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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: Aristotle and Plato's views on rhetoric differ greatly. Aristotle believed that the art of persuasion had been helpful for gaining insights into the true nature of various phenomena, while Plato cast doubt on the validity of rhetorical debates because they could not always help people derive knowledge.

Aristotle and Plato's views on rhetoric differ greatly. Aristotle believed that the art of persuasion had been helpful for gaining insights into the true nature of various phenomena, while Plato cast doubt on the validity of rhetorical debates because they could not always help people derive knowledge.

Aristotle’s and Plato’s Views on Rhetoric Essay Various philosophers have tried to identify the methods of discovering truth. For many of these thinkers, the art of rhetoric has been one of such tools. This paper is aimed at examining Aristotle’s and Plato’s views on the usefulness of rhetoric. It is widely known that Plato was highly skeptical about the validity of rhetorical debates because they could not always help people derive knowledge. In contrast, Aristotle believed that the art of persuasion had been helpful for gaining insights into the true nature of various phenomena. Yet, it is vital to understand the main reasons that underlie this disagreement. Much attention should be paid to their perception of people’s thinking. Overall, one can say that Plato casts doubt on the validity of rhetoric because in his view, the people can be easily manipulated with the help of various rhetorical techniques; more importantly, they do not always possess relevant information or skills that can enable them to evaluate the arguments of others. In contrast, Aristotle advocates an idea that people have a natural tendency to understand truth and distinguish justice from injustice. This is the main reason why their attitudes towards rhetoric differ so significantly. Plato’s views on rhetoric are expressed in the dialogue called Gorgias . In this conversation, the author depicts a conversation between Socrates and Gorgias who was a prominent sophist. To a great extent, the interlocutors attempt to understand the essence of rhetoric and its major functions. One of the points that Plato expresses in this philosophical work is that rhetoric should be viewed primarily as the “artificer of persuasion” (Plato 482). Nevertheless, it is not necessarily related to knowledge or facts. To a great extent, this description indicates that in Plato’s view, this art of discourse is very limited since it is mostly aimed at convincing other people. However, it cannot be employed as a technique or a method of discovering the truth. This is one of the main limitations that attract the attention of this philosopher. He argues that in most cases, the art of persuasion only “gives belief” about knowledge and justice (Plato 484). Thus, one can say that rhetoric shapes a person’s opinion about a certain issue. However, a victory in a rhetoric debate does not imply that an individual has proven the validity of his/her arguments. Such an assumption can hardly be called accurate. In order to illustrate this idea, Plato refers to a hypothetical context between a rhetorician and a physician contesting for the position of a state-physician (Plato 486). According to Plato, such a contest will end in the victory of a rhetorician, if eloquence and ability to persuade will be the only criteria of evaluation (Plato 486). To a great extent, this example can be regarded as the criticism of the sophist oratory in which the eloquence is often more important than logical reasoning and facts. Overall, this discussion is supposed to show that rhetoric cannot help people discover truth or distinguish justice and injustice. Very often, it can even be misleading. These are some of the main aspects that can be singled out. In his work, Rhetoric, Aristotle also acknowledges the limitations of persuasions, but he also stresses its usefulness. This philosopher notes that there are certain appeals to “prejudice, pity, anger, and similar emotions”; moreover, in many cases, they are not related to the essential questions that should be examined (Aristotle 490). Thus, Aristotle adopts a critical attitude towards rhetoric and recognizes its possible short-comings. This is one of the similarities that can be distinguished. Nevertheless, this philosopher believes that such problems can be eliminated provided that there are certain rules of debate according to which misleading arguments are identified and prohibited at the very beginning (Aristotle 490). If these precautions are taken, people, who rely on deceitful arguments, “will have nothing to say” (Aristotle 490). Furthermore, judging from his discussion, individuals are able to identify such false appeals and dismiss them. Aristotle believes that “things that are just have a natural tendency to prevail over their opposites” (Aristotle 492). This quote shows that Aristotle is very optimistic about people’s critical thinking and the power of their reasoning. This is one of the details that should be distinguished since. More importantly, this philosopher argues that rhetoric can be compatible with philosophy because it helps thinkers to evaluate ideas from various viewpoints. This distinction is critical for understanding their disagreements on the role of rhetoric. Apart from that, Aristotle does not separate rhetoric and philosophy. For instance, in order to convince other people, a person should be able to reason in a logical way and find the best evidence to support his/her arguments (Aristotle 494). So, the art of persuasion is closely tied to reasoning, logic, and facts. Moreover, rhetorical debates are useful for identifying the flaws in one’s reasoning. This is one of the major benefits that the art of rhetoric can bring. On the whole, Aristotle believes that this is one of the skills that an educated person should possess. Yet, his arguments are mostly based on the premise that people are willing and able to discover truth and pursue justice. This is one of the assumptions that should be taken into account. In my opinion, Aristotle’s views on rhetoric are more justified. Admittedly, it is possible to say that this art of persuasion is a tool or a technique that may be misused by people who are concerned primarily with eloquence, rather than truth. This concern expressed by Plato should not be overlooked and Aristotle speaks about this risk at the beginning of his treatise. This is one of the points that can be made. However, it is also critical for a person to demonstrate his/her understanding of truth and justice. In turn, rhetorical skills are useful for achieving this goal. Without this ability, he/she may not function properly in a rational society. Therefore, I tend to agree more with Aristotle who believes that rhetoric is indispensible for philosophers, even despite its imperfections. Apart from that, I do not share Plato’s skepticism about the ability of people to distort and misrepresent truth and the notions of justice. When criticizing rhetoric, this philosopher posits that people’s opinions can be easily shaped or even manipulated. Therefore, they can be misled into accepting false or deceitful arguments. Yet, it seems to me that individuals are able to apply their critical thinking skills while assessing the validity of a person’s idea. More importantly, in many cases, rhetorical debates are aimed at preventing individuals from manipulating other people who are encouraged to assess different arguments more critically. This is one of the benefits of rhetoric, and Plato seems to disregard it. Additionally, there is a significant paradox in the arguments expressed by Plato. For instance, his philosophical works can be useful only if there are readers who can appreciate his ideas and recognize the validity. Thus, to some degree, this thinker accepts the rationality of other people. This is why Plato’s skepticism about people’s capacity to understand truth is not quite justified. Furthermore, one can say that Plato uses rhetoric in order to illustrate his arguments. His most important works such as the Republic is a set of dialogues in which his teacher Socrates tries to convince other people that some of their convictions and stereotypes are false. Therefore, it is possible to say that Plato denies the usefulness of rhetoric while applying it. This is another contradiction that should be taken into account by the readers of Gorgias . Overall, this discussion shows that rhetoric can have significant limitations, and it is important to understand these short-comings. In particular, a person should know how truth can be misinterpreted or distorted. Nevertheless, the art of persuasion should be perceived primarily as a tool that can be used for various purposes including the discovery of truth and the pursuit of justice. Plato and Aristotle agree on the idea that rhetoric can be misused by some unscrupulous people. Nevertheless, Aristotle points out that it can be applied by thinkers in a productive way while Plato makes a clear distinction between rhetoric and philosophy. To a great extent, this difference can be explained by the fact that Plato was very skeptical about people’s ability to think critically. This is one of the main arguments that can be put forward. Works Cited Aristotle. “Rhetoric.” Reading the World: Ideas That Matter . Ed. Michael Austin. New York: W. W. Norton & Company Incorporated, 2010. 490-494. Print. Plato. “Gorgias.” Reading the World: Ideas That Matter . Ed. Michael Austin. New York,: W. W. Norton & Company Incorporated, 2010. 479-487. Print.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : Aristotle's ideologies have been applied in practices, and the results have been positive. His ideas about civic relationships, happiness, justice, deliberation, friendship, and the virtues can be used to define and inspire the ethical operations of business organizations.

Aristotle's ideologies have been applied in practices, and the results have been positive. His ideas about civic relationships, happiness, justice, deliberation, friendship, and the virtues can be used to define and inspire the ethical operations of business organizations.

Aristotle’s Ideologies Application in Practices Essay Introduction The ideologies of philosophers have influenced the world and changed the perception and attitudes of people toward various issues. Aristotle is one of the greatest philosophers who lived. Although various philosophers have contributed to knowledge and promoted philosophical thinking, Aristotle’s ideologies can be connected to practically every aspect of life. He became a great scholar after making significant contributions to various subjects of human existence. The peculiarity and popularity of Aristotle’s philosophy of life makes it easy for it to be included in various aspects of life. For example, Aristotle’s philosophies can be used to define and inspire the ethical operations of business organizations. This essay examines Aristotle’s ideas about civic relationships, happiness, justice, deliberation, friendship and the virtues and compares them with real-life business practices and the experiences shared through “Great Place to Work”, a website that analyzes the great workplaces. Aristotle’s Civic Ideas Aristotle’s philosophy comprises a collection of civic ideologies that apply to real-life activities. These civic responsibilities guide all aspects of livelihood. This section of the essay highlights some of Aristotle’s civic ideologies that can be attributed to ethical practices in business. Happiness, justice, friendship, and virtues are some ideologies highlighted by Aristotle that influence business ethics. Happiness Aristotle’s ideology posits that happiness is achieved when an individual is living a healthy and affordable life (Aristotle 3). People must not have everything to be happy. Instead happiness is achieved when they get what they need to satisfy their present and future needs. Modern philosophers still hold this view and believe most people are not happy because they do not know what they need. They claim that people focus on getting everything they want, and this deprives them of happiness. Aristotle argued that happiness is inborn, and an individual has the responsibility of generating it (Aristotle 9). Happiness is derived from activities that intrigue people. Aristotle defined happiness as the central purpose and an end for all human activities. Therefore, happiness is a state of mind that cannot be achieved through money or fame, but the psychological satisfaction that an individual is contented with what is available to sustain life (Aristotle 17). Justice Justice is another civic ideology developed by Aristotle. From Aristotle’s perspective, justice should be based on the character of an individual and not society (Aristotle 78). Therefore, justice concerns the behavior and motives that drive individuals do things they perceive to satisfy society. Aristotle argued that most people pretend to seek justice, yet their mission is to gain political power and become leaders. Such people take advantage of the public’s ignorance for selfish interests. Therefore, not all individual who engage in activism satisfy the required standards for upright and ethical citizens. Aristotle explains that, non-prolific people are a serious setback for justice in the society because they rely on the effort and ignorance of others for personal gains (Aristotle 83). He believed people should get what they work for and deserve because relying on others for financial, social or political benefits is injustice. Consequently, he suggested that people should get what is proportional to their input and those who work hard should earn more than lazy ones. Furthermore, Aristotle advises that laws should set standards and ensure equality exists among peers and not all people. Finally, he recommends that the state should protect all people from the injustice that results from corruption, greed, discrimination, poverty and other social perils (Aristotle 91). Friendship Another significant philosophy of Aristotle was the importance of friendship. Aristotle perceived humans as social animals who could not exist without interacting with other people. He argued that it was unnatural for people to live in isolation and experience happiness (Aristotle 34). This ideology was derived from the observation that people were always working hard to increase their network of friendship. This aspect highlights the importance of social relationships in ensuring that people live happily. Consequently, he explored the role of the bond between two people in instilling virtues that support relationships by resisting the challenges of discrimination and injustice (Aristotle 33). Aristotle explained that friendship could be based on utility, pleasure, or virtue. According to Aristotle’s elucidation, utility friendship occurs when people form bonds that enable them to help each other (Aristotle 34) while pleasure relationships occur when they derive joy in doing something together. Pleasure friendships are a source of short-term relationships because people become exhausted and bored. Aristotle believes true friendship should be based on love, virtue, and mutual respect and not pleasure or material gain. This relationship is common among adults because they understand their needs and respect each other. However, most young people are selfish and their relationships are driven by pleasure or utility. Aristotle argued that relationships should be between two adults that understand their needs and know what is right or wrong for them thus, people should not form bonds that do not benefit them (Aristotle 36). Virtues Aristotle argued that virtue and ethics were different and inexplicable by scientific theories. Consequently, he suggested that the study of virtue was aimed at improving human life and ensuring the coexistence of humans (Aristotle 23). Virtues are behaviors that influence people’s morality and help them make independent decisions. Ethics, on the other hand, are standards that assess the appropriateness of human actions. Aristotle believed virtues and values were complex social, rational and emotional skills that facilitated the coexistence of individuals notwithstanding their sociocultural variations. Therefore, virtuous individuals were respectable in the society because they did not condone bad behavior (Aristotle 28). Aristotle argued that people gained ethical behavior and virtues from other members of the society. Consequently, he suggested that people should not analyze subjects as right or wrong based on the understanding of their needs (Aristotle 33) but based on the factors including wealth, justice, friendship, virtues and ethics. Aristotle’s Civic Ideas in the Real Work Environment Aristotle’s views on civic relationships are evident in the policies and practices of most organizations. The relationship between Aristotle’s principles and the proposed ethical practices for business organizations can be seen by reviewing the activities of successful business organizations. The “Great Place to Work” institute has a website that offers numerous articles and reviews of business practices characteristic to real-life successful business organizations. The website argues that the best places to work have important aspects that motivate employees and managers to do their best and improve productivity. Their practices go beyond the routine guidelines stated by the policies and traditions of an organization. For instance, the institute claims that there is a difference between what companies do and how their leaders adopt various approaches to doing things. Organizations that have the best practices, generous salaries, and less work-related stress do not guarantee employees satisfaction. The institute agrees that policies and programs are essential for all organizations because they guide employees to achieve their objectives. In addition, they guide managers to align various resources with the organization’s mission. According to this institute, it is the implementation of these policies and practices that make organizations succeed or fail in achieving their missions. Most organizations have good and effective systems that may propel them to success but their managers are ineffective because they do not know how to align company policies with the available resources. This section of the paper provides a summary of some articles posted on the “Great Place to Work” website that focus on the productivity of different companies organizations and the factors that influence their success. The dynamics of productivity in these companies are compared to Aristotle’s civic ideologies. The presence of Aristotle’s ideologies in these companies’ organizational culture will indicate significance his philosophies in business practice. Aristotle’s Happiness in the Real Business Environment Happiness is one of Aristotle’s most important ideologies and refers to the psychological satisfaction that an individual is contented with what is available to sustain life (Aristotle 17). In business practices, an employee must be satisfied and contented to sustain work activities. The importance of happiness for ethical business practices is acknowledged by Zappos (Hsieh par. 1). Zappos understands the importance of happiness and directs all organizational practices toward promoting happiness for employees and customers (Hsieh par. 2). The CEO of the company explains the aim of Zappos is to deliver happiness for workers and consumers (Hsieh par. 2). Zappos imbibes the culture of happiness from its recruitment process by giving entree employees the opportunity to quit during the training process and receive payment for the spent time and an extra $2,000 (Hsieh par. 3). Through this, new employees are offered an exclusive opportunity of making informed choices concerning their happiness and ability to be fully committed to the company. Aristotle’s Justice in the Real Business Environment Aristotle’s suggests that justice should be based on the character and actions of an individual and not the society (Aristotle 78). Consequently, from Aristotle’s perspective, the laws guiding people should differ and depend on the individuals’ personalities. The application of this ideology is obvious in successful business organizations, which create reward systems based on the performance and actions of the employees. For example, Infusionsoft, a fast-growing marketing and distribution software company in Arizona uses various forms of incentives for employees that outperform others and conform to company standards. For example, the employee of the month is entitled to a dinner and allowed to drive the company’s car for one month. Infusionsoft also gives awards for top innovators, outstanding customer support, and rewards for promptness. The company’s approach indicates the utilization of Aristotle’s ideology of justice in business ethics. Although all employees are paid regular wages during payment periods, those who outperform others derive extra benefits. The business practice of rewarding employees for their individual achievements reflects Aristotle’s ideology that justice is achieved when laws are based on individuals’ personalities (“Honorable Mention for Employee Recognition” par. 1). Aristotle’s Friendship in the Real Business Environment Aristotle’s friendship ideology also plays an important role in business ethics. He explains that people are social animals and cannot exist alone. Aristotle believes it will impossible for people to exhibit the ideology of happiness if they are isolated (Aristotle 33). Consequently, people must make friends and interact with others to live well (that is, to be happy). Various real-life business systems support this ideology. The impact of social media on job satisfaction and employee productivity has been highlighted. Employees reported that they enjoyed collaborative working environments that include communication through e-mails, Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn (Groman par. 2). The inclusion of Aristotle’s ideology of friendship is further indicated as employee diversity for improved organizational productivity. Business organizations are advised to ethically promote workforce diversity to enjoy the benefits of business globalization. The workforce of a global organization performs better when the workforce comprises individuals from different sociocultural backgrounds (Gorman par. 1) and this shows that people yearn for broader friendship. Aristotle’s Virtues in the Real Business Environment Aristotle’s describes virtues as behaviors that make people moral and able to make independent decisions while ethics are standards that measure the appropriateness of human action. Virtues are explained to influence the abilities of employees and leaders to conform to business ethics. Courage, humor, humility, and honesty and virtues identified by Aristotle and they play various roles in promoting business ethics. Business leaders need to be courageous to pursue ethical business practices against their interests (Erb par. 1). Companies, such as Atlassian, understand the importance of ethical integrating humor with their culture. Atlassian uses humorous swearwords to create an open working environment for employees (“Atlassian: #7 Best Medium Workplaces” par. 3). Employees enjoy this friendly approach of business, which enables them to work rigorously in a flexible environment (“Atlassian: #7 Best Medium Workplaces” par. 2). Conclusion This paper reviewed Aristotle’s ideologies and compared their relationship with ethical business practices. Aristotle’s views on civic relationships are evident in the policies and practices of most organizations. The analyzed ideologies show that happiness is not influenced by tangible resources but by the inherent perceptual dynamics of individuals. This ideology is apparent in business practice where organizations that create lasting and trustworthy relationship with their employees and consumers are perceived to be ethical. Furthermore, justice is achieved in organizations when they offer healthy working environments for employees by enforcing strict human resources policies. The role of justice in the business environment is seen in how much employee motivation can be influenced by equality and fairness. Aristotle’s suggestion that people work hard to achieve happiness is accurate. It may also be argued that managers and employees can deliberate on contentious issues and find solutions that will improve their relationships. Thus, workers should be treated equally and respected to improve their work rate and enhance organizational productivity. Aristotle’s ideologies are closely related to the dynamics of modern day business practices. The comparative review of Aristotle’s ideologies and real-life business experiences show that ethical business practices are related to philosophical ideologies. Aristotle’s ideologies considered in the paper indicate strong connection with current business practices. Successful companies across different industries employ Aristotle’s philosophies to improve team work, consumer satisfaction, employee reception, and organizational efficiency. Thus, his philosophical ideas form the core of common organizational cultures. Managers and executives that are proactive should create a culture that is hinged on Aristotle’s ideologies. Works Cited Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics . Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1999. Print. Atlassian: #7 Best Medium Workplaces 2014. Web. Erb, Meg 2011, Courage to be Great, Web. Gorman, Charlene 2015, Use of Technology at Work: Counter-intuitive Findings . Web. Gorman, Charlene 2015, Why Diverse Organizations Perform Better: Do We Still Need Evidence? Web. Honorable Mention for Employee Recognition 2012. Web. Hsieh, Tim 2011, How Zappos Creates Happy Customers and Employees . Web.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The essay discusses the roles of wet nurses in the Renaissance period, Impressionism, and the Middle Ages.Wet nurses played critical diverse roles in the Renaissance, Impressionism, and the Middle Ages. In all the periods, women were central in providing care for the sick, babies or nursing adults. These works for fine arts show the evolution of nursing and medical profession.

The essay discusses the roles of wet nurses in the Renaissance period, Impressionism, and the Middle Ages. Wet nurses played critical diverse roles in the Renaissance, Impressionism, and the Middle Ages. In all the periods, women were central in providing care for the sick, babies or nursing adults. These works for fine arts show the evolution of nursing and medical profession.

Art and Nursing in Different Periods Proposal Table of Contents 1. Renaissance 2. Impressionism 3. Medieval 4. The proposal 5. Information and Description 6. How these three works connect to the nursing profession 7. Why these specific selections 8. References Renaissance Figure 1: The Wet Nurse (1740s) Artist: Pietro Longhi Style: Rococo Genre: genre painting Gallery: Ca’ Rezzonico, Museo del Settecento, Venice Impressionism Figure 2: Nurse and Child Artist: Mary Cassatt Start Date: 1896 Completion Date: 1897 Style: Impressionism Genre: genre painting Technique: pastel Material: paper Gallery: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City Medieval Figure 3: Childbirth: Woodcut from Der Swangern Frawen und he bammen roszgarten, by Eucharius Rösslin, 1513 The proposal One intriguing aspect of these works of fine art is that they capture history of nursing and the role of nurses during earlier periods. One may think that nursing roles were nonexistent during these periods, but the selected arts of Renaissance, Impressionism and Medieval Age show otherwise. There have been nurses with diverse roles since early periods and perhaps the profession is older than imagined. The Renaissance painting, the Wet Nurse by Pietro Longhi, the medieval woodcut, the Childbirth by Eucharius Rösslin, and the Impressionism painting, Nurse and Child by Mary Cassatt show that nurses already had specialized roles as care providers. In fact, in all the examples used, women provided nursing care to their patients. This shows that women were always central in providing care for the sick, babies or nursing adults. These works for fine arts show the evolution of nursing and medical profession. Training for nurses was not formal and many deaths were associated with some care provided. Nevertheless, it is believed that nurses started to provide patient care in earlier periods and significantly improved healthcare outcomes because of their roles in enhancing sanitation and giving effective nursing care. In addition, some of their roles were diverse and many including washing, dressing, laundry and cooking among others. The overall theme in these works of arts shows the caring nature of nursing. Information and Description The Renaissance period was characterized by increased activities of wet nurses. The Wet Nurse (1740s) by Pietro Longhi aims to depict the role of nurses during this period. The painting shows a case of childbirth in which wet nurses had to play critical roles. The practice of wet nurse was common in France and it later spread to the British Isles. During the impressionism period, the practices of wet nurse persisted. However, this portrait shows that women preferred to take care of children instead of breast-feeding. The services offered by wet nurses were paid and in turn, nurses cared for and fed children using their own breast milk. It is noteworthy that in some instances, poor care was common and could result into deaths of children. Only those who could afford services of wet nurses could send their children to them. It remains unclear why mothers preferred to send their children to be breastfed by wet nurses. In fact, it seems that services provided by wet nurses in childcare were necessity. Given these events, it is clear that mothers had to stop their own flow of milk using some sort of medicine while wet nurses had to ensure continued flow of milk. Diets and certain medications could have been used to discourage or facilitate lactation in women. However, developments in scientific studies had recommended that mothers should breastfed their own children rather than using services of wet nurses. In short, historically, feeding of children has evolved from wet nursing, bottle-feeding to the current formula used (Stevens et al., 2009). Nurses also had critical roles to play in the medial period. For instance, they took part in childbirth. During medieval period, the role of nurses was evident during childbirth as depicted by woodcut, the Childbirth by Eucharius Rösslin, 1513. Women actively took part in childbirth with male physicians during this period. Although male physicians attended to some women during childbirth, midwives, maids, or nurses were employed to do any manual examination (Heise, 2003). Nurses offered care services related to pregnancy complications, including breast and swollen feet care. The woodcut art provides the best documentation of childbirth and aftercare of individuals involved. It also shows that nurses and physicians have always collaborated to deliver quality care to their patients. How these three works connect to the nursing profession These three works of fine arts reflect compassionate care role provided by nurses. Nursing has always been regarded as a caring profession, and this true as reflected in the three works covered. These works of arts were used to capture caring nature of nursing. Thus, caring and nursing could be difficult to separate. Nurses choose nursing profession because of their inner drive to provide care for others who cannot meet their own needs. Today, the concept of caring in nursing has led to development of many theories to reflect compassionate nature of nurses (Vance, 2003). Generally, the aim of nursing has always been to provide care for others by ensuring that they achieve a state of well-being in mind, soul and body. Caring transactions occur when nurses interact with patients. Nurses believe in the patient care because of the hope that they will enhance health outcomes and cure. However, the roles of today’s nurse are rapidly changing beyond bedside care. Nurses have even greater roles and responsibilities since providing care has become complicated because of complex nature of diseases, few staff and fewer resources. For instance, expansion caused by the healthcare reforms, the Affordable Care Act, has resulted in a large number of individuals who can gain access to healthcare. There are no adequate primary physicians to care for such patients. This is a pressing issue, and nurses are expected to take up these roles. From the three works of art, caring was the main role of nurses. Today, however, nursing has evolved and therefore caring for the sick is just a part of nurse roles. Nurses have continued to define modern medicine and healthcare delivery because they have continued to collaborate with their colleagues, shape policies and even take part in nurse education and training. Why these specific selections The three pieces of art works were selected because they all depicted caring nature of nursing. Thus, they show that caring is the central concept that guides nursing profession. Researchers must also strive to understand how caring continues to influence aspects of nursing and nursing practices as they evolve. Nurses care because it is inherent in the profession, and they develop it deeply with experience (Pires & Goes, 2008). It is an intentional role and reflects attitudes of nurses toward their patients. Caring shapes the relationship between nurses and their patients. Therefore, nurses should continue to evaluate the concept of caring in order to understand its processes so that they can improve quality of care and patient outcomes. Caring model in nursing has been applied to demonstrate the humanistic nature of nursing and has traditionally remained the main core of nursing profession. References Heise, J. A. (2003). Women and Medicine in the Middle Ages and Renaissance . Web. Pires, A., & Goes, M. (2008). Caring: a fundamental concept in nursing. A review of literature. Servir, 56 (5-6), 184-8. Stevens, E. E., Patrick, T. E., & Pickler, R. (2009). A History of Infant Feeding. Journal of Perinatal Education, 18 (2), 32–39. doi: 10.1624/105812409X426314. Vance, T. (2003). Caring and the Professional Practice of Nursing . Web.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The text discusses the importance of art interpretation in the modern world, and how each person has a right to see and interpret art in a variety of ways depending on personal interests, preferences, and background knowledge. The text also introduces one of the main points about how people may see art taking into consideration different circumstances like the ways of how images may be obscured by academics or distorted by the existing social or moral values.

The text discusses the importance of art interpretation in the modern world, and how each person has a right to see and interpret art in a variety of ways depending on personal interests, preferences, and background knowledge. The text also introduces one of the main points about how people may see art taking into consideration different circumstances like the ways of how images may be obscured by academics or distorted by the existing social or moral values.

Art Exhibition in John Berger’s “Ways of Seeing” Essay Each person has a right to see and interpret art in a variety of ways depending on personal interests, preferences, and background knowledge. However, it is not forbidden to use some additional help in order to gain various forms of art comprehension and achieve the best results in evaluating a new material. For example, John Berger’s work, “Ways of Seeing”, introduces one of the main points about how people may see art taking into consideration different circumstances like the ways of how images may be obscured by academics or distorted by the existing social or moral values (Berger 14). According to Berger, the way people see art is predetermined by what is known about a particular artwork and what people want to believe about the work. In other words, text recognition is a very important issue in regards to art and its impact on human lives. People want to enjoy art, and what they see in paintings, sculptures, and photography, etc., however, they cannot get rid of the information they may have about the works of art. People are too emotional and undergo certain effects of the surroundings when it is time to enjoy art. Still, they do not want to know anything about art. This is why they try to improve their background knowledge before they meet a certain form of art (Desmond 1). Unfortunately, not only some moral or social norms may influence how people can understand art because the appearance of new forms of art may also define how people can see art. For example, the advent of photography at the beginning of the 1800s considerably influenced and changed the role of painting with its practical functions, social duties, and the abilities to give information about the physical appearance of the world. Photography promotion proved that not only people’s styles and tastes could be changed, but also technologies and their impact on media and human imagination could be improved (Adams 25). The inability to interpret the fear of new improvements and changes properly makes Berger introduce the issue of cultural mystification as a process of explanations of something evident still unclear. This type of mystification helps to realize that camera or any other art devices cannot be regarded as negative or wrong changes only. They should be regarded as good opportunities to see a world from a new perspective. Of course, the development of art may be characterized by both, positive and negative, outcomes, and the reproduction is defined by Berger as a chance to distort an original piece of art and change people’s understanding of it (Berger 20). Still, at the same time, reproduction of art is a unique possibility for people to learn better different artworks and find the required access to them in case the original works are hard to find. This is why, if a person wants to start thinking about some art innovation as something unacceptable or unnecessary, it is important to remember that changes cannot be pure negative or positive, and art understanding may be considerably improved with the help of such issues like photography, reproductions, or any other type of cultural mystification. To prove the correctness of the chosen ideas, it is possible to take The Virgin of the Rocks by Leonardo da Vinci, its reproductions, and photocopies in order to realize how it can be seen and interpreted from a variety of angels. Works Cited Adams, Laurie. Art: A Beginner’s Guide. Oxford, England: Oneworld Publications, 2012. Print. Berger, John. Ways of Seeing . New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1990. Print. Desmond, Kathleen. Ideas about Art . Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. Print.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The article Art for Money's Sake by William Alden throws light on some of the important trends related to art dealing. In particular, the author speaks about the functioning of an art-storage company which is called Uovo. This organization serves the needs of various affluent clients.This example is important because it demonstrates how art market may function during the following decade. This is one of the details that should be taken into consideration by the readers by the reader of this article.

The article Art for Money's Sake by William Alden throws light on some of the important trends related to art dealing. In particular, the author speaks about the functioning of an art-storage company which is called Uovo. This organization serves the needs of various affluent clients. This example is important because it demonstrates how art market may function during the following decade. This is one of the details that should be taken into consideration by the readers by the reader of this article.

“Art for Money’s Sake” by William Alden Essay The article Art for Money’s Sake written by William Alden throws light on some of the important trends related to art dealing. In particular, the author speaks about the functioning of an art-storage company which is called Uovo. This organization serves the needs of various affluent clients. At first, one should speak about people who want to purchase various artworks representing different historical periods. In particular, the company enables potential buyers to learn more about various paintings which are available on the market. It should be mentioned that Uovo has a very elaborate database which helps clients to search for various artworks (Alden). This is one of the competitive advantages that this company has. To a great extent, this organization performs the functions of a mediator. More importantly, this company enables customers to evaluate a painting as a potential financial asset (Alden). In particular, they can tell buyers if the price of the painting will change in the future. This service is of great use to people who want to buy the paintings of artists whose works may grow in value in the future (Alden). This is one of the details that should be taken into account. Additionally, Uovo serves the needs of investors who want to store an artwork in a safe manner. This opportunity is also of great importance to many affluent individuals because they want to make sure that an artwork is not stolen or damaged in any way. To some degree, this organization performs the functions of a bank and a consulting company. This example is important because it demonstrates how art market may function during the following decade. This is one of the details that should be taken into consideration by the readers by the reader of this article. Additionally, William Alden notes that affluent Americans tend to regard artworks as a form of investment. At the global level, this market has constituted $ 68 billion (Alden). This tendency creates many opportunities for companies that provide services to such clients. For example, these people may need the services of people or organizations that can evaluate the potential financial value of a painting or a sculpture. This is why companies like Uovo begin to play an important role in the future. On the whole, the author mentions a very significant issue that should not be overlooked. In particular, one should speak about the changing role of art. At present, it is not only the expression of ideas, feelings, or thoughts (Alden). At present, art has turned into a tool for gaining or preserving monetary value (Alden). In other words, it has turned into a financial asset. Furthermore, such organizations like Uovo can shape the work of many artists, because the opinions of such agencies will be recognized by many affluent buyers (Alden). This is one of the aspects that should not be overlooked. Nevertheless, one should keep in mind that this market remains relatively unregulated at this point. This is why clients may face potential risks. More importantly, many artworks can be concealed from viewers for a long time. Therefore, many people will not be able to appreciate them. This is one of the problems that should not be disregarded. It is quite possible that this trend will become even more prominent in the near future. The article William Alden is both informative and thought-provoking. Works Cited Alden, William. “ Art For Money’s Sake ” The New York Times, 2015: 16. Web.

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Write an essay about: The Great War was a time of great loss and pain. It was also a time of great art, literature and monuments. These pieces were designed to tell the tale of the great wars of the world. Many of these pieces usually show the battle, the loss, and the victory of the wars. However, a deeper and more critical look into any of the works would also indicate the impact the war had on the community and on individuals.

The Great War was a time of great loss and pain. It was also a time of great art, literature and monuments. These pieces were designed to tell the tale of the great wars of the world. Many of these pieces usually show the battle, the loss, and the victory of the wars. However, a deeper and more critical look into any of the works would also indicate the impact the war had on the community and on individuals.

Art, Literature and Monuments about the Great War Essay Different art, literature and monuments were designed to tell the tale of the great wars of the world. Many of these pieces usually show the battle, the loss, and the victory of the wars. However, a deeper and more critical look into any of the works would also indicate the impact the war had on the community and on individuals. For instance, Remarque (4) paints a picture of a battle as seen through the eyes of a soldier in the field. The reader can depict the horrible condition that the soldiers had to survive in, even at the time of the physical fight. Remarque (4) explains that they had to hide out in trenches, and watches human bodies dropped to the ground, dead. They also had to lay still and get covered with bits of human flesh that had been torn apart by bombs that were thrown in the war field. The importance of this story is the clear picture of how the war affected individuals. The young German boy, whose story is being told, reveals that the younger and inexperienced soldiers had a hard time at the battleground. They literally had to be tied down after some ran off and died while trying to escape. The soldier explains how one of the younger soldiers went mad and started knocking his head on the wall. They had to tie him down before he could hurt himself, and all through this, they would watch as their fellow soldiers fought and died (Remarque 5). In the same breadth, Seeger (3) explains how he had a meeting with death. The poem is about the high likelihood of a soldier dying in the field. In fact, it shows the soldier’s expectations and his idea of what his role is in the war. Seeger (3) believes that this meeting with death has to happen, one way or another. It can be argued that he meant that if the fighting in the battles did not kill the soldier, then something else would kill him. During the Great War, many soldiers died of diseases and not of battle wounds. The poor sanitation, unhealthy living conditions and bad food make the soldiers prone to diseases like Pneumonia and Malaria. Therefore, many that did not die in the battlefield died of disease. Drawing from Remarque (4) it is clear that the soldiers dealt with all the pressure of the war differently. Some went mad, while others pushed on with the war. It suffices to mention that there are different perspectives that pop out of different art work from both America and Europe. The European artists, for instance Dix (War Triptych) depicts the horror of the war. The art is gloomy, sad, and only portrays death. The same can be said of Nash (Wire) that depicts loneliness and hopelessness during the war However, the American perspective of the war was very different. This is evident from the creation of beautiful monuments and cemeteries. For example the World War 1 Memorial in Knoxville, Tennessee shows a soldier raising his arm. It depicts hope, victory and great sacrifice. Whereas the Europeans saw the war as a death field, the Americans saw it as a way of embracing freedom. In conclusion, art, literature and even monuments that show the Great War, all try to give a story of the soldiers and the communities that were affected by the war. Indeed different art from all over the world focus on different aspects of the war, but one thing that is common is the impact of the war on individuals and the society in general. If one word could be used to depict the Great War, then indescribable would be the word.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Magical realism is a style of literature that was used in the 1920s to refer to the school of painters, which was an extraordinary thing that people in their day-to-day life experienced. It is a myth, fantasy, reality, and magic all combined.

Magical realism is a style of literature that was used in the 1920s to refer to the school of painters, which was an extraordinary thing that people in their day-to-day life experienced. It is a myth, fantasy, reality, and magic all combined.

Magical Realism as a Literary Genre Essay Table of Contents 1. What Is A Magical Realism? 2. Development of Magical Realism 3. Authors Who Have Used Magical Realism and Their Works 4. Works Cited What Is A Magical Realism? Magical realism is a style of literature that was used in the 1920s to refer to the school of painters, which was an extraordinary thing that people in their day-to-day life experienced. It is a myth, fantasy, reality, and magic all combined. The term magical realism is often confused with expressionism and surrealism. Expressionism is an art’s style meant to show or reveal some human feelings, for example, expressing sadness, poverty, happiness, and depression (García 45). In 1903, Picasso came up with the work, The Blind’s Man Meal, which showed the meaning of expressionism and magical realism. He expressed how poor the blind man is. Surrealism is an art and literature movement; contrary to the dream where one shows the at he or she thinks by presenting images. Magical realism, therefore, is expressionism where an individual expresses his or her feelings freely. In magical realism, for example, the feeling one expresses in dancing is happiness while in certain music the feeling expressed is sorrowfulness (Eugenia 16-20). Development of Magical Realism Several people who are authors in the world have created the term magical realism, which has received global acceptance. For many years, the term has been used in America, Africa, Australia, and Europe. The term was seen as regional literature limited to the Latin American writers but it has been widened to be seen as a worldwide phenomenon. Also, it is the latest development of the latest centuries and is seen as a modern fiction internationally (Eugenia 16-20). The concept of loreal Maravillas was introduced in 1949 to the Americans where the foundations of magical realism were traced from the art world. In this essay, the concept was criticized analytically based on its theoretical movement, cultures and text citations from Latin America, Australia, Africa and Asia (Franz 2). In this essay, the development of magical realism focuses on Latin America, which is traced back from the discovery of America. Most of the authors of this subject are Latin Americans. Tzvetan Todorov wrote about Columbus in 1492 arguing that America is a miraculous world with a lot of magic. The different narratives he had seen while traveling had influenced Columbus, and due to this, he had imaginary views of America. He said that he saw men and women with animal heads and were masculine respectively (Eugenia 22). The German Franz Roh was the first man to use the term magical realism in an official way in 1925. He applied magical realism to the paintings he was studying. In addition, during the time, there arose many artists in Germany such as Otto Dix. Roh gave different criteria of the term magical realism and compared to the expressionism and the post-expressionism. In fact, the present-day definition of the term came from the categories that Roh gave (Eugenia 24). Henri Rousseu in his paintings went deeper to explore magical realism. 1886-1910 was the period this French artist, explored the term. Other artists who explored this concept are Guenther from Austria in 1909, and Joan Miro in 1918, 1922s and 1930s in Paris whose paintings were criticized as naive (Eugenia 25). Giorgio De Chirico from Italy was seen as the most important magical realists by Roh in his attempt to prove the real things to be unreal in 1888 to 1978. He pioneered the 20th-century movement of magical realism. Forty years from 1920, other artists in Italy came up with their paintings and other arts, which expressed magical reality (Eugenia 26). The decades between 1910 and 1940, saw the French artists express magical realism in their paintings, for instance, Pierre Roy. However, the aspect of magical realism went down when surrealism came to the board and focused by most artists (Eugenia 27). George Grosz is another painter who used magical realism to express day-to-day life. The subjects of his paintings were drawn from daily life. Through his works, he wanted to show people the miracles and magic in the real world. In the year 1930, so many Latin American had explored magic realism (Addison 31). The painter Amaral from Brazil in 1886 to 1973 produced the works, which showed the magic realism. His works had features such as enormous arms and the use of strong colors (Eugenia 29). Lino Spilimbergo is another painter from Argentina who drew arts of the physical nature of Argentina from 1896 to 1964. He used the magical realism style in his works. His works were there to show life in a real situation (Eugenia 29). In addition to the artists by men, other artworks by women were done in the magical realism style. In the 1940s, many women became painters because by then, they had learned to be professional in different fields of study and art was among them. Georgia O’ Keeffe is one of the women artists from America who painted flowers that portrayed the body of a woman. This happened in the last century where the bones of animals she painted in the 1920s in Mexico had both the elements of magic and reality (Eugenia 30). Apart from women painters, another group is the exiled professional artists from Mexico who made paints reflecting bible stories, for example, Leonora Carrington in 1940. To date, many artists, writers, and painters explore their subjects of study by use of magical realism. It has been a style of literature to make the theme more understandable and interesting (Eugenia 16-20). Authors Who Have Used Magical Realism and Their Works Most of the well-known authors who used the style of magical realism in their works come from Latin America. Gabriel Garcia Marquez is one of the many Latin American writers who used this style in his works. In his books, One Hundred Years of Solitude, Leaf Storm, In Evil Hour, and the pages of Macondo, Marquez used this style of literature extensively. Although he said that he was trying to avoid overuse arguing that it is too limiting, it was unavoidable because the works were fictions. Gabriel who is a journalist was born in Colombia and won the Nobel Prize in 1982 for Literature. He is a pioneer of the Latin America Boom. Other well-known authors who used magical realism as a style of realism to express fiction in their books are Sarah Addison who wrote about an apple tree, which produces magical fruits. The book is entitled Garden Spells, Haruki Murakami’s book entitled Kafka on The Shore, which was about two teenage boys who went away from home and a Mexican Laura Esquivel’s book entitled Like Water for Chocolate. The book’s theme is romance (García 1). Works Cited Addison, Spells. The Garden Spells. Java: Bantam Publishers, 2007. Print. Eugenia, Michell. Magical Realism and Latin America: A Masters Project. Maine: University of Maine, 2003. Print. Franz, Roh. Magical Realism: Theory, History, Community. Durham: Duke University Press, 1995. Print. García, Gabriel. Good Reads: The Popular Magic Realism Books. Bones: Good reads Inc, 2012. Print.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The red color in Zhang Yimou's films is used artistically to convey the emotions of the characters and the overall theme of the movie. The red color is also used to provide additional information that reinforces the original message and makes it more appealing and convincing for the viewer.

The red color in Zhang Yimou's films is used artistically to convey the emotions of the characters and the overall theme of the movie. The red color is also used to provide additional information that reinforces the original message and makes it more appealing and convincing for the viewer.

Artistic Color Usage in Zhang Yimou’s Films Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction: Significance of Colors in Movies 2. Zhang Yimou: Red Color through the Lens of the Chinese Culture 3. Color Use in Red Sorghum: Analysis 4. Color Use in Raise the Red Lantern: Analysis 5. Synthesis and Interpretations: Fifty Shades of Red 6. Conclusion: Red Color and Complex Symbolism 7. Works Cited Introduction: Significance of Colors in Movies Traditionally, action in a movie is what captures the audience’s attention. People need to relate to the characters and their emotions; as a result, it is what happens to the characters that takes most of people’s attention, whereas the elements that are used to create the atmosphere of the movie usually fade into the background. However, colors as one of the elements that help create a specific atmosphere in a movie and set the mood for the motion picture in question are not to be disregarded, either. In a range of cases colors provide not only the background for the main action to occur in, but also additional information that reinforces the original message, making it more appealing and convincing for the viewer. Red Sorghum and Raise the Red Lantern by Zhang Yimou are prime examples of the use of color as a way of helping the viewer explore the emotional struggle of the main characters, as well as the overall theme of the movie in a more accurate manner and, therefore, understand the implications behind the characters’ actions better. Although the red color in Red Sorghum and Raise the Red Lantern seems to be the representation of loyalty as it is viewed traditionally in the chine culture, the color also conveys a range of hidden innuendoes by using the symbolism borrowed from the western cultures, i.e., the idea of revolution, the feeling of confusion and even one’s sensual revival. Zhang Yimou: Red Color through the Lens of the Chinese Culture When it comes to denoting the role of the red color as a symbolic element in Red Sorghum and in Raise the Red Lantern , one must admit that the interpretation of the red color traditionally accepted in the Chinese culture deserves to be mentioned. Since the movie is packed tightly with symbolism and references to the cultural specifics of China, the presence of the red color can be viewed from the perspective of the Chinese culture. According to the latter, red is typically viewed as the color of honor; red face is traditionally considered to be the manifestation of courage and determination, in contrast to a common idea of red face in western cultures as the expression of shame. It should be noted, though, that Zhang Yimou’s movies are far too complex for their innuendoes to be unlocked with an explanation as simple as the one provided above. To be more exact, the red elements used in the movie, i.e., reddish backgrounds, red elements in the characters’ clothes, red objects, etc., are supposed to signify several ideas at the same time. For instance, the political subtext of some of the elements in the movies by Zhang Yimou deserves to be mentioned: “Some commentators linked the red setting sun at the end of the Red Sorghum to a Japanese national flag” (Gateward 151). Indeed, the backgrounds of the movie, in which the action takes place, are saturated with the color red immensely. However, the message that the movie director is trying to convey is never on-the-nose; quite on the contrary, a quick shift between the symbols used in the film keeps the audience guessing about the author’s actual intentions. Color Use in Red Sorghum: Analysis Apart from representing the revolutionary moods among the characters and the courage thereof in their desperate fight for justice, the red color in the movie in question also represents sexuality and, therefore, renders the corresponding experiences of the characters. However, much like the rest of the movie, the experience in question turns out to be bitter and leave Jiu’er in pain. Therefore, the red color is supposed to represent the peril, which the exposure to the new environment and, therefore, increased vulnerability presupposes. For instance, the red color is very symbolic in the scene, where Jiu’er and a stranger have a sexual intercourse: “Do not look back or I will shoot” ( Red Sorghum 00:10:57). The color also displays the pain and suffering, which the characters need to go through in order to gain their redemption: as the lead character’s father engages in a major bloodshed, he recalls that “everything was red in his eyes” ( Red Sorghum 01:21:52). Thus, the color red symbolizes the passion of the key characters. Jiu’er herself is dressed in red for the most part; the innocence and openness, which she embodies, therefore, allow suggesting that the red color is also used in order to put a stronger emphasis on her passion for life in general, portraying her as young and inexperienced, yet emotional and ready to experience what life has to offer: “As Zhang Yimou once said, ‘We Chinese have been too moderate, too reserved… the boundless red of sorghum fields arouses sensory excitement… it encourages unrestrained lust for life’” (Gateward 151). Color Use in Raise the Red Lantern: Analysis Much like the Red Sorghum , where the red color is obviously referred to as a symbol for sexual experiences and sensuality, Raise the Red Lantern also renders the subject matter by adding a tint of provocatively red color into the background and, therefore, creating a certain tension: “Some think the red lanterns in Raise the Red Lantern reveal the sexual dominance of the patriarchal despot” (Gateward 151). Indeed, the issue of sexuality rendered in the movie is often accompanied by reddish backgrounds such as the scene, in which Songlian accepts her role as a wife of a rich man: “Let me be a concubine. Isn’t that the fate of a woman?” ( Raise the Red Lantern 00:32:17). The specified interpretation seems all the more engaging from the perspective of gender issues analysis with the fact that red lanterns also represent a sexuality related symbol in the Western culture. Particularly, the western interpretation of the term “a red lantern” traditionally means a brothel based on the “term red lights that brothels customarily burned in windows as a sign of their business” (Allen 178). Despite the fact that the specified similarity between the Chinese and the English interpretation of the subject matter may be merely a coincidence, the irony of the latter makes the message of the movie all the more tragic. Although the link between the miserable state of the women, who work in brothels and the young Chinese woman, who is forced to marry an old man with no feelings for him whatsoever might seem a bit farfetched, the idea of viewing sexual relationships as a means to an end is still obvious in both situations. Synthesis and Interpretations: Fifty Shades of Red The red color, therefore, has no single meaning in either of Zhang Yimou’s movies; quite on the contrary, the meaning of the color, as well as the purpose of its use in the film, changes from one scene to another radically. While in some bits of the movies, the red color is identified as a positive symbol, i.e., the representation of honor, in other ones, it is labeled as negative (e.g., shame, dishonor, etc.). In other words, the use of the color seems to be not random, but, instead, situational. Consequently, it can be assumed that the color is used to reflect the mood of the main characters and the movies in general. By choosing a specific shade of red, the director manages to get a variety of emotions of the lead characters; in other words, the primary role of the red color in the movies can be defined as creating an emotional link between the character and the viewer. As a result, the red color helps the audience relate to the characters portrayed in the motion pictures. Conclusion: Red Color and Complex Symbolism Despite the fact that the color red is traditionally interpreted in the Chinese culture as the symbol of honor, courage and the related virtues, in Zhang Yimou’s movies, namely, Raise the Red Lantern and Red Sorghum , red gains new shades of meaning, incorporating some of the traditional western culture related ideas, such as lust for life, passion and sensual experiences. Making the overall movie experience all the more exciting, the addition of the specified innuendoes into the symbolism of the feature films serves as the link between the Chinese and the western cultures. The active use of the red color helps make the emotions of the lead characters more explicit and, therefore, help the audience relate to the people portrayed in both movies. Works Cited Allen, Lewis. The City in Slang: New York Life and Popular Speech . New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 1999. Print. Gateward, Frances K. Zhang Yimou: Interviews . Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2001. Print. Raise the Red Lantern . Ex. Prod. Zhang Yimou. Beijing: Orion Classics, 1991. DVD. Red Sorghum . Ex. Prod. Zhang Yimou. Beijing: Xi’an Film Studio, 1988. DVD.

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Write an essay about: Art is what defines "people's cultures, traditions, ideas, and moral responsibilities" (Cone 4). Good art ensures every person is contented with his or her society. Art creates the best bonds and associations among different social groups. Art also helps people embrace new ideas in order to make their societies prosperous.

Art is what defines "people's cultures, traditions, ideas, and moral responsibilities" (Cone 4). Good art ensures every person is contented with his or her society. Art creates the best bonds and associations among different social groups. Art also helps people embrace new ideas in order to make their societies prosperous.

Artist’s Role in Society: Cultures, Traditions, Ideas, and Moral Responsibilities Essay (Critical Writing) Art is what defines “people’s cultures, traditions, ideas, and moral responsibilities” (Cone 4). Good art ensures every person is contented with his or her society. Art creates the best bonds and associations among different social groups. Art also helps people embrace new ideas in order to make their societies prosperous. Every artist has a critical role to play in his or her society. Artists such as “filmmakers, architects, painters, writers, composers, and musicians contribute a lot to the glory and pride of every society” (Cone 7). These artists support the best national ideas and traditions in order to make every society successful. The practice has supported better social bonds and civic cohesions. According to Cone (14), “art helps individuals express their ideas, concepts, and feelings about the surrounding world”. Art is a powerful tool because it gives room for criticism and appreciation. Artists have always presented beautiful ideas and scenes that can make our societies successful. Artists can “encourage their followers to support the best activities and decisions in the society” (Cone 15). Artists have encouraged many individuals in the society to work hard in order to realize their potentials. Artists have always given people better ideas and incentives. People can use these concepts and practices to achieve their personal goals (“Panelists Discuss Role of Art in Changing Society” par. 3). Art helps people appreciate the power of criticism. People can use this practice to address every problem encountered in the society. Every society can use different works of art to make contextual, informed, and solid judgments. Artists use their works to portray the best moods, concepts, ideas, and feelings (“Panelists Discuss Role of Art in Changing Society” par. 5). Many societies have embraced the above ideas in order to achieve their goals. Every society should embrace art because it promotes peace and civilization. Works Cited Cone, Edward. “The Authority of Music Criticism.” The Journal of the American Musicological Society 34.1 (1981): 1-19. Print. Panelists Discuss Role of Art in Changing Society , 1991.

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Write an essay about: In the essay, the author discusses the recent discovery of Europa's geysers and how they were found. The author also talks about the limitations of current technology and how a new space telescope could help to further study these phenomena.

In the essay, the author discusses the recent discovery of Europa's geysers and how they were found. The author also talks about the limitations of current technology and how a new space telescope could help to further study these phenomena.

Astronomy: More Than Meets the Eye Essay The humankind may be not alone in the universe, and the Earth may be not the only planet with complex organisms inhabiting it, the recent data provided by Hubble says. According to the recent shots taken by Hubble from Europa’s surface, the Jupiter’s moon emits jets of the substance that may possibly be water. However, unless the aforementioned substance is viewed closer, it will be technically impossible to define whether the substance in question is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen, or whether hydrogen is mixed with other types of gas in the compound released from Europa’s surface. The secrets of Europa are not new – since the Galileo mission, Jupiter’s mysterious moon has been turning the eyes of hundreds of scientists all over the world. However, the attempts that have been undertaken so far shave shown little progress. Up until the famous shots of Europa’s geysers, the hypothesis regarding water stored under the satellite’s surface was hardly plausible. After a more detailed research, which the Clipper Project is going to be launched for, it will be possible to know for sure whether the geysers are the signs that Europa has undersurface water. However, to provide the Clipper Project with better chances for success, it will be required to study the frequency and the pattern of Europa’s geyser activity. Insofar, it has only been stated that Europa’s surface emits gas that may possibly contain vapors of H 2 O; however, launching Clipper into the unknown hoping that the Atlas V will miraculously happen to land into the center of the jet-like eruption to collect the data regarding its components is absurd. Therefore, it will be necessary to study the patterns of Europa’s geyser eruptions in order to forecast the ones that will take place once the Atlas V reaches the surface of Europa and, thus, plan the trajectory of Atlas V flight so that the launch system should pass one of the geysers when landing onto the surface of the planet. Seeing how Europa’s geysers have been discovered because of the ultraviolet radiation emitted from the planet’s surface and then interpreted with the help of one of the numerous technologies implanted in Hubble, it will be reasonable to suggest that the telescope for studying Europa’s geysers should be ultraviolet. More to the point, it should be constructed as a space telescope. Though Keck I and II have proven to be perfect in monitoring the satellite, they have a number of limitations, which will prevent from obtaining precise results. The project will cost $ 4,000,000 at the very least. The telescope for monitoring Europa’s geyser activity must have the following properties: * Helium-cooling system; * Aperture of 50 m (the largest one attainable at present (Dong and Han para. 1)); * Sensitivity: from mid-infrared to long-wavelength visible (Mignone and Barnes para. 2); * 0.5 m 2 detector illuminated at fl 1.25; * 180° field of view (apparent); * 0.2° field of view (true); * Calculated magnification of 900; * 56 mm focal field (Meade – Super Plossl); * 10–20 ηm infrared radiation detection; * 1.5 ton; * Space mirror similar to the HST ( Telescopes of the Future 5). It can be assumed that the Clipper mission will be carried out successfully once the experiment in question is carried out and the necessary calculations are made. Once Clipper reaches one of Europa’s geysers, it will be possible to figure out whether the satellite has a habitable environment. Works Cited Dong, Bing and Jiaxin Han. Beam Patterns of the Five-hundred-metre Aperture Spherical Telescope : Optimisation . 2013. Web. Mignone, Claudia and Rebecca Barnes. More Than Meets the Eye : The Electromagnetic Spectrum . Web. Telescopes of the Future 2001. Web.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The traditional work settings for athletic trainers has been training facilities, but in recent years, health care professionals have also found work in both commercial and government workplaces. The author discusses the advantages and disadvantages of working in each setting.The traditional work settings for athletic trainers has been training facilities, but in recent years, health care professionals have also found work in both commercial and government workplaces. The author discusses the advantages and disadvantages of working in each setting.

The traditional work settings for athletic trainers has been training facilities, but in recent years, health care professionals have also found work in both commercial and government workplaces. The author discusses the advantages and disadvantages of working in each setting. The traditional work settings for athletic trainers has been training facilities, but in recent years, health care professionals have also found work in both commercial and government workplaces. The author discusses the advantages and disadvantages of working in each setting.

Athletic Training Evolution Essay The traditional work settings for athletic trainers has been training facilities such professional sports organizations, sports clubs, military installations, rehabilitation clinics, hospitals, schools(colleges and universities), community facilities, gyms and physician offices. In the recent past, the health care professionals have also found work in both commercial and government workplaces (Hunt 25). The work environment which I would prefer to work most is the occupational health setting. This is partly because of my passion in ergonomics and the opportunity that occupational health setting presents in identifying the ergonomic stressors, analyzing the work station for potential health risk and assisting in implementation of both the engineering ergonomic solutions and administrative controls. Along with implementing these solutions, occupational health setting is a perfect place to provide specific workplace ergonomic training and education (Malcolm 54). Working in the occupational health setting also places one on a leadership role in helping the organization in achieving its health, safety and profitability goals (Jordan 33). Athletic trainers working in an occupational health setting are often tasked with the responsibility of developing and managing programs designed to ensure safety and health of employees, while reducing healthcare and insurance costs. Occupational health setting is therefore rewarding, not only in terms of wages but also in terms of skills development and career advancement. The major disadvantage of working in occupational health setting is that the working hours can be long and unpredictable (Carl 89). Typically, the position is a Monday to Friday job but in an industry with teams working around the clock, the athletic trainer is more likely to work regular hours and possibly at night and during the weekends. But even with the possibility of working long hours, the structured nature of work and the fact that the athletic trainer will be dealing mostly with little discomforts and prevention of injuries is something that I would look forward to in occupational setting. One area that I would like to see more athletic trainers working is in the lab in the field of research. True, over the years, athletic trainers have been involved in concussion research programs and have been in the forefront in transforming the way we evaluate and treat injuries. However, there are many programs such as research in injury prevention and ergonomics that still require more involvement of professional athletic trainers (Albert 60). Injury prevention and treatment is very important for solving emerging health problems and in helping saving lives. Indeed, there are many Government institutions (such as NASA), companies and universities which are looking for experienced athletic trainers in research programs into various issues such as rehabilitation, injury prevention strategies and design of protective equipment. The athletic training profession is evolving and continues to be recognized as one of the most essential fields in health care (Richie 87). Most practices that involve some form of physical activity often require the services of a professional athletic trainer along with the medical personnel. The entertainment industry (particularly television reality shows) is one of the emerging practices attracting many athletic trainers. Shows like The Biggest Loser, WWE, The Ultimate Challenge, among others offer lucrative packages for top experienced trainers to keep the contestants healthy as they participate in physically demanding activities. The profession continues to expand into nearly every area where people are active, which calls for more highly qualified and motivated athletic trainers to offer the best quality of health care. Works Cited Albert, Wilson. Evolution of Athletic Training Education. Washington: Wilson press Publishers, 2013. Print. Carl, Kristine. The Future of Athletic Training. New York: McGraw-Hill Press Publishers, 2014. Print. Hunt, Valerie . Athletic Trainers: Professionals in Health Care. Chicago: Foundation Press Publishers, 2012. Print. Jordan, Swartz . Athletic Training, Injury Prevention and Treatment. London: University Publishers, 2013. Print. Malcolm, Hernandez . The Work of Athletic Trainers Redefined. Oxford: University Press Publishers, 2011. Print. Richie, Wilber. Risk Management and Injury Prevention. New York: McGraw-Hill Press Publishers, 2015. Print.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The text discusses the aftermath of the world financial crisis and the need for austerity measures in order to overcome the results of the crisis.The text also compares the financial and economic policies of the USA and countries of the eurozone, such as England, Germany, and France as they are leading countries with powerful and stable economies.

The text discusses the aftermath of the world financial crisis and the need for austerity measures in order to overcome the results of the crisis. The text also compares the financial and economic policies of the USA and countries of the eurozone, such as England, Germany, and France as they are leading countries with powerful and stable economies.

Austerity Measures after of the World Financial Crisis Essay Nowadays, the world is suffering from the aftermath of the world financial crisis. There is a tendency in economies of all states to suffer from a decrease in incomes, reduction of GDP, and budget shortfalls. There are several reasons for such processes in the world economy. First of all, it is connected with the political crisis, which now is in its dynamic stage. The world is divided into two poles. Western states and the USA are united against Russia, which presents the Eastern world and posts soviet powers. A great number of different sanctions are a result of this confrontation. Of course, they are connected with economies of.the states which take part in the confrontation. These sanctions disturb traditional ways of international trade, and as a result, a great number of countries suffer from the financial crisis. Moreover, the whole world is watching fluctuation of prices on the oil. This fact also adds some tension to the world economy and the economies of different countries. That is why it becomes obvious that there is a great need in some austerity measures whose main aim is to overcome the results of the world financial crisis and guarantee the stability of the economy of different states. Especially important, these measures are for leading countries that proclaim their superiority and prevailing character. They are bearing the burden of sanctions and trying to continue their course. With this in mind, it is interesting to analyze the financial and economic policy of the USA and countries of the eurozone, such as England, Germany, and France as they are leading countries with powerful and stable economies and compare their actions which main aim is to save the economy of these countries. First of all, there is a great need to find a solution to the problem of unemployment, especially in Europe where it is more than 20%, which is seven times higher than in the USA (“150115_001”). With this in mind, it is possible to suggest that in Europe a great number of different actions are directed to finding a solution to this problem, while in the USA it is not so critical, though something should also be done with 7% of unemployed people. Another important issue is to solve the problem of the banking system. There is a tendency in the world to understand that cash transfers can become a real salvation for the banking system and be very effective in fighting recessions (Blyth and Lonergan 106). In the USA, this understanding led to increase in GDP. That is why it is possible to say that it can serve as an example for countries of eurozone where the problem in the banking sphere also exists. Moreover, a new term in the economy appeared. It is austerity. It is the policy whose main aim is to reduce public spending, debts, and deficits in this way (Blyth, “The Austerity” 41). It is a very unpopular policy that has doubtful results. It is possible to support this statement by clear evidence. France has “one of Europe’s largest budget deficits at 4.3 percent of GDP and a debt increase of 29 percentage points of GDP (63 to 92 percent debt to GDP) since the crisis” (Blyth, “When You Find Yourself” 5). With this in mind, it is possible to say that austerity measures are not ineffective and lead to a further increase in debts and problems in the economy. The way the USA tries to fight the aftermath of the world financial crisis seems to be more beneficial. Works Cited Blyth, Mark. “ The Austerity Delusion “. Foreign Affairs . 2013. Web. —. When You Find Yourself Going Through Hell, Look for an Exit . 2015. Web. Blyth, Mark and Eric Lonergan. “ Print Less but Transfer More “. Foreign Affairs . 2014. Web.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The article examines the problems encountered in generalizing findings from racially diverse populations. It looks at the utilization of violence risk instruments in forensic population and explores how the subject and issues with generalizability appear in the Australian Aboriginal offenders.The research gathers violence risk makers that are common in the Australian Aboriginal offenders. It compares the makers with non-Aboriginal offenders and consider the social and historical contexts. It also uses the violence risk instruments as the basis of reviewing studies on cohorts of

The article examines the problems encountered in generalizing findings from racially diverse populations. It looks at the utilization of violence risk instruments in forensic population and explores how the subject and issues with generalizability appear in the Australian Aboriginal offenders. The research gathers violence risk makers that are common in the Australian Aboriginal offenders. It compares the makers with non-Aboriginal offenders and consider the social and historical contexts. It also uses the violence risk instruments as the basis of reviewing studies on cohorts of

Australian Aboriginal Offender Populations’ Violence Risk Essay Culturally Diverse Forensic Population Selected for the Research The Australian culturally diverse population is chosen for this review. Diversity in the population arises due to a significant percentage of the population being born outside the country, as immigrants and refugees. These populations create a multicultural context that presents different influences to forensic treatment. Australia also has a high level of reluctance among many culturally diverse people when it comes to attendance to hospital and community-based mental health services within the country. This does not imply that there is a low demand for the services, but points to difficulties in understanding and coordinating the available services (Gunn & Taylor, 2014). Summary of Research Article The article examines the problems encountered in generalizing findings from culturally diverse populations. It looks at the utilization of violence risk instruments in forensic population and explores how the subject and issues with generalizability appear in the Aboriginal Australians population. The research gathers violence risk makers that are common in the Aboriginal Australian offenders. It compares the makers with non-Aboriginal offenders and considers the social and historical contexts. It also uses the violence risk instruments as the basis of reviewing studies on cohorts of Aboriginal Australians (Shepherd et al., 2014). Explanation of How the Role of Culture is addressed The article identifies the impact of transitioning from traditional environments to new ones that have different social values and beliefs as a contribution to acculturative stress. In addition, the acculturative stress leads to social distress, crime, and suicide among the studied population, often manifesting in a psychological state. The research discusses cultural competency in risk assessment and points out that under-diagnosis in post-traumatic stress disorder or other mental health issues arise because of a potential cultural bias. Favoring monoculturalism and lack of an understanding of the culture of the Aboriginal population adds to the trans-generational impacts of colonization, which collectively affect Aboriginal children. Role of Culture in the Treatment of Forensic Populations The research identifies the continual experience of individual and systematic racism that affects Aboriginal people when they are utilizing human service agencies and calls for understanding of the client family background, cultural explanation of illnesses, and the cultural elements of the client. Recognizing these factors leads to a better practitioner relationship that provides insight into own positioning (Shepherd et al., 2014). Challenges Expected when Working with Clients from the Population and a Proposal for Addressing the Challenge It is easy to see unique manifestation of mental health as culturally bound syndromes and fail to capture other attributes of the problem. Such diagnosis opens up possibilities for stereotypical treatment. Stigma and lack of information about mental illnesses among the aboriginals can impede efforts to address the problem and cause the practitioner to refer to monoculture contexts that are erroneous. The solution to the challenges is to observe all violence risk factors among the Aboriginals in the context of risk assessment. In addition, practitioners should not just consider the overrepresentation of aboriginal offenders across a range of factors as proof of the high prevalence of violence. Some solutions to the overgeneralization could be to have separate research dealing with criminogenic needs for violence and modulating the influence of violence and treatment responsively in regards to the analysis of risk factors. Before going ahead to rely on historical data, it is important to consider the potential of misdiagnosis or possible over-classification as a cautionary step towards future exploration when treating culturally diverse populations (Kirmayer, Rousseau, & Lashley, 2007). Another solution is to offer treatment in a family context because families play a significant role in the culturally diverse communities. References Gunn, J., & Taylor, P. (2014). Forensic psychiatry: Clinical, legal and ethical issues, (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Kirmayer, L. J., Rousseau, C., & Lashley, M. (2007). The place of culture in forensic psychiatry. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 35 (1), 98-102. Shepherd, S. M., Adams, Y., Mcentyre, E., & Walker, R. L. (2014). Violence risk assessment in Australian Aboriginal offender populations: A review of the literature. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 20 (3), 281-293.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The essay discusses the similarities and differences between Australian and British English languages.The essay discusses the similarities and differences between Australian and British English languages. It notes that both languages are very similar in terms of grammar and vocabulary, but there are some key differences in terms of pronunciation and phonology. The essay concludes that despite these differences, both languages are still easily understood by people who know standard English.

The essay discusses the similarities and differences between Australian and British English languages. The essay discusses the similarities and differences between Australian and British English languages. It notes that both languages are very similar in terms of grammar and vocabulary, but there are some key differences in terms of pronunciation and phonology. The essay concludes that despite these differences, both languages are still easily understood by people who know standard English.

Australian and British English Language Comparison Essay English language is one of the most spoken and widespread languages in the world. It is hardly to find a country, where English language will not be known or spoken. The reason for such popularity is colonial character of former British Empire. Being one of the greatest states, it has conquered huge territories. Englishmen brought to new territories their culture, traditions and language. Australia was one of the colonies of Great Britain. That is why, nowadays the national language of Australia is English. Though, it is not quite classic variant of English. Due to peculiarities of the language of locals, it was changed. Nowadays, it has its own unique prosody. One of the main differences of the Australian variant of English is its unique pronunciation. It has a lot of common traits with New Zealand English and other variants of English language, peculiar for Southern Hemisphere. Moreover, there are different variants of pronunciation and dialects within Australian English. They are called General, Cultivated and Broad Australian. Each of them has its own variant of pronunciation of certain vowels. Broad variant stresses nasality, elision of syllables, while Cultivated tends to copy British variant of pronunciation of vowels, however, the majority of people in Australia speaks General variant of language, though it is not the same as British. The main differences are in the pronunciation of vowels. The front vowels in Australian English are all raised if to compare them with the same vowels in British English. Moreover, the diphthongs /ɪə/ and /e:/ are usually pronounced in Australian English with negligible offglide. Additionally, there is one difference in the pronunciation of consonants. The main aspect of Australian English is, that there are no glottal stops which are peculiar for British English. There are also some more differences in the pronunciation of vowels and diphthongs in Australian English. However, it is possible to say that these differences are not so significant and it is still easy to understand all variants of English for people which have the knowledge of Standard English. There is a tendency to consider Australian English to be similar to some dialects of British, such as Cockney. Having analyzed the main differences of Australian and British variants of English, it is possible to make some conclusions. There is no such a great difference in pronunciation and phonologies of the languages. The main peculiarities and laws, according to which these language function, remain the same. There was even a tendency at the beginning and in the middle of the 20th century which main aim was to make these variants closer by copying variants of pronunciation of vowels. That is why, it should be said that it is important for a clinician to take into account peculiarities of the language which appeared due to this process as it introduced some new variants of pronunciation.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay discusses the importance of having a well-developed WHS management system in place at Australian Hardware, and how such a system can help to improve worker safety. The WHS management system should include policies and procedures that are appropriate for the concrete organization, and should be reviewed and updated regularly to ensure that it remains effective.

The essay discusses the importance of having a well-developed WHS management system in place at Australian Hardware, and how such a system can help to improve worker safety. The WHS management system should include policies and procedures that are appropriate for the concrete organization, and should be reviewed and updated regularly to ensure that it remains effective.

Australian Hardware Company Safety Management Systems Report WHS management systems (WHSMS) are developed to guarantee the systematic control over health and safety issues in the workplace, and the effective WHSMS should include the policies and procedures appropriate for the concrete organisation. The WHSMS for Australian Hardware should include: 1. The policy with objectives and targets. The main goal is to create the safest workplace conditions for workers while bringing the LTIFR and IR to 10% below the documented national averages. 2. Management, including managers and supervisors. 3. Operations which include such procedures as integration and activation of the fire alarm system; the development of rules to work with outdoor furniture, hardware goods, hazardous materials handling by drivers and customer service staff to decrease the rate of injuries. 4. Risk and hazard management process should include such procedures as identification of risks and hazards (the risk of injuries), assessment of risks, selection controls, classification, review of safety systems, and testing. 5. Response plan should include such procedures as the use of rules and emergency regulations to handle the risks ( Australian Hardware 2012). 6. Training and consultation. A range of adaptations and amendments is required to existing policies and procedures in Australian Hardware. These adaptations include the following points: the WHS management and regulators should pay more attention to 1. reviewing the WHSMS procedures according to the current needs; 2. identifying potential risks associated not only with injuries but also with the fire risks and environment risks; 3. developing the strategies to handle and use the hazardous materials; 4. reviewing specific risk control measures; 5. developing strategies to avoid the risks of the employees’ fatigue and alcohol or drugs use. The Wollongong Store WHS policy for Australian Hardware can be applied nationally while being amended accordingly. The current policy does not include the necessary details in order to state what actions should be performed in different situations associated with handling the risks and emergency. The important amendments should include such points as the following ones: (1) The purpose should not be revised, but the scope should be extended to cover employees and contractors of Australian Hardware nationally. (2) Responsibility should be distributed between the managers of Australian Hardware and local stores to provide not only consultation, training, and supervision but also to focus on maintaining a safe and healthy environment while reviewing the WHSMS procedures; identifying potential risks; developing the strategies to handle the risks and use the hazardous materials; reviewing specific risk control measures; and developing strategies to avoid and mitigate indentified risks. (3) Individual employees should not only follow health and safety policies and procedures, report risks to supervisors, protect health and safety of colleagues; ensure not consuming drugs or alcohol but also be able to identify the hazards; assess risks and hazards; focus on resolving issues; use the knowledge learnt during the training and consultation. These points should be reflected in the WHS plan. (4) The objectives and targets should also be revised. Thus, Australian Hardware will maintain a safe and healthy workplace with identifying risks and hazards adequately. The written procedures and instructions should include the operations for all the stores. The appropriate support, instruction, training and supervision should be provided at the national basis ( Safe Work Australia 2014). (5) The performance goals for decreasing the rate of injuries in the workplace should be stated to address the risks typical for all the stores of Australian Hardware. (6) All the possible hazards and risks should be mentioned in the plan to detect and handle them effectively. Reference List Australian Hardware, 2012. Safe Work Australia, 2014.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: Traditional media houses have transformed their businesses from paper-based newspaper and magazines to the new-age digital content providers for digitally readable devices like smartphones, tablets, and computers. Axel Springer, one of the largest media houses in Europe, too has followed this trend and has successfully transformed its business from traditional to the new-age media company. However, this transformation has created social responsibility issues for the company that has, from its inception has prised integrity and ethical values.Value Chain AnalysisA value chain analysis of Axel Springer shows that the biggest threat that the company faces is their company is the upsurge in the concern regarding the crisis faced by their electronic partners who face charges of using conflict mineral from Africa. The value chain analysis will try to device strategies that the company can use to leverage their strength and obviate the imminent threats.

Traditional media houses have transformed their businesses from paper-based newspaper and magazines to the new-age digital content providers for digitally readable devices like smartphones, tablets, and computers. Axel Springer, one of the largest media houses in Europe, too has followed this trend and has successfully transformed its business from traditional to the new-age media company. However, this transformation has created social responsibility issues for the company that has, from its inception has prised integrity and ethical values. Value Chain Analysis A value chain analysis of Axel Springer shows that the biggest threat that the company faces is their company is the upsurge in the concern regarding the crisis faced by their electronic partners who face charges of using conflict mineral from Africa. The value chain analysis will try to device strategies that the company can use to leverage their strength and obviate the imminent threats.

