conditions. These problems forced the workers to form a new union. The film also explores the upwards mobility of Angharad Morgan. The movie explains how Morgan's daughter married the mine-owner's son. The marriage transformed and changed Angharad Morgan's social class. However, the film shows clearly that the marriage was loveless. The concepts learned in class will therefore be applied in the film in order to put the concept of upward mobility into perspective. The targeted issues will include social class, gender, achievement, ascription, intra-generational mobility, and status attainment.

Social Inequality in How Green Was My Valley Movie Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Summary of the Film 3. The Concepts 4. Applying the Concepts to the Film “How Green Was My Valley” 5. Footnotes Introduction The targeted film for this analysis is “How Green Was My Valley”. This film was produced in the year 1941 and was directed by John Ford. The film gives a detailed analysis of the issues and challenges experienced by many mine workers throughout the 19 th century. According to the film, the workers faced numerous challenges and obstacles. Such problems affected their lifestyles thus being unable to realize their potentials. As well, they continued to encounter various workplace issues such as low wages and poor conditions. These problems forced the workers to form a new union. The film also explores the upwards mobility of Angharad Morgan. The movie explains how Morgan’s daughter married the mine-owner’s son. The marriage transformed and changed Angharad Morgan’s social class. However, the film shows clearly that the marriage was loveless. The concepts learned in class will therefore be applied in the film in order to put the concept of upward mobility into perspective. The targeted issues will include social class, gender, achievement, ascription, intra-generational mobility, and status attainment. Summary of the Film The film “How Green Was My Valley” narrates the story of Gwilym Morgan’s family. According to the movie, the family is living in South Wales Valley. South Wales’ environment has been destroyed through continued pollution and overexploitation of different natural resources. Most of Morgan’s sons are working in the coalmines. The sons include Davy, Gwilym Junior, Ivor, Huw, and Ianto. Huw is the last born among these brothers. He is also the only one who does not work in the mines. The movie shows clearly that the town was beautiful during Huw’s childhood. However, the increased level of mining had destroyed and blacked every village in the region. The mine owner decides to lower the wages paid to the workers. This move forces the workers to protest. The workers also threaten to kill Huw’s father for not supporting the organized protest. Huw injures his leg while trying to rescue his mother from the river. Mr. Gruffydd helps Huw throughout his recovery process. This situation gives Mr. Gruffydd the opportunity to befriend Angharad. As well, the purpose of the strike was to fight for better wages. Although the mine-owner decides to address the issue, majority of the workers lose their jobs and eventually become poorer. During the same period, Evans (the mine-owner’s son) courts Angharad despite the fact that her heart belongs to Mr. Gruffydd. She later decides to submit to the new loveless life. They couple eventually travel to a different country. Huw joins school and eventually becomes a boxer. Towards the end of the film, Gwilym dies after a mine disaster. Huw believes strongly that his father’s memory will always be fresh in his mind. The Concepts The concepts learned in this class can be used to understand and analyze the major issues affecting many people in the society. Such concepts and terms can be used to understand most of the issues experienced in the film “How Green Was My Valley”. The first concept is intra-generational mobility. Human beings focus on the best opportunities that can transform their lifestyles. This fact explains why the social status and worth of a person changes throughout his or her lifespan. The term intra-generational mobility refers to the changes associated with a person’s social mobility 1 . This kind of mobility will always take place throughout his or her life. The second powerful concept is Status Attainment. The Status Attainment Model explains how a person’s achievement in a given society is mobile. According to different experts, status attainment can occur upwardly or downwardly. This shift is determined by different factors such as education, gender, career, and income. According to this model, inequality arises from certain differences such as academic achievements, values, sources of motivation, occupation of parents, and mental abilities. Some factors such as ethnicity, gender, career, and race have also been observed to determine an individual’s ability to compete for higher a better status in the society. The ascription vs. achievement framework is used to describe the status of a person in a specific cultural group. Achievement explains how individuals are judged depending on their records and accomplishments in life 2 . On the other hand, ascription focuses on a situation whereby an individual’s social status is achieved through kinship, age, education, or birth. This model explains why various roles are assigned to specific genders, groups, or individuals from various cultural backgrounds. As well, some roles might be given to competent persons who have the potential to achieve the best results. The term social class refers to a specific division, age-set, or group in the society. Such groups are usually identified using a number of attributes such as economic wellbeing and racial background. Gender is a sociological term used to analyze various characteristics associated with femininity and masculinity. Specific issues such as discrimination, gender inequality, and upward mobility continue to affect the lives of many citizens 3 . Applying the Concepts to the Film “How Green Was My Valley” The concepts studied in class can be used to explore most of the issues and challenges affecting many people in the film. Individuals, families, and communities embrace the best actions in order to improve their lifestyles. The practice can make it easier for such individuals to achieve new statuses in their respective societies. This analysis gives a detailed understanding of social mobility. According to sociologists, social mobility is the movement of households, communities, groups, or individuals within the ranks of the Open Stratification System (OSS). More often than not, many societies attribute some value or honor to every new social status. The events observed in this film describe how individuals embrace specific practices in order to achieve their social goals. For instance, Davy, Gwilym Junior, Ivor, and Ianto work hard in an attempt to transform their lives. Their father also works in a coalmine in order to support his family. According to the Status Attainment Model, people’s achievements in a given society will always be mobile 4 . The film describes how Morgan’s family encounters numerous challenges and problems. The challenges faced by this family also portray the issues that affected the entire community. The wave of capitalism forced the mine-owner to look for cheap labor. This process led to a new form of slavery. The workers in the mines faced numerous challenges and eventually became poorer. Huw’s father eventually died after a mine disaster. As well, Huw injured himself while trying to rescue his mother. This story describes how upward mobility takes place in this society. Inequality also emerges from certain differences such as gender and skills. This kind of inequality also affects the experiences and outcomes of many individuals in the community such as Huw’s mother. Gender role is also observed to play a significant role in the film. It is notable that women should be housewives while men should work in the coalmines. This situation affects the welfare of many women. As well, majority of the men lose their jobs or lives. Such developments describe the social mobility that arises from industrialization. The formation of a union can be described as a powerful effort embraced by different workers in to achieve their potentials. However, the effort fails to deliver the best results. The film shows how the peoples’ living conditions change within a very period. Some people also lose their lives while fighting hard to have better social positions. The concept of the intra-generational mobility is also evident in the film. This aspect of upward mobility shows how a person’s social mobility changes from one period to another 5 . For example, Angharad’s social status changes significantly after marrying Evans. Angharad’s status improves thus making it easier for her to focus on new issues. Angharad’s decision to marry Evans supports her upwards mobility in the society. The ascription vs. achievement framework can also be used to describe the events presented in this film. Evans and his father are successful people. Evans’ social status has been achieved through birth. On the other hand, Huw’s status depends mostly on his accomplishments in life. For instance, he joins school in order to have a better life. In conclusion, the developments and events described in this film explain how upward mobility takes place in every community. The losses and achievements observed in the movie show how the social position of a person changes from one period to another. The position can move in an upward or downward direction. Footnotes 1. Intra-generational and Ascription-Achievement lecture, October 15th. UCR Sociology 133, Fall 2015. 2. Intra-generational and Ascription-Achievement lecture, October 15 th . UCR Sociology 133, Fall 2015. 3. Gender Inequality, October 15 th . UCR Sociology 133, Fall 2015. 4. Status Attainment lecture, October 15 th . UCR Sociology 133, Fall 2015. 5. Intra-generational and Ascription-Achievement lecture, October 15th. UCR Sociology 133, Fall 2015.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: Social Inequality in the Titanic Movie EssayMovies not only provide entertainment but also often depict situations that show various aspects of the human life. Different social problems, for instance, are vividly present in many films. In this paper, we will scrutinize the movie Titanic , in which the problem of social inequality is rather bright. After that, we will analyze social inequality from two different sociological points of view, namely, the conflict and the interactionist perspectives.

Social Inequality in the Titanic Movie Essay Movies not only provide entertainment but also often depict situations that show various aspects of the human life. Different social problems, for instance, are vividly present in many films. In this paper, we will scrutinize the movie Titanic , in which the problem of social inequality is rather bright. After that, we will analyze social inequality from two different sociological points of view, namely, the conflict and the interactionist perspectives.

Social Inequality in the Titanic Movie Essay Introduction Movies not only provide entertainment but also often depict situations that show various aspects of the human life. Different social problems, for instance, are vividly present in many films. In this paper, we will scrutinize the movie Titanic , in which the problem of social inequality is rather bright. After that, we will analyze social inequality from two different sociological points of view, namely, the conflict and the interactionist perspectives. Short Synopsis of the Movie Titanic is an American 1997 movie that tells a fictional story of a young woman and a young man who met on RMS “Titanic,” a historic British ship that sank in the North Atlantic in 1912 after colliding with an iceberg (Cameron & Landau, 1997). The story is told by Rose, an old woman who survived the catastrophe. When she was 17-year-old, Rose DeWitt Bukater boarded “Titanic”; she came from a formerly rich family that was experiencing financial problems. She was to marry a Cal Hockley, a rich man, to resolve these problems. She did not love Cal, neither did she want to lead a life of a wife of a rich businessman. The old Rose says, “I saw my whole life as if I have already lived it, an endless parade of parties and cotillions… Always the same… people, the same mindless chatter. I felt like I was standing at a great precipice, with no one to pull me back, no one who cared or even noticed” (Cameron & Landau, 1997, 0:34:45-0:35:15). Rose was going to commit suicide and jump down from the stern, but she was stopped by Jack Dawson, a poor young painter. After communicating with him for a while, Rose fell in love with Jack. She decided to part with Cal and run away from her family together with Jack; she left a mocking note to Cal. When Cal discovered it, he decided to frame Jack for stealing a precious diamond necklace, the Heart of the Ocean. Somewhere at this point, the ship collided with the iceberg, while Jack ended up chained to a pipe on the lower deck. Instead of using a lifeboat, Rose went down to the lower decks to save Jack. Having fetched him, she went up to the upper deck and boarded the lifeboat. When she was looking at Jack, she understood that there was no lifeboat for him as he previously had claimed (there were too few lifeboats on the ship), and jumped back to the ship. Eventually, they waited together until the ship sank. Later, Rose was picked up by a lifeboat, but Jack died of hypothermia in the ocean. Rose lied about her name and introduced herself as Rose Dawson later on a ship that came to save them, to avoid Cal, as well as her family. The Social Problems Shown in the Movie One of the major social problems that are shown in the movie is social inequality. It is vividly depicted in the film. The main characters, Rose and Jack, come from different social groups, and the position and obligations of Rose do not allow her to be with Jack. Even when she rejects the privileges (which she perceives as a burden) that her class offers in order to be with the one she loves, she is eventually separated from him because of the consequences of social inequality. The fallout of social inequality is also brightly depicted in the movie. The number of lifeboats that are available on the liner is too small; there are only enough to save approximately half of the people on the ship. When Rose says, “Half the people on the ship are going to die,” Cal answers her: “Not the better half” (Cameron & Landau, 1997, 1:51:45-1:52:00), for the boats, are reserved for those who use the first class, the rich and the noble. While they are boarding the lifeboats, the passengers of the economy class are forced to wait on the lower decks, locked so that the rich could board the boats without interruptions (Cameron & Landau, 1997, 1:49:30). Therefore, the people who could only afford the economy class tickets were forced to stay on the ship and die. This is why Rose jumped back to “Titanic” when she was already in a lifeboat; she understood that Jack, being a poor person who was traveling by the economy class, would not get a place on a boat and that he would most likely die together with the other lower-class passengers. She decided not to abandon him. And still, she lost him when he froze to death while they were waiting for a ship to come and save them. Social Inequality According to Sociological Perspectives Social inequality is a situation when resources are distributed unevenly in the society, according to people’s social status. The types of inequality include racial, ethnic, gender, age inequality, etc. One of the most obvious types of social inequality is economic inequality, an uneven distribution of wealth among people, or the representatives of different social groups. Social inequality can be analyzed through the prism of different theories; we will look at it using the conflict and interactionist perspectives. According to conflict theories, which are most often associated with Karl Marx and Marxian economics, economic inequality is the result of the economic system of the society (Bartos & Wehr, 2002). Today, this economic system is capitalism, which is based on the free-market economy. In such a system, the members of the wealthy class use the members of the working class in order to produce wealth. According to Marx (2004), they hire them as employees but achieve income by accumulating the surplus value (i.e. the value created by workers that is more than what the capitalists pay the workers for their labor) and turning it into capital, which is then used to obtain even more income. Capitalists possess capital that they can use to produce more wealth by using workers, whereas the workers can only sell their labor to capitalists, and are forced to do so in order to make their living. But, however hard a laborer works, they will not be able to get an equal share of income. It also means that e.g. a worker’s children are extremely unlikely to become rich, for they do not have starting capital, as well as other resources needed to enter the higher class. Also, even if one manages to become a member of the higher classes, the vast majority of people are still forced to sell their labor to the few who possess capital. This means a conflict over valuable resources between the rich and the working classes continuously exists (Marx, 2004). It should be stressed that possessing great amounts of wealth, large capitalists have enough resources to obtain a share of political power as well. They often use governments to maintain their position, to create subsidies, tax breaks, and other means to help their business. Therefore, the rich not only receive an unevenly large share of money but also have much more power than the others. In addition, it means that they can control or affect the media, the education system, etc.; they use it to spread an ideology which is beneficial to them. For instance, according to such an ideology, the wealth of the rich is a result of their own hard work rather than the structure of the society and their starting position, whereas the poor are poor because they are not hard-working enough, and so on. The wealthy create the image of “self-made men” in order to maintain their position via cultural influence. On the other hand, according to the interactionist perspective, the position that one has in a society is maintained via the micro-interactions between them and the other members of the society, on a day-to-day level (Ferrante, 2008). This leads to people keeping their social roles prescribed by society (Turner, 2006, p. 217). For instance, when an employee interacts with their employer, the worker will often behave cautiously and very politely; they will attempt not to get on their bad side so as not to get possible penalties this might involve. This maintains the subordinate position of the worker and the superior position of the employer. Therefore, the social inequality is also maintained via such interactions. The people will usually attempt to act according to their social roles, in order not to lose these roles. These ways of interactions preserve the relations of power that exist between individuals on the micro-level, which eventually leads to sustaining the power structures on the macro-level (Dennis & Martin, 2005, p. 207). In fact, it works in different contexts: members of different social groups interact according to their roles (as was shown in the example with a worker and an employer), members of groups with different political power also interact accordingly (one is likely to behave courteously with the president of their country, whereas if virtually everyone stopped considering them a president and behaving accordingly, the president would stop being one), etc. Therefore, according to the interactionist perspective, the interactions between people on a micro-level should be considered one of the factors that preserve the social inequality. Social Inequality in Titanic According to Sociological Perspectives It is now possible to apply the described sociological perspectives to Titanic. If we use the conflict perspective to analyze the movie, it is easy to see that Rose and Jack come from different classes, which prevents them from being together; even even though they wish to leave their social difference behind, the low status of Jack prevents him from escaping, and he, along with many other lower-class passengers, dies in cold waters of the ocean. On the other hand, according to the interactionist perspective, both main characters do not keep to their social roles; however, they are still interacted with by the others as the carriers of those roles, and this fact eventually seals their fate. Conclusion As it was possible to see, the problem of social inequality is presented rather vividly in Titanic . In fact, social inequality is one of the main reasons why the protagonists could not be together. There are some sociological perspectives that can be used to analyze social inequality. According to the conflict perspective, which is closely associated with Marx, social inequality comes from the economic system of society. On the other hand, according to interactionists, it results from daily interactions between people. Both perspectives can be used in order to understand these social phenomena. References Bartos, O. J., & Wehr, P. (2002). Using conflict theory . New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Cameron, J. (Producer & Director), & Landau, J. (Producer). (1997). Titanic [Motion picture]. United States: 20th Century Fox, Paramount Pictures, & Lightstorm Entertainment. Dennis, A., & Martin, P. J. (2005). Symbolic interactionism and the concept of power. British Journal of Sociology, 56 (2), 191-213. Web. Ferrante, J. (2008). Sociology: A global perspective (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. Marx, K. (2004). Capital: A critique of political economy, volume 1 . (B. Fowkes, Trans.). London, UK: Penguin Classics. (Original work published 1867) Turner, J. H. (Ed.). (2006). Handbook of sociological theory . New York, NY: Springer.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The role of social class, and family life has been discussed in the text. The authors have talked about how these factors affect children growing up in different socioeconomic circumstances in Sydney.The role of social class, and family life has been discussed in the text. The authors have talked about how these factors affect children growing up in different socioeconomic circumstances in Sydney.

The role of social class, and family life has been discussed in the text. The authors have talked about how these factors affect children growing up in different socioeconomic circumstances in Sydney. The role of social class, and family life has been discussed in the text. The authors have talked about how these factors affect children growing up in different socioeconomic circumstances in Sydney.

Social Influences on Children’ Growing Up Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The role of social class, and family life 3. Education and schooling 4. Access to resources and the role of governmental policy 5. Conclusion 6. Reference List Introduction Human growth and development is a complicated process which is inevitably impacted upon by socioeconomic circumstances within which an individual is growing up Damon and Lerner (2006). In the end these circumstances determine the personality and behavior of an individual as well as their health and socioeconomic status. An individual’s attitude and perceptions are largely shaped by the socioeconomic surroundings within which they grow up and live as children and to a considerable extent as adults. The purpose of this task is to discuss how social influences affect outcomes for children growing up in two different socio-economic circumstances in Sydney, that is, in Double Bay and Redfern. Double Bay and Redfern are suburbs of Sidney with different socioeconomic conditions. Double Bay is found in new South Wales state four kilometers south of Sydney Rawlings-Way (2010). It is the administrative centre of the local government of Woollahra Municipality Rawlings-Way (2010). Comparatively, Double Pay is a wealthy residential suburb thus its nickname “Double Pay”. On the other hand Redfern is an inner-city suburb of Sidney located three kilometers south of Sydney central business district and is part of the local government of Sydney city Rawlings-Way (2010). There is a high level of concentration of poverty in Redfern and its neighboring Waterloo Rawlings-Way (2010). The role of social class, and family life Virtually all societies are stratified in to social classes or groupings mainly on the basis of individual and family incomes and general material wealth. Children growing up in diverse social classes experience life differently. Lareau (2003) argues that social class diversity influence the very pace and rhythm of daily life. In a capitalist economy like Australia a person’s social class generally determines the kind of socioeconomic conditions he or she lives and grows in even though there is upward movement of people in between the classes. Malina,Bouchard and Bar-Or (2004) point out that living conditions related to socioeconomic status include difference in education background of parents, acquisition power for food and in turn nutritional status, access to and use of health care amenities and programs and by and large regularity of lifestyle. These scholars further observe that the socioeconomic status of a child’s family is an important factor that influences growth and maturation. A child from well off socioeconomic circumstances like Double Bay tend to be on average taller and heavier than those from socioeconomic conditions like Redfern Malina,Bouchard and Bar-Or (2004). Damon and Lerner (2006) argues that family composition and social class put forth significant influences on the way parents bring up their children and their expectations of children as they grow. It is noteworthy Parenting is important in an individual child’s life particularly during the formative years as well as during young adulthood. Parents of children from the rich classes and small family sizes like Double bay are able to monitor each child closely thereby identify their strengths, talents weaknesses and help them accordingly. Parents from the upper and middle classes are normally more educated than their counterparts in the lower strata of the society thus they tend to be more realistic and liberal in terms of allowing their children to pursue what they are talented and interested in. They do so by providing the required moral and material support for success in whatever their child chooses to pursue in their lives. Generally, educated parents unlike uneducated ones help in identification and nurturing of their children talents and abilities thereby raising their possibility of success later in life. On the other hand, parents from lower social classes like in Redfern may block a child from pursuing what they are interested in out of ignorance as a result of lack of education and exposure. In most cases they may lack moral and material ability needed to support their children in pursuing their life interests. In a nut shell, parents have significant functions to play in children’s physical continued existence, social growth, emotional maturation and cognitive development Damon and Lerner (2006). In the end as children attain independence parenthood is understood as having enhanced a child’s self-assurance, capacity for intimate relationship, achievement enthusiasm, enjoyment in play and work, closeness and friendships with peers, and lifelong academic success and fulfillment Damon and Lerner (2006). However, it is noteworthy that human development is too delicate, dynamic and complicated to hold that parenting alone determines the track and outcome of a child’s development from childhood to maturity Damon and Lerner (2006). More often than not stature in maturity is formed by the actions, changes and unexpected difficulties of an individual child across the life span Damon and Lerner (2006).In other words parenthood alone cannot fix the course and boundary of a child’s development. This is so because according to (Damon and Lerner 2006; Singleman and Rider 2008) parent and child actively build one another through time. Therefore in as much as parenthood plays a critical role in the physical, social, emotional, spiritual and intellectual growth and development of a child there are other significant socioeconomic factors which determine the outcome of a children growing in differing circumstances as we are going to see in the next sections. The family is the first societal unit in which a child’s socialization process begins and even continues throughout their lives. As a social basic unit family life is inevitably impacted up on by community circumstances and in turn impacts up on the growth and development of a child. Therefore, communal factors in Double Bay and Redfern suburbs to some degree determine the manner and organization of customs within the family units found there Mawle,Cowley and Adams (2007). According to Mawle, Cowley and Adams (2007) these factors include educational and employment opportunities that will shape the economic condition of the family and in turn impacting on the availability of material resources significant for sustain a happy and comfortable life in terms of for example maintaining good health. At the family level a child embraces beliefs and values espoused by the elder family members beginning with his or her parents. These beliefs and values shape a child’s perceptions and attitudes as he or she develops from childhood to maturity. And even though family beliefs and values that a child adopts from his or her family they are subject to change renouncement along an individual child’s life they inevitably affect social stature and personality later in life. For instance, those that grow up in rich families are likely to embrace an attitude of success and greatness as a result of the motivating surroundings they grow up in while their age mates growing up in poor families may lack a positive outlook towards life because of the discouragement and dehumanization that accompanies poverty. Education and schooling Education and schooling are certainly important determining factor of the kind of a person an individual grow up to be. It is largely at school where the important intellectual, social, spiritual as well as emotional growth of a child is taken care of by presumably combined efforts of the parents, teachers, government and the wider society. The school that child attend determines the kind of friendships and networks and the accompanying social influences that a child forms. In a great way it also determines who they marry later in life and thus the kind families they raise. A Child’s educational background also determines the kind of jobs he or she will get in adulthood which in turn determines their purchasing power in the market. Children from rich families like majority of those in Double Bay attend schools with adequate learning facilities and enough teachers Youdell (2010). Therefore, they stand a chance of getting quality education unlike their counterparts from poor families in Redfern where levels of poverty are high. Within the schools of the rich teachers to students ratio is low compared to the overcrowded schools of children from poor families. Teachers are therefore able to pay more attention to a child’s educational, social and emotional needs than in congested schools where teachers are weighed down by the high number of students and pupils. Apart from the high quality education that a child growing up in Double Bay is likely to get their artistic and sporting talents and abilities are easily identified and closely nurtured by professional teachers unlike in schools of the poor where teachers for unexaminable studies are few or nonexistent at all. Such students also get adequate exposure to real life activities through educational and picnic trips. By and large the kind of education and schooling that a child undergoes is directly linked to the well being of their self-confidence as they grow and to some extent in adulthood. As mentioned earlier the educational backgrounds of parents for children in Double Bay are different from that of parents in Redfern and in turn their socioeconomic status is different and thus their purchasing power which determines the quality of life that their children lead. By inheritance their children may inherit their either good or bad socioeconomic status and carry it over to their grandchildren. Ricci and Kyle () argues that children are brought up differently by parents of different educational levels, occupations and incomes. Certainly, there is no one particular social institution that can be said to be the sole determinant of how a child grows up in different socioeconomic circumstances. However, the media as a social institution is increasingly playing a critical role in the formation process of a child’s personality and behavior particularly in the liberal Western societies.Charlesworth point out that the media influence children’s social behavior. Here it is important to note that the influence can either be positive or negative. Parents have the responsibility of censoring and regulating what their children watch on TV as well as closely monitoring what they can access on the internet especially in the societies where freedom of expression is excessive such that the content disseminated by the media may be unfit for children. However, this is not all always possible because parents are not always with their children round the clock. Under such circumstances responsible parents delegate power and responsibility of regulating what their children consume from the media to those taking care of them. Social influences of the media on children growing in different socioeconomic circumstances like Double Bay and Redfern differ mainly because of differences in terms of what they can access through the media. Whereas those growing up in affluent families like in Double Bay where TVs, computers and other electronic and print media is available, accessible and affordable may benefit from programs designed purposely for intellectual and social growth and development of the children those growing up in poor families in Redfern lack such an opportunity. Also Double Bay children get a wider exposure through electronic and print media to other cultures within their countries and outside their countries thus making them more informed and intelligent than their counterparts growing up in poor families in Redfern where electronic as well as print media is a luxury that is unaffordable and unnecessary compared to other competing needs for survival. Besides the wide exposure through electronic and print media that children growing up in rich suburbs like Double Bay benefit from they also stand a chance of acquiring necessary computer skills and access to beneficial information for their school projects through the internet and other modern technologies which are largely alien to those growing up in Redfern poor families Evra (2004).Evra argues that limited access to technology for children growing up in poor families lessen their apparent computer know-how. However, limited technological inaccessibility does not be a sign of a lack of interest or ability to learn the necessary skills Evra (2004). According to Evra (2004) even though children and adolescents with less access are exposed to fewer harmful messages and information they miss more positive and all of the advantages that computer use can bestow for either information, academic or for entertainment. Weaker computer capability may also endanger future employment opportunities Evra (2004). Access to resources and the role of governmental policy According to Anderson and Looney (2002) access to resources or policy interventions may support young children, either by directly improving their outcomes by improving their physical and social environments in a way that leads to better outcomes. Anderson and Looney (2002) point out that access to resources or policy interventions directed to children and their environments can reduce environmental risks and promote positive outcomes. For instance, children growing up in Double Bay where access to financial resources and government sponsored amenities is easy stand a chance of better conditions in terms of their health, educational performance and economic security. On the other hand those growing up in poor suburbs like Redfern may lack access necessary resources like social amenities as a result of a discriminative governmental policy. Lack of access to health care services for instance impacts on the health of the children as they grow up. Whereas growing up in Double bay may have access to better government and other well maintained resources their counterparts growing up in Redfern where concentration of poverty is high may lack such privileges especially if policy makers are not fair. Conclusion To sum up, human growth and development is a complicated process whose outcomes are determined by various social factors. These factors are related to but not limited to social class, family life of a child, education and schooling of both the child and the parents or guardians themselves, the influence of the media and now new technology like the internet and access to resources and role off the government policy. The task has explored the role of parenthood in the formation of a child growing in different socioeconomic circumstances. Reference List Anderson, C. L., & Looney, Janet, W. (2002). Making progress: essays in progress and public policy. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. Damon, W., & Lerner, Richard M. (2006). Handbook of Child Psychology: Child psychology in practice. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Evra, J. (2004). Television and child development . New York: Routledge. Lareau, A. (2003). Unequal childhoods: class, race, and family life . Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Malina, R. M., Bouchard, C. & Bar-Or, O. (2004). Growth, maturation, and physical activity. Windsor, Ontario: Human Kinetics. Mawle, A., Cowley’s., & Adams, C. (2007). Community public health in policy and practice: a sourcebook. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Health Sciences. Rawlings-Way, C. (2010). Sydney . New York: Lonely Planet. Ricci, S., & Kyle, T. (2008). Maternity and pediatric nursing . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Singleman, C. K. , & Rider, E. A. (2008). Life-Span Human Development . New York: Cengage Learning. Youdell, D. (2010). Identity, Power and Politics in Education . New York: Taylor & Francis.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The following are the main points from the chapter 15 of the Self Help in Hard Times book that were determined as Zinn's main points of interest:1. Social Unrest is a By-product of Inequality2. Resistance to Change

The following are the main points from the chapter 15 of the Self Help in Hard Times book that were determined as Zinn's main points of interest: 1. Social Unrest is a By-product of Inequality 2. Resistance to Change

Social Issues in Self Help in Hard Times by Zinn Essay The following are the main points from the chapter 15 of the Self Help in Hard Times book that were determined as Zinn’s main points of interest: Social Unrest is a By-product of Inequality The first main point of Zinn in this chapter is that social unrest is connected to inequality in the current system. As seen in the case of the IWW, the various protests brought about by the defunct socialist party as well as the other subsequent protests that were shown in the chapter, the concentration of wealth and opportunity towards a small sector of the population breeds considerable discontent (Zinn 380). Simply put, the more processes implemented that favor the wealthy, such as tax deductions and priority treatment, the more likely people are to rebel resulting in social unrest. Zinn points out that the development of social unrest through organizations such as unions is only a by-product of a greater case of social resentment over the trickle down effect having little in they way of sufficient positive social benefits. It is based on this that Zinn implies that the problem with worker strikes is not the creation of unions; rather, it is the way in which the current system is setup where a select few are given disproportional advantages over the rest of the population (Zinn 385). So long as this problem persists, the same protests, violence and societal unrest will continue to exist well into the future. The problem, as Zinn points out, is that there is a considerable difference between a living wage and what employers pay their workers. If workers are actually paid enough for them to live comfortably, it is unlikely that they would even strike in the first place. Resistance to Change Another of the main issues pointed out by Zinn in this chapter is the resistance to change presented by the government, the wealthy and other local organizations. For example, despite the Seattle protests being generally peaceful, the response of the authorities once it was over was to violently arrest the individuals who lead the IWW. Not only that, there are numerous instances showcased in the chapter of law enforcement generally overreacting when it came to peacefully addressing the problem of worker strikes (Zinn 379). There was also the case of resistance to change on the part of the rich wherein instead of acknowledging the fact that their workers were being underpaid and giving them better wages, they actively attempted to repress the workers as much as possible in the form of the armed guards or bringing in new workers who were not part of the union. The government was also not any better as evidenced by the policies that were implemented that continued to favor the rich despite widespread social discontent. One way of explaining why there is resistance to change is to look at it from the perspective of institutional theory which states that people are more likely to adhere to a particular institution due to how long it has been present despite the existence of alternative institutions that are better and more efficient. This is due to age being perceived as a form of stability wherein, despite the presence of better alternatives, people would still prefer something that they know is stable. This helps to explain why the rich and those in power continue to uphold the current system despite clear evidence that it is unstable. Works Cited Zinn, Howard. “Self Help in Hard Times.” Self Help in Hard Times. 2005. Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Beck's essay delves into the issue of risk, looking at how it has become a defining feature of modern society. He argues that modern society can also be described as a risk society, as it has produced many risks. Beck gives a very detailed explanation of why similar dangers have led to new risks, and I am in agreement with the majority of his reasons.

Beck's essay delves into the issue of risk, looking at how it has become a defining feature of modern society. He argues that modern society can also be described as a risk society, as it has produced many risks. Beck gives a very detailed explanation of why similar dangers have led to new risks, and I am in agreement with the majority of his reasons.

Literature Study on the Aspects of Societal Life Term Paper Abstract There are numerous aspects of society and life that intertwine on a daily basis. Everyone faces similar problems on a daily basis, whether it is one’s social class, the risks experienced, or morality. The essay looks into three resources that touch on different aspects of societal life. The first book, ‘ Living in the world risk society’ by Beck delves into the issue of risk, while the second book, ‘The Marx-Engels reader’ by Tucker, looks into class divisions. The last book, ‘What money cannot buy: The moral limits of markets’ by Sandel discusses money and morality. Beck, U. (2006). Living in the world risk society. Economy and Society , 35 (3): 329-345. Beck (2006, p. 332) argues that modern society can also be described as a risk society, as it has produced many risks. Moreover, society tries to mitigate the risks it has produced most of the time. The same risks that are observed and mitigated crop up from the very same dangers that people in the twentieth century faced. It suffices to mention that although the dangers are the same, the risks are very different. 2007 to 2008 financial crisis can also be explained using Beck’s argument. The crisis started with a booming economy. The business was booming, and many investors bought stock all over the world. All through the centuries, investors have been looking for opportunities to make more money; thus, 2007/2008 situation presented a similar challenge. However, the risks changed. Before, the risk would involve a few hundreds of people. However, thousands of people recorded losses in the 2007/2008 period. Moreover, multinationals and banks went bankrupt. Governments had to bail out these institutions in order to avoid sinking deeper into the financial crisis. Beck (2006, pp. 332-344) gives a very detailed explanation of why similar dangers have led to new risks, and I am in agreement with the majority of his reasons. People in the eighteenth and nineteen centuries still suffered from diseases, and other conditions, similar to the diseases and illnesses witnessed and experienced today. Thus, the same dangers that threatened human life in the early centuries are still threatening human beings today. However, the risks are very different. Currently, living is a risk because there are more odds than before. Even though the earlier centuries had diseases, they were not as many and complex as the diseases today. The current society is a society of risk because the apparatus that were set aside for providing security is now providing risks, as well (Beck, 2006, p. 336). For example, science, religion, and philosophy were initially trusted to provide answers to some of the most complex discussions in the world. The likes of Socrates and Plato thrived because of the importance these three concepts were given. Today, the same concepts still provide answers to problems in society. However, they also provide some of the biggest threats in society. For instance, religion has been used to cause terror. It should be mentioned that terrorism is not a new concept because it has been present for hundreds of years. In the Bible, the attack of a village to secure land can be perceived as terrorism. Therefore, the world is still facing the same difficulties it was facing hundreds of years ago, but with different risks. Another example that can be cited apart from terrorism is globalization. Pollution has been a big threat since time immemorial. However, the risks associated with globalization today are very different from the risks people in the early centuries experienced. For example, fish have moved away from the North Pole due to globalization. In turn, the human civilizations that were living there had to move out because of a lack of food. Additionally, other animals in the region had to move due to starvation. All these changes have affected the ecosystem in the region. Polar bears are now having a very difficult time living in the North Pole due to the changes. Tucker, R. C. (Ed.) (n.d.). The Marx-Engels Reader . (2 nd ed.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. Tucker (n.d., p. 475) argues that the modern bourgeoisie is the product of a long course of development caused by a series of revolutions in the modes of production and exchange. In analyzing this statement, Tucker appears to argue that the division of classes was made more complex by the Industrial Revolution. It is true that social and economic classes based on the economy have changed. Previously, societies only had the noble families and the layman families. However, this developed further to form the other classes that were derived from duties and responsibilities. Later on, the economic classes were based on wealth and the number of lands a family-owned. Today, these classes are purely based on wealth. Drawing from the 2007/2008 financial crisis, the division of society into economic classes can be blamed for many of the losses recorded. The middle and lower classes suffered the most, as the top class tried to save as much money as possible. A majority of the multinational corporations, banks, and mortgage providers went bankrupt. The Lehman Brothers is an example of a mortgage provider that went bankrupt and had to shut down as it did not get a bailout from the government. The middle and lower class people, who were depending on loans and mortgages, lost their homes and their sources of income. According to Tucker’s argument, the financial crisis was the fault of the economic systems put in place by industrialization. If everyone was equal, then the market would not have collapsed; even if it did, a select few would not have been bailed out, and the rest left to struggle with financial debts. Tucker (n.d., pp. 475-477) argues that all the change was propagated by the Industrial Revolution. Even though he gives a solid argument, Tucker fails to show how communism and capitalism affect social division. Whether the Industrial Revolution would have supported communism or capitalism, class divisions would still persist. An example can be drawn from the Mesopotamian Empire, which was present before industrialization. The empire practiced communism, as did the very early human civilizations. Despite this, they still had class divisions that defined the noble and the laymen. It is arguable that the modes of production and exchange, which were also present before industrial in the form of barter trade, shaped the economic system. It had absolutely nothing to do with industrialization because there was no ‘industrialization’ at that point. However, the argument that industrialization led to the development of more complex class division suffices. Industrialization and capitalism for that matter have encouraged the development of new sub-divisions within the class divisions. For example, the initial class divisions were the top, middle, and lower classes. However, currently there are also the middle middle-class, top middle-class, and lower middle-class. It is assumed that different people in the middle-class also have different statuses. There are those who have more wealth than others; thus, they cannot be put in one economic class. Sandel, M. J. (2012). What money cannot buy: The moral limits of markets . New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Ciroux. Sandel (2012, p. 13) argues that the failure of the degrading nature of capital markets is due to the encroaching of the same markets in aspects of life that they do not belong. Market and profit making have been adapted in every aspect of life, making it harder to differentiate between morality and profit making. For example, a salesperson will lie to the client that the product they want to buy is the best in the market. This lie is told in an attempt to record profits, yet lying is immoral. The financial crises of 2007/2008 is an excellent example of how market encroaching has destroyed the society. Life was literally unbearable in the two years because a majority of the services and goods needed were not affordable. Many people lost their homes after the housing bubble burst. They were unable to afford other critical services like health care due to the rise in value of such services. If these services could be bought, then the financial crisis would not have led to the massive loss it did. People would not have lost homes, because houses would have been afforded. Additionally, lives would not have been lost due to a lack of money or insurance for health care. I agree with Sandel (2012, p. 6), that today money can buy anything, if not everything. However, ensuring that there are some things that money cannot buy will curb the fast growth of markets and uphold morality at the same time. For instance, the privatization of health care has been debated since time immemorial. There have been numerous cases where hospitals have refused to treat patients, until payments are made. When profit comes first and human life comes second, then the morality of the society should be questioned. Sandel (2012, p. 12) argues that the best way to solve the issue of morality is through declaring that there are some services that cannot be bought. Imagine a man in the hospital suffering from kidney failure. The man is put on a list that claims that the kidneys are given on a ‘first come first serve’ basis. However, another man in the hospital who has more money buys a kidney from the hospital staff and gets a successful surgery. Meanwhile, more people are added to the list, and some die as they wait for kidneys they never get. In such a scenario, who is to blame? Is it the hospital staff that is just trying to make profits because it is a for-profit organization? Is it the man who had more money than the rest and decided to save his life by using the money to purchase a kidney? After all, he wanted to live. Or is it the economy that allowed people to be unequal? It can be argued that even if the kidney was not sold, there are some people who would still die due to bad timing and lack of enough kidneys. So, would it be worth it? The man who bought the kidney might have been the last in the list; therefore, the most likely to die while waiting for a kidney. Whereas this argument is solid, it does not consider the issue of morality. To the man who bought the kidney, saving his own life, is important. However, it also means that he put another person on death row. It can be assumed that his action will haunt him. The three authors, Beck, Tucker and Sandel, are linked by the idea that society produces its own problems. Beck explains that society is risky, and it brings upon itself the difficulties and the risks experienced. On the other hand, Tucker argues that society is to blame for the division between the rich and the poor, while Sandel suggests that allowing the society to put a monetary value on everything has led to increased unethical behaviors. In conclusion, there are numerous arguments that can be made for and against each of the arguments presented. However, the bigger question is: Can the reshaping of ideologies and aspects of societies passed down from one generation to another really help in solving society’s problems? References Beck, U. (2006). Living in the world risk society. Economy and Society , 35 (3), 329-345. Sandel, M. J. (2012). What money cannot buy: The moral limits of markets . New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Ciroux. Tucker, R. C. (Ed.) (n.d). The Marx-Engels reader . (2 nd ed.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : Social media is increasingly replacing traditional journalism as a source of information.Due to the development in the digital world, the majority of people tend to refer to their devices when searching for news instead of buying a printed source. Social media is replacing traditional journalism as a source of information.

Social media is increasingly replacing traditional journalism as a source of information. Due to the development in the digital world, the majority of people tend to refer to their devices when searching for news instead of buying a printed source. Social media is replacing traditional journalism as a source of information.