Axel Springer Company: SWOT and Value Chain Analysis Case Study Introduction Traditional media houses have transformed their businesses from paper-based newspaper and magazines to the new-age digital content providers for digitally readable devices like smartphones, tablets, and computers. Axel Springer, one of the largest media houses in Europe, too has followed this trend and has successfully transformed its business from traditional to the new-age media company (Hofmann, Mueller, & Bhattacharya, 2014). However, this transformation has created social responsibility issues for the company that has, from its inception has prised integrity and ethical values. It has shown immense integrity in creating a green value chain when the media houses were under attack from non-profit organizations like Greenpeace for their unbridled exploitation of forest resources for making paper (Hofmann, Mueller, & Bhattacharya, 2014). However, there are certain problems that the company would face in their efforts to create a green value chain. First, Axel Springer no longer makes the medium on which their content is provided as earlier with their traditional news business where they controlled the supply of the papers. Second, the company has to ascertain how deep in the value chain they can exert their control. Third, the management has to decide how they can go about to make a clean and green value chain. The purpose of this case study is to understand the corporate social responsibility issues that Axel Springer faces with the upsurge of the concerns regarding conflict minerals used for making the hardware for their content. For this purpose, the paper will use certain strategic management exercises such as SWOT analysis and value chain analysis to understand how far the company has direct control and influence. Case Analysis SWOT Analysis A SWOT analysis of Axel Springer shows that the biggest threat that the company presently faces is their company is the upsurge in the concern regarding the crisis faced by their electronic partners who face charges of using conflict mineral from Africa. The SWOT analysis will try to device strategies that the company can use to leverage their strength and obviate the imminent threats. Table 1: SWOT Analysis of Axel Springer Strengths Weaknesses 1. Known and established brand with strong presence in the European market. 1. A large part of revenue earned from the print media. 2. Successfully changed their business model from the traditional paper-based media house to content provider for digital devices. 2. Decline in the circulation of their newspaper and magazines in Europe have reduced their advertising revenue. 3. They have globalised their business outside Europe especially in emerging markets like India. 3. Dependence on electronic hardware producing companies like Apple and Nokia for making devices for their content. 4. Strong brand name as a socially responsible company that increases their credibility as a media house. Opportunities Threats 1. Possible growth from revenue earned in online advertisements. 1. Economic recession in Europe. 2. Acquisition of new companies to expand their digital media business. 2. Concerns regarding conflict minerals used by their digital partners like Apple and Nokia in their device production process raising concerns of credibility. The strength of the company is its brand name and their products, which have enjoyed high circulation over the years. Many of the company’s publication such as BILD still enjoy largest circulation in Europe and Germany. In the digital media, BUILD provides the largest amount of German-language digital content through BUILT.de. Clearly, the company boasts of a strong market presence in both German and European market. The company has also made a successful and smooth transition from the traditional paper based media house to a multimedia company with widespread digital presence. In 2011, the company’s digital media section reaped an EBITDA margin of 16.4 per cent. The multimedia operation of the company provides competitive advantage over its competitors. However, a few of the weaknesses of the company lie in its inability to control the new value chain to safeguard its stakeholders. The company during its traditional form controlled and bought the paper required for their publications directly from sellers (Axel Springer Sustainability Report, 2013). Therefore, when the controversy regarding the exploitation of forest resources emerged, the company took immediate steps to curb the rampant waste of forest resources and finding sustainable measures to recycle their products. One reason why the company could easily take such measure was because it had direct control over its supply chain and controlling the suppliers was not a problem as it had competitive power over its suppliers. However, as a digital content provider, Axel Springer has to work with other companies who make readable digital devices. When these device making companies make their product from raw material derived from unethical sources, for instance from the conflict ridden African countries, Axels’ credibility as a content provider for these companies is tarnished. Nevertheless, Axel is not in a position to directly influence these companies to stop using conflict minerals. This dilemma posses a serious threat to Axel’s corporate ethics and strategic outlook. Further, Axel faces threat from non-profit groups (NGOs) like Greenpeace who constantly try to make corporates more socially responsible (Young, Fonseca, & Dias, 2010; Epstein & Yuthas, 2011). Increased awareness regarding the conflict minerals exploitatively acquired from the conflict ridden African nations has raised the question regarding the socially responsible action of the electronic companies who directly source from vendors or miners excavating in these countries (Luckerson, 2014). The potential threat that the company faces is its credibility as a socially responsible and ethical company may be tainted due to the actions of their business partners (Porter & Kramer, 2006). Therefore the desired steps that the company had to take, adhering to their corporate ethics and values, was to ensure that they have a socially and environmentally responsible value chain. Ensuring that their digital partners do not use conflict minerals in their production process can make their value chain socially responsible. Value chain analysis The issue that the SWOT analysis raises regarding the questionable procurement of conflict minerals from Congo by Axel’s digital partners shows that the company may have to take measures to ensure that its credibility as a socially responsible media house remains safe. For this purpose, it is essential for the case analysis to look into the value chain of the digital content providing business of the company. Table 2 presents a basic structure for the value chain of the digital content provided by Axel to one of its partners. The figure shows that Axel is only the content provider for the devices. It has no participation in the production process of the devices. The production of the devices is solely the responsibility of the electronic company. The procurement and production functions lie solely with the electronic company. However, Axel becomes a part of the value chain after the products are made and the content is delivered. Axel makes the content that are used as applications in the mobile phones. Axel becomes a stakeholder in the value chain of Apple. However, in Axel’s value chain, Apple, and its production process assumes a large and important position. However, unlike the paper media, digital media is not under the control of Axel, as it does not have any direct control over the production process of Apple. Further, from this chain it is immensely clear that Axel is not the sole provider of content to Apple. It has other media houses that provide them with the content that are offered to the users. Therefore, it cannot directly exert pressure on its partner not to use conflict minerals for their production. Table 2: The value chain for digital content to Apple Solution and recommendations In the above-delineated situation what could be the possible solution for Axel? The given situation provides a unique dilemma for Axel, as it is not directly involved with the production process of the devices. Nonetheless, they are partners to the companies who use such conflict minerals and therefore are party to the unethical conduct. The possible solution for Axel if it has to adhere to its ethical and socially responsible behaviour is to join the propaganda against the use of conflict mineral and put pressure on the governments and companies to draw measures and policy that could stop the usage of conflict minerals and adhere to certain code of conduct (Woody, 2012). Thought this would imply that Axel may have to renounce an increasing portion of their share of digital media initially, but would ensure credibility of the company as an ethical media house. Therefore, the measures recommended for Axel are as follows: (1) Nehm must write to the CEO outlining his concerns and show how the company may be affected if the issue regarding conflict minerals blows out of proportion, destroying the reliability of Axel as a media brand. (2) The company must open a dialogue with all its electronic partners to ensure that they too understand Axel’s concerns and align their value chain according to ethical manner (Kemp, Owen, Gotzmann, & Bond, 2011). For this purpose, Axel must try to garner support from its rivals in order to create substantial pressure on the electronic companies. Axel must convince its partners to disclose their procurement policy and standards (Kolk & Lenfant, 2013). (3) Garner awareness regarding the conflict minerals used in smartphones and other electronic devices in order to raise public support and ultimately government’s support to curb such practices. Enshrining code of conducts that would ensure that the vendors who supply conflict minerals must adhere to the codes of not doing so. Conclusion Axel Springer is a media company, which has earned a reputation for its independent and ethical journalism. They had been committed to become a socially responsible company and had willingly published the names of their vendors who supplied them paper in the nineties to counter allegations of exploiting the forest resources for making paper. This was possible as Axel had direct control over their supply chain. In the digital age, the supply chain or the value chain has scattered with Axel assuming only the role of content making for their device maker such as Apple. Nevertheless, their partners’ use of conflict mineral may compromise the company’s integrity as an ethical media house if they fail to voice their ethical concerns regarding the issue. References Axel Springer Sustainability Report. (2013). From which countries does our printing paper come? Web. Epstein, M. J., & Yuthas, K. (2011). Conflict minerals: Managing an emerging supply‐chain problem. Environmental Quality Management, 21(2), 13-25. Hofmann, A., Mueller, U., & Bhattacharya, C. (2014). Axel Springer and the quest for the boundaries of corporate responsibility. ESMT , 1-18. Kemp, D., Owen, J. R., Gotzmann, N., & Bond, C. J. (2011). Just relations and company–community conflict in mining. Journal of Business Ethics , 101(1), 93-109. Kolk, A., & Lenfant, F. (2013). Multinationals, CSR and partnerships in Central African conflict countries. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 20(1), 43-54. Luckerson, V. (2014). There May Be Conflict Minerals in Your Smartphone . Mitchelstein, E., & Boczkowski, P. J. (2009). Between tradition and change: A review of recent research on online news production. Journalism, 10(5), 562-586. Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2006). The link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard Business Review, 84(12), 78-92. Woody, K. E. (2012). Conflict Minerals Legislation: The SEC’s New Role as Diplomatic and Humanitarian Watchdog. Fordham Law Review, 81, 1315-1351. Young, S. B., Fonseca, A., & Dias, G. (2010). Principles for responsible metals supply to electronics. Social Responsibility Journal, 6(1), 126-142.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The political and legal environment of Azerbaijan is characterized by the unresolved military conflict with Armenia and the growing discontent with the policies of the government, especially the unrestricted growth of the presidential power. The economic environment of the country is based on the exportation of natural resources, and Azerbaijan has been able to achieve significant economic growth during the last decade. However, the growth slowed down during the last two years.

The political and legal environment of Azerbaijan is characterized by the unresolved military conflict with Armenia and the growing discontent with the policies of the government, especially the unrestricted growth of the presidential power. The economic environment of the country is based on the exportation of natural resources, and Azerbaijan has been able to achieve significant economic growth during the last decade. However, the growth slowed down during the last two years.

Azerbaijan Country Political and Economic Environment Essay Political and legal environment The political risks of Azerbaijan are related primarily to the unresolved military conflict with Armenia. In particular, there are some disputed territories that these countries claim to possess, and this disagreement may result in a full-scale war. Additionally, one should speak about the growing discontent with the policies of the government, especially the unrestricted growth of the presidential power. In turn, this trend can lead to political turmoil. The examples that have been provided indicate that the employees of various businesses can be exposed to the threats of physical violence. Admittedly, this risk is moderately high, but they should not be overlooked. Foreign companies have only a limited opportunity for operating in the insurance market of this country. In particular, they can occupy only 30 percent of the total market share. This restriction creates significant challenges for foreign enterprises that want to operate in Azerbaijan. At present, the ease of doing business in Azerbaijan is very low, especially in comparison with developed countries. As far as this criterion is concerned, the country occupies the eightieth place among 189 countries. Currently, the level of corruption and bribery in this state is very high. Its rating is 29 on a 100-point scale. The country’s trade is mostly based on the exportation of natural gas and oil, and Azerbaijan has a trade surplus. Additionally, political factors do not significantly undermine the economic activities of this country. The government of Azerbaijan has adopted various international agreements that are supposed to protect the intellectual property rights of people and organizations. For example, one can speak about the Berne and Paris Conventions. Nevertheless, the norms included in these legislative acts are not properly enforced. Economic environment The GDP of the country equals $68.8 billion; in turn, the nominal income per capita is $10.000. Overall, Azerbaijan has been able to achieve considerable economic growth during the last decade. To some degree, this result can be attributed to the growing exportation of natural resources (Schmidt 140). Nevertheless, this growth slowed down during the last two years. This is one of the trends that should be considered. In 2012, approximately 70 percent of people living in Azerbaijan were active users of the Internet. It should be mentioned that the rate of the Internet penetration has risen considerably during the last decade. Furthermore, the rate of mobile penetration is 107 percent, and it is relatively high in comparison with other developing countries. This tendency is important for increasing the range of economic opportunities available to local people. Nevertheless, one should bear in mind that some Internet sites can be blocked by the government of the country. Certainly, these restrictions are driven by political motives, but such activities indicate that the government can control the use of the Internet. Azerbaijan trades with countries that represent various regions. Among them, one can distinguish Italy, Thailand, Indonesia, Israel, Russia, and the United States since they are the largest trading partners. Overall, the government of the country attaches importance to the cooperation with Western countries (Schmidt 140). In turn, the trade with post-Soviet countries has decreased. This is one of the main details that should be considered. The inflation rate in Azerbaijan is 1.1 percent; furthermore, the unemployment rate in this country constitutes 7.7 percent. Additionally, one should mention that the interest rate in this country is 3.1 percent. This rate is relatively low in comparison with other post-Soviet countries. Works Cited Schmidt, Sebastian. Potential Analysis for Further Nature Conservation in Azerbaijan: A Spatial and Political Investment Strategy, New York: Geozon Science Media, 2009. Print.

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Write an essay about: 7th Heaven Bakeries is facing a shortage of eggs due to the H2N2 virus outbreak in US chicken facilities. The company has decided to use substitutes for eggs in the period of the problem's resolution.

7th Heaven Bakeries is facing a shortage of eggs due to the H2N2 virus outbreak in US chicken facilities. The company has decided to use substitutes for eggs in the period of the problem's resolution.

7th Heaven Bakeries’ Production Crisis Response Essay Table of Contents 1. Situation 2. Company Response 3. Planned Actions 4. Comments 5. Works Cited Situation On Tuesday, March 26, 2019, it became known that the chickens in multiple US facilities were infected with the H2N2 virus, avian influenza. As a result, the number of hens has fallen drastically in the last days. The United States Department of Agriculture commented that the organizations working with chickens took efforts to limit the spread of the virus and combat the infection. Nevertheless, the outbreak caused many facilities to close for quarantine to resolve the problem. In turn, all businesses that worked with these suppliers became affected as well. Sadly, 7th Heaven Bakeries’ farmers and suppliers encountered this issue and had to limit their supply of eggs to the bakeries as a result. At the present moment, 7th Heaven Bakeries is experiencing a shortage of eggs, one of the central ingredients in all of the company’s products. Although the situation will be resolved eventually and the supply chains will enter their regular processes soon, 7th Heaven Bakeries will be affected by the shortage for the next 1 or 2 months. The current situation is complicated further by the fact that many prominent companies are experiencing similar troubles as well, and their purchasing decisions affect our access to eggs’ supply as well as their cost. Company Response When the news about the infection appeared on March 26, our crisis management team started collecting information about how we can deal with the issue without damaging the products’ quality or our customer’s experience (Dhanesh and Sriramesh 205). Since hard eggs are a part of most recipes that 7th Heaven Bakeries have, it was a challenging problem for our team to approach. To protect our clients from any potential harm and ensure that our products will remain high quality, 7th Heaven Bakeries has decided to use substitutes for eggs in the period of the problem’s resolution. The outcomes that we hope to achieve are based on the principles of quality and affordability – our clients should not see a decrease in the quality and taste of our pastries or a rise in prices. Planned Actions The steps that 7th Heaven Bakeries takes or will take in response to the crisis are built on values of integrity and transparency. 7th Heaven Bakeries will make sure that all stakeholders will receive truthful information concerning the problem promptly. All employees of the company were already informed about the issue and its details. Moreover, critical internal stakeholders were contacted to make sure that their input into the solution process was recorded. Currently, the crisis management team continues to monitor the outlets of information, including the United States Department of Agriculture. 7th Heaven Bakeries prioritizes multiple steps in addressing the issue. First, the management team will investigate the existing supply of eggs and the possibilities for acquiring bulk eggs from trusted sources. Next, the company will analyze the potential substitutes for eggs in baking products. As of now, the list of the proposed ingredients includes: * ¼ unsweetened applesauce; * ¼ cup of mashed banana; * 1 tablespoon of ground flax seeds mixed in 3 tablespoons of water; * ¼ cup of vegetable oil; * Water, oil, and baking powder whisked. These ingredients are being tested to determine the quality of the final product and its price. Moreover, 7th Heaven Bakeries will take additional steps to ensure that these ingredients will not cause changes in taste or expose customers to potential allergic responses. Upon reviewing the information about these materials and determining the most suitable one, 7th Heaven Bakeries will update critical stakeholders, employees, and clients on the changes in the recipe. The packaging of the products as well as labels and nutrition facts will be updated without delay. 7th Heaven Bakeries will take full accountability for the decisions that will be taken to address arising issues (Bakker et al. 277). Any other developments will be shared and distributed with the public as well. Comments 7th Heaven Bakeries need to mention that our concern for customer safety and satisfaction is the guiding principle for any decision that will be made in response to the present crisis (Lin et al. 601). Thus, we hope that our clients will understand why changes will need to be made quickly and efficiently (Jin et al., “Crisis Communication”; Jin et al., “The Influence of Communication”). Moreover, customers can be sure that 7th Heaven Bakeries’ facilities are safe from any signs of the infection. The rapid response of our crisis management team has guaranteed that our quality checking was strengthened. 7th Heaven Bakeries will continue to monitor the crisis, and any new information that will arise will be considered to update the company’s actions. We aim to ensure that our clients will not encounter any trouble with accessing our products in the next 1 or 2 months. Also, we will make certain that the experiences of our clients will stay exclusively positive. All questions that may concern customers will be answered on the 7th Heaven Bakeries’ website (Crandall et al. 206). Our social media channels are open to your questions, comments, and feedback (Cheng 58; Coombs 141; Eriksson and Olsson 198). We understand that our customers may still have some concerns regarding the future of our products and will do our best to consider your perspective. Works Cited Bakker, Marije H., et al. “The Influence of Accountability for the Crisis and Type of Crisis Communication on People’s Behavior, Feelings and Relationship with the Government.” Public Relations Review , vol. 44, no. 2, 2018, pp. 277-286. Cheng, Yang. “How Social Media Is Changing Crisis Communication Strategies: Evidence from the Updated Literature.” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management , vol. 26, no. 1, 2018, pp. 58-68. Coombs, W. Timothy. “The Value of Communication During a Crisis: Insights from Strategic Communication Research.” Business Horizons , vol. 58, no. 2, 2015, pp. 141-148. Crandall, William Rick, et al. Crisis Management: Leading in the New Strategy Landscape . 2nd ed., SAGE Publications., 2013. Dhanesh, Ganga S., and Krishnamurthy Sriramesh. “Culture and Crisis Communication: Nestle India’s Maggi Noodles Case.” Journal of International Management , vol. 24, no. 3, 2018, pp. 204-214. Eriksson, Mats, and Eva-Karin Olsson. “Facebook and Twitter in Crisis Communication: A Comparative Study of Crisis Communication Professionals and Citizens.” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management , vol. 24, no. 4, 2016, pp. 198-208. Jin, Yan, et al. “Crisis Communication and Ethics: The Role of Public Relations.” Journal of Business Strategy , vol. 39, no. 1, 2018, pp. 43-52. Jin, Yan, et al. “The Influence of Communication Leadership Qualities on Effective Crisis Preparedness Strategy Implementation: Insights from a Global Study.” Communication Management Review , vol. 2, no. 01, 2017, pp. 8-29. Lin, Xialing, et al. “Crisis Communication, Learning and Responding: Best Practices in Social Media.” Computers in Human Behavior , vol. 65, 2016, pp. 601-605.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: 9 scientific cooking techniques that can be used to create more flavorful and unique dishes. These techniques include foodpairing, methylcellulose, flash freezing, sous vide, sphefirication, transglutaminase, cotton candy, and maltodextrin.

9 scientific cooking techniques that can be used to create more flavorful and unique dishes. These techniques include foodpairing, methylcellulose, flash freezing, sous vide, sphefirication, transglutaminase, cotton candy, and maltodextrin.

9 Scientific Cooking Techniques Essay Foodpairing Foodpairing is a technique used to identify matching pairs of foods based on their molecular composition so that they would enhance each other in stimulating a person’s taste and smell receptors (SciShow, 2016). Methylcellulose Methylcellulose is a chemical compound that tends to form a gel when at higher temperatures but gets liquid as it gets colder, and using it in cooking allows creating foods with similar properties (SciShow, 2016). Flash freezing Due to its incredibly low temperature, liquid nitrogen is used in cooking for flash freezing – that is, freezing foods instantly (SciShow, 2016). Apart from that, it can be used for long-term food storage as well. Sous vide Sous vide is the French cooking technique of heating foods up evenly in vacuum bags put into hot water. Usual methods of heating foods up affect their structure, but sous vide ensures that the temperature does not affect the foods’ molecular structure (SciShow, 2016). Sphefirication Sphefirication is a technique of using a chemical called sodium alginate and a salt bath to make gelatinous spheres from a flavored liquid so that it would be easier to handle and use (SciShow, 2016). Transglutaminase Transglutaminase, also called “the meat glue,” is a natural enzyme that helps proteins bind together (SciShow, 2016). In cooking, it gives the opportunity to combine together all sorts of different meats. Cotton candy Cotton candy is made by using a centrifugal force on malted sugar syrup to create thin sugar strings (SciShow, 2016). Sugar keeps its chemical composition but loses its crystalline structure and changes its texture. Maltodextrin Maltodextrin is a carbohydrate, the inside of which binds to hydrophobic molecules (SciShow, 2016). In cooking, it allows using it to turn oils into powders so that they would be easier to handle. Flavored foams Flavored foams are made with the use of soy lecithin that allows keeping hydrophobic and hydrophilic ingredients together (SciShow, 2016). Reference SciShow (2016). 9 scientific cooking techniques [Video]. YouTube.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: In "A Shark in the Mind of One Contemplating Wilderness," author Terry Tempest Williams discusses the idea of wilderness as it is represented in art. She argues that the process of preserving dead animals' bodies involves no actual preservation. Additionally, she suggests the idea of designating wilderness "as an installation of art."

In "A Shark in the Mind of One Contemplating Wilderness," author Terry Tempest Williams discusses the idea of wilderness as it is represented in art. She argues that the process of preserving dead animals' bodies involves no actual preservation. Additionally, she suggests the idea of designating wilderness "as an installation of art."

A Shark in the Mind of One Contemplating Wilderness Essay In “A Shark in the Mind of One Contemplating Wilderness,” author Terry Tempest Williams considers the idea of wilderness as it is represented in art. The problem that the author identifies is the correlation between art and wilderness and the representation of animal species in various artists’ works. Williams argues that the process of preserving dead animals’ bodies involves no actual preservation. In the discussion, the author notes the irony of killing animals for the sake of keeping them in museums and calling the whole procedure preservation. In her words, “To preserve. What do we choose to preserve?”, Williams posits that it is impossible to make a quick shift between perceiving such animals as art and viewing them in terms of science (3). The question raised by Williams provokes contemplation of the issues of wilderness and art, real life and how it might be retained after death. Indeed, the speculation arises as to the existence of a magic line that divides emotional and artistic perception from cold and detached factual observation. Even should such a line exist, locating where to draw it would be a challenge. As a naturalist, Williams finds it inconceivable to think of the shark she is observing “in the context of art, not science” (3). However, it seems that it should be possible to do both: see the shark as an object of natural history and as an object of art. The individual may need to take more than one look. Undoubtedly, once people have set their minds at something, it can be complicated to refocus their cognition from the set direction. Still, as long as the necessity remains for individuals to question the nature of things, they should seek to make these inquiries. After all, through inquiries, no matter how preposterous they may look at first, answers are eventually born. Williams suggests the idea of designating wilderness “as an installation of art” (6). This suggestion commingles sincere love for nature and a peculiar intention to view it as a framework of “interspecies dialogues” (Williams 6). While at first it may sound absurd to treat creatures living in the wilderness as “a painting in motion,” it then becomes clear that such a scenario can actually take place (Williams 6). In fact, a keen observer can interpret animal behavior as the movements of exquisite dances or performances. Meanwhile, plants and natural elements may serve as the setting for these unusual actors. The transition between day and night will be the curtain of this extraordinary theater in which every actor knows its role without a written script or a prompter’s help. Thus, it is possible to “answer with a resounding yes” that wilderness “is our received idea as artists” (Williams 6). Two people looking at the same thing have no guarantee that they see it similarly. Moreover, chances are that one of them will notice exquisite details that the other might fail to observe, and vice versa. Williams’s article testifies to the universal truth existing within every element of the universe. The results of contemplating something, whether nature, art, or neither this nor that, will always depend on the beholder. In the end, while the atmosphere may have some effect on the observer’s attitude toward what is observed, the inner feeling of the beholder is what decides the kind of emotional trace, if any, the inspected object will leave in the individual’s consciousness. Work Cited Williams, Terry Tempest. “ A Shark in the Mind of One Contemplating Wilderness. ” The Nation . 1999. Web.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay discusses the father-daughter relationship as it is portrayed in A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller. The relationship is dysfunctional because the uncle does not respect the fact that Catherine is an adult.

The essay discusses the father-daughter relationship as it is portrayed in A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller. The relationship is dysfunctional because the uncle does not respect the fact that Catherine is an adult.

A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller Report (Assessment) Father and daughter relationships have always been a complicated and intricate due to major differences and mutual love. The given assessment will focus on A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller, where the central characters are Catherine and Eddie. Although the girl is technically an orphaned niece of Eddie, he still treats her as a daughter. The relationship is dysfunctional, because the uncle does not respect the fact that Catherine is an adult. There is no consideration for her choices, and Eddie’s high level of protectionism towards his niece hinders his ability guide her, which is his main goal. For example, he states: “just remember, kid, you can quicker get back a million dollars that was stole than a word that you gave away” (Miller, 2010, p. 16). However, this relationship impacts Rodolfo, where Eddie wants hurt him by faking an accident during boxing practice. The protagonist admits that all these attempts were due to his unpreparedness for Catherine becoming an adult, where he states: “that you would ever grow up” (Miller, 2010, p. 17). Therefore, the relationship dysfunctionality is mostly due to Eddie’s attitude towards his niece. In the future, the main characters’ relationship will reach the normal range as soon as Eddie accepts Catherine as an adult. The key reason lies in the girl’s independence, because she will eventually leave the house and will have to rely on herself financially. Therefore, the suggestion is addressed towards Catherine, because she needs to become self-reliant and independent in order to remove the protectionism of Eddie. It is stated that father-daughter communication can be significantly hindered by the lack of emotional availability and paternal warmth (Demidenko et al., 2015). In other words, Eddie needs to accept his niece’s freedom and allow her make her own mistakes. Thus, one can observe that being excessively attached can also lead to dysfunctionality in a relationship. References Demidenko, N., Manion, I., & Lee, C. M. (2015). Father–daughter attachment and communication in depressed and nondepressed adolescent girls. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24 (6), 1727-1734. doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-9976-6 Miller, A. (2010). A view from the bridge . Penguin Books.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: In the history of American theater in the second half of the 20th century, one of the leading places belongs to the playwright, writer, essayist, drama theorist Arthur Miller.A View from the Bridge is one of the best plays by Miller, the playwright who is rightfully called the American Shakespeare. The play is based on a real story that took place in one of the Italian quarters of Brooklyn (New York) in the fifties of the last century. This

In the history of American theater in the second half of the 20th century, one of the leading places belongs to the playwright, writer, essayist, drama theorist Arthur Miller. A View from the Bridge is one of the best plays by Miller, the playwright who is rightfully called the American Shakespeare. The play is based on a real story that took place in one of the Italian quarters of Brooklyn (New York) in the fifties of the last century. This

A View from the Bridge by Miler Essay In the history of American theater in the second half of the 20th century, one of the leading places belongs to the playwright, writer, essayist, drama theorist Arthur Miller. A View from the Bridge is one of the best plays by Miller, the playwright who is rightfully called the American Shakespeare. The play is based on a real story that took place in one of the Italian quarters of Brooklyn (New York) in the fifties of the last century. This is a tragic story about love and jealousy, friendship and betrayal. The play was first staged in 1955 at the Coronet Theater on Broadway as part of a two-act performance. The play was not a success; Miller rewrote it into a two-act play, and namely this version became popular among the audience. The premiere took place in London at the New Watergate Theater Club on October 11, 1956, directed by Peter Brook (Bhatia, 1985). The main character of the play, a simple port loader Eddie Carbone, agrees to give shelter to Marco and Rodolfo, his wife’s brothers, who came to the country illegally in the hope of breaking out of poverty. However, with their appearance, a quiet and measured family life is cracking. Even the danger of being convicted of breaking the law does not worry Eddie as much as the fear of losing his favorite, niece Catherine. The feelings that arose between Rodolfo and Catherine become a test for the whole family, revealing the most secret desires and fears, and very soon Eddie and his loved ones will have to find out into what abysses forbidden love can drag. A mutual feeling develops between Rodolfo and Catherine, however Eddie is overprotective of his niece, which develops into insanity. The tragic story of forbidden love could not end with a happy ending. To some extent, this play is a social drama; moreover, Arthur Miller even wrote an essay about social plays (1955), where he noted that a drama written for public performance must be social, that its dramatic purpose is to portray a person as a social animal rather than to show the individual (Bhatia, 1985). The ancient Greek tragedy, in which events influenced the state of the entire state, in Miller narrows down to the framework of the American family, which does not at all change the significance of what is happening on the stage. In addition, in this play, Miller clearly showed himself as the father of American analytical drama and in this regard, a direct follower of such European playwrights as Henrik Ibsen and George Bernard Shaw. At the end of the 19th century, Shaw announced that the only correct form of modern drama is discussion-drama, in which the event serves as an occasion for discussion of various urgent problems in society, questions of politics, philosophy and morality. There is a fairly clear point of view, which the playwright affirms throughout the course of the action and summarizes in the speech of the reasoners (Bhatia, 1985). The analytical drama of the 20th century also clashes different views and opinions, it is all built on ideological contradictions. The second piece of the dilogy View from the Bridge is extremely dynamic. The playwright is rapidly developing only one, the main line of action: he shows how the hero of the play, the loader Eddie, came to betrayal. After the arrival of the immigrants Rodolfo and Marco (this is the beginning of the play), the action is steadily moving towards disaster. The method of depicting characters corresponds to the dynamics of the plot development. Miller completely moves away from detailed psychological analysis of his characters. The characters in the play are revealed only in action, each of them is the embodiment of only one passion. The play has one act, but it breaks up into separate scenes or pictures. Alfieri’s monologues represent the connecting links between them, which serves as a choir. Compositionally, these monologues carry out that decrease of tension, which is usually achieved by side episodes and the development of parallel plot lines. Alfieri’s monologues – and in this, apparently, their purpose – give the events taking place on the stage the character of epic predetermination, fatality. For example, at the junction of the fourth and fifth pictures, after Eddie came to Alfieri, a voice of rock is heard in the mouth of the lawyer, foreshadowing the fate of his client. It is obvious that the strict unity of the dramatic action in combination with Alfieri’s monologues-commentaries comes from the techniques of classical Greek tragedy. The central theme of View from the Bridge is the theme of betrayal. This theme – in a broad sense – sounded in the play All My Sons , it was the leading one in The Severe Trial . The question arises: how did it happen that Eddie Carbon, a simple loader, became an informer? The reason, apparently, should be sought not only in Eddie’s love for his niece, not only in his alertness towards strangers who are trying to take his dear creature from him. Obviously, the very spirit of the times pushed Eddie to an act that has no forgiveness. “I want my name!… Marco’s got my name!” – Eddie shouts in desperation (Miller, 2010, Act 2). In the tragedy of a man who has learned the bitterness of split-off, there is that echo with today’s American reality, which gives the play a realistic force. Yet, in this play, the theme of betrayal is interpreted by Miller differently than in The Severe Trial , where it unfolds against a certain historical background, grows out of the conditions of social life. In general, Miller’s previous plays are more firmly “tied” to America and constitute a kind of dramatic chronicle of its post-war history. In the play View from the Bridge, the theme of betrayal acquires an apparent autonomy, which does not seem to require social motivation. The playwright is primarily interested in the plot development of the problem of honor in its universal human aspect. This is confirmed in the central position of Miller’s concept of social drama: the drama becomes more sublime and more intense in proportion to how well it suits the most diverse people. References Bhatia, S. (1985). Arthur Miller: Social Drama As Tragedy . Prometheus Books. Miller, A. (2010). A view from the bridge . Penguin Books.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The essay discusses how Abercrombie and Fitch's company has been able to stay relevant in the apparel industry despite the challenges posed by the market. The company has recently launched a program aimed at reinventing its business model and allowing it to attract new customers.

The essay discusses how Abercrombie and Fitch's company has been able to stay relevant in the apparel industry despite the challenges posed by the market. The company has recently launched a program aimed at reinventing its business model and allowing it to attract new customers.

Abercrombie and Fitch’s Company: Strategic Analysis Essay Apparel Industry Profile: When Art Meets Business The realm of the apparel industry has always had an air of inconsistency in demand around it. On the one hand, customers seek the products that can satisfy their basic needs for comfort and warmth; on the other hand, they strive to meet the standards set by current fashion trends. Therefore, a company operating in the retail industry faces an array of challenges. Nonetheless, the industry has been thriving, with its market having not even reached the stage of saturation and maturity, and the recent sales rates peaking at $3,000,000,000 in the U.S. ( Apparel 2018). The market of the retail industry is represented by a range of companies that have been trying to capture the success of Abercrombie & Fitch for several decades. Since the target company provides mostly the products associated with the apparel department thereof, considering the apparel industry should also be deemed as important. In the American market, the specified niche has been taken by organizations such as Indietex, Gap, and American Eagle Outfitters ( Abercrombie & Fitch competitors 2016). However, due to the recent program that has allowed the company to shape its competitive advantage concerning the recent changes in the target market, one will be able to ensure that Abercrombie & Fitch will remain the leader in the apparel sector of retail. Organizational Purpose: Abercrombie & Fitch’s Mission and Vision The company sees its customers as unique individuals and, therefore, strives to stress this individuality as clearly as possible. Thus, the vision of the company can be described as focusing on customers’ requirements as the needs of people with high levels of individuality ( Forbes 2018). Correspondingly, the mission of the company is to meet the specified needs in a manner as satisfying and effective as possible. Abercrombie & Fitch has recently launched a program aimed at reinventing the company’s current business model and allow the company to attract new customers. Specifically, by launching the change that has helped the company to transfer to the mobile environment and enter the digital retail setting, Abercrombie & Fitch has retained its position in the global market and even managed to increase its returns. Abercrombie & Fitch’s Internal and External Environment: A Tour of the Firm The company has been focusing on addressing the needs of the global public for quite some time. The specified choice has shaped the company’s internal and external approach, compelling Abercrombie & Fitch’s managers to accept the principles of digital marketing and enter the context of the digital market. As a result of the specified endeavor, Abercrombie & Fitch has maintained its relevance and managed to introduce its products to a new and younger audience. Indeed, as the SWOT analysis proves (see Appendix A), the organization has been lacking the digital tools for a while, relying predominantly on the traditional method of marketing its products and selling it to the target audience. The marketing issue has been a particular obstacle for Abercrombie & Fitch regarding the company’s attempts at keeping its customers’ loyalty levels high. The focus on R&D processes that included the design of new mobile applications and allowed the firm to attract new audiences has also contributed to enhancing the strength of the project and restructuring the company’s approach toward catering to customers’ needs (Gardas, Raut & Narkhede 2018). Besides, the firm must restructure its current image and address some of the controversies regarding its HR strategies. The external environment in which the company functions also posse quite a few challenges to the company’s successful operating. For instance, the levels of corruption and bureaucracy imply that the organization will most likely face huge obstacles on its way to promoting its products and attracting new clients (Almici 2015). Besides, the problems associated with the provision of legally required employee benefits may become a hindrance. As stressed above, the recent HR approaches used by Abercrombie & Fitch have been dubious, to say the least. Therefore, expecting that the firm will deliver a surprisingly rational and employee-oriented framework of operations in the global setting is highly doubtful. Thus, the specified issue currently implies the greatest difficulties to overcome in the global market. Similarly, some of the economic factors make the task of penetrating the global market quite difficult for Abercrombie & Fitch. For instance, the infrastructure of the apparel industry could be improved significantly by introducing more options for online retail, as well as making offline retail areas more comfortable for buyers (Rakib & Adnan 2015). The fact that the fashion business cycle is very complicated, quite convoluted, and beyond unpredictable is also worthy of mentioning as a critical factor influencing Abercrombie & Fitch’s operations. Changes in the culture affect the organization extensively as well since they define trends in clothing. Similarly, environmental concerns reduce the amount of raw material that Abercrombie & Fitch can use to reduce costs and increase their profit margins. Finally, although implying significant expenses, technological innovations provide the company with ample opportunities for reaching out to its customers and enhancing the effects of its marketing campaign (see Appendix B). Competition and Success Factors: Why Abercrombie & Fitch Needs the new Project Abercrombie & Fitch presently has to face rather stiff competition despite the challenges that the modern apparel and retail industries contain. Among the key rivals with which the organization has to compete, one should list the American eagle Outfits, Inditex, and Gap. The specified organizations have also gained quite a following over the years of their operation, including a rather large influence in the digital market, which means that Abercrombie & Fitch will need to create the competitive advantage that will detract audiences’ attention form the specified organizations and convince them to shop at Abercrombie & Fitch. Put differently, from the perspective of Porter’s Five Forces framework, Abercrombie & Fitch operates in the setting with a quite high threat of new entrants and bargaining power of suppliers (Gardas, Raut & Narkhede 2018). Thus, the company has to spend a substantial number of its resources on negotiating with suppliers and building a competitive advantage. Besides, the threat of substitutes remains consistently high, which makes the rivalry levels within the industry skyrocket. Abercrombie & Fitch’s Strategic Development: Future Steps to Take Current Strategy: Strengths and Weaknesses of Abercrombie & Fitch’s Approach The present-day approach that the organization deploys is rather flawed due to the stale brand image. The lack of diversity in its products and the absence of a focus on diverse customers should also be regarded as a missed opportunity for Abercrombie & Fitch currently. At the same time, the organization has developed a rather strong presence in the global market, which has helped it to cement its position for a certain amount of time. Unfortunately, the company currently needs a change in its branding approach and product image to keep people’s attention on its goods (Todeschini et al. 2017). Abercrombie & Fitch’s Strategic Options: Paths to Choose So far, the company has been demonstrating surprisingly high levels of resilience in the setting that can be described as excruciatingly hostile. Nonetheless, Abercrombie & Fitch must change its existing business model and shift toward digital marketing by creating a set of applications that its users can utilize to improve their shopping experience. Also, digital applications should be used to obtain feedback from buyers. Similarly, Abercrombie & Fitch will have to diversify its products and enhance brand awareness among target audiences. The specified task will become easier once the company integrates digital marketing tools into its frameworks fully and starts using respective analytical tools for determining changes in buyers’ attitudes (Gardas, Raut & Narkhede 2018). Moreover, it is strongly advised that Abercrombie & Fitch should introduce a new framework of customer segmentation, simultaneously updating its brand image to meet the demands of diverse populations. Evaluation of Options: Selecting the Best Possible Solution Among the available scenarios of development that Abercrombie & Fitch can use, the one involving the integration into other markets and attracting new customers based on an improved segmentation model and a changed brand image seems to be the most effective ones. By deploying the specified techniques, Abercrombie & Fitch will raise brand awareness, at the same time creating a competitive advantage based on product diversity. Furthermore, the company will need to introduce a tool for forecasting changes in the target market since the specified setting can be regarded as highly competitive and, therefore, demanding very close supervision. By predicting the moves of its rivals with the help of the Game Theory, Abercrombie & Fitch will handle the challenges of the apparel and retail markets (Todeschini et al. 2017). Besides, it is highly recommended that the company should reconsider its current set of values and focus on fair treatment of its staff members since Abercrombie & Fitch cannot afford any blemishes on its reputation as a fair and friendly company. Abercrombie & Fitch’s Innovative Strategy: Implementation and Monitoring Recommendations: Strategies to Consider Abercrombie & Fitch should consider shaping its strategies at both business and corporate levels. The application of interactive strategies as opposed to genetic ones seems to be the most sensible decision in the current situation given the necessity for the company to build customer loyalty and target new audiences (Hatfield 2016). The focus on creating a hypercompetitive framework that will allow Abercrombie & Fitch to not only survive but also strive in the selected set that is defined by incredibly high competition levels justifies the selection of the strategy under analysis. Indeed, according to the existing description, the chosen approach leads to the design of an elaborate plan that will help Abercrombie & Fitch to predict the moves of its competitors and design the tool to counteract them. Specifically, the Game Theory, on which the proposed approach is based, implies that the company should explore the available opportunities for turning a seeming disadvantage into its strength (Hatfield 2016). For Abercrombie & Fitch, the specified frameworks may imply the need to focus on the current brand image and shape time at the same time retaining the elements of an old-fashioned approach to creating a unique and unforgettable image. Maintaining the Success Streak: Abercrombie & Fitch’s Future Choices Sustaining the economic growth within the company is likely to become a significant challenge. However, with the incorporation of innovative technologies and especially the digital tools for monitoring changes within the customers’ attitudes, Abercrombie & Fitch will be able to survive and even strive in the selected environment. By building its quality and, at the same time, introducing diversity into its products, simultaneously working on issues such as poor HR strategies, the company will eventually take its place at the top of the apparel and retail markets. Reference List Abercrombie & Fitch competitors 2016. Web. Almici, A 2015, ‘Does EU anti-corruption regulation work? The case of pharmaceutical industry’, Journal of Business and Economic Policy , vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 126-140. Apparel 2018. Web. Forbes 2018, ‘ How Abercrombie has managed to return to growth ’ 2018. Web. Gardas, BB, Raut, RD & Narkhede, B 2018, ‘Modelling the challenges to sustainability in the textile and apparel (T&A) sector: a Delphi-DEMATEL approach’, Sustainable Production and Consumption , vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 96-108. Hatfield, M 2016, Game theory in management: modelling business decisions and their consequences , Routledge, New York, NY. Rakib, MA & Adnan, ATM 2015, ‘Challenges of Ready-Made Garments sector in Bangladesh: ways to overcome’, BUFT Journal , vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 77-90. Todeschini, BV, Cortimiglia, MN, Callegaro-de-Menezes, D & Ghezzi, A 2017, ‘Innovative and sustainable business models in the fashion industry: Entrepreneurial drivers, opportunities, and challenges’, Business Horizons , vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 759-770. Appendix A: Abercrombie & Fitch – SWOT Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats * High-quality products; * Lack of experience in digital marketing; * Expansion to the developing countries; * Failure to address the current controversies; * Well-established presence in the global market; * Controversies in the HR area; * Appeal to new types of audiences; * Inability to shape the company’s policy to meet the digital market standards; * Easily recognizable brand image; * Absence of updates on the brand image to meet new requirements. * Redesign of the brand image * Problems with product differentiation. * Recent successful transfer to the digital setting Appendix B: Abercrombie & Fitch – PESTEL Political Economic Social Technological Environmental Legal * Political stability; * Economy systems of the target market; * Power structures in the society; * Introduction of disruptive technology and innovations; * Regulations concerning the green economy; * Regulations affecting the standards of trade; * Corruption rates and bureaucracy levels * Trade regulations and similar issues * Cross-cultural communication * Transfer of economic relationships to the digital setting; * Climate change * International laws defining the company’s * Enhancing the dialogue with the customer

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Water recycling in mosques is a safe and relatively inexpensive process that allows cleaning used water for reuse. Recycled water can be safely used for cleaning, washing, and even drinking.

Water recycling in mosques is a safe and relatively inexpensive process that allows cleaning used water for reuse. Recycled water can be safely used for cleaning, washing, and even drinking.

Ablution Water Recycling in Mosques Essay Water reserves on Earth are deteriorating quickly. To ensure a safe and fulfilling life for humans and animals on our planet, it is critical to preserve freshwater and avoid wasting it. One of the ways to preserve water is by recycling it. This process enables to use freshwater multiple times by cleaning it of waste substances. Why Should We Recycle Water? Water recycling is proclaimed b many international organizations, such as the WHO and Greenpeace. It is a safe and relatively inexpensive process that allows cleaning used water for reuse. Recycled water can be safely used for cleaning, washing, and even drinking. Water recycling systems that are consistent with Islamic teachings are also available. There are multiple studies that proved their effectiveness and applicability in Muslim nations. Thus, water recycling does not contradict the Islamic tradition and teachings. Water Recycling Water is a critical element that is essential for the life of humans and animals alike. There are very few organisms that can survive without water for long periods of time. Most creatures use water for hydration and washing. We also use water in food preparation, cleaning, and the manufacturing of various products. Our exploitation of water resources is higher than any other creature on Earth, and thus reducing our use of water could help to save freshwater resources. Why Recycle Water of Ablution? Ablution is a ritual that uses large quantities of water. Ablution is regularly carried out in mosques, thus contributing to the deterioration of freshwater resources. By introducing water recycling in mosques, we can contribute to global water preservation efforts while staying true to our faith and traditions.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The essay discusses the legality of abortion in the United States and how it is protected by the Constitution. The writer argues that women have a right to abortion because it is a personal decision and not a crime.

The essay discusses the legality of abortion in the United States and how it is protected by the Constitution. The writer argues that women have a right to abortion because it is a personal decision and not a crime.

Abortion as a Constitutional Right of US Women Essay An abortion is the termination of pregnancy with the help of medicinal drugs or surgical interventions before the birth of the fetus. People who support the anti-abortion views often explain their position using ethical or religious arguments, according to which abortions are the acts of violence against unborn children. Women’s right to have abortions, their opponents argue, is among basic human rights, and this is why access to safe procedures for the termination of pregnancy should be provided. According to the Roe v. Wade court decision in 1973, women can have abortions during the first twelve weeks after conception, and this right is guaranteed by the U. S. Constitution. In the second trimester, access to the procedure can be limited based on the state governments’ decision and pregnancy risk assessments (“Abortion,” 2018). Reference Abortion. (2018). In Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection . Detroit, MI: Gale. Web.

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Write an essay about: The research paper assesses the needs of students undergoing project-based learning program with respect to the implications of absorb activities as instruments of instructions. The paper also discusses the theoretical teaching model and how it can be improved.

The research paper assesses the needs of students undergoing project-based learning program with respect to the implications of absorb activities as instruments of instructions. The paper also discusses the theoretical teaching model and how it can be improved.

Absorb Activity and Theoretical Teaching Model Research Paper Needs Assessment Inquiry into pedagogical theory suggests that all persons have unique strategies that they apply to the acquisition and processing of material (Boss, Krauss, & Conery, 2008). However, contrary to the assumptions set by the pedagogical theory, teacher-centered curriculum remains the dominant mode of instruction in many learning institutions. The theoretical teaching model propagates the arbitrary determination of lesson plans and learning materials on strict guidelines outlined in school syllabuses, with little regard for alternative instructional strategies that emphasize learner satisfaction in terms of understanding and adopting new concepts (Driscoll 2005). Driscoll (2005) was emphatic that “theoretical teaching model undermines interaction among students in the one hand and interaction between teachers and students on the other, in solving mathematical problems in class” (p.391). As such, project-based learning provides room for teachers to develop interactive learning strategies for students so as to bolster clear understanding of varied approaches to the comprehension of skills and concepts. For example, when focusing on mathematics, the project-based instructional approach has to be practical to ensure that all the students are able to clearly follow up and understand the concepts being taught although this is not usually the case (Boss, Krauss, & Conery, 2008). This research paper assesses the needs of students undergoing project-based learning program with respect to the implications of absorb activities as instruments of instructions. Information gathering will be centered on a sample population and the results will subsequently be recorded and reported using a Microsoft word document. The population sample for data collection and processing will designed to present the views of students from my class as the primary source. Data collection will be based on voluntary participation by my fellow learners in two focus groups of the absorb activity under investigation – readings. The first focus group will comprise learners portraying positive responses to reading as an absorb activity while the second focus group will comprise learners experiencing difficulties to readings. End of term test scores obtained from participants will provide an insight into the general direction and magnitude of either positive or negative attitudes towards readings as an absorb strategy. Both face-to-face interviews and questionnaire surveys will be conducted to optimize participation of the learners and to take to account multiplicity of views as well. With regards to reporting, determination of significant differences between the two main focus groups will be attained by applying a design that will allow the drawing of repeated measures to track variations. A.05 alpha level will be applied so as to minimize probability errors that are of type II in nature. The data from the test scores will then be analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, percentages, and frequencies. The assessment needs will uphold the participation of all the interested groups comprising my fellow students and my instructor through continuous consultations and consensus building. Absorb Activity The inspiration of learners and articulation of concepts are the primary motivations that inform the use of absorb activities in project-based learning processes. This instruction focuses on readings as the absorb activity in play through which learners will be expected to optimize their understanding of the concepts at hand. According to Horton (2012) “readings include activities for which the learner reads from online or paper documents, such as textbooks, research papers, or technical manuals” (p. 52). After instructor outlines the pre-requisite knowledge, learners will proceed to seek further understanding of the topic at hand by searching for information from a list of online resources, documents, textbooks, and technical papers that will be recommended by the instructor. This instructional strategy is in line with the assertion by Driscoll (2005) that the schema learning theory spells out the reasons why the acquisition of prerequisite knowledge facilitates the ability of learners to absorb new information. Learners will then be taken through class discussions, illustrations, debates, and confirmations so as to evaluate their understanding of the underlying concept in the informational materials they read from the recommended academic resources. This will be in line with the schemata theory proposes the use of interactive teaching techniques such as illustrations, discussions, demonstrations, role assignments, songs, and play with the objective of eliminating any likelihood of learners experiencing cultural or personal conflicts in the process of assimilating schemata that is biased against their long held values suppositions or beliefs (Driscoll 2005). This phase of the instruction strategy will be followed by verbal question-answer tasks, impromptu tests, and continuous assessment tests on the specific topics that the students were asked to read. The results of these tests will provide insights into the experiences of the students with readings as an absorb activity. Learners that achieve high test scores will demonstrate positive reaction to reading as an absorb activity while learners with low test scores will demonstrate negative reaction towards reading as an absorb activity. The process will be repeated through the rest of the topics assigned to the syllabus of the term and then the students will be subjected to the final end of term exam. The results of the end term exams will be combined with the results of the continuous assessment tests to determine the final scores of for the students on the subject. These scores will be categorized appropriately and then analyzed according to the provisions of the needs assessment. The outcome will show how effective readings can be as an absorb activity. References Boss, S., Krauss, J, & Conery, L. (2008). Reinventing project-based learning: Your field guide to real-world projects in the digital age . New York: International Society for Technology in Education. Driscoll, M.P. (2005). Psychology of learning for instruction (3 rd ed.) . Boston, MA: Pearson. Horton, W. (2012). E-Learning by design (2nd ed.) . San Francisco, CA: Wiley.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The understanding of the specific forces and factors in the industry and sector where the company operates is essential to the development of effective strategies. In particular, a manager should be aware of the organization's position relative to the consumers, competitors, and stakeholders, the available strategic choices in a situation, and their predicted outcomes once they are implemented.The report describes Porter's five forces model, differentiates four industry types, identifies strategic groups, and elaborates on the Blue Ocean approach as well as their applications to Abu Dhabi Aviation.

The understanding of the specific forces and factors in the industry and sector where the company operates is essential to the development of effective strategies. In particular, a manager should be aware of the organization's position relative to the consumers, competitors, and stakeholders, the available strategic choices in a situation, and their predicted outcomes once they are implemented. The report describes Porter's five forces model, differentiates four industry types, identifies strategic groups, and elaborates on the Blue Ocean approach as well as their applications to Abu Dhabi Aviation.

Abu Dhabi Aviation: Strategic Management Principles Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Porter’s Five Forces Model 3. Industry Types 4. Strategic Groups 5. Blue Ocean Thinking 6. Conclusion 7. Works Cited Introduction The understanding of the specific forces and factors in the industry and sector where the company operates is essential to the development of effective strategies. In particular, a manager should be aware of the organization’s position relative to the consumers, competitors, and stakeholders, the available strategic choices in a situation, and their predicted outcomes once they are implemented. Economic theorists have developed a variety of frameworks and approaches to industry analysis and strategy formulation. This report describes Porter’s five forces model, differentiates four industry types, identifies strategic groups, and elaborates on the Blue Ocean approach as well as their applications to Abu Dhabi Aviation. Porter’s Five Forces Model Michael Porter introduced the notion that the key to strategic success is the positioning of the company in a manner that protects it from competitive forces or allows it to use them to its advantage. For the approach to succeed, the manager should be aware of the primary influences in the industry and their sources. Notably, according to Todorov and Akbar, Porter concentrated on economic forces within the industry, as he noted that outside powers tended to affect every player in the sector equally, and the difference was in a firm’s ability to respond to them (183). The theorist distinguishes five essential factors that allow one to determine an industry’s structure. Porter defines the market for a particular product as the combination of the companies that are active in it, potential entrants, and the consumers. As such, according to Todorov and Akbar, the five forces are the threat of new entrants, the bargaining powers of suppliers and buyers, the substitute products, and the intensity of the rivalry between competitors (188). The airline industry is characterized by high entry barriers due to the costs associated with maintaining the necessary technical resources. As such, the bargaining power of suppliers is high, while that of the consumers is relatively low. Substitutes are a concern for short-range flights, but not for international and intercontinental routes. Lastly, the intensity of rivalry is low, as the carriers prefer to avoid direct competition. Industry Types The type of industry where the company operates can significantly influence its strategy and preferred approaches. According to Chauhan, there are four primary industry types: monopolies, oligopolies, and perfect as well as imperfect competition (372-373). A monopoly is a situation where the industry is dominated by a single seller, which is able to forgo technology development and adjust prices freely due to the lack of competition. An oligopoly is a similar situation to a monopoly, but the industry consists of multiple large companies that do not compete and collude to control prices. A perfect market is a situation where numerous companies compete using uniform prices and mostly homogeneous products, forcing companies to accept the established rate. However, as such an environment is usually not possible in practice, an imperfect, or real, market, where constant aggressive competition leads to a state of disequilibrium, is more common. The airline industry may be described as an oligopoly, as relatively few carriers are prevalent in the field, and they generally offer similar prices and rarely offer overlapping flights unless the route is popular enough to ensure simultaneous popularity for all of the offerings. The features of the model as described by Chauhan include unattractive entry, the likely emergence of price leadership cartels, and high interdependence (373). As such, competitive approaches to business would likely be frowned upon by other participants in the industry and potentially lead to attempts to remove the offending company from the industry. Strategic Groups Industries tend to be characterized by a division into factions of companies that follow similar strategies. Grant uses airline industries as an example, as “legacy carriers” offer expensive, high-quality service, loyalty programs, and first-class seats while “low-cost carriers” forgo the model to offer significantly lower prices (108). Grant also notes that economic theory suggests that strategic groups are differentiated in profitability, although empirical evidence for the claim is currently not sufficient to reach a conclusion (108). Nevertheless, the tendency of low-cost carriers to offer significantly lower prices is reflected in their popularity with customers and, consequently, potentially higher profits. Abu Dhabi Aviation is different from the above in that it belongs to its own strategic group, which is known as “charter airlines.” Its model consists of lending whole aircraft to customers and conducting non-scheduled flights. As such, the company operates locally in Abu Dhabi and limits its advertising to wealthy clients who are able to afford its services. The company’s air force is relatively small when compared to commercial carriers, and it seeks to establish long-term contracts with clients such as the oil companies present in the region. As such, there is little competition due to high customer loyalty, but there are also not many strategic opportunities due to the small size of the target market. Blue Ocean Thinking The Blue Ocean approach to competition is an innovative method that was introduced in the early 2000s. According to Mebert and Lowe, the strategy involves using creativity and so-called “value innovation” to avoid markets with intense rivalry, which the framework calls “red oceans,” and find a field where the company will be a pioneer and avoid competition. The use of the strategy requires an understanding of the factors present in the current state of the industry and the ability to apply unconventional thinking to avoid their influence altogether, as opposed to Porter’s model. As a result, the company will achieve success and prosperity while potentially discouraging others from entering and competing if it manages to capture a small market quickly. Abu Dhabi Aviation can be considered an example of a successful Blue Ocean strategic approach. Charter airway services are a relatively small niche that can be highly profitable due to the target market, which consists of wealthy individuals and companies that require fast and comfortable travel over land as well as water. The company capitalized on the needs of the consumer base by offering helicopters and later planes to local oil companies, which often have installations offshore and require a fast way of traveling to and from them yet do not wish to maintain a fleet of helicopters. The venture was well received by the target market, and the company can be considered successful. Conclusion Abu Dhabi Aviation is a successful airline company due to its business strategy, which is inspired by the Blue Ocean model of thinking. The firm decided to enter the airways industry, but the creation of a commercial carrier was inadvisable due to the high entry barrier. Furthermore, the industry was organized as on oligopoly and would likely not welcome new competitors. As such, the company decided to align itself with another strategic group, charter airlines. Appealing to the local oil companies that required transportation to offshore installations, it was able to secure a position of success and avoid competition. Works Cited Chauhan, S. P. S. Microeconomics: An Advanced Treatise . Phi Learning Private Limited, 2016. Grant, Robert M. Contemporary Strategy Analysis: Text and Cases Edition . John Wiley & Sons, 2016. Mebert, Andreas, and Stephanie Lowe. Blue Ocean Strategy . CRC Press, 2017. Todorov, Krassimir, and Yusaf H. Akbar. Strategic Management in Emerging Markets: Aligning Business and Corporate Strategy . Emerald Group Publishing, 2018.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The text discusses the challenges of water usage in the UAE and how the region relies upon two major sources to support agricultural, domestic, and industrial consumption of water.The text discusses the challenges of water usage in the UAE and how the region relies upon two major sources to support agricultural, domestic, and industrial consumption of water.

The text discusses the challenges of water usage in the UAE and how the region relies upon two major sources to support agricultural, domestic, and industrial consumption of water. The text discusses the challenges of water usage in the UAE and how the region relies upon two major sources to support agricultural, domestic, and industrial consumption of water.

Abu Dhabi Climate, Water Usage and Food Production Report Problem definition Agriculture is an essential aspect of human survival in the world, as it is a source of food and income. In the UAE, agriculture is highly recognized as part of people’s culture. It is obvious that farming needs a lot of labor, energy, land, and water. Most of these requirements are in short supply in the UAE; for instance, water is scarce due to the fact that the UAE is usually arid, while arable land is limited to a small fraction of total surface area. It is, therefore, very important to diversify to alternative means that would help to economically sustain the needs of people effectively and efficiently. The climate in the UAE Summer temperatures in the UAE are usually very high due to the vast arid region and the fact that the area is covered by 80% of the desert. In addition, the coastal area of the UAE is characterized by warm temperatures and humidity, which have attracted a large part of the population. For example, during summer, temperatures go up to 46 degrees Celsius, and this combines with 100 percent humidity. However, winter becomes more favorable, with temperatures going as low as 13 to 23 degrees Celsius. Interior desert regions register up to 50 degrees Celsius, although sometimes it may go to as low as 4 degrees Celsius. This is a clear indication that the interior deserts experiment with the coolest winters as well as the hottest summers. Figure: Average maximum and minimum air temperature by month and region 2012 (SCAD, 2012). In the southern part of the desert, Liwa, agricultural activities are very limited, since annual rainfall received is about 40% mm; this cannot sustain agricultural activities. Generally, the region loses a lot of water through evaporation despite experiencing some rains, which average at approximately 78 mm annually. However, it is the opposite of the northeastern mountains, which received 160mm of rainfall annually. During the winter period, the UAE receives a big percentage of rainfall annually, accounting for over 80 percent, and this is normally between December and March. Spring seasons are also experienced in the UAE, which is generally characterized by rainfall that is not continuous and, at some point, accompanied by isolated thunderstorms. This is a season that takes place between April and May. The inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) shifts on rare occasions, resulting in rainfall in the northeastern part of Emirates. Figure: Average Rainfall by Month and Region, 2012 (SCAD, 2012). Challenges of Water Usage in the UAE In the UAE, there is a major challenge in the availability of sufficient water in all emirates. There are two major sources that the region relies upon in order to support agricultural, domestic, and industrial consumption of water. The first source is the desalinated water, which comes from the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Gulf, and the second source is the groundwater. Two-thirds of water supply in the UAE is from the ground while the remainder comes from the desalinated water plant. Renewable freshwater supply in the UAE is known to be among the lowest globally; this contrasts with its lofty per capita consumption, thus raising several concerns on sustainable usage of water. Some of these challenges include: Increased food production with rapid population growth Most of the land in the UAE lies in the desert, making the country to rely mostly on imported food in order to meet its population’s demand. Therefore, the UAE has been spending a lot of its foreign earnings on importing food for domestic consumption. For instance, in the 1990s, the country is claimed to have been importing up to 70% of its food requirements. More people have, however, ventured into farming after the government also realized that providing incentives to farmers would help increase food production in the country. This has significantly assisted the government in cutting down its expenditure on food imports, as it can now rely on locally produced foods mainly in Abu Dhabi, such as tomatoes, wheat, and eggplant vegetables, to meet the daily needs of Abu Dhabi and the country’s population. Indeed, the aggressiveness of the government in boosting agriculture has enhanced food security in the UAE. Figure: Historical developments in the total area of plant holdings, 1986 to 2012 (SCAD, 2012) There is a sharp increase in the number of people who inhabit the country, with Abu Dhabi recoding among the highest rates due to its recent growth economically. The effect of this is the increased demand for freshwater, which is actually insufficient. According to the 203 census results, the population of the UAE has increase previously, and it is expected to reach 10.6 M by 2030. This shows clearly that the consumption of water will go up, thus putting more pressure on the government to provide an alternative source of water. It is important to come up with an urgent strategy for water supply in the UAE as well as ways of publicizing reasonable means of consuming water. If this is not considered immediately, the problem of water shortage will reach drastic proportions in the near future. In order to evaluate this issue effectively, changes in the population of emirates will have to be considered, including analyzing future growth assumptions. Table 1: Population and GDP in UAE: 1990–2030 (Supposition) (Countrylicious). Year Population GDP 1990 1,806,000.00 94,000,000,000 2005 4,149,000.00 148,000,000,000 2010 8,442,000.00 271,200,000,000 2015 9,077,000.00 360,000,000,000 2020 9,575,000.00 420,000,000,000 2025 9,917,000.00 420,000,000,000 2030 10,167,000.00 470,000,000,000 According to Countrylicious data, the population and GDP of the UAE are growing rapidly, with a 12 percent increase expected by the year 2030. This, therefore, gives a reason to suggest that population growth is going to severely affect water supply in the UAE. However, this might be made even and relatively stable by rapid growth in the economy, thus allowing for the choice of rather costly, yet efficient water supply technologies. Abu Dhabi city is experiencing the same challenge based on water and population demand growth. Inefficiency in the Traditional Irrigation Methods There is a lot of wastage that has been contributed by methods used in irrigating lands, which are inefficient. Some of these methods include the sprinkler irrigation system, which normally sprays water over a certain area of crops. Wastage is also reported where water falls on areas that contain no crops. Moreover, hot climate during summers exacerbates the situation, since the sprinkled water is lost via evaporation before being utilized by crops. This therefore, culminates into a cycle of wastage and scarcity. All in all, Abu Dhabi environment is one of the harshest in the gulf region, with temperatures fluctuating from extremely high and extremely low due to desert that covers a large area of the UAE. The effect of these unfavorable weather conditions is scarcity of water for both commercial and domestic use. However, Abu Dhabi has managed to utilize the little water available and use some parts of arid land for productive agriculture that has enhanced food security in the emirate.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: In 2005, Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre (ADNEC) was born out of the growing need to foster the expo and conference business in the region and especially within Abu Dhabi.The company is a champion of social and environmental sustainability. As such, ADNEC has come up with a working sustainability policy, which has led to the winning of several awards both locally and internationally.

In 2005, Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre (ADNEC) was born out of the growing need to foster the expo and conference business in the region and especially within Abu Dhabi. The company is a champion of social and environmental sustainability. As such, ADNEC has come up with a working sustainability policy, which has led to the winning of several awards both locally and internationally.

Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre: Social Responsibility Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Company’s Approach to Sustainability 3. Why the Company has Adopted the Strategy 4. How the Company is Implementing the Strategy 5. How the Strategy Furthers the Competitive Advantage of the Firm 6. Critique of the Company’s Strategy on its Performance 7. Recommendations 8. Conclusion 9. References Introduction In 2005, Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre (ADNEC) was born out of the growing need to foster the expo and conference business in the region and especially within Abu Dhabi. The company is a champion of social and environmental sustainability. As such, ADNEC has come up with a working sustainability policy, which has led to the winning of several awards both locally and internationally. Some of the sustainability awards that the company has won include the AOE Awards 2014 and 2015, the Middle East Event Awards 2010: Green Award, and the Middle East Event Awards 2011: Outstanding Contribution to Sustainability among others. This paper explores ADNEC’s approach to sustainability, why the company has adopted the strategy, and how it is being implemented. Additionally, the paper highlights how the strategy furthers or fails the company’s competitive advantage. A critique of the company’s strategy on its performance is given together with recommendations on the way forward. The Company’s Approach to Sustainability ADNEC seeks to incorporate the sustainability construct in its management structures as opposed to coming up with isolated practices towards the concept. The company’s management avers that creating isolated sustainability practices is tantamount to reinventing the wheel on the practice. Therefore, the company has adopted and incorporated best practices that have been in its strategic map from 2012 and have worked in other organizations before. ADNEC’s approach to sustainability touches on all stakeholders including the management, employees, service partners and suppliers, customers, community, and environment. However, this paper focuses on ADNEC’s approach to social and environmental sustainability. Social sustainability deals with the communities surrounding the company in its areas of operations (Saeidi, Sofian, Saeidi, Saeidi, & Saeidi, 2015). On the other hand, environmental sustainability covers how the company treats the environment where it operates. ADNEC works closely with the surrounding community to enhance its social sustainability objectives by running different initiatives like charity donations. On the other hand, the company’s environmental sustainability initiative started in 2011 with the establishment of an internal green team to create awareness on the overarching need to practice environmentally responsible behavior. To date, ADNEC is extensively involved in different social and environmental initiatives within the Abu Dhabi region as highlighted in the following sections of this report. Why the Company has Adopted the Strategy ADNEC appreciates the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a key pillar of social sustainability, which in turn contributes significantly to overall business success. According to Williams (2013), different studies have shown that companies that engage in social sustainability, as part of their CSR, perform better than their counterparts who do not participate in such practices. ADNEC understands that social sustainability means success for the company in the long term. By supporting social responsibility, ADNEC believes that its reputation will improve, which translates to more sales hence profitability. Ultimately, the company’s objective is to create wealth for the shareholders and social sustainability is an important factor in this process. On the other side, the company has adopted environmental sustainability for different reasons. First, ADNEC understands the adverse effects of environmental degradation including global warming. Without a sustainable environment, business operations cannot run smoothly as employees will have health complications to function efficiently. Similarly, a sick customer base due to environmental pollution implies declining profitability for the company. Besides, Quairel-Lanoizelee (2016) asserts that in the contemporary changing business environment, customers are choosing to deal with environmentally conscious companies, and thus by branding itself as an environmental sustainability champion, ADNEC stands a good chance of attracting more clients, hence increasing profits. How the Company is Implementing the Strategy ADNEC is implementing the sustainability strategy by “developing a sustainability policy, enhancing the reporting framework, identifying clearer team responsibilities, developing a strategic theme for sustainability as part of the company’s strategy map, and developing a detailed CSR strategy” (ADNEC, 2015, p. 18). By following its detailed CSR strategy, the company has implemented different community initiatives to further social sustainability. One of the key focus areas is giving positive support to the community. For instance, the company has partnered with three schools in Abu Dhabi to create environmental awareness for students coupled with collecting and recycling waste materials from the learning institutions. Additionally, the company is actively involved in charity work within the region. In March 2016, the company bought clothes from the Liwa Fashion clearance sale event and gave the clothes to orphans through the UAE Red Crescent. Also, ADNEC seeks to improve societal perception towards the company by creating employment for the locals among other practices. In 2016, Emirati nationals formed 23% of the company’s workforce. ADNEC also carries out the annual society perception surveys to measure how society views the company. The internal green team takes care of the company’s environmental sustainability strategy. ADNEC’s environmental sustainability strategy centers on the usage and recycling of materials. In 2016, the company recycled 676.382 tons of waste materials, which amounted to a 52% increase from the previous year. ADNEC is among the pioneers of converting cooking oil into bio-diesel fuel within the Abu Dhabi region. In 2016, ADNEC recycled “143.45 tons of paper and cardboard and aluminum, thus reducing about 229 tons of carbon dioxide emissions and saving 2438 trees, 11.382 tons of plastic to save up to 28.5 kg of CO2, and 69.22 tons of food wastes, which saved 274.4 tons of CO2” (ADNEC, 2015, p. 49). Besides, the company focuses on energy and water conservation measures. For instance, ADNEC has installed 1,000 square meters of solar panels to produce 16,362 kWh, which is used to power elevators and lighting. How the Strategy Furthers the Competitive Advantage of the Firm In the contemporary changing business environment, customers are leaning towards dealing with social and environmentally conscious organizations (Lee, Lee, Pae, & Park, 2016). The CSR initiatives that ADNEC has implemented create a competitive advantage in two ways. First, partnering with schools to create recycling awareness improves the company’s reputation within the community. Additionally, the company has hired locals, which makes 23% of the workforce. Some of the locals have only secondary school education, and getting employment without advanced education is a way of empowerment. Ultimately, the community remains loyal to the company. As such, people spread a good message about the company, which is a way of marketing. Second, customers are becoming aware of the need to associate with socio-environmental sustainable organizations. Saeed and Arshad (2012) posit that customers are not only shopping for products but also organizations. Therefore, by observing environmental sustainability practices, ADNEC improves its reputation, which in turn appeals to more customers, hence increased profitability. Additionally, using solar energy cuts operational costs for the company as it saves money that could have been spent on electricity bills. Critique of the Company’s Strategy on its Performance ADNEC’s strategy on social and environmental sustainability has strengths and weaknesses like any other approach. The move to employ locals and partner with three schools to create awareness on recycling is laudable. The recycling concept cannot be overlooked in achieving a sustainable environment. However, this strategy has performed inconsistently on a year-to-year basis. For instance, in 2015, through the school recycling program, the company recycled 229kgs of plastic bottles, but that number fell to 98kgs in 2016. Moreover, the amount of waste materials recycled within Abu Dhabi is almost negligible given the overall waste materials released into the environment in the region. For example, in 2014, the school program recycled only 74kgs of waste, which is almost negligible. On the other hand, employing a paltry 23% of the locals is not good enough for social sustainability. 77% of the company’s workforce is made up of Asian, Arab, and Western expatriates. On environmental sustainability, the company has performed remarkably by installing solar PV systems in its parking. However, the energy created from the solar panels is only used to power elevators. Given the natural occurrence of solar energy, the company should have installed more panels to generate significant energy to be used in different operations. Recommendations As noted in the above section, ADNEC has tried in its quest to foster social and environmental sustainability. However, there is room for improvement and a better sustainability strategy. The company should focus on the following areas: 1. Employ more locals – perhaps the local community does not have the required academic qualifications and requisite skills to enter the company’s workforce. However, this scenario is an opportunity for the company to partner with learning institutions and offer internship opportunities for local students. The interning students can then be absorbed into the workforce after gaining the necessary exposure and skills. 2. The company can partner with more schools to create recycling awareness. The current three schools cannot make any significant environmental impact. Given that creating awareness through schools is not involving and resource-intensive, the company can afford to expand the program to include more schools. 3. On clean energy, the company needs to adopt electrical cars. Moreover, ADNEC should install car-charging stations in its car park as a way of creating awareness on the need to use clean energy vehicles. Conclusion ADNEC has come up with working policies and strategies in social and environmental sustainability. The company’s sustainability approach involves the local communities to foster their CSR objectives and improve reputation, which ultimately leads to increased profitability. Environmental sustainability is at the core of ADNEC’s programs where recycling, energy, and water conservation are valuable aspects of day-to-day operations. Nevertheless, the company can improve its performance by considering the recommendations given in this paper. References ADNEC. (2015). Abu Dhabi National Exhibitions Company: Sustainability report 2015 . Web. Lee, E., Lee, H., Pae, J., & Park, S. (2016). The important role of corporate social responsibility capabilities in improving sustainable competitive advantage. Social Responsibility Journal, 12 (4), 642-653. Web. Quairel-Lanoizelee, F. (2016). Are competition and corporate social responsibility compatible?: The myth of sustainable competitive advantage. Society and Business Review, 11 (2),130-154. Saeed, M., & Arshad, F. (2012). Corporate social responsibility as a source of competitive advantage: The mediating role of social capital and reputational capital. Journal of Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management, 19 (4), 219-232. Saeidi, S., Sofian, S., Saeidi, P., Saeidi, P. S., & Saeidi, A. (2015). How does corporate social responsibility contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of competitive advantage, reputation, and customer satisfaction. Journal of Business Research, 68 (2), 341-350. Williams, O. (2013). Corporate social responsibility: The role of business in sustainable development . New York, NY: Routledge.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The government, society, and individuals must maintain security. The government has duty to provide safety by investing in the state-of-the-art technology to facilitate investigation and apprehension of criminals. In Abu Dhabi, the government has installed security systems that enable law enforcement officers to track and arrest offenders. However, there is the need to invest in a sophisticated anti-terrorism unit to avert potential terror attacks emanating from Islamic State and other terrorist groups.

The government, society, and individuals must maintain security. The government has duty to provide safety by investing in the state-of-the-art technology to facilitate investigation and apprehension of criminals. In Abu Dhabi, the government has installed security systems that enable law enforcement officers to track and arrest offenders. However, there is the need to invest in a sophisticated anti-terrorism unit to avert potential terror attacks emanating from Islamic State and other terrorist groups.

Abu Dhabi’s Efforts in Becoming the Safest City Essay Security is paramount to the stability of a nation and economic development. Taniguchi (2014) defines safety as “keeping oneself and others free from harm or danger” (p. 312). It is a fundamental principle that promotes urban development. Security influences the interactions between authorities, businesses, and citizens. There is no happiness and trust without safety. Security is significant to people as it enables them to enjoy a quality life. Moreover, it would be difficult for individuals to engage in productive activities in an insecure environment. One of the reasons why many people have invested in Abu Dhabi is the high level of security in the city. Investors are guaranteed of preservation of their assets and revenues. As per Savitch (2015), safety influences social life. A dangerous environment results in deaths and injuries that contribute to psychological distress in friends and families. It is difficult for families to raise children in an insecure neighborhood. Parents cannot allow kids to interact with their neighbors due to fear that they might be recruited into criminal gangs. Such a situation discourages socialization, resulting in families living in isolation. The economic development and prosperity of a city are pegged on security. Investors prefer operating in secure towns as they are assured of constant revenue generation. Safety has contributed to the economic development and prosperity of Abu Dhabi. Tourists are not afraid of visiting the city because they are assured of their security (Aisen & Veiga, 2013). The visitors that come to the town contribute to the rise in government revenue, which assists in the provision of social services. Chen and Fang (2013) state that safety has led to an increase in the number of multinational corporations that operate in Abu Dhabi. In return, the organizations have created employment opportunities for the locals, boosting their income. The government, society, and individuals must maintain security. The government hasduty to provide safety by investing in the state-of-the-art technology to facilitate investigation and apprehension of criminals. In Abu Dhabi, the government has installed security systems that enable law enforcement officers to track and arrest offenders (Myers et al., 2013). Nevertheless, there is the need to invest in a sophisticated anti-terrorism unit to avert potential terror attacks emanating from Islamic State and other terrorist groups. One of the mistakes that many people commit is relying on the law enforcement agencies for their safety. It is imperative to appreciate that every person must maintain their security and that of others. In Abu Dhabi, individuals have to understand the established safety protocols. It is advisable to have a security action plan because it is helpful in the case of emergency (Savitch, 2015). Being alert to one’s surrounding and notifying the security personnel of any suspicious activities or individuals can help to curb crimes in Abu Dhabi. Collaboration between the public and security agencies can assist in maintaining peace in Abu Dhabi. The public is advised to be vigilant and to report any security breach to police. In Abu Dhabi, the government has installed an electronic system that enables the public to liaise with the law enforcement agencies whenever they have safety concerns. Studies show that terror groups recruit youths and individuals who are desperate for money (Savitch, 2015). In Abu Dhabi, the public has to establish programs meant to assist individuals who are prone to joining criminal organizations. References Aisen, A., & Veiga, F. (2013). How does political instability affect economic growth? European Journal of Political Economy, 29 (1), 151-167. Chen, H., & Fang, I. (2013). Migration, social security, and economic growth. Economic Modelling, 32 (1), 386-399. Myers, S., Branas, C., French, B., Nance, M., Kallan, M., Wiebe, D., & Carr, B. (2013). Safety in numbers: Are major cities the safest places in the United States? Annals of Emergency Medicine: An International Journal, 62 (4), 408-418. Savitch, H. (2015). Cities in a time of terror: Space, territory, and local resilience . New York, NY: Routledge. Taniguchi, E. (2014). Concepts of city logistics for sustainable and liveable cities. Procedia – Social and behavioral Sciences, 151 (1), 310-317.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The meaning and nature of impact, types of impact, importance of impact, pathways to impact, assessment of impact, indicators of impact, planning for impact, reference list.