Social Media Replacing Traditional Journalism Research Paper Abstract Nowadays more people are getting news through social media, such as Facebook, YouTube, BuzzFeed, and fewer people buy printed newspapers. This research shows that due to the development in the digital world, the majority of people tend to refer to their devices when searching for news instead of buying a printed source and that social media is replacing traditional journalism. According to the information gained from the literature review and interviews, social media is used much more often than printed newspapers; the news discussed online is perceived as trustworthy, and people appreciate the opportunity to get news much quicker on social media. How Social Media is Replacing Traditional Journalism Introduction The world is changing rapidly and today we are already living in the age when information plays an extremely important role in the lives of individuals. Moreover, due to the development in the digital world, the majority of people tend to refer to their devices when searching for news instead of buying a printed source. According to the research results that can be found on Schools.com, social media becomes a more and more preferable source of information. They tend to replace traditional journalism so that more than 45% of Americans refer to their mobile phones when they are looking for local news (Bennett par. 1). Still, the controller of digital and technology for BBC Global News has another view on this situation. He claims that social media just tends to complement traditional sources of information, proving a simple access to the wide range of news, including those not mentioned by others (Kohli-Khandekar par. 8). However, as the tendency to refer to social media increases, there is a huge possibility that soon it will replace traditional journalism. Hypothesis One – People are increasingly relying on social media to get news rather than buying traditional printed newspaper People are constantly willing to develop and, as a result, they give preference to the innovative sources of information, forgetting about the old ones. Having a desire to be up-to-date, the general public, utilize emerging devices and the opportunities they provide them with. A traditional printed newspaper is a thing that exists for many years already, so now it has nothing to surprise the readers. Social media, on the other hand, appeared not long ago and is still developing. They are frequently updated and have low entering barriers. Social media allow the readers to be closer to the journalists and give them a chance to communicate and receive their feedback. Hypothesis Two – People think that news from social media is more trustworthy than news from traditional printed newspaper From the very beginning, social media were seen as the platform for communication. Using them, individuals exchanged different information without a particular desire to spread the news. They were honest in their statements and shared their vision. The approach is thought to be the same today even though the news got on a higher level. Traditional journalism was always filtered. The information it presents is checked by several individuals and corrected so that the final product occurs to be perceived as an adjusted version of the real events. People tend to trust those who are showing their emotions and beliefs directly, so they consider social media to be more reliable than a printed newspaper. Hypothesis Three – People tend to be able to get news much quicker on social media than traditional journalism When referring to traditional journalism, individuals have an opportunity to receive a limited range of information in a particular period. Moreover, they often need to go somewhere to buy it, which means that lots of time should be spent just to get the source of news. There is no similar problem when social media are used. Everyone has a digital device at hand today, so there are no restrictions related to the location or amount of information. A person can find everything one wants in a minute and read as much as wishes regardless of the limitations of the printed source. Moreover, if an individual wants to compare how the same event is described by different journalists, one does not need to buy numerous newspapers. Social media allow everybody to find a range of works related to a particular topic in no time. Except for that, digital devices provide an opportunity to find the keywords in the text of the article, which streamlines the process even more (Wilwayco par. 24). Literature Review Social Media It was always critical for people to know what is happening in the whole world and their home city, in particular, as this information gives a chance to plan one’s life and deepen into various spheres. The era of the traditional journalism appeared in the 17th century but started to flourish at the end of the 20th century when it attracted people to the newspapers and magazines. Some of them are considered to be prominent even today (The New York Times, for example) and are targeted at the delivery of the confirmed news to the population. But as the communication started to use social media and became digital, this approach changed. Journalism turned into a platform that the users refer to when they want to add some content. For new journalism, where all people have a voice, it is more important to be the first to speak up and to attract more attention to the article (Conde 3). The Internet provided an opportunity to write the news just after the event has happened so that the 24-hour cycle occurred, and the necessity to wait for the printed version for several days disappeared. Even though this information tends to be biased by the attitudes of the person who wrote it, people prefer to use social media. The individuals shared their comments regarding particular points when social media became popular. Today they are doing the same but use some of the best practices of the traditional journalism for the news to look and be more authoritative. Even though some individuals tend to question the accuracy of the information provided in the social media, the majority of people tend to compare different online sources instead of referring to one printed. As a result, 25% of the population refers to social media when they are searching for news. Moreover, the social network audience also increases due to the creation of networks for different professionals, which also affects the preferences in news sources (Alejandro16). Hypothesis One – People are increasingly relying on social media to get news rather than buying traditional printed newspaper Constant development and innovations in different spheres influenced the world of journalism, as they provided more sources of information that can be used by the general public. The time when the printed publication was the only thing that performed the news has already passed. Today, people from all over the world have an opportunity to watch TV, listen to the radio, etc. The recent research showed that “59.5% of the population refers to TV news, 28.8% to newspapers, 27.8% to social media, 18.8% to radio news, 9.5% to other non-printed sources and 6% to other print publications” (Bennet par. 6). Of course, it can be seen that for now newspapers are used more often than social media, but it should be considered that the existence of these sources differs in several centuries, which proves that traditional journalism had much more time to gather its audience. The fact that social media has already almost got up to it means that the take-over is on the horizon. While social media were considered to be the platform for youth from the very beginning, many adults start to refer to them now. Except for that the frequency with which the public search for news online is much higher. Even journalists claim that they cannot imagine their work without social media (McHugh 8). Thus, since more people are using social media to get news, they are replacing traditional journalism. Hypothesis Two – People think that news from social media is more trustworthy than news from traditional printed newspaper The news that can be found in the traditional printed newspapers is always addicted and filtered, which tends to dissatisfy the population due to the frequent political dissidence. People realize it and tend to question everything they read. Still, the data that is presented online faces fewer filters. Social media allow speaking up and sharing ideas without such limitations. Journalists claim that they feel “less bound by journalistic rules and more willing to share their personal opinions than in traditional media outlets” (McHugh par. 6). Except for that, many of them, as well as consumers, believe that social media is more reliable than traditional sources. The public finds the ability to communicate with the authors of the articles critical, as it makes them closer to each other. They can not only find out who wrote this or that statement but also ask questions and receive the proofs of why the data is authoritative. Many pieces of news found on social media are written by the eyewitnesses. Using their smartphones, people gather the information that is not accessible to journalists with cameras, which is one more reason why the public trusts unofficial sources (Bennet par. 9). Hypothesis Three – People tend to be able to get news much quicker on social media than traditional journalism The access to the sources of information is also extremely important when discussing their dominance. Traditional journalism prefers printed sources, such as newspapers and magazines. To add the information to them, journalists need to spend lots of time investigating the event, writing the article and checking it. They should wait for others to complete their works and then for the newspaper to be printed and spread. Thus, the consumers have no opportunity to receive the news immediately. Everything works the other way when the news appears on social media. Such sites as Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, and BuzzFeed, etc. provide an opportunity to post the information in no time and do not require any complicated procedures to be managed. The journalists even mention that they publish the news and only then edit them (McHugh par. 8). Of course, it might mean that the information occurs to be less accurate, but it can be checked in a few minutes. Research Method To support the hypotheses and prove that social media are replacing traditional journalism, the survey was conducted. The university students were interviewed regarding the issue. The participation was voluntary and anonymous. The responses were both quantitative and qualitative. They were gathered and analyzed after the interviews. The sample included 17 university students (10 females and 7 males) 20-23 years old. The participants were informed about the topic of the research and the way it would be conducted. Those who wanted to share their opinion were asked to answer several questions so that each interview lasted for 10-15 minutes. Elaborative questions were sometimes asked to gather more accurate information. Presentation and Discussion of Data Hypothesis One – People are increasingly relying on social media to get news rather than buying traditional printed newspaper The first section of the questions was designed to find out whether the population tends to refer to social media instead of using original printed sources of information. It turned out that all the interviewees used social media as the source of news at least ones while 12% claim that they had never referred to the printed newspaper when they wanted to receive a piece of news. 64% prefer to use Facebook because it operates for a rather long time already and many official facilities have accounts on it. The rest of the participants refer mainly to Twitter and YouTube. 88% say that their relatives who previously used only newspapers and magazines started to search for news online. 58% report that they started to read the pieces of news more often because the amount of them, appearing on social media, increases even though they remain easily accessible. Such results prove that the networks are widely spread today and that they tend to substitute traditional journalism. Hypothesis Two – People think that news from social media is more trustworthy than news from traditional printed newspaper All interviewees support the opinion that the information presented by journalists cannot be taken for granted. 88% believe that it is better to refer to social media, as inaccurate articles are often entailed by the readers’ comments that underline this issue, which cannot be said about the printed sources. 76% found it advantageous that the news can be edited with time, as more decent data can be added. Only 23% claim that amateur reporters ruin a positive performance of social media. 12% say that it is better to use printed sources because their information is more trustworthy while others prefer to recheck the information gained online or just to believe what is written. So the inaccuracy of social media is not considered to be a problem, conversely, people have trust in them. Hypothesis Three – People tend to be able to get news much quicker on social media than traditional journalism 100% of participants are sure that the news can be gained much quicker when social media is used. 47% even believe this fact to be the main advantage of social media as a source of news. 71% say that traditional journalism presents the information when it is already familiar to the majority of the population so that there is no necessity to buy a newspaper. Moreover, 76% claim that social media is always at hand and the news is adding 24/7, which means that there is always an opportunity to refer to them. Thus, social media wins the race and delivers the news faster. Conclusion Today’s society tends to use social media when searching for news instead of referring to traditional journalism. According to the information gained from the literature review, social media is used much more often than printed newspapers, as it can be easily approached. Except for that, the news discussed online is perceived as trustworthy and can be checked. Finally, people prefer to receive the news immediately, which cannot be managed by printed sources. All these facts were also supported by the interview conducted with students, which proves their accuracy. As a result, it can be claimed that social media is replacing traditional journalism. Works Cited Alejandro, Jennifer. Journalism in the Age of Social Media 2010. Web. Bennet, Shea. How Social Media Is Replacing Traditional Journalism as a News Source . 2012. Web. Conde, Carlos. “The New Journalism and the Demise of the Old.” The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education 24.23 (2014): 3. Print. Kohli-Khandekar, Vanita. Social Media Cannot Replace Traditional Journalism, It Complements It . 2014. Web. McHugh, Sally. Will Social Media Be the End of Traditional Journalism? 2015. Web. Wilwayco, Nick. Traditional Journalism and the New Media . 2014. Web.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The Godfather is a 1972 movie directed by Francis Ford Coppola that tells the story of a fictional Sicilian crime dynasty. The movie starts when the paterfamilias, Don Vito Corleone, gives his daughter in marriage. His beloved son, Michael, comes back home from the Second World War and gets involved in the family business. Michael kills two of the competitors, Sollozzo and Captain McCluskey, in search of revenge. When he kills them, Michael is compelled to leave the country. The family faces a lot of intrigues, challenges, and murders.

The Godfather is a 1972 movie directed by Francis Ford Coppola that tells the story of a fictional Sicilian crime dynasty. The movie starts when the paterfamilias, Don Vito Corleone, gives his daughter in marriage. His beloved son, Michael, comes back home from the Second World War and gets involved in the family business. Michael kills two of the competitors, Sollozzo and Captain McCluskey, in search of revenge. When he kills them, Michael is compelled to leave the country. The family faces a lot of intrigues, challenges, and murders.

Social Problems in The Godfather Movie Essay Table of Contents 1. The Godfather 2. Francis Coppola’s Perspective on Crime 3. Crime in the Real World Society 4. The Consequences of Criminal Activity 5. Conclusion 6. References Throughout the history, crime was one of the biggest problems in the society. Crime is commonly considered a form of behaviour deviated from the social norms and values. Nowadays, people face crime every day both in the real life and on the TV screens. In the reality it threatening the security and the wellbeing of the community, but in art and fiction it becomes a form of entertainment. Many writers, artists, and movie directors tell the amusing and spectacular stories about gangsters and other criminals in their works. The movies and novels have created a new image of criminals who are appealing and prepossessing. The crime and gangster movies and books are meant to entertain as well as to draw the attention of the public to the social problems. For example, “The Godfather,” a movie created by Francis Ford Coppola in 1972 tells the story of the Sicilian crime dynasty located in New York. Coppola depicts the issues of the crime from the perspectives of the criminal group insiders. Although at some points the main characters of “The Godfather” are represented as honoured and fair, the analysis of the events constituting the movie’s plot make it clear that the criminal behaviour can be proliferated and maintained through the relations among the community or family members, and that the actions the criminals undertake on the way to success of their business create the huge problems in the society by violating the human and civil rights. The Godfather “The Godfather” narrates the story of the Sicilian mafia family located in New York. The settings of the movie embrace the period from 1945 to 1955. The movie starts when the paterfamilias, Don Vito Corleone, gives his daughter in marriage. At this time, his beloved son, Michael, comes back home from the Second World War. Michael is the war hero, and all the members of the family are very proud of him. And moreover, he isn’t eager to participate in the family’s cruel business and wants to live a simple and more Americanized life. The main character of the movie, Don Corleone, is the head of the mafia family. He prefers to stick to the traditions and the old-fashioned methods of the business conduction. Nevertheless, the times change and the heads of the other mafia families want to transform the established order. They attempt to assassinate Don Corleone and to take hold of the greater power. After the assassination attempt against his father, Michael gets involved in the family business. At first he kills two of the competitors, Sollozzo and Captain McCluskey, in search of revenge. When he kills them, Michael is compelled to leave the country. Nevertheless, the mafia war continues. The family faces a lot of intrigues, challenges, and murders. After the death of his older son, Don Corleone becomes devastated and is determined to put the war to an end. He arranges the gathering of the mafia families’ heads and officially makes peace with the Tattaglia family. However, Mafiosi continue the conspiracy against Corleone. After a few years spent in Italy, Michael comes back to the USA. His father resigns, and Michael becomes the head of the family. For recovering the dignity of the family, the other mafia leaders and the family’s traitors get killed under his direction. After the Don Corleone’s peaceful death, Michael becomes in charge of the family business and the Godfather. Francis Coppola’s Perspective on Crime Crime fiction is one of the most prominent genres in movies. While detective fictions and the crime thrillers where the criminals get exposed by the righteous peace officers are of great interest to the audience, Francis Coppola’s movie rather offers a new view on the crime from the perspective of the Mafia insiders. The movie “The Godfather” is based on the novel by the Italian-American writer Mario Puzo. It depicts the criminal activities as the part of the everyday life of the mafia family. According to the author, the criminals in the movie are divided into two basic opposite types. The first type is represented by Don Corleone, a traditionalist Mafiosi, who respects the family bonds and for the sake of honour and conscience can refuse the participation in the new kind of business even if it promises to be profitable. The second type is the criminals who betray the others, who don’t respect traditions, and are aimed merely at the financial benefits. The second type is represented as the completely immoral and dehumanized while it is possible to recognize the sentimental feelings, adherence to the ethic, and dignity in Don Corleone. In the movie Don Corleone represents the mythological and idealistic image of a dignified Mafiosi that is basically created to appeal to the audience. The attractive mafia representation in “The Godfather” is rather fictitious than the real-life situation. Even so, Coppola successfully adverts the issues of the crime pervasion to the social and political institutions, the officials’ corruptibility and the inefficiency of jurisdiction. According to Coppola, the politicians and the police representatives play the crucial roles in the crime support and proliferation. Michael Corleone’s involvement in the family business deserves some special attention. Initially, he didn’t feel any attraction to the criminal deeds but as the events gather momentum and become more sorrowful for the Corleone family, he gradually finds himself in the business. “It was the love and affection of Michael towards his family and especially for his father which made him took up revenge and pushed him to join the family business” (Abhilash, 2015, p. 8). The Michael’s killing of Sollozzo and Captain McCluskey is the personal matter. However, as the events continue to develop, the Michael’s character evolves. In the end, he becomes “a far more ruthless and immoral man when compared to his father” (Abhilash, 2015, p. 8). It is evident that the main factor for the Michael transformation was his closeness to the family and the connection to the criminal environment. This situation described in the movie is very close to the reality, as it is observed by many researchers that the people often learn deviance from their community members. In “The Godfather” Francis Ford Coppola’s perspectives on crime are partly realistic. The criminals are shown as the ordinary people who have emotions, weaknesses, and moral principles. The mafia is endued with the features that provoke sympathy and seem attractive to the audience. These features do not correspond to the reality, but the corruption and injustice that are a part of the movie’s plot seem to be real. Coppola also efficiently depicts the reasons that can cause the person’s engagement in the criminal activities – a person can become a criminal influenced by the circumstances or the relations with the other criminal community members. Crime in the Real World Society In the real world society, crime is regarded as the opposition to the normal behaviour and the regular values. The sociologist from around the globe research the issues of crime, the reasons for the deviant behaviour and its impacts on the society. Nowadays, a great number of theories on crime and deviance exist, but functionalist perspective is one of the most fundamental. According to this theory, deviance is “unrecognized and unintendent buttress of social order” (Downes & Rock, 2011, p. 3). It means that by violating the laws and the established social orders the criminals, in fact, emphasize the significance of the conventional forms of behaviour, and thus assist the sustaining of control. It is possible to say that crime functions as the magnifier of the importance of the political institutions. Many researchers see crime as the intrinsic part of politics (Downes & Rock, 2011, p. 6). The eternal struggle of crime with the politics that is aimed to suppression of law-breaking behaviour supports both of these phenomena. One cannot survive without the other. Ambiguity is the distinctive feature of crime. Although crime is considered an inherent part of the social life and its function of the order maintenance is recognized, the negative impact of the criminal activities is evident. At the micro personal level, crime is nothing more than the violation of the civil rights, the violation of laws, and the acts of iniquity. From the perspective of morality and ethic, the attacks on the human lives or property and the violations of freedom can’t be regarded as right and normal things. Nevertheless, some individuals or the groups of people are engaged in criminality and perceive it as something ordinary. The issue of learning and maintenance of the criminal behaviour is of current interest for many researchers. The explanation for the adoption of the criminal demeanour by a person lies on the junction of psychology and the social studies. According to the interactionist perspective, the most social interest for a person is in the identity (Serpe & Stryker, 2011, p. 225). Through the identification with a certain state or condition and through the interactions a person learns behaviour and develops his or her self-images and conceptions. The social behaviour and social structures are interdependent. A person not only begins to identify himself with a particular “social self” but also is regarded by others; this recognition by the public consolidates and acknowledges the personal self-perception (Serpe & Stryker, 2011, p. 226). In this way, a person can adopt the frames of the normal and socially approved behaviour as well as the deviant and criminal one. The personal attractions and relationship play a significant role in the learning of social behaviour. It is also observed that it is more likely that a person with a low self-appraisal will behave abnormally and will be prone to involvement in the crime. Thus, learning of the social behaviour is highly dependent on the psychological factors of consciousness and self-esteem. The media messages also influence the learning of norms and perception of values to a great extent. The scenes of cruelty, the reports about violence and crimes can affect the psychological states, especially in childhood. It is proved by many researchers that the idea of values is socially constructed, and the mass media play the essential role in the formation of the cultural and ethical concepts in the society (Akers, 2011, p. 65). Since people behave according to the extent of their beliefs and understanding of morality, the dissemination of more ethical and peace-oriented information could create a more positive psychological environment and thus reduce the crime and conflict rates. The Consequences of Criminal Activity Though it is considered by the functionalists that crime is naturally derived from any kind of political structure, the crime neglecting can have the negative impacts on the variety of aspects: social, political, moral, etc. First of all, crime has evident negative effects on morality and culture. By an average person, criminality is perceived as the indication of immorality and social discord. This indication of negativity creates fear of crime that can be even more increased by the mass media reports. Public fear negatively affects society; it provokes conflicts and causes the psychological discontent that influences the overall social mindset (Mooney, Knox, & Schacht, 2015, p. 105). The increasing criminal rates also inevitably invoke the public dissatisfaction in the security and justice policing. The sense of insecurity interferes with the regular flow of social life and provokes disorganization. Thus, it is possible to assume that the uncontrolled crime threats the political structure rather than emphasize its significance. Conclusion Crime is the social, political, and moral issue. A big number of reported criminal activities demonstrate the inefficiency of policing and instability of the social structure. The reasons for the involvement in crime are many – they can depend on the situation or, as it is showed in “The Godfather,” can be influenced by the affection towards the family members who conduct criminal and cruel business. Despite this, for the decline in the social behaviour deviation, the multilateral approach should be implemented by the government and the members of the community and social institutions to provide more social equality and to increase the public awareness regarding the moral and civil values of mutual respect. References Abhilash, S. (2015). Revenge, masculinity and glorification of violence in the Godfather. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 3 (2), 6-12. Web. Akers, R. (2011). Social learning and social structure: A general theory of crime and deviance . New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Downes, D., & Rock, P. (2011). Understanding deviance: A guide to the sociology o crime and rule-breaking . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Mooney, L., Knox, D., & Schacht C. (2015). Understanding social problems . Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Serpe, R., & Stryker, S. (2011). The symbolic interactionist perspective and identity theory. In S. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, &V. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 225-248). New York, NY: Springer.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: Social psychology is a field of psychological science that studies facts, objective laws, behavioural patterns, communication and activity of an individual in surrounding society.Social psychology is a field of psychological science that studies facts, objective laws, behavioural patterns, communication and activity of an individual in surrounding society.

Social psychology is a field of psychological science that studies facts, objective laws, behavioural patterns, communication and activity of an individual in surrounding society. Social psychology is a field of psychological science that studies facts, objective laws, behavioural patterns, communication and activity of an individual in surrounding society.

Social Psychology and Its Areas Essay Such a notion as social psychology has a very broad meaning to be distinguished in a simple definition. Every individual is a social creature who influences a surrounding reality by performing his daily activity, as well as this reality has an impact on him. Social psychology is a field of psychological science that studies facts, objective laws, behavioural patterns, communication and activity of an individual in surrounding society. There may be distinguished in several content areas of social psychology. One of its major areas is social cognition, which may be defined as “an application of knowledge and methods of cognitive psychology and information processing theory to the field of social psychology” ( Social Psychology. 2015, p.17). Social cognition is the essential thing for the understanding of social behaviour and mental processes. Attitudes are also important areas of investigation in social psychology. Attitudes are a person’s negative or positive estimations of an object. A combination of affective, cognitive and behavioural attitude components creates a generalised vision of a subject, defines an individual’s feelings and predicts his behaviour. One of the major concepts of social psychology is the conception of aggression. This discipline also deals with the nature of prejudices and stereotypes. The behaviour of groups is one of the major aspects of studying in social psychology. There are different conditions that are necessary for the functioning of any social group. They are conformity, obedience and compliance. Conformity is stipulated by an informational and normative influence (Gleitman, Gross,&Reisberg, 2011). The informational influence presupposes the fact that every person wants to be right, while the normative influence states that people do not want to appear foolish. Conformity has a tendency to reduce when there is a lack of convenience in a group. Special attention is also given to the nature of obedience in a group. It is believed that authoritative individuals are more obedient. At the same time, factors of shared responsibility are also of great importance. When a person is not responsible for his deeds, he is more inclined to obedience. Human behaviour in groups is affected greatly by the presence of an audience, which may cause either social facilitation or social inhibition. The effect of the audience on an individual is the increase in the actor’s arousal (Gleitman et al., 2011). There is an effect of shared responsibility in groups, which is also known as a social loafing. It supposes that an individual working in a team applies less force than working individually. The same goes for the so-called bystander effect. While acting individually, a person is more likely to come to assistance for those who need help while acting individually. At the same time, in a group, everyone tries to shift this responsibility on others. Such human emotions as love and passion may also be explained from the point of view of social psychology. There is a hypothesis that explains the dependence between physical attractiveness and sympathy towards an attractive person. On a subconscious level, any individual supposes that one good quality means the existence of others. In the way of conclusion, it should be mentioned that being the intermediate discipline between sociology and psychology, social psychology studies such aspects as social demands and interest, consciousness and self-comprehension, social climate, public opinion, mentality and many other things. The researches that are conducted in this field promote a better understanding of human behaviour and human nature. Reference List Gleitman, H., Gross, J., &Reisberg, D. (2011). Psychology. Canada: Norton and Company. Web. Social Psychology. (2015). Web.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The social security program is facing many challenges, including the retirement of baby boomers and the running out of money. The solutions to these challenges include raising the retirement age, reducing the annual cost of living adjustment, and mandating fewer benefits. These solutions will help to reduce the impact of the massive retirement of baby boomers on the social security program.

The social security program is facing many challenges, including the retirement of baby boomers and the running out of money. The solutions to these challenges include raising the retirement age, reducing the annual cost of living adjustment, and mandating fewer benefits. These solutions will help to reduce the impact of the massive retirement of baby boomers on the social security program.

Social Security Program Challenges Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Discussion 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction Social security is the biggest national expenditure program. It offers funds for retired employees, cash allowances for the family members of employees who die prior to their retirement, and disability benefits. It is regarded as a kind of social assurance program financed via payroll contributions (Roe, 1997). Discussion It has been realized that the huge retirement of baby boomers is likely to affect this social security program. In order to save the system from this massive retirement, the retirement age should be raised. The yearly cost of living adjustment should also be reduced and mandated benefits should be decreased. All this would to some extent decrease the benefits for retirees. For instance, the high amounts of money offered to retirees’ increases their life expectancies by improving their living standards and their access to medical technology. They therefore live longer as compared to the past. These predictable increases in life expectancies of employees have put a great burden on the Social Security programme since it significantly extends the time period that upcoming generations receive their benefits. It is evident that by merely living longer, people of 65 years in 2030 will get 11% more benefits than if they lived during the 1990’s due to increasing life expectancy. This problem can be solved by making people to give more of their salaries in taxes throughout their working period, receive fewer benefits during retirement or may be retreat later. Increasing the age for retirement of workers is another way of reducing the effect of massive retirement of baby boomers on Social Security. It should also be authorized that employees put in some portion of their earnings in a government-controlled account. The money in these accounts should not be taken out before retirement with the exception of cases of lasting disability or death. During retirement, the money accrued in these accounts should be changed into an annuity. Since this conversion should be obligatory and should be undertaken by government agencies, it should be done at no cost ( Mellor & Rehr, 2005). This plan should be in such a way that it raises benefits for the most poor and to those who have worked for 40 years and above. Baby boomers should also be encouraged to continue working even after reaching retirement. Social security, retirement funds and accounts should thus cooperate to assist all employees build a confident retirement without overburdening the social security programme. This social security program is also running out of money as the population changes. The policies which should be proposed to prevent it from bankruptcy include entrusting a portion of the nations predicted budget to the trust fund. This way the social security programme will not face problems of bankruptcy since the government puts some of its funds into it. The other policy involves fully encompassing the effect of current changes to the consumer price index into the trust fund projections and increasing the cap on salaries that are liable to the payroll fee so that it matches with the upward income distribution (Limbaugh , 2007). The above two policy options were chosen since they allow the benefits in addition to the programs fundamental structure to remain induct. Policies of increasing taxes are not recommended since they lead to poor relationship between the employees and the government. Conclusion Social security has been an outstanding victorious story. It has offered tens of millions of employees with the base earnings they need to have a reasonable retirement. Its objectives are met more sufficiently compared to private options. The above-mentioned opinions and policies if followed will ensure sustainable growth of the program. References Limbaugh , D. (2007). Bankrupt: The Intellectual and Moral Bankruptcy of Today’s Democratic Party . Washington, D.C.: Regnery Pub. Mellor, J. M., & Rehr, H. (2005). Baby boomers: can my eighties be like my fifties? New York, NY: Springer. Roe, P.T. (1997). The social security dilemma . Kbh: Copenhagen Peace Research Institute (COPRI).

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The article discusses the social nature of video games and how the players use their social skills to join more professional gamers and raise their status.

The article discusses the social nature of video games and how the players use their social skills to join more professional gamers and raise their status.

Social Skills in World of Warcraft Players Essay As a reading, I chose “Social dimensions of expertise in World of Warcraft players” by Mark Chen. In this article, the author tells about how the players of Warcraft use their social skills to join more professional gamers and raise their status. This reading is relevant to the class because it studies a type of communication in a video game (media). This article is also interesting for me because it allows studying communications in an unusual field. The article is separated into six sections. In the first one, the author mentions the other authors who studied social problems of video games and cited their research. He also explains what expertise development is, tells about the methods that he used to conduct his research and the methods he found useless, and makes a conclusion about expertise development. In the second section the author explains in details what Warcraft is and what features this game has. The third section is about gamers. The author speaks about the nationality and regions of the players, his experience as a player and his experience of playing in a group. The fourth section tells how to level up though social interactions, the fifth section explains how interactions in a team help in raiding, and the sixth one makes social analysis of the material and a conclusion. The author discusses the social nature of video games. He also discovered that female participation in group communication was very low but females were 20-25% of the group. The main point of the article is that expertise development of a gamer depends on his or her successful use of social skills which helps to get access to the groups of skilled players and to level up in the game. The author supports his conclusion with ethnographic evidence which he collected when he participated in the game as a player. In the article Chen uses some definitions that are not clear to a person who does not play video games. Party is a group of 5 players and raid group is a group of 40 players who collect to kill a monster or to do a quest. Raid is an attack of enemy. A quest is a task you need to do to go to the next level of the game. Level up is when your character becomes stronger because you successfully did the task or killed enemy. Dungeon is an underground place where enemy can be. Boss is a very strong enemy which is not played by a person but by computer, and it is hard to kill alone, so people need to create groups to kill a boss. Add-ons or extensions are devices that are sold additionally to the game. You can buy them if you want to get new opportunities and upgrade your character. I very liked the fact that the author created a character and played Warcraft to study social problems of the game. I was also surprised that he mentioned the role of women in raids. The article is well structured and is understandable even for those who does not play video games. I approve of this article because author has a lot of knowledge on the subject, he studied many works devoted to this problem and he collected evidence from his own experience to support his reasoning. Works Cited Chen, Mark. “Social Dimensions Of Expertise In World Of Warcraft Players.” Games As Transformative Works 2.2 (2009): n.pag. Transformative Works and Cultures . Web.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: Social stratification is a common phenomenon in many societies around the world. The paper compares and contrasts the social stratification in Panem and Australia with reference to different social theories.Social class Panem and Australia According to Mack (2002, p. 79), social class ‘is a society 's categorisation of people into socioeconomic strata, based on their occupation and income, wealth and social status, and derived power

Social stratification is a common phenomenon in many societies around the world. The paper compares and contrasts the social stratification in Panem and Australia with reference to different social theories. Social class Panem and Australia According to Mack (2002, p. 79), social class ‘is a society 's categorisation of people into socioeconomic strata, based on their occupation and income, wealth and social status, and derived power

Social Stratification: Panem and Australia Comparison Essay Introduction Societies in the contemporary times face different social issues like class and gender stratification among others. Works of fiction seek to highlight some of these issues via different mediums. In the movie, Hunger Games, the director airs some of the prevalent issues in a futuristic fictitious nation called Panem. Even though the movie is fictitious, the issues of social stratification raised are prevalent in the contemporary society. In Australia, the issue of social stratification has been prevalent for a long time. Apparently, Australia is among the top five developed countries with the most social inequality in society. This paper will compare and contrast the social stratification in Panem and Australia with reference to different social theories. Social class Panem and Australia According to Mack (2002, p. 79), social class ‘is a society’s categorisation of people into socioeconomic strata, based on their occupation and income, wealth and social status, and derived power.’ Australia is allegedly one of the most egalitarian nations in the contemporary world, but this presumedclasslessness exists only in theory. According to Karl Marx and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, societies should embrace egalitarianism, which promotes equality for all especially in property ownership. Mack (2002, p.106) reveals that Karl Marxonce said, “from each, according to his ability; to each, according to his need’. Marx’s statement vouches for socialism, where wealth is distributed equally in society. This form of socialism has no place in Australia and Panem. In the two countries, capitalism defines the economic structures, and thus the haves and have-nots is a deeply entrenched phenomenon in the society. In Australia, social stratification mainly occurs due to disparities in earnings (Henslin 2014). In the last decade of the 20 th Century, the wages of those at the top of the economic hierarchy increased by four times as opposed to those at the bottom of the scale (McGregor 2001). According to the Marx’s theory of alienation, people lack humanness the moment they start living in a stratified society. By 2001, the rate of unemployment in Australia stood at 7.2%, which accounts for close to 1 million jobless citizens (Graetz2002). Conventionally, the unemployed individuals will not have the monetary resources to fit in some social spheres. Therefore, this form of inequality creates classes as people are classified according to their financial well-being.In a functional capitalistic country, wealth and property ownership is a reserve of the few who have mastered the art of manoeuvring the system through hard work or corruption. Children belonging to the first class citizens stand a better chance of getting the fine things in life as opposed to kids born in poor families. In Panem, the rift between the rich and the poor is outraging. Workers in some regions, which are known as Districts, do not get their rightfully earned wages. For instance, in District 12, which is the Katniss’ home place, individuals work extremely hard to produce coal for energy, but they rarely get their wages. Ironically, this district does not have a constant supply of energy, despite being the producer of coal. However, those in power reap the benefits of the capitalistic system that is imposed on the citizens of Panem (Fevre & Bancroft 2010). Katniss lives in abject poverty, but the Mayor’s daughter lives in opulence. In District 12, people barely survive. Katniss’ family survives on hunting and gathering. On the contrary, the Capitol of Panem is characterised with sumptuousness. The country’s wealth and property ownership belongs to the elite class, which inhabits the Capitol. In Panem, children of the wealthy are assured of success once they enlist for the hunger games. On the contrary, children from the Districts like Katniss stand no chance of winning at the games because they are unprepared bot physically and psychologically. Therefore, social class in Australia and Panem is a norm. In the two countries, income inequalities are evident. In Australia, the wealth belongs to those in power, merchants, and high-end income earners. The low class is struggling just like in Panem where Katniss barely survives on hunting and gathering. The hunger games in Pamen can be equated to the school system in Australia. Children from the wealthy families in Australia are assured of attending the best schools in the region, which improves their chances of success in life. Similarly, in Panem, children from opulent families are assured of success in the hunger games, which draws parallel to the Australian education system. The only difference in social class between the two countries is the intensity of the stratification. While in Panem, individuals from one District are not allowed to communicate with other people from different regions, in Australia individuals are not bound by the law from communicating with others (Hage 2006). Gender stratification in Panem and Australia Mack (2002, p.107) defines gender stratification as ‘the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between the sexes’.In Australia, the issue of gender stratification goes back to the early 20 th Century where women were discriminated against based on their gender (Connell 1987]. The functionalist theory underscores gender stratification by holding that gender inequalities exist to have efficient division of labour. In this case, specific genders are expected to carry out some tasks exclusively, thus excluding the other gender from performing the same tasks. For instance, before 1921, women did not have a parliamentary representative. The first woman was elected to the Australian federal parliament in 1943. Unfortunately, even with such representation, women continued to suffer gender-based oppression and in the 1960s, women were required to relinquish their public service occupations once they married. Private companies also followed the same script. In addition, before 1965, women in the country could not enjoy their drinks in a public bar. Even though such gender-based oppressive tendencies reduced with the enactment of the Sex Discrimination Act of 1984, the execution of such tendencies evolved. In the contemporary Australian society, the pay gap is sickening with women earning between 17% and 28.3% less as compared to their male counterparts. In addition, women rarely get managerial positions and by 2010, only paltry 8.4 % of top boardroom directors were women. In Panem, the issue of gender stratification comes out clearly in the way the protagonist is portrayed. The protagonist, Katniss, is a woman, but she is dissatisfied with her roles as a female. Therefore, she seeks to carry out masculine duties as a way of rebellion towards the gender stratification that is prevalent in Panem (Simmons 2012). Throughout the film, women are associated with weakness. Katniss is poor, which renders her weak for she lacks the means to push for equality. In the Capitol, she is not referred by her name. People refer to her as “the girl on fire from District 12”. On the surface, this aspect may seem like praise; however, from another perspective it implies that she can only get a proper name after being married. Finally, women are rarely involved in the country’s leadership. The president is a male and women leadership is rarely depicted in the movie. Gender stratification in Australia and Panem are similar because in both cases, women are discriminated against. In addition, just like the pre-1930s Australia where women were not allowed in leadership, women in Panem are not engaged in leadership roles. However, the gender stratification differs in the two countries in some aspects. In Australia, women are discriminated via pay inequalities. On the contrary, in Panem, women are discriminated against through non-recognition. They do not enjoy the legal requirement to ensure gender equality, which exists in Australia after the passage of the Sex Discrimination Act in 1984. Stratification between metropolitan and countryside regions in Panem and Australia Countryside and metropolitan regional stratification is a common phenomenon in all countries across the globe. In Australia, urban areas are highly developed as opposed to the rural areas. Industries are concentrated in urban areas, and thus individuals living in these areas have better livelihoods as compared to their rural-dwelling counterparts. The rural-urban continuum theory supports this argument by holding that rural areas are always underdeveloped as opposed to urban areas where resources are concentrated. In Panem, rural areas, viz. the Districts, are poorly developed. The basic social amenities like power supply are inconsistent. People like Katniss live in abject poverty. On the contrary, the Capitol belongs to the bourgeois and politicians. The differences between the Capitol and the districts are clearly cut, with towering buildings and modern infrastructure adorning the former. However, the Districts are poorly developed to the extent of people depending on hunting and gathering for livelihood. Rural and urban stratifications in Panem and Australia are similar because the rural areas are underdeveloped as opposed to the developed urban areas in both countries. However, in Australia, the rural areas are fairly developed as opposed to their counterparts in Panem. In addition, only the rich in Panem live in the urban areas as opposed to Australia where poor people inhabit some urban areas. The issue of urbanisation leads to the emergence of cheap housing in urban areas, which attracts the poor, who cannot afford to live in the leafy suburban areas. Ultimately, the low-end housing creates a form of ghetto. In Panem, the Districts are permanent ghettoes. Conclusion Social stratification is a controversial issue in the contemporary society. Social class, which is occasioned by inequalities in wages and salaries, is the most pronounced form of social stratification. Gender stratification is also common in spite of having laws against discrimination based on gender. Finally, urban-rural stratification exists in almost every nation across the world. In Australia and Panem, the aforementioned forms of social stratification are prevalent. As expected, social class is the most outstanding form of social stratification in the two countries. The gap between the rich and the poor in the two nations is dismaying. Unfortunately, gender stratification is still prevalent in the contemporary Australia in terms of pay inequalities and leadership roles. As discussed in this paper, the social stratifications in Panem and Australia have differences and similarities. Reference List Connel, R 1987, Gender and Power: Society, the Person, and Sexual Politics, Stanford University Press, Stanford. Web. Fevre, R & Bancroft, A 2010, Dead white men and other important people: sociology’s big ideas , Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. Web. Graetz, B 2002, ‘Class and Inequality’ , in P Beilharz & T Hogan (eds), Social Self, Global Culture: An Introduction to Sociological Ideas , Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, pp. 155-170. Web. Hage, G 2006, ‘Insiders and outsiders’, in P Beilharz & T Hogan (eds), Sociology: place, time & division , Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, pp. 342-346. Web. Henslin, A 2014, Sociology: a down-to-earth approach , Pearson, Frenchs Forest. Web. Mack, E 2002, ‘Self-ownership, Marxism, and Egalitarianism -Part I: Challenges to Historical Entitlement’, Politics, Philosophy, Economy, vol.1, no.1, pp. 75-108. Web. McGregor, C 2001, Class in Australia, Penguin, London. Web. Simmons, A 2012, ‘Class on Fire: Using the Hunger Games Trilogy to Encourage Social Action’, Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy , vol. 56, no.1, pp. 22 -34. Web.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The text discusses the role of society in exiting deviant careers. It is argued that while society has a role to play in exiting deviant careers, it is up to the individual to take the first step.

The text discusses the role of society in exiting deviant careers. It is argued that while society has a role to play in exiting deviant careers, it is up to the individual to take the first step.

Society Power: Ending a Deviant Career Essay Table of Contents 1. Power and Social Class to Exiting the Deviant Career 2. Effects of the labeling process 3. Effects of Social and legal factors 4. Role of Society in Exiting Deviant Career 5. References Power and Social Class to Exiting the Deviant Career This refers to one engaging in behaviors that goes against the general social norms or the acceptable behavior in society.Theories have it that social stratification and political power within a society has a big impact on deviant workers. This is because the dominant social classes, who represent the social norms of the society, often devise ways of regulating those individuals who threaten the political-economic and political stability of the society (Chambliss and Mankoff 1976). These ways may be both institutional or policy-based. Such individuals include the unemployed, ethnically minorities, and the paupers in the society who are considered a burden. Institutions such as mental health, prisons, and welfare systems are used to control and manage such members of society. These institutions, in turn, label such individuals as deviant for effective management and control. The political structure, on the other hand, will use formal social controls so as to ensure the maintenance of the political and social order. These institutions are normally not intended to reform the victim per se, but only to protect the interests of the powerful and mighty (Rafter, 1985). Thus, it is hard for the victims to exit from this behavior since, according to everyone else, such a person will always remain a deviant. Effects of the labeling process Theories hold that deviant behavior is determined through the process by which people and institutions label others as deviant from their behavior, which they have been observing. These make the individuals in question exhibit even more of those behaviors and generally get rooted in their deviance. But this labeling may have diverse effects for various people. For example, being labeled as a deviant for a member of a youth gang may come as an honor where the youth commands the respect of other gang members. Effects of Social and legal factors Research has shown that the court official’s opinions or how they perceive offenders have a way of influencing the punishments meted out to them (Bridges & Steen, 1998). For example, a police officer’s perception of black youth as diverse from his perception of white youth will see the two being sentenced differently. Also, this is evident for racial and ethnic disparities where the black and minority are viewed as a threat to the social order of the whites, thus labeled deviants. This, therefore, affects the individual members of the minority group, making them accept their rank in society as deviants and therefore making it hard for them to separate from such behaviors. Role of Society in Exiting Deviant Career To help victims of deviant behaviors exit from their current situations, several things need to be done. For example, since deviance behavior results when the dominant group in the society imposes their judgments and conclusions on the minority group, then inequality in power should, as much as possible, be minimized so as to reduce the number of deviants and the inequality in sanctions of deviance. Government agencies and legal policies involved with control of deviant behavior should be well monitored so as to minimize the unequal processing of the less fortunate groups. Governments should have policies of nonintervention, and the formal sanctions should only be reserved for the most serious of crimes or behaviors. Also, parents and teachers should help the youth from associating with deviant peers who may negatively influence them. A parent should create stronger bonds with their children and help them develop an interest in other constructive activities other than joining deviant groups. References Bridges, G. S. and Steen, S. (1998). Racial Disparities in Official Assessments of Juvenile Offenders: Attributional Stereotypes as Mediating Mechanisms , American Sociological Review 63:554–570. Chambliss, W and Mankoff, M. (1976). Whose Law, What Order? New York, Wiley Rafter, N. H. (1985). Partial Justice: Women in State Prisons , 1800–1935. Boston: Northeastern University Press.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The society's response to crime has undergone significant transformation over the years. Many people are now opposed to the punitive approach to criminal justice and a growing number prefer solutions that focus on prevention and rehabilitation rather than long prison sentences.

The society's response to crime has undergone significant transformation over the years. Many people are now opposed to the punitive approach to criminal justice and a growing number prefer solutions that focus on prevention and rehabilitation rather than long prison sentences.

Society’s Response to Crime Impacts on Justice Essay Throughout the history of criminal justice there has been evolving public policy, change in correctional operations, reforms in sentencing and forms of punishment to conform to the society’s more progressive attitude and response to crime. The society’s progressive attitude has been influenced by the changing customs, socio-economic conditions and political ideals (Bradley 47). True, the decisions of the court are generally based on nature of the crime, evidence and the manner of the plaintiff and defendant. However, public opinion often influences the court decisions in the most intriguing way and has swayed case law over the years. The criminal justice has been reactive to the prevailing customs, religious and social structure and norms. During the colonial period, fornication and blasphemy were considered criminal offences and the courtroom was a public platform with part-time prosecutors who were usually laymen. Whipping, branding and mutilation were the common punishments for such criminal behavior (Zimring 60). In most colonies, capital punishment was rare except for black slaves who were often not spared by the hangman. The society perceived criminals as members of the community who had gone astray and the general public opinion of justice was shame and redemption. Sin and crime were correlative and therefore there was no such a thing as incarceration for repeat offenders. Since communities were mostly close-knit and deeply religious, the criminal justice reaffirmed their popular culture and the society’s religious aspirations. The mobility of American life following the influx of immigrants and the onset of industrial revolution resulted in the need for better social control and more professional administration of justice. Social mobility resulted in the demand for more individual rights and greatly contributed to era of enlightened political philosophy and the introduction of the Bill of Rights. Mobility also made crime more difficult to detect and reinforced the need to have a more professional legal framework and law enforcement system. As a result, the traditional corporal punishment and retribution for criminal behavior was replaced by the desire for more humane punishments, which led to the establishment of the American penitentiary system. Today, the society’s response to crime and criminal justice has continued to undergo significant transformation. Many people are now opposed to the punitive approach to criminal justice and a growing number prefer solutions that focus on prevention and rehabilitation rather than long prison sentences. The main reason for the public’s more progressive position is the general consensus about the nation’s justice system which is seen as inappropriate, ineffective and misplaced (Lacey 58). While the policy makers for a long time have perceived a “tough on crime” approach as the most politically appealing, most Americans on the other hand prefer criminal justice policies that focus on deterrence and rehabilitation. Following these shifting public attitude, the policymakers have continued to comply by coming up with policies that reflect the society’s new perspectives (McKenzie 94). The new policies are often crafted carefully to ensure that they strike a balance in prevention, punishment and rehabilitation while at the same time reducing crime and ensuring public safety. Some of the new policies that reflect the new perspectives include the policy approach dealing with drug trafficking and drug addiction (Sechrest 45). The proposal requiring mandatory supervised drug treatment and community service is regarded by many as an effective and progressive policy (Carter 73). Community service approach rather than prison time for people convicted of drug possession has also received an overwhelming support. Works Cited Bradley, Lord. Managing Offenders, Reducing Crime and Public Safety . New York: Lord Bradley Publishers, 2013. Print. Carter, David. The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America. Boston: Foundation Press Publishers, 2014. Print. Lacey, Bonczar. Probation and Parole in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Publishers, 2012. Print. McKenzie, Simon. The Impact of Probation on Criminal Activities of Offenders . Cambridge: Anderson& Blake Law Publishers, 2014. Print. Sechrest, White. Rehabilitation of Criminal Offenders. Washington DC: White Law Academy Publishers, 2012. Print. Zimring, Hawkins. Incapacitation: Penal Confinement and the Restraint of Crime. New York: Oxford University Publishers, 2013. Print.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The essay discusses the socioeconomic impact of micro-credit financing. It highlights how the practice began in Bangladesh in the 1970s and how it has evolved over time. The essay also talks about the competition among microfinance organizations and how this has led to diversification of an investment portfolio.

The essay discusses the socioeconomic impact of micro-credit financing. It highlights how the practice began in Bangladesh in the 1970s and how it has evolved over time. The essay also talks about the competition among microfinance organizations and how this has led to diversification of an investment portfolio.