The meaning and nature of impact, types of impact, importance of impact, pathways to impact, assessment of impact, indicators of impact, planning for impact, reference list.

Academic Productivity and Research Impact Essay Table of Contents 1. Meaning and Nature of Impact 2. Types of Impact 3. Importance of Impact 4. Pathways to Impact 5. Assessment of Impact 6. Indicators of Impact 7. Planning for Impact 8. Reference List Meaning and Nature of Impact Research has significant effects on the environment, society, culture and economy of a nation. Greenhalgh et al. (2016) describe research impact as “… when the knowledge generated by our study contributes to, benefits and influences society, culture, our environment and the economy” (p. 3). In other words, research impact refers to the outcomes that a given study yields, which surpass academia. The nature of research impact depends on the subject of study. One can interpret the valuable impacts of research in two perspectives: societal and academic. According to Greenhalgh et al. (2016), academic outcomes include collaborations, the discovery of novel ways of comprehending the universe, publications and involvement in peer reviews. Societal results encompass the advantages that community derives from research, which include better services, improved welfare, quality products and healthy life. Types of Impact The impact can be classified into numerous groups and may comprise of both societal and economic effects. Milat, Bauman and Redman (2015) allege that the various kinds of research impact include cultural, economic, environmental, health, political, scientific, technological, social and training. The cultural impact facilitates comprehension of ideas, values and beliefs that a society or nation upholds. The economic impact refers to fiscal benefits that a study may have on a country or a particular organisation. For instance, research may facilitate economic development or productivity growth. Environmental impact is the outcome that research may have on ecological management, pollution control and meteorology. Health impact refers to the contribution of research on life expectancy, public health and quality of life (Watermeyer 2014). Political impact depicts the role that research plays in policy formulation and implementation and national stability. Scientific impact is the contribution of research to the accumulation of technical knowledge and capacity building. Research has a noteworthy impact on society because it influences societal behaviours, community welfare and shapes social practices. Technological impact refers to the role of research in the development of novel products and services. On the other hand, training impact is the effect of research on pedagogical instruments and curricula development. Importance of Impact As aforementioned, impact refers to the benefits that society or nation accrues from a study. Dinsmore, Allen and Doldy (2014) maintain that investors consider the effects of a study before deciding to devote their resources. One of the reasons why the impact is important is because it influences the allocation of funds. Researchers must compile an impact summary when seeking resources. This summary should identify the parties that are likely to benefit from the intended study. Dinsmore, Allen and Doldy (2014) claim that impact promotes accountability in the utilisation of research funds. State officials use impact data to account for and defend the use of public resources in research. Today, liability to tax-payers has resulted in governments insisting on impact delineation and public participation in research. Dinsmore, Allen and Doldy (2014) argue that impact is critical to advocacy, particularly if Research Council wishes to secure continued funding. The government and private donors must know the potential benefits of anticipated research for them to release funds. Pathways to Impact The pathways to impact allow researchers to understand what they require doing to guarantee that their studies yield the expected outcomes. They help researchers to investigate, from the beginning and during the entire study, the parties that are likely to profit from their research and what they must do to ensure that they achieve the correct goals. Carpenter, Cone and Sarli (2014) argue that a valuable pathway to impact declaration must be project-specific, focus on possible results and flexible. Researchers should make sure that they establish and work with stakeholders who are likely to benefit from a particular study. Moreover, they must understand the needs of these parties and find ways in which the proposed study can help to satisfy them. Investigators should delineate the planning and running of allied activities such as timing, budget, skills, staff, deliverables and viability. The figure below shows an example of pathways to impact. Assessment of Impact Payback model is the common approach that most researchers use to assess the impact of their studies. This assessment criterion considers the resources, dissemination, primary outputs, processes, benefits, secondary outputs and the ultimate results of research. According to Agarwal et al. (2016), the payback model facilitates knowledge production, career development and implementation of research findings. This model entails the use of semi-structured questions to determine the impact of proposed research followed by bibliometric examination and authentication procedures. Indicators of Impact Indicators of impact help researchers to evaluate the success of their studies. In other words, the indicators are a gauge of the degree to which an investigator has attained research goals. As per Fairclough and Thelwall (2015), indicators of impact are easy to formulate because they are derived from the urgent changes that a researcher seeks to achieve. Examples of indicators of impact include changes in knowledge, awareness and skills. They can also entail policy changes, behavioural transformation, community development and improvement in service delivery or usage. Planning for Impact Planning for impact involves four essential steps, which are predicting the outcome, preparation, getting definite about the effects and realising results and scrutinising success. Envisioning impact requires identifying the aspects of a study that might be helpful in the future. It also entails determining the value of one’s research to the economy, national policies or social behaviours (Rowan 2016). To envision impact, one must consider the stakeholders that might be interested in their study. Planning for impact requires conducting a stakeholder assessment and compiling an impact plan. It is imperative to consider all parties that might profit or be disadvantaged by research. The figure below shows a stakeholder analysis template. Stakeholder analysis template An impact plan contains a list of the objectives of each outcome, the stakeholders that a researcher expects to engage, the primary information that the study should relay and how it will be delivered (Rowan 2016). It also clarifies how an investigator will measure the success of a study, the dangers associated with distinct impact and how to alleviate them. Getting specific involves determining the activities that will facilitate the realisation of the identified impact. It also entails identifying individuals who are conversant with impact activities and learning from them. Rowan (2016) posits that it is imperative to list the stakeholders who can be instrumental to the achievement of the target impact. A researcher should commit to liaising with these stakeholders to enable them achieve the preferred impact. In the course of pursuing the desired impact, it is important to gather data that can aid a pollster to know if their processes are drawing them closer to the expected results. Establishing a network of support can enable an investigator to attain lasting impacts. Reference List Agarwal, A, Durairajanayagam, D, Tatagari, S, Esteves, SC, Harlev, A, Henkel, R, Roychoudhury, S, Homa, S, Puchalt, NG, Ramasamy, R, Majzoub, A, Ly, KD, Tvrda, E, Assidi, M, Kesari, K, Sharma, R, Banihani, S, Ko, M, Abu-Elmagd, M, Gosalvez, J & Bashiri, A 2016, ‘Bibliometrics: tracking research impact by selecting the approach metrics’, Asian Journal of Andrology , vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 296-309. Carpenter, CR, Cone, DC & Sarli, CC 2014, ‘Using publications metrics to highlight academic productivity and research impact’, Academic Emergency Medicine , vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 1160-1172. Dinsmore, A, Allen, L & Doldy, K 2014, ‘Alternative perspectives on impact: the potential of ALMs and alternative to inform funders about research impact’, PLoS Biology , vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 1-11. Fairclough, R & Thelwall, M 2015, ‘National research impacts indicators from Mendeley readers’, Journal of Informetrics , vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 845-859. Greenhalgh, T, Raftery, J, Hanney, S & Glover, M 2016, ‘Research impact: a narrative review’, BMC Medicine , vol. 14, no. 78, pp. 1-8. Milat, AJ, Bauman, AE & Redman, S 2015, ‘A narrative review of research impact assessment models and methods’, Health Research Policy and Systems , vol. 13, no. 18, pp. 1-9. Rowan, F 2016, Planning for impact: a stepwise process . Web. Watermeyer, R 2014, ‘Issues in the articulation of ‘impact’: the responses of UK academics to ‘impact’ as a new measure of research assessment’, Studies in Higher Education , vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 359-377.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Accor Group's brand strategy and position essay discusses the company's use of mergers and acquisitions, as well as organic growth, to increase its global reach.Accor Group's brand strategy and position essay discusses the company's use of mergers and acquisitions, as well as organic growth, to increase its global reach.

Accor Group's brand strategy and position essay discusses the company's use of mergers and acquisitions, as well as organic growth, to increase its global reach. Accor Group's brand strategy and position essay discusses the company's use of mergers and acquisitions, as well as organic growth, to increase its global reach.

Accor Group’s Brand Strategy and Position Essay Executive Summary Accor Group is one of the leading companies in the tourism industry, which operates hotels, casinos, restaurants, and travel agencies in over 90 countries. The paper explains that, while striving for a favorable position in the market, the company used mergers and acquisitions, as well as organic growth, to increase its global outreach. The brand strategy of Accor is also considered in the paper. For example, Accor Group’s multi-brand strategy enables it to maintain a high market share while also retaining customer loyalty after mergers or acquisitions. Rebranding, on the other hand, was successfully used by Accor to make certain properties more appealing to new customers. Overall, the paper shows that Accor Group uses a variety of strategies for market penetration, which will all assist in its future development. Introduction Accor Group includes over 4000 hotels worldwide and provides for a variety of market segments, from economy to luxury travelers. To build such an extensive network, the company used an excellent growth and expansion strategy. Other appropriate strategies, including segmentation, multi-brand, re-brand, and asset management, also helped Accor Group to advance its position in the market. The present report will review Accor Group’s main strategies as presented in the case study and discuss the company’s position in the Ansoff Matrix. Growth and Global Expansion Strategy Accor Group has one of the most fast-growing hotel chains in the world. According to the official website, the Group opens one new hotel every 33 hours, creating a total of 52000 new rooms in 2017 (Accor Group 2018). The two key strategies used by Accor Group to achieve growth and expand globally are mergers and acquisitions. For instance, Accor Group acquired Red Roof Inns in 1999, which allowed it to expand in the United States (IBS Research Center 2009). In 2001, Accor merged with Zenith Hotel and Beijing Tourism Group in China as part of its geographical expansion efforts (IBS Research Center 2009). Mergers and acquisitions allowed the company to grow both nationally and internationally while also entering new markets. Today, Accor Group includes famous chains, such as Ibis, Novotel, Mercure, Sofitel, Fairmont, and Pullman (CB Insights 2018). By acquiring new companies, Accor Group was also able to boost its capacity for organic growth, which also assisted in its global expansion. In addition to mergers and acquisitions, the company also increased its global coverage by opening new hotels. For example, to enter the emerging Russian tourism market in 1992, Accor opened a new Novotel hotel near Moscow, followed by a hotel in St. Petersburg (Panibratov 2017). Organic growth was also a useful strategy for the company’s expansion in Argentina, where it entered the market by opening a Sofitel hotel in Buenos Aires (Chon 2012). Overall, the company’s growth and expansion strategies include mergers, acquisitions, and organic growth. Segmentation Strategy Segmentation strategy is a critical factor impacting firm performance. As noted by Howells and Lowe (2018), segmentation in the hotel industry often includes a mixture of behavior and demographic segmentation. Whereas demographic segmentation focuses on age, gender, and income of target customers, behavior segmentation can also consider their buying behaviors, service expectations, and motivations for traveling. This approach to segmentation creates four main segments of the hotel market: economy, midscale, upscale, and luxury (Demirçiftçi & Kizilirmak 2016). Accor Group operates in all of these market segments, which means that it also uses a mixed segmentation strategy. For instance, Ibis hotels target the economy segment of the market, whereas the Sebel and Fairmont are luxury hotels serving a different range of customers. Nevertheless, the case also suggests that in some of its initiatives, Accor Group also uses geographic segmentation. This segmentation strategy determines market segments based on their geographical area. For example, “in 2005, Accor, […] unveiled a new prototype for Accor’s Novotel brand aimed at the Canadian market, a new market” (IBS Research Center 2009, p. 7). Thus, Accor’s global growth was also caused by the practical use of mixed segmentation strategies, which enabled the company to target multiple market segments, increasing its market share. Multi-Brand Strategy A multi-brand strategy refers to the process of one company offering several similar products in the same market under different brand names. For instance, Novotel and Mercure are two different hotel chains aimed at the same market that are both owned by Accor Group. Multi-brand strategies are particularly common in companies that develop via mergers and acquisitions, as the companies retain their brand names (Rothermel & Bauer 2015). Accor Group also follows a multi-brand strategy, including brands such as Ibis, Novotel, Sofitel, Red Roof Inn, and more. Accor’s multi-brand strategy includes unique positioning, which is beneficial for market segmentation and helps to increase the profitability of individual brands. There are several benefits of Accor’s multi-brand strategy. First of all, offering the same services under multiple brands allows companies to earn a greater market share (Dong & Wan 2015). Secondly, it enables merged or acquired companies to retain their brand names, thus appealing to their loyal customers. For instance, if a family prefers a certain hotel company over all others, and this company is acquired by Accor Group, changing the company’s name might affect the customers’ trust and loyalty. Lastly, by using a multi-brand strategy, Accor Group can cover all the various market segments. Sofitel is positioned as a luxury hotel, catering to the needs of customers from the upper class, whereas Motel 6 is a budget hotel company. By using several brands, Accor Group can maintain a strong presence in all market segments, thus retaining its competitive position in the hotel industry. Re-Brand Strategy A re-brand strategy is used when the company needs to attract new customers or improve its position in the market. Although some studies show that rebranding could have a negative influence on the company’s identity following a merger, Accor Group has been using this strategy effectively to increase market share in emerging markets (Liying, Xun & Yingkang 2013). For example, in 2001, Accor rebranded three major hotels in Hong Kong to promote them under the Novotel brand (IBS Research Center 2009). The rationale behind the rebranding was that it would appeal to customers who are familiar with Novotel, thus improving profitability. As explained by Collange (2015), a positive consumer reaction to rebranding in the service industry can be achieved if the new brand is more attractive to customers. Brands that are part of the Accor Group are famous for their quality of service and generally have high customer loyalty. As noted by Jauhari (2014), these hotels also have a reputation for sustainability, which adds to their positive image. Thus, the re-brand strategy of Accor Group is effective in attracting new customers and maintaining a competitive position. Asset Management Strategy Accor’s asset management strategy is based on the optimization of its hotel portfolio. The Group distinguishes between strategic hotels, which can contribute to its profits if managed under a long-term holding structure, and non-strategic hotels that can be sold to third parties. This asset management strategy enables the company to maximize its profits while also improving its financial performance. In 2005-2006, the company sold 261 hotels, thus acquiring €1.645 billion of profits (IBS Research Group 2009). Additionally, over 200 hotels were sold and leased back, thus allowing Accor to retain a part of their profits (IBS Research Group 2009). This strategy is useful, as it improves the company’s hotel portfolio while also contributing to its profitability. Effective asset management is also critical to the perceived value of the company. Fitzpatrick et al. (2013) state that hotel companies with an excellent portfolio are more likely to be trusted by clients and investors. Thus, Accor Group’s Asset Management strategy has a positive influence on the company’s growth and financial performance. Position in the Ansoff Matrix The Ansoff Matrix offers an overview of growth strategies that can be used by companies operating in various business sectors. It is a useful tool for strategy development, as it divides strategies by product and market types (Morrison 2013). Based on the information presented in the case, Accor Group follows a market penetration strategy, which focuses on enhancing products in order to attract customers from existing markets (Morrison 2013). This choice of strategy is based on the company’s portfolio, market coverage, and goals. Firstly, Accor Group already operates in all major market segments. Secondly, the company does not seek to introduce any new products at the moment, instead of focusing on expanding hotel capacity and opening new hotels under the established brand names. Finally, market penetration is the least risky out of the four strategies covered by the Ansoff Matrix and can be very helpful in increasing market share (Kokemuller 2018). Therefore, this strategy contributes to Accor’s goals for future development. Conclusion All in all, Accor Group uses a selection of useful strategies for increasing its market share and targeting various consumer segments. Its strategies for multi-branding, rebranding, and asset management assist the company in increasing profitability and remaining in a competitive position. The market penetration strategy chosen by Accor will also facilitate its future development and could help it to earn the leading position in the hotel industry. Reference List Accor Group 2018, Hotel development , Web. CB Insights 2018, Reinventing the hotel: how one of the world’s largest hotel chains is meeting the Airbnb challenge head-on , Web. Chon, KS 2012, The growth strategies of hotel chains: best business practices by leading companies , Routledge, Abingdon-on-Thames. Collange, V 2015, ‘Consumer reaction to service rebranding’, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services , vol. 22, no. 1, pp.178-186. Demirçiftçi, T & Kızılırmak, I 2016, ‘Strategic branding in hospitality: case of Accor Hotels’, Journal of Tourismology , vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 50-64. Dong, J & Wan, X 2015, ‘An economic analysis of internal mechanism of multi-brand strategy’, in Proceedings of 3rd international conference on logistics, informatics and service science , Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, pp. 553-558. FitzPatrick, M, Davey, J, Muller, L & Davey, H 2013, ‘Value-creating assets in tourism management: applying marketing’s service-dominant logic in the hotel industry’, Tourism Management , vol. 36, no. 1, pp.86-98. Howells, J & Lowe, M 2018, ‘Innovation, market segmentation and entrepreneurship in services: the case of the hotel industry ’ , in G Cook, J Johns, F McDonald, J Beaverstock & N Pandit (eds.), The Routledge companion to the geography of international business, Routledge, Abingdon-on-Thames, pp. 493-508. IBS Research Center 2009, French Hotel Group Accor’s growth strategies , European Case Clearing House, Bedford. Jauhari, V (ed.) 2014, Managing sustainability in the hospitality and tourism industry: paradigms and directions for the future , CRC Press, Boca Raton. Kokemuller, N 2018, Market development vs. market penetration . Liying, C, Xun, H & Yingkang, G 2013, ‘Rebranding strategies of international hotel groups following mergers and acquisitions: Accor and Hilton case studies’, Tourism Tribune, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 52-63. Morrison, AM 2013, Marketing and managing tourism destinations , Routledge, Abingdon-on-Thames. Panibratov, A 2017, International strategy of emerging market firms: absorbing global knowledge and building competitive advantage , Routledge, Abingdon-on-Thames. Rothermel, M & Bauer, F 2015, ‘Branding in mergers and acquisitions: current research and contingent research questions’, in A Risberg, DR King & O Meglio (eds.), The Routledge companion to mergers and acquisitions , Routledge, Abingdon-on-Thames, pp. 367-378.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay discusses how Accor Group's management and inclusive strategy has led to the company's growth and expansion over the years. It traces the ways in which Accor has adapted its strategies to suit the changing needs of the market, and how it has maintained its competitive advantage.

The essay discusses how Accor Group's management and inclusive strategy has led to the company's growth and expansion over the years. It traces the ways in which Accor has adapted its strategies to suit the changing needs of the market, and how it has maintained its competitive advantage.

Accor Group’s Management and Inclusive Strategy Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Accor’s Growth and Expansion Strategies 3. Accor’s Segmentation, Multi-Brand, and Rebranding Strategies 4. Accor’s Asset Management Strategy 5. Accor in the Context of the Ansoff Matrix 6. Conclusion 7. Reference List Introduction The hospitality market is the area where it is essential to take into account many factors to operate in a competitive environment successfully and provide customers with high-quality services. On the example of the French Hotel Group Accor (Accor), it is possible to trace the way of becoming from a small chain to one of the largest and world-famous brands. The use of appropriate development strategies allowed Accor management to gain recognition among guests and build a sustainable business with a stable profit. To evaluate the methods used to form the activities of this hotel chain, it is necessary to analyze what techniques its representatives used and what measures were taken to make the brand respected. Segmentation strategies, rebranding, and other business approaches will be used as assessment tools, and based on the history of the hotel chain, relevant conclusions regarding the optimal principles of leadership can be made. Accor’s Growth and Expansion Strategies The Accor chain with its many divisions has been represented in the American market in the late 20th century, and since then, permanent methods have been used to expand the business of the corporation (Thadamalla & Patel 2007). According to the authors, “the group took series of measures like mergers and acquisitions, product enhancements, product modifications, geographical market developments, re-branding of old-hotels, differentiation and consolidation through sell-off, etc. to grow faster” (Thadamalla & Patel 2007, p. 1). During the period of work, many efforts were made to turn several small casino hotels into a large network with an extensive client base and recognition both on the local and global markets. As Santos, Brochado, and Esperança (2016) remark, in the context of expanding the business, it is essential to take into account several economic factors, including not only domestic assets but also external market opportunities. As applied to Accor, this condition was met since the group has always managed to satisfy the desires of customers and still not to lose competitiveness in the hospitality business. The first expansion of the chain was made in 1990, and in the future, Accor expanded the market of influence, opening its branches in Australia in 2000 and Asia in 2002 (Thadamalla & Patel 2007). At the same time, the European direction also developed successfully. With its main office in France, in 2007, the chain management “acquired control of 52 upscale and midscale hotels which consolidated its positions in Germany” (Thadamalla & Patel 2007, p. 3). According to Demirçiftçi and Kızılırmak (2016), the sustainability of the tourism business largely depends on how effectively the strategy of expanding and acquiring new assets is realized. The work of official representatives of Accor has been productive so far and, as practice shows, “the chain affiliation and location are the main accommodation establishments’ characteristics shaping hotel managers’ perceptions” (Ivanova & Ivanov 2015, p. 148). Therefore, activities regarding the chain’s expansion can be considered successful due to a well-thought-out strategy of hotels’ location and the attitude of their leaders. Accor’s Segmentation, Multi-Brand, and Rebranding Strategies The target market of the Accor Group was extensive at the beginning of the 21st century. As Thadamalla and Patel (2007) note, the chain’s managers sought to establish cooperation with BRIC countries and also established contacts with the representatives of the Asian tourism business. The desire to open new segments was natural since the corporation was prosperous, and additional affiliates were required. Along with other eminent chains, Accor introduced new hotels in North America, also increasing its customer base. According to Wang and Chung (2015), companies with officially registered segmentation can provide worthy competition. Therefore, Accor led a competent policy. Accor’s multi-brand strategy implied the development of not only the hotel business but also other promising areas – casinos, restaurants, and travel agencies. The chain’s registered brands “were globally recognized” (Thadamalla & Patel 2007, p. 3). According to Silva (2015, p. 309), “Accor Hotels has developed the Ibis, Sofitel, and Novotel brands”. Such serious work was productive and had a positive result, which was the direct proof of a successful multi-brand strategy. Accor launched its rebranding policy in 1993 and further, worked in Australia, Japan, Malaysia, and other countries (Thadamalla & Patel 2007, p. 5). This strategy provided an opportunity to attract customers and gain new opportunities. As Richard and Cleveland (2016) argue, the strategy of rebranding is not always easy to maintain since the sustainability of upgraded enterprises may be disrupted. Nevertheless, Accor used its available resources effectively to ensure that guests’ interest was constant. According to Vorkapić, Ćoćkalo, and Đorđević, D (2016), maintaining the sustainability of the hospitality industry is one of the top management’s priorities, which is particularly important if the chain is large. Therefore, based on the results of the work carried out by Accor, it is possible to denote a correctly coordinated strategy of rebranding. Accor’s Asset Management Strategy Because the management of the hotel chain under consideration controlled its assets closely and monitored the situation in the hospitality market, corresponding actions with its property were periodically performed. According to Thadamalla and Patel (2007, p. 7), “by 2008, Accor management planned to sell 535 hotels”. This fact does not indicate that the corporation was in dire need of money and was forced to offer its property to competitors. On the contrary, the chain had a stable profit all over the world, and the sale of the part of the assets was a well-thought-out move contributing to business development. As Kruesi, Kim, and Hemmington (2017, p. 93) argue, “keeping control over assets is important and that, even where market modes are possible, hotel organizations generally prefer to remain in control”. At the same time, the Accor chain had great potential for long-term growth, and no emergency interventions were required. Consequently, its asset management strategy was determined by the business policy of the corporation. The chain’s services were extensive and affected various areas, including not only recreation but also leisure. Because Europe was a profitable destination for travel companies, the corporation invested enough money in the development of hotels in this region. Newell and McGreal (2015, p. 302) offer a list of the top ten hotel brands and note that Accor was one of the top three asset sellers for the period from 2009 to 2015. Moreover, this chain created a special program to protect “customers’ environmental concerns”, which attracted the attention of market participants (Yoon, Jang & Lee 2016, p. 1577). Therefore, Accor’s strategy of asset allocation was competent and successful. Accor in the Context of the Ansoff Matrix To assess the activities of the Ancor group of hotels, a special method of business analysis called the Ansoff Matrix can be applied. The essence of this technique is that a certain enterprise or several organizations under the same brand is evaluated in terms of specific characteristics. They are the market interest in services provided, the degree of penetrating business processes, diversification, and the development of certain products (Vanhove 2017). By the course chosen by Ancor management, it can be noted that penetrating the market is one of the most stable positions of the corporation regarding this approach. As Alkasim et al. (2018, p. 191) remark, the market penetration strategy is “a strategy that attempts to improve a firm’s sales without leaving the existing product in the current market to compete with the existing rivals products in the same market”. According to Thadamalla and Patel (2007), Accor had ambitions to become one of the leaders in the field of economical and midscale hotels. Therefore, the desire of the leadership to penetrate as deeply as possible and remain in the first positions is justified and fits into the Ansoff Matrix. Also, it is essential to pay attention to such an indicator as to product development. As Varela and Georgopoulos (2017) note, the capabilities of the organization are determined by the ability to develop the existing potential through improving its products sold. In the case of Accor, the corporation developed its services successfully and improved the quality of service. Furthermore, according to Bowie et al. (2016), consumer interest in goods is a criterion for effective work carried out by the company’s management. On the example of Ancor, it is possible to watch a gradual but stable period of development, which suggests that such an indicator as to the product development also fits into the Ansoff Matrix. Conclusion Various business strategies used by the Ancor group management can help assess the progress of the corporation’s development and draw conclusions about the success of the work done. The expansion of the sphere of influence and a competent policy of asset allocation was valuable for the chain to become one of the leaders in the hospitality market and to earn guests’ and investors’ trust. Some of Ancor’s indicators fit into the Ansoff Matrix and can be evaluated as effective mechanisms for the development of any hotel group. Reference List Alkasim, SB, Hilman, H, bin Bohari, AM, Abdullah, SS & Sallehddin, MR 2018, ‘The mediating effect of cost leadership on the relationship between market penetration, market development, and firm performance’, Journal of Business and Retail Management Research , vol. 12, no, 3, pp. 190-200. Bowie, D, Buttle, F, Brookes, M & Mariussen, A 2016, Hospitality marketing , 3rd edn, Routledge, New York, NY. Demirçiftçi, T & Kızılırmak, I 2016, ‘Strategic branding in hospitality: case of Accor Hotels’, Journal of Tourismology , vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 50-64. Ivanova, M & Ivanov, S 2015, ‘Affiliation to hotel chains: hotels’ perspective’, Tourism Management Perspectives , vol. 16, pp. 148-162. Kruesi, M, Kim, PB & Hemmington, N 2017, ‘Evaluating foreign market entry mode theories from a hotel industry perspective’, International Journal of Hospitality Management , vol. 62, pp. 88-100. Newell, G & McGreal, S 2015, ‘The significance of hotel investment in global capital flows to real estate’, International Journal of the Built Environment and Asset Management , vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 293-306. Richard, B & Cleveland, S 2016, ‘The future of hotel chains: branded marketplaces driven by the sharing economy’, Journal of Vacation Marketing , vol. 22, no. 3, pp, 239-248. Santos, M, Brochado, A & Esperança, J 2016, ‘Foreign direct investment patterns of global hotel chains’, Journal of Business Research , vol. 69, no. 11, pp. 5235-5240. Silva, R 2015, ‘Multimarket contact, differentiation, and prices of chain hotels’, Tourism Management , vol. 48, pp. 305-315. Thadamalla, JS & Patel, J 2007, French Hotel Group Accor’s growth strategies , Web. Vanhove, N 2017. The economics of tourism destinations: theory and practice , 3rd edn, Routledge, New York, NY. Varela, S & Georgopoulos, N 2017, ‘Competition as a critical factor of the strategic planning of hotel businesses’, Journal of Tourism Research & Hospitality , vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 16-21. Vorkapić, M, Ćoćkalo, D & Đorđević, D 2016, ‘The importance of lean concept in sustainable development of enterprises with small scale production’, International Journal of Advanced Quality , vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 23-28. Wang, YC & Chung, Y 2015, ‘Hotel brand portfolio strategy’, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 561-584. Yoon, D, Jang, J & Lee, J 2016, ‘Environmental management strategy and organizational citizenship behaviors in the hotel industry: the mediating role of organizational trust and commitment’, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 1577-1597.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : This paper is a case study analysis of the Accor Hotel Group, which is a multinational company with operations in different parts of the world, including Latin, America, Australia, and the Middle East. An analysis is done to investigate its global expansion, segmentation, and asset management strategies.

This paper is a case study analysis of the Accor Hotel Group, which is a multinational company with operations in different parts of the world, including Latin, America, Australia, and the Middle East. An analysis is done to investigate its global expansion, segmentation, and asset management strategies.

Accor Hotel Group’s Strategic Analysis Essay Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 2. Introduction 3. Growth and Global Expansion Strategy 4. Segmentation Strategy 5. Asset Management Strategy 6. Accor’s Fit in the Ansoff Matrix 7. Summary 8. References List Executive Summary Accor Hotel Group is a multinational company that operates mostly in Europe and America. It also has a market presence in other parts of the world, including Latin, America, Australia, and the Middle East. After an evaluation of its growth strategy, this paper demonstrates that its growth has been buoyed by a strategy of mergers and acquisitions. This paper also demonstrates that the hotel employs a segmentation- strategy that caters to four distinct consumer market segments: upscale, midscale, economy, and budget. The company’s asset management strategy is also explored in this study and evidence is provided to show how it manages its properties under two asset classes of long-term (strategic) and short-term (non-strategic) importance. Lastly, this report demonstrates that Accor’s business is in the third stage of Ansoff’s matrix – product development. Comprehensively, it provides a holistic analysis of the firm’s strategic operations. Introduction This paper is a case study analysis of the Accor Hotel Group, which is a multinational company with operations in different parts of the world, including Latin, America, Australia, and the Middle East. An analysis is done to investigate its global expansion, segmentation, and asset management strategies. The last part of the report also evaluates the company’s operations, relative to the stages of the Ansoff matrix. Growth and Global Expansion Strategy Accor’s growth model is characterized by the adoption of a mergers and acquisition strategy. It has helped the French conglomerate to improve its presence in emerging markets, such as the Middle East and Asia. This strategy has also seen the company invest up to 44% of its €2.5 billion-expansion budget in recent acquisitions (IBS Research Centre 2009). Historically, it defined the hotel’s marketing strategy because, in the 1990s, the firm acquired up to six establishments in the United States, thereby increasing its asset portfolio by 550 properties (IBS Research Centre 2009). The 1999 acquisition of Red Roof Inns also further expanded its asset portfolio by 639 new hotels, while its revenue generation in the United States increased from 17% to 22% because of the same strategy (IBS Research Centre 2009). Broadly, the company’s acquisition strategy has helped it to expand its operations into Australia, Asia-century, Zenith, and Germany in 2000, 2002, 2004, and 2007, respectively (IBS Research Centre 2009). Segmentation Strategy According to Ivanov (2014) and Weinstein (2013), a market segmentation strategy refers to a company’s ability to divide customers into specific groups based on their needs and interests. Having an effective segmentation strategy in the hospitality industry is important because it is almost impossible to create or develop products that appeal to all cadres of a market (Pechlaner & Smeral 2014; Wearne & Morrison 2013; Winston & Cahill 2013). Accor’s multi-brand strategy is guided by the belief that having multiple and powerful brands in the same market plays a complementary role in the promotion of the organization’s products and services because it allows customers to easily identify the same. As highlighted by the IBS Research Centre (2009), Accor is one of the few hotels among its peers to address all types of customers. The firm’s segmentation strategy is divided into four key parts: upscale, midscale, economy, and budget (IBS Research Centre 2009). For a long time, Accor’s focus has been on the growth and development of the economy class, which contributes up to 56% of the hotel’s revenue (IBS Research Centre 2009). Since the French hotel operates multiple brands, its midscale market is served by unique brands, including the Novotel hotel chain, Mercure, and Suite Hotel. Sofitel is another brand operated by the global conglomerate, but it is aimed at serving the high-end market (IBS Research Centre 2009). The low-end segment of the industry is served by brands, such as Formula 1, Motel 6, and Etap budget. The upper-scale market segment is similarly targeted by brands, such as Sofitel Hotel (IBS Research Centre 2009). The table below summarises the multi-brand strategy adopted by the firm. Table 1. Accor’s segmentation strategy (Adapted from the IBS Research Centre 2009). Brand Name Positioning Segment Sofitel Luxury French touch Upper Upperscale Novotel Business Class Upscale All-season Variety Midscale Mercure Flexibility (match with the spirit of location) Midscale Ibis Value Economy Formule Convenience Budget Motel Best price Budget Accor’s branding strategy is characterized by the increased adoption of digital marketing and an expansion of its luxury products (CB Insights 2018; STL 2017). Generally, the company’s branding efforts are aimed at making its products more attractive to customers and aligning its key establishments to reflect an assertive approach to innovation. Several hotels associated with the company have undergone the same transformation, as is the case with the rebranding of the 178 room, 4-star hotel, “Hindley-Parkroyal Hotel” to “Novotel Adelaide on Hindley” in the year 2000 (IBS Research Centre 2009). This branding strategy is aimed at making Accor hotels more attractive to their customers. It is also aimed at integrating innovation in its overall business strategy (IBS Research Centre 2009). Asset Management Strategy According to Lewis and McKone (2015), asset management refers to the cost-effective maintenance of assets. Hotels that have effective asset management strategies can keep track of their resources and time, which is important in boosting their competitive advantages (Wagen & Goonetilleke 2015). Accor’s asset management strategy is hinged on identifying hotels that need to be managed under the company’s long-term holding structure or non-strategic model. Assets that fall in the latter category could be sold off at any time. From 2000-2004, the company sold 261 hotels under this type of agreement for €1.645 billion (IBS Research Centre 2009). Some brands in its midscale market segment that have suffered the same fate include Novotel, Mercure, and Ibis Hotel properties, which were sold in 2005 (IBS Research Centre 2009). These sales happened in France and Belgium. In the upper-scale segment, Sofitel was sold in Europe under the same type of agreement (IBS Research Centre 2009). Here, it is important to point out that the Sofitel brand was leased in Europe using a lease agreement with the buyback option. In America, it was sold as part of a 25-year management contract with another party (IBS Research Centre 2009). In line with its strategy to sell some of its non-core assets, reports show that by 2008, the company planned to sell about 535 hotels for €3.225 billion (IBS Research Centre 2009). The preferred holding structure for affected markets follows an “asset right” strategy where 11% of the hotel’s assets are owned or leased, while 89% of them are franchised or managed (IBS Research Centre 2009). This asset management strategy shows that the company prefers to remain with its core assets and lease or franchise its non-core businesses. In instances where the latter goal is unachievable, the assets are sold. Accor’s Fit in the Ansoff Matrix The Ansoff matrix outlines four key stages of company growth: market penetration, market development, product development, and diversification (Mukherjee 2016; Lawley & Schure 2017). In the market penetration phase, a company strives to grow by expanding its existing product offerings in the existing market. The second stage of market development happens when organizations want to expand their market outreach to foreign markets. It is often accomplished when companies expand their market offerings across different market segments, when they venture into new areas or regions of the market, or when they intend to expand into new locations (Kim & Mauborgne 2015). The third stage of the Ansoff matrix is the product development stage, which is defined by the creation of new products and services (Lawley & Schure 2017). The strategy is ordinarily targeted by businesses that want to increase their outreach in existing markets (the purpose is to achieve growth). Accor’s business model is in the product development stage. This is particularly true for its Latin America and Asian markets, which are primarily the company’s emerging markets. In line with this strategy, the company intends to invest up to $500 million in the next five years in product development (IBS Research Centre 2009). Although the firm is in the product development phase, there is contention among some researchers about this stage of development because of the belief that the introduction of new products could mean that the company has ventured into a new market (Bachmeier 2013; Tajvidi & Karami 2016). However, this is not the case for the French conglomerate because the company’s product development strategy is confined to the hospitality industry. Therefore, there is no evidence showing that the company’s product development stage surpasses the confines of the sector. Summary This paper demonstrates that a merger and acquisition strategy supports Accor’s growth. The hotel also employs a segmentation-marketing model that caters to four distinct consumer segments: upscale, midscale, economy, and budget, while its asset management strategy is classified under two asset classes of long-term (strategic) and short-term (non-strategic) importance. Lastly, this report demonstrates that Accor’s business is in the third stage of Ansoff’s matrix – product development. Comprehensively, it provides a holistic analysis of the firm’s strategic operations. References List Bachmeier, K 2013, Analysis of marketing strategies used by Pepsico based on Ansoff’s theory , GRIN Verlag, New York, NY. CB Insights 2018, Reinventing the hotel: how one of the world’s largest hotel chains is meeting the Airbnb challenge head-on , Web. IBS Research Center 2009, French hotel group Acoor’s growth strategy , Web. Ivanov, S 2014, Hotel revenue management: from theory to practice , Zangador, London. Kim, C & Mauborgne, R 2015, Blue ocean strategy, expanded edition: how to create uncontested market space and make the competition irrelevant , Harvard Business Review Press, Cambridge, MA. Lawley, B & Schure, P 2017, Product management for dummies , John Wiley & Sons, London. Lewis, A & McKone, D 2015, Edge strategy: a new mindset for profitable growth , Harvard Business Review Press, Cambridge, MA. Mukherjee, A 2016, Everything sells!: a textbook on marketing , Educreation Publishing, London. Pechlaner, H & Smeral, E 2014, Tourism and leisure: current issues and perspectives of development , Springer, New York, NY. STL 2017, Accor hotels: from hotelier to digital marketplace , Web. Tajvidi, M & Karami, A 2016, Product development strategy: innovation capacity and entrepreneurial firm performance in high-tech SMEs , Springer, New York, NY. Wagen, LV & Goonetilleke, A 2015, Hospitality management, strategy and operations, Pearson Higher Education, Sydney. Wearne, N & Morrison, A 2013, Hospitality marketing , Routledge, London. Weinstein, A 2013, Handbook of market segmentation: strategic targeting for business and technology firms , 3rd edn, Routledge, London. Winston, W & Cahill, D 2013, How consumers pick a hotel: strategic segmentation and target marketing, Routledge, London.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The accountable care organizations case study discusses the potential advantages and disadvantages of capitated annual payments in terms of both employee and customer satisfaction. The main benefit of capitation is that it allows for greater autonomy in terms of financing preventive and individualized care strategies and a higher level of budget predictability. One of the potential drawbacks is that financial risk management is not total within this system.

The accountable care organizations case study discusses the potential advantages and disadvantages of capitated annual payments in terms of both employee and customer satisfaction. The main benefit of capitation is that it allows for greater autonomy in terms of financing preventive and individualized care strategies and a higher level of budget predictability. One of the potential drawbacks is that financial risk management is not total within this system.

Accountable Care Organizations Case Study Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) are collectives of healthcare practitioners that are responsible for rendering services to a certain patient population, such as elderly individuals enrolled in the Medicare program. The main feature of ACOs is work under a value-based payment system that has the purpose of providing maximum health benefits to patients at the least total cost (Conrad, 2015). It is clear that the arrangement of an ACO can provide hospital communities with multiple advantages yet multiple nuances must be taken into account to minimize potential drawbacks of such an initiative. When deciding whether to accept the government’s offer to form the ACO, it is essential to evaluate available research evidence on factors defining the success of such organizations, as well as advantages and disadvantages of capitated annual payments in terms of both employee and customer satisfaction. For example, while ACOs have proved to ensure fewer healthcare expenditures and to lead to better quality of care, they require significant investments in technology and workforce (Colla & Fisher, 2017). Additionally, Colla, Lewis, Tierney, and Muhlestein (2016) state that large healthcare systems may struggle to arrange ACOs because they tend to be excessively centralized. One needs to assess the hospital and the overall community environment to see if necessary resources are available to implement the initiative efficiently and evaluate the extent of changes needed to facilitate the shift. When choosing between a fully and partially integrated ACO mode, the latter seems to be more advantageous for healthcare providers. The main difference between the two is that when the hospital is fully integrated into the ACO and takes a leadership role in it, providers’ core contracts are suspended, while in the partial integration mode, they remain active (British Medical Association, 2018). It means that total commitment to the ACO will result in reduced autonomy and independence of healthcare practitioners and such an outcome may be considered unfavorable. Thus, it would be preferred for the hospital to participate in the contract without taking the leadership role. Considering the potential advantages of ACOs and the suitability of the community and the hospital for the arrangement of such an organization, I would argue in favor of the initiative. The main benefits of capitation include greater autonomy in terms of financing preventive and individualized care strategies and a higher level of budget predictability (Merrill, Watkins, Jorna, & Muhlestein, 2015). One of the potential drawbacks is that financial risk management is not total within this system (Merrill, Watkins, Jorna, & Muhlestein, 2015). However, it can be partially minimized with careful planning and adherence to prescribed quality standards. In ACOs, practitioners should regularly discuss their shared patients. Thus, care must be coordinated through efficient team communication (that is, regular team meetings focused on problem-solving) and advanced information technologies facilitating knowledge management (Rundall, Wu, Lewis, Schoenherr, & Shortell, 2016). In addition, to achieve better coordination, a shared vision and goals must be developed at the leadership level in order to motivate all parties to work together (Rundall et al., 2016). Noteworthily, shared vision can help improve performance in terms of multiple quality measures. Lastly, since capitation is associated with bigger financial risks than the fee-for-service model, it requires the adoption of stricter efficiency and quality standards at the hospital. Thus, the major innovation in the way care is organized in the hospital will be the accent on direct links between medical services and spending. For even better outcomes, it would be appropriate to add more such patient values as comfort and satisfaction to services rather than merely focus on prolonging the lives of patients. Considering that ACOs receive bonuses based on their results in meeting quality standards, such a change in care delivery is essential. Overall, it is possible to conclude that, with the right approach, the arrangement of the ACO can considerably benefit both the community and the hospital. References British Medical Association. (2018). Focus on the ACO contract for fully and partially integrated accountable care models . Web. Colla, C. H., & Fisher, E. S. (2017). Moving forward with accountable care organizations: Some answers, more questions. JAMA internal medicine , 177 (4), 527-528. Colla, C. H., Lewis, V. A., Tierney, E., & Muhlestein, D. B. (2016). Hospitals participating In ACOs tend to be large and urban, allowing access to capital and data. Health Affairs (Project Hope) , 35 (3), 431-439. Conrad D. A. (2015). The theory of value-based payment incentives and their application to health care. Health services research , 50 Suppl 2 (Suppl Suppl 2), 2057-2089. Rundall, T. G., Wu, F. M., Lewis, V. A., Schoenherr, K. E., & Shortell, S. M. (2016). Contributions of relational coordination to care management in accountable care organizations: Views of managerial and clinical leaders. Health care management review , 41 (2), 88-100.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Accreditation bodies play a significant role in the field of public health. Their purpose is to ensure that medical organizations follow existing standards and provide the highest possible quality of care. Accreditation serves as a tool for the identification of services' strengths and weaknesses and supports positive changes.

Accreditation bodies play a significant role in the field of public health. Their purpose is to ensure that medical organizations follow existing standards and provide the highest possible quality of care. Accreditation serves as a tool for the identification of services' strengths and weaknesses and supports positive changes.

Accreditation Bodies in the Healthcare Field Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Discussion 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction Accrediting institutions play a significant role in the field of public health. Their purpose is to ensure that medical organizations follow existing standards and provide the highest possible quality of care. Accreditation serves as a tool for the identification of services’ strengths and weaknesses and supports positive changes. This paper discusses the role of accrediting bodies, their goals and purposes, and issues related to the evaluation of public health departments. Discussion Accreditation programs are significant for health institutions as they allow for the establishment of quality standards and eliminate the outcomes of poor public health management. Accrediting bodies can help hospitals to evaluate their capability of delivering high-quality services, promote transparency in their operations, enhance management processes, as we as become competitive (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018). Such organizations ensure that medical institutions are accountable to their stakeholders, patients, and policymakers. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018) show that almost 100% of health-related companies report performance improvement as a result of accreditation. Accrediting institutions affect the quality of public health education as well because they assess the quality of programs, promote necessary changes, as well as allow institutions to seek funding. Also, accreditation enables graduates to become certified and eligible for selected jobs, fellowships, and training (Association of Accredited Public Health Programs, 2015). Evaluation of the educational institution’s quality assists them in adhering to existing standards and encourages them to develop effective preparation programs. As a result, students have enhanced knowledge and clinical skills, which leads to an increased quality of patient outcomes and eliminates potential medical errors. It is vital to mention that having a singular accrediting institution in the field may be associated with adverse outcomes and the decreased quality of evaluation. Such organizations are responsible for maintaining a competent workforce, conducting assessments based on health issues affecting the community, and enforcing public health regulations (Bender, Kronstadt, Wilcox, & Tilson, 2014). However, a singular accrediting body may promote the same changes and policies for all health institutions, which will not allow for competition and may result in a decrease in the quality of services. Although the evaluation should be based on existing standards, it is vital to support diversity in training programs, as well as create different opportunities for medical students, patients, and clinicians. Another possible weakness of having one accrediting body is that it may be insensitive to the specific concerns of communities and groups of the population. For example, a large all-American accrediting organization may not be aware of the financial needs of hospitals located in remote areas and avoid suggesting changes that would support them. Also, some health-related companies have a particular area of services, such as geriatrics, which means that they may follow different standards compared to other institutions. Finally, it is necessary to mention that accreditation aims to encourage the best solutions in medical care. With a singular organization, such an approach to evaluation may be unrealistic due to a lack of a comprehensive perspective on hospitals’ performance. Conclusion Accreditation is beneficial for public health and educational institutions, as well as medical professionals and patients. It allows for the enhanced quality of services and training, promotes transparency and reliability, and encourages changes in existing policies. Having a singular accrediting body may have various disadvantages, as it may prevent competition and cause the assessing institution’s insensitivity to the problems of a particular community or public health organization. References Association of Accredited Public Health Programs. (2015). About MPH program accreditation . Web. Bender, K. W., Kronstadt, J. L., Wilcox, R., & Tilson, H. H. (2014). Public health accreditation addresses issues facing the public health workforce. American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 47 (5), 346-351. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). National voluntary accreditation for public health departments . Web.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: This essay explores the progress that has been made in treating Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) by exploring the advancements made in CAR T-cell therapy, animal modeling techniques, gene fusions, cell therapy, immunotherapy, and next-generation sequencing.

This essay explores the progress that has been made in treating Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) by exploring the advancements made in CAR T-cell therapy, animal modeling techniques, gene fusions, cell therapy, immunotherapy, and next-generation sequencing.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia: Scientific Advances Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Diagnosis 3. Genetic Modelling 4. Immunotherapy 5. Animal Modelling 6. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) 7. Conclusion 8. Reference List Introduction leukemia is described as a type of cancer affecting white blood cells. It mainly influences a patient’s bone marrow and lymphatic nodes (Pierro et al. 2017). Healthy people have white blood cells that multiply evenly and in an organized manner to fight infections. However, people who suffer from leukemia experience increased production levels of white blood cells, which affect their normal functioning (George et al. 2016). This type of condition affects varied groups of patients because some types of leukemia are mostly visible in children while others are commonly reported among adults. Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is mostly known to affect children. It is classified among a broader group of cancers known as pediatric leukemia because of the young age of patients who are affected by it (George et al. 2016). Characterized by the development of large amounts of immature lymphocytes, ALL often manifests when patients have pale skin, fever, feelings of being tired and easy bleeding (among other symptoms) (George et al. 2016). Sometimes, the condition is associated with enlarged lymph nodes and pain in the bones (Pierro et al. 2017). Based on its acute nature, if left untreated, ALL could cause fatalities in months or even weeks of occurrence (George et al. 2016). It is estimated that thousands of children suffer from ALL and about 10% of them die because of the disease (Pierro et al. 2017). Children who are between the ages of two and five are the most commonly affected demographic (Boissel & Sender 2015; Lamble, Phelan & Burke 2017). In fact, in the US, ALL is believed to be the most common type of cancer among children within this age group. In the UK, statistics show that about 400 new cases of ALL are diagnosed every year (Boissel & Sender 2015; Lamble, Phelan & Burke 2017). Like other forms of cancer, ALL has no known cure. However, recent advances in treatment research have improved the efficacy of specific groups of associated therapies. Chemotherapy is one of them and it is the most commonly used. Radiation therapy is another one but it has primarily been adopted in cases where patients are in remission (Lamble, Phelan & Burke 2017). If the disease recurs, stem cell transplantation is often adopted as a viable strategy for managing the disease (Boissel & Sender 2015). Newer research studies are still being undertaken to improve the efficacy of some of these techniques and significant milestones are yet to be updated. Based on this understanding, this paper investigates the progress that has been made in treating ALL by exploring the advancements made in CAR T-cell therapy, animal modeling techniques, gene fusions, cell therapy, immunotherapy, and next-generation sequencing. However, before delving into the details of this review, it is first important to understand the diagnosis of this type of cancer. Diagnosis According to López-Villar et al. (2014), there are two main types of leukemia. The first one is chronic and the second one is acute. Chronic leukemia has a slow progression rate unlike acute leukemia, which spreads quickly and causes fatalities in a short time. ALL is a progressive type of leukemia and can progress fast. It often starts in the bone marrow and can spread quickly to other parts of the body or organs (Leonard & Stock 2017). An ALL diagnosis often starts with a comprehensive understanding of a patient’s medical history. The process may also involve a physical examination of a child or a blood count analysis. Although most symptoms of ALL can be linked with other diseases, persistent ones increase suspicion of its presence (Li et al. 2015). Albeit important to undertake a comprehensive medical history of a patient, further testing is often required to ascertain a positive cancer diagnosis. For example, a high number of white blood cells in a patient’s blood could signify determine the presence of the disease. This is because ALL is linked to the rapid production of lymphoid cells (Leonard & Stock 2017). Therefore, the higher the number of white blood cells, the higher the risk of a positive prognosis for ALL. Although the causes of ALL are not known, it is speculated that genes significantly predict a child’s probability of getting the disease (O’Connor et al. 2018). Particularly, genetic factors that cause diseases, such as Down syndrome, are known to influence the probability of ALL occurring (O’Connor et al. 2018). Significant environmental exposures to cancer-causing agents, such as radiation and chemotherapy treatment, are also known risk factors for the disease (O’Connor et al. 2018). The treatment of ALL involves different kinds of therapies. The selection of the right therapy method to use is often influenced by several factors such as a patients’ age and progression of the disease. Most therapies used are ineffective. Therefore, researchers have been struggling to make significant progress in improving their efficacy. Some of the recent advances made are discussed below. Genetic Modelling Medical research on the treatment of ALL has been associated with high rates of success when curing this type of cancer (Terwilliger & Abdul-Hay 2017). Reports show that in the 1990s, patients only had about a 10% chance of recovering from the disease, but because of improvements in medical research, this number increased to about 90%. Most of the scientific advances made to find out the best treatment methods for ALL stem from attempts to address six key issues influencing how these tumors are developed. They include “sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis” (Hanahan & Weinberg 2011, p. 646). These six hallmarks represent the organizing principle surrounding the rationalization of the complexities influencing the growth and development of the neoplastic disease (Luan, Yang & Chen 2015). Here, it should be understood that although cancer-related tumors may contain cancerous cells, these cells are not entirely “bad” because they also contain normal cells. Cancerous cells only thrive if there is a tumor microenvironment (van Dongen et al. 2015). The widespread application of the six concepts of cancer discussed above is likely to be influenced by future research advances in cancer treatment. Underlying the effects of these six tenets of cancer management on the development of ALL is the effect of genetic pre-disposure on the disease. In other words, research has shown that genetic diversity expedites the acquisition of ALL (van Dongen et al. 2015). Genetics also affect a patient’s rate of inflammation after disease occurrence, thereby fostering multiple hallmark functions (van Dongen et al. 2015). In a study to understand the role of the TEL-AMLI fusion gene in predicting the outcome of clinical trials for the management of ALL, it was established that chromosomal translocations play a vital role in the efficacy of ALL treatments (Zelent, Greaves & Enver 2004). Particularly, researchers established that these translocations influenced the efficacy of hematopoietic neoplasm. Genes that have transcription factors often moderate this relationship. Overall, they play a critical role in normal hematopoiesis (Zelent, Greaves & Enver 2004). Chromosomal translocations are also known to generate chimeric genes. In turn, chimeric genes promote oncoprotein fusion. These processes are part of a larger leukemogenic process development associated with translocation genes, which are usually stable and consistent (Zelent, Greaves & Enver 2004). At the same time, they provide consistent molecular markers for a specific type of disease, which later adds to leukemogenic processes (Zelent, Greaves & Enver 2004). The most common gene recombination is the chromosomal translocation. It is often reported in cases involving pediatric cancers because it occurs in about 25% of Leukemic cases (Zelent, Greaves & Enver 2004). Advances in research, which have been reported within the last decade have also highlighted the pivotal role played by reprogramming of energy metabolism in influencing the growth and spread of ALL. At the same time, the role of a patient’s immunity in influencing disease outcomes is also known to affect the treatment and management of ALL (Sun, Chang & Zhu 2017). In a study conducted by O’Connor et al. (2018) to find out the Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) interpretation for classifying Leukemic diseases in pediatric patients, it was established that MRD was also an important risk factor in the determination of ALL. The same relationship is true for genetic abnormalities because they affected ALL rates as well (Malouf & Ottersbach 2017). At present, researchers have identified inconsistencies in assessing the MRD risk as a potential problem affecting the outcomes of ALL management (Yokota & Kanakura 2016). Relative to this assertion, it is established that current risk algorithms used in ALL treatment often create a dichotomy of MRD data without assimilating genetic information to assess MRD and ALL risks (O’Connor et al. 2018). These problems are known to minimize the predictive accuracy of ALL risk factors (O’Connor et al. 2018). Although scientific advances in research have made it possible to effectively categorize MRD risk groups, there is a challenge in their inability to determine the response kinetics of specific genetic subtypes. In line with this recommendation, future researchers are encouraged to consider integrating MRD with genetic information to identify patients who have a high risk of relapse (O’Connor et al. 2018). Immunotherapy Few immunotherapy techniques have been used to treat pediatric cancers such as ALL. Despite their limitations, immunotherapy has shown promising results in creating antitumor effects (Mackall, Merchant & Fry 2014). For example, Monoclonal antibodies targeting cell-mediated cytotoxicity have shown a high rate of success in improving the survival rates for patients who suffer from neuroblastoma (Mackall, Merchant & Fry 2014). Additional research has shown the power of immunotherapy in increasing remission rates for cancers, as was seen in the high remission rates among patients who have acute B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) (Mackall, Merchant & Fry 2014). The risk of relapse is often associated with MRD (Vora et al. 2013). Here, MRD risk stratification is often used to assess whether the treatment of ALL could be moderated, or not (Vora et al. 2013). This view is supported by a research study conducted by Vora et al. (2013) which investigated whether treatment intensity for ALL could be moderated using MRD stratification. The researchers established that treatment reduction could be achieved among patients who had a rapid clearance of MRD (Vora et al. 2013). Nonetheless, no randomized study has shown that treatment by MRD improves the health condition for patients who are suffering from ALL. The successes of immunotherapies are associated with increased accuracy levels of amplifying existent antitumor immunity (Mackall, Merchant & Fry 2014). The potential for immunotherapy to induce durable antitumor immune responses in ALL (among other types of cancers) is also another basis for its success. Here, it should be understood that immunotherapy is not part of a small contingent of treatment techniques because it represents a wide spectrum of therapeutic approaches, which include monoclonal antibodies, tumor vaccines, and adoptive therapies (among other techniques) (Mackall, Merchant & Fry 2014). Most immunotherapy approaches rely on T-cells and natural killer cells to realize the best outcomes (Mackall, Merchant & Fry 2014). Relative to the above views, T-Cell therapy has been identified to improve the management and treatment of ALL because of its potential to improve immune system functions (Milne 2019). In some quarters, the therapy has been linked with a paradigm shift in medical research surrounding the treatment of ALL because of its potential to expand and improve the specificity of disease management techniques (Milne 2019). CD19CAR transfer is a related treatment method. Its main advantages include the improved targeting of ALL, a broader spectrum of applications, and decreased toxicity (Milne 2019). At the same time, this treatment method is regarded as having a high potential for success because it redirects the specificity of T-cells (Milne 2019). This process is associated with viral gene transfers, which are used to stabilize patients’ health. In line with this view, the potential for improved success is enhanced because the CD19CAR is rewired to recognize leukemia cells. The outcome is an expression of CD 19 surface antigen (Milne 2019). Animal Modelling Based on the above-mentioned developments, researchers and medics have attempted to introduce new and effective drugs to treat ALL through animal modeling. Although most of them have failed in the earlier stages of a trial, this area of research still shows a lot of promise (Zelent, Greaves & Enver 2004). As Milne (2019) contends, animal modeling is not a new area of research because it has been successfully used to improve research test outcomes in cancer research. Studies that have focused on the treatment of ALL are largely associated with chromosome translocations (Zelent, Greaves & Enver 2004). Particularly, the evidence used to support such a claim has been partly focused on mixed-lineage leukemia through gene fusion analysis. Fusions have been conducted in a frame with multiple partner genes to create novel fusion proteins using mixed-lineage leukemia (Zelent, Greaves & Enver 2004). The by-product is mixed lineage leukemia and novel fusion proteins (MLL-FPS) (Zelent, Greaves & Enver 2004). The MLL-FPS is commonly associated with the treatment of aggressive acute leukemia. Advancements in ALL treatment are also based on animal modeling. This technique has been used to understand underlying disease mechanisms and to review the efficacy of novel therapeutic approaches (Zelent, Greaves & Enver 2004). Research has also shown that patients who have MLL-FPs have few cooperating mutations, thereby justifying undertaking animal modeling (Zelent, Greaves & Enver 2004). An acceptance of the basic principle that MLL-FP is the preferred type of driver mutation in ALL diagnosis has paved the way for researchers to undertake a series of investigations aimed at understanding different aspects of MLL-FP leukemogenesis. In line with this study focus, an investigation by Milne (2019) shows that mice have been used for animal modeling in the development of treatment methods for myeloid leukemia. The researcher also suggests that the lessons learned in earlier clinical trials aimed at improving the treatment and management of acute lymphoblastic could be used to improve the flexibility and dynamism of future clinical trials so that they have a higher probability of success (Milne 2019). Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) Based on the developments made in the treatment of ALL, some researchers have explored the role of next-generation sequencing in monitoring ALL. Such is the case of Kotrova et al. (2017) who say that MRD is the most important prognostic factor in detecting cancer. Since MRD has been segmented into different treatment groups, there has been an improved level of positive treatment outcomes associated with the process. In other words, cure rates have dramatically improved across different age groups based on an application of the technique. In light of this progress, it is established that clonal immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes are important factors in MRD analysis (Kotrova et al. 2017). Notably clonal immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes are regarded as the “gold standard” in ALL research because they have a low sensitivity rate and can be generalized (Kotrova et al. 2017). At the same time, they provide accurate MRD quantification (Kotrova et al. 2017). Recent advances in next-generation sequencing show that there is a need to develop NGS-based MRD assays. At the same time, a high sensitivity ratio can be achieved using this technique if a large number of cells are used (Kotrova et al. 2017). The same criterion has been used in predicting relapse rates among patients because of its specificity (Kotrova et al. 2017). This technique is unlike the real-time quantitative method, which has a lower specificity rate. The next-generation sequencing technology is also regarded as a tool for generating information about physiological T-cell receptors. This information is useful before and after the treatment of ALL because it has a significant impact on the outcome of an associated prognosis. Nonetheless, some researchers point to the need to address several issues regarding the use of the NGS-MRD model (Kotrova et al. 2017). For example, they highlight the need to standardize workflows (Kotrova et al. 2017). This process should not only be limited to the analysis phase but also the pre-analytical stage. The post-analytical phase, which usually includes bioinformatics and guidelines for correcting data interpretation, may also benefit from the same model through enhanced accuracy levels. Currently, a European Network of medical workers called the EuroClonality-NGS Consortium is working on these issues (Kotrova et al. 2017). Broadly, these insights show that NGS is a reliable tool for detecting MRD. Doing so has the potential to overcome the limitations of ALL detection. Conclusion This paper has highlighted the progress made in treating ALL by exploring advancements in T-cell, animal modeling, gene fusion, cell therapy, immunotherapy, and next-generation sequencing techniques. These treatment methods have shown significant progress in improving the efficacy of current therapies. However, it is important to note that they share a strong relationship with MRD, which has been used to classify Leukemic diseases in pediatric patients for a long time. Nonetheless, immunotherapy has shown the most promise in providing reliable ALL treatment techniques, as has been observed in its ability to amplify existent antitumor immunity. Reference List Boissel, N & Sender, LS 2015, ‘Best practices in adolescent and young adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a focus on Asparaginase’, Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology , vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 118-28. George, B, Kantarjian, H, Jabbour, E & Jain, N 2016, ‘Role of inotuzumab ozogamicin in the treatment of relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia’, Immunotherapy , vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 135-43. Hanahan, D & Weinberg, RA 2011, ‘Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation ’, Cell , vol. 144, no. 5, pp. 646-74. Kotrova, M, Trka, J, Kneba, M & Bru¨ggemann, M 2017, ‘ Is next-generation sequencing the way to go for residual disease monitoring in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia?’, Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy , vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 481-492. Lamble, A, Phelan, R & Burke, M 2017, ‘When less is good, is none better? The prognostic and therapeutic significance of Peri-transplant minimal residual disease assessment in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia’, Journal of Clinical Medicine , vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 66-68. Leonard, J & Stock, W 2017, ‘Progress in adult ALL: incorporation of new agents to frontline treatment’, Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program , vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 28-36. Li, SY, Ye, JY, Liang, EY, Zhou, LX & Yang, M 2015, ‘Association between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a meta-analysis based on 51 case-control studies’, Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research , vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 740-8. López-Villar, E, Wang, X, Madero, L & Cho, WC 2014, ‘Application of oncoproteomics to aberrant signaling networks in changing the treatment paradigm in acute lymphoblastic leukemia’, Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 46-52. Luan, C, Yang, Z & Chen, B 2015, ‘The functional role of microRNA in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: relevance for diagnosis, differential diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy’, OncoTargets and Therapy , vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 2903-14. Mackall, CL, Merchant, MS & Fry, TJ 2014, ‘Immune-based therapies for childhood cancer’, Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology , vol. 11, no. 12, pp. 693-703. Malouf, C & Ottersbach, K 2017, ‘Molecular processes involved in B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia’, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences , vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 417-446. Milne, TA 2019, ‘Mouse models of MLL leukemia: recapitulating the human disease’, Blood Journal , vol. 129, no. 16, pp. 2217-2223. O’Connor, D, Enshaei, A, BartramJeremy, J & Hancock, J 2018, ‘Genotype-specific minimal residual disease interpretation improves stratification in Paediatric Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia’, Journal of Clinical Oncology , vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 33-47. Pierro, J, Hogan, LE, Bhatla, T & Carroll, WL 2017, ‘New targeted therapies for relapsed paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia’, Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy , vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 725-736. Sun, C, Chang, L & Zhu, X 2017, ‘Pathogenesis of ETV6/RUNX1-positive childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and mechanisms underlying its relapse’, Oncotarget , vol. 8, no. 21, pp. 35445-35459. Terwilliger, T & Abdul-Hay, M 2017, ‘Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a comprehensive review and 2017 update’, Blood Cancer Journal , vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 57-69. van Dongen, JJ, van der Velden, VH, Brüggemann, M & Orfao, A 2015, ‘Minimal residual disease diagnostics in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: the need for sensitive, fast, and standardized technologies’, Blood , vol. 125, no. 26, pp. 3996-4009. Vora, A, Goulden, N, Wade, R, Mitchell, C, Hancock, J, Hough, R, Rowntree, C & Richards, S 2013, ‘Treatment reduction for children and young adults with low-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia defined by minimal residual disease (UKALL 2003): a randomised controlled trial’, Lancet Oncology, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 199-209. Yokota, T & Kanakura, Y 2016, ‘Genetic abnormalities associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia’, Cancer Science , vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 721-5. Zelent, A, Greaves, M & Enver, T 2004, ‘Role of the TEL-AML1 fusion gene in the molecular pathogenesis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia’, Oncogene , vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 4275-4283.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The literature is awash with evidence-based instructional practices for inculcating functional skills such as adaptive behavior skills for students with disabilities. According to Singer, Agran, and Spooner (2017), evidence-based practice steps described in academic literature make it possible to find and study appropriate intervention strategies where much attention is paid to the ways of interacting with students with such disorders because they have positive results for the development of the cognitive and behavioral skills of people with intellectual disabilities.

The literature is awash with evidence-based instructional practices for inculcating functional skills such as adaptive behavior skills for students with disabilities. According to Singer, Agran, and Spooner (2017), evidence-based practice steps described in academic literature make it possible to find and study appropriate intervention strategies where much attention is paid to the ways of interacting with students with such disorders because they have positive results for the development of the cognitive and behavioral skills of people with intellectual disabilities.

Adaptive Behavior Benefits for Special Needs Students Essay Adaptive behavior skills and Instructional Strategies The literature is awash with evidence-based instructional practices for inculcating functional skills such as adaptive behavior skills for students with disabilities. According to Singer, Agran, and Spooner (2017), evidence-based practice steps described in academic literature make it possible to find and study appropriate intervention strategies where much attention is paid to the ways of interacting with students with such disorders because they have positive results for the development of the cognitive and behavioral skills of people with intellectual disabilities. Computer-based interventions have proven successful in teaching adaptive behavior skills to students with intellectual disabilities. Numerous procedures have also been used to teach adaptive behavior skills which include: task analysis, video modeling, positive reinforcement, verbal, gestural, physical prompting, error-correcting, picture prompting, in vivo instruction, and applied behavior analysis. Although many procedures exist for addressing adaptive skills, it is suggested that Computer-based intervention and Video-based intervention are used with fidelity to identify what works. Computer-based intervention Is utilized widely for interaction with those students who have intellectual disabilities. In Computer-based intervention, the computer delivers instruction by illustrating stimulatory inputs for audible and visual comprehension for the specific skillset; thus, it allows the subject to learn effectively. The learner uses the program through external hardware devices, such as scanners, switches, keyboards, touch screens, or trackballs. This interaction with the learner is viewed by some as one way of providing more sophisticated instructional components such as designed stimulatory hierarchies, corrective reviews, and unique motivating possibilities (Mechling, 2005). According to Rivera, Jabeen, and Mason (2016), computer-based interventions concurrently permit for explicit instruction, although they sometimes include supplementary information embedded within their multimedia feature, thereby allowing students with intellectual disabilities to learn incidental information. The authors further point out that through computer-based interventions, information can be placed purposefully within an instructional trial sequence as a way of giving learners with disabilities the chance to acquire extra skills. The significance of acquiring adaptive behavior skills to facilitate independent living is recognized in special education, so Computer-based intervention has shown to be an effective tool for teaching students with intellectual disability various adaptive behavior skills that are encountered in everyday life. Ramdoss et al. (2012) reviewed the literature aimed at advancing and improving adaptation skills (e.g., food preparation, shopping, and public transit navigation) in people with intellectual disabilities. The given review formulates intervention results and explains software properties and system requirements of every Computer-based intervention. Moreover, it claims that the promotion of daily living skills in the intellectually disabled can be achieved with intervention in a highly promising approach. The strategy used in that investigation is similar to that used by Ayres and Cihak (2010) who conducted a literature review of studies focusing on teaching three intellectually disabled students at middle-school-age the process of using a microwave, making a sandwich, and setting the table with a software package of computer-based intervention. They found that instruction and prompting received by computer-based interventions have been effective. Finally, the main focus of the literature review conducted by Hansen and Morgan (2008) was teaching the intellectually disabled students to properly make purchases in local community grocery stores with the assistance from the dollar plus a strategy of buying. Their critical findings were that purchasing skills can be taught with success with computer-based intervention by applying various low- and high- technology modalities of instructions. On the other hand, a study by Mechling (2005) demonstrated that it is possible to manipulate computer-aided instruction to provide instruction in non-targeted and targeted vocabulary to students with intellectual disabilities. However, Rivera, Jabeen, and Mason (2016) caution that these findings should be treated with caution because the effects of observational learning using computer-based interventions are yet to be sufficiently documented in the literature. Computer-based interventions are essentially observational learning, and traditionally, such forms of learning have been seen to occur within small groups (Ramdoss et al., 2012). Presently, there is a dearth of information appraising the use of computer-based interventions in teaching explicit skills and providing incidental information to children with intellectual disabilities. Video-based instruction This form of interaction with students with intellectual disabilities involves using special visual learning tools. There are two forms of video-based instruction: video modeling and video prompting (Gardner & Wolf, 2015). Video modeling is a method of teaching that requests students to imitate the depicted target skill after it was demonstrated in a short video. Participants are asked to mimic the given video at different time passages ranging from an hour later (i.e., delayed video modeling) to the right after the video finishes (i.e., simultaneous video modeling). During the video prompting process, students watch a video illustrating a chain of stages. Researchers request the students to reproduce the actions presented in the video between every step, and the feedback is provided if necessary. Cost efficiency, instruction repetitions, immediate feedback are the key benefits of video inducing and modeling (Kellems and Edwards, 2016). Video Modeling This type of visual teaching is an effective and convenient practice of interacting with students with certain intellectual disabilities. According to Park, Bouck, and Duenas (2018), by reducing educational tasks, video modeling decreases the need for the teacher or practitioner to interact with the student. Therefore, it can be used by teachers in a variety of settings, and on learners with different levels of disability. Moreover, another benefit of using video modeling as an instructional strategy is that it can be used repetitively to reinforce the skill being taught and provide continuity, in addition to being used in many settings, such as the home or in the classroom (Wynkoop, Robertson, & Schwartz, 2018). Repetitive watching also contributes to the effective learning of targeted skills or behavior, and it is easy to provide feedback on learning. Evidence in the literature suggests that video modeling is an effective and useful approach for supporting students with intellectual disabilities to learn a variety of adaptive behavior skills. For example, Bidwell and Rehfeldt (2004) applied video modeling on three adult women suffering serious mental retardation with a great deal of success to teach them social skills of making and serving coffee and sitting with a peer. In the given study, video modeling resulted in acquiring and maintaining a new set of skills the following month by using multiple baselines among the design of participants. This methodological research approach is similar to the principle promoted by Avcioglu (2013) to teach intellectually disabled learners the correct way of greeting other people during the meetings. The research found out that students with intellectual disabilities greatly benefited from video modeling use, which assisted them in acquiring and preserving the skill of greeting others with different people in various situations. Video Prompting This type of social and educational interaction with those patients who have intellectual disabilities is suitable for both adults and children. According to Banda, Dogoe, and Matuszny (2011), the use of prompts is an important tool in teaching those with intellectual disabilities because, when incorporated into instruction, prompts increase the likelihood that the learner will respond correctly. Because prompting facilitates the acquisition of new skills, in addition to reducing the occurrence of errors and ensuring the appropriate response, it is not difficult to notice how it helps students with intellectual disabilities to perform skills and behaviors that they previously had no mastery. Besides, gradual and step-by-step information delivery is a major advantage and benefit of video prompting, because it allows students with intellectual disability to fully concentrate on every stage of an activity rather than focusing on the whole task at once (Kellems and Edwards, 2016). This instructional approach has been addressed in several literature reviews focused on strategies to promote adaptive behavior skills for individuals with intellectual disabilities. Cannella-Malone, Wheaton, Wu, Tullis & Park, (2012) conducted a literature review of studies focusing on three students with an intellectual disability ranging from moderate to severe, who were able to acquire a set of everyday living with video prompting instruction video prompting and found that instruction and prompting received by video prompting has been effective. The strategy used in that investigation is similar to that used by Sigafoos et al. (2005) to teach three adults with intellectual disabilities how to make popcorn by using a microwave oven. Following the intervention, two of the three participants were able to use a microwave to make popcorn without the video prompt and maintained the skill for at least 10 weeks. Adaptive behavior skills and Inclusion The research that has been conducted on the attitudes of special education teachers towards adaptive behavior skills is somewhat narrow and inadequate. This notwithstanding, there has been a focus on the perception of teachers towards the inclusion of learners with intellectual disabilities within the general educational environment. The concept of inclusion and its implementation in the education setting over the last few decades have changed classrooms and how teachers perceive teaching in general and students with disabilities in particular (Schwartz, 2005). Al-Mousa (2010) agreed that mainstreaming students with intellectual disabilities and their active inclusion in the educational environment provides a variety of positive outcomes. According to the studies analyzed by Al-Mousa (2010), the presence of students with disabilities in regular schools improves their “independent living skills, linguistic growth, physical development, self-orientation, vocational activity, and social responsibility” (p. 21). Mainstreaming positively influences the educational process for students with intellectual disabilities and imposes no limitations or discomfort for normal students, thus proving the necessity of such interventions. According to Siperstein, Parker, Norins, and Widman (2007), the attitude and knowledge of teachers continue to change as laws are introduced that require teachers to include learners with disabilities in the conventional classroom. MacFarlane and Woolfson (2013) sampled twelve schools on this particular topic and discussed trends that included the positive attitude of educators towards learners with intellectual disabilities, as well as the likelihood of teachers wanting to mainstream such students and include them in classroom activities. The outcome of the study suggests that students with intellectual disabilities benefited tremendously from improved attitudes of teachers and the general acceptance by their fellow students when inclusion practices were regularly sustained. The principle of inclusion is broadly and positively accepted among teachers; however, the practical implementation has always been seen as challenging and problematic for educators who frequently evoke negative attitudes (MacFarlane and Woolfson, 2013). Therefore, explicit and implicit attitudes among teachers need to be fully comprehended, because it is highly important to enhance and improve teaching methodologies provided for young students with special educational needs. Moreover, the study was conducted by Bornholt, Lennon, & Levins, (2005), where they examined how teachers’ attitudes affect children with special needs. The research involved teachers ranging from pre-service teachers to teachers with experience undergoing in-service training courses. The study findings showed that only explicit attitudes correlated with behavioral intentions, whereas implicit ones did not. Besides, intentions for negative actions were highly associated with feelings of anxiety and guilt. There was a significant degree of similarity between teaching and personal experiences in profiles of attitudes. Nevertheless, children with lower adaptive behavior skills showed lower positive attitude levels, whereas children with less cognitive skills expressed increased positive attitudes. The frequent and consistent reports on teachers show that they find children with special educational needs and intellectual disabilities problematic to include, thus resulting in negative teaching attitudes. It occurs due to the children’s learning being compromised by long-term and complex challenges in managing and controlling their skills of independence, so they will often require adaptive behavior skills support or training to include them within the traditional education setting. A study conducted by Sigstad (2017) found that special needs students either should self-prompt or be assisted by an adult to make certain that they have access to the grade-level curriculum or general curriculum, aside from meeting their personal needs. In the absence of self-prompting or one-on-one support, students with intellectual disabilities would feel unwelcome in the classroom. The mainstreaming or inclusion of learners with special needs constitutes an important goal for most parents and educators in special education. Additionally, the study found that teacher attitudes about students with disabilities have influenced how teachers in special education classrooms learn about adaptive skills and other functional skills that are necessary for student growth (Sigstad, H., 2017). The idea that the inclusion of students with intellectual disabilities promotes positive attitudes continues to be a widely debated topic because Inclusion or mainstreaming is among the ways that students with intellectual disabilities learn academic accomplishment and adaptive behavior effectively. Dessemontet, Bless, and Morin (2012) conducted a study, where they compared 34 intellectually disabled children of an experimental group studying in supported general education classrooms with 34 children of a control group in special schools. Adaptive behavior and academic achievement of accomplishment progression were compared during two years at school. The study’s critical finding showed that children with learning and intellectual disabilities substantially improved and enhanced their mathematics skills, literacy skills and they displayed better adaptive behavior at home and school throughout the following two years.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The purpose of this study is to evaluate teacher attitudes towards children with intellectual disabilities and their need for skill training. The study found that teachers in Saudi Arabia have mixed attitudes towards inclusion and the need for skill training for children with IDs.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate teacher attitudes towards children with intellectual disabilities and their need for skill training. The study found that teachers in Saudi Arabia have mixed attitudes towards inclusion and the need for skill training for children with IDs.