Socioeconomic Impact of Micro-Credit Financing Research Paper Microcredit is kind of loaning that instigated in Bangladesh in the fiscal 1970s. The process entailed giving out loans to micro-enterprises or small businesses with the objective of assuaging the skyrocketing levels of poverty. In fact, the micro-loans were issued by the Microfinance Institutions that had very high interest rates that were intended to cover the allied high outlays of giving such micro-credits (Pitt & Khandker 1998, p.960). Since the micro-credit was purposely a mechanism to relieve poverty, people who lacked steady employment and those who had low credit scores were able to receive these micro-loans which acted as their capital to start and advance their respective business enterprises. Microfinance pains and gains For many years, announcements by organizations that they extend their commitment to microfinance investing substantial amounts of funds have been indications that institutions now take the strategy seriously. Microfinance investment has the capacity to give the fund with a combination of solid growth and attractive returns, relatively different from equity markets in developed economies. Nonetheless, many efforts of individuals in microfinance institutions show a sector on edge with its new position as asset class for global investors. Indeed, many are troubled by the new language of microfinance including ‘return on equity’: if an institution is making profits, it is moving into the same mental mindset as loan sharks. The microfinance sector is worried whether both profit and non profit frameworks can coexist. Despite many reservations made by the institutions, the important point is to get institutional capital into third world nations where there is not enough of it. What is apparent is that international investors are increasingly supporting microfinance and the sector is growing rapidly (Wheelan, 2008, p.2). Competition among microfinance organization is more evident than ever which adds to the gains of the parties on the receiving end. Many of them are now running asset worth billions of dollars, all incorporating overlay. Indeed, running specialty funds like microfinance in the highly competitive area of asset management creates a distinctive brand to some organizations. However, the goal is not financially related: the question is how the social return is managed. Looking at microfinance competition in various countries, one can see the potential problems. The initial public offering by some of the organizations raises overwhelming amounts of funds, but outrages campaigners when it is revealed that such funding institutions charges even up to 70% interests on their loans. Microfinance contributes to diversification of an investment portfolio. Essentially, larger microfinance projects have even bigger social consequences. It is predicted that the next development in the sector is more consolidation. Institutions will merge and commercial banks will be seeking to be involved. There could also be a move from the traditional group lending to individual lending. The growth of institutions has led to examinations related initiatives such as innovative suit of loan products in the fields of agriculture, food, water and land in developing countries. They are now working with pension funds in these countries and have found the appropriate projects. Institutions are getting economies across what they do because they are in the microfinance sector, meaning that they are constantly looking at various countries and currencies while creating alliances on the ground. Bangladesh Microcredit The development of Bangladesh microcredit occurred in a number of distinct stages over the last two decades. The current microfinance model originated from the action-research in the 70s to cope with the rehabilitation and relief needs of post-independence (CDF, 2006). The microcredit was first started by Grameen Bank through a team led by Mohammad Yunus. The model was tested first focusing on group-based credit offering with peer monitoring. As this model developed, others were started by the Bangladesh Bank while collaborating with Swanirvar Bangladesh as well as other pilot projects begun by a number of NGOs. More microfinance institutions experimented with varying modalities of giving credits to the poor in the 80s. NGOs experimented with varying approaches of delivering credit in early 80s. A significant model experimented was the efficacy of giving loans to groups compared to giving loans to individuals associated with peer monitoring. The individual approach emerged to be more effective because of incentives and ‘joy-rider’ problems compared with group credit. Hence the model that dominated was that of giving loans to individuals in an effort to target clusters of poor families, with peer monitoring and solid microfinance staff follow-up. The girl effect, Kiva Kiva is the first person-to-person website in the globe that focuses on empowering people to lend money directly to distinct entrepreneurs around the world for the sake of lessening poverty. With its origins in the work of Nike Foundation, the girl effect has been combined by NoVo Foundation in a common undertaking to create economic opportunities for girls. Through the initiative, adolescent girls are distinctively able to raise the standards of living in third world countries. Through Kiva, other organizations are able to locate the girls in need especially in countries where information technology has penetrated. They are able to communicate their help initiatives through the websites which alleviates the difficulty of accessing institutional help by the girls in developing countries. The website is also a channel of giving loans by the microfinance institutions (Berthelemy & Varoudakis, 1996). In fact, the major aim of creating a global website was to develop a platform through which microfinance institutions could help the girl child in developing nations. Contribution to the countries’ economy There is a link between the development of microfinance and economic growth of a country. Researches indicate that microfinance contributes to increased investments and growth of capital. Moreover, microfinance builds on financial services that are needed to make investments in physical and human capital, to smooth consumption as well as to overcome unexpected shocks. It has been perceived as a solution on large scale previously excluded poorer groups without access to capital from the conventional financial system (Banco Sol, 2006, p.7). The financial sector in developing countries is characterized by dual financial systems which are formal and informal. Majority of the low income people are left out in both the sectors especially the informal sector that purports to cater for the low-income and poor in society (Pagano 1993, p.618). The access to the formal sector is primarily due to the lack of collateral that is needed because of risks involved in lending as well as high costs involved in small-scale financing services and weak legal enforcement (Ray 1998, p.214). Therefore, the low incomers find themselves being served by the informal financial intermediaries that possess informational advantage over formal financial intermediaries on these clients. However, the informal financial intermediaries have insufficient savings facilities coupled with limited funds. Moreover, they incur higher costs in lending for their clients compared with the formal sector. Because of these pitfalls of both informal and formal financial intermediaries, the microfinance comes in to take the informational advantage of the informal sector to increase the availability as well as improve on the financial services for the lower income level (Banco Sol 2006, p.7). Though previous researches indicate that there is a strong correlation between economic growth and the development of the financial sector, some scholars dispute the directionality of this interrelationship. The argument is whether the economic growth contributes to the development of financial markets or whether financial systems lead to the economic growth (Bencivenga & Smith 1998, p.371). Nevertheless, it fair to make the assumptions that there exist a link between the economic growth and financial sector. At the micro-level, there is a differing effect of the financial system as a result of different institutional build up and policies. Moreover, there are imperfections in the financial markets. Poverty level and development gaps are higher in conditions where both financial systems and economic growth remain at an undesirable equilibrium (Berthemeley & Varoudakis 1996, p.310). In developing countries that normally have stagnated economic growth, there may poor development of financial markets as a result of underdeveloped or inexistent financial markets. In such conditions, microfinance comes in aid of the low income that has little access to the minimal financial services (Berthemeley & Varoudakis 1996, p. 313). It is now apparent that there are interlinkages between the development of financial systems and economic growth. The development of microfinance is seen as a way of dealing with imperfections in the financial markets, the imperfections that contributes to the drawback of investment opportunities at the lowest levels of income. Moreover, microfinance contributes at the larger scale the income generation as well as the financial sector development (Morduch & Jonathan 2000, p.623). That is, microfinance contributes to the macro-level growth by targeting small scale and micro-level enterprises. International treaties The growth of microfinance in the developing countries have led to the need to have a regulatory framework that can be used as a control measure in the behavior of these small scale financial enterprises (Bencivenga & Smith 1998, p. 366). Another important factor is the development of markets. In comparing the performance of microfinance in various regimes and regulatory frameworks that support its development is far much different. Furthermore, there is a big difference regarding the institutions that are serving the poor household and small scale entrepreneurs in various developing countries (Pagano 1993, p.615). Taking these variations into consideration and taking cognizance of the importance of microfinance in the development of the economy, different developing countries have come together to harmonize the regulatory framework as well as expanding the market for the development of the microfinance (Morduch & Jonathan 2000, p.627). Various international development institutions such as World Bank and United Nations have also contributed hugely in the harmonization of the regulatory framework and have worked closely with many countries in the development of microfinance. Successful stories about microcredit Globally, real people have over a period of time given their success stories as regards to microcredit. These are as explained below. Sri Lanka Alice Pallewela had to turn to her credit union and candy when she really wanted finance for supporting her family (“Microcredit Borrower Stories” 2001). The doubtful blend significantly changed the perception of the village with respect to the credit unions and her life was not left unchanged too. Alice and her husband moved to Yodagama, an agricultural colony scheme after their marriage. However, not everybody was deemed a farmer given that other populates were micro-entrepreneurs while others artisans. There, Pallewella knew she had to commence a personal business that could supplement the remuneration the husband got from his employment. Subsequent to making a decision to do business, she had to select the kind of business she wanted. She made a very easy choice of being a candy (Swider, n.d). She loved sweets and enjoyed the customary sweet preparations that were carried out in the celebratory periods. What inspired her most was the fact that a candy seller who was very close was approximately fifty miles away and this attested to be the correct niche. She collected data for six months and thereafter opted to vend just a few candies which were made via the accessible local raw materials. However, after six months, she really wanted to buy additional equipment and she was granted a loan of $100 that she requested from her credit union. The credit union besides offered Pallewela the necessary credit plus technical advice she wanted to build on her candy business (“Microcredit Borrower Stories” 2001). At the moment, Pallewela has enough profits from her business which she can regularly save (Swider, n.d). This has actually offered an opportunity for the credit union to provide micro-loans to several other micro-entrepreneurs. The republic of Dominican Damian Altagracia initiated a small ceramic business in the republic of Dominican. In 1987 when she instituted her business, she merely possessed sixteen cents. After operating for just a couple years, Altagracia requested a loan from the ADEMI. This micro-finance lending institution offered her $80 that Altagracia used in purchasing glazes and clay (“Microcredit Borrower Stories” 2001). From the time she received the first micro-loan from ADEMI, Altagracia has opted from more eight micro-loans from the same micro-finance institution. Even though Altagracia does not have fixed remuneration package, she has managed to employ seven workers who assist her in carrying out the business. Altagracia sincerely gives appreciations to ADEMI for the support she was given which helped her to manage the advancing business (Swider, n.d). She has climbed out of the life-threatening poverty and can now manage to pay the school fees for her kids’ schooling. The social and cultural impact of micro-credits The social and cultural impacts of micro-credits are hard to gauge. In fact, practitioners have viewed the practical impacts of micro-loans finance intervention from just the economic and social perspective. However, in the developing countries like Bangladesh and Kenya, the micro-loan movements have alleviated poverty. These two countries are historically poor but have the long standing micro-credit lending history (Pitt & Khandker 1998, p.961). Irrespective of this, most communities have increased their social ties which accrued as a result of the micro-credit finance. Individuals through forming groups that are used by micro-finance institutions to give out micro-loans have come to know and appreciate each other. In this regard, micro-loans have critically reduced the levels of poverty that initially existed in various societies. However, the supply of micro-loans should not be short run but instead is ought to be long run to increase the capacity of households to permanently create wealth and alleviate poverty (Morduch 1999, p.1571). Given that micro-loans are based on the belief that the underprivileged are eager to pay higher rates of interest to get the micro-loans, the system is anchored on a collateralised social trust. Members in the small groups are the pioneers. Each individual within group gets a loan yet the whole group is held accountable for the micro-loans repayment. Thus, borrowers who fail to accomplish the loan repayment commitment are bound to lose their cultural and social ties and capital. What might happens when micro-loans are stopped In the event that micro-loans are stopped, the poor people in the developing world will not be able to effectively run or manage their businesses. Those who lack capital might continue languishing in poverty (Credit and Development Forum 2006). The rate of unemployment will also rise since micro-loans have enabled individuals to be self-employed. Therefore, the rate of growth and development in developing world might decrease if micro-loans are stopped. Microfinance and financial aid In as much as the development of microfinance contributes hugely to the development of developing countries’ economies, financial aid still forms the backbone through which these enterprises could develop (Pagano 1993, p.620). In other words, aid can be used to develop the micro finance enterprises. In the perspective of helping the poor, the development of microfinance will provide a permanent solution. However, developing countries must develop their financial systems that incorporate the needs of the low-income. In essence, microfinance should be developed to help the poor household instead of depending on the financial aid that is even more costly to the countries’ economy (Ray 1998, p.367). References Banco Sol, S.A. (2006). BancoSol: From Microcredit to Microfinance . Web. Bencivenga, V. & Smith, B. (1998). Economic development and financial depth in a model with costly financial intermediation. Research in Economics, 52(4), 363-386. Berthelemy, J. & Varoudakis, A. (1996). Economic growth, convergence clubs, and the role of financial development. Oxford Economic Papers , 48(2), 300-328. Credit and Development Forum (2006). Bangladesh microfinance country profile. Web. Microcredit Borrower Stories. (2001). Campaign News . Web. Morduch, G. & Jonathan, M. (2000). The microfinance schism. World Development, 28(4), 617-629. Morduch, J. (1999). The microfinance promise. Journal of Economic Literature, 37(4), 1569-1614. Pagano, M. (1993). Financial markets and growth: An overview. European Economic Review, 37(2-3), 613-622. Pitt, M. & Khandker, S. (1998). The impact of group-based credit programmes on poor households in Bangladesh: Does the gender of participants matter? Journal of Political Economy, 106 (5), 958-996. Ray, D. (1998). Development economics. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Swider, P. (n.d). Microcredit: A green research brief . Web. Wheelan, H. (2008, September 2). SNS asset management: the growing pains and gins of microfinance . Responsible Investor. Web.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: In this essay, the author discusses the similarities and differences between the concepts of classical and contemporary theorists, Georg Simmel and Edward Said. The author notes that though the two theories seem to contrast, there are also certain similarities that can be traced. For example, both theories propose that in modern culture, a nation cannot function on its own self without help from other nations.

In this essay, the author discusses the similarities and differences between the concepts of classical and contemporary theorists, Georg Simmel and Edward Said. The author notes that though the two theories seem to contrast, there are also certain similarities that can be traced. For example, both theories propose that in modern culture, a nation cannot function on its own self without help from other nations.

Sociological Theorists: Classical vs. Contemporary Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Theoretical Approach 3. Understanding The Concepts By Georg Simmel And Edward Said 4. Similarities And Differences In The Concepts 5. Works Cited Introduction The classical and contemporary theorists have been attributed to sociological theories, each with different concepts in their arguments. The classical theorists emerged in the mid 19 th century, and they have helped shape the course of sociology to what it has become to date. One of the most outstanding classical theorists was Georg Simmel. Contemporary theorists, on the other hand, took over in early 1935, with one of the proponents being Edward Said. Though the theoretical concepts proposed by the classical theorist Georg Simmel and contemporary theorist Edward Said seem to contrast, certain similarities can also be traced. The Theoretical Approach Both theorists have different approaches in their theoretical orientation relating to the action-order spectrum. Born in German in 1868, Georg Simmel played a big role in defining the concept of sociology. He tries to understand how individuals interact with each other socially in matters pertaining to social conflict and domination (Appelrouth and Edles, 233). He further draws attention to the inconsistencies experienced in modern life by individuals. Simmel argues that in modern life, individuals draw away from each other and form social groups to which they identify themselves with. Edward Said, on the other hand, supports the present-day global societies. Born in 1935, Edward concentrates on the aspects of social life and how they are globally entrenched. He argues that this global interconnection is responsible for any activity that takes place in a particular geographical zone. His theory proposes that in modern culture, a nation cannot function on its own self without help from other nations. This he attributes to the uncontrolled economic flow of capital between nations (Appelrouth and Edles 815). Understanding The Concepts By Georg Simmel And Edward Said Simmel’s theory is based on certain concepts such as interdependent duality, social distance, and the ‘stranger’ to which he draws his classical theoretical approach. Simmel’s theory seems to concentrate on all forms of individual association. The individual and association duality is well expressed and discussed in Simmel’s theory. He argues that modern society cultivates some kind of independence to individuals by giving them the freedom to make use of their unique talents and interests. He goes ahead to explain that a society can only be formed by individuals coming together for certain purposes (Appelrouth and Edles 239). Society allows individuals to interact with each other through various forms socially. One form of this interaction is through an exchange that Simmel views as the most significant and purest form of individual interaction. The exchange, in most cases, involves economic gains between individuals. The other form is by the conflict, which tends to resolve conflicting dualisms in the society even though one party stands to be aggrieved. Simmel argues that a purely harmonious society that is not characterized by individual conflict is not real. The last form of interaction that seems to interest Simmel is domination. He argues that individuals need to have some kind of authority over each other. Domination acts as a form of interaction between individuals in society. In defining social distance, Simmel argues that individuals need to be close to each other so as not to be labelled strangers. A ‘stranger,’ according to him, is somebody who is not considered part of society. Edward, on the other hand, criticizes the concept of orientation by arguing that “Orientalism is prejudiced against the people from the East and their culture.” He states that the false information about the people in the Middle East and Asia as regards their attitudes have been used to serve as just the acts of the Western culture. According to him, orientation promotes general bias generalizations characterized by religious and racial discriminations. Instead of evaluating the differences between the West and East, the dynamic human characteristics of the people from this culture should be studied (Appelrouth and Edles 818). Similarities And Differences In The Concepts The arguments posed by the two theorists seem to have some similarities. They both believe in individuals being part of a society and a culture. Simmel’s argument on interdependence duality and the fact that society cannot operate without individuals seem to support the idea of rejecting orientalism for the sake of the individuals in the East. Edward argues that individuals should be made part of other cultures and society without being judged. Further, they seem to be on the same page regarding the discriminations of ‘strangers’ in society. Both theorists contend that certain people from certain cultures are isolated from society. As regarding social distance and the concept of orientalism, both seem to argue that there is a drift in the way individuals in society relate to each other. Edward argues that the people in the West have distanced themselves from those in the East due to the differences in their racial and cultural backgrounds. Both theorists seem to support the concept of interaction, though in similar ways. Whilst Simmel concentrates on individual interaction, Edward concerns himself with social interaction. Simmel seems to argue that it is the individuals who make society what it is. However, Edward seems to differ with this concept by insisting society itself transforms its people to operate in a particular manner. Simmel further argues that a conflict is a form of interaction, a concept that is vehemently rejected by Edward. Edward argues that the conflict between the East and West has caused the two regions not to interact with each other. Works Cited Appelrouth, Scott and Edles, Laura. Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: text and readings . Los Angeles: Pine Forge Press, 2008. Print. Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity . New York: Routledge, 2006. Print. Collins, Patricia. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consiousness and the Politics of Empowerment. New York: Routledge, Chapman and Hall Inc., 1991. Print.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Emile Durkheim was a French sociologist with an educational background in anthropology; Durkheim acquired his education in France and Germany, where he spent most of his time. He developed an interest in sociology and studied religion from a scientific approach. It is Durkheim's ideas on the origin of religion that I find most relevant and which I am therefore going to discuss in this paper.

Emile Durkheim was a French sociologist with an educational background in anthropology; Durkheim acquired his education in France and Germany, where he spent most of his time. He developed an interest in sociology and studied religion from a scientific approach. It is Durkheim's ideas on the origin of religion that I find most relevant and which I am therefore going to discuss in this paper.

Sociology of Religion: Emile Durkheim’s Perspective Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Discussion 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction Emile Durkheim was a French sociologist with an educational background in anthropology; Durkheim acquired his education in France and Germany, where he spent most of his time (Johnstone, 2007). He developed an interest in sociology and studied religion from a scientific approach; it is Durkheim’s ideas on the origin of religion that I find most relevant and which I am therefore going to discuss in this paper. According to Durkheim, religion is a belief system with specific practices directed towards a supernatural being such as a god and includes all the rituals performed by believers of a given system (Christiano, Swatos and Kivisto, 2002). Discussion Durkheim explains that religion developed as people tried to seek an explanation about nature, and since people could not get answers, the assumption was that there existed a power that was far above human explanation, which they concluded to be a god (Johnstone, 2007). To society, religion is not just a set of rules, but it forms the foundation of moral guidelines and is what holds the society together (Johnstone, 2007). For instance, societies with strong religious ties are less aggressive, have lower suicide rates, and high moral standards. In fact, Durkheim used the case of Catholics and Protestants to show how Catholics have lower rates of suicide compared to Protestants because of their strong religious ties (Davie, 2007). Additionally, the system of beliefs and practices of different religions unite its members into one body; Emile Durkheim believes that religion comes from different cultural practices in society (Johnstone, 2007). Such cultural practices in religion connect believers to God and to each other; religion involves feelings that help to build commitment, connect members of the same religion, and enable them to overcome difficult situations together (Davie, 2007). Religion, therefore, helps human beings understand things that they cannot be able to explain and enables them to understand concepts such as seasons, the reason for our existence, and the nature of the human soul. It is a religion which provides guidance on daily activities and explains things that humans seek answers to no avail including natural phenomenon such as death and suffering. Emile Durkheim argues that there is no false religion since all religions unite members of a community together, leading to cohesiveness (Christiano et al., 2002). Thus, religion enables people to unite, brings the society together, and allows the meaningful relationship between different people; Durkheim further argues that religion enables a society to socialize its members to a moral system passed down across generations (Davie, 2007). Conclusion Durkheim’s explanation of religion is not biased to any of the existing religions in the world today since his models are objective; indeed, there exists no superior or inferior religion according to him. From Durkheim’s theory, we are able to understand that society did not develop from religion, but religion originated from the society; the society needs religion to create order and harmony within its members (Johnstone, 2007). Generally, it is found that community member’s focus on their beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that they use to create meaning in relation to their day-to-day life and I believe that religion has helped to create solidarity among members that helps in not only answering questions about supernatural events but also in dealing with contemporary issues of life. For instance, in a church, persons are able to create long term connections that enable members to feel emotionally connected to each other, which enables them to support each other in need or in cases of grief as well as celebrate happy moments in life. In fact, communities that are termed as primitive also have certain beliefs, cultural practices, and symbols that unite their society (Christiano et al., 2002). References Christiano, J. Swatos, W., & Kivisto, P. (2002). Sociology of religion: Contemporary Developments . Maryland: Rowman Altamira. Web. Davie, G. (2007). The sociology of religion . New York: Sage. Web. Johnstone, R. (2007). Religion in Society: A Sociology of Religion , 8th end. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Web.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The text discusses solar energy in Australia and New Zealand, highlighting its potential as a renewable energy source. It also discusses some of the challenges associated with harnessing solar energy, such as the initial cost of equipment and installation.

The text discusses solar energy in Australia and New Zealand, highlighting its potential as a renewable energy source. It also discusses some of the challenges associated with harnessing solar energy, such as the initial cost of equipment and installation.

Solar Energy: Definition and Ways of Usage Report We get constant supply of solar energy from the sun. Observers believe that the energy from the sun has the potential to satisfy the world’s energy requirements. Energy from the solar is free, and we can never deplete solar energy. However, majorities experience challenges in harnessing solar energy. Scientists discovered that they could generate electric energy from the solar. We can attribute the first attempt towards harnessing solar energy to Edmund Becquerel in 1839. The French physicist noted that there was photovoltaic effect from the sun. Later, Albert Einstein made discoveries and presented his explanation for the photoelectric effect of the sun in 1990s. There are two ways of using solar energy. These are in the forms of photovoltaic and thermal. Thermal approach relies on converting sunlight into heat. Heat then works in steam generators that convert it into electricity for domestic and industrial use (Lovegrove and Dennis, 2006). Photovoltaic involves direct production of electricity without involving machinery or moving parts. Photovoltaic has silicon cells. The cells produce electric energy when solar strikes them. Many cells create a solar panel, and panels form an array. Many arrays create an array field. There are many merits associated with photovoltaic energy. These advantages make solar energy one of the cleanest, non-pollutant and renewable energy in the world. It does not involve much maintenance and supervision. Thus, the running costs of photovoltaic energy are negligible. Solar energy is suitable for rural areas because it does not require large-scale installation. Solar energy has many advantages over other forms of renewable energy such as hydro energy and wind energy. This is because these forms of renewable energy involve moving parts that wear out in the long run. Solar energy has gained popularity in the recent past (Singh, 1999). Attentions have shifted to solar energy has an alternative to hydro and fossil energies as their costs increase. Still, most scientists have dedicated their times in efforts of harnessing solar energy for large-scale exploitation (CSIRO, 2011). On the other hand, solar energy has two main disadvantages. First, the initial costs of equipment and installation may be high. In addition, the amounts of sunlight vary from one region to region i.e. there are areas of high and low solar intensities. We can reduce the cost of solar energy by enhancing cell efficiency (Solar Energy in Australia, 2010). This will enable solar energy be an excellent option for majorities. Reference List CSIRO 2011, Australia’s largest solar thermal research hub , Web. Lovegrove, K and Dennis, M 2006, ‘Solar thermal energy systems in Australia’, International Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 791-802. Singh, D 1999, ‘Renewable Energy Technologies in Australia and New Zealand’, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, vol. 4596, pp. 4-42. Solar Energy in Australia 2010, Web.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: In 2010, the company's cash and cash equivalents are as follows 1,191,608 million Yens; in 2009, the company's cash and cash equivalents amounted to 660, 789. The above figure was an 80.33 % increase with an amount of 530819 million yens.The above result is an indication of absuiness that is having an increased growth in liquid cash; the cash can allow the company take advantage of the market as they

In 2010, the company's cash and cash equivalents are as follows 1,191,608 million Yens; in 2009, the company's cash and cash equivalents amounted to 660, 789. The above figure was an 80.33 % increase with an amount of 530819 million yens. The above result is an indication of absuiness that is having an increased growth in liquid cash; the cash can allow the company take advantage of the market as they

Sony Corporation Financial Reporting Essay Sony Corporation is the fifth largest media conglomerate with its headquarters at Minato, Japan; the company concentrates in consumer and professional markets oriented commodities, its range of electronic commodities includes phones, radio, and television. Currently the company’s board of directors chairperson, who doubles as chief executive officer (C.E.O) is Howard Stringer , Vice president is Ryoji Chubachi and the chief finance officer is Masaru Kato. The current number of employees are above 167,900; in 2010 financial year, the company made an after tax profit of ¥ 7.214 trillion, which is equivalent to $88.205 billion. Sony is a public company listed in two international stock exchanges: Japan Stock Exchange and New York stock exchange; when operating in the stock exchange, the company’s ticker symbol is SNE. As a listed company, the company makes its financial accounts according to international financial reporting standards, and makes disclosures as per the standards requirements. It also has to comply with United States Public Company Accounting Oversight Board requirements: the company’s ends on 31 st March. The company’s public accountants are PricewaterhouseCoopers Aarata branch; they have been with the company for over ten years. Technology has assisted Sony to develop better customer service; mechanisms to get feedback and respond to customer issues are developed and facilitated by computer systems; the company has embarked on massive innovation and invention in electronic products. The company’s operating tag is “make. Believe”. In 2010, the company’s cash and cash equivalents are as follows 1,191,608 million Yens; in 2009, the company’s cash and cash equivalents amounted to 660, 789. The above figure was an 80.33 % increase with an amount of 530819 million yens. The above result is an indication of absuiness that is having an increased growth in liquid cash; the cash can allow the company take advantage of the market as they occur. In 2010 and 2009, the company’s total liabilities were 9,580,559 Million Yens and 8,796,909 Million Yens respectively; the growth of the total liabilities can be seen in current accounts liability increase. The increase in total liabilities between 2009 and 2010 was 783650 Million yens representing an 8.9% increase. The rate of increase is far small than the rate of growth in current asset so the company has not danger despite the changed liability budget. Company’s revenues (or net revenues) for the last 3 annual reporting periods has been on a negative growth; the sale revenue including operating revenue, other revenues, financial services revenue are as follows 8,871,414 Million Yens, 7,729,993 Million Yens and 7,213,998 Million Yens for 2008, 2009, and 2010 respectively. The above sales translated to the following net profits during the same period 26,912 Million Yens, (174,955) Million Yens and 149,447 Million Yens for 2008, 2009, and 2010 respectively. One noted character of the accounts as noted is that the company is that in 2010, when the company minimal sales the profits were the highest, this is an indication of a company that has embarked on cost reduction methods. The company’s strength is vested in its total fixed assets of 12,013,511 Milion Yens in 2009 and 12,866,114 Million in 2010. According to the accounts, Sony seems to have slowed its massive investments to look into its internal operations so that it can enjoy reduced operating expenses and improve new products to meet changing consumer demands (Sony Corporation official website, 2011). References Sony Corporation official website . (2011). Sony Corporation. Web.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: SouthCoast Institute hospital plans to implement an aquatherapy program in order to improve its outpatient programs and attract more patients.

SouthCoast Institute hospital plans to implement an aquatherapy program in order to improve its outpatient programs and attract more patients.

SouthCoast Institute hospital: Health Services Planning Essay The case study under consideration introduces SouthCoast Institute as a rehabilitation hospital with its main intention to promote some improvements and innovations. An implementation of an aquatherapy program is the idea offered. The company expects that the chosen program can make physical therapy available for a wide range of people (Thomas, 2003). The description of the marketing planning process shows that the organization has already identified the main steps: the creation of an aquatherapy program within the next six months, search for the specialists, who can implement the program, the choice of the professional, who may build a pool in a hospital, and the integration of the services crucial for the program. The strong aspects of the aquatherapy program are: a decision to differentiate from other rehabilitation service providers, improve weak outpatient programs, and attract more patients to the hospital rehabilitation services. In addition, the medical staff is interested in this idea as they can also use the pool as a part of the workers’ fitness program. The weakness of the process is the necessity to search for the experts in the sphere of aquatherapy and the construction of pools within the buildings. A majority of the hospital workers admits that they know a little about this kind of therapy. Additional financial costs should be considered as well as the staff expansion (maybe, at the expense of the current workers). In general, the aquatherapy program introduced in the case study is a unique chance to prove that SouthCoast Institute hospital is ready to take new steps and refresh its current policy. It is always necessary to improve the existing services and think about the needs of patients. The company shows that they are able to attract more patients by means of evaluating the demands of the technological progress and developments within the environment. Reference List Thomas, R.K. (2003). Health services planning. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media. Web.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The essay discusses the importance of stakeholder relationships in strategic management of a company. It highlights how Space Center Enterprises was able to cater for the needs and concerns of stakeholders after a split, and how the acquisition of Management Company gave shareholders a strategic advantage of revising and terminating unproductive managerial agreements thus enhancing their minority ownership power.

The essay discusses the importance of stakeholder relationships in strategic management of a company. It highlights how Space Center Enterprises was able to cater for the needs and concerns of stakeholders after a split, and how the acquisition of Management Company gave shareholders a strategic advantage of revising and terminating unproductive managerial agreements thus enhancing their minority ownership power.

Space Center Company’s Strategic Management Report Success of the business at recognizing and satisfying stakeholder interests Initially, Space Center Inc failed to notice the needs of minority shareholders and even concentrated on family roles and sharing or inheritance of powers over payment of dividends and upholding of transparency through forbidding board participation in decision-making procedures. After the split of Space Center Inc, Space Center Enterprises that was later renamed Meritex was able to cater for the needs and concerns of the stakeholders. A good example is the situation where Harry is worried of the outcome, if Management Company decides to pull out of its dealings with Space Center Enterprises. Since Don pulled out his Space Center Company from business transactions with the management company, the situation had forced Management Company’s agreement to remain only between them and Harry’s company. Space Center Enterprises therefore had to find ways of strengthening the role of shareholders such as control over intellectual as well as financial capital, and ability to have power of deciding, implementing or terminating management. The company was able to achieve this through acquisition of the Management Company and thus control its CEO and other board members succession ‘procedures. The acquisition of Management Company gave shareholder a strategic advantage of revising and terminating unproductive managerial agreements thus enhancing their minority ownership power. One of the third generation CEO selection procedure involved ability to meet the objectives that stake holders had set. The interests of stakeholders are also catered for when the firm ensures that the CEO selection process remains transparent and all the board-meeting discussions are shared with all shareholders. The board and the shareholder’s representatives participated in the process of electing CEO and a succession procedure that would ensure business strength and long-term growth beside the family interest. The board of members and shareholders through representatives eventually had the power to hold the CEO accountable and ability to fire a non-performing Leader unlike the Harry or prior generation’s management styles. Available mechanisms to manage relationships with stakeholders and to influence the strategic direction and performance of the company Evidently, the company have embraced the aspect of shareholder’s representation in firm management as a better and improved style of conducting business especially in the aim of promoting unity, competition and revolution. The company focuses on competition, which calls for total integration of all stakeholders’ views, as a human resource plans and policies, in the aim of reshaping the pattern of conducting business and maintain competitiveness in the global economy. Unlike the early motive, Space Center Enterprises business plans and policies especially in management-entailed procedures aimed at enhancing family succession plans and business profits. They failed to cater for owners and clients satisfaction. The main difference between earlier generation and third generation management mechanisms or plans of managing shareholders relationships and policies entails the use representation for better enhancement and thus quicker and higher profit margins. Given the resolution to embrace change, the company formed a strategic plan to influence performance. It also included the shareholders’ policies required for a firm to undergo change or innovations such as integrations of new CEO and management. The company had strategies that addressed the future expectations of the shareholders such as competence of the professionals. The board of directors for Space Center Enterprises Space Center Enterprises Board of directors were not successful in fulfilment of their obligations governing over business challenges. According to Michael et al (2008), prosperity of the company’s governance change mechanism depends on the management. Initially the company give the impression of a sole proprietorship, where decisions are solely made and family-related challenges are encountered with difficulties. This indicates that the capacity of the board failed to enhance the easiness and administration required for development of a corporation. Lack of board’s capacity brings about failure. It is the changes such as splitting and the differences of opinions of the CEOs for instance Harry’s decision to have a competent person taking over firm leadership, that enables the company to move a step forward hence flourishing at the end of it all. In line with Slack and Lewis (2009), a company’s board of directors must centralize on change more than any other business field, by emphasizing and having a positive focus towards plans and possible growth. The board should also have joint methods of passing information to enhance the communication pathways and to help working in partnership. At one time, Don had to make a decision of meeting with the third generation members of the family and ban them from business dealings, without considering the brother’s or board’s directions. This was a clear indication that the board was highly unsuccessful in its role of receiving and admitting views from different perspectives, thus enabling the intermingling and exchange of ideas or experiences. The board members also failed to have more interactions especially when there were family conflicts. Lack of board member’s interaction in the company meant that it failed to acknowledge itself and its role of governance. According to Edwards and Day (2007), board of governors plays a major role in managerial change. Change in a company does not necessarily depend on how much the company holds but on outweigh of the ideas they have came up with midst a conflict situation, to salvage their market conditions. The business partners such as representatives should have a knowhow of the governance strategy through transparency of the board activities. This is not evident in Space Center Enterprises Board of directors. The board also failed to engage interaction among different parties within the company, to bring about a common understanding or same perspective over an issue, thus brings change within the company. Space Center Enterprises failed to enhance proper transformation of leadership roles because of poor plans to counter ad Hoc relations or family conflicts relating to business decisions and operations. Company’s board of directors need to ensure constant changes to engage its employees including management into spending more time on understanding customer’s needs as opposed to solving conflicts that relate to leadership roles (Edwards and Day, 2007). Harry (The CEO) was reluctant to hand over the managerial position and his personal decision to work beyond his retirement time is a compromise of the role of board members over the issue of consulting and appointing directors. Paddy was or was not qualified to fill in his father’s footsteps as CEO of the newly merged Meritex organization based on strategic leadership responsibilities Paddy had supreme approaches to business growth as evident during his buyout merge negotiations. He obviously valued results more than his relationships among members and thus had to win their support through results. Paddy is not a good and highly qualified CEO because of this assurance of conforming to procedures and policies such as board decisions. Although good CEOs are personal and caring, they avoid to copy other’s rules and conforming to existing statutes, and are thus more innovative and ready to change board managerial roles for the better (Heifetz, 1994). At one time, when he noted that his father was not ready to let go the CEO position, Paddy threatened to move out. This is a clear indication of some lust for power. Paddy had management style of functionally analyzing, evaluating and solving problems from a personal perspective, but lacked the leaders’ style of non-functional guidance, in the aim of inspiring and motivating others. Over decades, the issue of leadership in business concerned the ability to hold top management positions that Paddy aimed to garner. This aspect is obsolete and good CEOs have the ability to have considerations, characterized by an emphasis over good relations with stakeholders. He thus lacked the required openness and shareholder’s mental trust, consequently the probable reason the board agrees to have him as CEO under conditions. They needed an external assistant, who had passion, credibility and connection with people. Secondly, Paddy never showed passion of defining its goals, structure and style of executions. In line with Hargreaves (2003), strategic leadership responsibilities involves the interpersonal characteristics, which create good working morale since the leader indicates a good degree of concern about humanness and pay attention to the follower’s concerns over the leadership or other aspects. Did Paddy fail to meet some of the leadership requirements and probably ware endorsed on family advantage over other potential professional? Paddy lacked to show the most critical task focusing on shareholder’s attention, during his quest for CEO position. For instance, He could focus on the current tasks without ignoring the future aspects that could affect the firm. Those problems, concepts, ideas or actions that receive the attention determine firm’s sustainability. Paddy therefore failed to show the strategic leadership responsibilities such as ability to determine important aspect of the firm that receives focus or gathers attention of the shareholders at a given time. References: Edwards, H. & Day, D. (2007). Creating Passion Brands: How to Build Emotional Brand Connection with customers . London: Kogan Page. Hargreaves, A. (2003). Teaching in the Knowledge Society. New York: Teachers’ College Press. Heifetz, R. A. (1994). Leadership without Easy Answers . Harvard University Press. Michael A. H, R., Duane I, & Robert E. H. (2009). Strategic Management Concepts: Competitiveness and Globalization (concept and Cases) . 8 th Ed. Canada: Cengage Learners Publishers. Slack, N., & Lewis, M. (2008). Operation Strategy . London: Prentice Hall.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: Clean intermittent catheterization is a simple procedure that helps students with bladder issues avoid public embarrassment. It is important for teachers and parents to remember that being active, loud, and mischievous is a part of the natural development of children, and that the best and most essential way of learning for them is through play.

Clean intermittent catheterization is a simple procedure that helps students with bladder issues avoid public embarrassment. It is important for teachers and parents to remember that being active, loud, and mischievous is a part of the natural development of children, and that the best and most essential way of learning for them is through play.

Special Education: Clean Intermittent Catheterization Essay In the contemporary schools there are many children with special needs due to various health issues. This often impacts their daily schedules and special learning programs or plans need to be developed for them. In some cases, children with health conditions require certain arrangements inside and outside of the classroom to improve the comfort of their academic experiences. Children who face bladder issues may require a procedure called clean intermittent catheterization also known as CIC. Clean intermittent catheterization is not a complex procedure, but it still requires repetitive training and education for the caregiver or educator to perform it. CIC is individual for every child. This practice varies for male and female children due to the different anatomical characteristics of boys and girls. After a certain age children are able to perform this procedure on their own. Yet, in many cases the students with bladder problems require help or assistance during clean intermittent catheterization. This procedure is quick, simple and does not require much effort or equipment. Clean intermittent catheterization secures the children with bladder issues from public embarrassment such as daytime wetting. This is why it is important. The equipment required for clean intermittent catheterization includes disposable gloves, catheters, receptacle for catheter, water-soluble lubricant, cleansing supplies such as cotton balls and wet wipes, barrier (if the student is male). The supplies can be kept in a special box in the classroom, and the procedure may be performed in the toilet. Students with bladder issues who require clean intermittent catheterization are also in need of special schedule as their bladder has to be emptied regularly. A teacher should provide some more structure to the daily schedule of such students, but it is important not to create too many rules and limitations. Truly, when a caregiver, a teacher or a parent is too concerned about a child’s wellbeing, they might overprotect the child adding to many restrictions to their life. As a result, special treatment and individual education disrupt the natural development of a child. Teachers and parents should always remember that being active, loud, and mischievous is a part of the natural development of children, and that the best and most essential way of learning for them is through play. Parents of special needs children are often overly caring and controlling about their children’s schedules. They do it because they want everything to be right, they want to avoid errors and damage, and provide the best and fullest care for their children. The role of an intervention specialist is to inform the parents about all of the attributes important for their children’s happy, healthy and harmonious development. Preventing a child from being a child is not helpful, this might seem like a good and responsible way of providing the child’s security physically, but this creates similar effect to putting a child into a cage. Emotionally, too much structure would harm a child. A loving and caring household where there is a special needs child should not be all about therapies, medications and assessment. Making play a part of their protective schedule is what a parent should do. Children with special needs remain children regardless of their issues. Young children often do not even understand that something is wrong with them. It is vital for the parents, educators and caregivers of such children to address their special needs along with their normal needs, such as the need to play and enjoy their childhood.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: This plan develops a way to deliver a need demanded by the community around Abu Dhabi. It allows people to order special memories breakfast (SMB) for their personal use and as surprises to their loved ones.

This plan develops a way to deliver a need demanded by the community around Abu Dhabi. It allows people to order special memories breakfast (SMB) for their personal use and as surprises to their loved ones.

Special Memories Breakfast in Abu Dhabi: Online Business Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Purpose 2. Product and Service 3. Target Consumers 4. IS Role in Decision-Making 5. IS Role in Marketing 6. IS as Functional Support for the Business Processes 7. Conclusion 8. References Online businesses allow customers to access products and services at their convenience. When operated professionally to meet the need of the customers and arouse concerns within a target population, it can make huge profits since there are reliable IT devices to enhance it. This plan develops a way to deliver a need demanded by the community around Abu Dhabi. It allows people to order special memories breakfast (SMB) for their personal use and as surprises to their loved ones. Purpose The SMB will meet the need of people living in and around Abu Dhabi. Ideas have been raised that people miss their breakfast after rushing to work. Like other places, punctuality is a fundamental virtue for employees in order to retain a good association with their managers. Therefore, SMB will be a business made to meet this need by providing an online channel where clients will order and pay for the delivery of breakfast meals at work or elsewhere. In this way, SMB discourages the cases of irregular feeding programs and unsubstantial eating behaviours. It will provide a unique solution to the working population as well as employment opportunities to the people living around these areas. SMB will meet the following objectives. 1. To unveil the specific consumer requirements that will be fundamental in branding of the breakfasts 2. To understand the marketing trends suitable for the end product and services 3. To reduce the unnecessary costs associated with dummy products meant to test the general feel of the customers towards the meals 4. To assess and validate the suitability of the products and delivery services in the target areas through integration of preference rates of the existing competitors in the market 5. To estimate the number of potential customers of the proposed new business in order to understand the production plan 6. To create awareness in the target market to enhance the quick selling of the meals Product and Service The key aspect is the components of breakfast that the business offers to its customers. In order to determine the most suited compliments of the breakfast, a survey can be conducted in the market to determine the interests of most workers. Otherwise, the daily orders made through the website will present the type of meals to be delivered at a particular address. Target Consumers Although the loyalty of customers ensures trust and preferences for products from a trusted company, it is vital to spread information so as people become aware of the presence of a product. Essentially, marketing fulfils vital roles in business profit-making because it informs and attracts customers towards buying a commodity (Cravens and Piercy, 2006). The process of marketing starts when the products have been produced and distributed to the shops. The need for the product is identified during inception, which allows a business to select, determine, and inform the target customers. The marketing plan involves four stages, namely product, promotion, place and price (Bradley, 2003). First, the product is discovered together with its demands in the market. Secondly, the strategy is initiated to attract buyers through promotions and discounts. When considerable numbers of customers are attained, the value and cost-effectiveness of the products are stabilized. Finally, the efficacy and success of the process are measured, whereas the prices are adjusted according to their targets and demand. However, the advances that have been made in information technology have huge impacts on the marketing process. For instance, social media is a cheap and efficient marketing strategy that reaches people throughout the globe. This implies that the prices of the products will be less due to low marketing costs. Moreover, the products are seen by people worldwide without time limitations. In the other marketing strategies, a person observes the product for some time before the product is no longer visible. For instance, advertisement through mass media and billboards has restriction based on time or location. Social media provides adequate information, does not limit time, and facilitates a broad location of access. IS Role in Decision-Making The study of marketing will be studied by seeking suggestion and information through online platforms where people provide ideas and needs. The data will be analyzed through the application of such software as SPSS in order to determine the viability of the process. In this regard, the statistical analysis will provide insight into the level of significance regarding pursuing the venture. Furthermore, the selection of clients will be limited by the websites while placing orders for breakfast. They will make decisions on their breakfasts depending on the meals availed within the website. Obviously, the support services will modify the website to fit the daily products and services available. IS Role in Marketing Social media and SMB website will be effective in serving the customers. For instance, the website can be linked to Facebook in order to create platforms that advertise the services being offered. Moreover, there will be ads to advertise the product on other food-related websites. The website will contain comprehensive information about the meals’ production and uses. The packing basket will also have a direct link to the websites in order to access the information efficiently and market other products through the internet. The SMB website connects sellers to buyers through integrated and trusted systems of service that include transport of meals, search engines in the market, and packaging, among others. Most meals have fixed or proposed prices together with other descriptive information indicated on the sales’ websites in order to alert customers about products in a comprehensive manner. In addition, they have payment methods that accommodate most international money transfers involving internet banking services like Paypal, MasterCard, Skrill, and Visa, among others. Finally, their advertisement strategies are based on internet services and social media such as websites, Facebook, Twitter, and Google Plus, among others. IS as Functional Support for the Business Processes Customer satisfaction determines the relationship between the producer and consumer (Ali, 2009). The online services will be rendered by a support centre, taking calls and responding to customer inquiries at all times. They will ensure that the customers receive quality services at all times and confirm timely deliveries. If a customer is assured of quality with regard to the products delivered, then the company has an assurance of good relationships. However, the management of the relationships may be hard when there are problems in the quality of the product. The loyalty of the customer depends on the reliability of the producer. The breakfasts will be marketed in various ways, including the use of mass media, social media, and billboards. The billboard will only be used within the production country and city. On the other hand, mass media will advertize this product for a period of one month to ensure that the information penetrates the country effectively. Finally, social media will keep updating the advertisement for the product as long as the breakfasts are in the market. Conclusion The formation of SMB will be a reliable solution to employees and managers in Abu Dhabi. It will make sure that problems associated with lateness cease while their feeding program is regular. This comfort will make SMB an outstanding business within this region. References Ali, S. (2009). Models in consumer buying behavior . New Delhi: Regal Publications. Web. Bradley, F. (2003). Strategic marketing: in the customer driven organization . Chicester, West Sussex, England: J. Wiley. Web. Cravens, D., & Piercy, N. (2006). Strategic marketing (8th ed.). Boston, Mass.: McGraw-Hill. Web.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The speech pathology is a newly emerging field in the Middle East. It is important for speech therapists to understand different cultures, language, and dialect of the clients they are dealing with in order to provide the best possible service.