Adaptive Behavior Skill Training: Teachers’ Attitudes Essay Intellectual disabilities are a topic of considerable discussion in Saudi Arabia, as the concerns towards children affected by them and their ability to maintain continued health and well-being are growing. Schools are the primary medium that is expected to teach such people the skills necessary for independence and survival. The purpose of this study is to evaluate teacher attitudes towards children with intellectual disabilities and their need for skill training. Rationale It is essential to begin the study by defining the topics of the study. Intellectual disability (ID) is an inability of an individual’s capacities to match the standards set by the society and the educational system specifically (Tassé, Lockasson, & Sharlock, 2016). Adaptive behavior skills (ABS), on the other hand, consist of behaviors such as dressing, maintaining one’s health, managing a household, observing hygiene, eating, social interactions, and personal growth (Shireman, 2015). Lastly, teachers’ attitudes are the predispositions based on beliefs about teaching and learning that inform an educator’s actions and responses (Rokeach, 1968). Children with IDs can struggle with some ABS, and teaching them these abilities is the job of teachers. The opinions of a teacher are usually reflected in his or her practice and directly affect the children he or she oversees. Educators’ beliefs greatly influence students’ skill development, both socially and academically (Sharma, Loreman, & Forlin, 2012). However, Alkhateeb, Hadidi, and Alkhateeb (2015) suggest that the attitudes towards inclusion in Saudi Arabia are mixed. Alamri and Tyler-Wood (2016) consider the general opinions of teachers on the matter to be negative when compared to the United States. The trend is potentially damaging to children with IDs, and their continued well-being requires a change in the overall consensus. The attitudes of the teachers are not the only obstacle to an inclusive environment and the implementation of the necessary skill training. The lack of similar services for adults indicates a need for the skills needed for independence to be taught during school (Papadatou-Pastou & Tomprou, 2015). However, the research by Alahmadi and El Keshky (2019) indicates that the knowledge of teachers on the subject matter is lacking even when they work with children who have IDs. As such, the study also discusses the approaches that can be used to address the concerns and needs of such students. Changes in the perception of the teachers and other people are essential to the success of the overall program. According to Kasari, Rotheram-Fuller, Locke, and Gulsrud (2012), social growth and improved ABS outcomes are associated with each other. Stoesz et al. (2016) provide an overview of the strategies for teachers to identify children with special needs and address those requirements. The ultimate goal is to enable these students to use ABS in any situation after they graduate and begin living and working independently (Ramdoss et al., 2012). While the task is challenging, it should be possible if the teachers and parents are committed to the goal and have the necessary knowledge. Conclusion This study raises concerns over the negative attitudes held by some teachers towards children with IDs and their needs. Such students sometimes need to be taught ABS, which is a process that should be carried out by teachers and parents in combination. However, some educators are opposed to the inclusion of children with IDs in classrooms or do not possess the necessary knowledge and skills to help them. This study aims to raise awareness over the matter and to suggest changes that would help improve the situation. References Alahmadi, N. A., & El Keshky, M. E. S. (2019). Assessing primary school teachers’s knowledge of specific learning disabilities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 9 (1). Alamri, A., & Tyler-Wood, T. (2016). Teachers’ attitudes towards children with autism: A comparative study of the United States and Saudi Arabia. Journal of the International Association of Special Education, 16 , 14-25. Alkhateeb, J. M., Hadidi, M. S., & Alkhateeb, A. J. (2016). Inclusion of children with developmental disabilities in Arab countries: A review of the research literature from 1990 to 2014. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 49 , 60-75. Kasari, C., Rotheram-Fuller, E., Locke, J., & Gulsrud, A. (2012). Making the connection: Randomized controlled trial of social skills at school for children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 53 (4), 431-439. Papadatou-Pastou, M., & Tomprou, D. M. (2015). Intelligence and handedness: Meta-analyses of studies on intellectually disabled, typically developing, and gifted individuals. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 56, 151-165. Ramdoss, S., Lang, R., Fragale, C., Britt, C., O’Reilly, M., Sigafoos, J., … Lancioni, G. E. (2012). Use of computer-based interventions to promote daily living skills in individuals with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 24 (2), 197-215. Rokeach, M. (1968). Beliefs, attitudes, and values: A theory of organization and change . San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Sharma, U., Loreman, T., & Forlin, C. (2012). Measuring teacher efficacy to implement inclusive practices. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs , 12 (1), 12- 21. Shireman, J. F. (2015). Critical issues in child welfare (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Stoesz, B. M., Shooshtari, S., Montgomery, J., Martin, T., Heinrichs, D. J., & Douglas, J. (2016). Reduce, manage or cope: A review of strategies for training school staff to address challenging behaviours displayed by students with intellectual/developmental disabilities. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 16 (3), 199-214. Tassé, M. J., Luckasson, R., & Schalock, R. L. (2016). The relation between intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior in the diagnosis of intellectual disability. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities , 54 (6), 381-390.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The article explores the use of adaptive leadership in organizations during different stages of their evolvement.The article under analysis dwells upon the use of adaptive leadership in organizations during different stages of their evolvement. Gibbons (1992) states that the contemporary contingent business environment, as well as internal changes, require the use of different leadership styles. Moreover, it is emphasized that a leader can no longer utilize one leadership type with all employees and at different phases of organizational development.

The article explores the use of adaptive leadership in organizations during different stages of their evolvement. The article under analysis dwells upon the use of adaptive leadership in organizations during different stages of their evolvement. Gibbons (1992) states that the contemporary contingent business environment, as well as internal changes, require the use of different leadership styles. Moreover, it is emphasized that a leader can no longer utilize one leadership type with all employees and at different phases of organizational development.

Adaptive Leadership During Organizational Evolvement Essay (Article) Table of Contents 1. Article Summary 2. Article Relevance 3. Personal Evaluation of the Article 4. References Article Summary The article under analysis dwells upon the use of adaptive leadership in organizations during different stages of their evolvement. Gibbons (1992) states that the contemporary contingent business environment, as well as internal changes, require the use of different leadership styles. Moreover, it is emphasized that a leader can no longer utilize one leadership type with all employees and at different phases of organizational development. According to Gibbons (1992), the concept of leadership is closely related to the link between the leader and the follower who have certain roles and expectations. Employees having high growth needs require more independence and opportunities to come up with innovative approaches, so transformational leadership is the most effective choice in this case. Those who have low growth needs will benefit from the use of the goal-centered approach and transactional leadership as they necessitate more guidance and instructional efforts. Transactional and transformational leadership can become appropriate solutions depending on the situation (complexity and resources availability). Gibbons (1992) describes the peculiarities of the roles leaders and followers take up addressing various challenges. The increased scarcity of resources is associated with transactional methods use while high complexity requires the utilization of transformational leadership. It is stressed that effective leaders should trace the shifts that emerge, as well as identify the needs of their followers, in order to choose the most appropriate leadership style. Collaboration and communication are regarded as the foundation of the sustainable development of any organization. Article Relevance The article in question is important for the field of organization management since it explores the impact leadership styles have on organizations at certain stages of their development. Gibbons (1992) provides a detailed framework that can be employed by practitioners under different circumstances. Johnson and Johnson (2013) claim that situational theories of leadership have become widely used as they equip researchers and practitioners with the necessary tools to address the challenges and opportunities associated with divergent environments. The article under consideration is based on this theoretical paradigm, which makes it a valid source for modern leaders. It is noteworthy that the article was published in the early 1990s, so it can be regarded as rather innovative. It paved the way to other studies that explored the relationship between leadership styles and organizational change. Although the article under analysis appeared more than two decades ago, it is still relevant in the contemporary business environment. High competition and a volatile economic situation have a considerable influence on the development of organizations, and effective leadership tends to become critical for companies’ survival (Holten & Brenner, 2015). Transactional and transformational leadership styles remain the primary approaches to managing organizations, and the ability to employ the most appropriate paradigm under different circumstances leads to competitive advantage and success (Deichmann & Stam, 2015). One of the major peculiarities of the study under consideration is its applicability to the modern business setting. The detailed description of the roles of followers and leaders, as well as the analysis of different environments, can serve as a framework for practitioners involved in different sectors of the economy. Personal Evaluation of the Article The article is well-written, clear, and concise, which makes it a helpful source for any leader (as well as the employee who has high growth needs). The analysis of the environments organizations have to operate in is specifically valuable especially for those who are in leading positions. However, the article is characterized by a limitation associated with the form rather than contents. It could be beneficial to provide a visual representation of the role of leaders and employees in different situations. The provision of a figure with quadrants that reflects the level of complexity and resources scarcity would enhance the article making authors’ claims more visible and understandable. This article is relevant to the topic of organizational culture as it provides insights into the ways culture can and should be affected by external and internal factors. At different periods, organizations face new challenges and can have access to new opportunities. Thence, it is essential to make sure that the existing organizational culture is consistent with the company’s needs. Innovation and decentralized decision-making are keys to success, but they should be managed properly in certain periods. The data included in the article will help me be an effective leader who is aware of the ways the relationships between followers and leaders evolve. I tend to use different leadership styles based on people’s personality traits, expectations, and needs. The article in question helped me acknowledge the benefits of this approach, especially regarding the ever-changing business landscape. I also learned about the need to utilize transactional leadership style under certain conditions. I used to think that the use of some autocratic methods can be harmful to the development of a company in short- and long-term perspectives, but the author depicts the situations when such alternative is vital for organizations. This article is a valuable source of information that has shaped and improved my own leadership style making it more adaptive. References Deichmann, D., & Stam, D. (2015). Leveraging transformational and transactional leadership to cultivate the generation of organization-focused ideas. The Leadership Quarterly, 26 (2), 204-219. Web. Gibbons, P. T. (1992). Impacts of organizational evolution on leadership roles and behaviors. Human Relations, 45 (1), 1-18. Web. Holten, A. L., & Brenner, S. O. (2015). Leadership style and the process of organizational change. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 36 (1), 2-16. Web. Johnson, D.W., & Johnson, F.P. (2013). Joining together: Group theory and group skills (11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The history of civilizations is interlaced with the use of intoxicating substances. Alcoholic beverages and drugs were largely utilized within ancient cultures for recreational, cultural, or religious purposes. While the cultural environment might make a substance socially acceptable, its abuse is considered an addiction. Modern societies have witnessed an increased number of unhealthy habits, including behavioral dependencies.

The history of civilizations is interlaced with the use of intoxicating substances. Alcoholic beverages and drugs were largely utilized within ancient cultures for recreational, cultural, or religious purposes. While the cultural environment might make a substance socially acceptable, its abuse is considered an addiction. Modern societies have witnessed an increased number of unhealthy habits, including behavioral dependencies.

Addiction History and Concepts Essay The history of civilizations is interlaced with the use of intoxicating substances. Alcoholic beverages and drugs were largely utilized within ancient cultures for recreational, cultural, or religious purposes (Nathan et al. 3). While the cultural environment might make a substance socially acceptable, its abuse is considered an addiction. Modern societies have witnessed an increased number of unhealthy habits, including behavioral dependencies (Robbins and Clark 1). This paper analyzes how the idea of addiction has changed in our recent past by utilizing two events in 1920 and 1967. The text dwells on some of the current trends in addictions, focusing on the emerging Internet Gaming Disorder and the rise of synthetic drugs. When the colonization of the Americas started, the consumption of alcohol was common practice in Europe, and it spread across the New World following the development of American society. Its abuse became such a social plague that, in the late eighteenth century, it gave rise to a movement aimed at prohibiting or abolishing alcohol. The primary goal of the Temperance Movement was to direct the nation’s attention to the harmful consequences of alcohol consumption (Nathan et al. 5). The Movement gained momentum along the whole nineteenth century and influenced the government to pass the 1920 Eighteenth Amendment (Nathan et al. 5) which made intoxicating liquors illegal in the U.S. The Eighteenth Amendment is important from a socio-cultural perspective as it ratified the stigmatization of the abuse of alcohol within the society. In 1967, the police broke into the country house of Keith Richards in Redlands, Sussex, finding cannabis, amphetamines, and other illegal substances (Collins 1). Richards and his bandmate Mick Jagger were charged with drug offenses and sentenced to imprisonment. One month after the sentence, however, the court canceled the conviction for Richards and suspended the condemnation for Jagger. The Redlands Affair raised a lively debate on permissiveness, individual behavior, and social responsibility (Collins 2). The episode reveals a new attitude towards addictions within society, where the use of potentially harmful substances was a matter of individual freedom. The turn of the millennium has witnessed the proliferating of new trends within addictions, including Internet-related behavioral disorders and significant use of synthetic drugs. Many websites investigate new dependencies from different perspectives. Psychology Today deepens the diffusion of addictive behaviors (Sarkis). Between 2000 and 2016 the number of Internet users has increased by 1000%, and Internet Gaming Disorder is considered an addictive mental disorder (Kuss and Lopez-Fernandez 143). While the scope of addictive Internet use is far from being fully understood, the abuse of online gaming can result in significant impairments, including social anxiety, depression, and suicidal tendencies (Tian et al. 7). The increasing number of Internet addiction prevention counseling centers worldwide suggests that the phenomenon is on the rise. The harmfulness of synthetic drugs is highlighted on many websites worldwide. Better Health offers a solid overview of synthetic drugs, underlining how they can damage the organism irreversibly (“Synthetic Drugs”). The abuse of synthetic opioids, synthetic marijuana, and methamphetamines is increasing, due to their large availability (Creagh et al. 1). Synthetic drugs are substances similar to their natural counterparts, generating the same psychological responses and leading to addiction. These drugs harm the central nervous system by boosting the activity of some neurotransmitters and causing the consistent diminution of the neural connectivity. It is impossible to know what substances are included in the compounds. The promulgation of the Eighteenth Amendment aimed at stigmatizing alcohol addiction and promoting moral values within American society. Just a few decades later, some groups advocated for the right to decide whether to use or not illicit substances as part of inalienable individual liberty. More recently, the spread of the Internet has marked the emergence of new behavioral addictions, while the diffusion of synthetic drugs raises concerns among scientists. These events and trends represent different sides of modern society, showing how addictions follow the coeval social, cultural, and scientific mainstream. Theories into Practice According to Di Clemente (3) the term addiction is related to the compulsive consumption of harmful substances and entails a tendency to self-destructive behaviors. However, within the last decades, the term has widened its scope to include various addictive behaviors, including Internet-related addictions, reiteration of noxious situations such as troubled relationships, and even positive addictions (Di Clemente 4). Similarities among addictive behaviors have allowed researchers to develop the criteria to define and diagnose addictions. Behavioral approaches have proven especially effective (“Behavioral Therapies”). These methodologies aim at fostering active responses among individuals under treatment by encouraging them to stay abstinent through incentives as well as by providing adequate tools to cope with the most uncomfortable areas. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Contingency Management Interventions/Motivational Incentives Below, 12-Step Facilitation Therapy, and Motivational Enhancement Therapy are some behavioral approaches. Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) is a structured version of Motivational Interviewing, an evidence-based approach that boosts motivation for change. MET is particularly effective for alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine treatment, while the outcomes for opioids are mixed (“Behavioral Therapies”). The therapy consists of a first assessment session to frame the case, favor discussion on the use of harmful substances, and evoke self-motivational wish for change. This initial session is paramount to build a plan for change. Below, some questions are suggested to assess background and factors that might have contributed to favor the addiction. The first question should explore the family background of the individual to understand if parents or other members of the family had addictions. Such a case might have increased the risk for the individual to develop drug or alcohol dependency. The second question could aim at understanding if the individual has undergone some abuse during childhood which might have resulted in searching oblivion and escape in drugs. The third question should investigate the school background to assess if the availability of drugs and mimicked behaviors might have triggered the addiction. The fourth question should explore the neighborhood and community where the individual lives or used to live when he/she started abusing harmful substances; people living in poor and degraded areas are more likely to develop addictions (Volkow 13). This first block of questions provides a historical background of the individual, and it is essential to assess the level of vulnerability of the subject and to develop a coherent strategy for change. Further questions should be proactive and oriented to develop a positive feeling towards a possible change for the better. From this perspective, the fifth question could engage the subject in a discussion on the personal use of harmful substances related to individual liberty and social responsibility. The sixth question should assess the awareness of the individual about the physical and psychological damages connected with drug or alcohol abuse. The seventh question, should explore the desires and the expectations for the future, when the subject will be free from dependencies. In Motivational Enhancement Therapy, the initial assessment is essential to stimulate the individuals undergoing the treatment and to develop a coherent strategy. Both incentives and tools for high-risk situations should be included, tailored on the historical background and the expectations of the subjects. The planning should be kept flexible and conformed to the progress of the patient, continually stimulated to be an active part in the decision making. As other behavioral approaches, Motivational Enhancement Therapy modifies the attitude of the patients towards addictions, improving their skill to face hardship and stress. Works Cited “ Behavioral Therapies. ” National Institute on Drug Abuse , 2018. Web. Collins, Marcus. “Permissiveness on Trial: Sex, Drugs, Rock, the Rolling Stones, and the Sixties Counterculture.” Popular Music and Society . 2019. Web. Creagh, Sinead, et.al. “The New Classes of Synthetic Illicit Drugs Can Significantly Harm the Brain: A Neuro Imaging Perspective with Full Review of MRI Findings.” Clinical Radiological Imaging Journal, 2018, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-20. DiClemente, Carlo C. Addiction and Change: How Addictions Develop and Addicted People Recover . 2nd. The Guildford Press, 2018. Volkow, Nora D.. “ Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction. ” National Institute on Drug Abuse , 2018. Web. Sarkis, Stephanie A. “ Internet Gaming Disorder in DSM-5. ” Psychology Today , 2019. Web. Kuss, Daria J., and Olatz Lopez-Fernandez. “Internet Addiction and Problematic Internet Use: A Systematic Review of Clinical Research.” World Journal of Psychiatry, 2016, vol. 6, no.1, pp. 143-176. Nathan, Peter E., et al. “History of the Concept of Addiction.” Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2016, vol. 12, pp. 3-23. “ Synthetic Drugs. ” Better Health , 2018. Web. Tian, Moquian, et al. “Internet Gaming Disorder in Adolescents is Linked to Delay Discounting but Not Probability Discounting.” Computers in Human Behavior , 2018, vol. 80, pp. 59-66. Robbins, Trevor W., and Luke Clark. “Behavioral Addictions.” Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 2015, vol. 30, pp. 66-72.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Community-Based Prevention Programs in Miami-Dade County EssayCommunity-Based Prevention Programs in Miami-Dade County EssayAddiction prevention programs in Miami-Dade County are community-based and include Students Working Against Tobacco (SWAT), To Reach Ultimate Success Together (TRUST), and Baby Steps for a Healthy Pregnancy. These programs address youth, parents, and pregnant women, and provide a holistic approach to addiction prevention.

Community-Based Prevention Programs in Miami-Dade County Essay Community-Based Prevention Programs in Miami-Dade County Essay Addiction prevention programs in Miami-Dade County are community-based and include Students Working Against Tobacco (SWAT), To Reach Ultimate Success Together (TRUST), and Baby Steps for a Healthy Pregnancy. These programs address youth, parents, and pregnant women, and provide a holistic approach to addiction prevention.

Addiction Prevention Programs in Miami-Dade County Essay Community-Based Prevention Programs Community Description Miami-Dade is a county in southeast Florida that is unique in many ways. According to the county’s official website, the estimated population in 2016 was 2,712,945, making it the most populous county in Florida and the seventh-most populous county in the United States (“About Miami-Dade County”). The average per capita income is $41,883, and more than half of the population is foreign-born (“About Miami-Dade County”). Additionally, it is the fourth largest public school district in the US making school-based prevention programs very effective (“About Miami-Dade County”). However, the county stretches for more than 2,000 square miles, making it difficult to address people in remote places (“About Miami-Dade County”). In short, community characteristics can facilitate or obstruct addiction awareness programs depending on the utilized strategy. Addiction Prevention Programs As the county is sizeable with a relatively large population, the most effective way to address the community is through public schools and healthcare facilities. For the present paper, three addiction prevention programs that seem the most rational and effective were chosen. Students Working Against Tobacco (SWAT) is a youth organization that promotes a healthy lifestyle and provides education to the community about the adverse effects of smoking (“Students Working Against Tobacco”). It utilizes the strategy of improving decision-making skills, helping to resist social pressures to start smoking through education and strengthening self-esteem. According to Das et al., the most effective method used by the SWAT initiative is the digital platform, as students often use online resources to communicate (S71). However, the program might be missing strategies to reduce stress and anxiety. In short, even though the program lacks some features, it is effective in addressing youth. In high schools, the To Reach Ultimate Success Together (TRUST) program aims at preventing all kinds of substance abuse. It offers an approach to educating children about possible adverse effects, provides methods to improve self-efficacy, and focuses on decision-making and communication skills. The program provides approaches for students and their parents to manage stress and resist outside pressure. The most effective strategy is providing family education, as according to Das et al. family interventions have a positive impact on preventing substance abuse (p. S72). In summary, this approach is holistic and does not seem to lack any specific strategies. In public health facilities, the Baby Steps for a Healthy Pregnancy initiative is created for future parents to prevent substance abuse. This initiative offers educational videos, awareness posters, and information on their website about central strategies for addiction prevention (“Preconception Health”). The practice that seems to be the most efficient approach of the program is the visual information in hospitals about the connection between parents’ and their future children’s health. However, the program’s efficiency may be limited by the fact that it does not offer any direct help through psychological support. In short, while the program uses a rational approach to addiction prevention, it lacks several key features making it seem ineffective. Making a Difference Addiction prevention programs in Miami-Dade County are abundant and all the traditional methods and initiatives are utilized. However, it is a community with exclusive characteristics that need to be appreciated in order to create efficient practices. If I choose to work in the field of addictions, I will combine my knowledge about prevention strategies with the understanding of the community’s needs to create a unique approach to addressing the population. As the community is relatively large and scattered across more than 2,000 square miles, it would be rational to create a Mobile Awareness Unit (MAU). MAU is a vehicle equipped with a speaker and decorated with anti-addiction slogans that can spread information into the remote corners of the county. A verbal message about the adverse effects of substance abuse will be delivered, attracting the attention of the majority of the population. Additionally, the vehicle will stop in public places, such as parks or mall parking lots, offering free counseling for those who want to know more about prevention or have decided to quit a harmful habit. The proposed intervention acknowledges the essence of the community and addresses its exact needs. While the initiative seems efficient, limiting factors and possible complications must be stated. First, the MAU cannot address all the addictions at once, as it would limit its effectiveness and the results may be inconclusive (Das S71). However, several MAUs can be set up to provide a holistic approach to the problem if the initiative proves its usefulness. Second, the intervention may need to include additional strategies, such as creating the project’s website and social media pages. For this, help from professionals or enthusiasts that work in the sphere of web development may be required. Therefore, the program will need careful evaluation and substantial funding to be successful. The MAU initiative is a unique method of approaching addiction prevention and all its elements are to be fully examined before implementation. While the distinctive feature of the intervention is the vehicle, the central component of the program is providing counseling and offering support. Therefore, I need to continuously enhance my knowledge in the field of addictions to contribute to positive social changes within the community. Works Cited “About Miami-Dade County.” Miami-Dade County. Web. Das, Jai K., et al. “Interventions for Adolescent Substance Abuse: An Overview of Systematic Reviews.” Journal of Adolescent Health , vol. 59, no. 4, 2016, pp. S61-S75. Web. “ Preconception Health. ” FloridaHealth. Web. “Students Working Against Tobacco.” SWATFlorida. Web.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The text discusses the differences between addiction and compulsion, as well as the unique features of addictions treatment. It also highlights the importance of prevention programs for target populations.

The text discusses the differences between addiction and compulsion, as well as the unique features of addictions treatment. It also highlights the importance of prevention programs for target populations.

Addictions: Treatment and Prevention Essay Table of Contents 1. Compulsions and Addictions 2. Unique Features of Addictions Treatment 3. Prevention Programs for Target Populations 4. Works Cited Compulsions and Addictions Establishing a difference between addiction and compulsion can be a challenging matter, as these notions coincide in several key features. Both of the phenomena can be described as the inability to control behavior that may offer temporary relief from anxiety. However, addictions professionals must be able to distinguish between the two matters. On the one hand, compulsion is a strong desire to behave in a certain way that may be connected to obsessive thoughts (“What’s the Difference”). On the other hand, addiction is the inability to stop practicing a harmful habit despite its negative consequences, as it is connected to the physical or psychological pleasures (“What’s the Difference”). Therefore, these two notions differ in one crucial characteristic. It is beneficial to look at two terms in an example to acquire a better understanding of the phenomena. Hoarding is a psychological disorder that may have negative consequences for a person and his or her friends and family. Therefore, it can be treated as an addiction, as it is a failure to discontinue a habit despite its adverse effects. However, the behavior is not associated with physical or psychological pleasure. It is connected to the fear of negative emotions from parting with an object. Hence, hoarding is a compulsion, as it is the consequence of obsessive thoughts and feelings. Unique Features of Addictions Treatment Counselors having a personal history of addiction is a unique feature of the field of addictions. While the phenomenon was relatively widespread in the 1970s, such history does not make a specialist more effective in treating the condition. There is no doubt that a person who has had the first-hand experience in the matter may seem more accountable for addicts. Indeed, many theoretical ways of treating gambling have failed due to being very far from reality (Gupta et al. 576). However, a person who has recovered from distress can think that he or she has found a unique method to treat all cases, which is also untrue. Therefore, while a personal history of addiction can be used as an example of a piece of evidence, it cannot be considered a beneficial factor for treating addiction. The other unique aspects of the addiction field in comparison with the general field of mental health are cases of counselors acquiring addictive behaviors and patients resisting treatment due to overconfidence. According to Muñoz et al., many prevention and treatment strategies fail because patients do not recognize they have a problem or may acquire a habit (509). Additionally, the same phenomenon of overconfidence in doctors who have access to addictive substances may lead to drug abuse. In short, the failure to acknowledge the danger of addictive behaviors is connected to the distinctive features of the addiction field. Prevention Programs for Target Populations Addictions in veterans is a significant problem worldwide that requires public attention. Men and women returning home after experiencing warfare are often diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (Lazar 460) or physical pains (Matteliano 398). The ailments are treated with addictive substances, such as sedatives, antidepressants, and painkillers (Witkiewitz 513). As veterans have access to controlled drugs, they are in danger of misuse and the resulting emergence of harmful behavior. Additionally, according to Chevalier, returning veterans have spiritual problems, moral issues, and often lack a sense of community, purpose, and meaning (328). All the factors mentioned may lead to substance use disorder in veterans. One of the most effective prevention programs for the target population is mindful-based treatment. This type of intervention is based on the Buddhist perception of suffering and is different from the traditional cognitive approach. The mindful-based method rests upon contemplation of thought process and avoidance of addictive substances to relieve psychological pains (Witkiewitz 515). Therefore, it is a viable alternative to traditional prevention models. Works Cited Chevalier, Lydia et al. “Gaps in Preparedness of Clergy and Healthcare Providers to Address Mental Health Needs of Returning Service Members.” Journal of Religion and Health , vol. 54, no. 1, 2014, pp. 327-338. Springer Nature . Web. Gupta, Rina et al. “Problem Gambling in Adolescents: An Examination of the Pathways Model.” Journal of Gambling Studies , vol. 29, no. 3, 2012, pp. 575-588. Springer Nature . Web. Lazar, Susan G. “The Mental Health Needs of Military Service Members and Veterans.” Psychodynamic Psychiatry , vol. 42, no. 3, 2014, pp. 459-478. Guilford Publications . Web. Matteliano, Deborah et al. “Adherence Monitoring with Chronic Opioid Therapy for Persistent Pain: A Biopsychosocial-Spiritual Approach to Mitigate Risk.” Pain Management Nursing , vol. 15, no. 1, 2014, pp. 391-405. Elsevier BV . Web. Muñoz, Yaromir et al. “Graphic Gambling Warnings: How They Affect Emotions, Cognitive Responses and Attitude Change.” Journal of Gambling Studies , vol. 29, no. 3, 2012, pp. 507-524. Springer Nature . Web. “What’s the Difference Between an Addiction and a Compulsion?” Go Ask Alice! Web. Witkiewitz, Katie et al. “Mindfulness-Based Treatment to Prevent Addictive Behavior Relapse: Theoretical Models and Hypothesized Mechanisms of Change.” Substance Use & Misuse , vol. 49, no. 5, 2014, pp. 513-524. Informa UK Limited . Web. .

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Write an essay about: The opioid crisis has been linked to a two-year reduction in life expectancy levels among American patients. The identified approach must be combined with the active promotion of patient education as the means of reducing the deleterious side effects of the medicine.

The opioid crisis has been linked to a two-year reduction in life expectancy levels among American patients. The identified approach must be combined with the active promotion of patient education as the means of reducing the deleterious side effects of the medicine.

Addressing the Issue of Opioid Crisis in Patients Proposal Essay Problem Statement, Suggested Solution, and Research Purpose The problem of the opioid crisis has been brewing for quite long in the environment of American healthcare. While opioids are currently the only means of relieving the pain from which cancer patients suffer, the current policies concerning the prescription of the medications such as Fentanyl lead to a rapid development of addiction (Volkow, Frieden, Hyde, & Cha, 2014). Therefore, the lack of the appropriate management strategies for preventing addiction among cancer patients must be viewed as an evident problem. As stressed above, shaping the process of drug medications intake, including the dosage, the frequency, and the amount of the medication provided to the patient, one will be able to handle the issue of opioid crisis in cancer patients. A change in the schedule of the drug intake should also be viewed as an efficient strategy for addressing the instances of chemical dependency development among patients. The identified approaches must be combined with the active promotion of patient education as the means of reducing the deleterious side effects of the medicine. Specifically, patients must be aware of the threat of developing dependency, as well as the tools that must be used to prevent the problem from reaching a drastic scale. The purpose of the research is, therefore, to compare the traditional tools for managing the opioid crisis in the U.S. healthcare setting and the interventions suggested above. Thus, opportunities for improving the quality of care to a considerable extent will be created. As a result, a rapid improvement in patient outcomes is expected. Research Proposal Draft: Addressing the Issue of Opioid Crisis in Patients Introduction Creating the setting in which patients are provided with the necessary care for alleviating pain and improving the overall quality of life levels is a crucial task faced by the contemporary healthcare practitioners. The specified task requires not only incorporating time-tested techniques that have proven to have a positive effect on the target demographics but also exploring the available opportunities for alleviating pain and preventing possible side effects. Particularly, it is crucial to introduce scheduling techniques, as well as the tools for patient education as the means of managing the opioid crisis that has been spreading across the U.S. healthcare facilities over the past few decades (Kolodny et al., 2015). Background and Significance of the Problem The issue has been building in the environment of the American healthcare for quite a while. At present, connections are made between a drop in life expectancy rates among American patients and the provision of standard opioid treatment strategies; particularly, it is assumed that the promotion of the framework leads to at least two-year reduction in life expectancy levels (“Opioid crisis linked to two-year drop in US life expectancy,” 2017). Seeing that the development of chemical dependency leads to significant health issues, as well as a threat of an overdose, the significance of the problem must be deemed as quite large. Without an appropriate intervention, the death toll among the target population is bound to rise, whereas the quality of their lives will drop systematically. Statement of the Problem and Purpose of the Study As stressed above, the lack of a coherent prevention and management tool for addressing the instances of developing drug dependency among the patients that are prescribed with medications such as Fentanyl, i.e., the drugs that fall under the category of synthetic pain relievers, should be viewed as the primary problem. The purpose of the study is to define the efficacy of using patient education combined with a change in the process of scheduling and dosing the said medicine to patients that require opioid treatment. Thus, opportunities for improving patient outcomes and the quality of their life can be created (Bohnert et al., 2016). Research Questions, Hypothesis, and Variables with Operational Definitions Research Question Does a change in the process of administering the medications that cause dependency, such as Fentanyl, e.g., a different schedule and a reduction of the amount of the medicine, combined with the active promotion of patient education, allow reducing the death toll caused by overdosing and the side effects caused by the specified drugs among the target population? Hypothesis: Research and Null The research hypothesis is that the combination of patient education and a change in the dose of and time for administering the required opioid-based medication to patients will help reduce the side effects, including the drop in life expectancy levels among the identified demographics and the improvement in the quality of their lives. The null hypothesis suggests that there be no tangible difference between the outcomes of either of the techniques. Identifying and Defining Study Variables The change in the degree and speed of chemical dependency development is the primary dependent variable of the study. The traditional techniques of reducing pain, i.e., the adoption of opioids, as well as the suggested alternative, including a change in the amount of medicine and the promotion of patient education and agency, are the essential independent variables. Comparing the effects of the two on the patients’ well-being and pain levels will allow defining the ultimate strategy for addressing the issue of opioid crisis. Operationalized Variables The process of measuring the variables mentioned above is quite complicated since the perception of pain varies depending on the unique characteristics of a patient. Therefore, a combination of verbal and numerical rating scales will have to be used to determine the pain levels accurately (Ruskin et al., 2014). Thus, the two strategies suggested above will be compared successfully. References Bohnert, A. S., Bonar, E. E., Cunningham, R., Greenwald, M. K., Thomas, L., Chermack, S.,… Walton, M. (2016). A pilot randomized clinical trial of an intervention to reduce overdose risk behaviors among emergency department patients at risk for prescription opioid overdose. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 163 , 40-47. Kolodny, A., Courtwright, D. T., Hwang, C. S., Kreiner, P., Eadie, J. L., Clark, T. W., & Alexander, G. C. (2015). The prescription opioid and heroin crisis: A public health approach to an epidemic of addiction. Annual Review of Public Health, 36 , 559-574. Opioid crisis linked to two-year drop in US life expectancy. (2017). BBC News . Web. Ruskin, D., Lalloo, C., Amaria, K., Stinson, J. N., Kewley, E., Campbell, F.,… McGrath, P. A. (2014). Assessing pain intensity in children with chronic pain: Convergent and discriminant validity of the 0 to 10 numerical rating scale in clinical practice. Pain Research and Management, 19 (3), 141-148. Volkow, N. D., Frieden, T. R., Hyde, P. S., & Cha, S. S. (2014). Medication-assisted therapies – Tackling the opioid-overdose epidemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 370 (22), 2063-2066.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Adolescence is a time of great change for young people, both physically and mentally. This paper reviews the latest findings on the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social needs of adolescents, as well as how these needs can be met through evidence-based practice.

Adolescence is a time of great change for young people, both physically and mentally. This paper reviews the latest findings on the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social needs of adolescents, as well as how these needs can be met through evidence-based practice.

Adolescent Changes: Physical, Cognitive, Social Research Paper Introduction Adolescence is defined as a period between 13 and 18 years of age, effectively covering the time when a person transforms from a child into a young adult. Despite taking relatively large amounts of time, it is considered the fastest phase in terms of human development due to a great number of changes that transform a person on a physical, cognitive, emotional, and social level. In adolescence, physiological maturity often precedes psychosocial readiness to share the rights and responsibilities of adults, which often generates conflict between family members and peers. Many psychologists consider this stage to be the defining one in terms of personal development. Recognizing the unique set of needs and challenges that adolescents face requires a solid theoretical framework supported by evidence-based practice and scholarly resources. The purpose of this paper is to define the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social needs in adolescents based on the latest findings, and reviewing them through the lens of Erickson’s psychosocial theory. Physical Developments in Adolescence Physical development in adolescence is defined, first and foremost, by puberty. Puberty is a time during which the body of a child undergoes rapid growth and the beginning of sexual maturity. It continues for a period of 6 to 7 years, with all the major changes occurring in the span of the first 3-4 years (Edelman, 2014). Hormones are the primary tools that stimulate the development of reproductive organs in a child and prepare them for future life as adults. In addition, adolescents experience growth in both size and weight of their bodies, which typically ends by the age 16. Sexual changes are followed by secretion of fluids in both boys and girls. Girls experience their first cycles of menstruation, while boys experience wet dreams and involuntary release of small amounts of semen in their sleep (Edelman, 2014). Breast growth is typical to girls, who start their maturation cycle earlier than boys, who develop a sturdier frame and musculature, as nature prepares both genders for their naturally intended roles. Physical changes have a huge impact on all aspects of changes in adolescents, but primarily affect the emotional state (through hormones) and social perceptions and standing among their peers. Because there is no standard for hormonal-driven growth and physical development in adolescents, every person develops at their own distinctive rates (Edelman, 2014). Nevertheless, an overly quick or delayed spurt of growth has the potential of affecting adolescents on many levels, leading to decreased academic performance, social stigmas, and emotional myopia. Cognitive Changes in Adolescence Adolescence is considered to be the gateway from childhood to adulthood, which is followed by changes in cognitive development and self-perception. As a person matures, their patterns of thinking changes from that of a child to that of an adult. Cognitive developments happen in three crucial areas, which are as follows (Sanders, 2013): * Reasoning. Adolescents develop stronger reasoning skills, which allow them to analyze a greater range of possibilities in any given situations, acquire the ability of hypothetical thought, and become capable of using logic in order to solve problems. * Abstract thinking. Adolescents have an increased ability for abstract thought. This marks a difference between adults and children, as children are often concrete thinkers who operate within the realm of personal experiences and hands-on knowledge. Adolescents, on the other hand, have a broader imagination, which reflects on their capacity to love, spiritual development, and participation in advanced fields of science like chemistry, physics, and mathematics. Adolescents who do not transition from concrete to abstract may have trouble in academics, which needs to be addressed by clinicians. * Meta-cognition. This is the last formal operational characteristic of teenagers and adolescents. Meta-cognition is responsible for feelings and other peoples’ perceptions. It is the primary characteristic that defines peer influence and peer pressure. It influences an individual’s thinking patterns by introducing an imaginary audience, which, coupled with rapid emotional and physical changes, may be detrimental to their confidence in personal abilities and appearances. Adolescents may develop a feeling of shame of their bodies, which would experience drastic changes, and judge their own actions based not on personal perceptions, but on the perceptions of the perceived audience. Such developments may lead to complexes and psychological disorders, which would need to be addressed by psychologists. All of these factors, in combination, have the capabilities to shape a future young adult in a way that would largely determine their success or failure in further stages of life. Therefore, clinicians must be extremely careful and vigilant when working with adolescents, especially in school settings, as that environment has the potential to encapsulate all three areas of cognitive development, for better or worse. Emotional and Social Development During the transition from adolescence to adulthood, a person develops emotional and social competence. Emotional competence is defined by the ability to manage one’s personal mood as well as deal with emotions – something is not often seen in young children, who tend to express their emotions instantly and follow them despite better judgment (Sanders, 2013). Social competence, on the other hand, involves identifying other peoples’ emotions as well as relating to them and act accordingly. According to several studies, the rate of social and emotional maturation does not develop in parallel to physical growth. In addition, social and emotional development does not perfectly correlate with cognitive improvements. The difference lies in the limbic area of the brain, responsible for emotion when compared to the prefrontal cortex, which defines judgment and reasoning (Sanders, 2013). While feeling strong emotions, such as fear, prefrontal cortex typically remains inactive (Sanders, 2013). This discrepancy often leads to teens misinterpreting other peoples’ emotions a lack and emotional-physical synchronization. Social development in adolescents is largely connected to their physical maturation rates. Depending on how fast a person matures, they may be treated differently than their emotional-cognitive level suggests (Sanders, 2013). Early rapid puberty greatly affects boys and girls, in different manners. The adults, as well as other peers, perceive boys who mature early and develop the appearance of a young adult as older and more responsible. They also show greater athletic and physical prowess, which may contribute to their image, earning them popularity and class leadership. However, it may also represent a problem in the later stages of adolescence, when all of the other peers reach their levels of physical maturation and begin to contest these positions. In girls, early maturation is associated with social disadvantages as well as various risks, such as depression, conduct problems, early sexual activity, teen pregnancy, substance use, and alcoholism (Sanders, 2013). This shows the importance of balance between body maturation as well as emotional and social developments. Self-regulation and management of emotion are paramount. Healthcare professionals are expected to help teenagers recognize what triggers negative and positive emotions as well as teach them to utilize the reasoning part of the brain in order to consider any long-term consequences of their emotional behavior. Evaluation of Physical, Cognitive, Emotional, and Social Environments Environments serve a very important role in the formation of an adolescent and its development through all four stages of psychosocial development. Due to their distinction, each environment has a major influence in their own field as well as a limited influence in others. The researchers are still trying to determine the value of each of these environments in the context of adolescent development. Van Hecke et al. (2016) conducted a large comparative study, where the connection and difference between physical and social environments were analyzed. The physical environment was determined by the living conditions of every individual, the presence or absence of social and recreational facilities such as schools, parks, gaming rooms, etc. Social environment was determined by the presence of friends and peers within the immediate vicinity as well as the social environment in school – a place where the majority of adolescents spend most of their days in. According to Van Hecke et al. (2016), social environment plays a greater role than physical environment, as the presence of peers and friends nearby encouraged POS to perform social and physical activities as well as contributing to emotional awareness and conscience, thus resulting in better outcomes. Physical environments, on the other hand, were found to have a greater impact on the nature of activities performed in the social context of adolescent development. The presence of parks and recreational facilities contributed to a healthier set of activities chosen by the POS and their peers, such as sports, hiking, and spending time outside. Detrimental physical environments are lacking the basic social and recreational facilities, on the other hand, were associated with gang activity, delinquent behavior, emotional destabilization, and healthcare risks, such as obesity and substance abuse. The primary environment for emotional and cognitive development in adolescents is the school and family (Malin, Reilly, Quinn, & Moran, 2014). While school facilitates the development of cognitive abilities in an adolescent as well as serves as an environment for developing social and emotional awareness, the family serves as a primary emotional anchor for the growing child. According to Chorpita, Brown, and Barlow (2016), the family serves as a place where an adolescent seeks to find emotional acceptance, first and foremost. If it is not found, then the search shifts towards other environments, such as the school. Teachers and peers are being seen as surrogate parents, which they are not. Complications may derive from such pursuits. Thus, emotional and cognitive environments are closely related, to the point where they start influencing one another. Balancing these issues and helping to manage them is one of the primary duties of child psychologists and other healthcare providers. Assessment of Developmental Needs in Adolescents Based on the material presented above, it is possible to highlight developmental and environmental needs for adolescents by synthesizing the information and seeking ways of facilitating timely and healthy growth and development while avoiding potential pitfalls associated with their age. The list of needs is as follows (Rathus, 2013): * Physical activity. This need connects with the need for an empowering environment coupled with physical and social development. Physical activity would ensure healthy development as well as the build-up in confidence among peers. * Academic prowess and achievement. This need includes the requirements for a healthy cognitive environment as well as means of cognitive and social growth through success in academic fields. * Self-definition and creative expression. This need encompasses several aspects of social, cognitive, and emotional development, as it highlights the necessity to develop abilities as well as express thoughts and emotions. * Positive social interaction. Primarily concerned with social and emotional development, this need highlights the importance of being able to interact and understand other peers as well as their emotions in a positive environment. * Structure and limits. These are required to learn the essential societal norms and rules as well as transform into a young adult by understanding and sharing personal responsibilities. * Meaningful participation. This need involves the presence of enabling environments in order to utilize talents, thoughts, and abilities to contribute to the society in a meaningful way. Three major environments which these actions can be performed in include the school, the family, and the neighborhood in general. The necessity of having them address all of the needs of adolescent presented above needs to be considered as well. Adolescence Development Stage as Perceived by Erickson Erickson’s psychosocial development model, as its name suggests, is largely focused on emotional and social perceptions of adolescent development. According to Edelman (2014), adolescents aged between 12 and 18 are concerned with their identity and a sense of self. They engage in a meaningful exploration of their own values, goals, and beliefs. These objectives largely revolve around interaction with family and peers. Erickson defines the primary goal of an adolescent as the need to fit and be accepted by the society, develop talents to pursue a future career and potentially establish a family. The aimed result is a reintegrated sense of self, with solid and defined social, gender, and sexual roles. These three are the most important ones, according to the psychosocial development model. Role confusion and identity crisis, consequently, are the main negative events that an adolescent may discover during this stage of development (Edelman, 2014). Shortcomings of Erickson’s Theory and Potential Solutions As evidenced by the summary presented above, Erickson’s model is primarily concerned with the psychosocial factors of adolescent development, namely with social and emotional aspects, with an acknowledgment of cognitive development. Physical development, however, is mentioned only briefly, and not in a meaningful way. Erickson’s model does not make a great distinction between male and female development both in terms of physiology and other developmental factors. In order to overcome this limitation, Erickson’s theory could be used in conjunction with other theories, such as Piaget’s theory (Burman, 2016), which focused on the cognitive stage of development, as well as Freud’s, which views adolescence through the lens of psychosexuality (Thurschwell, 2014). Ethical Considerations for Research and Practice There are several ethical considerations when researching adolescents in the scope of their development areas and treating them from any negative abnormalities discovered in practice. Many adolescents that are reviewed in the scope of psychological and developmental studies are still minors, meaning that it is parents who usually make the decisions for them. Other factors that affect decision-making include the necessity to attend school, community agencies involvement, adult authority figures, and the role of the therapist in general (Hoagwood, Jensen, & Fisher, 2014). In all cases, the research must be discreet and have a strictly positive connotation in case of discovery. Matters of treatment modality, clinical competence, and confidentiality are all to be governed by the first principle of medicine – not to cause harm. In adolescence, the mere mention of a child participating in a psychological and behavioral study as a subject may cause long-term negative effects on the participants and their families. References Burman, E. (2016). Deconstructing developmental psychology . Oxford, UK: Taylor & Francis. Chorpita, B. F., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (2016). Perceived control as a mediator of family environment in etiological models of childhood anxiety. Behavioral Therapy, 47 (5), 622-632. Edelman, C. (2014). Health promotion throughout the life span. New York, NY: Elsevier. Hoagwood, K., Jensen, P. S., & Fisher, C. B. (Eds.). (2014). Ethical issues in mental health research with children and adolescents. New York, NY: Routledge. Malin, H., Reilly, T. S., Quinn, B., & Moran, S. (2014). Adolescent purpose development: Exploring empathy, discovering roles, shifting priorities, and creating pathways. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24 (1), 186-199. Rathus, S. A. (2013). Childhood and adolescence: Voyages in development . Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Sanders, R. A. (2013). Adolescent psychosocial, social, and cognitive development. Pediatrics in Review, 34 (8), 354-359. Thurschwell, P. (2014). Psychoanalysis, literature, and the “case” of adolescence. In L. Marcus (Ed.), A concise companion to psychoanalysis, literature, and culture (pp. 167-189). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Van Hecke, L., Deforche, B., Van Dyck, D., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Veitch, J., & Van Cauwenberg J. (2016). Social and physical environmental factors influencing adolescents’ physical activity in urban public open spaces: A qualitative study using walk-along interviews. PLoS One, 11 (5), 1-24.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The essay discusses the physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional issues that are common in adolescents and elderly patients in physical rehabilitation wards.Physical, Cognitive, and Socio-Emotional Issues in Adolescents and Elder Americans in Physical Rehabilitation Wards The essay discusses the physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional issues that are common in adolescents and elderly patients in physical rehabilitation wards. These include poor eyesight, hearing damage, and depression.

The essay discusses the physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional issues that are common in adolescents and elderly patients in physical rehabilitation wards. Physical, Cognitive, and Socio-Emotional Issues in Adolescents and Elder Americans in Physical Rehabilitation Wards The essay discusses the physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional issues that are common in adolescents and elderly patients in physical rehabilitation wards. These include poor eyesight, hearing damage, and depression.

Adolescents and Elder Adults in Physical Rehabilitation Wards Essay Table of Contents 1. Basic Descriptions 2. Physical, Cognitive, and Socio-Emotional Issues 3. Observations of Group Behavior 4. Potential Abnormalities 5. Additional Information 6. Available Community Resources 7. References Basic Descriptions For this project, I observed two groups of individuals recovering from fractures and other injuries in the traumatology department. This department is responsible for providing immediate medical aid as well as short and long-term rehabilitation. The groups observed in the scope of this paper were split based on their age. The first group consisted of five elder adults aged 60 and above. The second group consisted of three adolescents aged between 14 and 17. The groups were placed in separate wards, thus eliminating any chances of inter-group interactions. Members of either group mostly interacted with one another. Some of the interactions included socialization and basic activities pertaining to their treatment schedule. Physical, Cognitive, and Socio-Emotional Issues The two groups are predisposed towards different physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional issues. Elder adults are typically frail in body and have weaker health due to aging, which makes them more prone to injuries and traumas received from falls. According to the NCOA (2018), fall-related injuries constitute the majority of deaths in elder Americans. In adolescents, falls and traumas are typically associated with accidents and as a result of physical activity. One of the boys observed in the scope of this study broke his leg while riding a bike, another was hit by a car while crossing the road, and the third one was recovering from injuries sustained in a school fight. Other issues that this population group is exposed to includes malnutrition, obesity, and seasonal illnesses. Elderly patients have significantly more cognitive issues when compared to adolescents. Due to old age, many of older patients experience problems with seeing, hearing, and keeping balance, which often serves as a predictor of various falls and injuries. In adolescents, on the other hand, cognitive issues are much less widespread (Kagitcibasi & Ataca, 2015). Poor eyesight is becoming increasingly common, however, due to the widespread use of television, computers, and smartphones. Hearing damage is also likely because of listening to loud music using headphones. In some cases, cognitive issues are caused by trauma, which both groups are exposed to in equal measure (Kagitcibasi & Ataca, 2015). Socio-emotional issues in elder adults stem from various challenges and disabilities as well as from the effects of social isolation that follow. This is especially true for low-mobility adults that stay at home most of the time. Unable to connect with their peers and healthcare workers, elderly patients tend to neglect personal care as well as their treatments (Kagitcibasi & Ataca, 2015). Depression is likely to develop as well. In adolescents, socio-emotional issues are heavily connected with the situation at home and in school. The desire for appreciation, success, and a stable home environment are the primary driving factors. Inabilities to acquire any of these are likely to cause adolescents to develop bad habits, depression, or engage in anti-social and dangerous behavior (Kagitcibasi & Ataca, 2015). Observations of Group Behavior Due to the nature of the traumatology ward, both groups were fairly limited in their physical interactions, as they had to stay in their beds and move only during nursing procedures. The elder group took well to the temporal lack of mobility, as their regular lifestyle did not involve much movement. The adolescent group was far more disconcerted with the change, as they often found themselves bored with nothing to do. The adolescent interacted with one another on a far more frequent basis and utilized various gadgets for entertainment. Elderly patients’ primary concerns were about the prolonged recovery process, which caused anxiety and symptoms of depression, while the adolescents were largely concerned with not being able to return to school. They proved more psychologically resilient when compared to elder adults, as they did not show any serious symptoms of socio-emotional distress. Both groups demonstrate typical behavioral traits related to their development stage, with the elders more concerned about their physical wellness and the lack of social contact, while the adolescents were preoccupied with the socio-emotional issues connected to the school and a lack of meaningful activity. Potential Abnormalities One of the patients in the elder group has exhibited lack of interest in self-care and has neglected the procedures and medicines prescribed to him by the nurse. He avoids contact with other patients of the ward and keeps his interactions with the nurse to a minimum. In addition, he has not been visited by his family ever since being placed under medical care. The patient has a poor appetite and often leaves half of his food on the plate. These are symptoms of depression, which need to be addressed. A referral to a psychologist is necessary. Additional Information Many sources indicate that disabilities and traumas are directly related to the development of various psychological illnesses in elderly and adolescent populations. Kagitcibasi and Ataca (2015) reinforce the findings of this paper by stating that in elders, psychological distress is caused by pain, disability, and social isolation, whereas the primary stressors in adolescents revolve around the inability to perform, improve, and connect with peers. One of the theories that can be used by nurses in order to prevent negative psychological outcomes in elders and adolescents alike is the motivational theory of life-span development. It states that humans seek to achieve meaningful goals throughout their entire lifespan. Enabling patients to achieve those goals even while being debilitated by injuries would significantly decrease the likelihood of developing depression (Kay & Heckhausen, 2015). Addiction theories help understand and prevent reckless behavior in adolescents. According to Heyman (2013), addictions and unhealthy behavior can be explained by the use of conditional theory that highlights the importance of societal influences and peer-pressure in the facilitation of reckless behavior. It can be used to formulate strategies to prevent addictions and related injuries. Available Community Resources Our community has several resources available to elders and adolescents in order to ensure safe development. The local hospital provides call-ins and nurse visits to discharged patients as well as venues for patient education and self-help (“Community resources,” n.d.). Adolescents can benefit from sports sections and clubs that can be found in the local school. The community psychological help center is a venue for both groups, as it offers help and support in case of depression and other psychological ailments. The suicide prevention hotline is available through phone and internet connection (“Community resources,” n.d.). Lastly, religious groups and churches can provide physical, psychosocial, and financial help to those who require it. In addition, Medicaid and Medicare cover psychological treatment and evaluation, which makes obtaining and using healthcare privileges granted by insurance a potential venue. In the event of a crisis or disaster, citizens can get help from FEMA and the local natural disaster services. These services can provide immediate medical help, psychological consultation, and temporary shelter (“Community resources,” n.d.). References Community resources. (n.d.). Web. Heyman, G. M. (2013). Addiction and choice: Theory and new data. Frontiers in psychiatry, 4, 31. Kagitcibasi, C., & Ataca, B. (2015). Value of children, family change, and implications for the care of the elderly. Cross-Cultural Research, 49 (4), 374-392. Kay, J. S., & Heckhausen, J. (2015). Motivational theory of lifespan development. In N. Pachana (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Gerophychology (pp. 98-102). Singapore: Springer. NCOA. (2018). Fall prevention facts. Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The essay discusses the importance of knowledge when it comes to nurse practitioner prescribing, specifically in the state of Florida.The essay discusses the importance of knowledge when it comes to nurse practitioner prescribing, specifically in the state of Florida. NPs have to be aware of the Florida laws that regulate the process of prescribing drugs in order to avoid possible medical errors and improve the quality of care that they provide.

The essay discusses the importance of knowledge when it comes to nurse practitioner prescribing, specifically in the state of Florida. The essay discusses the importance of knowledge when it comes to nurse practitioner prescribing, specifically in the state of Florida. NPs have to be aware of the Florida laws that regulate the process of prescribing drugs in order to avoid possible medical errors and improve the quality of care that they provide.

Advanced Pharmacology: Nurse Practitioner Prescribing Essay Table of Contents 1. NP Practice 2. State Laws 3. Education Hours 4. Importance of Knowledge 5. Conclusion 6. References Much attention is paid to the issue of prescribing drugs that can be done by physicians, nurse practitioners, and other healthcare workers in the United States. It is necessary to admit that prior to January 1, 2017, physician assistants, as well as nurse practitioners (NPs), were not allowed to prescribe any substances in the state of Florida (Florida Board of Nursing, 2016). Nowadays, NPs have already gained enough prescribing authority in almost every state of America and in Florida, in particular. NP Practice Florida State laws that aim at regulating the duties and responsibilities of NPs remain to be one of the strictest in America. Regarding the outcomes of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) when many Americans got an opportunity to ask for health care coverage and expand their primary care workforce, the quality of prescribing and care was re-evaluated (Jiao, Murimi, Stafford, Mojtabai, & Alexander, 2018). For example, the work of NPs has to be supervised by physicians. If the necessity to prescribe drugs is evident, nurses have access to controlled substances prescription only. In addition, NPs can perform acts regarding medical and nursing diagnoses, treatments, and operations, evaluate patients, manage treatments, and communicate with patients and their families. State Laws There is the Florida Nurse Practice Act in Florida Statutes the goal of which is to ensure that all nurses meet the minimum of requirements that promote safe practice and effective help. According to the Statute, nurses may be categorized in regard to the scope of their duties. Florida laws that regulate the process of prescribing drugs are discussed in sections 456, 464, and 668 of the Florida Statutes. The ACA should also be used to identify the expectations and demands of patients. The role of these two laws in integral for a drug prescription, as well as for the entire nursing practice and the quality of services that can be offered to people, is impressive and cannot be neglected. Education Hours Modern students and NPs pay much attention to the conditions under which they have to receive their education. According to the Florida Board of Nursing, NPs have to complete 24 hours of continuing education during each working period. These hours also include 2 hours in order to discuss the ways of how to prevent possible medical errors and 2 hours in order to evaluate the peculiarities of domestic violence. NPs have to record each education hour and make sure to meet the standards of nursing practice defined by their hospitals or other facilities where they have to work. Importance of Knowledge There are several reasons for why NPs have to learn laws and other legal aspects concerning prescribing medications. First, Hudspeth (2016) identifies opioid misuse, overdose, and divergence as serious public health problems in the world. Therefore, as soon as NPs take a wrong step, they contribute to the growth of this public concern. Second, all nurses who neglect the rules or fail to meet the standards may be prohibited from nursing practice. Therefore, it is important for nurses, as well as other participants in a healthcare process, to be aware of the current state laws in the state. Conclusion In general, medication prescription is a serious issue in nursing practice that cannot be neglected. People may contribute to this topic discussion in many different ways. Their awareness of the laws, the choice of continuing education hours, and experience exchange are helpful steps in improving modern nursing practice today. References Florida Board of Nursing. (2016). Important legislative update regarding HB 423. Web. Hudspeth, R. S. (2016). Safe opioid prescribing for adults by nurse practitioners: Part 1. Patient history and assessment standards and techniques. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners , 12 (3), 141-148. Jiao, S., Murimi, I. B., Stafford, R. S., Mojtabai, R., & Alexander, G. C. (2018). Quality of prescribing by physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants in the United States. Pharmacotherapy, 38 (4), 417-427. Web.

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Write an essay about: The article discusses the role of facility layout design in the overall performance of a company and presents an aggregation method that allows putting facility layout design options in order. The technique is based on various traditional approaches but a linear programming model was used as the foundation for this method. The results of this research demonstrate the effective way for ranking alternative facility layout designs by means of the aggregation technique.

The article discusses the role of facility layout design in the overall performance of a company and presents an aggregation method that allows putting facility layout design options in order. The technique is based on various traditional approaches but a linear programming model was used as the foundation for this method. The results of this research demonstrate the effective way for ranking alternative facility layout designs by means of the aggregation technique.

Aggregation Technique to Facility Layout Design Selection Essay (Article) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Summary 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction A facility layout design is an important component of manufacturing and business projects. It is a multisided issue that includes qualitative and quantitative aspects like flexibility and the final price of materials. The article Application of an Aggregation Technique to Facility Layout Design Selection demonstrates the role of layout design in the overall performance of a company (Altuntas & Dereli, 2017). The main purpose of this paper is to summarize this article, highlighting the strategic importance of layout decisions. Summary Facility layout in manufacturing and other business projects has a significant impact on the effectiveness and efficiency of the overall performance. One of the basic problems is to choose an appropriate location that allows incorporating in existing facilities. It requires various facility layout designs, and facility specialists together with other decision-makers have to select the best opportunity. There are different methods to rank alternative facility layout designs. However, every case is very unique. Hence, most existing approaches need to be adapted to specific circumstances and conditions. This work presents an aggregation method that allows putting facility layout design options in order. This technique is based on various traditional approaches. However, a linear programming model was used as the foundation for this method. The results of this research demonstrate the effective way for ranking alternative facility layout designs by means of the aggregation technique. Facility layouts mostly aim at arranging a given number of facilities within a specific area or location. This arrangement is very important as it has a great impact on various aspects like material flow distance, the total number of manufactured products, the time spent on producing, the efficiency of facility utilization, and some others. However, two of the most prominent issues are the lower cost of production and increasing the quality of goods and their diversity. A successful facility layout might enhance these aspects. Therefore, investors should address the problem of a facility layout at the beginning of the implementation of the project. It is the major obstacle that needs to be dealt with to ensure the effective performance of a venture in the future. This fact highlights the importance of optimal facility layout decisions as they have a direct effect on the productivity of a company. This obstacle mostly rests on the shoulders of facility engineers. They have to introduce different facility layouts due to the fact that there are various appropriate options for locating facilities. Also, there are qualitative and quantitative criteria that have to be taken into account. It makes engineers design a bigger number of alternative layouts. In order to achieve an appropriate facility layout, it is necessary to apply systematic and scientific techniques to assess all possible opportunities and put them in descending order. Relevant literature offers various solutions to a facility layout issue. Some of them are a genetic algorithm, weighted Euclidean distance-based method, synthetic immune system, and nonlinear programming model. Most of these methods are founded on heuristic principles. However, except for heuristic methods, some mathematical approaches might be applied to design an effective facility layout. Also, some authors suggest simulation as a method addressing a facility layout problem. Such approaches aimed at the minimization of the manufacturing costs and material flow distance. However, new facility layout options are usually derived from the simultaneous application of several methods in spite of the fact that they might be aimed at achieving similar goals. In order to choose the best option, this study suggests using an aggregation technique. This technique is applied to make effective decisions for material selection. This is a significant issue that includes various criteria. Therefore, specialists have to consider all aspects relevant to a material selection and rank them in descending order. Furthermore, facility engineers should choose the most appropriate option to pass it on to decision-makers. However, ranks derived from traditional approaches are not always relevant to a material selection. The aggregation technique allows making such ranks, basing on the results of several conventional methods. This technique might also be applied to address other multisided decision-making obstacles. This article describes the application of the aggregation technique, using the example that is composed of 18 facility layout design options. It includes ten divisions of different sizes that work in a packaging company. This study presents several facility layouts that were designed, considering qualitative and quantitative criteria like distance, shape ratio, availability, and support. The methods used in this study have various calculation processes. However, the aggregation technique allowed taking into consideration and applying all methods that addressed the existing layout problem. The aggregation technique was used to gather data as well. The results of this work provide the rank of options that is different from ranks based on the application of conventional methods. Conclusion A layout is a strategically important aspect that has a significant effect on long-run growth and stability. Specialists apply various methods to address the problem of an effective facility layout. However, this issue has some unique characteristics in each individual case. Therefore, it is necessary to combine different approaches in order to achieve the most effective results. References Altuntas, S., & Dereli, T. (2017). Application of an aggregation technique to facility layout design selection. Journal of Thermal Engineering , 3 (1), 1078-1078.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Agribusiness Global is a global corporation functioning in the agribusiness sector by advancing the quality of products, improving the growth of crops, and offering tools for managing issues such as pests. The company has recently expanded to Tanzania, where it will be able to provide support to local businesses and encourage them to use more effective tools for maintaining the quality of the crops and food delivered to the local buyers high.

Agribusiness Global is a global corporation functioning in the agribusiness sector by advancing the quality of products, improving the growth of crops, and offering tools for managing issues such as pests. The company has recently expanded to Tanzania, where it will be able to provide support to local businesses and encourage them to use more effective tools for maintaining the quality of the crops and food delivered to the local buyers high.

Agribusiness’ Global Expanding to Tanzania Research Paper Introduction Expanding into a new market is a natural stage in the development of an organization that is willing to grow and attract new customers. New markets provide a wide array of possibilities for growth, which makes them a lucrative area for global companies to explore. The significance of new markets is particularly high for organizations operating in the agribusiness sector, where improving the efficacy of food production and delivery is of particularly high importance. Due to the need to maintain the quality of the final product high, global agribusiness organizations such as Agribusiness Global have to seek cheaper transportation and production options. With a plethora of untapped potential for increasing crop quality and a comparatively low level of competition, Tanzania is a perfect choice for Agribusiness Global’ expansion into the African market. Agribusiness Global has established itself as a global corporation functioning in the agribusiness sector by advancing the quality of products, improving the growth of crops, and offering tools for managing issues such as pests (“Advancing the global crop protection and plant health industries,” n.d.). Due to the need to expand, Agribusiness Global will have to seek cheaper options for expanding to eastern Africa. The identified goal is quite challenging since Agribusiness Global should maintain the quality of its product at the required level, at the same time looking for opportunities to attract new customers. Herein lies the necessity to expand to the Tanzanian market, where local markets and food producers are growing. Growth Strategy Analysis: Opportunities for Expansion The Tanzanian agribusiness market represents the untapped potential that needs to be explored thoroughly. According to the recent data, the conditions for growing a vast number of crops, as well as producing poultry, are perfect, with local businesses blooming with opportunities for producing high-quality food (USAID, 2018b). Therefore, promoting change in the target market by encouraging the target demographic to use more effective tools for maintaining the quality of the crops and food delivered to the local buyers high should be seen as an important opportunity. Furthermore, commercial farming in Tanzania requires support to meet the local demand, which Agribusiness Global will be able to provide (Krone, Dannenberg, & Nduru, 2016). The specified issue is particularly important for local businesses that attempt at expanding into the global market by partnering with larger corporations. Figure 1. Ansoff Matrix. As Figure 1 shown above indicates, Agribusiness Global will have to implement the quality- and change-oriented growth strategy to enter the Tanzanian market and partner with a local company. Agribusiness Global will have to diversify its product to meet the demand of the Tanzanian market and ensure that the provided pesticides meet the needs of local farmers. The price issue can be managed by using local supplies, including technology and crops (USAID, 2018a). Thus, Agribusiness Global will be able to expand into the Tanzanian market and grab the attention of local citizens by emphasizing the healthiness and cheapness of the product. Macro and Competitive Environment: Other Agribusiness Companies The Tanzanian agribusiness market cannot be deemed as aggressively competitive at present, although local entrepreneurs have been attempting at creating agribusiness ventures. Due to financial constraints and technological issues, these businesses have not succeeded in delivering the product of the required quality so far (USAID, 2018a). Therefore, Agribusiness Global is unlikely to face strong competition in the selected area (USAID, 2018b). Furthermore, the lack of non-traditional competition makes the target market even more attractive to Agribusiness Global. Thus, the competitive environment of the Tanzanian market does not contain any major challenges. The foreign market is also quite similar to the headquarter market since both are dominated by small companies (Martínez Valle, 2017). The described environment is quite similar to other agribusiness market settings, yet the lack of resources hampers the development of the market. By designing a competitive advantage that will make Agribusiness Global look particularly attractive to Tanzanian buyers, one will be able to reach the top of the local market rather fast. Marketing Mix and Extended/Service Marketing Mix: Agribusiness Global’ Potential Using the 4Ps principle will allow Agribusiness Global to gain confidence in the Tanzanian market quite quickly and analyze the opportunities that can be pursued in the designated environment. A global company such as Agribusiness Global must establish a strategy that will allow it to integrate into the Tanzanian market flawlessly. By determining the unique aspects of the brand product, the characteristics of the target population, the placement technique, and the approach toward promotion, one will make Agribusiness Global’s entry to the Tanzanian agribusiness setting fully successful. Table 1. Marketing Mix: 4Ps. Product Pesticides and other products improving the quality of crops and food Place Local agribusiness companies (farming, poultry production, and similar organizations) Price Lower pricing options for local organizations Promotion Emphasis placed on the combination of quality, opportunities for healthy food production, and low prices As Table 1 above shows, Agribusiness Global needs to position itself as a cheap and available option for consuming healthy food compared to the fast-food options that currently dominate the Tanzanian market. By emphasizing the necessity to transition to a different approach toward food production and focus on health, Agribusiness Global will necessitate the increase in the agribusiness activity within the state, thus boosting local businesses and creating opportunities or the rapid progress of the industry. Furthermore, the prices set for the proposed products should be comparatively low so that the target population could be able to consider Agribusiness Global’ production as a possible choice. Since the significance of agribusiness has risen in the Tanzanian setting over the past few years, local farmers are likely to engage in entrepreneurship and the related business activities, which means that they will define prices within the target market (Mariyono et al., 2017). With their products being sold at a very low price, Agribusiness Global will have to combine a low pricing strategy with an elaborate promotion campaign. Speaking of the promotion, the identified aspect of the marketing mix will need to emphasize the high quality of provided pesticides and the reasonable price that the company sets for its products. The promotion of tools for creating healthy food options along with the focus on high quality will help to gain the trust of Tanzanian companies, inviting them to try the products offered by Agribusiness Global. The organization needs to target both the local population and organizations that distribute products. For instance, Agribusiness Global will need the support of local retail organizations. Also, it will be critical to use the support of local suppliers for Agribusiness Global to maintain the quality of its product consistent. Selecting the place as the fourth component of the 4Ps framework, Agribusiness Global will need to focus on local retail companies. Thus, owners of small businesses will gain full access to the products and services offered by the organization and experience the high quality of the provided products. It is important to ensure that the target population has the access to Agribusiness Global’ product and can enjoy the relevant services, including discounts and a wide range of product types. Furthermore, the focus on keeping crops healthy as the key competitive advantage of the company may make a difference within the Tanzanian society by shaping people’s values and convincing them to switch to healthy eating. Also, the 4Ps approach will have to be considered. Particularly, factors such as physical evidence, process, productivity, and people will have to be added to the analysis. Thus, more elaborate customer segmentation and the tools for enhancing the production process will become possible. Specifically, Agribusiness Global will have to consider hiring a local labor force to reduce costs and maintain product quality levels high. Moreover, incentives for increasing employees’ motivation will need to be introduced. Thus, the company will benefit in the selected market and introduce a gradual change to it. Market Size Opportunity: A Serviceable Obtainable Market While the Tanzanian market has only recently started being viewed as a potential business target due to its comparatively small size, it can be described as fairly promising in terms of its resources and opportunities. For instance, with mostly local family entrepreneurship representing the agribusiness sector, competition rates are comparatively low. The market has not reached the stage of saturation yet, which opens a plethora of opportunities for Agribusiness Global to gain a strong presence in it and build a reputation for itself. Thus, the company will gain the support of loyal customers and business partners, cementing its position as a leader in the selected market. At present, the Tanzanian agribusiness market can be seen as serviceable and obtainable since it has only started devolving into a viable economic environment. The specified market size is quite small since it includes only the portion of the Tanzanian agribusiness market that targets people and retail companies that purchase poultry. The specified segment is also narrowed down significantly by targeting the customers that are willing to focus on maintaining good health and consuming healthy food. The current Tanzanian agribusiness market is, therefore, at the inception stage, yet it is likely to develop into a booming economic environment for several companies, ranging from small and medium businesses to large corporations. Potential Risks: Natural Causes of Low Crop Production One should keep in mind that there are significant challenges to overcome in the specified market. Since Agribusiness Global will depend on the local agribusiness organizations, natural causes of a drop in crop production should be regarded as a risk factor. According to a report by Tirivangasi (2018), occasional floods and droughts pose a tangible threat to the crops grown in Tanzania. Therefore, Agribusiness Global must design an exit strategy that will help it to minimize possible losses in case of a setback caused by a natural disaster. Also, residents may feel unwilling to transition to new products for improving the crop growth provided by Agribusiness Global. With the current propensity toward unhealthy food, people may fail to recognize the importance of healthy dieting. Finally, it would be unrealistic to expect that all local agribusinesses will be eager to cooperate with Agribusiness Global. Since agribusiness has started to be viewed as a potential opportunity for local entrepreneurs, most Tanzanian businesses are likely to view Agribusiness Global primarily as a rival and not a partner. Therefore, Agribusiness Global will have to make an extra effort to ensure that it does not plan to disrupt the functioning of local businesses but, instead, aims at collaborating with them to meet citizens’ needs. Conclusion: Agribusiness Global in Tanzania. Opportunities, Risks, and Recommendations The economic setting of Tanzania has only recently started to become the focus of global companies’ attention. While other areas such as telecommunication and mining have already been explored extensively and occupied by a range of large entities, agribusiness remains the untapped potential that contains a wide range of options for a global corporation. Agribusiness Global is a perfect candidate for exploring the Tanzanian agribusiness market since the firm can study the wide array of resources that the Tanzanian setting has to offer. For instance, the current focus on agribusiness among local entrepreneurs and Tanzanian organizations will help Agribusiness Global to develop strong ties with local suppliers, at the same time gaining the competitive advantage that home firms in Tanzania cannot boast. Specifically, the combination of reasonable prices and high-quality pesticides allowing farmers to keep the crops healthy should be regarded as the key selling point of Agribusiness Global. By marketing its products using the word of the mouth and other techniques, Agribusiness Global will attract the attention of local buyers, suppliers, and retailers, thus cementing its position as a leader in the agribusiness industry. The process of entering the Tanzanian market is fraught with several challenges, natural causes being the key ones. However, by designing a marketing campaign that will appeal to the target organizations with the offer of opportunities for advancing their development, Agribusiness Global will strive in the Tanzanian agribusiness market. Therefore, it is highly recommended for the firm to expand into the specified environment. Thus, Agribusiness Global will have a chance to diversify its products and cater to the needs of an even larger number of customers. References Advancing the global crop protection and plant health industries . (n.d.). Web. Krone, M., Dannenberg, P., & Nduru, G. (2016). The use of modern information and communication technologies in smallholder agriculture: Examples from Kenya and Tanzania. Information Development , 32 (5), 1503-1512. Mariyono, J., Kuntariningsih, A., Dewi, H. A., Latifah, E., Daroini, P. B., Negoro, A. A.,… Luther, G. (2017). Pathway analysis of vegetable farming commercialization. Economic Journal of Emerging Markets , 9 (2), 115-124. Martínez Valle, L. (2017). Agribusiness, peasant agriculture and labour markets: Ecuador in comparative perspective. Journal of Agrarian Change , 17 (4), 680-693. Tirivangasi, H. M. (2018). Regional disaster risk management strategies for food security: Probing Southern African Development Community channels for influencing national policy. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 10 (1), 1-7. Web. USAID. (2018a). Agriculture and food security . Web. USAID. (2018b). Tanzania: Nutrition profile . Web.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The paper provides a review of literature about farming in Abu Dhabi, including its importance, land coverage, water sources, cost of farming, types of harvests, and type of soil.Farming in Abu Dhabi is important because it boosts food security in the emirate. The paper also established that approximately 5.44% of land in the emirate is used for agricultural purposes.

The paper provides a review of literature about farming in Abu Dhabi, including its importance, land coverage, water sources, cost of farming, types of harvests, and type of soil. Farming in Abu Dhabi is important because it boosts food security in the emirate. The paper also established that approximately 5.44% of land in the emirate is used for agricultural purposes.

Agriculture and Farming in Abu Dhabi Research Paper Literature Review Many researchers have conducted their studies on agricultural practices in the gulf region, including the UAE. According to Al Qaydi & Arthur (2008), Abu Dhabi is one of the seven emirates in the United Arab Emirates, which is known for its sustainable agricultural practices in the country. Although agriculture has not been the main economic activity in the gulf region, contemporary food security trends have influenced most Arab countries, including the UAE, to practice agriculture and farming (Behnassi, Pollmann, & Kissinger, 2013). Importantly, Al Qaydi & Arthur (2008) note that the UAE government offers both financial and labor support to farmers in order to promote agriculture in the country. Many researches have been done on soil taxonomy in the UAE, with the invention of a non-absorbent type of soil that was one of the breakthroughs that have greatly influenced agriculture in Abu Dhabi (Shahid, Abdelfattah, Wilson, Kelley, & Chiaretti, 2014; Oxford Business Group, 2010). Nevertheless, agriculture and farming in Abu Dhabi have witnessed growth in recent years, thus having enhanced food security in the country despite climatic challenges and water shortage (Global Forum for Innovations in Agriculture 2014 – Abu Dhabi, 2014). The paper provides a review of literature about farming in Abu Dhabi, including its importance, land coverage, water sources, cost of farming, types of harvests, and type of soil. What is the Importance of farming in Abu Dhabi Various researchers have highlighted the importance of farming in Abu Dhabi. According to Al Qaydi & Arthur (2008), agriculture is one of the main sources of income in Abu Dhabi, with main exports being fruits, wheat, dates, and other exotic food crops. Apart from agriculture, United Arab Emirate citizens also practice livestock farming and fishery (Al Qaydi & Arthur, 2008). This increases the amount of food production for local consumption, thus boosting food security in the emirate. According to Statistics Centre − Abu Dhabi (2012), tree farming has been practiced in the region for some time with the aim of offering protection against sandstorms and creating favorable climatic conditions. These trees also house different breeds of birds and invertebrates, which in turn create a tourist attraction for the country. The main tree species in Abu Dhabi are different types of palm trees, making the city to be the largest date producer and processor in the world (Statistics Centre − Abu Dhabi, 2012). Indeed, the UAE is globally popular for producing high-quality dates. Amount of Land Covered By Farming Behnassi, Pollmann, & Kissinger (2013), in their book titled “Sustainable Food Security in the Era of Local and Global Environmental Change,” have established that approximately 5.44% of land in Abu Dhabi was utilized for agricultural purposes. However, a big portion of fertile land is yet to be used for cultivation. On average, the largest portion of land has been used up in planting date palm trees. The remaining land is utilized for plantations used for wheat and livestock farming (Behnassi, Pollmann, & Kissinger, 2013). However, the government of the UAE and investors are encouraged to use more land in agriculture due to its good economic value. Sources and Amount of Water Required for Farming. Water usage in Abu Dhabi is another issue where most researchers have concentrated in. As noted by Jiménez & Asano (2008), the UAE lies in an arid area; thus, it lacks adequate water for agriculture and consumption. Surprisingly, agriculture in Abu Dhabi consumes over 58% of the total volume of water available in the emirate (Mohamed, 2006), thus putting pressure on the government to seek alternative sources of water (Jiménez & Asano, 2008). Generally, water usage in Abu Dhabi is divided into three classes, including private households, agriculture, and industries (Negewo, 2012). Due to water shortage, the government has taken precautions by introducing new and efficient irrigation practices (Jiménez & Asano, 2008). A good example is drip irrigation, which requires less water as compared to other irrigation schemes that were used in the past. Verner (2012) notes that the government has also advised farmers against planting crops that require plenty of water; instead, they should have focused on crop species that are salt and drought tolerant. This has greatly reduced the amount of water used in farming. Sewage treatment services have been introduced, with the retreated or recycled water used in irrigation and agriculture (Free flow: Reaching Water Security through Cooperation, 2013). Abu Dhabi also depends on underground water for farming (United Nations, 2001). One important aspect worth noting is that the government has ensured that water is distributed to farmers freely. Thus, farmers can use as much water as required without worrying about costs. Moreover, with the invention of hydrophobic sand produced in Al Ain (Wangnick, 2002), farmers are able to save a considerable amount of water. This non-absorbent soil retains water, thus reducing wastage through percolation to the underground in irrigation schemes. Farmers who do not use hydrophobic soils grow their products in greenhouses where conditions are controlled or shielded from the scorching weather conditions of the UAE. Major Harvests in Abu Dhabi Dates and palm trees have been the mainstay agricultural produce in Abu Dhabi for many years. However, the emirate has shifted to modern farming by producing crops, such as cucumbers, tomatoes, cabbages, green beans, green and red peppers, pumpkins, sweet corn, carrots, and potatoes, which are normally sold locally (Statistics Centre − Abu Dhabi, 2012). Farmers also grow caviar and dates, which are normally exported. Moreover, in recent years, Abu Dhabi has been recognized for its aggressiveness in wheat production, with statistics indicating that the emirate produces more wheat per hectare than any other part in the gulf region does (Bakhsh, 2014). More tests on other crops are also conducted to establish their adaptability to prevailing climatic conditions. Finally, Abu Dhabi yearly holds festivals about its agricultural practices, which mainly aim at advertising farm products locally and internationally (Al Qaydi & Arthur, 2008). Costs Incurred by Government in Taking Care of Farming Farming in Abu Dhabi might be considered expensive when government resources are put into perspective. The government tends to cover most of the farming costs through subsidies to farmers. Water and power are known to be the most expensive farming inputs mainly because they are provided to the UAE citizens freely and are consumed in large proportions, as they are necessary for agriculture (Al Qaydi & Arthur, 2008). The government also provides free animal and plant inspections. In the case of any animal disease outbreak or plant infestation, the government offers vaccines to animals through the Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority (Oxford Business Group, 2010). The government also takes responsibility for the manufacturing and free distribution of fertilizers. This is done in most farms in Abu Dhabi, thus ensuring the high quality of agricultural products. The government also greatly contributes financially to the invention of waterproof agricultural soils that retain most of the water, thus boosting farm yields (Al Qaydi & Arthur, 2008). The United Arab Emirates government has also taken the initiative to educate farmers in Abu Dhabi on economic farming procedures and eco-friendly products that do not cause pollution to the environment. With these steps from the government, farming has become successful in an area that experiences hostile heat levels. These products sustain the economy and earn export revenue for the country. Type of Soil Used and Its Source According to Shahid et al (2014), major strides have been made in soil science, with the government coming up with waterproof soil that does not require frequent watering because it can retain water within itself. This soil has greatly benefited agriculture and helped in the conservation of water for irrigation (Global Forum for Innovations in Agriculture 2014 – Abu Dhabi, 2014). Moreover, the invented soil is non-absorbent; thus, it does not allow water losses through percolation. This is actually a big boost to farming in Abu Dhabi in spite of severe climatic conditions. During a survey carried out in Abu Dhabi, a large portion of land amounting to 400,000 hectares was discovered to contain soil that is fertile and good for agriculture in the entire emirate (Wangnick, 2002). More researches have established that most soils in Abu Dhabi are favorable for agriculture and farming (Metternicht & Zinck, 2008). Meanwhile, soil in the city is enriched through compost fertilizer produced by a local compost plant, which supplies organic fertilizers to all farms. Here, the government subsidizes fertilizer supplies at 50% of the price (Bakhsh, 2014). The fertilizer factory in Abu Dhabi has enhanced its distribution channels by establishing local distribution centers in Al Ain and the surrounding farms (Bakhsh, 2014). Conclusion Abu Dhabi has become one of the most popular cities in the entire emirate due to its increased agriculture and farming practice. In general, farming has greatly developed the state’s economy and increased the emirate’s population. Agriculture is, therefore, a good economic boost and can lead to industrialization and modernization of an emirate. From the discussion above, it is evident that agriculture and farming have greatly contributed to the elevation of Abu Dhabi to the level of internationally recognized agricultural hubs. The innovation in soil taxonomy and water utilization is an eye-opener to modern society, showing that climatic conditions are not a hindrance to the attainment of food security in the modern world. References Al Qaydi, S., & Arthur, R. (2008). Evaluating the Farming Activities in the Western Region of the United Arab Emirates. Asia and Pacific Studies, 5 (1), 73-88. Bakhsh, N. (2014). Farms in Abu Dhabi produce more wheat than regional counterparts . Web. Behnassi, M., Pollmann, O., & Kissinger, G. (2013). Sustainable Food Security in the Era of Local and Global Environmental Change . London, England: Springer Science & Business. Free flow: Reaching Water Security through Cooperation . (2013). Paris, France: UNESCO. Global Forum for Innovations in Agriculture 2014 – Abu Dhabi . (2014). Web. Jiménez, B., & Asano, T. (2008). Water Reuse: An International Survey of Current Practice, Issues and Needs . London, England: IWA Publishing. Mohamed, A. (2006). Arid Land Hydrogeology: In Search of a Solution to a Threatened Resource: Proceedings of the Third Joint UAE-Japan Symposium on Sustainable GCC Environment and Water Resources (EWR2006), 28 – 30 January 2006, Abu Dhabi, UAE. London, England: CRC Press, 2006 Metternicht, G., & Zinck, A. (2008). Remote Sensing of Soil Salinization: Impact on Land Management. London, England: CRC Press. Negewo, B. (2012). Renewable Energy Desalination: An Emerging Solution to Close the Water Gap in the Middle East and North Africa. Washington DC, USA: World Bank Publications. Oxford Business Group. (2010). The Report: Abu Dhabi 2010 . Oxford, England: Oxford Business Group. Shahid, S., Abdelfattah, M., Wilson, M., Kelley, K., & Chiaretti, J. (2014). United Arab Emirates Keys to Soil Taxonomy . London, England: Springer. Statistics Centre − Abu Dhabi (SCAD). (2012). Abu Dhabi Over a Half Century . Abu Dhabi, UAE: Statistics Centre − Abu Dhabi (SCAD). United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia. (2001). Implications of Groundwater Rehabilitation on Water Resources Protection and Conservation: Artificial Recharge and Water Quality Improvement in the ESCWA Region. NY, USA: United Nations, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia. Verner, D. (2012). Adaptation to a Changing Climate in the Arab Countries: A Case for Adaptation Governance and Leadership in Building Climate Resilience . Washington DC, USA: World Bank Publications.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The importance of agriculture in Africa as a key industry is significant because it drives economic development and gross domestic product (GDP) growth, industry growth, and global trade, whilst enhancing quality of life and providing jobs.

The importance of agriculture in Africa as a key industry is significant because it drives economic development and gross domestic product (GDP) growth, industry growth, and global trade, whilst enhancing quality of life and providing jobs.

Agriculture and Regulations in African Countries Essay Introduction A highly developed agricultural sector, as a rule, is the indicator of a sustainable economy since this industry brings essential large profits but, at the same time, requires significant expenditures. In Africa where quite a few countries have a low level of financial development, this sphere of life is of particular importance due to various factors. This work is aimed at determining the significance of agriculture in African countries, the main features of the regulation of this field, as well as the causes leading to a failure in a traditional developmental system. Importance of Agriculture to Africa The development of agriculture in Africa is not only the objective of the development program but one of the priorities. According to Adenle, Azadi and Manning (2018, p. 413), this filed “drives economic development and gross domestic product (GDP) growth, industry growth, and global trade, whilst enhancing quality of life and providing jobs”. Since the shortage of industrial enterprises is felt in some regions, stimulating the agricultural industry is natural. Moreover, in addition to financial gains, other issues are also inevitably affected, for instance, the problem of poverty. As Adenle, Azadi and Manning (2018, p. 413) argue, about 40% of the continent’s population go hungry, and the chronic lack of money is a typical situation. An opportunity to correct the situation through increased attention to this sector is one of the logical and informed decisions. In addition, Banson, Nguyen and Bosch (2016, p. 81) note that in this field, about 65% of the continent labour population is involved. Therefore, the importance of agriculture to Africa is undeniable and logical. Failure of Traditional Agricultural Development Efforts in Africa Although the agricultural sector is of importance for Africa, the formation of the traditional development model has proven to be ineffective. Porter et al. (2018) remark that a weak economy has always hampered the use of modern mechanisms that could allow fertilising the soil and cultivating products efficiently. The quality of labour also plays an essential role in the development process of this sphere. According to Brown, Llewellyn and Nuberg (2018), the overwhelming majority of farm employees are low-skilled, which complicates natural progress and innovations. Moreover, the economic effect of the management and control system also has not brought any positive changes. Sparrow and Traoré (2018) argue that in some regions, particularly in West Africa, losses in agriculture were significant and, despite helping some people to avoid poverty, a positive balance was not observed, and costs exceeded income. As a result, the traditional principle of agricultural development in many African countries has proven to be ineffective. Conclusion The importance of agriculture in Africa as a key industry is significant due to problems in the economy and the attendant difficulties, such as poverty, unemployment, and other challenges. Despite the relevance of this industry, the traditional principles of development have not proved to be successful. Various obstacles have become barriers to introducing the principles of innovations, thereby forcing farmers to adapt the industry to the local conditions. Reference List Adenle, AA, Azadi, H & Manning, L 2018, ‘The era of sustainable agricultural development in Africa: understanding the benefits and constraints’, Food Reviews International , vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 411-433. Banson, KE, Nguyen, NC & Bosch, OJ 2016, ‘Using system archetypes to identify drivers and barriers for sustainable agriculture in Africa: a case study in Ghana’, Systems Research and Behavioral Science , vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 79-99. Brown, B, Llewellyn, R & Nuberg, I 2018, ‘Global learnings to inform the local adaptation of conservation agriculture in Eastern and Southern Africa’, Global Food Security , vol. 17, pp. 213-220. Porter, ME, Kramer, MR, Ramirez-Vallejo, J & Herman, K 2018, Yara International: Africa strategy . Web. Sparrow, AD & Traoré, A 2018, ‘Limits to the applicability of the innovation platform approach for agricultural development in West Africa: socio-economic factors constrain stakeholder engagement and confidence’, Agricultural Systems , vol. 165, pp. 335-343.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: In "One Night in Hong Kong" by Ai Wu, the author tells the story of his visit to the city and his hope to see its beauty, which was never realized because he was a political prisoner.

In "One Night in Hong Kong" by Ai Wu, the author tells the story of his visit to the city and his hope to see its beauty, which was never realized because he was a political prisoner.

Ai Wu’s and Hu Shi’s Stories About Hong Kong Essay Introduction Hong Kong has always been the source of inspiration for writers, poets, and other artists. Both inborn and visiting authors have dedicated their works to this city, admiring its natural beauty and narrating the stories of their first impressions (Sun; Wise). 1 A series of short stories and excerpts of those who visited Hong Kong in the first half of the twentieth century was collected in a special issue of a Chinese-English translation magazine “Renditions” published in 1988 that included happy and sad memories of several writers’ visits to Hong Kong. Such authors as Ai Wu (59-62), Lu Xun 2 (47-53), Hu Shi (45-46), and others shared their love for the city as well as personal issues that worried them at that time. The paper analyzes the narrations of Ai Wu and Hu Shi, paying particular attention to their perceptions of Hong Kong, relationships with the citizens, and the role of the setting in their stories. “One Night in Hong Kong” by Ai Wu: Setting, Theme, Structure, and Characters Wu’s story about his visit to Hong Kong is depicted as a process of almost reaching a dream (29). The author mentions that he had always wanted to visit Hong Kong, and finally, he received such an opportunity. However, the dream of seeing the city’s beauty did not have a chance to come true. Because Wu was a political prisoner, he was not allowed to walk around Hong Kong. He and other political prisoners spent the night in the police station, the conditions in which were quite dissimilar to pleasant ones (Wu 60). Thus, the theme of the story is the tragedy of being close to fulfilling one’s lifelong endeavor but being deprived of the opportunity to do so. The story is set in Hong Kong in the first half of the twentieth century. The narration is in the first person. The author depicts his personal feelings and emotions associated with staying in the police office and the unpleasant things he encounters there. Other characters in the story are the people who found themselves in the same situation as the author and several police officers. In particular, Wu mentions having a conversation with an Indian guard and an Indian policeman (62). The structure of the story is typical of such a genre. There is an introduction, plot, climax, denouement, and a conclusion. The introduction and conclusion are connected by the theme of sorrow and disappointment. In both of these parts, Wu admires the beauty of Hong Kong and expresses sadness and anger due to not having been able to see the city of his dreams. The climax of the story is the part when Wu thinks about the fate of unemployed laborers he has met in prison (61). He asks a rhetorical question, “Is it a crime to be unemployed?” (Wu 61). The denouement of the narration is the description of the morning on which Wu was taken back to a ship. Both authors employ the most exquisite descriptions of Hong Kong’s charm, but only one of them is able to perceive the beauty with his own eyes. For the other one, the city’s attractiveness remains an unattainable dream. “Hong Kong: Excerpts” by Hu Shi: Theme, Setting, Characters, and Structure In his story, Shi describes the time he spent in Hong Kong when he came there to give several lectures at Hong Kong University (45). Unlike Wu’s narration, Shi’s experience is rather pleasant, and he is fully capable of observing the beauty of the city and admiring its nature. The central theme of Shi’s short depiction is his perception of Hong Kong, the description of nature, and the author’s sincere astonishment at local people’s inability to realize how lucky they are to be living in such surroundings. The story is being told in the first person. Shi shares his personal observations and thoughts of the city and its people. He mentions that they are “quite considerate” because they scheduled his lectures in a way that was most comfortable for him (45). There is no direct speech in the story, but Shi mentions communicating with the University dean and vice-chancellor, as well as listeners of his lectures. The story is set in Hong Kong in the first half of the twentieth century. The author employs detailed descriptions of the city’s nature and the places he visits. The structure of the narration is rather simple, but it is not surprising if one considers the brevity of the piece. Thus, there is no introduction or conclusion. The major part of the two-page story is taken by the plot. It is possible to define a climax and a denouement. The climax is in the place when Shi describes the surprise of the people when he has told them that poets and artists should “eulogize” the city’s charm (46). The denouement is mentioning that in several weeks, he found out about publishing a pamphlet depicting the “beauty of the local scenery” (Shi 46). The Role of Hong Kong Setting in the Stories Although the two stories under analysis are quite different in terms of narrators’ social position and the circumstances under which they appear in Hong Kong, the role of the city’s setting is highly important in both of them. In Shi’s story, the setting is used to depict the cultural life in Hong Kong. The author mentions the university and dwells on the process of lecturing there (Shi 45). Also, he makes some remarks about the citizens’ treatment of strangers and respect to visitors’ traditions. With the help of the setting, Shi also manages to draw the audience’s attention to the problem of taking things for granted (46). Shi mentions that the people became so accustomed to Hong Kong that they “had grown tired of it” (46). By pointing this thing out, the author makes readers analyze their treatment of their own surroundings and inspires them to think of what they are doing to make their place of living better and more prosperous rather than merely taking it for granted. In Wu’s story, the setting is used as a means of reaching a dream and failing to fulfill one’s greatest desire. In the introductory and concluding parts, the author describes in detail how he adores the city and how much he would like to be allowed to watch its beauty. Unfortunately, he is ruthlessly deprived of such an opportunity. Thus, the setting plays the role of the desired destination and, simultaneously, of the biggest disappointment. Stylistic Analysis of the Two Stories The length of the two pieces is rather different, but both authors managed to incorporate many stylistic devices to make their narrations more vivid and to attract the audience’s attention as much as possible. It is necessary to remark the rich use of metaphors in Wu’s work: China is “a loving mother,” and Hong Kong is “her young daughter,” a “gorgeous young lady,” and a “bejewelled debutante” (60). Another set of metaphors is employed when the author compares the life of prisoners to that of birds or fish: if the “cage” were opened for them, they would “spread their wings” and “fly up to the sky of freedom”; if they were set free as fish, they would “flap” their “fins” and swim to the “boundless sea” of freedom (Wu 60). Other cases of metaphors in Wu’s story are “the abyss of misery” (60) and “digging a deep grave for British imperialism” (62). Both Wu and Shi employ similes in their narrations: “like the shadow of a ghost” (Wu 60), “like stars in the sky” (Shi 45), and “looked upon Hong Kong as a market” (Shi 46). Both Shi and Wu make their stories rich in poetic words and epithets. Most frequently, these devices are employed to show authors’ love for the city and its nature. Some of them are used to depict the beauty of other things and places. When Wu shares his likes with readers, he remarks that he enjoys “the vast blue sea” and “luxuriant mountain ranges” (60). The day of his arrival to Hong Kong is depicted as “drizzly” (Wu 60), and the goodbye is described as leaving “beloved Hong Kong” (Wu 62). Once, an epithet is even used when talking about the politic regime: “the sinister designs of the English imperialists” (Wu 62). Despite being much shorter, Shi’s story is also full of exuberant descriptions of nature. The bay and the islands are “magnificent,” there is “a profusion of gorgeous flowers,” and the picture of the sun setting over the sea is “peaceful and beautiful” (Shi 45). There is “beautiful scenery” that is considered as “quite stunning,” and once, the author was able to notice “a thin mist” (Shi 46). Probably the most poetic word was employed when Shi was trying to explain to the people that they did not value their surroundings appropriately: he said they should “eulogize” their city’s nature (46). What is peculiar about Wu’s writing style is the use of irony. Probably, Shi does not use any because he does not have to: his stay in Hong Kong is truly pleasant, and there is no need for him to employ sarcastic notes when describing his experience. Wu, who has not received the welcome he had always wanted, depicts his impressions through the prism of scorn and irony. At the beginning of the story, he mentions that he “became the recipient of special treatment,” stayed in a “government courtesy hotel,” and “enjoyed… hospitality” (Wu 59). By these phrases, Wu indicates prison and the dreadful conditions in which he was kept there. Another case of irony borders with meiosis: Wu mentions that the police station “was about as comfortable as a pigsty” (60). One more feature pertaining only to Wu’s story is the use of barbarism” he mentions that Hindustani is “the lingua franca of India” (62). Also, there is an instance of inversion in Wu’s story: “This I will never forget” (62). One more stylistic device employed by this author is rhetorical question: “Is it a crime to be unemployed” (Wu 61). The reasons why Wu has included a diversity of devices are concerned with the length of his story and its theme. Because his stay in Hong Kong was rather sorrowful and highly disappointing, he uses such stylistic devices as irony, rhetorical questions, and inversion to emphasize his feelings of sadness and anger. Therefore, despite these few instances, both authors should be noted for their use of epithets, similes, metaphors, and poetic words o depict the beauty of Hong Kong and express their admiration of the city. Conclusion Hu Shi’s “Hong Kong: Excerpts” and Ai Wu’s “One Night in Hong Kong” are the stories of love to Hong Kong. Although both authors’ stories of getting acquainted with Hong Kong are quite dissimilar, they both express awe and love for the city the nature and beauty of which has occupied a special place in their hearts. Many writers and poets have devoted literary works to Hong Kong, but Shi and Wu included in their descriptions sincere thoughts, no matter how bitter they might have been at times. The setting of Hong Kong plays a significant part in both narrations. One of the authors admires the scenery on a daily basis, and the other one only dreams of seeing it with his own eyes some day. The stories are rich in epithets, poetic words, metaphors, and other stylistic devices that demonstrate the writers’ artistry and make it much easier for the readers to imagine the picture described verbally. Thus, it is possible to consider Ai Wu’s “One Night in Hong Kong” and Hu Shi’s “Hong Kong: Excerpts” as a significant contribution to the history of literature in general and the depiction of Hong Kong in particular. Notes 1. To read more works of the authors who traveled to Hong Kong, see Wise. To find out about the contemporary Hong Kong authors, see Charlotte. 2. A story by Xun, along with Shi’s and Wu’s stories, is a part of Renditions ‘ special edition on Hong Kong. Works Cited Shi, Hu. “Hong Kong: Excerpts.” Renditions , vol. 29-30, 1988, pp. 45-46. Sun, Charlotte. “Ten Notable Hong Kong Authors You Should Read.” The Culture Trip , 26 Dec. 2016, theculturetrip.com/asia/hong-kong/articles/the-top-10-most-notable-hong-kong-authors/. Accessed 14 Mar. 2018. Wise, Michael, editor. Travellers’ Tales of Hong Kong, Canton & Macao . Facsimile ed., Marshall Cavendish Editions, 2013. Wu, Ai. “One Night in Hong Kong.” Renditions , vol. 29-30, 1988, pp. 59-62. Xun, Lu. “On Hong Kong.” Renditions , vol. 29-30, 1988, pp. 47-53.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The paper presents a strategic audit report on Air Arabia PJSC, focusing on the key environmental factors influencing the company's development and proposing strategies for future growth. The report found that the company's current performance is good, which allows it to consider critical developing opportunities and strategies for future growth.

The paper presents a strategic audit report on Air Arabia PJSC, focusing on the key environmental factors influencing the company's development and proposing strategies for future growth. The report found that the company's current performance is good, which allows it to consider critical developing opportunities and strategies for future growth.

Air Arabia Company’s Strategic Audit Report Introduction Air Arabia is a public joint-stock company (PJSC) based in the United Arab Emirates. The company was founded in 2003 and incorporated in 2007 (“Air Arabia PJSC”, 2018). Air Arabia is the largest low-cost carrier in the Middle Eastern region, operating flights to and from North Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. The present paper will present a strategic audit report on Air Arabia PJSC, focusing on the key environmental factors influencing the company’s development and proposing strategies for future growth. Current Situation Current Performance Air Arabia had a stable performance in the 2017 fiscal year. The company’s return on investment was about 5%, which is a fairly safe figure for the airline industry. The market share increased in 2017 due to the company lowering flight prices to prevent market share from declining. The company also achieved excellent results in terms of profitability, as the profits grew from 508,768,000 AED in 2016 to 662,322,000 AED in 2017 (KMPG, 2018). Overall, the company’s current performance is good, which allows it to consider critical developing opportunities and strategies for future growth. Strategic Posture The company’s mission, objectives, strategies, and policies are clearly stated in its annual reports and investor presentations, as well as other official publications. The organization operates in the travel business, as it is relevant to the company’s mission. Air Arabia’s mission is to “To revolutionize air travel in the region through an innovative business approach offering superb value for money and safe, reliable operation” (Air Arabia, 2018, p. 3). Corporate objectives are to build motivated and multi-functional teams, whereas functional objectives are to demonstrate high standards of operations and effectively manage costs (Air Arabia, 2018). Lastly, the business objectives of the company are to increase profitability and maintain low fares (Air Arabia, 2018). The objectives are consistent with one another and serve to achieve the company’s mission. They are also relevant to the company’s environment and the industry in which it operates. The two principal strategies of the organization are to remain competitive and cost-effective and to expand its operations to new destinations and regions. These strategies are relevant to the company’s mission, objectives, and environment. Moreover, they target the two main aspects of airline development. On the one hand, they help the company to maintain its position in the current market. On the other hand, they assist Air Arabia in expanding into new markets. Policies followed by the company include a strict code of ethics and conduct, a whistleblowing policy, as well as a policy for corporate social and environmental responsibility (Air Arabia, 2018). These policies target employee conduct, as well as the organization’s commitment to the community and the environment. Thus, these policies complement one another and are consistent with the other aspects of the organization’s strategic posture. Overall, the company’s current mission, objectives strategies, and postures reflect its international operations while also promoting a global outlook. Corporate Governance Board of Directors Air Arabia’s Board of Directors consists of seven members, including a Chairman of the Board, an executive member, four independent members, and one non-executive member. None of the board members own significant shares of stock, as the company’s stock is publicly traded. All of the board members have extensive experience in the airline industry, and some of them also have connections with governmental structures. For instance, Sheikh Abdullah Bin Mohammad Al Thani “served as a member of the Executive Council of Sharjah and as Chairman of the Sharjah Civil Aviation Department” (Air Arabia, 2018). Most of the Board members also have experience or education in international business. Three of the Board members have served in their positions since 2003, and the other four members joined the Board in the past ten years. The Board of Directors supervises and evaluates decisions made by the executive management of the company (Air Arabia, 2018). The Board does not assess the management’s decisions in terms of environmental sustainability. Top Management Adel Abdullah Al Ali is the Chief Executive Officer of Air Arabia. He founded the company in 2003 and had since been contributing his vision, knowledge, and skills to the company’s strategic efforts. The CEO oversees the majority of strategic management functions, thus having high involvement in the strategic management process. According to the company’s annual report for the 2017 fiscal year, the CEO has contributed to the success of the organization over the past few years. Overall, the top management appears to be sufficiently skilled to cope with future strategic challenges. However, it would be beneficial for the CEO and the Board of Directors to also consider sustainability issues. External Environment: Opportunities and Threats Natural Physical Environment: Sustainability Issues The airline industry is affected by climate change, as it contributes to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Weir (2013) states that there is a need for developing and introducing green technologies in the airline industry. Climate change can be classified as an opportunity, as the company could take action for increasing sustainability, thus improving its reputation and market position. The sector is also affected by weather changes, which might cause delays or cancellations of flights and lead to financial losses. The effect of weather changes differs in different parts of the world, as some areas experience weather-related events more frequently than others. Weather conditions cannot be controlled, and thus are a threat to the company. Societal Environment As the airline operates primarily in Europe and the Middle East, political factors are a major threat to its success. For instance, if the political tension between the Middle East and Europe increases, fewer people will travel to and from these regions, thus reducing the company’s profits. Sociocultural factors influenced by the global political climate could also contribute to the issue and become a threat. However, economic and technological forces, including the global economic crisis and technology development, have presented essential opportunities for the airline. As a low-cost carrier, Air Arabia might become more popular at times of economic difficulties. Also, technological advancement allows making air travel safer and more sustainable, thus increasing its popularity. All of the forces described above affect the company on a global level. Task Environment Industry competition is by three main factors: medium rivalry among competing firms, high bargaining power of buyers, and a high threat of substitute services. The success of Air Arabia depends mostly on its customers and competitors, as they are major threats to the organization. However, customers can also present opportunities for success if the company manages to maintain low costs and improve the quality of service. Summary of External Factors (EFAS) Air Arabia is affected by various external factors, including environmental, political, social, and business forces. Sustainability and industry competition are the essential forces influencing the company’s current and future growth. Thus, the company should seek to address these forces to improve its position in the market and gain more profits. Internal Environment: Strengths and Weaknesses Corporate Structure Air Arabia has an efficient corporate structure, which is explained to employees in its corporate policy. The decision-making authority is centralized, which makes it easier for the management to coordinate various efforts and strategies within the organization. This could also help in implementing a new strategy and promote organizational transformation. Thus, the company’s corporate structure is consistent with its goals and strategies and is one of Air Arabia’s main strengths. Corporate Culture The company has a strong corporate culture, which emphasizes customer service, equality, and the proper conduct of all employees. The company’s policies are consistent with other components of its strategic posture. Excellent corporate culture also helps the company to maintain a stable positive reputation for quality and corporate social responsibility, which is why it is also a major strength of the airline. Corporate Resources The company’s use of marketing is rather effective, as the company uses strategies such as segmentation and positioning to obtain a higher market share. Air Arabia also has a solid financial performance compared to other low-cost carriers and succeeds in managing its operations and human resources. However, research and development, as well as IT technologies, are not among the company’s priorities, which is a weakness as it could impair efforts for corporate change. Summary of Internal Factors Corporate culture is the main strength of the organization and its core competency. Healthy corporate culture has a positive relationship on organizational performance, as it contributes to workforce characteristics and enhances customer service, which is critical for success in the airline industry (Guiso, Sapienza, & Zingales, 2013). Air Arabia also has an efficient company structure, which expedites decision-making. Nevertheless, the company should seek to improve its use of IT and focus on research and development, which would help it to be more efficient. Analysis of Strategic Factors Situational Analysis Two main positive factors that have a beneficial impact on Air Arabia’s current and future position are corporate culture, economic environment, and the use of marketing resources. The key negative factors impairing the company’s performance are the lack of comprehensive sustainability efforts, a high rate of competition, and the limited use of IT. The company must address these gaps to secure future growth and maintain a competitive position. Review of Mission and Objectives In general, the company’s mission and objectives support the positive factors impacting its performance. The company strives to maintain low fares and improve its corporate culture, which contributes to its success. However, the current mission and objectives do not address sustainability, competition, and the use of IT. Thus, the mission and objectives of Air Arabia should be expanded to include a strategy for overcoming these threats and weaknesses. As a result, the company will be able to make targeted efforts for eliminating these factors and achieve higher performance. Strategic Alternatives and Recommended Strategy Strategic Alternatives There are three main strategic alternatives available to the organization. First of all, the company could fine-tune its current strategies to achieve the revised business and corporate objectives. Secondly, it could focus on developing environmental sustainability while also improving its use of IT, research, and development. This strategy would help to fulfill the gaps in Air Arabia’s external and internal environment. However, it would be costly to implement the changes and the effect of this strategy on financial performance would be minimal. Finally, the company could focus on defeating the competition and promoting sustainability by using total quality management tools. Total quality management is a practical strategy for improving airline performance and competitive profile (Singh & Sushil, 2013). However, this strategy would require major changes in the organization’s operations and a full commitment to the management. Recommended Strategy The implementation of total quality management is the recommended strategy, as it would help the company to address threats and weaknesses. Also, total quality management could help Air Arabia to become more cost-effective and improve sustainability, thus contributing to its core competencies (Elhuni & Ahmad, 2014). To guide the effective implementation of total quality management, it would be critical for the organization to revise its operations and business processes, although no policy changes would be necessary. Implementation Total quality management involves various tools and tactics that can be used by companies with different goals and objectives. Given that Air Arabia’s strategy is to become more competitive, the company could use benchmarking and Six Sigma to achieve its goals. Programs and frameworks for implementing these tools are described in research, but leaders of some departments might need to adjust them slightly. The senior management should be in charge of the implementation process. The implementation of TQM tools is financially feasible, and the management will be able to develop a pro forma budget for the program. Also, the management should ensure that priorities and timetables are appropriate for individual implementation programs. For some TQM tools, the company would also be required to develop new standard operating procedures. Evaluation and Control Implementing TQM would also require the company to improve its use of IT, as the current information system might not be capable of monitoring and providing timely feedback on the implementation process. Developing the use of IT would assist the company’s efforts by providing a mechanism for evaluating the implementation of TQM, thus contributing to Air Arabia’s success. Moreover, the company would need to develop and establish adequate control measures. For instance, it would be useful to introduce appropriate reward systems for recognizing employees’ contributions to the implementation process and the overall performance. Finally, new standards and measures of success might be required depending on the TQM tools chosen. Conclusion Overall, Air Arabia is a successful company that has achieved great financial results in the past year. The airline has a strong corporate culture and an excellent approach to human resources management, which contributes to customer service and performance. However, there are some gaps in the company’s internal and external environments that need to be addressed, including competition, sustainability, and the use of IT. The implementation of total quality management tools and practices would help the company to succeed by filling these gaps and improving performance outcomes. References Air Arabia. (2018). Annual report 2017 . Web. Air Arabia PJSC . (2018). Web. Elhuni, M. R., & Ahmad, M. M. (2014). Achieve sustainability through the TQM framework. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 4 (2), 133-142. Guiso, L., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2015). The value of corporate culture. Journal of Financial Economics, 117 (1), 60-76. Singh, A. K., & Sushil. (2013). Modeling enablers of TQM to improve airline performance . International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 62 (3), 250-275. Weir, B. (2013). Soaring to green heights: The current sustainable initiatives in the commercial airline industry. Earth Common Journal, 3 (1), 1-3.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Air Pollution as a Factor for Renal Cancer Essay discusses the link between air pollution and renal cancer. It notes that air pollution caused by smoking or exposure to certain chemical materials such as cadmium and lead is a leading cause of renal cancer. The essay also discusses what is currently being done to address this problem and how additional assistance is needed. Finally, it references some key sources on the topic.

Air Pollution as a Factor for Renal Cancer Essay discusses the link between air pollution and renal cancer. It notes that air pollution caused by smoking or exposure to certain chemical materials such as cadmium and lead is a leading cause of renal cancer. The essay also discusses what is currently being done to address this problem and how additional assistance is needed. Finally, it references some key sources on the topic.

Air Pollution as a Factor for Renal Cancer Essay Table of Contents 1. Renal Cancer and its significance 2. What is currently being done about this problem? 3. Additional assistance needed for this problem 4. References Renal Cancer and its significance There are many factors that contribute to the risk of kidney problems or renal cancer. Among them is air pollution caused by smoking or exposure to certain chemical materials such as cadmium and lead. These materials are common in the industrial and agricultural industries. Renal cancer is common in people aged 60 and above. Approximately 208,700 new cases of renal cancer are reported each year in the world. This health problem is more common in Northern America and less common in Asia and Africa. According to the United States’ NIH estimates for 2013, approximately 13,570 deaths from this problem were reported. Furthermore, this health problem continues to increase in the United States. As earlier mentioned, cadmium is one of the primary causes of this health problem in the United States (Järup & Åkesson, 2009). Cadmium is nephrotoxic (Il’yasova & Schwartz, 2005). It can stay in the kidney of an individual for 10-30 years. It continuously damages kidney tubes hence resulting in renal cancer. Cadmium is introduced to the environment when the tobacco in a cigarette is combusted. The following table shows the percentage of cadmium exposed to the environment by specific human activities (Innes & Haron, 2000). Phosphate fertilizers 41.3% Fossil fuel combustion 22.0% Iron and steel production 16.7% Natural sources 8.0% Non-ferrous metals 6.3% Cement production 2.5% From the table, it is evident that anthropogenic factors are the main causes of cadmium exposure to the environment. Therefore, to prevent renal cancer, it is crucial to examine the primary causes and look for better strategies to curb the issue. What is currently being done about this problem? The World Health Organization has set up recommendations and policies to minimize air pollution caused by cadmium. For instance, it prohibits smoking in public areas. Many countries have implemented this policy to curb renal cancer and other health problems associated with cadmium. Most countries all over the world have ‘gone green.’ Organizations are advised to embark on strategies that stop and reduce air pollution. For instance, many organizations recycle cadmium wastes. Some nations, particularly those in Northern America, have turned to social media campaigns against air pollution (World health organization, 2010). There are many awareness signs in different industries warning people of the hazards of cadmium. In addition, many organizations all over the world have started to provide their employees with safety measures to reduce their exposure to cadmium. Moreover, laws have been formulated to ensure that the organizations associated with cadmium products meet specific chemical exposure standards. For instance, the Occupational Safety and Health standards (OSH) encourage countries all over the world to come up with plans that are geared towards promoting job safety and good health. The National Public Health Performance Standards (NPHPS) have also been put in place to curb health problems (World Health Organization, 2010). Additional assistance needed for this problem The World Health Organization should intervene and ensure that every country creates and implements laws to curb air pollution. There is also a need to keep medical surveillance records, air monitoring records, and training records to ensure that every country, organization, and person adopt safety measures against the risk of renal cancer. Moreover, community public health or stewardship intervention should be incorporated to curb renal cancer. For instance, programs should be developed to educate, inform, and create awareness on the dangers of air pollution and exposure to cadmium. References Il’yasova, D., & Schwartz, G. G. (2005). Cadmium and renal cancer. Toxicology & Applied Pharmacology , 207 (2), 179-186. Innes, J. L., & Haron, A. H. (2000). Air pollution and the forests of developing and rapidly industrializing regions: Report no. 4 of the IUFRO Task Force on Environmental Change . Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI Pub. Järup, L., & Åkesson, A. (2009). Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem. Toxicology & Applied Pharmacology , 238 (3), 201-208. World Health Organization. (2010). Public health and environment . Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Document production services.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: Air travel is a major cause of severe pollution, including noise pollution. Restricting air transport can help to reduce the amount of noise that airplanes make, therefore improving the quality of life of the people who reside near airports.

Air travel is a major cause of severe pollution, including noise pollution. Restricting air transport can help to reduce the amount of noise that airplanes make, therefore improving the quality of life of the people who reside near airports.

Air Travel as a Cause of Severe Pollution Essay Table of Contents 1. Noise Pollution 2. Air Pollution 3. Conclusion 4. Reference List Air travel refers to a mode of transportation that relies on airplanes, helicopters, gliders, jets, blimps, hot air balloons, and other media that fly. Globalization has allowed the opening of international borders, making it possible for people and goods to move from one nation to another (Sajjad, Noreen & Zaman 2014). The increased trade among countries has led to the rise in the demand for air transport. Guttikunda, Goel, and Pant (2014) warn that the high usage of airplanes and the building of airports will have severe impacts on the environment. Ecologists cite the growth of air travel as one of the factors that are contributing to environmental pollution. Plane engines emit carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides that cause global warming. Besides, they produce a lot of noise which could have devastating effects on people who live near airports or flight paths. Construction of airfields impacts environmental conservation, leading to the loss of natural vegetation. There is a need to control air travel because it contributes to severe pollution. This paper will discuss the role of air travel in noise and air pollution and give reasons why this mode of transportation should be restricted. Noise Pollution Restricting air transport can minimize the amount of noise that airplanes make, therefore improving the quality of life of the people who reside near airports. Grampella et al. (2016) argue that folks whose houses are below flight paths or close to airports have challenges in sleeping and concentrating due to the sound that planes produce as they land or take off. Scientists argue that any noise that is above 57 decibels is likely to have severe impacts on people. Lawton and Fujiwara (2016) maintain that families or companies that are in proximity to airfields have exposure to sound that exceeds this limit, subjecting them to risk of becoming deaf or developing hearing problems. As per Sari et al. (2014), the noise from airplanes hinders concentration, making it hard for people to focus on their activities. Furthermore, it becomes difficult for individuals to engage in meaningful dialogues or participate in leisure activities in the comfort of their homes. The majority of people who live under the flight paths complain of getting inadequate sleep because they are interrupted every time that an aircraft is passing. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends that “if all negative effects of sleep are to be avoided, indoor sound levels should be 30 decibels, while no single noise event should exceed 45 decibels” (Guttikunda, Goel & Pant 2014, p. 504). The sound that airplanes make exceeds this limit by far, thus subjecting people to the risk of developing health complications. Some people may contend that exposure to airplane noise is intermittent, as airports operate on a predetermined schedule. Therefore, individuals who reside near airfields are not subjected to constant sound. It is imperative to note that persons who live close to airports are vulnerable to noise from different sources. They include airside vehicular traffic, taxiing planes, generators, and airplane engine tests (Ozkurt et al. 2014). Moreover, as many people rely on air travel, the number of flights has grown significantly. Indeed, communities that live near airports cite aircraft noise as a major concern. Air travel is helpful in shipping passengers and delicate products over long distances; hence there is a need to guarantee its continued utilization. Rather than restricting this mode of transport, it is imperative to look for measures to minimize its contribution to noise pollution. Countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom have enacted laws that limit the level of sound that airplanes generate. Technological advancement has enabled engineers to manufacture aircraft engines that make less noise. Companies like Rolls-Royce have managed to manufacture engines that produce a sound that is at least 18 decibels lower than the required standards. Wolfe et al. (2016, p. 151) claim, “Aircraft noise arises from both engines and the movement of turbulent air over the physical structure (airframe) of an airplane”. Consequently, many aircraft-manufacturing firms have concentrated on reducing the sound that comes from the engines. Some companies are contemplating changing the design of airplanes as a strategy to decrease the noise associated with turbulence. The other approach to reducing this type of pollution involves constructing airports in areas that are less densely populated. Ozkurt, Hamamci, and Sari (2015) allege that government planning policies discourage the construction of residential houses in noisy areas (66 decibels and above). Hence, people should be prevented from building homes close to airports or beneath flight paths. Despite technological improvements, it is difficult for aircraft-manufacturing companies to develop engines that cannot cause noise pollution. Even though these firms have managed to reduce the degree of sound that airplanes make, they are yet to achieve the recommended decibels. Today, many people use air travel as their preferred mode of transport. Hence, the number of aircraft that land or depart from a given airport has grown significantly, adding to noise pollution. Most countries have already established airports in areas that are densely populated. Therefore, it is difficult for governments to review their land utilization policies as a strategy to curtail public exposure to noise pollution. The ultimate solution to dealing with this problem is regulating air travel. Air Pollution Airplanes, airport buses, and cars used by passengers who wish to reach airfields release carbon monoxide, fine particles, and nitrogen oxides which contribute to air pollution. Therefore, there is a need to restrict air travel as a way to reduce the discharge of these harmful compounds into the atmosphere. As per De Nazelle, Bode, and Orjuela (2017), incomplete combustion of jet fuel leads to the emission of carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds. The kind and amount of pollutants released depends on the state of the aircraft. As an airplane takes off, lands, or ascends, it emits high levels of nitrogen oxide. Moreover, a plane releases hydrocarbons and carbon monoxides as it descends or during taxiing (Masiol & Harrison 2014). Apart from aircraft, airside cars like catering trucks, baggage trolleys, and tankers play a role in air contamination. One may argue that the contribution of these vehicles is negligible because they travel over short distances. However, they fail to appreciate that these automobiles operate for many hours, and hence their pollution is cumulative. Indeed, research indicates that at least 10% of nitrogen oxides recorded in the airfields come from these vehicles (Schäfer & Waitz 2014). Other causes of air pollution include de-icing, engine testing, plane maintenance, and fire training drills. Road transportation to and from the airports contributes to a significant fraction of contaminant discharge. People use taxis, light, and heavy cargo trucks, coaches, and vans to access the airfields (Khan et al. 2018). De Nazelle, Bode, and Orjuela (2017) insist that these modes of transport cater to over 10% of pollution attributed to air travel. In many instances, emission from road transport surpasses that linked to aircraft in areas that are close to airports. Khan et al. (2018) posit that most employees, travelers, and cargo get to airports via road. It implies that motor vehicles “account for the largest single contribution to airport pollution levels” (Schlenker & Walker 2016, p. 771). The ease of use of public transport and the location of an airport determines the degree of this form of air pollution. For instance, at Heathrow, over 36% of travelers use both public and private vehicles to reach to the airport, therefore intensifying this environmental problem. Restricting air travel is not the ultimate solution to environmental pollution, as it has been established that this problem arises from many sources. Aircraft-manufacturing companies have devised mechanisms for minimizing discharges from airplane engines. Stansfeld (2015) alleges that improved aerodynamics and inventive combustor designs help to curtail the release of harmful compounds like nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. As per Guttikunda, Goel, and Pant (2014), improving combustion efficiency leads to increased discharge of nitrogen monoxide. Nevertheless, engineers have succeeded in containing this problem by leveraging staged engines. Many environmentalists have called for the airplane-making industry to look for alternative forms of energy for fuelling planes. Some argue that it is the high time that the world started to use hydrogen and electricity as the major sources of power for aircraft. Using clean forms of energy may help to curb air pollution associated with aircraft. Nevertheless, despite the current technological growth in the plane manufacturing industry, engineers are yet to find a substitute fuel that is as efficient as kerosene. The introduction of hydrogen as a source of power for airplanes would require decommissioning the existing aircraft and manufacturing others with engines that can run on this energy. Such a move would be costly to airline companies and passengers who rely on air travel. Moreover, Stansfeld (2015) claims that the use of hydrogen would result in planes discharging compounds that contain water vapor. This would intensify the effects of greenhouse gas, therefore not helping to resolve the challenge of air pollution. Conclusion Managing air travel may help to mitigate environmental pollution. The increase in the number of flights has caused noise pollution, leading to people who reside close to airports and below flight, paths developing hearing problems and other health complications. The burning of jet fuel results in the release of harmful compounds into the atmosphere, thereby causing air contamination. It is imperative to accept that limiting air travel is not a definitive solution to curbing pollution. The different human activities, including road transport, are to blame for the current rate of environmental degradation. Technological development has enabled engineers to build airplane engines that produce less noise and emit a limited amount of carbon monoxide and other harmful gases. Nonetheless, they are yet to make an engine that satisfies the recommended decibels. Air and road transport complement each other, as people and cargo require using vehicles to get to the airport. These automobiles add to the problem of greenhouse gasses, hence there is a need to limit air travel. It is necessary to restrict air transport to long distances and shipment of delicate goods. People should be encouraged to use rail and road if traveling for short distances. Reference List De Nazelle, A, Bode, O & Orjuela, JP 2017, ‘Comparison of air pollution exposures in active vs. passive travel modes in European cities: a quantitative review’, Environment International , vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 151-160. Grampella, M, Martini, G, Scotti, D & Zambon, G 2016, ‘The factors affecting pollution and noise environmental costs of the current aircraft fleet: an econometric analysis’, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice , vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 310-325. Guttikunda, SK, Goel, R & Pant, P 2014, ‘Nature of air pollution, emission sources, and management in the Indian cities’, Atmospheric Environment , vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 501-510. Khan, J, Ketzel, M, Kakosimos, K, Sorensen, M & Jensen, SS 2018, ‘Road traffic air and noise pollution exposure assessment – a review of tools and techniques’, Science of the Total Environment , vol. 634, no. 1, pp. 661-676. Lawton, RN & Fujiwara, D 2016, ‘Living with aircraft noise: airport proximity, aviation noise and subjective wellbeing in England’, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment , vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 104-118. Masiol, M & Harrison, RM 2014, ‘Aircraft engine exhaust emissions and other airport-related contributions to ambient air pollution: a review’, Atmospheric Environment , vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 409-455. Ozkurt, N, Hamamci, SF & Sari, D 2015, ‘Estimation of airport noise impacts on public health. A case study of Izmir Adnan Menderes Airport’, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment , vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 152-159. Ozkurt, N, Sari, D, Akdag, A, Kutukoglu, M & Gurarslan, A 2014, ‘Modelling of noise pollution and estimated human exposure around Istanbul Ataturk Airport in Turkey’, Science of the Total Environment , vol. 483, pp. 486-492. Sajjad, F, Noreen, U & Zaman, K 2014, ‘Climate change and air pollution jointly creating nightmare for tourism industry’, Environmental Science and Pollution Research , vol. 21, no. 21, pp. 12403-12418. Sari, D, Ozkurt, N, Akdag, A, Kutukoglu, M & Gurarslan, A 2014, ‘Measuring the levels of noise at the Istanbul Ataturk Airport and comparisons with model simulations’, Science of the Total Environment , vol. 483, no. 1, pp. 472-479. Schäfer, AW & Waitz, IA 2014, ‘Air transportation and the environment’, Transport Policy , vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 1-4. Schlenker, W & Walker, WR 2016, Airports, air pollution, and contemporaneous health’, The Review of Economic Studies , vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 768-809. Stansfeld, SA 2015, ‘Noise effects on health in the context of air pollution exposure’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 12735-12760. Wolfe, PJ, Malina, R, Barrett, SRH & Waitz, IA 2016, ‘Costs and benefits of US aviation noise land-use policies’, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment , vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 147-156.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The aviation industry is one of the highly competitive sectors due to stringent regulations and high costs of operation.Therefore, engineering managers should plan and work strategically to ensure cost-effectiveness in the operation of airplanes. One of the ways to achieve this goal is to speed the airplane turnaround time specifically during the routine maintenance checks. Airplanes are supposed to undergo routine checks after flying for a determined number of hours. If not managed well, maintenance could lead to delays and the associated loss of revenue due

The aviation industry is one of the highly competitive sectors due to stringent regulations and high costs of operation. Therefore, engineering managers should plan and work strategically to ensure cost-effectiveness in the operation of airplanes. One of the ways to achieve this goal is to speed the airplane turnaround time specifically during the routine maintenance checks. Airplanes are supposed to undergo routine checks after flying for a determined number of hours. If not managed well, maintenance could lead to delays and the associated loss of revenue due

Airplane Maintenance for Better Operation Efficiency Research Paper The aviation industry is one of the highly competitive sectors due to stringent regulations and high costs of operation. Therefore, engineering managers should plan and work strategically to ensure cost-effectiveness in the operation of airplanes. One of the ways to achieve this goal is to speed the airplane turnaround time specifically during the routine maintenance checks. Airplanes are supposed to undergo routine checks after flying for a determined number of hours. If not managed well, maintenance could lead to delays and the associated loss of revenue due to penalties and refunds to customers. Therefore, causes of delays during maintenance should be identified and addressed to ensure smooth and timely operations of aircrafts. This paper discusses the role of maintenance as one of the causes of flight delay and the strategies used to eliminate this problem and improve efficiency. Maintenance as a Cause of Flight Delay The term “aircraft maintenance” refers to all operations and procedures that are undertaken in order to ensure the airworthiness of airplanes. The goal of maintenance is to guarantee the reliability of different aircraft parts, thus ensuring safety and smooth operations. Maintenance could be scheduled or unscheduled. In the airline sector, scheduled maintenance processes are classified into three categories – A, C, and D checks. A-checks are also known as “line maintenance”, which are light activities that are carried out in the hangar to slow down the deterioration of airplane parts and systems (Budd & Ison, 2017). C and D checks are termed as “heavy maintenance” processes, and they take more time to complete as compared to A-checks. Regardless of the type of maintenance, if the necessary work is not completed in time, it may lead to flight delays and avoidable losses in the form of penalties and refunds. Therefore, proper planning and resource allocation are important factors in dealing with unnecessary delays during airplane maintenance. Maintenance-Related Factors Leading to Delays Poor Planning The companies contracted to maintain, repair, or carry out overhaul services may face the challenge of inadequate planning. This problem could be caused by the lack of enough human resources to work on the aircrafts or unorganized work schedules. Poor communication could also contribute to this issue because when information is not passed to the right people at the appropriate time in a way that it could be understood easily, execution becomes a problem because the involved parties do not know what is supposed to be done. Overall, any factor that affects organizational performance falls under this category, and it leads to long turnaround times, which could lead to losses. Poor Logistics Process Logistics in this context imply the processes involved in securing spare parts and human resources needed for the proper maintenance of aircrafts. Companies involved in maintenance depend on other firms for the supply of the needed materials. Therefore, an inadequate supply chain of spare parts could potentially lead to delays, especially when the materials are not available when needed (Palma-Mendoza & Neailey, 2015). Additionally, wrong spare parts could be supplied if the logistics process is not streamlined. This problem is compounded by the lumpy nature spare parts needed for aircraft maintenance. As such, it is difficult to predict the nature of spare parts that would be needed for repair and maintenance, and thus delays could be experienced when trying to source the right materials. Troubleshooting Problems Finding defects and coming up with the appropriate solutions could take longer time than expected, thus leading to delays. This problem could arise due to the incompetence of the involved technicians or the complexity of the issue at hand. Identifying a problem is the first step, but solving it is another task. Therefore, depending on the competence of the maintenance technicians, delays could be experienced. On the other hand, while the technicians could be experienced and competent, the nature of the problem could be complicated thus needing more time (Rushton, Croucher, & Baker, 2014). For example, the location of some parts could force technicians to spend a lot of time trying to make replacements. Unscheduled Maintenance Requirements In some cases, pilot reports may indicate the need to check some parts of the aircraft without prior scheduling. In addition, in the process of their routine work, maintenance technicians could identify other needs that must be addressed for the proper functioning of the airplane. At times, aircrafts operate with minor defects, which ultimately accumulate to cause major breakdowns (Wu, 2016). Consequently, the affected aircraft stays on the ground for a longer time than expected, hence delays. Unscheduled maintenance is one of the major causes of flight delays in the aviation industry, due to the multiple layers of issues that need to be addressed without prior planning. For instance, a certain spare part may be required promptly without enough time to make the required logistical arrangements. As such, an aircraft may be grounded for days, which affects operations negatively. Strategies to Improve Efficiency Each maintenance-related problem highlighted above has specific solutions that are employed to ensure smooth running of operations. The identified solutions include: Using Maintenance Requirements Planning (MRP) MRP facilitates the maintenance of machines to ensure that they are ready and safe for use when needed. Players in the aviation industry use specifically designed software to accomplish task-based procedures, thus overcoming the problem of poor planning (Bazargan, 2015). MRP creates the necessary maintenance requirements records to ensure that all the needs are addressed appropriately through effective planning. From the software, maintenance route dependencies could be established, records updated, affected items viewed, and plan for any scheduled or unscheduled processes. Therefore, the maintenance teams are always prepared to handle even unexpected requirements. Effective Supply Chain As mentioned earlier, an ineffective supply chain is the major source of logistical problems that contribute significantly to flight delays due to maintenance issues. Organizations in this industry mostly apply the two-echelon supply chain with a three-level model. In this case, the consumers (maintenance organizations) are closely coupled with suppliers. As such, any information concerning the depletion of a certain product from the consumer’s inventory is relayed to the supplier in real time (Parjane, Dabade, & Gulve, 2017). Therefore, all the required spare parts are always available when needed for the maintenance of aircrafts. When calculating the time needed for the timely supply of spare parts, the system assigns production period to each unit considering transportation requirements and other associated factors. Inspection of Workload The troubleshooting problem is a common issue related to maintenance-caused flight delays. One of the ways to ensure that technicians are prepared for the task ahead is to carry out heavy inspection workload before the start of any maintenance process (Regattieri, Giazzi, Gamberi, & Gamberini, 2015). This step ensures that all the defects that should be fixed are identified and the appropriate solutions created before any work could start. With this kind of planning, maintenance technicians are ready to make the needed changes within the stipulated period, thus avoiding unnecessary flight delays and the associated costs. Maintenance Steering Group – 3 (MSG – 3) According to Mrusek, Kiernan, and Clark (2018), MSG – 3 procedures are scheduled maintenance processes under the provisions of the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA). Aircraft manufacturers and other stakeholders are required to come up with protocols that should be followed to avoid unexpected defects that could be noted during routine maintenance or through pilot reports. This preventive maintenance “supports the airworthiness of an aircraft by gathering and evaluating component reliability data to determine when certain components need to be removed or undergo maintenance” (Mrusek et al., 2018, p. 1). Therefore, it becomes difficult to encounter an unexpected maintenance requirement, thus reducing the time that aircrafts are grounded. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average This mathematical series analysis is used to forecast the uncertainty of demand for different spare parts in an aircraft (Wesonga, Masimbi, & Nabugoomu, 2014). This model solves the problem associated with lumpy aircraft spares. Radio frequency identification (RFID) is also used to enhance the forecast of spare parts. According to Liukkonen (2015), RFID makes it “possible to identify individual objects in the production automatically and wirelessly, so it has an increasing potential in various applications which can make manufacturing more efficient and productive” (p. 861). By forecasting what is needed, spare parts could be availed in time to avoid delays during maintenance. Conclusion Flight delays caused by issues arising during the maintenance of aircrafts are some of the major problems in the aviation industry. Maintenance can be either scheduled or unscheduled. Factors that lead to delays during maintenance include poor planning, lack of efficient logistics processes, troubleshooting problems, and unscheduled repair requirements. However, these problems could be solved by employing tested solutions such as using MRP and MSG-3 systems for timely services. With the appropriate measures, maintenance would occur within the stipulated times. Unscheduled maintenance would also be avoided, and flight delays would be minimized. References Bazargan, M. (2015). An optimization approach to aircraft dispatching strategy with maintenance cost: A case study. Journal of Air Transport Management, 42, 10-14. Budd, L., & Ison, S. (2017). Air transport management: An international perspective . New York, NY: Taylor & Francis. Liukkonen, M. (2015). RFID technology in manufacturing and supply chain. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 28 (8), 861-880. Mrusek, B. M., Kiernan, K. W., & Clark, P. J. (2018). UAS maintenance: A critical component in maintaining airworthiness. International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace, 5 (5), 1-18. Palma-Mendoza, J. A., & Neailey, K. (2015). A business process re-design methodology to support supply chain integration: Application in an airline MRO supply chain. International Journal of Information Management, 35 (1), 620-631. Parjane, M. B., Dabade, B. M., & Gulve, M.B. (2017). Two echelon supply chain integrated inventory model for similar products: A case study. Journal of The Institution of Engineers, 98 (3), 353-358. Regattieri, A., Giazzi, A., Gamberi, M., & Gamberini, R. (2015). An innovative method to optimize the maintenance policies in an aircraft: General framework and case study. Journal of Air Transport Management, 44 (45), 8-20. Rushton, A., Croucher, P., & Baker, P. (Eds.). (2014). The handbook of logistics and distribution management (5th ed.). London, UK: McGraw Hill. Wesonga, R., Masimbi, B., & Nabugoomu, F. (2014). Airline delay time series differentials: Autoregressive integrated moving average model. International Journal of Aviation Systems, Operations, and Training, 1 (2), 64-76. Wu, C.-L. (2016). Airline operations and delay management: Insights from airline economics, networks and strategic schedule planning . New York, NY: Routledge.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of the relationship between the concept of airpower and its tenets and the instruments of power, and then explain two specific implications of this relationship for the practices of Airmen.The tenets of airpower can be considered guiding principles of the military activities of the US Air Force. They include centralized control and decentralized execution, persistence, priority, flexibility and versatility, balance, concentration, and synergistic effects.

The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of the relationship between the concept of airpower and its tenets and the instruments of power, and then explain two specific implications of this relationship for the practices of Airmen. The tenets of airpower can be considered guiding principles of the military activities of the US Air Force. They include centralized control and decentralized execution, persistence, priority, flexibility and versatility, balance, concentration, and synergistic effects.

Airpower Tenets and Instruments Relationship Essay Airpower is viewed in the literature on the topic as the capability of the Air Force to protect the interests of the United States by controlling air and space as strategic spaces. According to Benitez, “airpower should be thought of as the output of the cumulative input from all domains of warfare: land, sea, air, space, and cyber (and potentially soon the electromagnetic spectrum)” (par. 10). In this context, it is important to note that the use of airpower is based on following certain tenets that determine specific aspects of the relationship between air power as a component of national military force and other instruments of political power. This application of the tenets of airpower has an impact on Airmen and affects their practices and activities. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of the relationship between the concept of airpower and its tenets and the instruments of power, and then explain two specific implications of this relationship for the practices of Airmen. The tenets of airpower can be considered guiding principles of the military activities of the US Air Force. They include centralized control and decentralized execution, persistence, priority, flexibility and versatility, balance, concentration, and synergistic effects. Centralized control and decentralized execution are the key principles followed by the military to achieve strategic goals and to effectively monitor the situation from a distance (Curtis E. LeMay Center 67). Operations can be continuous and persistent to reach tactical goals, and the activities of Airmen should be effectively prioritized. Airpower should also be flexible and versatile in order to adapt to changes, alter tactics, and control parallel operations. Balancing the use of airpower leads to more effective concentration and significant synergistic effects while applying coordinated power from different resources (Curtis E. LeMay Center 69). The combination of these tenets forms the framework in which airpower is realized as the complex ability of military forces to exploit and control the air and space for required operations in accordance with strategic and tactical goals. It is also important to discuss the concept of the instruments of power before focusing on the relationship between the tenets of airpower and these specific political and military tools or activities. According to Worley, the instruments of power include “military, informational, diplomatic, law enforcement, intelligence, financial, and economic” ones that reflect “the greater complexity in the ways and means of pursuing national security in the twenty-first century” (275). All these means are oriented to protecting national security with the help of joint operations and the use of informational, diplomatic, economic, or military resources (Troxell 224). As a result, they work to sustain the state’s power in the context of international politics. From this perspective, it is important to analyze how the particular tenets of airpower can be related to the concept and use of the instruments of power. On the one hand, airpower is one of the military instruments for projecting force along with sea- and land-based military units among other forces that together realize their capability in the context of joint operations (Worley 277). Therefore, the tenets of airpower, in this case, relate to these instruments as principles of using the Air Force in the most efficient manner in order to contribute to warfare and protect national security on the basis of effectively controlled, flexible, balanced, and persistent operations to reach strategic goals. Flexibility, speed, versatility, range of action and the distant control of airpower based on its tenets allow for viewing military power as one of the most effective instruments for defending national security and promoting order and stability. Airmen are able to focus on strategic positioning, establish world-wide control, and provide humanitarian support in the most efficient manner (U.S. Air Force 7). As a result, it is possible to state that the effective use of the military as an instrument of power is possible only when the principles of effective airpower are followed and operations are based on the combined efforts of all forces to achieve synergistic effects. On the other hand, airpower and its tenets work to strengthen instruments for projecting influence in terms of promoting national security, improving approaches to warfare, and supporting successful joint operations. The principles of planning and conducting military operations using different forces usually provide only general information regarding appropriate tactics, strategies, and actions. The focus on airpower and associated tenets in this context allow for using specific recommendations that contribute to the success of joint operations (Curtis E. LeMay Center 65). Effective military planning is almost impossible without applying airpower to its greatest extent while carrying out the military mission and protecting positions across air, space, and cyberspace. As a result, the potential power of using air forces does not allow authorities to discuss them as a separate branch (Benitez par. 2). The interconnection of airpower with other military forces contributes to accomplishing strategic goals in national and international arenas. In this context, it is necessary to discuss two specific practical implications of the analyzed relationship between airpower and the instruments of power for Airmen. First, Airmen should promote innovation in their activities and effectively apply the most recent and emerging technologies to operate in space, air, and cyberspace. As a result, they give “the Air Force the ability to project global military power on a scale that our adversaries cannot match” (U.S. Air Force 2). From this perspective, Airmen are expected to work as part of the influence-projecting military instrument of the United States, whose actions are regulated according to the tenets of airpower. Furthermore, it is important to note that “no other Service, or combination of Services, can deliver the capability and capacity that the Air Force provides to the warfighter in our core mission areas” (U.S. Air Force 2). As a result, Airmen receive more opportunities to oppose enemies’ forces and their instruments of power through strategically efficient means. Second, Airmen need to combine their efforts with the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps of the United States in the context of developing joint operations and defending national security. The practical focus on uniting efforts and planning simultaneous actions is important to strengthen the activities of all involved forces and assist Airmen in controlling operations, proposing the most efficient tempo and positioning, as well as collaborating (U.S. Air Force 5). The focus on airpower in addition to maritime and land power is important for conducting missions against enemies, and this integration of forces seems to change the practice of Airmen because of the necessity of developing operations across space, air, and cyberspace with reference to operations planned by other forces. As a result, there are more opportunities for using military resources for stabilizing a political situation in the most effective way. The reason is that the discussion of Airmen’s activities in the context of overall international strategy provides a complex picture for analyzing all the consequences of applying military forces as an instrument of power in a certain situation (Troxell 226). The nature of warfare may change in the future because today Airmen are learning how to operate in multidimensional spaces while cooperating with the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps and being provided with more opportunities for successful maneuvers. This paper has provided an analysis of the relationship between air power and its tenets and specific instruments of power with reference to such aspects as national security, warfare, and joint operations. Thus the concepts of the tenets of airpower and the instruments of political power have been defined and described. The analysis of the relationship between these concepts has indicated that airpower can be considered one of the military instruments for projecting influence. In addition, the tenets of power contribute to strengthening instruments of power while promoting national security, improving different approaches to warfare, and developing joint operations. Furthermore, the paper has been focused on explaining two practical implications of the analyzed relationship for Airmen. It has been found that Airmen should focus on innovation, using emerging technologies, and winning positions in space, air, and cyberspace. Moreover, Airmen need to learn how to effectively collaborate with other military forces to achieve strategic goals with a focus on combining all available resources and efforts. The discussion of airpower and Airmen’s activities is important for understanding their unique roles in supporting national and international order. Works Cited Benitez, Mike. “Air-Mindedness 2.0: We Need to Do Better Than “Fly, Fight, and Win.” War on the Rocks . 2016, Web. Curtis E. LeMay Center. Volume 1: Basic Doctrine . 2015, Web. Troxell, John F. “Chapter 17: Military Power and the Use of Force.” U.S. Army War College Guide to National Security Issues: Theory of War and Strategy , edited by J. Boone Bartholomees, U.S. Army War College, 2012, pp. 217-241. U.S. Air Force. Global Vigilance, Global Reach, Global Power for America . 2013, Web. Worley, Robert D. Orchestrating the Instruments of Power: A Critical Examination of the U.S. National Security System . Lulu Press Inc., 2012.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Airship Tours Ltd. will be a picnic and tours company located in San Francisco. The company will be offering picnic and tour services to customers in America. There will be various services aimed at ensuring that customers get the best from company. For instance, the company will have airships tours around hilly places and over rain forests. This will enable their customers to enjoy sky rides and at the same time have chances to view various geographical terrains in America.

Airship Tours Ltd. will be a picnic and tours company located in San Francisco. The company will be offering picnic and tour services to customers in America. There will be various services aimed at ensuring that customers get the best from company. For instance, the company will have airships tours around hilly places and over rain forests. This will enable their customers to enjoy sky rides and at the same time have chances to view various geographical terrains in America.

Airship Tours Ltd.’s Marketing Plan Proposal Essay Table of Contents 1. Core business 2. Mission 3. Target market 4. Evaluation of the external market 5. Marketing strategies Core business Airship Tours Ltd will be a picnic and tours company located in San Francisco. The company will be offering picnic and tour services to customers in America. There will be various services aimed at ensuring that customers get the best from company. For instance, the company will have airships tours around hilly places and over rain forests. This will enable their customers to enjoy sky rides and at the same time have chances to view various geographical terrains in America. Mission The mission of Airship Tours Ltd will be to provide world class services to customers by enabling them fly over America’s most beautiful cities. In addition, the company will be committed to ensuring that customers are treated with a high level of hospitality. Safety of customers will be given priority, and this will be achieved by ensuring that all airships are in excellent condition. Furthermore, the company will employ qualified pilots to operate their airships to guarantee customers of their safety. Target market This business will target tourists and young people who work in the busy San Francisco city. There will be services designed to meet different needs of customers in order to attract people from all social classes. For instance, the company may organize distinctive sky tours for the business class targeting young managers. After a thorough market research, it will be possible to come up with products that are ideal for various groups of customers. This will be aimed at ensuring that customer demands will always be met. Evaluation of the external market In the external market, the Airship Tours Ltd Company is required to adhere to rules and regulations set by the government. For example, there are business licenses that have to be acquired for the business to be allowed to operate legally in the city. In addition, the company will ensure that it identifies all its competitors and services they offer. This will enable the company to venture into the market with the right strategies that will help it face the competition. The company should also consider getting suppliers who have expertise in the field of supplying airship equipment. This is important as the company may require the same suppliers to maintain their airships. Marketing strategies Airship Tours Ltd will be situated in a strategic location to enhance accessibility. This is extremely valuable because customers will be able to access the company from the city without having to take cabs. Accessibility is particularly crucial for the company as suppliers can be called to maintain airships anytime since they have offices within the city. The company will offer all products at prices affordable to customers to encourage them to consider touring with the company again. The company’s tour services should be charged reasonably to ensure that customers can afford them easily. Tickets for airship tours should be made available at reasonable prices to encourage more people to consider taking sky tours with the company. The company will be out to compete on quality of their services, and this is the reason why all workers will be experts in their fields of operations. For instance, pilots and hospitality teams should carry their duties in a professional manner to ensure that customers appreciate the value of their money. In fact, pilots should give priority to the safety of customers as this will add up to the reputation of the company. Finally, the company should be ready to advertise its services to create awareness in the target market. Customers need to be made aware of upcoming companies and their products. Marketing communication should be done in a way such that potential customers will be convinced of quality and safety in the company.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The essay discusses the use of meditation techniques and behavioral changes as integral in creating and developing a positive belief system that overwhelmed the urge for addiction.The essay discusses the use of meditation techniques and behavioral changes as integral in creating and developing a positive belief system that overwhelmed the urge for addiction.

The essay discusses the use of meditation techniques and behavioral changes as integral in creating and developing a positive belief system that overwhelmed the urge for addiction. The essay discusses the use of meditation techniques and behavioral changes as integral in creating and developing a positive belief system that overwhelmed the urge for addiction.