The speech pathology is a newly emerging field in the Middle East. It is important for speech therapists to understand different cultures, language, and dialect of the clients they are dealing with in order to provide the best possible service.

Speech Pathology Assessment in Arab Patients Essay Speech pathology is a newly emerging field in the Middle East. According to Baghai-Ravary and Beet (2013), speech disorders among the Arabs have been ignored because of the cultural and language diversity in this region. There are numerous dialects of the Arabic language that is defined by geographic and cultural factors. In the past, a person with speech disorder would be assumed to be affected by a given dialect of the Arabic language. However, recent studies have shown that speech disorder is a reality among the Arabs in the Middle East and North Africa. Just like the speech disorder patients among English speaking people, the Arabs who have speech disorder need therapists who can help in addressing their problems. Speech pathology is, therefore, an emerging field in the Middle East as medical and language experts try to find ways of addressing this problem. However, the main problem the speech pathologists in Middle East face is lack of appropriate assessment tools that can be used in diagnosing speech problem. This research will focus on the importance of speech therapists in this region and the existing tools that they can use to address speech problems among the Arabs in the Middle East. The field of Human Communication Science focuses on the need to enhance effective communication as part of health promotion program. Speech disorders may be caused by psychological problems or underlying health complications such as stroke. According to Melki and Bitar (2013), the disorder is not unique among the English speaking population. Almost all the languages and dialects which are currently in use may register speech disorder. Diagnosis and treatment of this disorder is of critical importance. That is why speech pathology is emerging in this region as a popular concept meant to help the affected individuals. According to Haynes and Pindzola (2008), a speech therapists working among the Arabs in the Middle East should understand different cultures, language, and dialect of the clients they are dealing with. Most of the Arabs in Middle East and North America speak Arabic language. However, some dialect exists among these people based on their geographic and cultural factors. For instance, the Arabs in East Africa found in countries such as Sudan and Eretria have interacted with people within this region. Their interaction could have led to borrowing some words or developing a dialect that is unique to them. According to Cheng (1997), when a speech therapist fails to understand the existence of the dialects and some of the cultural and linguistic differences, then it is easy to make wrong diagnosis. A therapist will need to understand that speech disorder cannot be diagnosed based on the variation in the dialect. It must be based on the inability of the speaker to bring out clear pronunciation of specific words articulately. A speech therapist working among the Arabs in the Middle East and North Africa may need a few tips that can help them to address the cultural difference. The first step towards achieving success as a speech therapist in this region is to develop a thorough understanding of the local cultural practices and differences in dialect. This way, the pathologist will be informed about what to expect when dealing with clients from different regions. As Cheng (1997) says, it is common to find a situation where pronunciations of a given word vary among these people. The vowel sound may be prolonged among one group while shortened among the other group. Understanding such tips will enable the therapist to know when distortion of the speech is caused by cultural and linguistic differences or speech disorder (Terrel, Arensberg, & Rosa, 1994). Currently, the biggest challenge that speech therapists working among the Arabs face is lack of proper tools that can be used to assess speech disorder. Some of the established speech disorder diagnostic tools such as Denver Articulation Exam, Peabody Picture Test, and Early Language Scale may not be applicable when handling Arab-speaking clients. However, there are some fundamental issues that the therapist will need to understand. The first factor is that Arabic speakers have a variety of words to choose from such as Jordanian, Egyptian, Kuwaiti, Yemeni, and Modern Standard Arabic (Khamis-Dakwar & Khattab, 2014). Therapists should appreciate the existence of these dialects and take them into consideration when diagnosing speech disorder. Shaboul (2014) emphasizes on the creation of Arabic phonemic awareness, especially among the medical practitioners to enable them understand the existence of cultural and linguistic diversity in this region. Speech pathology is an emerging field in the Middle East. It has come at the right time because speech disorder in this region has been ignored for a long time. Speech disorder in the Arab world is just as bad as the same disorder among the English speaking communities around the world. It is important to improve speech pathology services in this region. The pathologists may face a number of problems at the beginning due to lack of clear assessment tools and structures. However, their work can be made simple if they are given adequate support by the locals. References Baghai-Ravary, L., & Beet, S. (2013). Automatic speech signal analysis for clinical diagnosis and assessment of speech disorders . New York: Springer. Cheng, L. (1997). Diversity: Challenges and Implications for Assessment. Journal of Children’s Communication Development 19 (1), 55-62. Haynes, W., & Pindzola, R. (2008). Diagnosis and evaluation in speech pathology . Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. Khamis-Dakwar, R., & Khattab, G. (2014). Cultural and Linguistic Considerations in Language Assessment and Intervention for Levantine Arabic Speaking Children. SIG 14 Perspectives on Communication Disorders and Sciences in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CLD) Populations 21 (3), 78-87. Melki, A., & Bitar, A. (2013). An Assessment of the Use of the Arabic Language Tools in Knowledge Management. SciVerse Science Direct 73 (1), 538-543. Shaboul, Y. (2014). Arabic Phonemic Awareness (PA): The Need for an Assessment Tool. Asian Social Science 10 (1), 200-206. Terrel, S., Arensberg, K., & Rosa, M. (1994). Parent-Child Comparative Analysis: A Criterion-Referenced Method for the Nondiscriminatory Assessment of a Child Who Spoke Arabic. Language, Speech & Hearing Services in School 23 (1), 34-42.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: Since the 1990s, different organisations implemented and perfected the sports law since the discipline is under different managements. Conflicts of interest are likely to rise ever since sports became a commercialised affair in Europe.Since the 1990s, different organisations implemented and perfected the sports law since the discipline is under different managements. Conflicts of interest are likely to rise ever since sports became a commercialised affair in Europe.

Since the 1990s, different organisations implemented and perfected the sports law since the discipline is under different managements. Conflicts of interest are likely to rise ever since sports became a commercialised affair in Europe. Since the 1990s, different organisations implemented and perfected the sports law since the discipline is under different managements. Conflicts of interest are likely to rise ever since sports became a commercialised affair in Europe.

Sports Law: Principles and Practice Essay Introduction Since the 1990s, different organisations implemented and perfected the sports law since the discipline is under different managements. Conflicts of interest are likely to rise ever since sports became a commercialised affair in Europe. The competitive discipline see prominent people fail doping tests after years of participating in various sports forcing them to reimburse sporting authorities for the years in which they won. The Structure and Organisation of Sport Organization of a sporting event by one Federation The sports policy program does not recommend the organization of sports through a single Federation. Initially, organisation of sporting events was the responsibility of private sports organisations. One Federation can organisation sports event, but it does not make sense that the same organisation will follow all the legislative, political, and economic laws objectively. International and national federations have to play a role in organizing a sporting event since they have to investigate various facts about sports personalities including criminal records, administrative records, and civil responsibility ( FIFA/CIES programme in sport management , 2010). Swiss law and world sport The Swiss law is important in the world sport because all public sporting associations are under its authority. As such, each time they seek to participate in international sporting activities, they have to consult the head office in Switzerland. The Swiss law binds each club, athlete, member, and federation to a sports organisation that recognises the Swiss law. As a state law, the Swiss law permits federations and clubs to organise sporting events within and outside Switzerland. That Swiss law assumes the responsibilities of a national law that protects its territory against external interference (Houlihan, 2002). The EU law and world sport The European Court of Justice (ECJ) deals with different cases of breached contracts, failed doping tests, and unscrupulous sports management technique. The European Union law ensures that the euro zone complies with the set sporting standards as the sport law permits. The European Union law ensures that member states within the Euro zone have their cases solved in case they go beyond the national jurisdiction. In the sporting field, the Swiss, British, Irish, and French among other member states can appeal to the higher court, which is the ECJ when they feel that the national sports laws do not address their grievances effectively. Arguably, the EU law explains why one federation cannot organise a sports event objectively since it has to follow a regional law. The European Union law creates a supranational community within the euro zone ( FIFA/CIES programme in sport management , 2010). The Status of the Athlete The contract An employment contract must first recognise that the footballer is an ordinary citizen eligible for tax payment and employment in the country of residence. It also has to have an open-ended agreement stipulating any possibilities of termination upon which the footballer and the manager agree. The club must equally mention if the contract is close-ended, and the possibility of renewing the contract. A footballer has to establish that the contact has a clause mentioning when the contract will end. Moreover, the contract should protect the image rights of the footballer. The contract must outline how footballer’s commissions, benefits, and salary increases with improved financial condition. All benefits accrued to the footballer must also cover insurance scheme and bonuses like game appearances whether full time or as a substitute participant. FIFA rules for sports agents Currently, in order to become an agent, FIFA requires that affiliation with new agents in only achievable through the relevant Member Association. A qualified agent must obtain an application form from Football Association (FA), fill and submit to the same association with relevant documents like proof of residency and address details. Upon filling the form, I must pay Criminal Records Bureau appropriate fee for check before allowed to sit for examinations regulated by both FA and FIFA. Fortunately, if I fail in exam, I may immediately reapply but if the results turn out to be below average consequently, I may reapply after a year. As stipulated in Article 9 of FIFA Player’s Agents Regulations, it is mandatory that as an agents I must acquire professional indemnity insurance. Therefore, FIFA does not directly register new agents but does it through national FA of a given country (Siekmann, 2012). GCC and athletes freedom In each athlete contract, the athletes have a provision of free movement like other ordinary citizens. Bahrain and Kuwait among other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries sign foreign athletes mostly from Eastern Africa because these countries limit options for transferring to other countries. GCC countries offer steady payments that athletes their countries. As such, they have no legal authority that gives them freedom to move from one country to the other. However, they can also find jobs in the military and other civil service organizations (Masteralexis, Barr, & Hums, 2015). GCC allow players to freely move within the member states, however, there is fear such free movement may paralyze job nationalization. GCC chamber argues that depriving players’ right to movement is a violation of human rights and deters the development of tourism sector. Settlement of Sports-Related Disputes State courts and courts of arbitration State courts are legal institutions mandated to solve disputes within the national territory. Some case in the sporting world involves members and non-members of clubs or federations, and they need a third party not affiliated to either groups involved in the dispute. The arbitration court that does not favour either side of the divide plays the role and the Court of Arbitration for sport (CAS) for Sport enjoys a global trust from federations across the world as it has the jurisdiction to provide an independent legal intervention when such dilemmas arise ( FIFA/CIES programme in sport management , 2010). How the Sport Federations bring the Clubs to accept CAS Sport Federation as FIFA affiliate ensures that disputes are resolved through CAS as in Article 66 of FIFA statutes. FIFA recognize CAS to resolve disputes originating from affiliate bodies like confederation, players, and clubs. Sport Federation ensures the clubs abide to required regulations to avoid sanctions by CAS. Moreover, the Sport Federation offers advisory opinions to the clubs provided by CAS. Advantages of Court of Arbitration (CAS) CAS has many advantages for the world of sport since it offers an independent legal oversight authority to provide sound ruling. Moreover, CAS offers non-partisan judgement because it gains nothing from favouring any member of a club. Any favour may daunt its reputation leading to dissolution, thus, it has an obligation of treating members equally to avoid summoning by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and the clubs or federation. CAS offers credible and reliable judgement since it arbitrates under the jurisdiction of the State law. In addition, CAS instils discipline among the clubs and players. Problem associated with CAS A major problem arises because CAS will have to decide impartially when arbitrating and it would obviously offend one side of the team (Masteralexis et al., 2015). Additionally, a problem may arise after conducting an investigation. Since the state law does not allow the CAS to prosecute without it involvement, this might affect the efficiency and reliability of the whole system. Fundamental legal principles Two fundamental principles in disciplinary matters in sports include respect to contracts and avoiding performance enhancement drugs. In sports related matters, one can invoke the occurrence of a doping case, inability to get fair remunerations representation from a sports agent, or violation of a close-ended contract among other legal concerns. However, when it comes to disciplinary matters, violation of the sports law entails failing a doping test or moving to another club before completion of a contract even when the current club does not pay well in comparison to the terms of the incumbent contract ( FIFA/CIES programme in sport management , 2010). Field of play decision (FOD) and legal consequences FOD is an action taken in the field by the referee while the much is in progress. Moreover, in these settings, the official has to interpret the rules in a live match or competition and consequently recording the decision made. When the referee makes the wrong decisions, there are legal consequences for his/her actions. Legal actions may include summoning and depending on the outcome, there could suspension or loss of job. The matter may be worse especially if there is involvement in bribery. Appeal to FIFA Dispute Resolution Arguably, FIFA sometimes has difficult in dealing with disputes as it failed in the Football Association of Ireland. CAS had to intervene making it the next relevant authority through which a complainant can appeal against a ruling by the FIFA Dispute Resolution Chamber. One only appeals after confirming that the chamber did not follow the legal regulations of the sports law in administration of justice ( FIFA/CIES programme in sport management , 2010). Funding and Economic Law in Sport Intellectual property (IP) Experts describe a sports sponsorship as an avenue through which one party uses the other to gain consumer goodwill, while the receiver earns financial benefit. There are several IP rights like copyright, trademarks, patents, and design rights. An event organiser has to respect the intellectual property of both parties entering into a writer sponsorship contract. The IP related to sporting is patent in which the contract the agent right to use or sell the agreement or intervention (Mitten & Bruce, 1987). Trademark allows the organizer to use the name or symbol to distinct him or her from others. Sponsorship agreement A sponsor mostly seeks the image or reputation of a player, brand recall capabilities, and the ability to gain a competitive advantage. In most cases, the sponsored team or player looks at the reputation and financial backing of the sponsor. The three most important parts that a sponsorship agreement should address include the objectives of the contract, the interests of both parties entering the deal, and the outcomes of the association. Companies strive to support major FIFA or Olympic games worldwide, and they can spend a fortune to get global brand recognition through such events. When company X has interest in gaining from a player transferred to another club after an endorsement, then FIFA has to intervene. FIFA rates clubs differently, and it influences public perception and brand recall. As such, before expecting returns from an endorsed player or club, company X has to ensure that the player moves to a club whose ratings match the one of the team left ( FIFA/CIES programme in sport management , 2010). Doping Athlete rights In the doping procedure, the World Anti-doping Association (WADA) gives the right for testing urine and blood samples among other bodily components likely to contain metabolites and indicators of performance enhancement chemicals. WADA gives guide on the roles and responsibility of the athletes, information on anti-doping rule violation, and Therapeutic Use Exceptions (TUEs). WADA outlines the right to personal freedom, equal treatment, fair hearing, and right to fair competition (Masteralexis et al., 2015). Moreover, WADA provides a chance to decrease period of ineligibility and takes into consideration privacy rights of the athlete. Civil & Criminal Liability of the Parties Involved Disciplinary liability mostly associates an athlete with misconduct while in the field. Disciplinary actions involve issuance of a red or yellow card that deters one from playing a certain period. In most cases, it affects team productivity because they have to play with one person or two people less depending on the number of disciplined people. A criminal liability occurs when a player faces accusations for assault, racist actions, or injury of another player deliberately. The injury could completely change the life of the player because he or she could suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder and fear playing or physical injury that deters movement. As such, a player can commit a criminal liability while in the play field also. When unintentional, a foul result in a disciplinary action such as a penalty as the field of play rules permit. When intentional, a foul becomes a criminal liability in which FIFA has to intervene and obviously calls for the attention of CAS. Private Insurance Insurance is important because athletes or footballers among other sports personalities are likely to face injuries in fields requiring medical attention and sometimes compensation. Sports contracts have remunerations and private insurers ensure that the sponsors and managers keep to their end of the bargain concerning athlete’s health. Organization of a sporting event Description The event is a rugby tournament between Samoa and Fiji playing in the U.S. Based in New York, the players must find a good hotel to rest one week before the tournament and a field to practice. They have to adjust to the weather and the changing culinary habits. As such, I will contract a medical team after contacting various insurance companies of the players’ whereabouts. Steps Getting certification from the state rugby organization (SRO) The legal document makes the sports courts understand my affiliation to a legally recognized global rugby association Doping test It involves carrying out a doping test with the WADA standards while observing the ethics of privacy. Insurance for players Players have to get private insurance with at least a two years cover of not less than US$56, 000 to cover property loss or injury. Registration with the CAS CAS will provide arbitration services in case I address a grievance in relation to SRO’s management. CAS officials will also oversee sporting torts during the event to know who tells the truth during arbitration. Emergency planning It secures additional players, protects against changing weather, provides of medical team, and provides the playing/living conditions. Involving an SRO certified referee The referee should not interpret the civil and criminal liabilities when in the field of play. Adhering to contracts Payment and treatment of players as per the terms of contract with particular emphasis on the sport law clauses ( Match-Fixing in International Sports: Existing Processes, Law Enforcement, and Prevention Strategies , 2013). References FIFA/CIES programme in sport management . (2010). Web. Houlihan, B. (2002). Dying to win: Doping in sport and the development of anti- doping policy . Strasbourgh: Council of Europe Pub. Web. Masteralexis, L. P., Barr, C. A., & Hums, M. A. (2015). Principles and Practice of Sport Management . Cambridge University Press. Web. Match-Fixing in International Sports: Existing Processes, Law Enforcement, and Prevention Strategies . (2013). Cham: Springer International Publishing. Web. Mitten, M. J., & Bruce, W. B. (1987). Professional Sports Franchise Relocations from Private Law and Public LawPerspectives: Balancing Marketplace Competition, League Autonomy, and the Need for a Level Playing Field. Maryland Law Review , 56 (1), 58-148. Web. Siekmann, R. C. R. (2012). Introduction to international and European sports law: Capita Selecta . The Hague: T. M. C. Asser Press. Web.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The paper discusses the role of a sports nutritionist, including what they do, how they are educated, and what skills and knowledge they need to be successful. It also discusses the appropriate practice setting for a sports nutritionist.

The paper discusses the role of a sports nutritionist, including what they do, how they are educated, and what skills and knowledge they need to be successful. It also discusses the appropriate practice setting for a sports nutritionist.