Alcoholics Anonymous Observation and Group Therapy Essay Discussion Board Posting Brief Description of the Group Observed The group that I observed comprised of alcoholics who were members of Alcoholic Anonymous. These alcoholics were clients at the local rehabilitation center where they received psychotherapeutic and medical treatments. Alcoholics usually meet weekly on Wednesdays to receive counseling services and review their progress in line with the program of Alcoholics Anonymous. On the day of visitation, the group constituted of 10 alcoholics who were mainly male students from the college. Specifically, the group had seven males and three females who participated actively in the program of Alcoholics Anonymous. The members of the group were young adults because their ages ranged between 20 and 25 years. Owing to the alcoholism, members struggled to lead ordinary lives because their friends and classmates perceived them as social outcasts, making them endure shame and stigma in college. Moreover, these members suffered from depression that compelled them to indulge in drinking while sustaining suicidal feelings. Leaders of the group apply the program of Alcoholics Anonymous to elicit promising psychological, spiritual, and emotional changes, which are essential in supporting abstinence from alcohol. Members happily attend weekly meetings and therapeutic sessions for they have found them enriching and beneficial to the process of addiction recovery. Psychotherapeutic Techniques The exploration of the therapeutic process shows that the group undergoes the cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). In adherence to the program of Alcoholics Anonymous, a psychotherapist utilizes CBT to change cognitions, regulate emotions, and transform behaviors of alcoholics. CBT aims to empower alcoholics to identify predisposing situations, overcome compelling stressors, and cope with problematic behaviors (Kelly, Humphreys, & Ferri, 2017). Usually, the interaction between emotions, thoughts, and behaviors play a central role in behavioral change. Disseminated principles and concepts highlight the theory of CBT employed in the group. CBT recognizes alcoholism as a behavioral impairment that limits the ability of an individual to abstain from drinking (Kelly et al., 2017). To overcome addiction, group members have to acknowledge that they require assistance from others and adopt a positive belief system. Mindfulness meditation enables alcoholics to commit to the therapeutic process and transform their lives. Since alcoholism thrives in secrecy and isolation, regular meetings of the group allow members to share difficult behaviors, thoughts, and emotions. Mindfulness meditation facilitates the review of aberrant behaviors and analysis of damages on personal, professional, and societal facets. The use of meditation techniques and behavioral changes are integral in creating and developing a positive belief system that overwhelms the urge for addiction. Importance of the Group If I had the same problem of alcoholism, I would have found this group helpful because it empowers alcoholics to manage challenging passions, behaviors, and beliefs. The examination of therapeutic techniques employed in the program of Alcoholics Anonymous demonstrates that they are significant in guiding and helping alcoholics to control and cope with alcoholism. According to Marcovitz, Cristello, and Kelly (2017), Alcoholics Anonymous offers a comprehensive framework and process that enhances the usefulness of therapeutic interventions. In this case, CBT expertly fits into the program of Alcoholics Anonymous since the group exploits and applies various principles and concepts. As alcoholism flourishes in isolation and secrecy, therapeutic group sessions permit alcoholics to explore and share their experiences (Wolgensinger, 2015). Additionally, the use of mindfulness meditation and the adoption of a positive belief system boost the ability of alcoholics to coping with predisposing behaviors. Responses to Peers Response to Peer 1: Christopher Court The analysis of observations we have made reveals some similarities and differences in the CBT technique employed in the treatment of group members. Your group (LGBTQ) comprised of three clients, namely, transgender, lesbian, and gay, who experienced similar social and psychological challenges. In contrast, my group was composed of seven males and three females who are students in the college. The apparent differences in demographic attributes of members of each group reflect the dynamic nature of their psychotherapeutic needs. In your group, it is apparent that psychotherapists incorporated CBT into the treatment regimen by using mindfulness exercises as a means of committing members to the therapy. Mindfulness exercises are dependable in alleviating depression and anxiety because they cause a quick and enduring change in behavior (Corey, Corey, & Corey, 2018). Shame-attacking exercises liberated members and improved their ability to express sexual identities. In the same manner, my group applied mindfulness to promote the engagement of members in therapy and adopt a positive belief system. In contrast, my group utilized mindfulness meditation in enabling alcoholics to participate actively in the therapeutic process. Essentially, mindfulness meditation is an intensive form of meditation aimed at improving the concentration of the mind to the present moment, relieving stress, and exciting cognitions (Corey et al., 2018). As mindfulness exercise is quick and easy to perform, it is appropriate for your group because they have unique social dynamics. Contrastingly, mindfulness meditation fitted my group because it is slow and intensive to execute. Although forms of CBT applied to LGBTQ members and alcoholics are different, they are effective in the treatment of anxiety, depression, and nervousness. Response to Peer 2: Tania Lynn Observations made on your group of transgender and mine of alcoholics showed some differences and similarities on the issue of the therapeutic process. One of the significant differences is evident in the demographic characteristics of clients. While your group composed of young individuals aged above 60 years, my group of alcoholics had students aged between 20 and 25 years. Differences in age and psychiatric needs explain varied therapeutic approaches employed in the treatment of members. Individuals in your group exhibited depression, trauma, and anxiety associated with sexual orientation (Lerner & Robles, 2017). In contrast, members of my group depicted depression, anxiety, and social stigma related to alcoholism. Another apparent difference is that your group focused on hormone therapy rather than psychotherapy, which is useful and reliable in the treatment of depression and trauma. Comparatively, the group of alcoholics employed Alcoholics Anonymous and CBT in empowering alcoholics to manage addiction. The similarity between the two groups is that individuals struggle to accept their debilitating conditions because they have limited powers to influence and cause favorable behavioral changes. The problem of the two groups, transgender individuals, and alcoholics, lies in the psychological and social spheres. In the psychological aspect, individuals strive to understand their conditions of sexual orientation and alcoholism in groups of transgender and alcoholics respectively. From the social perspective, individuals in both groups aim to achieve social acceptance in the society that perceives them as outcasts with anomalies in their behaviors, thoughts, and emotions. Therefore, both therapies sought to promote the expression of feelings and beliefs and identify with diverse social groups of interests. References Corey, M. S., Corey, G., & Corey, C. (2018). Groups: Process and practice (10th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole publishing company. Kelly, J. F., Humphreys, K., & Ferri, M. (2017). Alcoholics Anonymous and other 12-step programs for alcohol use disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , 1 (11), 1-12. Web. Lerner, J., & Robles, G. (2017). Perceived barriers and facilitators to health care utilization in the United States for transgender people: A review of recent literature. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 28 (1), 127-152. Marcovitz, D., Cristello, J. V., & Kelly, J. F. (2017). Alcoholics Anonymous and other mutual help organization: Impact of a 45-minute didactic for primary care and categorical internal medicine. Substance Abuse, 38 (2), 183-190. Wolgensinger, L. (2015). Cognitive behavioral group therapy for anxiety: Recent developments. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience , 17 (3), 347-351.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: Alexander the Great's conquest of the Persian Empire was important for the expansion and strength of the Macedonian Empire. However, it also led to the downfall of Alexander the Great.

Alexander the Great's conquest of the Persian Empire was important for the expansion and strength of the Macedonian Empire. However, it also led to the downfall of Alexander the Great.

Alexander the Great’s Conquest of Persian Empire Essay Explain the rise of Alexander the Great and the importance of his conquest of the Persian Empire and lands further east Before the rise of Alexander the Great, Athens and Greek city-states practiced a form of democracy and strongly defended it. The people held the power and rulers were elected and respected. The Greeks sought to obey the law and rightful rulers while defending the oppressed (Thucydides, 2010). This occurred after a time period between 650-550BCE when the region experienced the rise of Hellenic tyranny. The population was heavily divided into socio-economic classes and city-states were warring, both due to internal politics and amongst each other (Ancient History Sourcebook, n.d.). Alexander’s father, Phillip II of Macedon, had been able to establish a foothold in Northern Greece, including control of non-Greek populations and stability of resources. After Phillip’s mysterious death, Alexander, who was his controversial heir, began a rapid acquisition of power and further dominance of Greece as he commanded his military to overtake any city states that chose to revolt during the transition of power. After establishing the command of Greece in three short weeks, Alexander the Great had the resources and opportunity to expand the conquest into Persia. The troops originally sent by Phillip II were struggling as Persia regained control of its empire. The conquest of the Persian Empire was important as it helped cement Alexander’s power and legacy while providing significant lands and resources for the newly established Macedonian empire. Alexander was not satisfied and despite his general’s recommendations pushed further with his conquests, capturing lands as far north as Thrace, North Africa, and extended east to parts of India, reaching the Indus river. His ambition was to reach the Pacific or Indian ocean, which led to his invasion of India. However, it also created certain challenges as the empire became overextended, Alexander became self-absorbed and unbalanced in his conquests, and there were deeply rooted tensions among his military commanders and their relationship with Alexander (Freeman, 2014). It can be argued that although the Persian conquest was important for the expansion and strength of the Macedonian Empire, it also led the downfall of Alexander the Great. Describe the impact his death had on his empire When Alexander the Great died a sudden death in 323 B.C., one of the largest empires was left leaderless and unbalanced. The empire consisted of not just lands and wealth but had become the definition and legacy of Hellenic civilization. The Greek world underwent a social and political transformation as the previous polis system was no longer relevant as a system of governance since cities became interconnected cultural centers rather than sovereign states. Greeks who had been previously isolated were now heavily interconnected with non-Greek cultures. The death of Alexander the Great shook the empire, beginning the process of the division and undoing of his legacy as many of the conquered regions saw opportunities to relinquish the Hellenistic rule (Green, 2013). The Macedonian empire created as a result of Alexander’s conquests was a personal mission and failed to achieve proper integration of cultures that Alexander envisioned. This is partially because he had alienated himself from so many, including the Greeks, and failed to establish a proper system of governance. There was no immediate successor to leadership either, creating a vacuum of power left behind. Alexander’s family was not in contention and the power struggle began among various of Alexander’s top generals and local governors who sought to consolidate their rule in their local regions. These included Perdicas, a senior cavalry officer, Antigonus, satrap of Phrygia, Seleucus, an elite regiment commander, and Ptolemy, a governor of Egypt. Each proclaimed their rightful place as ruler and began individual attempts to gain control of the empire, mostly failing to do so. This period is also characterized by numerous large battles that the remnants of Alexander’s military faced led by generals fighting for control of the empire amongst each other (Freeman, 2014). Explain the final outcome of the division of Alexander’s empire The Hellenistic age which began after the death of Alexander was a period of monarchies as various kingdoms appeared in the expanded Graeco-Macedonian world. A Hellenistic monarch was usually a military commander, leading the remnants of Alexander’s large army. The division of Alexander’s empire split four ways. Lysimachus ruled Thrace and a significant portion of Asia Minor. Cassander took control of mainland Macedonia and Greece. Ptolemy I established himself in Egypt, also taking control of Cyprus and Palestine as well as establishing a famous Ptolemaic Dynasty. Finally, Seleucus I ruled the rest of Asia that was left of Alexander’s conquests, founding the Seleucid Empire which included Mesopotamia, Persia, and parts of India (Freeman, 2014). Despite the generals initially warring with each other in major conflicts such as the Diadochi Wars, things began to stabilize as each monarchy established the Hellenistic presence in their respective regions. Ptolemy I was the most successful in reestablishing the power of Hellenic influence in his region of control, attempting to implement Alexander’s vision of a multicultural world. He combined Hellenic and Egyptian cultures, religions, and thirst for knowledge building great world wonders such as the Great Library and Lighthouse of Alexandria. Meanwhile, other generals also spread Greek culture into Persia and Asia as Greek literature and through found its way into ancient texts and religious scripture of Judaism and Christianity. There is also evidence of Hellenic architecture, statues, language, and even artifacts such as coins found throughout Asia and Asia minor during the Hellenistic Age (Mark, 2018). This division lasted for almost two centuries until the rise of the Roman Empire, who although borrowed significant amounts of influence from the Greeks, were not as tolerant of local cultures, attempting to suppress them during the conquests of many of the same areas where the Macedonian Empire once stretched. References Ancient History Sourcebook. (n.d.). Documents of the rise of Hellenic tyranny, c. 650-550 BCE: Corinth and Athens . Web. Green, P. Alexander of Macedon 356-323 B.C.: A historical biography (1st ed.). Berkley, CA: University of California Press. Freeman, C. (2014). Egypt, Greece and Rome: Civilizations of the ancient Mediterranean (3nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Mark, J. J. (2018). The Hellenistic world: The world of Alexander the Great . Web. Thucydides. (2010). 430 BC: Athens: Thucydides defines a polis. Lapham’s Quarterly, 3 (4), 132-134.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: Alfred Nobel as an Explosives InventorAlfred Nobel is one of the innovators who revolutionized the military and other industries specifically by inventing explosives. His father was a pioneer in the manufacture of arms, and he wanted his son to follow his example by studying engineering. However, Alfred was interested in poetry to the chagrin of his father. Alfred was thus sent to study abroad with the hope that he would widen his interests into chemical engineering.

Alfred Nobel as an Explosives Inventor Alfred Nobel is one of the innovators who revolutionized the military and other industries specifically by inventing explosives. His father was a pioneer in the manufacture of arms, and he wanted his son to follow his example by studying engineering. However, Alfred was interested in poetry to the chagrin of his father. Alfred was thus sent to study abroad with the hope that he would widen his interests into chemical engineering.

Alfred Nobel as an Explosives Inventor Essay Table of Contents 1. Nitroglycerin 2. The Blasting Cap Detonator 3. Dynamite 4. Ballistite 5. Gelignite 6. Nobel Peace Prize 7. Conclusion 8. References Born on October 21, 1833, to an engineer father, Immanuel Nobel, Alfred Nobel is one of the innovators who revolutionized the military and other industries specifically by inventing explosives. His father was a pioneer in the manufacture of arms, and he wanted his son to follow his example by studying engineering. However, Alfred was interested in poetry to the chagrin of his father. Alfred was thus sent to study abroad with the hope that he would widen his interests into chemical engineering. While in France, Alfred met Ascanio Sobrero, an ambitious young Italian, who had invented nitroglycerin (Fant, 2006). At the time, the nitroglycerin produced had no practical use because it was highly explosive. Alfred created interest in nitroglycerin specifically on how to make it useful for construction. He also had to think of a way to solve safety problems associated with the detonation of nitroglycerin. This point marked the start of Alfred’s invention journey, and he would later come up with other military and industrial explosives before the ultimate Nobel Peace Prize. This paper discusses Alfred Nobel’s work with explosives for military and industrial use leading to his contribution to the world of the Nobel Peace Prize. Nitroglycerin As mentioned earlier, Nobel did not invent nitroglycerin. He came up with a way of making it useful in the manufacture of explosives. According to Davis (1941), Ascanio Sobrero was the first person to prepare nitroglycerin somewhere between late 1846 and early 1847. He discovered that mixing glycerol with concentrated sulfurous and nitrous acids would create nitroglycerine. The nitroglycerin so produced was highly reactive and explosive, and it burned Sobrero’s face badly during one of his many experiments. Therefore, Sobrero considered this mixture dangerous and unfit for any use but Nobel thought that this problem could be solved. After he returned to Sweden in 1863, he focused on ways to develop nitroglycerin as an explosive (Feldman, 2012). He started experimenting with different methods, but most of them were disastrous. For instance, in 1864, an explosion occurred during one of his many experiments killing several people including his brother, Emil (Fant, 2006). Nobel did not give up, and his persistence yielded results in the same year. Nobel started experimenting with different additives to determine the one that would counter the highly explosive nature of nitroglycerin. Nobel discovered that using silica, as an additive would serve this purpose. Mixing silica with nitroglycerin liquid turned it into a paste. This invention was a turning point in the use of nitroglycerin. The paste could be molded into different shapes and sizes to fit into rods to be inserted into drilling holes (Davis, 1941). The paste was named dynamite. Until this time, no liquid had been used as an explosive, and thus Nobel patented this new discovery. However, Nobel faced another problem on how to detonate the nitroglycerin once inserted into the drilling holes. In response to this challenge, he invented the blasting cap, which would act as a detonator by being ignited using a lighting fuse. To come up with this detonator, Nobel capitalized on the explosive nature of nitroglycerine especially in the presence of heat. Therefore, he placed black powder in a small glass vessel and placed it within the paste rods to initiate an explosion. He also discovered other ways to detonate nitroglycerin. For instance, he would use the “local heat of an electric spark or of a wire electrically heated under the surface of the nitroglycerin” (Davis, 1941, p. 211). The percussion cap also became useful in this process. Nobel used black powder first in “glass bulbs, later in hollow wooden cylinders closed with cork stoppers, then a mixture of black powder and mercury fulminate, and later fulminate in small lead capsules and finally in the copper detonators which are still in general use” (Davis, 1941, p. 211). However, the blasting cap needed further modifications, which led to the discovery of the initiation phenomenon. After making the production and use of nitroglycerin safe, Nobel started commercial manufacturing of the explosive with the help of his father. The first large scale practical application of nitroglycerin was in the State Railway for tunneling purposes. Nobel established the first glycerin production company at Winterwik near Stockholm before expanding to other regions such as German, the United States, and other locations in Europe. In the US, nitroglycerin was applied widely in the blasting of the Hoosac tunnel in Massachusetts (Davis, 1941). The use of nitroglycerine as an explosive spread quickly because it was cheaper compared to other alternatives at the time. For instance, it was commonly used to blast oil wells and other industrial applications. The Blasting Cap Detonator The blasting cap detonator was born out of the necessity to have a device that could be used to explode nitroglycerin safely. While other detonators were available, they could not be used to detonate nitroglycerine because they used fuses. However, Nobel discovered that gunpowder could be used to detonate nitroglycerin (Worek, 2010). As such, Nobel had to come up with a way of detonating the gunpowder, which in turn would detonate nitroglycerin. He discovered the initiation phenomenon whereby a normal detonator was used to initiate explosion to the gunpowder and start a series of reactions to detonate the nitroglycerine ultimately. A blasting cap is normally a small amount of explosive that is detonated to create a pressure wave throughout the entire explosive charge, thus initiating the detonation of all other explosives in the system. According to Davis (1941), Nobel’s blasting cap was a Cylindrical capsule, generally of copper but sometimes of aluminum or zinc, filled for about half of its length with a compressed charge of primary explosive. The charge is fired either by an electric igniter or by a fuse, crimped into place, its end held firmly against the charge in order that the chances of a misfire may be reduced. Its action depends upon the development of an intense pressure or shock (p. 413). At the time of this invention, fulminate of mercury was the only available explosive that could be used in the blasting caps. Nobel numbered the caps based on the amount of fulminate that each contained. For instance, detonator no. 1 had the least amount of fulminate (0.3 grams), while detonator no. 8 had the highest amount at 2 grams of mercury fulminate (Davis, 1941). The sizes also increased with the weight of fulminate contained in each detonator with the shortest being 16 mm and the longest 50-55 mm in length. Further modifications were made later with the black powder being replaced with potassium nitrate and ultimately potassium chlorate became the preferred substance of use especially in the US. Dynamite Nobel invented dynamite in his quest to come up with safe and practical ways of using nitroglycerine as an explosive. He discovered that nitroglycerine could be exploded through the subsequent explosion of a small device filled with gunpowder (Worek, 2010). However, the amount of liquid nitroglycerin that could be used in this case was limited because the mixture had to be dry and in the form of granules. Nevertheless, this design failed because the mixture had to be exploded using fire, but the liquid in it reduced the effectiveness of the fire. Therefore, Nobel had to think of a way to overcome this challenge. In 1863, he started experimenting with the possibility of mixing nitroglycerine with a porous material as a way of stabilizing nitroglycerine for safe and effective detonation. After successful experimentation, Nobel was granted a patent in 1867 for preparing an explosive by mixing nitroglycerine with non-explosive absorbents, such as silica and charcoal. The resulting substance from this mixture was called dynamite. Nobel knew that dynamite was less sensitive to shock as compared to liquid nitroglycerine. Additionally, dynamite could be exploded using fire or electrical spark. However, he had already invented the blasting cap detonator, and thus he preferred to use it in the detonation of the newly invented dynamite. Ultimately, diatomaceous earth was chosen as the most suitable non-explosive porous absorbent that could be used in the production of dynamite (Hopler, 2010). Nevertheless, Nobel was not satisfied with the final model of dynamite at the time. He believed that he could invent a form of dynamite with an active base, and he did before patenting it. In this explosive, “the nitroglycerin was absorbed by a mixture of materials which were themselves not explosive separately, such as potassium, sodium, or ammonium nitrate mixed with wood meal, charcoal, rosin, sugar, or starch (Davis, 1941, p. 333). The nitroglycerine would then form a thin layer, which would explode in the presence of fulminate. Nobel then discovered that nitroglycerine could not effectively prevent the hydrophilic tendencies of sodium and ammonium nitrate. The mixture containing these salts was normally deliquescent, and thus it would turn into liquid by attracting water from the atmosphere. As such, Nobel experimented with different substances and ultimately indicated that the addition of minute amounts of paraffin, naphthalene, or any related substances would stabilize the explosive. For instance, any substance that is fatty in nature would form a coating on the explosive mixture of dynamite, which would prevent the absorption of moisture and the resultant danger from the transudation of nitroglycerine (Wargin & Pullen, 2009). Nobel further discovered that dissolving 8 percent of collodion cotton in nitroglycerine liquid converted it into a stable jelly, which would be used as a powerful high explosive (Davis, 1941). This mixture did not require additional solvents if the nitroglycerine was warmed gently using a water bath. However, cotton collodion was expensive, and even though its mixture with nitroglycerine was highly explosive, other cheaper but less powerful mixtures were preferred. For instance, mixing nitroglycerine with oxidizing agents and combustible materials was cheap albeit the resultant gelatin product was less powerful. Ballistite In 1888, Nobel invented ballistite – a dense smokeless powder. At the time, Nobel was living in France and Paul Vieille, a French physicist, had invented the first smokeless powder in 1884 (Wargin & Pullen, 2009). This powder was being used extensively in the French navy and army. Nobel started experimenting to come up with an improved version of the available gunpowder. He ultimately came up with ballistite, which was a “stiff gelatinous mixture of nitroglycerin and soluble nitrocellulose in proportions varying between 1 to 2 and 2 to 1, prepared with the use of a solvent which was later removed and recovered” (Davis, 1941, p. 294). Nobel discovered that substituting all the natural resins in celluloid with nitroglycerine would create a suitable propellant, which could be used as gunpowder. Initially, the natural resins of celluloid were dissolved in nitroglycerine before adding benzene. The mixture was then dried, pulped, and kneaded to allow the benzene to evaporate. The resulting material would be rolled between warm rollers to ensure that it is homogenous. Later, Nobel discovered that nitro-starch could be used instead of nitrocellulose. A year later, Nobel made another discovery, which would change the manufacture of ballistite. He found out that ballistite could be manufactured using soluble nitrocellulose instead of natural resins or other solvents (Sundberg, 2017). In this model, soluble nitrocellulose would be mixed with nitroglycerine under water and heated to achieve gelatinization. Alternatively, the gelatinization process would be catalyzed by adding more nitroglycerine than required in the final composition of the powder. The excess nitroglycerine would be removed using methyl alcohol. The resulting powder was the ballistite, and it was used in bullets and artillery shells (Davis, 1941). The French military did not adopt this form of gunpowder, but Nobel licensed it in Italy where it was used extensively in the military. Gelignite Gelignite is another name for blasting gelatin. In 1875, it became clear that dynamite was not powerful enough to be used in large-scale explosions. Therefore, Nobel came up with an idea of creating a powerful explosive. After numerous experiments, he found out that the only way to have highly powerful explosives was by ensuring that nitroglycerine was not mixed with numerous substances. The best option was to have nitroglycerine alone without impurities. However, liquid nitroglycerine could not be detonated safely (Klapotke, 2017). Therefore, it had to be stabilized with a different material apart from absorbents used earlier in the manufacture of dynamite. In the course of his experimentation, Nobel found out that dissolving nitroglycerine in gun cotton or nitrocellulose formed a stable jelly, which he named gelignite. This explosive was better than gelatin because it was more powerful and versatile as it could be used underwater. Additionally, this gelatinized jelly did not have “sweating” problems associated with dynamite, whereby nitroglycerine oozed out of the mixture, thus making it dangerous and unsafe for use (Davis, 1941). Therefore, gelignite was highly stable, hence safe to handle, and it could be molded into any desired shape depending on its different uses. However, gelignite was more expensive than dynamite, and its production was highly hazardous. Therefore, it was not manufactured in large quantities and companies and militaries opted to use dynamite because it was cheap and its production process was safer as compared to that of gelignite. Nobel Peace Prize Despite his numerous achievements as an inventor, scientist, and industrialist, Nobel was internally conflicted. He became a philanthropist by committing to donate part of his money to the poor and destitute. However, despite these good deeds, Nobel knew that he was regarded as nefarious especially due to the colossal wealth he gained from the sale of arms. This problem was compounded in 1888 when his brother died. Nobel was mistaken for his brother and one newspaper had erroneously reported in its obituaries that the “merchant of death” was dead (Feldman, 2012). Consequently, he decided to bequeath 94 percent of his wealth to fund annual prizes in physics, chemistry, medical science, literature, and any person or society fighting for international peace. In 1901, the first Nobel Prizes were given to the deserving individuals. This is how the coveted Nobel Peace Prizes were born. Conclusion Alfred Nobel was an ambitious scientist, inventor, and a successful industrialist. Some of his notable inventions include nitroglycerin, the blasting cap detonator, dynamite, gelignite, and ballistite. The quest to make the production and use of nitroglycerine safe led to the discovery of dynamite and the blasting cap detonator. His works on nitroglycerine marked the turning point in his life and career because before his discovery, it could not be used meaningfully. However, through stabilizing nitroglycerine using silica as an absorbent and detonating it with the blasting cap, Nobel revolutionized the production and use of explosives in industries and the military. He patented his discoveries in different jurisdictions in Europe and the US and amassed unprecedented wealth. Nevertheless, he was troubled that his inventions contributed to war and he made money out of it. Consequently, he left 94 percent of his wealth to be used for the Nobel Peace Prizes, which are given annually to individuals with outstanding performance in different fields. References Davis, T. L. (1941). The chemistry and the powder of explosions. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Fant, K. (2006). Alfred Nobel: A biography. New York, NY: Arcade Publishing. Feldman, B. (2012). The Nobel Prize: A history of genius, controversy, and prestige. New York, NY: Arcade. Hopler, R. B. (2010). The history, development, and characteristics of explosives and propellants. In A. Beveridge (ed.), Forensic investigations of explosions. New York, NY: CRC Press, pp. 1-19. Klapotke, T. M. (2017). Chemistry of high-energy materials (4th ed.). Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. Sundberg, R. J. (2017). The Chemical century: Molecular manipulation and its impact on the 20th century. New York, NY: Apple Academic Press. Wargin, K., & Pullen, Z. (2009). Alfred Nobel: The man behind the peace prize . Ann Arbor, MI: Sleeping Bear Press. Worek, M. (2010). The Nobel Prize: The story of Alfred Nobel and the most famous prize in the world . Richmond Hill, ON: Firefly Books.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: Alibaba's potential for success in developing countries is greater than in developed ones because it was created as a Chinese sales platform taking into account local market trends. Despite the growth of the corporation and its significant expansion around the world, the principles of sales maintained by its management more closely match the models of developing countries.

Alibaba's potential for success in developing countries is greater than in developed ones because it was created as a Chinese sales platform taking into account local market trends. Despite the growth of the corporation and its significant expansion around the world, the principles of sales maintained by its management more closely match the models of developing countries.

Alibaba Company’s Supply Chain Essay The statement that Alibaba has potentially higher prospects for success in developing countries than in developed ones is considered to be logical and reasonable from the point of view of modern market trends. Large corporations like Amazon and eBay are aimed primarily at Western audiences. Alibaba, on the contrary, was originally created as a Chinese sales platform taking into account local market trends. Despite the growth of the corporation and its significant expansion around the world, the principles of sales maintained by its management more closely match the models of developing countries. Such programs as discounts and promotional offers, wholesale propositions, and other strategies for attracting as many consumers as possible prove that Alibaba is more concentrated on the quantity of buyers than on their financial value. Consequently, this principle of customer-seller interaction is suitable for work in developing countries. Sticking to this separation strategy has both benefits and some risks. For instance, when Alibaba concentrates on specific target markets, it develops proposals for its target customers based on their interests and offers relevant products. It also simplifies logistics since no complicated delivery schemes are required. At the same time, there is a threat of supply chain disruptions because small businesses operating through this platform may not have reliable partners. Amazon’s and eBay’s strategies that focus on Western audiences have a good advantage in terms of consumer confidence and a well-formed technical base. Moreover, in these corporations, a supply chain problem may also arise. Demand for licensed and certified products dictates the need for cooperation with trusted suppliers, and delivery delays may occur. Therefore, there are certain difficulties and potential benefits in both operational mechanisms.

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Write an essay about: Almarai is a large food corporation based in Saudi Arabia and operating internationally. It encompasses a broad variety of brands that include dairy products, poultry, and pastries. Its dairy division, in particular, is responsible for the majority of the company's profits due to its established nature and continuous development. Almarai is a market leader, particularly with regards to dairy products, and the success of the business is mainly due to effective advertising.

Almarai is a large food corporation based in Saudi Arabia and operating internationally. It encompasses a broad variety of brands that include dairy products, poultry, and pastries. Its dairy division, in particular, is responsible for the majority of the company's profits due to its established nature and continuous development. Almarai is a market leader, particularly with regards to dairy products, and the success of the business is mainly due to effective advertising.

Almarai Corporation Marketing Plan Case Study Table of Contents 1. Mission and Scope 2. Situation Analysis (SWOT) 3. Target Market Profile 4. Reference List Almarai is a large food corporation based in Saudi Arabia and operating internationally. It encompasses a broad variety of brands that include dairy products, poultry, and pastries. Its dairy division, in particular, is responsible for the majority of the company’s profits due to its established nature and continuous development. Almarai is a market leader, particularly with regards to dairy products, and the success of the business is mainly due to effective advertising. The purpose of this report is to analyze the company as well as the market where it operates within Saudi Arabia and to construct a marketing plan for Almarai’s Laban dairy product brand for the year 2020. Mission and Scope Almarai is a corporation that has several decades of history behind its success and broad field of interests. According to Profile (n.d.), the company was established in 1977 by HH Prince Sultan bin Mohammed bin Saud Al Kabeer with the goal of meeting the growing demands of the domestic market and consolidating as well as modernizing the traditional dairy industry of Saudi Arabia. The endeavor succeeded, and Almarai centralized its production and expanded the scope by creating new farms. Furthermore, the corporation’s business grew geographically as it entered the markets of the other GCC countries as well as Egypt. The primary mission of the company is to provide consumers with fresh, high-quality food and beverages on a daily basis. Correspondingly, Almarai envisions itself as the leader and consumers’ choice in the markets which it encompasses. According to Mission, vision & values (n.d.), the corporation values adaptability, sharing, passion and pride, innovation, trust and respect, and excellence. Marketing initiatives should take these qualities and aspirations into account and incorporate them into promotional campaigns to communicate the company’s message to customers and maximize the effect. Situation Analysis (SWOT) Company Analysis Almarai is a highly successful company in the domestic market, particularly in its primary field of dairy products. The corporation has reported a net profit of 2,159,963 SAR in 2017, which, while not significantly increased over the 2016 value (weakness), displays stability and reliability (strength) ( Value through innovation 2018). Nevertheless, continued attractiveness to investors requires sustained financial growth, and the unchanging profit statistic indicates potential future stagnation of the corporation’s stock and market opportunities (threat). The situation involves the introduction of aggressive expansion strategies, which include attempts to increase the company’s share in its existing markets and potential future expansion into new fields through mergers or acquisitions (opportunity). Almarai is a strong player in the market, but it has to compete with a variety of other local companies such as Al Ain Farms. Nevertheless, due to the local nature of the drink, most companies that produce it and sell it in the United Arab Emirates are located in the GCC. As Laban is a variety of drinking product, Gulf & Safa, Al Ain Dairy ( Laban n.d.), and Al Rawabi can be identified as the primary sources of competition for the brand (threat). Smaller offerings and substitutes, such as homemade or organic laban, drinking yogurt, and soy milk may present a danger to the brand, although the latter two varieties have Almarai options available. Competitor Analysis Gulf & Safa is the biggest competitor in terms of market share, as it claims to possess more than 65% of it in laban (weakness) ( Laban up n.d.). The richness of the selection offered by Almarai is a powerful competitive advantage that should be leveraged during marketing (strength). At the same time, the existence of its traditional varieties provides an edge over the selection from Gulf & Safa ( Dairy Products n.d.) (opportunity). The designs of all laban products are mostly similar and homogeneous, as they use white plastic packaging and a label with a single dominant color. As demonstrated by Milk and Laban (n.d.), the prices for laban are largely similar, as well, with a 2-liter pack costing approximately 11 AED. Most varieties of laban are usually carried by retail outlets at once, meaning the distribution network is mostly similar. Homemade variants are an exception to this tendency, and their distribution network may afford them a lesser reach to consumers. Almarai is well-known among consumers, and the company, along with its associated brands, is present in the daily lives of most UAE citizens (strength). According to Singh and Hagahmoodi (2017), 72% of people in the Emirates use Almarai products daily, and another 24% uses them weekly; furthermore, 80% of respondents believed that Almarai goods and services were superior to the alternatives. The corporation has an excellent reputation with consumers and is prevalent in the daily lives of most of them. As such, while the improvement of the company image is always beneficial to overall and long-term success, it should not be a priority in the current situation. Consumer Analysis Consumers likely see Almarai as a reliable large-scale provider, one that furthermore is often superior to the competition (opportunity). However, laban production has traditionally been an area occupied by other companies in the United Arab Emirates (threat), and it will be necessary for the perception to change if the brand’s popularity is going to continue growing. Persuasion of people who prefer traditional laban and utilize other brands is going to be challenging, as Almarai does not have a significant advantage in that area (weakness). However, some consumers may be interested in the multitude of other options that the company offers. This notion especially applies to the UAE’s sizable immigrant population, which usually does not have more reason to be interested in traditional laban than in other option. Market Analysis The dairy industry in the UAE is a competitive scene, as a variety of companies such as Nadec, Al Safi Danone, and Almarai attempt to attract a limited number of customers by offering various advantages (opportunity). As was mentioned above, the market is saturated, and its growth has recently stalled due to a decline in oil prices and the influence of the trend on the overall economy of the UAE (Augustine 2019) (threat). Almarai has an advantage in the competitive scene due to the popularity of its products (strength), but it may struggle to overtake the current market leaders (weakness). Product Analysis Almarai’s Laban products come in a broad variety of options (opportunity), but the fundamental nature of the drink remains unchanged. As mentioned above, the price is average for the market, although the premium Baladi brand would naturally be more expensive. The quality of Almarai Laban is difficult to discuss in relation to its competitors, as it is a food product (weakness). The company guarantees the highest standards of safety for its produce (strength), but a customer’s preference for a particular brand of laban is a matter of personal taste (threat). The design is a white container with a green label that depicts a glass of a white liquid that can clearly be identified as a dairy product ( Fresh Laban n.d.). The packaging is standard for the industry, and the available sizes range from 180 ml to 2.85 l ( Fresh Laban n.d.). In terms of price, quality, or design, Almarai Laban does not possess a decisive advantage over competing brands. The primary issue facing Laban is the saturation (threat) of the UAE market, which is relatively small compared to others, such as Saudi Arabia or Egypt. Most people who live in the Emirates already consume Almarai products, and either purchase Laban or make the informed choice not to buy it. The opportunities for expansion of the consumer base into new and uninformed consumers are not significant, and most sales increases would come from convincing existing laban consumers to begin using the Almarai brand. Marketing for such purposes will likely be associated with high costs and low returns, as the company’s competitors will be conducting their marketing with the opposite intention (weakness). Problems and Opportunities Nevertheless, the advantages Almarai Laban has over its competing brands can serve as an opportunity to attract customers. As many of the company’s offerings do not have alternatives or the other options are spread among multiple companies, marketing can use the fact to promote the product and its diversity that others cannot match (strength). Furthermore, the existence of the premium Baladi variety of Laban, which does not have alternatives among the primary competitors, appeals to the target demographic and promotes the choice of Almarai over others. From a profit perspective, the existence of a premium variety of a product is a significant advantage when the consumer base prioritizes quality over price. Ayran may also secure a number of consumers who prefer its specific flavor and cannot find similar options elsewhere (opportunities). Target Market Profile The target market is represented by the people that are expected to be responsible for most of the sales as well as the associated profit. Demographically, this category is most likely middle-aged middle-to-high class Emirati males, who are usually the heads of a family with multiple children and, as such, have to provide for themselves as well as numerous other people. Such consumers will most likely be Arabs, which constitute 10% of the population ( United Arab Emirates population 2019 2019), and work either in the state sector or as business owners, an occupation that puts them into the middle to high class. Their salary would allow them and their family to live comfortably, with high disposable income. The majority of such high-income families would be located in large cities such as Dubai and Abu Dhabi, as the locations concentrate the wealth of the UAE. The target consumers spend a significant portion of their income on food and beverages and can afford the more expensive options ( United Arab Emirates: Reaching the consumer 2019). They would probably be concerned with quality over low prices, as they are economically secure and can afford premium products. They would likely have an established set of preferences and value the older varieties of Laban, but the needs of their families may encourage them to buy other types of the product to suit the preferences of their wives or children. Reference List Augustine BD 2019, ‘ Oil price to weigh on GCC’s economic prospects ’, Gulf News Business . Web. Dairy Products n.d. Web. Laban n.d. Web. Dairy n.d. Web. Fresh Laban n.d. Web. Laban Up n.d. Web. Milk & Laban n.d. Web. Mission, vision & values n.d. Web. Profile n.d. Web. Singh, A & Hagahmoodi, SO 2017, ‘Performance measurement of Almarai products and customer satisfaction’, International Journal of Management Science , vol. 4, no. 1, pp.1-12. United Arab Emirates population 2019 . 2019. Web. United Arab Emirates: Reaching the consumer 2019. Web. Value through innovation 2018. Web.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Alphabet Inc. was created in 2015 by restructuring Google to promote expansion into lucrative niches, as well as enhance the independence of subsidiary companies in their business operations. Despite its growth and expansion, Alphabet experiences problems that threaten its competitiveness in the global markets.

Alphabet Inc. was created in 2015 by restructuring Google to promote expansion into lucrative niches, as well as enhance the independence of subsidiary companies in their business operations. Despite its growth and expansion, Alphabet experiences problems that threaten its competitiveness in the global markets.

Alphabet Inc.’s External Analysis and Strategic Options Case Study Table of Contents 1. Company Analysis of Problems 2. Central Issues/Problems 3. External Analysis 4. Survey 2018-219 5. Strategy Evaluation and Recommendations 6. References Alphabet was created in 2015 by restructuring Google to promote expansion into lucrative niches, as well as enhance the independence of subsidiary companies in their business operations. Alphabet acts as a parent company with the mandate of selecting directors, formulating strategies, and managing operations of various subsidiaries. The core activity of Alphabet is the provision of the Internet services related to online search and advertising because it generates about 86% of revenue (Johnson & Regner, 2017). In its business model, Alphabet employs horizontal integration in the acquisition of companies across the world and venturing into new markets. Alphabet has gained over 150 companies, and the trend of acquisition continues to increase for the next decade (John & Regner, 2017). Acquisitions have significantly expanded market share, sales, and profitability of Alphabet. With the objective of coming up with strategic options, this case analysis assesses and evaluates Alphabet, identifies central issues, performs external analysis, and provides strategic options. Company Analysis of Problems Despite its growth and expansion, Alphabet experiences problems that threaten its competitiveness in the global markets. Restructuring of Google to form Alphabet is a notable problem because it did not address leadership challenges regarding managerial freedom. Johnson and Regner (2017) explain that the retention of Sergey Brin and Larry Page as chief executive officer and president of Alphabet, respectively, allowed the perpetuation of a laissez-faire approach to leadership. Another problem related to the leadership is the loose corporate structure that cannot amalgamate subsidiaries. Therefore, leadership with the same ideology and loose corporate are two problems that require effective management style, as a possible solution. The declining proportion of advertisers who pay click-by-click is a significant problem that decreases revenues accrued from advertising. Technological advancements in the mobile industry have led to the emergence of smartphones, which allows customers to access the Internet without necessarily utilizing products of Alphabet. The increasing use of mobile applications is a problem that diminishes revenues from the Internet search. Alphabet projected the demand for online adverts to increase from 6%; however, the problem is that a significant proportion of advertisers prefer television as their mode of advertisement (Johnson & Regner, 2017). Increasing competition in the video business is a prominent challenge because Amazon, Netflix, Facebook, and Twitter decrease the demand for YouTube services. The advent of social media as an advertisement platform increases competition in the advertisement industry. Facebook offers stiff competition to Alphabet because it provides cheaper advertising spaces to customers. Inability to meet the needs of customers is a problem because Alphabet created Google+ as a social network that unifies diverse products. Despite its re-introduction as a platform for interest groups and collections of information, Google+ struggles to gain expected market share and compete effectively with other social media platforms (Johnson & Regner, 2017). Although the focus on acquisition increases diversification, it poses management challenges due to reduced employees-manager ratio. Overall, overreliance on Google as the primary source of revenues makes Alphabet susceptible to technological changes in digital marketing. Diversification and innovations are possible solutions to these problems. Central Issues/Problems Company analysis identifies that Alphabet has numerous problems, which require effective resolution using economic resources, operational strategies, and management competencies. The analysis of Alphabet using value, rarity, imitability, and organization (VRIO) indicates that it is a highly competitive advantage (Ferreira & Fernandes, 2017). In the aspect of valuable resources, Alphabet has a powerful search engine that drives online advertisement and contributes most revenues. Patented technologies related to cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, smartphones, cloud computing, and aerial vehicles are some of the rare resources of Alphabet. Superior and efficient infrastructure across the world is inimitable because it has grown and evolved over two decades. Restructuring of Google and acquisition of other subsidiaries enhanced the organization of Alphabet to perform its functions effectively. The appraisal of Alphabet using the balanced scorecard with four components, namely, finance, customer, internal business, and learning and growth, reveals that its performance is effective (Table 1). The examination of financial effectiveness shows that Alphabet continues to increase its profitability despite growing competition and costs of operations. Alphabet has over 1 billion customers and an increasing number of shareholders, making it one of the attractive and valuable companies in the United States and across the world (Johnson & Regner, 2017). The analysis of the internal business indicates that innovative products and efficient processes are drivers of effective performance of Alphabet. Learning and growth process of Alphabet is effective as it hires qualified and competent employees, nurtures innovative culture, and expands its infrastructure. Table 1. Balanced Scorecard of Alphabet. Components Measures Effectiveness * Finance * Profitability * Increasing profits by 26% * Customer * Customers * Attractive to customers and shareholders * Shareholders * Internal business * Innovations * Innovative products * Efficiency * Efficient processes * Qualifications * Qualified and competent employees * Learning and growth * Competencies * Innovative culture * Culture * Advancing infrastructure * Infrastructure Gap analysis (Table 2) of Alphabet based on suitability, acceptability, and feasibility (SAFe) criteria indicates that the strategy of restructuring promotes resolution of established problems. Restructuring is a suitable strategy since it enables Alphabet to optimize its strengths of dominating markets, leading in advertising, acquiring other companies, and streamlining its operations, as well as overcoming weaknesses of overreliance on advertising and low profitability of most products (Ferreira & Fernandes, 2017). Moreover, restructuring is also suitable because it assists Alphabet to explore opportunities of diversification, acquisition, and innovation while managing threats of increased competition and declining revenues. Given that restructuring increased the independence of Google and other subsidiaries, it increased acceptability of Alphabet to shareholders and investors due to the clarity of financial reports (Johnson & Regner, 2017). Feasibility analysis shows that restructuring is a practical strategy because it requires additional resources, supplementary employees, and effective management. Table 2. Gap Analysis. Appraisal Gap Evaluation Options (SAFe) * Strengths * SWOT Analysis * Weaknesses * Suitability to strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats * Opportunities * Threats * Organizational effectiveness * Independence * Acceptability to shareholders and investors * Additional resources * Economic effectiveness * Extra employees * Feasible to implement * Effective management External Analysis The external analysis indicates that Alphabet operates in a volatile macro-environment that is subject to political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors. Political factors, such as taxation, trading barriers, and banishment, affect the growth and development of Alphabet in certain countries. Type of economic system, economic stability, business cycle, exchange rates, and labor costs comprise economic factors that have marked impact on revenues generated by Alphabet in various countries. Since education level, culture, class, and attitudes are some of the social factors that affect the adoption and the use of Alphabet’s products, customer-centric diversification is essential (Manral & Harrigan, 2018). Technological factors, such as innovations, the Internet, and sources of energy, influence operating costs and competitiveness of Alphabet in the global market. The use of electricity in its servers and computers requires Alphabet to consider the use of renewable sources of energy in running its operations and activities to protect the environment from pollution and climate change. Since Alphabet deals with patented technologies and private data, it is prone to violations of laws related to intellectual property, copyright laws, consumer protection, and privacy issues. Therefore, due to the volatility of the macro-environment and the acquisition trend of Alphabet, expectations of stakeholders have a signifficant influence on the strategic options. Survey 2018-219 Statistics show that Android is the dominant type of operating system in smartphones. A survey conducted in 2018-2019 indicated that most customers (72-78%) prefer Android phones while about 20% use iPhones (StatCounter, 2019). These statistics demonstrate that Google’s products dominate global markets with a considerable margin of competitiveness. Strategy Evaluation and Recommendations The analysis of organizational effectiveness reveals that Alphabet has a loose corporate structure and employs a laissez-faire style of management, which do not match requirements of its restructuring. Rodriguez, Green, Sun, and Baggerly-Hinojosa (2017) explain that transformational leadership inspires employees and creates a sustainable organizational culture that drives desired changes and brings about innovations. Hence, for effective management of an increasing number of subsidiaries, Alphabet needs to adopt a formal organizational structure and engage the transformational leadership style in managing its complex and expanding operations. Gap analysis reveals that Alphabet has substantial challenges to overcome for it to achieve desired performance. Amazon, Facebook, Netflix, and smartphone companies threaten the competitive advantage of Alphabet for they create substitute products. Jayani Rajapathirana and Hui (2018) recommend the use of innovation as a strategic tool of improving organizational performance, as well as creating quality, attractive, and innovative products, which meet the diverse needs of customers. In this view, the use of innovation would enable Alphabet to optimize strengths, overcome weaknesses, explore opportunities, and diminish threats. Given that Alphabet has focused on acquisition as a growth strategy, it experiences the challenge of overreliance on profitable subsidiaries to fund non-profitable ones. Bettinazzi and Zollo (2017) argue that the acquisition of related businesses attracts stakeholders and boosts organizational performance and profitability due to the pooling of experts. Thus, Alphabet needs to consider relatedness of companies it acquires in its bid to diversify products. References Bettinazzi, E. L. M., & Zollo, M. (2017). Stakeholder orientation and acquisition performance. Strategic Management Journal, 38 (12), 2465-2485. Web. Ferreira, J., & Fernandes, C. (2017). Resources and capabilities’ effects on firm performance: What are they? Journal of Knowledge Management , 21 (5), 1202-1217. Web. Jayani Rajapathirana, R. P., & Hui, Y. (2018). Relationship between innovation capability, innovation type, and firm performance. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 3 (1), 44-55. Web. Johnson, P., & Regner, P. (2017). Alphabet: Who and what drives the strategy. In G. Johnson, R. Whittington, K. Scholes, D. Angwin, & P. Regnér (Eds.), Exploring Strategy: Text and cases (7th ed.) (pp. 434-436). New York, NY: Pearson Education. Manral, L., & Harrigan, K. R. (2018). Corporate advantage in customer-centric diversification. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 26 (6), 498-518. Web. Rodriguez, R. A., Green, M. T., Sun, Y., & Baggerly-Hinojosa, B. (2017). Authentic leadership and transformational leadership: An incremental approach. Journal of Leadership Studies, 11 (1), 20-35. Web. StatCounter. (2019). Mobile operating system market share worldwide . Web.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The essay discusses the importance of studying the issue of attracting tourists to Dubai. It notes that the number of tourists coming to the city directly impacts on the economy of the city and that constant innovations and new proposals are being made to attract guests. The essay also mentions that if insufficiently effective measures are taken to analyze this market and to find alternative ways to attract tourists, expenses may exceed profits, which is unacceptable in the face of high costs.

The essay discusses the importance of studying the issue of attracting tourists to Dubai. It notes that the number of tourists coming to the city directly impacts on the economy of the city and that constant innovations and new proposals are being made to attract guests. The essay also mentions that if insufficiently effective measures are taken to analyze this market and to find alternative ways to attract tourists, expenses may exceed profits, which is unacceptable in the face of high costs.

Alternative Ways to Attract Tourists to Dubai Thesis Attracting tourists to one of the fastest growing centers of the UAE is an essential aspect of foreign policy since a significant part of financial resources comes in the budget through recreational resources. The city has many attractions and picturesque places that are interesting for residents of different countries. However, in connection with the need to strengthen the economy and establish cultural communication links, it is important to find alternative sources of attracting tourists. One of the most real and effective methods to make people pay attention to Dubai is tourism shopping that has recently gained increasing popularity among people of different ages. 1 In this case, it is required to identify the most active categories of the population in order to assess the degree of people’s interest in tourism of this type and to arrange appropriate tours. For these purposes, Sangeeta and Anandkumar 2 offer to attract tourists by organizing special festivals where guests can profitably buy branded things and at the same time substantially replenish the treasury of the city. Another issue that deserves attention is the possibility of non-standard shopping since many sophisticated buyers may not be ready to go to the UAE for the sake of ordinary purchases. Thus, Upadhya and Kumar 3 offer such an entertainment trend as night shopping to develop for tourists because many clients prefer to avoid large crowds of people. For these purposes, it is essential to organize appropriate tours where customers will be able to easily enter major retail chains even at night. Additional alternative shopping methods based on a non-standard approach to attracting people can also be considered for the sake of increasing tourists’ interest. The Significance of the Study The importance of studying the described issue is that the number of tourists coming to Dubai directly impacts on the economy of the city. Constant innovations and new proposals are being made to attract guests, and the authorities need the invested funds to pay off as soon as possible. According to Marathe 4 , innovative marketing is an area that allows focusing on the needs of customers and developing those spheres that are in demand. If insufficiently effective measures are taken to analyze this market and to find alternative ways to attract tourists, expenses may exceed profits, which is unacceptable in the face of high costs. The possibility of searching for new ways of developing tourism is relevant not only because of the need to replenish the budget but also to establish trade relations of the region with other countries. The essentiality of a marketing campaign aimed at promoting the entertainment sphere is the opportunity to successfully cooperate with large investors. Despite the fact that, as Avraham 5 notes, the events of the Arab Spring have increased the interest of tourists in relation to Dubai, there is no guarantee that this interest will not be lost over time. Therefore, the popularization of the city as a recreational region is an important strategic decision. It is also important to investigate the tourism issue because, according to Stephenson 6 , the standard ways of attracting tourists are beginning to lose relevance. Dubai is a dynamically developing city with advanced infrastructure. Nevertheless, there are many attractive tourist destinations in the world. Therefore, it is significant to not only interest guests but also to find special sources of attraction that will be unique and unusual in their own way and will be associated exclusively with this city. Bibliography Avraham, Eli. “Destination Image Repair During Crisis: Attracting Tourism During the Arab Spring Uprisings.” Tourism Management 47, no. 1 (2015): 224-232. Marathe, Shubhada. “Innovative Marketing Practices in Tourism – A Case Study of Destination Marketing of Dubai.” Paridnya – The MIBM Research Journal 3, no. 1 (2015): 55-63. Sangeeta, Peter, and Victor Anandkumar. “Travel Motivation-Based Typology of Tourists Who Visit a Shopping Festival: An Empirical Study on the Dubai Shopping Festival.” Journal of Vacation Marketing 22, no. 2 (2016): 142-153. Stephenson, Marcus. “Tourism, Development and ‘Destination Dubai’: Cultural Dilemmas and Future Challenges.” Current Issues in Tourism 17, no. 8 (2014): 723-738. Upadhya, Amitabh, and Manoj Kumar. “Night Shopping as a Tourist Attraction: A Study of Night Shopping in Dubai.” Journal of Tourism and Services 8, no. 15 (2017): 7-18. Zaidan, Esmat. “Tourism Shopping and New Urban Entertainment: A Case Study of Dubai.” Journal of Vacation Marketing 22, no. 1 (2016): 29-41. Footnotes 1. Esmat Zaidan, “Tourism Shopping and New Urban Entertainment: A Case Study of Dubai,” Journal of Vacation Marketing 22, no. 1 (2016): 29. 2. Peter Sangeeta and Victor Anandkumar, “Travel Motivation-Based Typology of Tourists Who Visit a Shopping Festival: An Empirical Study on the Dubai Shopping Festival,” Journal of Vacation Marketing 22, no. 2 (2016): 142. 3. Amitabh Upadhya and Manoj Kumar, “Night Shopping as a Tourist Attraction: A Study of Night Shopping in Dubai,” Journal of Tourism and Services 8, no. 15 (2017): 7. 4. Shubhada Marathe, “Innovative Marketing Practices in Tourism – A Case Study of Destination Marketing of Dubai,” Paridnya – The MIBM Research Journal 3, no. 1 (2015): 55. 5. Eli Avraham, “Destination Image Repair During Crisis: Attracting Tourism During the Arab Spring Uprisings,” Tourism Management 47, no. 1 (2015): 226. 6. Marcus Stephenson, “Tourism, Development and ‘Destination Dubai’: Cultural Dilemmas and Future Challenges,” Current Issues in Tourism 17, no. 8 (2014): 724.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The paper attempts to critique the three identified newspaper stories with the objective of providing a comparison and evaluation of all three articles. Also, the paper will attempt to determine the impact of the news content on global health.

The paper attempts to critique the three identified newspaper stories with the objective of providing a comparison and evaluation of all three articles. Also, the paper will attempt to determine the impact of the news content on global health.

Alzheimer’s Disease in Newspaper Articles Essay (Literature Review) Introduction The number of patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s and diabetes in the United States, and indeed globally, has increased significantly in the last few years. In light of this, multiple research studies have been conducted to find ways of fighting these diseases. The paper evaluates three newspaper stories on research conducted to identify modern approaches to treating diabetes and Alzheimer’s diseases. The first newspaper article, “U.S. Venture Gathers Drugmakers to Beat Alzheimer’s, Lupus (3),” is written by Alex Wayne on behalf of Bloomberg News. The second newspaper article, “Diabetes, Alzheimer’s Research May Yield Cures” is authored by Courtney Wills on behalf of the WebProNews. Lastly, the third article, “Drug Companies Join NIH in Study of Alzheimer’s, Diabetes, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus,” is written by Monica Langley and Jonathan D. Rockoff of the Wall Street Journal. The paper attempts to critique the three identified newspaper stories with the objective of providing a comparison and evaluation of all three articles. Also, the paper will attempt to determine the impact of the news content on global health. Evaluation of the articles Article 1 In his article, Wayne (2014) argues on the proposed partnership between the U.S government and leading drug manufacturers in the U.S in the hope of finding novel ways to Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes. The article explores some of the major diseases that affect the majority of Americans (Wayne, 2014). These diseases cost U.S taxpayers billions of dollars in the form of patient treatment and a reduction in production due to ill health. The article suggests that the venture will specifically target Alzheimer’s research because out of the over 100 research studies carried out over the past 16 years, none of them has been a real success. This view is valid because, so far, there is no cure for Alzheimer’s. The article has established that over 5 million Americans are suffering from Alzheimer, and the figure is projected to increase three-fold in the next two decades (Wayne, 2014). The NHS will spend $1.1 billion on funding diabetes, $260 million on arthritis research, and $562 million will go towards research on Alzheimer (Wayne, 2014). The major strength of the article is that it clearly elaborates why the collaboration between drugmakers and other stakeholders is necessary. For example, such a collaboration would not only provide a cure to Alzheimer’s disease, but it would also provide a breakthrough to the cure of other diseases such as lupus 3 (diabetes) and arthritis. The author of this article admits that collaboration would be most welcome because it would provide a breakthrough in unraveling the causes and cure of diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer’s (Wayne, 2014). The article is formulated well, and the content is credible and informative to the target audience. Besides, the paper provides an insight into how the stakeholders could partner to achieve a common goal by setting their differences aside. However, the article fails to provide an estimate of the time taken to come up with a cure. It does not also cover the anticipated challenges. In addition, it does not provide the estimated cost for the complete project and the side effects that the patients involved in the trial could experience. Article 2 According to Langley and Rockoff (2014), the aim of the pact between ten pharmaceuticals is to “to decipher the biology behind Alzheimer’s, Type 2 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus, and to thereby identify targets for new drugs” (p.1). This means that the main interest of such collaboration is to study lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease. By bringing together leading scientists from ten leading pharmaceutical companies, this will help to consolidate the individual research studies done by the individual drug companies and possibly come up with better research strategies. This collaboration is based on the fact that the four diseases have been classified as the biggest public-health threats (Langley & Rockoff 2014). Moreover, most of the companies have lost billions of dollars trying to come up with a cure for these diseases. However, some of the executives have serious misgivings about such collaboration and are thus far from convinced. One of the strong points of this article is that the authors have acknowledged that the cost of the project, estimated at $ 230 million, is a very conservative figure in comparison to what some individual drug manufacturers spend annually on research and development. The article also acknowledges that there is a dire need to collaborate because past studies have proved ineffective. Additionally, the article notes that a single organization cannot come up with a cure for diseases. The other strength of the article is that the authors have provided statistical figures and snapshots of the cost required, sales of available drugs, and projections of the sakes of currently available drugs. It also points out that the collaboration will be effective because of current efforts to decipher the disease are unproven. The article is formulated and written in a logical and understandable manner. It also provides the anticipated duration of the project and challenges that are mostly like to be faced. However, the article fails to give the anticipated side effects of drugs on the patients who will take part in the trials. Article 3 In his article, Willis (2004) highlights the proposed collaboration between the U.S government, the NIH, and leading drug manufacturers in the country for the sole purpose of undertaking extensive research on Alzheimer’s. The collaboration is based on the fact that by 2015, the current number of Alzheimer’s disease is more likely to triple. The disease, which currently affects over five million Americans, is a burden to both society and the government. Therefore, the decision to collaborate is geared towards eradicating these crippling diseases. Willis (2014) notes that past researches to determine the cure for Alzheimer have been fruitless. By finding a cure for Alzheimer, scientists believe that a cure for type 1 diabetes will also be found. The article is well written with an elaborate time frame that will be followed to unravel the biology behind Alzheimer’s disease. It also provides useful information on financial estimates, cost to be incurred, and the name of the eight companies involved. It also states that the collaboration of these companies other than working towards a common goal but also shares past scientific findings. The article, however, fails to provide challenges expected in the course of the collaboration. Comparison The three newspaper articles are related as they address the issue of collaborating to devise ways to cure diabetes and Alzheimer. In addition, the articles explore the collaboration between the U.S government, drug makers, and the National Institute of Health in an effort to find a cure for these diseases. Therefore, the newspapers have addressed the need to collaborate on the same agenda, which is to design new drugs to cure the two diseases. The articles also share the fact that past researches in ways to cure Alzheimer has proven fruitless and hence the need for collaboration. All three articles concur that so far, advances in science and technology have failed to find a cure for both Alzheimer’s and diabetes. However, if the test for diabetes and Alzheimer’s is successful, there is the hope of reducing the high mortality rates due to these diseases. All three articles are in agreement that the venture will be cost-effective since past research studies have proved futile. The authors of the three articles are also in agreement that this collaboration will go a long way in finding a cure for Alzheimer’s and diabetes (Wills 2014; Langley & Rockoff, 2014; Wayne, 2014). Impact on global health and possible outcomes Wayne (2014) proposes that the “data generated from the work will be made public for other scientists to use, a move the U.S. National Institutes of Health called groundbreaking” (1). This means that the data will be used to come up with a strategy to reduce the levels and impacts of diabetes and Alzheimer in the world. It also means that we could see the number of patients suffering from these diseases reduce. The collaboration is most likely to benefit Alzheimer’s research because for the past 16 years, over 100 research studies have been conducted to find its cure but no conclusive findings have emerged. For this reason, the content is useful as it provides hope to the current and future generations on the possibility of developing drugs to completely treat rather than alleviate pain. The study will also be useful to the society in general because it will reduce the burden Alzheimer has to the society. Therefore, social, financial, and psychological burden that is inflicted by Alzheimer’s patient in the society will be minimized if not eliminated fully. Since diabetes and Alzheimer are looming global health problems, such collaboration may succeed in working out the biology behind these diseases and hence develop new drugs. Although the project is costly, pooling of resources will definitely accelerate the chance of discovering new drugs. According to Langley and Rockoff (2014), most of the past research findings are scattered and held by different pharmaceutical labs and interested parties. Therefore, collaboration will ensure that information is shared and will be used towards drug manufacturing. The possible outcomes of such collaboration include the probability of treating Alzheimer in the long run and reducing the money used annually to take care of patients suffering from Alzheimer. To the academic world, the content in the article is vital as it will not only revolutionalize the academic research work, but it will also improve the financial field. The collaboration would be a scientific breakthrough if it can find a cure to Alzheimer’s. such a breakthrough would also provide a very good chance for developing cure for arthritis, diabetes, and lupus (Wills, 2014). Conclusion The three newspaper articles share a similar observation that the collaboration between major pharmaceuticals will help in developing a cure for diabetes and Alzheimer. Overall, the articles are well written in a coherent and understandable language. In addition, the articles are informative and could be used as a platform for scientific breakthrough in the future. Although the articles have addressed the issue of cure for diabetes and Alzheimer differently, the authors have found a unique way of explaining the same message. Therefore, we believe that the content in the article will have a significant role in the academic and scientific field in the future. Reference List 1. Langley, M., & Rockoff, J. D. (2014). Drug companies join NIH in study of Alzheimer’s, Diabetes, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus . Web. 2. Wayne, A. (2014). U.S. venture gathers drugmakers to beat Alzheimer’s, Lupus (3). Web. 3. Wills, C. (2014). Diabetes, Alzheimer’s research may yield cures . Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Alzheimer's disease is a slowly progressive illness that affects human brain and leads to dementia. It is characterized by problems with memory, language, and perception. Increased age is a reason to start utilizing preventive measures.

Alzheimer's disease is a slowly progressive illness that affects human brain and leads to dementia. It is characterized by problems with memory, language, and perception. Increased age is a reason to start utilizing preventive measures.

Alzheimer’s Disease: Managing Cognitive Dysfunction Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Vulnerable Population and Causes 2. Symptoms and Consequences 3. Coping 4. Gaps in Literature 5. References Getting older, many people face problems associated with memory and concentration. Such changes are often considered normal and are discussed in the framework of aging when they do not affect the level of function adversely. Nevertheless, many representatives of the elderly deal with memory loss that prevents them from living independently and happily. In the majority of cases, Alzheimer’s disease turns out to be the cause of this problem. It is a slowly progressive illness that affects human brain and leads to dementia. In this way, issues with memory are eventually accompanied by language and perception problems. Even though Alzheimer can be associated with genetic risks, it is mainly connected to aging. That is why increased age is a reason to start utilizing preventive measures. The symptoms of this disease can be of different severity while its causes remain unknown, which proves that additional attention should be paid to it. Vulnerable Population and Causes Alzheimer’s disease can be caused by different risk factors, but in the majority of cases, it is associated with aging. One in five people who are older than 65 years old suffers from this health issue while about 30% of people who are over 85 years old are affected by it (Galimberti & Scarpini, 2013). In order to protect these individuals from the possibility of facing negative consequences of Alzheimer’s disease, professionals developed various treatments. However, they do not seem to be rather effective because the number of affected older adults fails to minimalize. Even though Alzheimer’s usually affects people over 70 years of age, it can also be found in those who are about 40-50 years old. In these cases, inherited gene mutations are considered (Farinde, 2012). Professionals usually pay attention to apolipoprotein E when they consider that a patient is likely to belong to this population. According to other studies, the levels of estrogen may affect the risk of having Alzheimer’s (Chhibber & Zhao, 2014). In this way, elderly women are considered to be at a higher risk of developing this disease. However, professionals still reveal their doubts considering the last two causes of Alzheimer’s, which means that aging is the only risk factor that can be definitely discussed. Symptoms and Consequences Alzheimer’s disease develops slowly, so those older adults who experience some of its symptoms have an opportunity to contact a healthcare professional in order to obtain required assistance. In particular, attention should be paid to the ability to perceive and memorize information (Boyle et al., 2012). If associated problems are observed, an older person can ask repetitive questions or start one and the same conversations several times. He/she can put things in different places and forget their location. In this way, one can not only miss some appointments but also get lost being next to his/her home. Reasoning and judgment can also be affected because of Alzheimer’s disease (Boyle et al., 2012). In this way, an older adult can hardly understand safety risks or make well-developed decisions. He/she cannot cope with multiple activities and manage personal finances. Visuospatial abilities can also be affected (Quental, Brucki, & Bueno, 2013). The elderly may not recognize familiar faces and items or use ordinary tools, such as clothes. Personality and behavior can also alter, which leads to mood changes and unacceptable actions. An acute form of Alzheimer can be indicated if a person’s condition worsens daily, but generally, its progression is divided into several stages (Delrieu, Piau, Caillaud, Voisin, & Vellas, 2011). The first one occurs before any symptoms can be perceived. The second one starts with the mild impairment. The third one presupposes the beginning of dementia. Unfortunately, this disease is not usually diagnosed before the mild decline is observed because of the absence of a single test. As physicians need to focus on signs and symptoms to develop this diagnosis, they fail to find Alzheimer’s at the first stage. Nevertheless, the focus on medical history, neurological function, blood and urine tests, cognitive and memory tests, as well as MRI, make it easier to reveal if an aged person has Alzheimer’s (Delrieu et al., 2011). Coping The death of brain cells causes all those symptoms that are observed in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Unfortunately, there is no cure for this process, but several therapeutic interventions can make the life of the elderly who are affected by this disease easier. For instance, drug therapy can be rather advantageous for the reduction of Alzheimer’s symptoms (Delrieu et al., 2013). Cholinesterase inhibitors can be used to increase the amount of chemical neurotransmitter that reduces because of this illness. Cognitive rehabilitation may be advantageous, but its effects are rather limited because the brain is affected anyway. Increased social interaction and engagement in enjoyable activities can enhance the quality of life. Psychiatric symptoms may be treated with standard medication. Nevertheless, the prognosis for the elderly with this healthcare issue is not positive because it cannot be cured. Gaps in Literature Unfortunately, information about Alzheimer’s that is currently available has numerous gaps because of the lack of research. It would be advantageous if the causes of this illness were revealed in detail, describing why some older adults start suffering from this disease while others manage to live normal lives. More information about prevention and the possibility of early diagnosis would be helpful, as it can reduce the number of affected older adults. Finally, the ways to minimalize adverse effects of Alzheimer’s and additional possibilities to enhance the quality of life should be discussed. References Boyle, P., Yu, L., Wilson, R., Gamble, K., Buchman, A., & Bennett, D. (2012). Poor decision making is a consequence of cognitive decline among older persons without Alzheimer’s disease or mild cognitive impairment. PLoS One, 7 (8), e43647. Chhibber, A., & Zhao, L. (2017). ERBeta and ApoE isoforms interact to regulate BDNF-5-HT2A signaling and synaptic function in the female brain. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 9 , 2-10. Delrieu, J., Piau, A., Caillaud, C., Voisin, T., & Vellas, B. (2011). Managing cognitive dysfunction through the continuum of Alzheimer’s disease: Role of pharmacotherapy. CNS Drugs, 25 (3), 213-226. Farinde, A. (2012). Exploring Alzheimer’s disease (Alzheimer’s type dementia). The Pharma Innovation, 1 (10), 33-46. Galimberti, D., & Scarpini, E. (2013). Progress in Alzheimer’s disease research in the last year. Journal of Neurology, 260 (7), 1936-1941. Quental, N., Brucki, S., & Bueno, O. (2013). Visuospatial function in early Alzheimer’s disease—the use of the visual object and space perception (VOSP) battery. PLoS One, 8 (7), e68398.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The text discusses the global prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and how it is projected to triple by 2050. It also discusses the burdensome nature of the disease and how it is ranked 12th leading burdensome conditions in the US.

The text discusses the global prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and how it is projected to triple by 2050. It also discusses the burdensome nature of the disease and how it is ranked 12th leading burdensome conditions in the US.

Alzheimer’s Disease Prevalence and Prevention Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Prevalence 2. Burdensome Disease 3. Strategies for Preventing Alzheimer’s Disease 4. References Prevalence The estimated global prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is 50 million and is projected to triple by 2050 due to growth in the older generation (Khoury, Patel, Gold, Hinds, & Grossberg, 2017). In the US, the number of people with Alzheimer’s dementias in 2018 stands at 5.5 million – 81% of them are aged over 75 years (Alzheimer’s Association, 2018). Age is a risk factor in AD onset; the older generation (>65 years) is the most affected. Its prevalence across the ages is 4%, 16%, 44%, and 36% for the <65, 65-74, 75-84, and 85+ years cohorts, respectively (Alzheimer’s Association, 2018). Burdensome Disease Alzheimer’s disease is associated with high morbidity and mortality, especially in older generations. According to Alzheimer’s Association (2018), AD is the fifth-ranking killer of persons in the >65 years age cohort in the US. Mortality often results from pneumonic complications in older patients. Further, affected individuals have to endure ill health for a long time before succumbing to AD-related complications. AD is ranked 12 th leading burdensome conditions in the US, up from 25 th in 1990 (Alzheimer’s Association, 2018). The lifetime cost of caring for an AD patient (including long-term care) is about $341,840 (Alzheimer’s Association, 2018). Strategies for Preventing Alzheimer’s Disease Evidence suggests that dietary modifications can delay cognitive deterioration. The Mediterranean diet comprising “fruits, vegetables, and fish” improves general mental functioning, memory, and language (Rakesh, Szabo, Alexopuolos, & Zannas, 2017, p. 126). This nutritional style is even more effective when combined with the Dietary Approach to Systolic Hypertension (DASH). Other nutrients that reduce the risk of AD are omega-3 fatty acids, folate, magnesium, and vitamin B 12 and vitamin D supplementation (Rakesh et al., 2017). Physical activity – aerobic exercise or fitness training – is also linked to improved cognitive function. Amelioration of psychological stress factors can improve cognitive function as well. Strategies such as exercise, sleep, and anti-inflammatory medication can reduce inflammatory responses that result in AD onset (Rakesh et al., 2017). References Alzheimer’s Association. (2018). 2018 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures . Web. Khoury, R., Patel, K., Gold, J., Hinds, S., & Grossberg, G. (2017). Recent progress in the pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer’s disease. Drugs & Aging , 34 (11), 811-820. Web. Rakesh, G., Szabo, S. T., Alexopoulos, G. S., & Zannas, A. S. (2017). Strategies for dementia prevention: Latest evidence and implications. Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease, 8 (8), 121-136. Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Amazon's supply chain case study examines the company's continuous modernization and adaptation, cost reduction and economy, and conclusion.Amazon's supply chain case study examines the company's continuous modernization and adaptation, cost reduction and economy, and conclusion.

Amazon's supply chain case study examines the company's continuous modernization and adaptation, cost reduction and economy, and conclusion. Amazon's supply chain case study examines the company's continuous modernization and adaptation, cost reduction and economy, and conclusion.

Amazon Company’s Supply Chain Case Study Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Continuous Modernization and Adaptation 3. Cost Reduction and Economy 4. Conclusion 5. Reference Introduction Amazon is a Canadian e-commerce corporation, which occupies a large percentage of the U.S. domestic market for online trade. According to Mark and Johnson (2018), its share of the U.S. retail sales is 43%. The organization’s tremendous success in business operations enabled many researchers to study and analyze this company to apprehend its managerial wisdom. In this paper, the remarkable market performance of Amazon will be explained from the standpoint of supply chain management using the materials kindly provided in the case study by Mark and Johnson. Continuous Modernization and Adaptation One of the reasons why Amazon grows to acquire more and more presence in the online retail sector is that it continually invests in technology and scale. As reported by Mark and Johnson (2018), Amazon builds new distribution centers as its network increases in size. Also, the company is aware that its shipping and delivery partners may not always maintain the same level of development, which led the owners to opt for creating their logistics. Thus, after suffering sufficient financial losses due to the U.S. Postal Services failing to deliver goods to customers on New Year’s Eve, Amazon decided to create an internal logistics network. Amazon optimizes the use of resources through automation, which allows for increased efficiency and, therefore, competitiveness. As such, the company transitioned to electronic document flow, which boosted communication effectiveness and procurement procedures in general (Mark & Johnson, 2018). The company also simplified the process of gathering necessary information from its suppliers by introducing Vendor Central, a software that allows for faster and more organized reception of shipment details and invoices. Amazon investments into automation also included optimization of warehousing operations through the use of robotics (Mark & Johnson, 2018). Thus, Amazon storage practices include autonomous loading, movement, control, object recognition, and other AI-enhanced services. The company avidly implements and tests new technological developments such as drones for delivery purposes. Cost Reduction and Economy While Amazon invests in the growth and development of new facilities to cover new areas and increases the effectiveness of its operations, it also seeks ways to decrease their cost. As such, the organization tried using individual driver services similar to Uber to deliver small packages within densely populated urban areas. By arranging an outbound sortation and using low-cost carriers, Amazon manages to maintain the delivery costs to a minimum, which also allows the company to stay competitive. The organization also utilizes the full potential of its status as the largest online retailer to negotiate better pricing schemes with its suppliers and transportation firms. The aforementioned decision to transition toward internal logistics is also projected to decrease Amazon’s shipping costs. Conclusion The case study of Amazon’s supply chain revealed a variety of nuances that help the firm to aspire to the 43% market share of domestic online retailing. Among the factors that influenced the success of Amazon are its orientation towards cost reduction, a technological boost of operations productivity, and strategic decision-making in terms of logistics. The company invests heavily in expanding, modernizing, and internalizing its operations to maintain control and efficacy of all business affairs concerning supply chains. It continually seeks ways to reduce costs and tries new approaches. Finally, it realizes and utilizes its status privileges and bargaining power. Overall, these actions led Amazon corporation to be the largest and one of the most successful market players in online retailing. Reference Mark, K., & Johnson, F. (2018). Amazon.com: Supply chain management . W18451. Ontario, Canada: Ivey Publishing.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The essay discusses the background of the problem, the contribution to the mission of the company, benefits for the value chain, impact on the company's sustainability, and the risks associated with the investment.

The essay discusses the background of the problem, the contribution to the mission of the company, benefits for the value chain, impact on the company's sustainability, and the risks associated with the investment.

Amazon.com’s Sustainability Investment Plan Proposal Essay Table of Contents 1. Background of the Problem 2. Contribution to the Mission of the Company 3. Benefits for the Value Chain 4. Impact on the Company’s Sustainability 5. Evaluation and Anticipation of Investment Risks 6. Reference Background of the Problem The investment process is an integral aspect of a company development that allows improving performance and providing sustainability. Every organization has specific investment priorities determined by its vision, mission, and strategic plan. Frequently, such spheres as technology and product improvement are in the focus of investment projects. At the same time, investment in human resources is underestimated. Still, researchers agree that human capital is a significant factor in the sustainability of an organization and needs additional funding (Ehnert, Harry, & Zink, 2014). Thus, this memo concentrates on the evaluation of opportunities provided by investing in human resources and its impact on the company’s sustainability. Contribution to the Mission of the Company Investment in human resources can be beneficial for the mission of the company. For example, the focus of Amazon’s mission is to be earth’s most customer-centric company, which demands employees able to provide clients with high-quality products and services. Because both services and products depend on the staff, investment in training and education of employees is a contribution to the mission of the company. Benefits for the Value Chain The value chain included the company itself, its employees, suppliers, and customers. Investment in human resources provides benefits for the company as a whole due to the better performance of well-trained employees, which can increase revenue. Employees benefit from this type of investment because they receive an opportunity for self-development and career growth. Suppliers will be the least affected party in case of investment in human resources, but sustainable development of the company and the growth of income are expected to provide suppliers with long-lasting cooperation and demand for their resources. Finally, customers will benefit because they will receive a better quality of service or product provided by better-trained employees. Impact on the Company’s Sustainability Investment in human resources is expected to have a positive impact on the overall company’s sustainability. Employees who receive regular training and are involved in continuous education in the field of their specialization or neighboring spheres have the potential to increase the competitive ability of the company. Consequently, the company demonstrates better performance in a highly competitive and constantly changing business environment. It results in higher revenues that allow further investment in significant spheres of the company’s functioning. Also, investment in human resources adds to the value of the company as well as to its image as an employer, which attracts better qualified and experienced employees. Evaluation and Anticipation of Investment Risks Despite evident benefits, investment in human resources has certain risks for the company. The major risk is related to employee retention. Thus, the staff members who are trained and educated at the cost of the company can seek better employment opportunities in other organizations. Therefore, the company will not receive the expected effective output from the investment. This risk can be mitigated by creating competitive conditions for employees and the provision of transparent career perspectives empowered by training and education they obtain. Another possible risk is the selection of programs for staff training. In contemporary conditions, there are diverse opportunities for employee development and education, but the choice of a proper course or training can become a problem. Still, the company can address this risk by careful investigation of any program suggested to its employees and select those that can be beneficial for the performance of the organization. Reference Ehnert, I., Harry, W., & Zink, K J. (Eds.). (2014). Sustainability and human resource management: Developing sustainable business organizations . New York, NY: Springer.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The American Public Health Association, the American Hospital Association, and the American Nurses Association are all major health associations that have similar goals in providing public health at the state level. These goals include improving the health of the country's citizens, supporting modern trends in healthcare, and expanding the spectrum of influence for specialists.

The American Public Health Association, the American Hospital Association, and the American Nurses Association are all major health associations that have similar goals in providing public health at the state level. These goals include improving the health of the country's citizens, supporting modern trends in healthcare, and expanding the spectrum of influence for specialists.

American Health Associations and Their Activities Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Major Health Associations 3. Associations’ Motivations 4. Required Legislations 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction Providing public health at the state level is not an easy task, and besides governmental bodies controlling this sphere of the society, there are also separate organizations involved in the healthcare area. Members of these groups, as a rule, are united by a common specialty or direction of work, and the scope of their activities covers not only one city or region but the whole country. The practice of such organizations is aimed at comprehensive and advanced protection of public health, and certain legislative norms defined by the state are observed in these groups. The analysis of the structure and specifics of these organizations’ work will help to identify the central areas of their activities, and the review of specific legislations will give an opportunity to identify those that have confirmed their effectiveness in practice. Major Health Associations In total, there are several groups known practically throughout the medical community. One of the organizations with a very high reputation in the health sector is the American Public Health Association that is constantly developing to improve the health of the country’s citizens (American Public Health Association, 2018). This association includes not only professional medical workers but also volunteers, who help specialists to provide comprehensive services for the treatment and prevention of health. The organization is a large structure and is divided into smaller branches. Nevertheless, each of them belongs to a common group but is represented by separate management and funding. There is another community that also has great authority in the field of health. It is the American Hospital Association, the organization that supports such modern trends in healthcare Medicare, and that, in fact, is the controlling body of all medical clinics in the country (American Hospital Association, 2018). It includes representatives of different hospitals who have medical specialties and are able to efficiently monitor the dynamics of medical care in the country and timely respond to any changes. Finally, there is a group that is directly related exclusively to junior medical personnel. It is the American Nurses Association, the organization that “represents the interests of the nation’s 3.6 million registered nurses” (American Nurses Association, 2018, para. 1). Also, this association cooperates with other groups, which helps specialists to have an expanded spectrum of influence and perform a large number of tasks. All these three organizations are significant structures that largely determine the quality of the healthcare system in the United States. Associations’ Motivations All these associations have similar goals since they relate to the same public sphere. However, for example, the work of the American Nurses Association is aimed at collaborating and searching for answers to issue related to the nursing activity (American Nurses Association, 2018). For instance, the American Hospital Association mainly functions to monitor the work of medical centers and solve problems associated with the stay of patients in special institutions (American Hospital Association, 2018). The American Public Health Association, by and large, is not tied exclusively to one type of activity and is engaged in controlling all the aspects of healthcare, addressing global issues and setting standards for the quality of care. Therefore, despite similar goals, the functions of the three organizations are different. Required Legislations There are several mandatory legislations that all of the mentioned associations demand. Their observance is an integral part of work of each group and the entire health system as a whole. These legislations are as follows: * Demand-increasing legislation. * Legislation to secure the highest method of reimbursement. * Legislations to reduce the price and/or increase the quantity of complements. * Legislation to decrease the availability of and/or increase the price of substitutes. * Legislation to limit increases in supply. Each of these points of the law has its own peculiarities of expression and application. For example, the legislation related to the provision of the highest method of reimbursement allows patients not to worry about their money spent in case of insufficiently quality medical services that do not comply with the norms established by law. As Young and Kroth (2017) claim, this legislation has been successfully introduced into the modern Medicare health insurance system, which covers the whole country and gives citizens a possibility to rely on full-fledged medical assistance. For example, the point of reducing the price and/or improving the quantity of complements is also essential and worthy of attention. According to the fact that pharmaceutical companies have an opportunity to independently set prices for drugs, it significantly increases their profits, but ordinary citizens’ money is spent faster. Therefore, as Young and Kroth (2017) remark, the insurance system made it possible to exclude any unnecessary costs and determine the standards for all the categories of the society so that no extra money could be wasted. Another legislation that was successfully implemented in medical practice and used by health associations is a provision to limit the increase in supply. The peculiarity of this norm is, for example, that the excessive number of medical establishments is meaningless if few people live on a particular territory. Estimating the level of supply, according to Young and Kroth (2017), is an essential and difficult task for healthcare representatives to solve. However, it should be considered to invest funds not in unnecessary sources but in the right spheres. Conclusion Thus, the analysis of the health associations’ activities, as well as the consideration of the legislations list they adhere to, leads to the conclusion that different areas of healthcare are affected. Prevention and provision of comprehensive treatment of the population are key tasks that members of these organizations consider. The observance of the legislations makes it possible to improve the sphere of health and provide better medical assistance. References American Hospital Association. (2018). Q uality & patient safety . Web. American Nurses Association. (2018). Who we are . Web. American Public Health Association. (2018). Our work . Web. Young, K. M., & Kroth, P. J. (2017). Sultz & Young’s health care USA: Understanding its organization and delivery (9th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The text discusses the issue of whether healthcare is a right or a privilege in the United States. The author argues that healthcare should be considered a right, as it is a basic human need.

The text discusses the issue of whether healthcare is a right or a privilege in the United States. The author argues that healthcare should be considered a right, as it is a basic human need.

American Healthcare as a Right or a Privilege Essay Today, the status of healthcare as a right or a privilege belongs to highly debatable topics. As is stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights created by the UN, healthcare is recognized as the basic human right that should be guaranteed to all people without regard to their race, age, and financial situation (“Health care issues,” 2018). Personally, I agree with this position and support the opinion concerning the role of healthcare as a human right due to the importance of health services and the outcomes of improving access to them. Speaking about human rights, we usually mean the aspects of life or needs to be met in order to guarantee at least the basic level of well-being. Healthcare belongs to such needs since without an opportunity to get timely and high-quality medical services, the human society would not be able to develop since all attention would be paid to physical survival. If healthcare is considered a privilege, it means that any citizen should make specific efforts to become eligible to medical services, which does not align with the principle of equality (“Health care issues,” 2018). For instance, the need to buy insurance plans to get help involves significant difficulties since some people’s income levels are very low due to different factors. As for me, all citizens should have the right to healthcare since they contribute to the country’s economic development and growth. Finally, access to necessary healthcare services is among the key factors related to the quality of life and demonstrating the degree to which citizens are protected. The willingness to recognize healthcare as a right can lead to positive consequences such as increases in access to basic medical services (see Fig.1). Importantly, the latter can improve the health of the nation, which is particularly important when it comes to low-income populations. In a long-term perspective, these changes can increase workforce productivity, thus facilitating further economic development. Fig.1. Health for all (WHO, 2017). References Health care issues. (2018). In Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection. Detroit, MI: Gale. Web. Mendoza, M. (2004). Between a woman and her doctor: A story about abortion you will never forget. Ms Magazine. Web. SafeMinds. (n.d.). Evidence-based medicine . Web. WHO. (2017). Health for all. Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The American Revolution is one of the significant periods in the world's history. The course will involve studying both the causes of the war and the main stages of the revolution.

The American Revolution is one of the significant periods in the world's history. The course will involve studying both the causes of the war and the main stages of the revolution.

American Revolution and the Current Issues: Course Research Paper Course description This course – “American Revolution and the Current Issues” is a four-unit course designed to assist students in understanding that the American Revolution is one of the significant periods in the world’s history. The course will involve studying both the causes of the war and the main stages of the revolution. The revolution comprises of a remarkable story of thirteen American revolutionary colonies fighting to become a confederation of states. This course examines the causes, the war, and the impacts of the revolution (Morton, 2003). The student will learn on the emerging patterns of resistance, and the application of petitions, intimidation, pamphlets, boycotts, and inter-colonial meeting in the US political development. The student will as well learn about a series of events and coercive activities like the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party, which influenced the relationship between the US colonies and the British government. The course will also pursue the governing of the newly formed Union under the Articles of Confederation. In general, this course conducts a critical analysis of the American Revolution from a broad perspective, tracking the transformation of participants, from being the British subjects, settlers, revolutionaries, and as American citizens (Morton, 2003). Course Learning Outcomes The understanding of the critical issues in the history of the American Revolution will make the students intellectually understand the subsequent wars in American History and the events that may occur later. It will make the students understand the justification of the American Revolution and any other revolution forwarded for the liberation of humanity (Morton, 2003). The students will be able to identify how the revolution affected the relationship between colonies and the British government. The course, therefore, will assist the students in examining in a broad sense the current US foreign relation policies. The students will be able to track the Indo-American, Franco-American and Anglo-American relationships. The course will help the students to identify the essential freedoms worth demanding. Moreover, the course will bring into limelight the long social relationship between man and woman, master and slave, parent and child, colonial and colonialist, constituent, and representative (Butler, 2001). The impact of these relationships on the founding of the nation will be well understood. For instance, the students will appreciate the role of women and slaves in the making of American history. Furthermore, the students will be able to identify the founding fathers in American history. The role of their activities on the current government will be understood and appreciated. The students will also be able to establish benchmarks in their own values and examine them in respect to the American Revolution. The Course Design This course is a four-unit course: Political development in the US and Britain before and during the American Revolution; American Revolution as military, cultural and social events; the Articles of Confederation and the founding Fathers. The topics in each unit are given in the outlines. This design integrates both issues involved in the American Revolution and the current governance. The students would be able to identify the real issues that led to the revolution, confirm from the current situations if the issues had totally been solved. The use of videos as multimedia will lead to the involvement of students in the course. This will increase their interest and desire to find out what actually happened during the revolution. The choice of the topics in each unit all involves the issues of governance, issues that are still matters of concern in the current situation. Assessment Assessment will be based on each unit. It will be done through continuous assessment tests that make up to 30 percent, one research paper unit of 20 percent, and the main examination that contributes 50 percent of the total marks. Research questions will be given two weeks towards the end of the unit and due after 14 days. Learning Activities for the Effectiveness of Teaching This course will involve classwork through narration from both lecturers and students. Other activities will include group work in which the students will discuss issues that led to the making of the founding fathers. Each group will have a leader who will take the roles and activities of the founding fathers, for instance, George Washington. The groups will research on the actions of the founding father from the prior to the revolution until when both the Virginia and New Jersey plans were written. Students will also be involved in visitation to historical sites and museums. All these are geared towards the effectiveness of teaching and the involvement of students in learning. Strategy in Teaching the Units Unit 1 This unit is introduced by a three-minute video, “ The rising of sons of humanity ” (Butler, 2001), which is available on DVD and online. The video will give the students the thrust and the desire to understand the political developments that followed. The students will then take fifteen minutes to discuss the movie. This strategy will make an individual student feel that he/she is a part of the sons of liberty and other nationalists who were fighting in the revolution (Hattori, 2010). Unit 2 In the first lecture of this unit, the students will be given copies of image 1 for their own interpretation. Image 1 is about the revolution as a military event. This strategy will set the stage for a more vivid discussion on revolution as a military and a social event. The students will also watch video 2, “ The American War of independence ” (Morton, 2003). This will give them a glimpse of what took place. Unit 3 Copies of the article of Confederation will be given to students to identify particular issues that were never addressed by the Articles. This strategy will begin discussions on the policymaking process. Students will be required to form groups in which they will form governance policies for the management of the class. The class will watch video 3, “ Articles of Confederation before the constitution ” ( Applewood Books, 2006). This video will offer the students a glimpse of the process of writing the articles. Unit 4 The lecture will begin with students asking who the founding fathers were and the role of them. From the students’ responses, the lecturer will identify the little known founding father, thus assist him/her plan his/her time appropriately (Hattori, 2010). The student will be able to watch the story of George Washington in video 4, “ The “ American revolution – Biography – George Washington ” (Morton, 2003). This will enhance their understanding of the unit. Unit Level Learning Outcome Unit 1: Political development during the American Revolution By the end of this unit, the students will be capable of pinpointing the changes in the opinions, principles, and sentiments of the colonial states during the American Revolution. The students will understand the colonial reasons to oppose British taxation and the infringing acts (Gondosch, 2010). The students will also acquire a sense of nationalism as admired by the sons of liberty. They will be capable of comparing the politics that led to the revolution with the current governance issues. Moreover, they will gain skills to debate effectively on the current conflicts or the emerging human crisis (Gondosch, 2010). Unit 2: American Revolution as Military, Cultural, Social Events By the end of the unit, the students will understand the battle of Lexington. They will be able to reason out the causes of the battle and its consequences. The student will also be able to describe the tactics used by the British government in order to stop the course of the war. The unit will also assist the student in understanding the impact of poor foreign relationship. The students will discuss on the ethical issues around alignment of nations against one common enemy. The unit will offer to the students a broad perception on the current US foreign policy. The learners will be enlightened on the underlying religious and social grievances that led to the war. The difficulties in the formation of the Union due to different denominations will be discussed and understood. The learners will be able to identify different religions or denominations that existed in the US colonies prior to the revolution. They will also understand factors that affected the ease in the formation of the union. Moreover, the student will acquire the ability to accept diversity. This ability will assist individual student in uniting with others for the achievement of a common goal. Unit 3: The Articles of Confederation By the end of this unit, the students will be able to track the origin of the Articles of Confederation. The students will understand the tortuous process involved in the writing of Articles and appreciate the views of a divergent opinion while working in a group. The learner will acquire the capability of accepting other people’s opinion even if they differ too much with his/her opinion. The unit will also make students cherish the national treasures like the Articles of Confederation (Bernstein, 2009). The student will as well understand the need for careful drafting of policies. Individual students will be able to contribute effectively in any process that involves policymaking. They will also understand the significance of renegotiation in case of a failure in policies or structures of governance. They will also appreciate the relevance of the articles in the shaping of the current governance and the US Constitution (Butler, 2001). Unit 4: The Founding Fathers By the end of the unit, the students will understand the risky efforts the US founding fathers underwent to liberate the country from the colonial masters. This unit will impart a sense of nationalism and patriotism to the student. The unit will instill boldness in the students in opposing bad governance or oppression (Holmes, 2006). Resource Bank for the Course Books Applewood Books. (2006). The Articles of Confederation . Carlisle: Applewood Books. (Applwood Books 2006). Bernstein, R. (2009). The Founding Fathers Reconsidered . New York: Oxford University Press. (Bernstein, 2009). Butler, J. (2001). Becoming America: The Revolution Before 1776. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. (Butler, 2001). Gondosch, L. (2010). How Did Tea and Taxes Spark a Revolution?: And Other Questions about the Boston Tea Party . Minneapolis: Lerner Publications. (Gondosch, 2010). Holmes, D. (2006). The Faiths of the Founding Fathers . New York: Oxford University. (Holmes, 2006). Multimedia Resources Video 1, “ The rising of sons of liberty” (Morton, 2003). Video 2, “ The American War of independence ” (Morton, 2003). Video 3, “ Articles of Confederation before the constitution ” ( Applewood Books, 2006). Video 4, “ The “ American revolution – Biography – George Washington ” (Morton, 2003) Other Learning Resource Image 1 “ The Two coming American Revolution” (Bernstein, 2009). Copies of Articles of Confederation The following tables are the unit outlines in this course. Course outline for unit 1 Topic Duration Learning aid 1. Tax imposition 8 hours Video 1 2. Roles of the Sons of Liberty 5 hours 3. The Tea act and the Townshed act 6 hours 4. The Quebec act and the Intolerable acts 6 hours 5. Relevance of modern taxation 7 hours 6. Research question: The revolutionaries were against the British taxation. Compare the British taxes with today’s Federal government taxation. Is there need for a revolution over the today’s federal taxation? Due two weeks 7. Continuous assessment test 1 hour 8. Visitation to the museum 1 day 9. Final examination 2 hours Course outline for unit 2 Topic Duration Learning aid 1. The structure of the continental army 4 hours Image 1 2. The continental navy 3 hours Video 2 3. The French, Indian and the Spain involvement in the war 4 hours 4. The Structure of the British forces and the German Principalities 4 hours 5. Revolution and status of individuals 3 hours 6. Religion and the Revolution 3 hours 7. Deism and the founding fathers 2 hours 8. Research assignment: Describe how religion and social factors affected the formation of the Union. Due 2 weeks 9. Continuous assessment test 1 hour 10. Visitation to historical site 1 day 11. Final examinations 2 hours Course outline for unit 3 Topic Duration Learning aid 1. The Albany plan 5 hours Video 3 2. The declaration of independence 5 hours 3. The process of writing the Article of Confederation 6 hours 4. The structure of the Article of Confederation 3 hours 5. The purpose of Article of Confederation 5 hours 6. The structure of the government under the article of confederation 3 hours 7. Role of federal and state governments under the Article of confederation 6 hours 8. Research assignment: Draft a modern article of 4 pages, which could have solved the challenges in the Articles of Confederation Due 2 weeks 9. Continuous assessment tests 1 hour 10. Final examinations 2 hours Course unit for unit 4 Topic Duration Learning aid 1. The making of the founding fathers 2 hours 2. Achievement and challenges faced by the founding fathers 2 hours 3. The legacies of the founding fathers 3 hours 4. Benjamin Franklin 3 hours 5. George Washington 5 hours Video 4 6. John Adams 2 hours 7. Thomas Jefferson 3 hours 8. James Madison 3 hours 9. James Monroe 3 hours 10. Wives and daughters of the founding fathers 3 hours 11. The modern American icon 3 hours 12. Research Question: Identify a current American leader who can be compared to Thomas Jefferson Due 2 weeks 13. Continuous assessment test 1 hour 14 Final examination 2 hours References Applewood Books. (2006). The Articles of Confederation . Carlisle: Applewood Books. Bernstein, R. (2009). The Founding Fathers Reconsidered . New York: Oxford University Press. Butler, J. (2001). Becoming America: The Revolution Before 1776. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Gondosch, L. (2010). How Did Tea and Taxes Spark a Revolution?: And Other Questions about the Boston Tea Party . Minneapolis: Lerner Publications. Hattori, A. (2010). Teaching history through service learning at the University of Guam. The Journal of Pacific History, 46(2) , 221-227. Holmes, D. (2006). The Faiths of the Founding Fathers. New York: Oxford University Press. Morton, J. (2003). The American Revolution . Westport: Greenwood.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The American Revolution was a time of great change for the American society of that period and also contributed to its unification. The war was a difficult one, and soldiers had to struggle against the whole nation.

The American Revolution was a time of great change for the American society of that period and also contributed to its unification. The war was a difficult one, and soldiers had to struggle against the whole nation.

American Revolution: Perspective of a Soldier Essay Revolution became the event that radically changed the American society of that period and, at the same time, contributed to its unification. In multiple diaries and memories, soldiers admit the fact that thousands of people, young and old ones, were inspired to join the troops and fight against the British Empire to gain freedom and protect the independence of their state (“This I can well remember,” n.d.). For this reason, in the first days of the war, mainly positive moods were dominant, and soldiers were sure that they are right in their struggle and were ready to stand their ground. However, many individuals also realized the complexity of the challenge and the fact that the British Empire is a powerful enemy, and the war would be difficult. Soldiers also witnessed multiple acts of violence, cruelty, and devastation. Soldiers of the British Army had to struggle against the whole nation, and sometimes they used inhumane methods. Buildings were turned into prisons, and the attitude to prisoners was severe (“This I can well remember,” n.d.). For this reason, American militaries were afraid of being captured and imprisoned. Moreover, some cities were punished or turned into camps or bases, which was another sign of that war. As far as the war took eight years, there were periods of British successes, and soldiers felt depressed and frustrated. The morale was low after serious defeats; however, many believed in the help of France and their ability to win (“This I can well remember,” n.d.). In such a way, the experience of a soldier fighting in the Revolutionary War was impacted by the reasons for the conflict, the moods that dominated in the society at that period of time, and the Army’s ability to struggle and resist a powerful enemy. Reference “ This I can well remember. ” Narratives of Revolutionary War veterans, 1830s. (n.d.). America in Class. Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Evaluation types and methodologies are necessary instruments to categorize and analyze the effectiveness of social programs. The essay discusses the need for program evaluation, different types of evaluation, and how each type is used.

Evaluation types and methodologies are necessary instruments to categorize and analyze the effectiveness of social programs. The essay discusses the need for program evaluation, different types of evaluation, and how each type is used.

American Social Program Evaluation Essay Social programs have been an essential part of national prosperity, and it significantly improved standards of living. Although numerous programs aim to solve difficult problems and assist citizens with their issues, the social program’s success is not guaranteed. Evaluation types and methodologies are necessary instruments to categorize and analyze the effectiveness of social programs (Rossi, Lipsey, & Freeman, 2003). Historically, the United States did not actively implement social programs into governmental practices until 1960 due to the unpopularity of it. However, during Kennedy and Johnson presidencies, there was a rapid rise of social programs because those presidents advocated for policies and acts that encouraged an active use of the given programs, such as War on Poverty (Rossi et al., 2003). The boom period in the 1960s happened due to a significant increase in social program initiatives and implementations. Subsequently, it led to a high need for policy analysis and evaluation methodologies, which are crucial in measuring and determining the social program’s effectiveness. Program evaluation is a tool to systematically apply the techniques and concepts of social science disciplines in order to investigate the efficiency of social intervention programs. Numerous professionals and experts emerged in the field of program evaluation after an increase of social policy and public administration movements. The evaluation methodologies aim to accurately describe the social program’s performance and assess it according to the main five domains: need, design, delivery, outcome, and effectiveness (Rossi et al., 2003). Each domain strictly follows the social intervention program from the beginning to the results. The given process accompanied by interested parties or stakeholders, who might fund, supervise, and evaluate the program. Stakeholders can be represented as individuals, groups, or organizations with a great deal of involvement in the performance of the social intervention program. For example, they can be decision-making authority, sponsor, administrator, and personnel (Rossi et al., 2003). All social programs have a target unit, who can be an individual, family, or community. The program directly focuses on solving and assisting the target population, therefore, every social intervention program requires an assessment and process evaluation from both service providing and receiving parties. Finally, there are a number of approaches for social program evaluation, including cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, empowerment evaluation, and program monitoring (Rossi et al., 2003). Each evaluation method assesses the effectiveness of the program from various angles, thus making the program monitoring process strategically precise and clear. On the other hand, program theory is a tactical approach in making a set of calculated assumptions and predictions, which can propel and induce goal achievement. The given theory includes the impact theory that focuses on studying and analyzing social condition changes due to the program. In addition, process theory is a crucial evaluation instrument, which serves as a representation of utilization and organizational plans (Rossi et al., 2003). All of the mentioned methodologies are used for creating a precise picture in order to monitor and assess the social intervention program efficiency. Reference Rossi, P. H., Lipsey, M. W., & Freeman, H. E. (2003). Evaluation: A systematic approach (7th ed.). ‎Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

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Write an essay about: The American social security policy evaluation essay examines the need for the program, its design, implementation, and outcomes. The author concludes that the policy is not without its flaws but that it does help many retired families stay above the poverty line.The American social security policy evaluation essay examines the need for the program, its design, implementation, and outcomes. The author concludes that the policy is not without its flaws but that it does help many retired families stay above the poverty line.

The American social security policy evaluation essay examines the need for the program, its design, implementation, and outcomes. The author concludes that the policy is not without its flaws but that it does help many retired families stay above the poverty line. The American social security policy evaluation essay examines the need for the program, its design, implementation, and outcomes. The author concludes that the policy is not without its flaws but that it does help many retired families stay above the poverty line.

American Social Security Policy Evaluation Essay Table of Contents 1. The Need for the Program 2. Program Design 3. Program Implementation 4. Program Outcomes 5. Program Efficiency 6. Conclusion 7. References Social security policy in the U.S. that is aimed at enhancing the life experiences of retired populations often faces criticism from the wide public, legislators, and press. Such a fundamental and complex system of welfare requires constant examination and assessment using social research methods, which should ensure its development and proper functioning (Rossi, Lipsey, & Freeman, 2003). In this essay, the key concepts of program evaluation will be applied to the social security policy of the U.S in the framework of such domains as program justification, design, implementation, outcomes, and efficiency. The Need for the Program Protection of vulnerable populations is one of the key agendas in the welfare state to which the U.S. aspires. After 65 years of age, a person’s physical and mental capabilities usually dwindle so that self-sufficiency of such individuals also diminishes. Due to the fact, that most of their lives, they contributed meaningfully to the state’s economy, social life, and other aspects of citizenship, the nation protects them when they are no longer capable of contributing by labor (Kitao, 2014). Thus, social justice seems to substantiate the need for social security policy. Program Design The design of the social security policy seems to be not without its flaws. As such, Konish (2018) argues that the funds of social security could be used more effectively if its design allows for more liberal investment policy. In Canada, for instance, social security funds are used to finance assets and gain profits from such an activity. In addition, there are accounts of private pension funds lacking liquidity for servicing current liabilities due to financial mismanagement. Thus, the issue of control and degree to which the freedom of fund usage should be allowed persists with the social security policy. Program Implementation Implementation of the program also seems to be problematic in certain aspects. Siedle (2013) suggests that among Americans nearing pension age, there are 75% of those who have less than $30,000 in savings under the retirement plan. It appears that there persists an insufficiency in funding as the percentage of the aging population grows. Social security numbers that are used in the system of individual identification are also subject to fraudulent schemes and theft. Actions of criminals caused misfortune to thousands of stakeholders and millions of dollars in damage (Van Vlasselaer, Eliassi-Rad, Akoglu, Snoeck, & Baesens, 2016). Therefore, the implementation domain requires intervention as well. Program Outcomes With all its flaws, the social security policy helps many retired families stay above the poverty line. Kitao (2014) argues that pension programs and disability insurances allow citizens to have increased confidence in the future. Yet, there is also a controversy of the uneven nature of collection and distribution, which increases social segregation (Kostøl & Mogstad, 2011). While this is indeed a threatening concern, without social security, vulnerable populations would be more likely to lead poor lives. Program Efficiency About 68 million people in the U.S. receive material help under the policy, the majority of whom are elderly (Social Security Administration, 2019). According to Romig (2018), thanks to social security, the poverty rates among pension-age individuals reduced by 40% and in all ages combined by almost 20%. People of color, low wage earners, disabled and other populations insecure in one or another way, have a chance to lead normal lives thanks to governmental protection. Conclusion Overall, the social security policy seems to have a strong impact on the economy and social life in the U.S. Evaluation of this social intervention demonstrated certain issues such as fraud protection, fund usage, tax collection equality that need addressing. However, the confidence in the future and poverty protection the policy gives to insecure populations characterizes it positively and explains the need for its existence. References Kitao, S. (2014). Sustainable social security: Four options. Review of Economic Dynamics , 17 (4), 756-779. Konish, L. (2018). You may want to rethink this strategy for claiming Social Security early . CNBC . Web. Kostøl, A. R., & Mogstad, M. (2011). How financial incentives induce disability insurance recipients to return to work . Web. Romig, K. (2018). Social security lifts more Americans above poverty than any other program . Web. Rossi, P. H., Lipsey, M. W., & Freeman, H. E. (2003). Evaluation: A systematic approach . New York, NY: SAGE Publications. Siedle, E. (2013). The greatest retirement crisis in American history . Web. Social Security Administration. (2019). Monthly statistical snapshot, January 2019 . Web. Van Vlasselaer, V., Eliassi-Rad, T., Akoglu, L., Snoeck, M., & Baesens, B. (2016). Gotcha! Network-based fraud detection for social security fraud. Management Science , 63 (9), 3090-3110.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: Anomie and strain theories are very different but related theories of crime. The first of them analyze the link between countries' crime rates and societal factors, while the second one explain why some groups of individuals are more likely to participate in illegal activities compared to other ones.

Anomie and strain theories are very different but related theories of crime. The first of them analyze the link between countries' crime rates and societal factors, while the second one explain why some groups of individuals are more likely to participate in illegal activities compared to other ones.

Anomie and Strain Crime Theories Essay Anomie and strain theories are very different but related theories of crime. The first of them analyze the link between countries’ crime rates and societal factors (Cullen, Agnew, & Wilcox, 2017). For example, the theory states that in the US, individuals are likely to engage in crimes to pursue monetary gain because the government promotes monetary success while not stressing the significance of legitimate ways for achieving it. Strain theory explains why some groups of individuals are more likely to participate in illegal activities compared to other ones (Cullen et al., 2017). The central idea of this ideology is that individuals are pressured to engage in crime when they cannot achieve cultural goals. Notably, studies do not show support for both presented theories despite their similarities. Studies in criminology reveal that anomie theory is relevant and can be applied to real-life cases. For example, Simmler, Plassard, Schär, and Schuster (2017) report that its concepts offer a reliable sociological explanation for differences among people of various social classes and their behavior. The study supports the hypothesis that dissociation between culture-related aspirations and the means for realizing them can lead to deviant behavior. At the same time, some studies on strain theory show little support for the hypotheses. For instance, a literature review by Eitle and Eitle (2016) reveals that there is a lack of evidence regarding the applicability of the theory’s principles to juvenile delinquency. The possible conclusion that can be made is that explaining the background of crime rates among various countries using a criminology theory may be effective while linking all crimes to cultural aspects is a strategy that has limitations and should be improved. References Cullen, F. T., Agnew, R., & Wilcox, P. (2017). Criminological theory: Past to present: Essential readings (6th ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Eitle, D., & Eitle, T. M. (2016). General strain theory and delinquency: Extending a popular explanation to American Indian youth. Youth & Society , 48 (4), 470-495. Simmler, M., Plassard, I., Schär, N., & Schuster, M. (2017). Understanding pathways to crime: Can anomie theory explain higher crime rates among refugees? Current findings from a Swiss survey. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research , 23 (4), 539-558.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay discusses the issue of rising demand for health care and rehabilitation services due to increased cases of mental health disorder and abuse of drugs among youth. It also proposes ways in which ACAC can overcome the barriers hindering achievement of their objectives.

The essay discusses the issue of rising demand for health care and rehabilitation services due to increased cases of mental health disorder and abuse of drugs among youth. It also proposes ways in which ACAC can overcome the barriers hindering achievement of their objectives.

Another Choice, Another Chance Organization’s Strategic Issues Essay Description of the organization Another Choice, Another Chance (ACAC) is the non-profit organization, which offers rehabilitation, treatment, prevention and educational services for youth between twelve to seventeen years of age and young adults between eighteen to twenty four years of age, who have been involved in cases of drug abuse or mental health disorder (ACAC, 2013). ACAC was established in 1994, and they have been assisting young people who have been involved with juvenile systems, expelled or suspended from schools. Therefore, they have an objective of reducing cases of abuse, mental health disorders, and other problems among youth. One identifiable strategic issue in ACAC relates to rising demand for health care and rehabilitation services due to increased cases of mental health disorder and abuse of drugs among youth; in fact, institutions that can offer these services are few. In this case, application of the five processes to analyze this strategic issue can be helpful in formulation of strategies to solve this problem. To determining practical options, ambitions or objectives that can be followed to deal with the strategic issue ACAC can consider seeking donors’ assistance as practical alternative for obtaining funds in order to achieve their objectives. This form of collaboration can enable this organization to establish more institutions to deal with rising demand of health care, and rehabilitation services in the society. To identify barriers hindering achievement of these alternatives, ambitions or objectives Some factors that have a negative impact on organization’s effort to achieve their objectives include economical and social factors (Bryson, 2011). For example, organization’s operations can be affected by negative perceptions. On the other hand, economic factors such as recessions can affect operations in various parts of the country due to a decrease in level of financial aid from government and donors. Proposals that can facilitate achievement of these alternatives, ambitions or objectives, and overcome the barriers The organization can consider creation of public awareness as a substantial proposal to facilitate achievement of their objectives, ambitions or alternatives (Bryson, 2011). In fact, by creating awareness through marketing, they can increase the pool of donors who can be willing to offer assistance. In order to overcome these barriers, ACAC has to associate with parties from the private sector to avoid interference by political actors. On the other hand, ACAC can take opportunities acquired due to increased publicity and trust. Therefore, they can increase amount of donations to assist them during economic recessions and funding their projects. Major actions with staff to facilitate implementation of the proposals Organization’s marketing manager can develop marketing strategies to promote the organization through campaigns (Bryson, 1988). In this case, numerous people can be informed about existence and responsibilities of the organization. Therefore, organization staff should be engaged in implementation of marketing strategies to achieve set objectives within set durations. Specific steps to implement significant proposals and indicate those who are responsible Implementation of proposals requires steps such as launching marketing campaigns through the internet, media and posters in a way that promotes ACAC. The other step involves training employees on ways that they can contribute to implementation of marketing strategies. ACAC can seek guidance from qualified financial managers on ways to facilitate appropriate allocation of their limited resources. However, the step that has a substantial contribution to implementation process relates to initiatives taken to overcome barriers and facilitating implementation of proposed alternatives. References Another Choice, Another Chance (ACAC). (2013). What We Do. About us . Web. Bryson, J.M. (2011). Strategic planning for public and non-profit organizations: A guide to strengthening and sustaining organizational achievement . San Francisco: Jossey Bass Bryson J. M. (1988). A Strategic Planning Process for Public and Non-profit Organizations. Long Range Planning . Web.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The essay discusses a study on the cost benefit analysis of a program that aims at eliminating homelessness among adolescents and young adults. The study found that the program is cost-effective in terms of the money needed for developing and distributing educational materials and money for keeping the participants in shelters and providing education at schools.

The essay discusses a study on the cost benefit analysis of a program that aims at eliminating homelessness among adolescents and young adults. The study found that the program is cost-effective in terms of the money needed for developing and distributing educational materials and money for keeping the participants in shelters and providing education at schools.

Anti-Homelessness Program’s Cost Benefit Analysis Research Paper Although the program aimed at eliminating homelessness among adolescents and young adults seems rather relevant, it is necessary to compare its advantages with other interventions. The suggested CBA will analyze the costs needed for three projects and expected benefits offered by each of them. The rationale behind choosing one of the programs will be given. Comparison of Programs for CBA Program Costs Benefits Do Benefits Outweigh Costs? * Financial support: money for developing and distributing educational materials, money for keeping the participants in shelters and providing education at schools ($20,000); * Human resources: social workers, psychologists, therapists, career counselors, charity organization leaders (salary: $10,000); 1. The program focused on eliminating homelessness among adolescents and young adults based on ensuring education and employment opportunities of community-based support * Equipment: computers, printers, basic medical equipment for physical and psychological examinations, educational materials ($5,000); Reducing the number of homeless adolescents and young adults that will lead to the reduced cases of suicide, teenage pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and substance abuse Yes, the final achievement is a healthier future for young people * Community support: collaboration with shelters and schools and colleges ($500 on correspondence and visits); * Healthcare support: specialists of the agency will satisfy the necessary healthcare needs. * Total cost: $35,500 * Financial support: money for research and analysis, money for preparing and distributing educational materials ($5,000); * Human resources: psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers (salary: $10,000); 2. The program aimed at preventing suicide attempts among adolescents and young adults * Equipment: computers, programs for analyzing research results ($10,000); Reducing the rates of suicide attempts and depression No, since it is not possible to guarantee the positive effect of the intervention * Community support: collaboration with schools and families ($1,000 on correspondence and transportation); * Healthcare support: mental health specialists needed (salary: $15,000). * Total cost: $41,000 * Financial support: money for research and analysis, money for preparing and distributing educational materials ($6,000); * Human resources: social workers, psychologists (salary: $12,000); 3. The program concentrated on reducing the rates of substance use and abuse among adolescents and young adults * Equipment: computers, transport (to monitor city in the evening and at nighttime) ($4,500 plus $2,000 on drivers’ salary); Reducing the rates of substance use and abuse among the youths No, since it is not possible to guarantee the positive effect of the intervention * Community support: collaboration with schools and families ($1,000 on correspondence and transportation); * Healthcare support: the need for the thorough examination to find evidence of substance abuse (salary: $15,000 plus tests and analyses: $5,000). * Total cost: $45,500 CBA Rationale The selection of benefits used for comparison is associated with the ultimate positive goals that are expected to be achieved with the help of the intervention. For the first program, the major benefit is the reduction of homelessness among adolescents and young adults as one of the most serious current social problems (Haskett, Armstrong, & Tisdale, 2016; Koh & O’Connell, 2016). Other advantages of this program are the reduction of such adverse social issues as teenage pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, suicide attempts, and substance abuse. Since these problems are usually spread among homeless individuals, it is expected that by decreasing the number of homeless adolescents, it will be possible to eliminate the rates of other negative social factors. The main benefits listed for the second program are the reduction of suicide attempts and the decreased rates of depression among adolescents. These issues are rather significant since the rates of such attempts are high among the US youths (Jacobson, Batejan, Kleinman, & Gould, 2013). It is noted that social support is likely to help disadvantaged adolescents cope with their depressive moods that are most common causes of suicides (Farrell, Bolland, & Cockerham, 2015). Finally, the third program’s benefit is the reduction of substance use and abuse. Scholars remark that the prevalence of this issue is high (Bertrand et al., 2013; Tanner-Smith, Wilson, & Lipsey, 2013). Thus, it is necessary to eliminate the spread of substance use and abuse among adolescents and young adults since such practice may cause significant harm to health. Costs associated with the comparison include financial support, human resources, equipment, community support, and healthcare support. What is more, the second and third programs require additional psychological research since they require a thorough analysis of the causes and prevalence of suicide attempts and substance abuse respectively. What concerns human resources and healthcare support, they are approximately the same in each program. However, for the first program, there is a team of specialists in the agency whereas for the other two interventions, it will be necessary to assemble new teams that will include more psychiatrists and social workers. Also, the second and third programs will necessitate the close collaboration with families and schools, which may require additional time and costs. Equipment is similar for every project: computers and printers will be needed to prepare educational materials and distribute them as well as to analyze the obtained data. As a result of cost benefit analysis, the most relevant program is the first one. The main reason for choosing it is that this intervention has more benefits than two others while all of them require similar costs. The primary advantage of the first program is eliminating the number of homeless adolescents and young adults. If this goal is reached, it will have a positive impact on other negative social issues such as suicide attempts, substance abuse, sexually transmitted diseases, and teenage pregnancy. Providing the youths with an opportunity to receive education will enhance their chances of finding a job and leaving the status of homeless individuals. Costs needed for this intervention are somewhat smaller than for other projects (the first one does not require much research, analysis, or observation). Thus, comparing costs and benefits makes it possible to conclude that the first proposed campaign is the most promising, and its implementation will help to manage other social problems. References Bertrand, K., Richer, I., Brunelle, N., Beaudoin, I., Lemieux, A., & Ménard, J. M. (2013). Substance abuse treatment for adolescents: How are family factors related to substance use change? Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 45 (1), 28-38. Farrell, C. T., Bolland, J. M., & Cockerham, W. C. (2015). The role of social support and social context on the incidence of attempted suicide among adolescents living in extremely impoverished communities. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 56 (1), 59-65. Haskett, M. E., Armstrong, J. M., & Tisdale, J. (2016). Developmental status and social–emotional functioning of young children experiencing homelessness. Early Childhood Education Journal , 44 (2), 119-125. Jacobson, C., Batejan, K., Kleinman, M., & Gould, M. (2013). Reasons for attempting suicide among a community sample of adolescents. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 43 (6), 646-662. Koh, H. K., & O’Connell, J. J. (2016). Improving health care for homeless people. JAMA , 316 (24), 2586-2587. Tanner-Smith, E. E., Wilson, S. J., & Lipsey, M. W. (2013). The comparative effectiveness of outpatient treatment for adolescent substance abuse: A meta-analysis. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 44 (2), 145-158.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The text discusses a program for Hispanic children that is designed to address the issue of childhood obesity. The program seeks to build awareness and encourage a change in the nutrition of target demographics.

The text discusses a program for Hispanic children that is designed to address the issue of childhood obesity. The program seeks to build awareness and encourage a change in the nutrition of target demographics.

Anti-Obesity Program for Hispanic Children Essay (Critical Writing) Organization Description The organization in question addresses the issue of childhood obesity as one of the core problems that underlies the contemporary environment of healthcare. According to recent statistical data, childhood obesity accounts of a vast range of health complications that affect children in the future and, therefore, are likely to lead to a rapid deterioration of their health (Sahoo et al., 2015). Indeed, according to the latest data, childhood obesity affects 13.8% of Hispanic children from their birth (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). Therefore, it is crucial to ensure that the needs of vulnerable populations, primarily, Hispanic children, should be met in a timely and appropriate manner. For this reason, a coherent model for reducing the levels of obesity by building awareness and encouraging a change in the nutrition of target demographics must be deemed as a necessity. The organization under analysis provides extensive assistance to the children that suffer from obesity and the related issues, as well as offers extensive support for their family members and guides the rest of the community members toward healthy lifestyle, pointing to the necessity to support children suffering from obesity and comorbid diseases (Cunningham, Kramer, & Narayan, 2014). The organization supplies medications to the families that cannot obtain the necessary medicine and other essential items due to financial constraints, as well as helps raise the levels of community awareness concerning childhood obesity in vulnerable populations and the factors that lead to its development, such as poverty, poor patient education, lack of support from family and community members, prevalence of prejudices toward obese people, shunning people with weight and nutrition issues, etc. (Guttmacher, Kelly, & Ruiz-Janecko, 2010). The organization includes around 80 staff members and is currently expanding. Particularly, the goal of exploring opportunities for building a bond with community members with the help of social networks and other IT tools is studied. In addition, the organization seeks to explore the wide range of factors that affect the development of the problem. To be more specific, the organization does not restrict itself to the study of health-related concerns but, instead, embraces the factors associated with the economic and financial status of the target population, the environment in which its members reside, sociocultural factors such as language issues (particularly, for the Hispanic demographic), the technological development of the community, the infrastructure and its impact on the provision of essential information, medications, healthcare services, etc. Finally, by studying the identified issues, the organization creates the foundation for seeking the ways of improving the current state of affairs, particularly, by assisting people in obtaining the necessary information and resources, as well as promoting patient education as one of the building blocks for enhancing the health levels within the target community. The organization strives at establishing a connection with not only adult members of the community but also children since the specified demographics is affected to the greatest extent, and since children also require extensive patient education for their further development of independence, as well as the active promotion of a healthy lifestyle. Program Description Mission, Goals, and Objective The mission of the program is to ensure that the well-being of children of Hispanic origin belonging to a local community are met, and that they are provided with an opportunity to develop a better understanding of their own health needs, as well as the means of addressing these needs and ensuring the safety of their health. The program is aimed at reducing the rates of obesity among Hispanic children within a year. Problem Statement The levels of child obesity have been on the rise over the past few years not only within the community under analysis but also in the U.S., in general (Simmonds, Llewellyn, Owen, & Woolacott, 2016). Hispanic children belong to a particularly vulnerable population. Being unable to access relevant health management resources and information management tools, the identified demographic suffers extensively from the lack of a coherent program that will shed light on the issue. Furthermore, the lack of availability of the medication, services, and other items that are crucial for the provision of assistance for children suffering from obesity is also evident in the identified environment. Thus, a program that will encourage the active education of patients and their family members, as well as introducing available and easily accessible resources that will help reduce mortality levels and increase the quality of patients’ lives and the number of positive outcomes is crucial. Intervention The intervention will imply building awareness among the members of the target community and encouraging the active process of patient education. The program will imply introducing children to the concept of healthy and nutritious dieting by using cooking-related activities and encouraging children to participate in learning about healthy dieting. The program will be carried out as a series of game-related activities revolving primarily around the concept of cooking. It is expected that the successful implementation of the program will lead to a subsequent 15% drop in the levels of obesity among Hispanic children in the target community. Furthermore, the program aims at impacting the levels of childhood obesity within the specified environment by providing patient education among both children and their family members. The importance of family involvement must be regarded as one of the key elements of the program since it will provide the platform for the development of a support system that will help children develop the required behaviors and acquire the eating habits that will contribute to a drop in weight. Specifically, the members of children’s families will encourage their children to follow the prescribed steps despite their urge to eat the amount of food that they consume on a regular basis. As a result, even with an extreme likelihood of children developing resistance toward the program, the support of the family will serve as the cornerstone for the successful implementation thereof (Long et al., 2016). The key SMART goal can be outlined in the following way: By the end of 2019, the levels of obesity among the Hispanic children living in the target community will be reduced by at least 15%. The organizational plan, therefore, implies primarily offering target demographics access to the relevant information, as well as services, and consultations provided by the members of the healthcare facility in question (Carroll-Scott et al., 2013). The specified goal is expected to be achieved by utilizing the strategy aimed at teaching children through games an interactive sessions. As a result, the target demographic will be able to learn essential information and acquire crucial skills in managing their diet and making food-related choices without exposing them to a vast amount of boring information and restricting their access to the food that they find tasty. Instead, it is expected that children will be enthusiastic about participating in the activities and learning to be able to make their own diet-related choices. The service utilization plan will incorporate the following elements: the interventions aimed at raising awareness and the cooperation with the Choices: Fighting Childhood Obesity organization. The specified cooperation is expected to affect the quality and speed of teaching target populations about healthy eating. The logic model, in turn, will be represented by the PRECEDE-PROCEED framework, which suggests the program implementation based on key social, environmental, cultural, technological, and economic factors that may affect its outcomes (Binkley & Johnson, 2013). Program Evaluation Description Evaluation Resources The evaluation process will occur in the environment of the organization in question. The level of understanding of proper nutrition habits among the participants will be identified. In order to assess the efficacy of the proposed framework, one will have to consider using the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model (Binkley & Johnson, 2013). Data Sources and Collection The essential information will be collected based on the assessment of the changes in the participants’ weight before and after the implementation of the framework. The information that will have to be taken into consideration when evaluating the proposed intervention will mostly contain participants’ health records, especially the changes in their weight. The data will be obtained by conducting regular assessments of changes in the children’s weight. The participants will be weighed to detect any tendencies in the changes in their weight and, thus, identify the potential usefulness and impact of the program. The data collected in the course of the regular assessments of participants will be utilized to conduct an analysis in the course of which the hypothesis concerning the efficacy of the intervention will be proven wither right or wrong. Personnel The assessment of the children’s medical condition will have to be multilateral and include an array of information that can be used to prove that the program has a tangible effect on the health status of the target demographic. As a result. conclusions can be made about the efficacy of the suggested intervention and the changes in participants’ weight and eating habits. Therefore, recruiting an interdisciplinary team of experts that will provide a detailed evaluation of the changes in the participants weight and other health issues should be viewed as a necessity. The team will include dieticians, pharmacists, health club operators and instructors, nutritionists, physical therapists, physicians, teachers, nurses, psychologists, schools, universities, churches, NGOs, and social workers, to name just a few. Seeing that experts forma range of domains will have to cooperate in the specified project, the principles of collaboration and multiculturalism will have to be deployed to ensure successful negotiation and management of conflicts, should any arise. The specified aspect is especially important for the successful management of the program since the lack of concord among participants is common in the realm where interdisciplinary communication exists (Knowlden & Sharma, 2013). Thus, the concept of negotiations based on the notion of collaboration and compromise must be regarded as a necessity. Furthermore, a set of clear and rigid guidelines for the evaluation of the participants will be provided to avoid any misconceptions. To prevent the instances of any misunderstandings, the active use of the latest communication tools, including social media, will have to be utilized. Thus, the uninhibited flow of information and the enhancement of knowledge sharing will be facilitated, which will lead to a significant drop in the possibility of a misunderstanding or misinformation. Plans for Evaluation When considering the evaluation of the program, its overall strengths and weaknesses, and the effects that ti will ostensibly produce, one will have to use the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model as the foundation for the measurement of the suggested intervention (Binkley & Johnson, 2013). The specified tool will provide the platform for determining the slightest alterations in the children’s well-being, as well as their eating habits and behaviors (Acheampong & Haldeman, 2013). When considering the benefits of the proposed framework, one must admit that it helps determine the impact of an array of factors on the target population’s well-being. These factors range from social (e.g., the pressure of modern media, which foists particular standards on children and promotes unhealthy lifestyles to them) to culture-related ones, such as the standards of appearance that may conflict with the existing health standards and, thus, pose a threat to children. While the PRECEDE stage will allow embracing the array of factors that has led to the development of the problem, the PROCEED stage will involve the evaluation of the changes that the suggested program will have on children’s weight. The assessment will include routine checks of changes in the children’s endocrine etiologies, as well as correlation between changes in the patients’ weight and their stature, height velocity, etc. The evaluation resources, in turn, will be acquired from the available repositories. For example, the equipment for assessing changes in children’s weight, as well as other alterations in their physiological conditions, will be acquired form the resources of the healthcare facility in question. Furthermore, the tests that will serve as the platform for stating the overall efficacy of the proposed intervention will be acquired form trustworthy organizations. It should also be borne in mind that, apart from evaluating children’s weight changes and overall physical health trends, one will also need to conduct a psychological evaluation of the participants. Thus, the prevention of mental health issues such as depression due to the rapid and drastic changes in their diet, as well as restrictions regarding the consumption of the products that they are used to eating on a daily basis, will become a possibility (Scimeca et al., 2016). Process evaluation The assessment of the intervention while it will be carried out should be regarded as a necessity since ti will shed light on the way in which children perceive new instructions and the overall concept of a healthy lifestyle. Furthermore, the adoption of the specified technique will help prevent the development of resistance toward the intervention among the participants. By detecting a drop in the levels of enthusiasm and engagement among children, one will be able to shape the program and adjust it to the need of the target population. The use of the PRECEDE stage of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model will have to be integrated into the evaluation due to the opportunities that it offers for embracing the vast range of factors that shape participants’ attitude toward the program. To determine the efficacy of the programs while it will be running, one will have to consider using regular reports submitted to summarize the daily activities of the participants in the context of the program, the changes that have been made, and the issues that have arisen in the process. As a result, detecting even minor obstacles that can possibly jeopardize the efficacy of the program or the veracity of its results will be located and eliminated at the earliest stage of their development. Outcome evaluation The assessment of the outcome will be completed by conducting Student’s t-test to compare the children’s health status prior to introducing the program and after it is finished. The specified stage aligns with the PROCEED element of the framework discussed above and implies determining the effects of the suggested program on children’s awareness of the issue, their obesity levels, the effects of parental involvement, community support, use of the latest technologies, etc. Impact evaluation Similarly to the previous step, the effects of the program will be evaluated based on the principles of the PRECEDE-PROCEED framework. Particularly, the comparison between the pre- and post-test health status of the children that will participate in the program will have to be viewed as a necessity. The Phase 8 of the model implies the assessment of the impact that it will presumably make on the levels of obesity among Hispanic children. Particularly, conclusions about the way in which the outcomes of the program will inform healthcare experts about the issue of educating the target demographic about the importance of healthy nutrition rules should be regarded as an essential objective. Program Budget Budget Narrative Personnel costs It is assumed that the participants will be provided with the salary that will encourage them to engage in the process of meeting the target population’s needs appropriately and offer extensive services to them. Out of the available amount of money ($100,000), $20,000 will be used to pay the multidisciplinary team that will be involved in the process of providing Hispanic children suffering from obesity with the necessary resources, establishing a dialogue with their parents, offering counseling services, conducting assessments, etc. As shown in Table 1, the amount of money paid to the people participating in the program will depend heavily on their contribution and level of involvement, which will be measured in the hours spent on research, provision of the required services, etc. Thus, the opportunities for meeting the needs of all stakeholders involved will be created. Table 1. Personnel Costs. Expenses Amount ($) Wages and benefits 20,000 Affiliations (Choices: Fighting Childhood Obesity) 30,000 Incentives 5,000 Other than personnel services (OTPS) It should also be borne in mind that the program will require the active use of an array of services associated with information management, transportation of crucial materials, etc. Therefore, corresponding expenses will have to be taken into account as well. It is believed that the specified costs will amount to roughly $15,000. The remaining amount of money will be used to address unexpected costs that may occur due to extraneous circumstances. Thus, the possibility of introducing sustainable management of the available financial assets will be built. Table 2. Additional Costs. Expenses Amount Materials and Supplies 20,000 Health Education Materials 5,000 Equipment 10,000 Information Management 7,500 Miscellaneous 2,500 Budget Worksheet Table 3. Budget. Expenses Description Amount Wages and benefits Dieticians, pharmacists, health club operators and instructors, nutritionists, physical therapists, physicians, teachers, nurses, psychologists, schools, universities, churches, NGOs, and social workers 20,000 Affiliations (Choices: Fighting Childhood Obesity) The organization will supply extensive information about the means of and strategies for addressing the target population and their parents or legal guardians to ensure efficient collaboration. 30,000 Incentives In case some of the staff members lack enthusiasm in tending to the needs of children with obesity, or the lack of innovative solutions is observed, incentives will encourage people to be proactive. 5,000 Materials and Supplies Equipment for measuring children’s health status, as well as required medications, will have to be provided. 20,000 Health Education Materials Posters, interactive applications, food resources for the cooking-related part of the program, etc., will have to be acquired. 5,000 Equipment Devices for measuring children’s BMI and vital signs, checking their systems, and carrying out an all-embracive assessment will have to be provided. 10,000 Information Management Crucial IT devices for maintaining the communication between the members of the multidisciplinary team, as well as keeping the communication with the community on social media consistent, will have to be provided. 7,500 Miscellaneous Phone bills, internet services, transportation-related costs, etc., will have to be included in the expenses category. 2,500 Project Timeline It is expected that the program will be accomplished within 12 months (a year). Thus, a rigid set of stages for its implementation must be followed closely. The participants an members of the program will have to adhere to the stages of program development, its implementation, and evaluation shown in Table 3 (see Table 3 below). Table 4. Project Timeline. Step Steps Coordinator Started Finished * Identifying essential goals and outcomes; Program design * Determining the available resources; Organizational leader 07.01.2018 07.08. 2017 * Creating the environment for successful collaboration; Outlining key program stages * Defining information management strategies and tools; Managing Resources * Outlining the framework for sustainable use of the available resources; Organizational leader 07.01.2018 07.04.2018 * Allocating the resources appropriately. * Establishing a dialogue with the community; Community Involvement * Providing them with the necessary information; Organizational leader and assistants 07.01.2018 07.20.2018 * Encouraging them for further collaboration; * Emphasizing the significance of their support. * Communicating with parents of the children; Participants recruitment * Providing them with informed consent letters; Assistants 08.01.2018 08.08.2018 * Collecting essential information about their children; * Explaining the role of parents in the program Program: Stage 1 Carrying out the initial assessment of participants Organizational leader and assistants 08.10.2018 08.24.2018 Program: Stage 2 Providing participants with crucial information about health Organizational leader and assistants 09.01.2018 09.14.2018 Program: Stage 3 Offering children an opportunity to participate in cooking- and diet-related games and activities Organizational leader and assistants 09.15.2018 10.07.2018 Program: Evaluation Assessing the participants’ progress Organizational leader and assistants 10.10.2018 10.24.2018 Conclusions Evaluating the results and making the necessary conclusions/ Organizational leader and assistants 10.30.2018 10.30.2018 References Acheampong, I., & Haldeman, L. (2013). Are nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs associated with obesity among low-income Hispanic and African American women caretakers? Journal of Obesity, 1 (1), 1-8. Binkley, C. J., & Johnson, K. W. (2013). Application of the PRECEDE-PROCEED planning model in designing an oral health strategy. Journal of Theory and Practice of Dental Public Health, 1 (3), 14-25. Carroll-Scott, A., Gilstad-Hayden, K., Rosenthal, L., Peters, S. M., McCaslin, C., Joyce, R., & Ickovics, J. R. (2013). Disentangling neighborhood contextual associations with child body mass index, diet, and physical activity: The role of built, socioeconomic, and social environments. Social Science & Medicine, 95 , 106-114. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Prevalence of childhood obesity in the United States, 2011-2014 . Web.ik Cunningham, S. A., Kramer, M. R., & Narayan, K. M. V. (2014). Incidence of childhood obesity in the United States. The New England Journal of Medicine, 370 (5), 403-411. Guttmacher, S., Kelly, P. J., & Ruiz-Janecko, Y. (2010). Community-based intervention . San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Knowlden, A. P., & Sharma, M. (2013). Systematic review of school-based obesity interventions targeting African American and Hispanic children. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 24 (3), 1194-1214. Long, M. W., Ward, Z. J., Resch, S. C., Cradock, A. L., Wang, Y. C., Giles, C. M., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2016). State-level estimates of childhood obesity prevalence in the United States corrected for report bias. International Journal of Obesity, 40 (10), 1523-1528. Sahoo, K., Sahoo, B., Choudhury, A. K., Sofi, N, Y., Kumar, R., & Bhadoria, A. S. (2015). Childhood obesity: Causes and consequences. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 4 (2), 187-192. Scimeca, G., Alborghetti, A., Bruno, A., Troili, G. M., Pandolfo, G., Muscatello, M. R. A., & Zoccali, R. A. (2016). Self-worth and psychological adjustment of obese children: An analysis through the Draw-A-Person. World Journal of Psychiatry, 6 (3), 329-338. Simmonds, M., Llewellyn, A., Owen, C. G., & Woolacott, N. (2016). Predicting adult obesity from childhood obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews, 17 (2), 95-107.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The problem of antibiotic resistance may also arise due to the fact that many bacteria develop resistance to them over time and, in this way, many antibiotics become ineffective.Antibiotics are a type of drug that are frequently used to treat even insignificant ailments, such as the sore throat. However, many bacteria develop resistance to them over time and, in this way, many antibiotics become ineffective. This leads to a high rate of deaths because of infections that cannot be treated.

The problem of antibiotic resistance may also arise due to the fact that many bacteria develop resistance to them over time and, in this way, many antibiotics become ineffective. Antibiotics are a type of drug that are frequently used to treat even insignificant ailments, such as the sore throat. However, many bacteria develop resistance to them over time and, in this way, many antibiotics become ineffective. This leads to a high rate of deaths because of infections that cannot be treated.

Antibiotic Resistance and Medicine Misuse in the UAE Report (Assessment) Table of Contents 1. Types of Market Failure 2. Government Intervention and Government Failure 3. Conclusion 4. Reference List Market failure can be regarded as an inefficient allocation of goods and services by the free market. Additionally, Marciano and Medema (2015) define it as “the failure of the market to bring about results that are in the best interests of society as a whole” (p. 1). Considering this, the overuse of antibiotics in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), as well as many other countries, discussed in the article by Cherian (2018) can be regarded as a form of market failure since it induces the problem of antibiotic resistance and poses a significant threat to public health. In the present paper, the issue will be analyzed from the perspective of the market failure theory, focusing on the description of a government intervention that can be utilized to correct the identified market failure. Types of Market Failure Widespread antibiotic overuse and the consequent problem of antibiotic resistance can be considered a negative externality. According to Kenton (2019), an externality is “an economic term referring to a cost or benefit incurred or received by a third party who has no control over how that cost or benefit was created” (para. 1). In other words, it is an effect on a third party caused by the production or consumption of certain goods and services. An externality can be either positive (such as an impact of a talented labor force on the productivity of a firm) or a negative (such as effects of pollution emitted by a plant on the health of nearby community residents) (Kenton 2019). When speaking of the antibiotic resistance, society as a whole becomes adversely affected by the actions of individuals. The problem arises because antibiotic drug consumers seek private benefits, including rapid recovery from a disease, without considering the overall social costs. As noted by Cherian (2018), access to antibiotics is extremely facilitated nowadays: anyone can buy them without prescriptions and, therefore, they frequently get drugs to treat even insignificant ailments, such as the sore throat. Moreover, many healthcare practitioners prescribe antibiotics without considering alternative remedies (Cherian 2018). However, this type of drug is associated with a massive drawback since many bacteria develop resistance to them over time and, in this way, many antibiotics become ineffective. The negative effect of excess antibiotic consumption is a high rate of deaths because of infections that cannot be treated. As reported by Cherian (2018), nowadays, 700,000 people die due to antibiotic-resistant infections worldwide every year and it is expected to rise to 10 million by 2050. Thus, there is a need to stop drug overuse for private benefit and reduce the social costs of this detrimental practice. The problem of antibiotic resistance may also arise due to such a market failure as information asymmetry, which implies the division and specialization of knowledge. As noted by Merrett et al. (2016), “an important characteristic of the health knowledge economy is the asymmetry in knowledge between experts and the people who rely on their advice” (p. 4). In the case of antibiotic drug consumption and production, pharmaceutical companies are much more aware of the potentially detrimental effects of antibiotics than the majority of consumers. In other words, people buy antibiotics simply because they do not know about the social costs they induce. It is valid to say that the creation of a proper balance in knowledge by providing more information to consumers would help to reduce the rate of drug overuse and, thus, decrease social costs. Government Intervention and Government Failure An intervention aimed at the correction of the discussed market failure will take place at the policy level. According to Cherian (2018), the UAE government is developing legislation, “which will prohibit the sale of antibiotics at any pharmacy in the UAE without a prescription” (para. 2). This action will aim to raise awareness of the problem among healthcare practitioners and encourage them to rationalize the prescriptions of medications. In this way, physicians and pharmacists will become core actors in eliminating information asymmetry between companies and health consumers. In addition, the law will help resolve the problem of antibiotic overuse by prohibiting purchases of antibiotic drugs for self-medication. Nevertheless, two of the probable outcomes of government failure in the implementation of the identified intervention would be the creation of surplus and an increase in prices for antibiotics. Since these drugs would be less demanded after the law is enacted, pharmaceutical companies might either over-produce drugs or increase prices for items in the market in order to compensate for potential profit losses. In this case, patients who indeed need antibiotic drugs would be negatively affected because they would have to pay more to receive treatment. Conclusion More people in the UAE and around the globe become affected by antibiotic-resistant infections. The overuse of antibiotic drugs is one of the root causes of such an adverse outcome. It is clear that the situation indicates market failure since it produces excess public health costs and involves information asymmetry. The creation of the law that would reduce antibiotic overconsumption can become an effective intervention to the problem. However, it may lead to an oversupply of antibiotics and an increase in prices for them. Thus, it can negatively affect patients who need these drugs to treat infections. Still, it is valid to presume that the intervention will be able to produce more social benefits than the current situation in the market does and since it will improve the cost-benefit ratio, it is justified. Reference List Cherian, D 2019, ‘ Antibiotic resistance and how not to misuse medicines in the UAE ’, Gulf News . Web. Kenton, W 2019, Externality . Web. Marciano, A & Medema, SG 2015, ‘Market failure in context: introduction’, History of Political Economy , vol. 47, Suppl. 1, pp. 1-19. Merrett, GL, Bloom, G, Wilkinson, A & MacGregor, H 2016, ‘Towards the just and sustainable use of antibiotics’, Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice , vol. 9, no. 31, pp. 1-10.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Antimicrobial resistance in Helicobacter Pylori is a major issue of public health because it affects the treatment of pathogenic microbes such as bacteria. Microbial organisms usually acquire resistance to chemicals that they encounter in their environment as a means of adapting and surviving. Antimicrobial resistance is a deliberate way of adaptation and evolution of bacteria through genetic and biochemical changes that enhance survival ability.

Antimicrobial resistance in Helicobacter Pylori is a major issue of public health because it affects the treatment of pathogenic microbes such as bacteria. Microbial organisms usually acquire resistance to chemicals that they encounter in their environment as a means of adapting and surviving. Antimicrobial resistance is a deliberate way of adaptation and evolution of bacteria through genetic and biochemical changes that enhance survival ability.

Antimicrobial Resistance in Helicobacter Pylori Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Problem of Antimicrobial Resistance 3. Mechanisms of Resistance 4. Genetic Mutation 5. Alteration of Cell Membrane 6. Expression Enzymes and Virulence Factors 7. Adaptive Mechanism 8. Conclusion 9. References Introduction Antimicrobial resistance is a major issue of public health because it affects the treatment of pathogenic microbes such as bacteria. Microbial organisms usually acquire resistance to chemicals that they encounter in their environment as a means of adapting and surviving. Antimicrobial resistance is a deliberate way of adaptation and evolution of bacteria through genetic and biochemical changes that enhance survival ability (1). As a pathogenic bacterium, Helicobacter pylori resides in the stomach and causes gastric ulcer among individuals . H. pylori, which is prevalent among 50-70% of the global population, has acquired resistance against antimicrobials(2). Therefore, the aim of the essay is to examine the problem of resistance in H. pylori and describes its mechanisms. The Problem of Antimicrobial Resistance Antimicrobial resistance is the major challenge that affects the eradication of H. pylori, the main causative bacterium of gastric ulcers. The World Health Organization has classified H. pylori as a group 1 carcinogen because it causes peptic ulcers, chronic gastritis, gastric cancer, and gastric lymphoma(2,3). The common drugs used in the eradication of H. pylori are tetracycline, furazolidone, levofloxacin, rifabutin, amoxicillin, metronidazole, and clarithromycin. However, the increasing development of resistance across the globe has challenged the use of these drugs for they are no longer effective. Specifically, resistance to clarithromycin has registered high rates, which are 50% in China, 40% in Turkey, and 30% in Japan(4). An extensive literature review reveals that resistance to amoxicillin, tetracycline, and metronidazole is higher in Africa, whereas resistance to levofloxacin an clarithromycin is higher in Asia and North America(5). In essence, resistance to certain antibiotics varies from one region to another. Additionally, the resistance of H. pylori varies from one antibiotic to another. A comparative study of resistance rates reveals that metronidazole, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, furazolidone, and rifabutin have 47.22%, 19.74%, 18.94%, 14.67%, 11.70%, 11.5%, and 6.75% respectively(5). In this view, it is apparent that metronidazole is the least effective antibiotic, while rifabutin is the most effective antibiotic. Antibiotic resistance in H. pylori emanates from constant use of antibiotics, particularly, clarithromycin in the treatment of respiratory, paediatric, and otorhinolaryngologic diseases. The rates of clarithromycin resistance have increased in Japan from 7% to 27.7% and in Europe from 9% to 17.6% during 2000-2006 and 1998-2008 respectively(3). Such trends present clarithromycin as an important indicator of H. pylori resistance in various regions across the globe. The increasing occurrence of resistance to major antibiotics has led to the use of combined antibiotics to enhance effectiveness and avert the development of resistance. The triple or quadruple therapy comprising proton pump inhibitors, mucosa protective agent, and antibiotics has proved to be effective in the eradication of H. pylori (2). However, the use of triple therapy as recommended by the first Maastricht conference has not been effective due to the increasing resistance in H. pylori. Currently, the efficacy of the triple therapy has declined to about 70%, leading to the recommendation of the quadruple therapy(3). The fourth Maastricht conference recommends consideration of clarithromycin resistance in the use of antibiotics against H. pylori. Clarithromycin-based regimens are effective as first-line treatment in regions with low resistance, whereas the quadruple regimens with bismuth or levofloxacin are appropriate as first-line treatment in regions with low resistance(5). Thus, the analysis of resistance in H. pylori shows that the determination of the individual, local, and global rates of resistance is essential to allow customisation of treatment regimens. Moreover, the use of patient-specific antibiotics has the potential of reducing treatment failures and preventing the development of resistance. Mechanisms of Resistance H. pyloric has numerous mechanisms that it uses in gaining resistance to major antibiotics. Gong and Yuan outline that H. pylori resists antibiotics using genetic mutations, alteration of the cell membrane, expression of catabolic enzymes, secretion virulence factors, and adaptation(2). The mechanisms of resistance are dependent on molecular and cellular changes coupled with the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in the eradication of H. pylori. Genetic Mutation H. pylori undergoes genetic mutation in evolving and adapting to diverse environments and chemicals with a view to gain resistance to antibiotics. Since antibiotics target cellular and molecular processes to disrupt cell division, genetic replication, transcription, and translation, H. pylori mutates its genes to evade the effects of antibiotics. Target genes involved in the synthesis of enzymes, such as DNA gyrase, the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and redox enzyme (2,6). DNA gyrase is an enzyme that plays a critical role in maintaining the integrity of DNA and promoting replication and transcription of DNA gyrase. Inhibition of DNA gyrase by antibiotics causes irreversible damage to DNA, resulting in the eradication of H. pylori. Hence, mutations in two genes, namely, gyrA and gyrB, which encodes for DNA gyrase, gives quinolone resistance to H. pylori (6) . Since some antibiotics target the activity of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, mutations in rpoB gene cause the occurrence of rifampicin resistance in H. pylori (2). Resistance occurs because rifampicin is unable to bind to the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and block transcription of DNA into RNA. Additionally, mutations that occur in genes encoding for redox enzyme (rdxA, frxA, and frxB) interfere with redox reactions, which are essential in enhancing the activity of antibiotics(2,7). Mutations that affect redox systems confer metronidazole resistance to H. pylori. Clarithromycin resistance ensues when mutations in V-domain of the 23S ribosomal subunit mutates and restores the ability H. pylori to translate proteins in presence of antibiotics. These mutations are single-nucleotide polymorphisms that cause changes functionality of transcription factors. Mutations in 16S ribosomal subunit cause tetracycline resistance by reducing affinity to the ribosome. Reduced affinity allows transcriptions and promotes replication of H. pylori (2,7) . Since antibiotics target cell wall of H. pylori, mutations in genes that code for proteins involved in the synthesis of cell wall promotes resistance. The occurrence of mutations in pbp1A, a gene that encodes for penicillin-binding proteins causes H. pylori to acquire amoxicillin resistance(2). Thus, genetic mutations explain most of the mechanisms in H. pylori resistance to various antibiotics. Alteration of Cell Membrane Alteration of the cell membrane to hinder the entry and the accumulation o antibiotics in the bacterium is another mechanism of resistance. H. pylori has the outer membrane and transmembrane proteins that regulate the entry of molecules into it. Mutations in hopB and hopE, genes that encode for porins, and upregulation of their expressions reduces the permeability of cell membrane and causes amoxicillin resistance(2). At the outer surface of the cell membrane, H. pylori can form a biofilm, which protects the bacterium from antibiotics. H. pylori also uses efflux pump, AcrAB-TolC, with operons that excrete antibiotics and confer resistance to tetracycline, amoxicillin, metronidazole, and clarithromycin(2). A combination of biofilm and efflux pump is responsible for clarithromycin resistance. Expression Enzymes and Virulence Factors H. pylori expresses and secretes enzymes and factors that inactivate antibiotics or reduce their activity. H. pylori has the ability to express and secrete beta-lactamases, which break the beta-lactam ring and inactivates beta-lactam antibiotics, resulting in amoxicillin resistance(2). The use of amoxicillin with beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid increases the sensitivity of H. pylori. Additionally, expression of virulence factors, DupA and OipA, cause resistance to clarithromycin and the quadruple therapy respectively(2). H. pylori that expresses DupA stimulates the secretion of gastric acid and gastrin in high levels that cause resistance. The expression of OipA reduces cure rate for the quadruple therapy. Adaptive Mechanism H. pylori can initiate adaptive ways of evading antibiotics in the stomach. When it experiences harsh conditions, such as the presence of antibiotics, H. pylori undergoes morphological changes to form coccoid, which is a dormant phase that rejuvenates when antibiotics levels go down(2). Another adaptive mechanism is that H. pylori enters into microphages and epithelial cells to protect itself from eradication by antibiotics, although it is an extracellular pathogen. H. pylori induces autophagy to protect itself and replicate in host cells, resulting in resistance to antibiotics(2). Moreover, myriad of factors related to pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of drugs contributes to the resistance of H. pylori to antibiotics. Conclusion As the causative agent of gastric ulcers, chronic gastritis, gastric cancer, and gastric lymphoma, H. pylori is a serious public health issue. The analysis of resistance shows that H. pylori has acquired resistance to metronidazole, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, furazolidone, and rifabutin. The understanding of the mechanisms of resistance in H. pylori is integral in designing and developing effective antimicrobials required in the control and prevention of its occurrence in the population. Notable mechanisms of resistance are genetic mutations, modification of cell membrane, enzyme expression, secretion virulence factors, and adaptive features. References Mechism of antibiotics resistance. Microbiol Spectr. 2016 Apr;4(2):1-37. Gong Y, Yuan Y. Resistance mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori and its dual target precise therapy. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2018 May;44(3): 371-392. Nishizawa T, Suzuki H. Mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance and molecular testing. Front Mol Biosci. 2014 Oct;1(19): 1-7. Thung I, Aramin H, Vavinskaya V, Gupta S, Park JY, Crowe SE, et al. Review article: the global emergence of Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance. Aliment Pharmacol and Ther. 2016 Feb;43(4): 514-533. Ghotaslou R, Leylabadlo HE, Asl YM. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori : a recent literature review. World J Methodol. 2015 Sep;5(3):164-174. Sanches BS, Martins GM, Lima K, Cota B, Moretzsohn LD, Ribeiro LT, et al. Detection of Helicobacter pylori resistance to clarithromycin and fluoroquinolones in Brazil: a national survey Observational Study. Vol. 22, World J Gastroenterol. 2016. p. 7587-7594. Somi MH, Rahmati-Yamchi M, Sharifi Y, Kafshdooz T, Milani M. Evaluation of frxA and rdxA gene mutations in clinical metronidazole resistance Helicobacter pylori isolates. Trop Biomed. 2017 Jan;34(2): 346-351.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The use of antipsychotics of the first and second generations in adults with psychiatric issues is highly discouraged due to multiple adverse effects that these medications have on the target demographic.The use of antipsychotics of the first and second generations in adults with psychiatric issues is highly discouraged due to multiple adverse effects that these medications have on the target demographic.