Sports Nutritionist: Position, Role and Requirements Report Introduction In the modern world, sports science and technology has become an important discipline in higher education, especially due to the increasing role of sports in social, economic and cultural development. In fact, sports have become not only a form of culture, but also a major economic sector that contributes heavily to the economy of various nations and populations (Lawrence and Kirby 299). Athletes have become assets or human resources important for generating income for their companies, clubs, societies and nations, raising the need for specialists in sports science and technology. In particular, the nutrition for the athletes is an important factor in enhancing their performance. Institutions of higher learning and research have contributed to the development of the sports sector through research and innovation in dietetics, which improves the performance of the athletes. Thus, the role of sports nutritionist is important in almost all sports and games, especially those that require the application of the physical and mental aspects of the human body (Maughan 21). The input of the sports nutritionist comes in terms of providing advice on nutrition, food and their impacts on health and performance (Lawrence and Kirby 299). Sports nutrition is an important discipline in enhancing the sports sector. This paper presents a detailed report of the needs for a sports nutritionist, the roles played, academic backgrounds and requirements and the entry salary level for this position. In addition, it elaborates the appropriate governing agencies and the necessary practice setting for the sports nutritionist. Education In the United states, a person willing to work as a sports nutritionist must hold at least a Bachelor’s degree in clinical nutrition or food and nutrition or their equivalent. The degree must be obtained from a regional, national or international university or college that should also be accredited. Above the bachelor’s degree, a Master’s degree in the same field is normally preferred, especially at the research and administration levels of the sports sector. To be accepted as a credited sports nutritionist, an individual must have a minimum 2-year experience in nutrition, especially in nutrition counseling (Lawrence and Kirby 303). Regulatory authorities/certification In the US, Commission on Accreditation for Dietetics Education (CADE) is responsible for supervising and accrediting the completion of a degree in this field. It is a department of American Dietetic Association. CADE is responsible for certification or licensing of the individuals who have accomplished the program and is actively involved in the practice. However, the relevant state laws and regulations must apply. Practice setting Sports nutritionists are important in determining the right diet and dietary information for athletes as well as other individuals seeking to improve their physical performance, including students in schools and universities. A typical setting for practice is a university sports club such as soccer, football, baseball, hockey, and basketball or track athletic clubs. In this case, the client population includes the athletes themselves as well as their support staff such as the coach, team doctor and other professionals. In such a setting, the sports nutritionists play significant roles in providing individual and group/team nutrition counseling and interventions. For instance, they must access and analyze the dietary practices, energy balance and body composition of the athletes in context of their physical performance and health (Lawrence and Kirby 302). They must also counsel their clients on optimal nutrition for exercise and training by matching the nutrition intake to the particular phases and goals of training. In addition, it is the role of the sports nutritionists to counsel the athletes on dietary aspects and roles in improving competitiveness, recovery from exercise, management of body weight, immunity, supplementation and disordered feeding (Maughan 22). The nutritionist is required to devise and provide personalized meal and plans for feeding in order to promote the athletes’ ability to achieve both short-term and long-term goals in their physical performance and good health (Maughan 25). The personnel is also responsible for addressing any challenges facing the optimum performance of the athletes. For instance, they must address the issues of allergies or disturbances in the gastrointestinal system. Other problems include depletion of iron in the blood, disturbances in the bones and iron-deficiency anemia. The sports nutritionist must be able to develop and deliver the right nutrition education in terms of demonstrations, presentations and events to improve the overall knowledge of the right diet for the members of athletic teams and clubs. The nutritionist must also have the ability to recommend the appropriate feeding programs for the athletes before, during and after exercise. Finally, it is the role of the nutritionist to serve as the chief source of nutritional information for coaches, trainers and other supportive personnel for the team members. To provide the above services, the sports nutritionist must be aware of the type, nature and composition of the client population. In athletic teams and clubs, the clients are the team members and their support staff. In particular, the athletes have a homogenous set of nutritional needs because their performance requirements are uniform. In most cases, they perform similar functions on the track and are in the same age group, which means that their bodies require similar nutrition, relatively similar body shape, mass, weight and muscle mass. The role of nutritionist in managing glycogen resynthesis after exercise A Glycogen supplement exceeding the normal limit by 1.0g x kg-1 must be consumed immediately after exercise. The aim is to maximize resynthesis of glycogen immediately after the athlete completes training or active involvement in competition. It is the role of the sports nutritionist to ensure that the protocol is followed. Employment Statistics obtained in 2013 indicate that the average annual wage for new entrants in the field is about $56,000. It also indicates that the annual wage is about $27.07 (ADA 32). According to the report, this annual average was the typical salary level for new entrants in the profession. This means that other factors play a significant role in determining the level of wages. For instance, factors such as level of formal education, experience in years, specialized training, geographic location and the industry of employment determine the wage level for the professional nutritionists in sports. It was noted that states like California, Nevada, Maryland, Hawaii and Connecticut had the highest salary levels for the sports nutritionists (ADA 32). According to statistics, the American labor market provides employment for more than 67,400 professional nutritionists and dietitians, with about 32% of them working in the sports sector (ADA 32). Colleges, universities, athletic clubs and sports organizations are some of the leading institutions that provide labor for the professional sports nutritionists and dietitians. Despite the attractive salaries and working conditions in sports nutrition, professionals in this sector face a number of challenges. For instance, they are expected to take care of the body weight, mass, fat, muscle mass and the general health of the individual athletes and teams, which is difficult because athletes have diverse preferences for foods (Maughan 21). Works Cited ADA. Job Descriptions: Models for the Dietetics Profession . New York: American Dietetic Association, 2013. Print Lawrence, Marvin E and Donald Kirby. “Nutrition and Sports Supplements Fact or Fiction.” Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 35.3 (2002): 299-306. Print. Maughan, Ronald J. “Sports Nutrition: What Is It?” Journal of Nutrition & Physical Activity 17.3 (2001): 21-26. Print.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The essay discusses the importance of innovation in the pharmaceutical industry and how it can be spurred by the government. It also discusses the need for reform of the current patenting system in Canada to ensure that it leads to socially beneficial outcomes.

The essay discusses the importance of innovation in the pharmaceutical industry and how it can be spurred by the government. It also discusses the need for reform of the current patenting system in Canada to ensure that it leads to socially beneficial outcomes.

Spurring Socially Beneficial Pharmaceutical Innovation in Canada Essay Introduction The public sector constitutes a critical component in a country’s health intervention, biomedical research, and development. Therefore, the sector accounts for a significant proportion of the total pharmaceutical expenditure. The importance of the public healthcare sector underscores the importance of an effective organization. Amongst the most important elements that should be considered in promoting the effectiveness and efficiency of the pharmaceutical industry is innovation. The significance of innovation arises from the fact that it contributes to new product development 1 . This aspect improves the effectiveness of the industry in dealing with emerging medical challenges. In order to support innovation, it is imperative for governments to support industry players’ research and development efforts. One of the approaches that governments should consider entails the integration of Intellectual Property Rights [IPRs] such as patents. The significance of patents in the pharmaceutical industry arises from the capital-intensive nature of the process. A substantial amount of resources is involved in discovering, developing, and achieving regulatory approval by the relevant authorities 2 . Moreover, the lack of or ineffective integration of IP in the pharmaceutical sector can cripple the industry due to imitation and free-riding by unapproved parties. Policymakers have “the duty to ensure that they design a system in which production is organized to maximize the societal benefit from such public investment.” 3 Over the years, the Canadian government, through the Canadian Intellectual Property Council has affirmed its commitment to making IP rights as one of its public policy priorities. However, minimal action has been undertaken so far. In spite of the extensive investment in research and development in the Canadian pharmaceutical industry, considerable gaps exist with reference to patenting. The current patenting system in Canada has led to the distortion of pharmaceutical innovation. Thus, the country’s current patenting system does not lead to the attainment of socially beneficial outcomes. Therefore, it is imperative for the Canadian government to take the required steps and make the necessary reforms. Analysis The patenting system in the Canadian pharmaceutical industry Pharmaceutical innovations constitute a critical component in the Canadian health care system. Its relevance arises from the fact that it promotes the wellbeing of the general population. Investment in research and development has promoted pharmaceutical innovation, hence the country’s ability to deal with diseases that were considered a threat to the country’s population, such as polio, measles, diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma, among other illnesses. Despite its past efforts, Canada ranks noticeably low with reference to innovation 4 . A study undertaken by the Conference Board of Canada assigned a D grade with reference to innovation within the pharmaceutical industry. 5 Some of the countries that lead with reference to innovation within the pharmaceutical industry include the US, Switzerland, and Ireland 6 . During the past decade, Canada has implemented a number of measures in an effort to stimulate the development of the pharmaceutical industry. One of the most notable changes entails the implementation of the Patent Act. The Act has undergone a number of amendments over the years, which has culminated in increased investment in research and development by the research-based pharmaceutical companies 7 . In order to support pharmaceutical innovation efforts, it is imperative for governments to integrate effective intellectual property rights. However, the Canadian pharmaceutical industry is heterogeneous in nature. Some of the industry players operate based on extensive IPRs. These companies mainly include innovative research-based firms. Conversely, some pharmaceutical companies do not appreciate the importance of IPRs 8 . Thus, the industry players are categorized into research-based and generic companies. The research-based companies mainly engage in the development new drugs while the generic companies engage in the replication of the newly developed medicines. The generic companies undertake the replication process at a relatively low cost. Due to their low cost of operation, the generic companies are not focused on recouping the cost of R&D. Consequently, they are in a position to maximize their profitability by offering drugs at competitive market price. Canada leads with reference to the countries characterized by high prices of generic drugs in the world. In 2006, the price of generic drugs in Canada was 115% higher as compared to the price in the US 9 . Moreover, the ability of the generic companies to maximize profitability arises from the fact that there is no law that controls the price of generic drugs like in the case of innovative drugs. Moreover, the intellectual property rights in Canada do not recognize the capital-intense nature of research-based pharmaceutical companies. It is estimated that the development and introduction of a new drug into the market take approximately 10 years. During the development and trial period, the new drugs do not generate any revenue. The table below illustrates the difference associated with the development of new drugs by the two company groups 10 . Phase of Drug development Generic Companies Innovative Companies Research and development 6 months to 1 year 2 to 6.5 years Test and trial on drug 3 to 6 months at a cost of 1 million 7 years at a cost of 60% of the total cost Duration from laboratory to market 2.25 to 6.5 years 11 to 13 years Total cost [estimated] $ 4 million $ 897 million Time to recoup investment no limit of time 7 to 9 years The above table illustrates the existence of a considerable difference in the development of new drugs between the generic and innovative or the research-based companies. It is estimated that the generic companies incur over 200 times the cost incurred by the generic companies in their drug development process. These differentials underscore the need to assist the research-based pharmaceutical companies in recouping the cost of R&D. However, failure by the Canadian government to protect such investment leads to an ineffective pharmaceutical industry. These aspects highlight the extent to which the prevailing legal system in the Canadian pharmaceutical industry is skewed 11 . In order to improve the contribution of the country’s pharmaceutical industry, the Canadian government should consider the formulation and integration of effective IPRs as an absolute necessity. Canada has entered different economic agreements, for example the World Trade Organization [WTO], agreement on the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights [TRIPS], and the North American Free Trade Agreement [NAFTA]. These agreements have led to a remarkable improvement in the Canada’s attractiveness to pharmaceutical companies. However, failure to protect such investment and promoting fair market exclusivity will affect the attractiveness of the pharmaceutical industry to local and foreign investors. The ultimate effect is that the Canadian pharmaceutical industry will be dominated by generic companies, which from the analysis above are largely driven by profit maximization as opposed to being beneficial to society. On the other hand, research-based pharmaceutical companies are very conscious of a country’s IPRs. Thus, the ineffectiveness of the Canadian IPR system will limit the entry of such companies, hence affecting the creation of high-paying job opportunities 12 . The Canadian Intellectual Property laws can be defined as relatively ineffective and stringent as opposed to other countries such as the European Union, the US, Korea, and Japan. The Canadian IP system provides data exclusivity to companies in the country’s pharmaceutical industry for 8 years as opposed to that of the US, which offers data exclusivity for a period of 10 years. Furthermore, the Canadian government does not provide the industry players with an opportunity for extension. Data protection constitutes a fundamental element in a country’s public health care system. Therefore, it is imperative for governments to develop effective IP laws in order to improve the effectiveness of their countries’ pharmaceutical industry. However, it is imperative for governments to ensure that the data associated with the pharmaceutical products meet certain standards. Some of the critical data sets that should be provided to the relevant authorities related to toxicity and efficacy of the drugs. 13 Moreover, the Canadian intellectual property law does not provide the industry players with an opportunity for patent term restoration. Countries such as the US and the European Union members have integrated this aspect in their IP laws. For example, in the European Union, firms in the pharmaceutical industry are provided with a maximum of 5 years in addition to the data exclusivity period. This aspect shows that the patent term restoration has a considerable duration of 15 years. On the other hand, countries in the United States have a patent term restoration period of 5 years in addition to the data exclusivity period of extra 5 years. Proposal for reforms Intellectual Property rights comprise a vital element in any society. First, effective IP contribute to adequate protection of a country’s investment climate. This goal is attained by protecting the existing and potential investors from unfair competition. Consequently, the IP rights contribute to the effective establishment of a market-based reward system, hence compensating the high cost incurred during the innovation process. The lack of or a poor IP system hinders companies’ ability to compete by reselling their innovation efforts, which drives their economic profit to zero. If investors anticipate the existence of an unfair competitive environment, they are not likely to enter such an industry due to difficulties in recouping the cost incurred in undertaking the research and development processes. The IP rights enable companies in selling their products by limiting the intensity of competition in marketing patented products. Past studies show that the implementation of effective IP rights have played a fundamental role in providing customers with diverse products that contribute to the improvement of the society’s welfare such as saving lives and promoting the citizen’s quality of life. The above analysis illustrates the existence of significant gaps in the Canadian pharmaceutical industry with reference to patent. If this environment prevails in the future, the attractiveness of the country’s pharmaceutical industry to domestic and foreign investors will be affected adversely. Thus, it is imperative for the Canadian government to undertake a number of reforms with reference to the Intellectual Property Rights, viz. patenting. Some of the issues that the government should consider are evaluated herein. Right of appeal The Canadian government should consider the possibility of giving the pharmaceutical companies, which hold intellectual property rights, an opportunity to appeal any decision that is linked to the patent. Currently, the prevailing IP system underestimates the significance of IP rights to firms in the pharmaceutical industry as opposed to firms or investors in other economic sectors. One of the aspects that the Canadian government should consider entails providing the right to file a lawsuit against possible patent infringement. 14 Patent term restoration The Canadian government should formulate a system through which firms in the pharmaceutical industry can extend the pharmaceutical paten term. This move will provide the research-based organizations with a substantial amount of time to recoup the cost incurred in obtaining approval of their pharmaceutical product such as drugs by the relevant authorities. This approach will give the research-based companies an opportunity to market their products. Increasing the patent restoration period will further improve the effectiveness with which the pharmaceutical innovation efforts are socially beneficial. For example, the approach will improve the pharmaceutical companies’ investment in research and development. The ultimate effect is that the country’s research and development industry will experience a remarkable growth, hence translating into indirect economic benefits. Growth in the research and development segment will lead to the creation of sustainable job opportunities, hence increasing the consumers’ disposable income and purchasing power. Furthermore, taking into consideration the patent term restoration period will improve the country’s effectiveness in dealing with counterfeit products within the pharmaceutical market segment. Counterfeiting in the pharmaceutical industry has been a major threat not only to sustainability of a country’s economic performance, but also the citizen’s health. The existence of counterfeit products in the market has been cited as one of the major causes of health risk faced by different countries. Through this move, Canada will be in a position to ensure that firms in the generic pharmaceutical market segment are not only focused on profit maximization by increasing the sales revenue 15 . Data exclusivity In its quest to improve the attractiveness of the pharmaceutical industry to investors, the Canadian government should give the research-based pharmaceutical companies enough data exclusivity period. This approach will ensure that investors within the industry are protected adequately. Moreover, this perception will lead to the development of the Canadian pharmaceutical industry through the entry of new investors. Despite the significance of data exclusivity to the country’s pharmaceutical industry, the Canadian government should be cautious with reference to the time applicable to patents. The Canadian government should not assign extremely long durations to the patent period. Limiting the time applicable to patent will make the country’s pharmaceutical industry competitive by eliminating monopolistic practices by the large research-based pharmaceutical companies. The capital-intensive nature of the research-based pharmaceutical companies can lead to the development of monopolistic practices. For example, the companies might collude in their research, development, and price determination processes. These aspects might lead to unfair market prices, hence limiting the likelihood of consumers accessing social benefits. 16 The available empirical evidence affirms that the integration of strong IP rights in the pharmaceutical industry increases the level of investment in R&D. This aspect translates into significant improvements in strengthening the competitiveness of a particular industry due to the ability to cope with emerging medical challenges. Limiting the time applicable to data exclusivity will make it possible for generic investors to venture into the industry successfully. The entry of generic firms’ will increase the intensity of competition faced by the research-based companies. This assertion means that the price of the pharmaceutical products will be reduced considerably. The price of drugs tends to be relatively low in markets characterized by competition. This aspect shows that fair competition leads to pricing benefits that are difficult to achieve under monopolistic market conditions. The ultimate effect is that the patent system will be socially beneficial. In the course of reforming the data exclusivity period applicable to firms in the pharmaceutical industry, it is imperative for the Canadian government to undertake extensive market research. The research should be aimed at understanding the approaches adopted by governments in the emerging economies. Through cross-country comparison, Canada will be in a position to develop attractive patent regimes that improve the environment for future innovation. Consequently, the Canadian pharmaceutical industry will become highly attractive to local and foreign investors. Conclusion The pharmaceutical industry in Canada is essential to the country’s economic development. Over the past decades, the Canadian government has been focused on promoting growth of the pharmaceutical industry. The government intends to achieve this goal by improving the attractiveness of the industry to local and foreign investors. One of the aspects that the Canadian government considers as critical in its pursuit for this goal relates to the formulation of effective Intellectual Property Rights. In line with this goal, the Canadian government has adopted a Patent Act, which guides investors within the industry. The patent mainly targets two main categories of investors, viz. the generic and the research-based companies. Despite the efforts by the government to improve the country’s pharmaceutical industry, the current patenting system is characterized by considerable gaps. First, the patenting system does not provide adequate protection to the research-based companies. One of the most notable gaps relates to the failure of the patents to enhance fair competitive practices. Currently, the patenting system does not protect the research-based companies adequately. For example, the existing patenting system offers the generic companies within the pharmaceutical industry a shorter period within which their products move from the laboratory to market as compared to the research-based companies. This aspect highlights the fact that the patenting system in Canada promotes unfair competitive practices. The existence of such patenting system within the country may limit the attractiveness of the industry to local and foreign investors. However, the Canadian government should make the necessary adjustment to the patenting system. Some of the issues that the Canadian government should consider in reforming the country’s patenting system include providing the research-based companies long patent term restoration period, right of appeal, and data exclusivity. However, it is imperative for the Canadian government to ensure that the reforms do not have gaps that can lead to the emergence of monopolistic practices amongst the research-based pharmaceutical companies. One of the issues that the government should observe relates to limiting the applicable duration with reference to the data exclusivity period. By taking considering these elements, the Canadian government will be in a position to improve the extent to which the patenting system in the country’s pharmaceutical industry translates into socially beneficial outcomes. The industry will become highly attractive to investors, hence creating new jobs. Moreover, investment by new pharmaceutical companies will improve the country’s ability to cope with emerging health care challenges, which will further make the patenting system beneficial to society. Bibliography Adams, Christopher, and Vu Branter. “Spending on new drug development.” Health Economics 19, no. 2 (2009): 130-141. Web. DiMasi, Joseph, and Henry Grabowski. R&D costs and returns: Handbook of Pharmaceuticals . New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. Web. Fass, Josh, Arjun Athreya, Jackie Niu, Yanzhi Yang, and Yong Wu. “ Managing innovation: a social benefit analysis of patents and alternatives .” University of Virginia . Web. Gendreau, Ysolde. An emerging intellectual property paradigm; perspectives from Canada . Cheltenham: Northampton Press, 2008. Web. Guler, Isin, and Atul Nerkar. The impact of global and local cohesion on innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. London: John Wiley & Sons, 2011. Web. Grabowski, Henry. “Patents, innovation and access to new pharmaceuticals.” Journal of International Economic Law 5, no.4 (2002): 849-860. Web. Grabowski, Henry. “Evolution of the pharmaceutical industry over the past 50 years; a personal reflection.” International Journal of the Economics of Business 18, no. 2 (2011): 161-176. Web. Ho, Cynthia. “ Patent distortion; do patents promote pharmaceutical innovation .” University of Chicago. Web. Iacobucci, Edward. “Innovation for a better tomorrow; a critique.” University of Toronto . Web. “Innovation for a better tomorrow; closing Canada’s intellectual property gap in the pharmaceutical sector.” CIPC . 2014. Web. Keon, Jim. “Canada’s patent laws promote genuine medical innovation.” Canadian Generic Pharmaceutical Association . Web. Lechleiter, John. “How lax patent rules in Canada are suffocating life-saving innovation.” Forbes . Web. Lilico, Andrew. Six issues in pharmaceutical industries: pharmaceuticals and government policy . New York: Cengage Learning, 2006. Stigliz, Joseph, and Arjun Jayadev. “Medicine for tomorrow; some alternative proposals to promote socially beneficial research and development pharmaceuticals.” Columbia University . Web. Footnotes 1 Christopher Adams and Vu Branter, “Spending on new drug development , ” Health Economics 19, no. 2 (2009): 130-141. 2 Henry Grabowski, “Evolution of the pharmaceutical industry over the past 50 years; a personal reflection,” International Journal of the Economics of Business 18, no. 2(2011): 161-176. 3 Andrew Lilico, Six issues in pharmaceutical industries: pharmaceuticals and government policy (New York: Cengage Learning, 2006), 42. 4 Joseph DiMasi and Henry Grabowski, R&D costs, and returns: Handbook of Pharmaceuticals (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 38. 5 Ysolde Gendreau, An emerging intellectual property paradigm; perspectives from Canada (Cheltenham, UK: Northampton Press, 2008), 145. 6 Ibid, 147. 7 Cynthia Ho, “Patent distortion; do patents promote pharmaceutical innovation ,” University of Chicago. Web . 8 Isin Guler and Atul Nerkar, The impact of global and local cohesion on innovation in the pharmaceutical industry (London: John Wiley & Sons, 2011), 540. 9 Ibid, 112. 10“Innovation for a better tomorrow; closing Canada’s intellectual property gap in the pharmaceutical sector,” CIPC . Web. 11 Josh Fass, Arjun Athreya, Jackie Niu, Yanzhi Yang, and Yong Wu, “Managing innovation: a social benefit analysis of patents and alternatives,” University of Virginia . Web. 12 John Lechleiter, ‘How lax patent rules in Canada are suffocating life-saving innovation,’ Forbes . Web. 13 Edward Iacobucci, “Innovation for a better tomorrow; a critique,” University of Toronto . Web. 14 Jim Keon, “Canada’s patent laws promote genuine medical innovation,” Canadian Generic Pharmaceutical Association. Web . 15 Joseph Stigliz and Arjun Jayadev, “Medicine for tomorrow; some alternative proposals to promote socially beneficial research and development pharmaceuticals,” Columbia University. Web . 16 Henry Grabowski, “Patents, innovation and access to new pharmaceuticals,” Journal of International Economic Law 5, no.4 (2002): 849-860.

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