The use of antipsychotics of the first and second generations in adults with psychiatric issues is highly discouraged due to multiple adverse effects that these medications have on the target demographic. The use of antipsychotics of the first and second generations in adults with psychiatric issues is highly discouraged due to multiple adverse effects that these medications have on the target demographic.

Antipsychotic Medications for the Elderly Research Paper Table of Contents 1. First and Second Generation Antipsychotics 2. Benzodiazepines 3. Lithium 4. Antiepileptics 5. References First and Second Generation Antipsychotics * The use of antipsychotics of the first and second generations in adults with psychiatric issues is highly discouraged due to multiple adverse effects that these medications have on the target demographic; * The undesirable medications include: “amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, iloperidone, lurasidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone, CPZ, haloperidol, loxapine, and perphenazine” (Solmi et al., 2017). Benzodiazepines * Benzodiazepines produce a mostly positive effect on older adult patients with psychiatric issues, yet dosage should be verified carefully due to the threat of patients developing a dependency on the specified type of medications; * Slow tapering protocols are required for keeping track of the changes in dosage and patients’ well-being; * In cases of insomnia and anxiety, Benzodiazepines should not be used as medication options (Markota, Rummans, Bostwick, & Lapid, 2016). Benzodiazepines are typically recommended for elderly patients since they do not accumulate in the blood (Ait-Daoud, Hamby, Sharma, & Blevins, 2018); * Dosage: + Alprazolam: 2 mg/day + Bromazepam: 18 mg/day + Clonazepam: 0.75-1 mg/day + Diazepam: 3 mg/day (Kacirova, Grundmann, Silhan, & Brozmanova, 2016) + Estazolam: 1 mg/day + Lorazepam: 0.3 mg/day + Midazolam: 3.75-4 mg/day (Su et al., 2016) + Nitrazepam: 5 mg/day (Ait-Daoud et al., 2018). Lithium * Using Lithium in elderly patients is a common practice in psychiatry for addressing manic episodes (De Fazio et al., 2017); * Specifically, the medication is used for addressing the needs of elderly patients with bipolar disorder (De Fazio et al., 2017); * The advisable dosage for Lithium in aging patients is 300-600 mg/day; * Due to the body composition of older patients, particularly, the percentage of water in their bodies, Lithium distribution in the target population may vary (De Fazio et al., 2017). Antiepileptics * Due to the possibility of adverse changes in the body functions of elderly patients, the application of antiepileptics requires particular care; * Age-related changes in patients’ bodies define the effects that anticonvulsants produce (Douglas-Hall, Dzahini, Gaughran, Bile, & Taylor, ‎2017); * In addition, medical comorbidities have to be examined closely prior to selecting an antiepileptic; * Dosage: + Depakote: 500-1,000 mg/day. + Lamicta: 25-50 mg/day (Douglas-Hall et al., ‎2017). References Ait-Daoud, N., Hamby, A. S., Sharma, S., & Blevins, D. (2018). A review of alprazolam use, misuse, and withdrawal. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 12 (1), 4-10. Web. De Fazio, P., Gaetano, R., Caroleo, M., Pavia, M., De Sarro, G., Fagiolini, A., & Segura-Garcia, C. (2017). Lithium in late-life mania: A systematic review. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 13 , 755-766. Web. Douglas-Hall, P., Dzahini, O., Gaughran, F., Bile, A., & Taylor, D. (2017). Variation in dose and plasma level of lamotrigine in patients discharged from a mental health trust. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 7 (1), 17-24. Web. Kacirova, I., Grundmann, M., Silhan, P., & Brozmanova, H. (2016). A case report of clonazepam dependence: Utilization of therapeutic drug monitoring during withdrawal period. Medicine, 95 (9), 1-5. Web. Markota, M., Rummans, T. A., Bostwick, J. M., & Lapid, M. I. (2016). Benzodiazepine use in older adults: Dangers, management, and alternative therapies. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 91(11), 1632-1639. Web. Solmi, M., Murru, A., Pacchiarotti, I., Undurraga, J., Veronese, N., Fornaro, M.,… & Correll, C. U. (2017). Safety, tolerability, and risks associated with first-and second-generation antipsychotics: A state-of-the-art clinical review. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 13 , 757-777. Web. Su, X., Meng, Z. T., Wu, X. H., Cui, F., Li, H. L., Wang, D. X.,… & Ma, D. (2016). Dexmedetomidine for prevention of delirium in elderly patients after non-cardiac surgery: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet, 388 (10054), 1893-1902. Web.

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Write an essay about: The essay discusses how the 2008 financial crisis changed the way countries approached their spending patterns and even the way corporations do business. It also talks about how technology companies like Apple and Hewlett Packard took advantage of the rising demand during the crisis.

The essay discusses how the 2008 financial crisis changed the way countries approached their spending patterns and even the way corporations do business. It also talks about how technology companies like Apple and Hewlett Packard took advantage of the rising demand during the crisis.

Apple and Hewlett Packard During 2008 Financial Crisis Case Study Introduction The 2008 financial crisis that was partly due to unlimited and unregulated speculations brought to an end many things had been experienced before. However, it changed the way countries approached their spending patterns and even the way corporations do business. The downturn caused a tremendous change in the consumption pattern as consumers became more sensitive to prices and value consciousness. Technology companies that have taken advantage of the rising demand Though the general demand has not reached the level it was before the crisis, many companies have taken advantage of the rising demand and have made tremendous sales. Apple and Hewlett Packard are such companies. The rising consumer demand is characterized by value consciousness, frugality and brand loyalty (Flatters & Willmont, 2009). In addition, the consumers are more sensitive to prices and quality. Companies have no choice but to produce according to the consumer expectations. Companies have to adopt new strategies that would ensure customers’ value and provide low cost prices (Mansoor, 2011). Apple has adopted the cost cutting strategies in none priority areas. The company cut the functional budgets by 10% in 2008/2009 financial year as a strategic response to the crisis. However, the company has increased its spending on the functional areas considered strategic for the growth of the business. These include marketing as well as research and development (R&D). Spending on research and development has helped the company innovate itself out of the crisis through development and manufacture of new products such as iPad. The customers perceived iPad as having high value and the product value corresponded with the price offered. The argument presented by the company is that the spending on research and development would result in innovations that will end up providing business with long-term competitive advantage. The company also focused on marketing and it was placed in the same category with research and development. The company argued that investment in marketing would ensure increased production and satisfactory return on investments. The company focused its marketing on building the brand and PR activities. Hewlett and Packard, on the other hand, used the expansionist strategy through takeovers and acquisitions of its smaller competitors. With the contracting customers, the company has increased its customers’ base through acquisitions while drastically reducing competition. Moreover, the company has invested much in brand building as well as other marketing strategies. Change in consumer demands After the crisis, the consumer aspirations, attitudes and purchasing patterns changed. The crisis resulted into consumers looking for new landmarks, becoming more economical in their spending and moving the demand towards the most essential products. In other words, the crisis led to the drastic fall in demand in such items considered luxurious. According to studies done by Flatters & Willmont (2009), the financial crisis has caused new frugality among the consumers and it wouldn’t not end soon. The consumers have become more aware of the product value they buy and that has influenced on prices and brand image. The studies also indicated that consumers are now more focused on low prices as they undertake cost-cutting measures in their spending. Consumers are focusing more on savings than before the crisis. Frugality and value consciousness are now the major determinants of the consumer spending (Mansoor, 2011). In as much as they continue to buy products at different prices, the price justification is a major factor that would determine the purchase. In other words, the value of the product must be seen commensurate to the price. Moreover, consumers can continue buying at higher prices but only if they would receive the quality advantage in return (Lewis & Bridger, 2011). Brand loyalty also determined the behavior of consumers during the crisis. Consumers would always wait for the prices of their particular brands to fall in order to make the purchases (Flatters & Willmont, 2009). In the technology industry, the consumption pattern changed with consumers adopting the logical standby and waiting for the prices of their brands to decrease or substitute their brands with the cheaper but similar brands. This trend is not likely to change even if the economy recovers. Upon the realization of the changing pattern of consumption, companies such as Apple and Hewlett Packard have come up with marketing strategies that have ensured the consumption of their products amid the financial crisis. These technology companies have lowered their prices while providing value to their customers. Apple has maintained dominance in innovative products that have been offered at reduced prices. In as much as the demand for similar products falls in the industry, the demand for Apple products is increasing. This is due to higher value of the products being offered at reduced prices (Lewis & Bridger, 2011). For the loyal consumers, the company offered discounts and coupons that compromise the prices and comfort of the brand. Hewlett Packard adopted the expansionist strategy taking advantage of consumers of the absorbed companies. However, the company has also improved the quality of its products. Strategies utilized by MNCs to make profit by leveraging the growing consumer demand Cost maximization With the shrinking economy and low demand, corporations have to adopt new strategies to remain competitive and increase revenue. One of these strategies is cost maximization. Basically, cost maximization is the strategy that will bring long-term gains to the business (Flatters & Willmont, 2009). These areas include research and development, marketing, human resources and IT functional areas. Organizations that invested in such areas during the crisis like Apple are now reaping the benefits as the global demand rises. Cost optimization is all about focusing on those actions that will add value, build and sustain competitive advantage. In addition, cost optimization is about making the company efficient and as simple as possible in its operations. Finally, cost optimization is about making the company to be better in its business planning and to enable it to be smarter in its decision making. Value creation Value creation is another strategy that companies can apply in order to increase their revenues. Businesses must focus on those activities that will add value to their products and in turn add value to the customers (Flatters & Willmont, 2009). The organization management should put a lot of investments in areas where value is being created. The company should not focus its investments on low value-adding products that eventually will not benefit the organization. Conclusion The financial crisis changed the way companies conducted their business. The spread of the crisis caused a global fall in demand. In addition, the stocks of major companies declined drastically in major security markets. However, major gains in technology companies came to the rescue of the world economy. Such companies employed various strategies that made them continue making profit despite the crisis. References Flatters, P. & Willmont, M. (2009). Understanding the post recession consumer. Harvard Business Review, 7(8), 106-112. Lewis, D. & Bridger, D. (2011). The soul of new consumer, authenticity what we buy and why in new economy . Londnon, UK: Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Mansoor, D. (2011). The global business crisis and consumer behavior. International Journal of Business and Management , 6(1), 104-115.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: Apple introduced iMac Pro as an innovative personal computer that has the features of a workstation. This computer is the most powerful among other Mac products, and it is attractive to designers and professionals whose activities depend on the power of a personal computer. iMac Pro is characterized by advanced technological features and qualities, and its system works as fast as it is possible for Mac computers.

Apple introduced iMac Pro as an innovative personal computer that has the features of a workstation. This computer is the most powerful among other Mac products, and it is attractive to designers and professionals whose activities depend on the power of a personal computer. iMac Pro is characterized by advanced technological features and qualities, and its system works as fast as it is possible for Mac computers.

Apple Company: Project Financing Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The New Product Introduced by Apple 3. The Quality of Apple’s Current Projects 4. Sources of Funding the New Product 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction Apple, Inc. is one of the leaders in the technology industry that regularly introduces the most innovative products. However, the process of launching a new product depends on the thorough analysis of market trends to guarantee that this product will attract consumers and provide stockholders with returns. The purpose of this paper is to describe a new product that has been recently launched by Apple, analyze the effectiveness of Apple’s current projects and their financial outcomes, and discuss the funding of the new product. The New Product Introduced by Apple iMac Pro is a new product developed by Apple that became available for purchasing in the United States in December of 2017. Thus, iMac Pro is an innovative personal computer that also has the features of a workstation . This computer is the most powerful among other Mac products, and it is attractive to designers and professionals whose activities depend on the power of a personal computer. Thus, iMac Pro is characterized by advanced technological features and qualities, and its system works as fast as it is possible for Mac computers (“iMac Pro – Apple,” 2018). As a result, despite a comparably high price that starts at about $5,000, it is considered by the company as a potentially profitable project. The Quality of Apple’s Current Projects It is important to analyze the quality of Apple’s projects with reference to analyzing return on equity (ROE) and return on capital (ROC) in relation to current and new projects. Apple’s ROE for December of 2017 was 36.87%, and it is calculated by dividing net income by total equity. The current ROE is 37.07% (“Apple, Inc.,” 2018). Referring to Apple’s ROE, it is possible to state that the company develops financially profitable and successful projects because its ROE is significantly higher than ROE of the majority of companies in the industry. Apple’s ROC for December of 2017 was 19.86%. The current ROC is 20.04%. Apple’s ROC is comparably high, and it tends to increase (“Apple, Inc.,” 2018). This figure means that the company effectively turns capital into cash, and appropriate products and projects are selected for the development. From this point, the analysis of Apple’s recent and current ROE and ROC demonstrates that the developed projects and introduced products contribute to increasing the company’s profitability. Sources of Funding the New Product Apple announced the production of iMac Pro in June of 2017, and this project was planned during several months. Its funding was based on the distribution of financial resources available from the company’s annual income, and the significant investment was made in research and development. However, it is important to note that Apple has overcome several barriers to financing the project because of moderate sensitivity levels in relation to macro- and micro-economic variables. Thus, Apple is rather sensitive to changes in interest rates, inflation, currency rates, and economic tendencies. Fluctuations in interest rates in the United States have significant impacts on Apple. Fluctuations in exchange rates are addressed with the help of hedging procedures. Therefore, the sensitivity of Apple’s operating income to changes the discussed variables is also moderate to high. Still, the sensitivity of the sector’s value is moderate, as it is reported (Apple, Inc., 2017). Thus, to address these levels of sensitivity, Apple pays much attention to developing effective strategies for promoting iMac Pro outside the United States. Conclusion Apple is a company that effectively addresses any changes in market trends. New products like iMac Pro are funded as a result of analyzing the financials related to the company’s profitability and annual ratios. These approaches allow Apple to remain one of the leaders in the industry whose ROE and ROC are high in comparison to other companies. References Apple, Inc. (2017). Form 10-K: Annual report . Web. Apple, Inc.: Morningstar rating . (2018). Web. iMac Pro – Apple . (2018). Web.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Apple's risk assessment in China discusses the economic, political, social, and capital risks of operating in China for the company. The paper concludes that while there are many risks associated with doing business in China, the potential rewards are still high.

Apple's risk assessment in China discusses the economic, political, social, and capital risks of operating in China for the company. The paper concludes that while there are many risks associated with doing business in China, the potential rewards are still high.

Apple Company’s Risk Assessment in China Term Paper For the last two decades, China has been the center of international industry and commerce. For more than a decade, the critical advantages of China as a manufacturing platform for businesses have been currency stability, solid material base, and the availability and cheapness of the labor force, which allowed large-scale operations to take place (Grossman & Livingstone, 2009). Currency stability played an important factor, as it allowed converting dollars into RBM and back without suffering from potential currency risks. However, the economic landscape in China is changing. As of 2015, China has adopted a floating currency policy, which eliminated the stability and the guaranteed cheapness of the undervalued Yuan (Nishi & Priya, 2015). The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the economic, political, social, and capital risks of operating in China for Apple, a long-time investor in the Chinese economy. Apple Inc.’s Industrial Situation in China Apple has begun its operations in China since 2010, contracting Foxconn, one of the major producers in the region, in order to assemble iPhones, iPods, Macs, and other related hardware. The economic conditions in China allowed the company to produce items at the cost of 8 dollars per piece, which would later be sold for 200 dollars or more in the US and European markets (Khan, Alam, & Shabbir, 2015). Such a powerful ROI was enough for companies to undertake any risks associated with Chinese political systems, protectionist policies, and rising competition from the local producers. Foxconn has more than 300,000 employees working on the latest iPhone models (Khan et al., 2015). In addition, Apple chose to purchase all the required components for its products domestically in order to save money on transportation and logistics. To summarize, the majority of Apple’s production chains are now located in China. Chinese Floating Currency Rates and Latest Events Chinese floating currency rate took a nosedive since 2015 and into 2016, as the Chinese government used its currency as an instrument to attract investments and businesses into its economy. As a result, people were losing jobs, local businesses were closing, unable to compete with cheap and available Chinese products, and multinationals were moving their production values to China. However, under political pressure exerted by the USA in 2017, China was forced to revaluate the Yuan, decreasing its exchange rate to the dollar (Giannellis & Koukouritakis, 2018). Social, Political, Economic, and Capital Implications of Chinese Floating Currency for Apple In the long-term perspective, a stronger Yuan would help reform the Chinese economy to be more consumer-centric, as it would bolster the buying capabilities of the population. The immediate effects of Yuan revaluation is the decrease of Chinese competitive strength, a decrease in overall sales, and an increase in production costs. As a result, unemployment is expected to rise, which would create social tensions within the Chinese community. Here are some of the risks that Apple is going to be exposed to if it continues to maintain its large-scale operations in China (Khan et al., 2015): * Political Risks. The Chinese government has a history of imposing political sanctions on foreign companies as means of promoting domestic businesses. Complete nationalization of foreign property is also not unheard of; such an event occurred in 1949. With the added pressure from the US government, China is likely to retaliate by hurting American companies operating in the country (Khan et al., 2015). * Social Risks. With the increases in production costs, Apple is likely to administer layoffs in order to optimize its production and reduce losses. With layoffs comes a poor reputation among both the employees and the customers alike. In extreme cases, a wave of layoffs may start worker riots. * Economic Risks. One major risk that Apple has been facing and continues to face since it began operating in China is the risk of competition and corporate espionage. Chinese regulations tend to be lax and open to interpretation, while their copyright and intellectual property laws are malleable at best (Khan et al., 2015). With Apple operating in China, the potential for espionage and employees switching companies is greatly increased. * Capital risks. Capital risks for Apple in China are exchange risks and liquidity risks. The Chinese government regulates the amount of currency that can be imported and exported from the country, making liquidity a lengthier process. At the same time, a floating currency rate introduces exchange risks into the equation, as Apple will suffer consequences should the exchange rates go too high or too low (Atanasov & Nitschka, 2015). These are some of the most prominent risks, which cannot be controlled by the company or the government. Exchange exposure is now prominent in Chinese markets. Potential Solutions to the Problem China has always been a high risk – high reward market for foreign businesses operating in it. The change to a floating currency removed one of its strengths out of the equation while introducing more risks. One of the potential solutions for Apple is to relocate its major production values to other low-cost countries, such as India or Vietnam (Dyer, Godfrey, Jensen, & Bryce, 2016). However, this decision is associated with many drawbacks, as Apple is too invested in China. The company should withhold from committing layoffs, as it would help keep the situation stable, and the profits gained from production would still outweigh the extra costs. In order to protect itself from volatile currency exchange rates, Apple should consider loaning RMB domestically and operating with the Chinese currency without the need of converting money back and forth. It should protect the company from exchange and liquidity risks (Dyer et al., 2016). References Atanasov, V., & Nitschka, T. (2015). Foreign currency returns and systematic risks. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 50 (1), 231-250. Dyer, J., Godfrey, P., Jensen, R., & Bryce, D. (2016). Strategic management: Concepts and tools for creating real world strategy . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Giannellis, N., & Koukouritakis, M. (2018). Currency misalignments in the BRIICS countries: Fixed Vs. floating exchange rates. Open Economies Review, 1 (1), 1-29. Grossman, T., & Livingstone, J. L (Eds.). (2009). The portable MBA in finance and accounting (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Khan, U. A., Alam, M. N., & Shabbir, A. (2015). A critical analysis of internal and external environment of Apple Inc. International Journal of Economics, Commerce, and Management, 3 (6), 955-967. Nishi, M., & Priya, M. (2015). Devaluation of Yuan – Chinese currency. International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations, 3 (1), 607-609.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The essay discusses a case study of employee theft at an IT company in Dubai and the steps the company took to resolve the problem. The company ultimately decided to terminate its relationship with the staff member in question and dismiss him, even though the total cost of the products stolen by their employee was rather small.

The essay discusses a case study of employee theft at an IT company in Dubai and the steps the company took to resolve the problem. The company ultimately decided to terminate its relationship with the staff member in question and dismiss him, even though the total cost of the products stolen by their employee was rather small.

Approx Company’s Employee Theft Scenario Case Study Scenario Description Instances of corporate fraud must be addressed immediately and effectively to prevent similar occurrences in the future and promote corporate values to employees across an organization. In the case under analysis, managing a problem of employee theft is required. Although the company admits that the total cost of the products stolen by their employee is rather small, the organization still views terminating its relationships with the staff member in question and dismissing him as necessary. However, the case in question might turn out to be not as easy to solve, as it might seem since it is not entirely ethically unambiguous. Approx is an IT company in Dubai that develops mobile applications. There are three major levels within its organizational structure, which include sales, R&D Department, and communication. Khaled, an employee who has been employed at Approxen for four years was caught stealing an IT company’s products that had a particular flaw in them. Even though the specified flaws were minor, such as problems in the design of the product or a quality issue that might lead to its relatively short shelf life, their presence indicated defectiveness of the goods. When conducting an audit of the company’s products, managers found out that Khaled had been stealing them. In his defense, the employee stated that he was not only appropriating the company’s goods but also preventing the instances in which customers would have returned for refunds or complaints. Although it is apparent that the employee is trying to wiggle his way out of the punishment for his actions, the situation remains in a morally grey area. The employee has made a mistake and an administrative crime by stealing the products that belonged to the organization. However, a more detailed examination of the specified products has shown that they might have been deemed as defective and, thus, thrown away by the company anyway. Therefore, the situation remains complicated, and the actions of the staff member mentioned above cannot be seen as entirely wrong. To recover, the company will need to make the decision of forgiving the employee yet altering its entire philosophy and system of values to reduce the threat of similar occurrences in the future. Decision-Making Because of the controversy surrounding the scenario described above, the IT company in question must be very careful when resolving the problem. Though accusing the staff member of theft will be relatively easy, he may state that the firm is also ethically flawed since it was selling defective items without checking them thoroughly. If reaching general audiences, the identified problem will give the company rather negative publicity and serve as the warning sign for several people who are currently seen as potential customers. On the other hand, turning a blind eye to the issue would mean that the organization condones corporate fraud, which must not be the case (Wells, 2017). Thus, a compromise may be required as the means of keeping corporate integrity and seek opportunities for improvements. Particularly, the organization managers will have to start a dialogue with the staff member mentioned above. After opening a discussion and learning his motivation for stealing, the managers will have to figure out whether he feels remorse for what happened. In case the staff member genuinely regrets his actions and is willing to prove himself as worthwhile, it will be necessary to continue cooperation with him and give him a chance to change. At the same time, the company will have to seek opportunities for promoting quality improvement at all levels of its functioning to prevent similar situations from occurring (Comer, 2017). Particularly, it will be needed to ensure that appropriate corporate values are introduced to the corporate environment and instilled firmly. The integration of strong corporate values is expected to have a positive impact on both the problem of corporate fraud and the emergence of defective products during the production process. Specifically, the company will focus on reinforcing the significance of corporate ethics and the necessity for staff members to improve their performance consistently. As a result, the technical aspects of production, including the identification of problems in product design and their management at the earliest stages, will be in focus. Furthermore, the active promotion of corporate values will become the platform for creating the setting in which the very idea of corporate fraud will become unacceptable. Furthermore, the organization will have to revisit its approach toward meeting the needs of staff members. The act of stealing is a punishable offense, yet it is also necessary to recognize the factors that encourage staff members to steal (Orlitzky & Monga, 2017). For example, the company may seem as too greedy in its allocation of corporate resources, and employees may assume that, by taking some of its products secretly, they restore the balance of justice. In any case, the firm will need to provide its employees with benefits and required resources, as well as financial support and incentives (Cabric, 2015). As soon as the people working at the company realize that the organization values them as experts, they are unlikely to steal from it. The problem of corporate fraud and, particularly, thefts is an admittedly unpleasant one, yet it can be addressed. Accusing the employee and fining him might seem the easiest way, yet it is unlikely to lead to any meaningful results. Instead, the organization may need to get to the core of the problem and understand what intentions the employee was guided when committing the theft. Thus, further cooperation and improvement on both the side of the employee and the one of the companies will be possible. References Cabric, M. (2015). Corporate security management: Challenges, risks, and strategies . Waltham, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Comer, M. (2017). Corporate fraud (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. Orlitzky, M., & Monga, M. (2017). Integrity in business and management: Cases and theory . New York, NY: Taylor & Francis. Wells, J. T. (2017). Corporate fraud handbook: Prevention and detection (5th ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The Arab League is a political and cultural organization that consists of 22 member states.The Arab League was formed in Cairo on 22nd March 1945 with six members. The six members included Egypt, Transjordan (currently known as Jordan after its renaming in 1946), and Iraq. Its members also included Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Yemen joined it in early May of 1945. The first Arab States that led to its formation were controlled by the Ottoman Empire before overcoming Turkey in World War I. Their main reason for forming the Arab League was to ensure that all Arab members were united. They also aimed at ensuring that all Arab states achieved their goals. It was from 1953 that its members started to increase in number. In 1964, a meeting was called in Cairo to address the issue of the Palestinians. Unlike other nations, the Palestinian people were not represented in the League. The effect of the Cairo Summit was significant; it led to the summons of the first Palestinian National Council in East Jerusalem on 29th May 1964., It was during the Palestinian meeting in East Jerusalem that the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) was also formed. The formed PLO was allowed to join the Arab League in 1976.

The Arab League is a political and cultural organization that consists of 22 member states. The Arab League was formed in Cairo on 22nd March 1945 with six members. The six members included Egypt, Transjordan (currently known as Jordan after its renaming in 1946), and Iraq. Its members also included Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Yemen joined it in early May of 1945. The first Arab States that led to its formation were controlled by the Ottoman Empire before overcoming Turkey in World War I. Their main reason for forming the Arab League was to ensure that all Arab members were united. They also aimed at ensuring that all Arab states achieved their goals. It was from 1953 that its members started to increase in number. In 1964, a meeting was called in Cairo to address the issue of the Palestinians. Unlike other nations, the Palestinian people were not represented in the League. The effect of the Cairo Summit was significant; it led to the summons of the first Palestinian National Council in East Jerusalem on 29th May 1964., It was during the Palestinian meeting in East Jerusalem that the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) was also formed. The formed PLO was allowed to join the Arab League in 1976.

Arab League, Its History, Structure, Effectiveness Essay History of Arab League “The Arab League was formed in Cairo on 22nd March 1945 with six members” (Arab League, 2012). The six members included Egypt, Transjordan (currently known as Jordan after its renaming in 1946), and Iraq. Its members also included Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Yemen joined it in early May of 1945. The first Arab States that led to its formation were controlled by the Ottoman Empire before overcoming Turkey in World War I. Their main reason for forming the Arab League was to ensure that all Arab members were united. They also aimed at ensuring that all Arab states achieved their goals. It was from 1953 that its members started to increase in number. In 1964, a meeting was called in Cairo to address the issue of the Palestinians. Unlike other nations, the Palestinian people were not represented in the League. The effect of the Cairo Summit was significant; “it led to the summoning of the first Palestinian National Council in East Jerusalem on 29th May 1964,” (Arab League, 2012). It was during the Palestinian meeting in East Jerusalem that the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) was also formed. The formed PLO was allowed to join the Arab League in 1976. However, the Arab League has been experiencing a lot of challenges from its members. For instance, the occasional wars in countries from the Middle East barred the League from meeting its objectives in the past few years. The Arab-Israel war of 1948 also contributed significantly to its failures. Additionally, the Gulf War of 1991 posed a great challenge to the League; it made the League not to succeed in initiating close cohesion (Hanna, 2012). Egypt’s relationship with Israel was also a great challenge to the League. The peaceful talk between Egypt and Israel led not only to Egypt being expelled from the League but also to the transfer of the League’s headquarters from Cairo (Capital City of Egypt) to Tunis. However, Egypt was allowed to join the League again in 1989. The League’s headquarters were also relocated to Cairo a year later. The intrusion of Iraqi into Kuwait in 1990 contributed significantly towards the creation of togetherness. It led to almost all Arab nations to take part in the war; nearly all Arab nations supported the UN and Nato in their efforts and campaigns in opposition to Iraq in the Gulf War. It was at the Beirut Congress held in late March 2002 that the League accepted the Arab Peace Initiative (Gui, 2013). The main reason for the introduction of the Arab Peace Initiative was to help end the conflict between the Arabs and the Israelites. The initiative succeeded in normalizing the relationship with Israel and in commanding Israel to withdraw from all the territories it had occupied. It also managed to remove Israel from Golan Heights and Gaza Strip. “The Peace Initiative was again supported in 2007 at the Riyadh Summit” (Arab League, 2012). Towards the end of the same year, the Arab League advanced its interest in promoting the peace initiative. It sent the Egyptian foreign ministers to Israel to advocate the peace initiative. The structure of the Arab League The Arab League works towards ensuring that it has not interfered with the member states’ activities. It also guarantees its members sovereignty and independence. The Arab League has many objectives. For instance, it aims at maintaining and strengthening solidarity among the Arab States that are threatened by external pressures (Arab League, 2012). It also works towards ensuring cohesion and peace among its member states by offering arbitration. It also works towards opposing the usage of force between nations in conflict. The Arab League also aims at ensuring the cooperation of members in such areas as social, financial, and legal affairs. It is also determined to ensure that member states provide parliamentary, economic, and cultural support to each other (Hanna, 2012). “The principle institutions that make the Arab League include the Council of the League, Secretariat General, and the Committees” (Gui, 2013). Other institutions that constitute it include not only the Joint Defense Council but also the Economic and Social Council. The League Council “The Council of the League is the supreme organ” (Gui, 2013). It constitutes representatives from the countries that make the Arab League. Its representatives congregate in Cairo twice a year. When there is a need, extraordinary meetings are held during a year. However, this only happens when more than two member states request for the session. The council plays a significant role in the league. It oversees and plans for all the activities carried out by the League. For instance, it ensures that all the agreements passed by different member states are put into effect. It also carries the role of appointing the Secretary-General. The Joint Defense Council “The Joint Defense Council was introduced after the signing of the treaty for mutual defense and economic cooperation between the countries that constituted the Arab League in 1950″ (Gui, 2013). It is constituted not only by Ministers for Foreign Affairs but also by Ministers for Defense from all the countries that make up Arab League. The initial signatory states during its formation were Jordan, Iraq, and Lebanon. Jordan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Yemen were also among the signatory states. According to the signed Treaty, armed aggression to any of the Arab League members was illegal. It could receive opposition from all the members of the League. The signed Treaty also aimed at restoring peace and security at any incidence of conflict between Arab League member states. The Defense Council, together with the United Nations Security Council, works towards implementing the agreements outlined in article 6 of the Arab League (Gui, 2013). Additionally, the Joint Defense Council ensures that all agreements outlined in the article are implemented. The Secretariat General The Secretariat General is also one of the institutions of the Arab League. It is responsible for putting into action the decisions made by the Council of the League. It is an organ consisting of not only the Secretary-General but also of the Assistant Secretaries. Its members include other officials from member states. “The appointed Secretary-General has the power of appointing Assistant Secretaries and other key officials of the League” (Gui, 2013). The Secretary-General is like an ambassador; he or she represents the League internationally. On the other hand, Assistant Secretaries transact the roles of Ministers (Gui, 2013). The Secretary-General is also responsible for drafting the budget of the League and providing it to the council for scrutiny and approval. He or she also ensures that the budget is managed appropriately. It is also the Secretary-General that fixes the dates for the meetings convened by the League. Additionally, the Secretary-General prepares and informs all the member states about the agenda of the council. He or she also makes reports and declaration on the issues discussed in the League’s meetings. The Economic and Social Council The Economic and Social Council was introduced to substitute the Economic Council that was formed per the agreements made in the Treaty of June 1950. Its main goals include coming up with objectives relating to the economic and social development of the Arabic countries. It also takes part in not only promoting economic and social development ideas but also in controlling all the activities carried out by specialized agencies towards meeting the objectives of the League. Among the agencies that this council oversees, there is the Arab Organization for Agricultural Development and the Council for Arab Unity (Gui, 2013). The Committees In order to implement its objectives, the League allowed the formation of the special committees. The committees formed constituted three groups; the main institution of the League that presided over the sessions, the “ad hoc” committees that carried out specific activities within the League, and the Permanent Committees that played the major roles within the League. Permanent Committees constitute Committees responsible for political matters, health matters, cultural issues, and finance and administration issues (Gui, 2013). The Arab Human Rights Committee was introduced in 2008 after the League joined the Arab Charter on Human Rights to monitor the implementation of the proposed objectives. The effectiveness of the Arab League The main reason for the formation of the Arab League was to create a platform that could enhance the existence of a good relationship between Arab states. It also aimed at protecting the independence and sovereignty of Arab states (Jedea, 2011). However, its efficiency dwindled in the past years. Its members are divided into decision making. For instance, some members supported the Soviet Union, while others backed the Western camp during the Cold War. There have also been continuous rivalries between Egypt and Iraq over the control of the League. “The hostilities between monarchies such as Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Morocco and new republics states such as Egypt, Syria, and Iraq have posed a great challenge towards its effectiveness” (Hanna, 2012). The League also portrayed some levels of weakness during the attack of Saddam by the U.S. Some of its members backed the fighting against Saddam, while others opposed it. Additionally, some of its members avoided taking sides during the war against Saddam. Politics has also crippled the effectiveness of the League; most decisions are made to the advantage of the members that voted for them. It is also evident that most passed agreements by different councils are rarely employed. Despite all these, the League portrays some signs of rejuvenation (Jedea, 2011). For instance, the League’s handling of the Libya incident “no-fly zone over Libya” proves that its members can come into consensus on crucial military issues. The seeking of guidance from it by organizations, such as NATO and the United Nations, proves that the League can be influential and effective. Additionally, its acceptance of people’s views concerning their respective administrations makes it a potential organization in the future. Reasons for the League’s effectiveness The causes for the League’s poor performance in the past decades are evident; it was guided by the desires of its members. This is evidenced by the reluctance of its members to assign enough powers to a great-national institution ( Profile: Arab League, 2013). The members of the League also loved shifting patterns of competition among themselves instead of pursuing the League’s objectives. However, its involvement in some activities has proved its effectiveness. For instance, its adoption of an activist role in 2011 portrays its desire to take control of all Arab regions. The League’s suspension and the imposition of sanctions on Syria enabled it to show the difference between the days when Arab leaders disregarded people’s opinions and the time when people’s opinions were observed to the later. The Arab League also has the desire to maintain Arabs as the control of the activities that take place within the Arab States ( Profile: Arab League , 2013). The Arab League also wants to take control of Syria before Turkey. They want to achieve this by allowing the Syria issue to remain under the control of Arabs. Additionally, the League works towards ensuring that its citizens are safe. The global performance of the Arab League The past performance of the Arab League is very poor. It contributed insignificantly towards resolving conflicts and disputes between nations. The Arab League has been showing incompetence in carrying out interventions when needed. The League also failed to address the challenges its members faced within its organization. For instance, it failed to address the issue of Islamists in Hama that took place in 1982. The League also failed to address regional issues like the ones that were taking place in Egypt. The members of the League were also biased. For instance, Amr Moussa contributed to its decision of barring Libya from attending crucial meetings, such as the League’s meetings. Additionally, the League failed in protecting the Libyans from Gadhafi’s oppression. Its slowness in addressing the Syrian issue made many people lose their lives. In addition, it made people perceive it as an unworthy institution. However, the League has shown some improvement in the past few years. For instance, it has shown the essence of not adhering to the Westphalian system of intervening with other countries’ affairs (Danin, 2011). It has also proved worldwide that Arab leaders can work without supporting the abhorrent behaviors of their fellow leaders. It has also proved to the world that Arab people can have a say on the leadership they want (Danin, 2011). Conclusion Arab League was formed in early 1945 with the intention of uniting Arab countries. Its headquarters is located in Cairo. It has 22 member states. Its formation aimed at ensuring that Arab countries had common goals. Its structure constitutes the Council of the League, Secretariat General, and the Committees. Other institutions that constitute it include the Joint Defence Council that ensures the agreements are implemented, and the Economic and Social Council that comes up with developmental objectives. The effectiveness of the Arab League has dwindled for the past few decades. Its members are ever divided into decision making. Additionally, its members are guided by their own desires. Arab League’s performance in managing conflicts has also been disappointing. However, its recent steps have been effective; it has lead to many nations doing away with the Westphalian system of intervening with other countries’ affairs. It has also shown that Arab leaders can work without supporting the abhorrent behaviors of their fellow leaders. Additionally, its recent steps have shown that it can improve in the near future. For instance, it has employed methods of overcoming the current political transitions of its member states. References Arab League . (2012). Web. Danin, R. (2011). At last, the Arab League hears the voice of the people . Web. Gui, C. (2013). Arab League presentation – infrastructure . Web. Hanna, M. (2012). The Arab League: First Steps Toward New Norms . Web. Jedea, H. (2011). The Arab League’s Evolving Role in a Restless Middle East. Web. Profile: Arab League . (2013). Web.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The Virgin Group has successfully introduced many products under the famous Virgin brand in order to take advantage of the brand's success and explore new economic areas.

The Virgin Group has successfully introduced many products under the famous Virgin brand in order to take advantage of the brand's success and explore new economic areas.

Are There Any Boundaries to the Virgin Brand Name? Case Study Table of Contents 1. Brand Development 2. Advantages 3. Disadvantages 4. Virgin’s Success 5. Conclusion 6. Work Cited Virgin Group Limited is a British conglomerate that encompasses numerous companies that provide products and services in various economic sectors that include travel, money, lifestyle, music, health care, people and planet, and alcohol. Virgin is an example of the application of the brand extension concept. A brand extension can be described as the act of introducing new products and services into different market categories using a company’s name as leverage. Branson introduced Virgin Vodka, Virgin Cola, Virgin Money, Virgin Books, Virgin Galactic, Virgin Unite, Virgin Radio International and Virgin Wines following the success of Virgin Atlantic Airways and Virgin Records. Virgin Group’s extension strategy has evolved over the years, and it involves introducing products and services in categories where consumers’ needs are not fully satisfied. Brand Development The introduction of new products is one of the most important aspects of the brand development process (Strategic Brand Management). The success of the majority of Virgin’s products can be attributed to the initial success of the company after its incorporation in the 1970s. The success of Virgin Records and Virgin Atlantic Airways solidified the position of the company in the market. Brand extension results from factors such as the need for growth, financial constraints, and stiff competition. A brand name is a valuable asset to a company (Strategic Brand Management). Therefore, introducing new products under an established name is an effective way of mitigating the aforementioned challenges. Richard Branson has introduced several products under the famous Virgin brand in order to take advantage of the brand’s success so as to explore new economic areas. Advantages Brand extensions have several advantages. They facilitate new product acceptance and provide feedback benefits to parent company by clarifying brand meaning, increasing market coverage, and revitalizing the brand (Strategic Brand Management). The failure rate of a new business is higher than that of an extension. The launch of products such as Virgin Mobile in 1999 and Virgin.com was successful because Branson introduced them by leveraging the value of the Virgin trademark. The majority of the company extensions have been successful because the acceptance of the various products has been based on the reverence accorded to the Virgin name. Successful ventures have enhanced the company’s name because customers perceive new products in the same light as existing ones. Moreover, the parent brand communicates longevity, quality, and sustainability. Extensions enhance the efficiency of promotional expenditures as fewer expenses are incurred in promoting new products (Strategic Brand Management). The Virgin Group has successfully introduced innovative businesses in various economic sectors because of the possession of a strong trademark. The quality of its products and services is perceived to be contained in its subsequent business ventures. Moreover, the conglomerate reduces the cost of product development and marketing because it does not create new brands but it invests in extensions. Products such as Virgin Money, Virgin Unite, Virgin Hotels, and Virgin Wines enhance the value of the Virgin Group as a whole. Disadvantages Brand extensions have disadvantages too. They can frustrate consumers, hurt parent brand name, and encounter retailer resistance (Strategic Brand Management). For example, the failure of Virgin Cola, Virgin Jeans, Virgin Vodka, Virgin Brides, and Virgin PCs had a negative effect on the Virgin brand. Customers’ negative experiences can affect the company’s overall brand equity. The aforementioned extensions frustrated customers because they offered products that were of lower quality than those that were in the market. The leverage of the Virgin brand did not guarantee the products’ success. These failures can be used to explain why the Virgin Group has changed its trademark extension strategy to include businesses that have the potential to generate $150 million in sales within the first three years of incorporation. Virgin’s Success The Virgin extensions have been successful because customers perceived a fit between the new products and the parent brand. Associations about the parent entity that consumers develop could play an important role in enhancing the success of extensions. These associations aid companies in promoting new products. Quality is also another important factor that determines the success of extensions. High-quality brands experience higher rates of success that average-quality brands. The failure of extensions such as Virgin Vodka and Virgin Jeans can be attributed to the ease of product manufacture. Brand extension is difficult when it involves products that consumers perceive as easy to produce. This can be illustrated from the failure of virgin Group’s extension into jeans, vodka, cola, and clothing. Virgin Galactic and Virgin Oceanic were successfully launched because they offer services that are perceived as unique and not easily duplicated. Conclusion The Virgin brand has existed for many decades and it represents the Virgin Group’s commitment to offer high quality products and services to consumers. This commitment to quality has allowed the company to pursue its brand extension strategy by launching products in numerous economic sectors. The strategy has been highly successful despite a number of failures. Certain extensions failed and served as an indication that even though Virgin had a strong presence in the market, launching products in certain sectors was detrimental to the company’s overall value. Work Cited Strategic Brand Management: Brand Extensions . Lecture 7. PowerPoint presentation.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: Armand Feigenbaum was a passionate engineer and businessperson who contributed immensely to the theory and practice of quality control management. His inventions and frameworks assisted multiple companies globally to install and successfully maintain quality in their production facilities for which Feigenbaum became famous and revered among modern scholars. This paper discussed several of his major theoretical achievements such as total quality management, hidden factory concept, quality accountability, and quality costs which are all used in today's enterprise management.

Armand Feigenbaum was a passionate engineer and businessperson who contributed immensely to the theory and practice of quality control management. His inventions and frameworks assisted multiple companies globally to install and successfully maintain quality in their production facilities for which Feigenbaum became famous and revered among modern scholars. This paper discussed several of his major theoretical achievements such as total quality management, hidden factory concept, quality accountability, and quality costs which are all used in today's enterprise management.

Armand Feigenbaum’s Theoretical Achievements Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Total Quality Management 3. Hidden Factory Concept 4. Quality Accountability 5. Quality Costs 6. Conclusion 7. Reference List Introduction Armand Feigenbaum was a passionate engineer and businessperson who contributed immensely to the theory and practice of quality control management. His inventions and frameworks assisted multiple companies globally to install and successfully maintain quality in their production facilities for which Feigenbaum became famous and revered among modern scholars. This paper will discuss several of his major theoretical achievements such as total quality management, hidden factory concept, quality accountability, and quality costs which are all used in today’s enterprise management. Total Quality Management Total Quality Management (TQM) became one of the greatest paradigmatic changes in quality control due to its comprehensive nature that allowed to centralize and imbue into one framework all quality-related actions and procedures. TQM is an approach to quality management that is centered on the improvements across all structural levels of functioning in the organization (Lohrmann & Reichert 2010). Among the key principles, there is the view that quality depends on customer’s views, the responsibility of management for quality improvement initiatives, and other axioms. This model allowed to curb the costs of production of service or goods (Sadikoglu & Olcay 2014). It also inspired other prominent quality management frameworks such as Six Sigma (Jourabchi et al. 2014). This is why it still holds significant weight in the history of QM development. Hidden Factory Concept Another addition of Feigenbaum to the quality control theory is the concept of a hidden factory. It is a theoretical notion designed for clarifying the importance of quality control. Essentially, it imbues the idea that all the obscure processes that occur during the process of correcting errors are voluminous enough to account as a separate factory. In terms of practical application, the concept contributes greatly to managers accepting the importance of quality control initiatives (Rødseth & Schjølberg 2014). The pragmatism inspired by this concept brought greater flexibility and decreased cost of conversion once the firm realizes its critical weak points and corrects them which benefited the variety of quality management as an array of business solutions. Quality Accountability The notion of quality accountability may seem simple yet also holds great value to quality management due to its priority-setting nature. The concept basically conveys the idea that despite the fact that quality should be accounted for on all levels, the responsibility for all of minor and major initiatives should be at the higher executive level (Beckford 2016). The great contribution of quality accountability resides with its benefit of greater organizational transparency and structural straightforwardness where each individual or body is assigned a specific place in the hierarchy of quality management. Quality Costs Prior to the introduction of the quality costs notion, it was generally perceived that higher quality equals higher expenses (Dale & Plunkett 2017). This concept provided cost assessment instruments and overall clarity to the quality spendings management. As the notion introduced categorization and grouping of different costs and quality initiatives, companies could have a better-structured way to analyze and optimize their budgets (Warzecha 2017). Naturally, the process of calculation of this new indicator produced a need for reporting which enhanced accountability of organizations, made them more transparent and allowed for greater internal and external appraisal potential. Conclusion All in all, the impact of Armand Feigenbaum, the author of multiple innovative concepts and frameworks, to the sphere of quality management is truly unique. Total quality management brought many organizations improved customer satisfaction and reduction in manufacturing costs. The hidden factory concept increased clarity among managers about the need for quality management. Its flexibility allowed for its seamless integration to other models. Quality accountability and costs contributed significantly to establishing transparency in business sphere and clarified quality control. Despite major sophistication, these concepts ushered new framework-related improvements and systematized the existing knowledge along the lines of quality-firm performance dichotomy. Reference List 1. Beckford, J 2016, Quality: a critical introduction , 4th edn, Taylor & Francis, New York, NY. 2. Dale, BG & Plunkett, JJ 2017, Quality costing , 3rd edn, Taylor & Francis, New York, NY. 3. Jourabchi, SMM, Arabian, T, Leman, Z & Ismail, MYB 2014, ‘Contribution of lean and Six Sigma to effective cost of quality management’, International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management , vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 149–165. 4. Lohrmann, M & Reichert, M 2010, Basic considerations on business process quality . Web. 5. Rødseth, H & Schjølberg, P 2014, ‘The importance of asset management and hidden factory for integrated planning’, Advanced Materials Research , vol. 1039, pp. 577-584. 6. Sadikoglu, E & Olcay, H 2014, ‘The effects of total quality management practices on performance and the reasons of and the barriers to TQM practices in Turkey’, Advances in Decision Sciences , vol. 2014, pp. 1-17. 7. Warzecha, B 2017, The problem with quality management , Verlag für Planung und Organisation, Berlin, Germany.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: This paper reflects on the author's experiences with a recent course on artificial intelligence for diabetes management. The course helped to improve their knowledge about AI and its ethical, social, and security implications.

This paper reflects on the author's experiences with a recent course on artificial intelligence for diabetes management. The course helped to improve their knowledge about AI and its ethical, social, and security implications.

Artificial Intelligence for Diabetes: Project Experiences Essay (Critical Writing) Table of Contents 1. Capstone Experience 2. Course Experience 3. Project Management 4. Challenges 5. Future Expectations 6. Conclusion In the field of health care, many interesting and challenging topics have to be regularly investigated. An understanding of recent discoveries and achievements is not enough to successfully take a course and develop a project. Many tasks have to be done before writing an academic paper, during a working process, and when cooperation is over. In this reflective report, attention will be paid to the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in health care and diabetes management, in particular. This course has specific goals and outcomes, and this paper aims at discussing the peculiarities of the obtained capstone experience, reflecting on the experiences through the course, and describing project management evaluations. Despite the existing challenges and concerns, this course helps to improve my knowledge about AI and its ethical, social, and security implications. At the end of this reflective practice report, I plan to recognize my strengths and weaknesses in terms of team-working on the project about AI in diabetic retinopathy detection (DRD) and want to determine my future expectations from the chosen course. Capstone Experience The core issue of this course included the use of AI techniques and cybersecurity in health care. I began my capstone project by giving a definition and researching the idea of AI with its advantages and threats in different spheres of life, including its direct and indirect impacts on people. Then, I had to narrow down a topic and make sure it was connected to AI innovations that could be implemented in health care. In my last project, I identified that diabetes is a serious public health issue that requires social and financial expenses to be properly diagnosed and treated. Diabetic retinopathy is one of the complications that may be prevented with the help of computerized image assessment, and AI is a solution that may be implemented. I studied several academic works and research projects to clarify what has already been known about the use of AI techniques in DRD practices and create a solid background for my capstone project. Much time and certain efforts were spent to configure the AI algorithm for DPD and define dataset and pre-processing considerations. Pre- and post-tests had to be done, and definite numbers were available to understand what results must be achieved, and what biases and errors needed to be avoided. In this case, I discovered such challenges as data volume (transmission capacities to work with gigabytes), external interference (poor image handling), and image processing (poor quality and mismatched tags). Also, my task was to work with possible social, ethical, and security implications linked with AI use. Such concepts as innovation, mechanization, and technology utilization determined the quality of work that had to be done. Some mechanic mistakes cannot be ignored in such projects because AI algorithms have nothing in common with ethics or legal liabilities. Therefore, as an author of the capstone project, I had to promote safety, transparency, equity, and privacy predict and control biases, and cooperate with patients and healthcare workers to make sure this idea worked effectively. Course Experience After my work on a capstone project was over, I got an opportunity to look at what I did and compare my results with the goals and expected outcomes of the course. AI is a broad topic that can be applied in different fields for a variety of purposes. This course made students develop their detailed knowledge and critical understanding of human possibilities within AI technologies. Activities were divided into several sections, including the necessity to cover all the technical aspects of AI in DPD practice, discuss ethical issues of the study, investigate the role of the government in AI control, and focus on practical applications of the gained theoretical knowledge. To succeed in taking this course, I understood that my priorities should not be focused on one or two aspects of AI in health care. I had to combine theoretical and practical knowledge, use various case studies with AI solutions, and pay attention to both successful and failed projects developed in the past. It was not an easy task, and much time was spent surfing the web and visit local libraries. Communication with technical experts helped me to improve my awareness of Python programming and observe how to apply AI in a working environment. Finally, AI technologies touch upon the achievements in many spheres of life, and the role of the government cannot be neglected. This body plays an important role in establishing regulations and norms to control human behaviors and the impact on technologies in everyday life. Diabetes is a disease that has already changed the lives of millions of people around the world, and the governments of different countries observe the results that have been achieved and must be demonstrated. This course was a unique opportunity for me to comprehend what I can personally do to contribute to the healthcare system of my country as a technician and a medical worker. I am satisfied with the experience I received and try not to stop in the chosen direction. Project Management Another important aspect of this course was the necessity to develop organizational skills and work in a team. Project management turned out to be an integral part of the working process. For an author of a capstone project, such tasks like editing, proofreading, referencing, structuring, and formatting took much time. Although content had to be properly introduced and expanded in the paper, other details were also a part of a rubric and determined a final grade. Working in a team was not a new assignment for me, but this time it was challenged by the necessity to combine my medical background, communication skills, technical knowledge, and cooperation. My behavior depended on the roles I should perform during the course. When I need to write a section in a project, I tried to be attentive and follow all the given requirements and recommendations. In a team, I was not a leader, but my creativity and knowledge were useful for other members, and my opinion was respected. Other students shared their experiences and introduced interesting approaches and ideas. AI in DPD was not out the primary topic, but we came to it after thorough research about AI in the fields of medicine and health. Our cooperation and the chosen team dynamics that “better go about than fall into the ditch” took more time, but it made us confident in every decision. Challenges One of the major challenges during this for me was the evaluation of the work done by other members of a team and me. Despite our progress and the ability to answer project questions, some students were confused when the time to proofread the work done came. It was hard to identify the errors in my work because I believed that everything was good. Then, one of our co-participants admitted that good was not enough. We need to achieve perfect results with a perfect idea. Therefore, my new objective was to strengthen my critical abilities, analytical skills, and evaluations. In addition to reading the studies about diabetes and the use of AI for visual impairment control, I found several past projects in our facility and learned the way of how similar projects were organized. As a result, it was possible to assess the work of the rest of the team and find out what they thought about my progress. Future Expectations Taking into consideration the already made achievements and the experience in working with a team, I am going to think about my future projects and the skills that have to be enhanced. For example, I understand that my writing depends on how well I can organize my work and cooperate with people. Therefore, such qualities as a positive attitude towards every activity, and independent and group thinking are those I need to develop and improve constantly. Being an independent researcher and discoverer is not an easy task in modern science, technology, and medicine. Cooperation and AI knowledge play a critical role in any academic work. My mistakes and obstacles during this course were not in vain. I worked hard to achieve perfect results and demonstrate the high quality of this research. Ethics, security, and the protection of personal information are also considerations that contribute to the creation of a good capstone project. I will improve my learning by reading new academic literature and communicating with writing experts. Conclusion This course became a good chance for me to observe what I can do with the already obtained knowledge and what I will be able to do if I continue my education. A working process was not easy, but all the challenges made me stronger as a writer and a researcher. My work in a team had certain benefits because it helped me to improve my communication and assessment skills and define a new scope of creativity and enthusiasm. Now I can say that I am ready for new tasks.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The text discusses the use of artificial intelligence in healthcare delivery and the control of side effects. It examines the motivations for deploying the technology in human services, information types analysed by AI frameworks, components that empower clinical outcomes and disease types. The benefits of AI have been discussed in different works of literature.

The text discusses the use of artificial intelligence in healthcare delivery and the control of side effects. It examines the motivations for deploying the technology in human services, information types analysed by AI frameworks, components that empower clinical outcomes and disease types. The benefits of AI have been discussed in different works of literature.

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Delivery and Control Side Effects Report Abstract The human eye is viewed as the most powerless organ to be influenced by diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy is a complex phase of diabetes and is separated into two stages. Invasion in the optical layer is the fundamental explanation behind the disintegration of visual impairment. Over the years, therapies for diabetic retinopathy treatment concentrated on controlling side effects and halting the weakening of visual impairment. However, with the advancement of technologies in eye medical procedure, treatment plans try to restore the patient’s vision to full recovery. This report presents the status of AI in healthcare delivery and the motivations of deploying the technology in human services, information types analysed by AI frameworks, components that empower clinical outcomes and disease types. The benefits of AI have been discussed in different works of literature. AI can utilise advanced algorithms to evaluate components from a vast volume of human service information, and use the acquired knowledge to help clinical practice. The technology can be upgraded with learning and self-redressing capacities to improve its precision based on patient diagnosis. AI frameworks assist doctors by giving current restorative data from diaries, course readings and clinical practices to advise appropriate patient care. Consequently, the AI framework can decrease unavoidable demonstrative and remedial blunders in clinical exercise. Objectives of the AI System Artificial intelligence (AI) is expanding with many advantages for economies, social orders, networks, and people. AI innovations improve efficiency and making new items and administrations. These innovations are connected in areas of retail, assembling, diversion, pharmaceuticals, training and transport. In simple terms, artificial intelligence means to copy human psychological capacities. It is conveying a change in perspective to social insurance, controlled by expanding accessibility of human services information and quick advancement of examination procedures. AI can be connected to kinds of human service information. Prevalent AI procedures incorporate machine-learning strategies for classified information, for example, the traditional vector machine, neural system and deep learning for unstructured data (Mirsharif, Tajeripour, & Pourreza, 2013). Significant ailment territories that use AI devices incorporate cancer, nervous system science and cardiology. As a result, artificial intelligence supports early recognition, diagnosis, forecast and visualisation evaluation. In an endeavour to beat impediments inborn in automated diagnosis, specialists have done projects that reenact human thinking. Expectations that such a technique would prompt significant benefit have not been reported, yet many challenges have been explained. Methodologies have been created to confine the number of speculations that a program must consider and fuse pathophysiologic thinking. The technology allows an application to examine cases that affect the introduction of another anomaly. Models encapsulating such thinking can clarify their decisions in medical terms. Despite these advances, further research and formative endeavours should be conducted to perfect AI technologies. Opportunity in AI Proposed Project The capacity to represent the human personality and conduct complex evaluation is named artificial intelligence. Given the difficulties and unpredictability related to AI, numerous analysts directed their concentration toward narrow AI, which is the capacity to conduct specific assignments. AI procedures have sent huge waves over healthcare insurance, fuelling a functioning view of whether AI specialists will displace human doctors. Although machines cannot replace human doctors, AI can help doctors settle on better clinical choices or even supplant human judgment in certain useful territories such as radiology (Yazid, Arof, & Isa, 2012). The expanding accessibility of human service information and quick improvement of big data strategies supports the ongoing applications of artificial intelligence in healthcare services. Guided by important clinical inquiries, AI systems can explain clinical challenges and diagnoses. The breakthrough in science would improve clinical decision-making. This report presents the status of AI in healthcare delivery and the motivations of deploying the technology in human services, information types analysed by AI frameworks, components that empower clinical outcomes and disease types. The benefits of AI have been discussed in different works of literature. AI can utilise advanced algorithms to evaluate components from a vast volume of human service information, and use the acquired knowledge to help clinical practice (Raja & Gangatharan, 2015). The technology can be upgraded with learning and self-redressing capacities to improve its precision based on patient diagnosis. AI frameworks assist doctors by giving current restorative data from diaries, course readings and clinical practices to advise appropriate patient care. Consequently, the AI framework can decrease unavoidable demonstrative and remedial blunders in clinical exercise. To justify the AI Powered Solution Quality HealthCare Delivery Computer-based intelligence can be used in arranging and asset assignment in health institutions and social administrations. For instance, the IBM Watson solution improves cost-effectiveness. The AI engineered system matches people with an appropriate physician that addresses their issues based on the assigned financial plan. It additionally structures personal health plans and offers insights for resource management. Artificial intelligence has been deployed to improve the client experience. The application recognises patient tensions before a visit, give data on interest, and furnish clinicians with information to deliver proper treatment. Clinical Study Artificial intelligence can be utilised to examine and recognise designs in substantial and complex datasets (Weng, Reps, Kai, Garibaldi, & Qureshi, 2017). AI technology has improved task delivery, enhance quick asset deployment for emergencies. Based on its advantages, AI has been used to examine the logical literature for appropriate investigations and to consolidate various types of information for a drug study. Artificial intelligence frameworks utilised in human services could be significant for restorative research by coordinating appropriate patients for clinical studies. Healthcare Delivery Computer-based intelligence supports human diagnosis. Utilising AI to dissect clinical information, examine distributions, and proficient rules could educate the physician on the choice of treatment. Conceivable employments of AI in clinical consideration include clinical imaging, echocardiography, testing for neurological conditions and surgery. Healthcare Applications A few applications that utilise AI to offer customised clinical evaluations and home consideration guidance has been invented. The application, Ada Health Companion uses artificial intelligence to provide accurate diagnoses. Data instruments run by artificial intelligence aid the administration of unending ailments. AI technologies assist physicians through communications with patients to give customised data and guidance concerning treatment therapy, drug use, and exercise. Government-subsidized and business activities are investigating courses in which AI could be utilised to control mechanical frameworks and applications to help individuals living with memory challenges. As a result, AI in human services and research, conceivably decrease requests on caregivers and family support groups. General Health AI can be utilised to help early recognition of disease epidemics. Artificial intelligence has been employed to foresee antagonistic medication responses, which are assessed to cause up to 6.5 per cent of medical clinic affirmations in the UAE. Based on these justifications for proposal, this report will discuss the importance of artificial intelligence for screening diabetic retinopathy. Links with Strategic Goals of the Sponsoring Organization It is notable that eye defects and complications can be analysed through non-obtrusive imaging of the retina. Early screening for diabetic retinopathy is critical because it prevents visual impairment. Such detection additionally provides information about other cardiovascular sickness caused by primary diseases. The requirement for such screening and the need for accurate examination motivate the objective of this report. Routine imaging for detection utilises the exceptionally planned optics of a ‘fundus camera,’ with pictures taken at various angles. Appraisal of the photograph requires specialists. However, technology development has introduced advanced digital recording of retina photographs (Niemeijer, Abràmoff, & van Ginneken, 2009). The transformational advancement in digital retinal picture examination, utilising various branches of AI has been demonstrated. For example, deep learning model improves imaging outcomes. Objectives of the Report Financial, social, and therapeutic expenses of diabetes are substantial medical issues. It is troublesome that cardiovascular difficulties concerning diabetes affect the patient’s recovery phase. Therefore, diagnoses, classification of diabetes and treatment therapy are essential to research issues in clinical studies. An imperative complexity of diabetes is called diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is a complication that causes visual interference. However, first examination and treatment are critical to prevent visual impairment conditions. Thus, mass screening of diabetic patients is profoundly alluring. Computerised image assessment can be a reliable tool in aiding diagnoses comprising diabetic retinopathy and specific forms of muscular deterioration (Lu et al., 2018). The first approach examines and quantifies symptoms of the ailment like human diagnosis. The second approach is to enable the system to establish its evaluation using different samples. Thus, incorporating AI in the identification of retina disease diagnosis will replace these traditional techniques and provide accurate results. Aiming for zero error and precision is the primary goal of the AI solution. Although individuals are sometimes resistant to development, this type of technology will minimise the impediments to access screening and care, thus, mitigating blindness. Diabetic Retinopathy in the UAE As indicated by the most recent statistics, the level of diabetes in the UAE has achieved 19.2%. The human eye is viewed as the most powerless organ to be influenced by diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy is a complex phase of diabetes and is separated into two stages. Invasion in the optical layer is the fundamental explanation behind the disintegration of visual impairment. Over the years, therapies for diabetic retinopathy treatment concentrated on controlling side effects and halting the weakening of visual impairment. However, with the advancement of technologies in eye medical procedure, treatment plans try to restore the patient’s vision to full recovery. With the goal to control the rising frequency of diabetes, the Dubai Diabetes Center (DDC) plans to present AI to distinguish retinopathy, initiate tele-checking of patients who miss their arrangements and present corpulence centres in the Emirate. According to global standards, a patient requires fourteen retinal pictures for cross-examination (Vega, Sanchez-Ante, Falcon-Morales, Sossa, & Guevara, 2015). The assessed number of analysed diabetics in the UAE surpasses one million. To decipher more than 16 million photographs for each year will require more than 70 eye specialists daily. However, deep learning framework (DLS) can cross-examine diabetic retinopathy and related eye challenges utilising retinal pictures with a high level of precision. Therefore, AI deployment in the UAE would encourage retinopathy screening many patients, manage resources, cost, and save time. The utilisation of artificial intelligence in the location of diabetic retinopathy can revolutionise screen patterns and improve the quality of healthcare delivery. With this technology, ophthalmologists will need to examine flagged images, unlike screening retina images. Diabetes is a sickness that requires multidisciplinary attention. The coherence of consideration is a fundamental attribute because every patient visits the same expert. Because of the persistent expansion of patients, the number of existing clients has increased, causing delays and expenditures for disappointed customers. Thus, upgrading existing offices with AI systems will enhance healthcare delivery. Current Challenges (DR Barometer: UAE Report) Time For all health care professionals, the average waiting time for an appointment was less than one week (32%), or between one week and a month (32%). For an interview with an ophthalmologist, it was usually between a week and a month for 50% of practices, but for a further 25% of the methods, the wait time was less than one week. 1. There were long wait times for appointments to see doctors and specialists (27%). 2. Physicians saw an average of 182 patients per week and 57% (on average) of their patients had diabetes. 3. Ophthalmologists screened fewer patients each week (74) and (46%) patients had diabetes. 4. Ophthalmologists reported that the most significant challenges for improving patient outcomes in DED were a late diagnosis (67%, n=2). 5. On average, 34% of patients seen by ophthalmologists had DR and 24% DME. 6. The most common waiting time for a screening appointment for DED is less than one week (67%). Cost Patients revealed that the cost of care was the primary challenge in controlling diabetes (44%). Agents and Beneficiaries of AIMS-DRD Primary healthcare givers are the agents of AIMS-DRD. They conduct daily and routine checks based on patient need. As a result, they provide eye education to patients and encourage them to inform their family member and friends on the need for an eye examination. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy is caused by inadequate eye education. People do not see the need to conduct a routine eye check, and those who undergo the examinations do not allow the follow-up sessions. Thus, the agents of this program must educate using various sensitisation campaigns. Related Works Wong (2017) studied the role of deep learning systems in patient diagnosis. The authors were motivated because the diseases passed the requirement for screening. Diabetic retinopathy is a health challenge that grows into a complex disease. Therefore, the screening and treatment process is considered the safest therapy for patients with the disease. The authors concluded that deep learning systems improved the quality of life of patients suffering from diabetic retinopathy. Vidal-Alaball, Royo, Zapata, Marin-Gomez, and Solans (2019) investigated the algorithm of AI screening. The researchers tested patients with DR. The goal was to build the algorithm for indicators of DR in diabetic patients and approve the screening device for public use. The authors recommended the AI algorithm to improve screening efficiency and accuracy. Lu et al. (2018) described the improvement and approval of an artificial intelligence-based technology for diabetic retinopathy. The authors deployed a neural system to test images of DR patients. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers suggested that DLA could be utilised with precision in the discovery of eye defects. The innovation improves the effectiveness of DR screening systems. Kanagasingam et al. (2018) conducted a study to describe the execution of an AI framework for diabetic retinopathy. The results revealed the benefits and difficulties of utilising AI frameworks to diagnose diabetes. The challenges include lower rate of infection, incorrect measurement indicator and poor picture quality. The authors concluded that further assessments of AI frameworks in essential consideration are required. AI Opportunity in Diabetic Retinopathy Distinctive screening modalities performed by various professionals will deliver variations in outcome. Clinicians have to screen diabetic retinopathy accurately to prevent permanent blindness. Appropriate education among caregivers is fundamental. The challenges of poor management include poor screening programs, inadequate infrastructures and poor patient history. Artificial intelligence opportunity in diabetic retinopathy empowers specialists to order the retinal pictures successfully. Consequently, to build a diabetic retinopathy-screening framework, successful methods of picture processing must be utilised (Schlegl et al., 2018). AI enhanced screening and diagnosis in ophthalmology amplifies the specialists’ job. Nevertheless, AI offers the patients innovative opportunities, reducing hindrances to access eye care where an ophthalmologist is not accessible. The technology demonstrates the possibility to assuage the overburdened human services (Khojasteh, Aliahmad, Arjunan, & Kumar, 2018). The AI system supports algorithms that can naturally build a model of complex connections by preparing standardised practices of disease diagnosis (Abràmoff et al., 2016). The system relies on repeated learning to develop its databases for accurate diagnosis. The machine learning requires a substantial number of retina images in its database (Keel et al., 2017). Similarly, it is pivotal that element determination or extraction requires much experience. Dubai Health Authority The annual costs for treating people with type2 diabetes is expected to rise to $563 million (AED 2.07 billion) by 2020 with an additional $89 million (AED 327 million) spent on type 1. Undiagnosed diabetes will cost $303 million (AED 1.11 billion), and another $84 million (AED 309 million) will be spent treating people with pre-diabetes at $1.04 billion (AED 5.14 billion). The analysis of healthcare costs more than ten years after the implementation of interventions for pre-diabetes and diabetes in the UAE. The gross savings range from $156 million (AED 573 million) to $1.22 billion (AED 4.5 billion) without the cost of implementation. Using AI and deep learning systems to automate screening has shown tremendous promise. The global healthcare system is overburdened, and the role of AI is seen as the disrupting force to alleviate this problem. The solution will work on deep learning model to detect diabetic retinopathy and other abnormalities in the fundus by initiating a pilot project with the Dubai Health Authority (DHA) to demonstrate the efficacy of this system. Based on the outcome of the pilot project, national expansion can be envisaged, and the hope of making UAE the first nation to offer AI based screening to its citizens can be realised. Patient Journey: Current Process Assume a globally standardised workflow, where a patient arrives at the facility to see a clinical assistant who takes the patient for screening. At this stage, a trained operator takes images of the eyes and either render them onto a computer monitor or takes a printout for the ophthalmologist to examine and review the results. The patient’s journey shows the process for appointment. The stages include registration check, meeting with the ophthalmologist assistance and examination by the ophthalmologist. However, these processes come with its challenges. As shown in figure 2, the patient’s journey could be rescheduled if the physician is busy or the client does not meet the requirement during registration. The branches of AI include deep learning systems, machine learning, neural network, convolutional neural network (CNN) and supervised learning model (Lee, Taylor, Kalpathy-Cramer, & Tufail, 2017). Each branch of AI has its unique features and similarities. For example, CNN uses retina images as its input. This feature supports the forward function of the screening program. The process as shown in the BPMN diagram shows the stages of the appointment, which start with the first visit. After registration, eye drops are administered to prepare the retina for cross-examination. A nurse who then refers the patient to the physician for medication process then takes the images. Proposed Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) To facilitate the volume of patients expected for screening an automated solution is being proposed by Artelus Software House LLC. As shown in fig. 2, the BPMN displays the flowchart of the business process. Fig. 2: BPMN flowchart. In this context, the patient retina images are evaluated using the deep learning model. Diabetic Retinopathy Detection System (DRDS) is an AI system, which has been designed and developed using deep learning, machine learning and applying AI algorithms to detect the presence of DR in patients during fundus examination screening. This computer-aided diagnostic and detection tool increases the efficiency of the healthcare providers by enabling them to offer higher quality care without overburdening the system (Cios & William Moore, 2002). Solutions using deep learning equations have a higher rate of accuracy compared with other forms of screening. This software is straightforward to use with a user-friendly interface. It captures and analyses retina images within 15 seconds and prints the report. These reports can also be mailed to patients if required or stored in the local EMR. This sort of technology will be a good scheme in the UAE’s multi-pronged strategy to combat diabetes. * Reduce cost. This product will help the government bring down the cost of treating diabetic patients. In the UAE, the current price per person with diabetes is $2,155.90.2 * Save time. The proposed process saves time for both the patient and physician. * Patient benefit. Fringe benefits to Patients by saving their time and cost in consulting doctors will be achieved. Assuming the same standardised workflow, we are showing how this solution eliminates steps from the workflow thereby accruing benefits to the system. Figure 1 shows the strategy of the proposed technology. Fig. 1: Proposed technology. The procedure will reduce the role of nurse capturing the images and instead replace them with AI scans. An advantage with this technology is the ability to store the data even for other uses. The image capturing is now automated to AIMS-DRD capture mode, which is an application of machine learning. The proposed model shows an automated screening pattern. The patient visits the vision centre and profiles for the AIM-DRD capture. The consult ophthalmologist will review the image analysis. Software Process Modeling There are many deep learning models used for image capture. For the proposed solutions, this paper would discuss machine learning and neural networks. Machine Learning Machine learning deals with the development and investigation of frameworks that process information from databases. The algorithms of this procedure utilise computational strategy to handle data without depending on a foreordained equation (Yun et al., 2008). The algorithms adaptively improve their execution as the number of tests accessible for processing increases. The assumptions of machine learning state that the program information based on experience E from some tasks T and execution measure P, if its execution of assignments in T as estimated by P, improves with experience E. The focus of machine learning manages representation and speculation. Representing the information cases and capacities assessed on these examples are components of the machine-learning framework (Krizhevsky, Sutskever, & Hinton, 2017). Machine learning power is the ability of the AI system to perform effectively in new and inconspicuous information activities having processed the knowledge database. Data processing precedents originate for prediction and the specialist must design a general model that empowers the system to create accurate forecast (Takahashi, Tampo, Arai, Inoue, & Kawashima, 2017). The efficiency of machine learning speculation is assessed based on the capacity to repeat the process accurately (Vayena, Blasimme, & Cohen, 2018). Two fundamental types of machine learning include supervised and unsupervised learning models. Supervised Learning Model As the name implies, it is the task of construing a capacity for supervised processing information. Processing information for administered learning incorporates many models with combined data subjects and estimated yield (Krause et al., 2018). A monitored process evaluates the processing data and produces a derived capacity, which is called the regressed function (Gupta & Chhikara, 2018). By implication, the regressed function should decode the right yield for any input image. This requires the learning system to speculate from the processing information to unknown circumstances in a fixed pattern. A straightforward similarity to the supervised model is the connection between a student and an instructor. The instructor discusses a topic for a specific discipline. The instructor provides a different set of questions and solutions to areas of concentration. Finally, the instructor sets a test paper to evaluate the student’s performance. The SLM acquires information from images and processed output. When the processing data is completed, new photographs are uploaded into the model, and the framework creates the yield utilising knowledge it picked from its terminal. The supervised learning system operates with this function. Algorithms: Neural Networks The neural network is a subclass of algorithms that manage different model in AI. Many machine-learning models are striking for being versatile. Each hub of the neural system has its circle of information about guidelines and functionalities to create its algorithms through encounters gained from past procedures that do not depend on neural networks (Tarassenko & Watkinson, 2018). Neural systems are appropriate for distinguishing non-direct designs, as in examples where there is no connection between the information and yield. Versatile loads describe neural systems along channels between neurons that can be altered by a learning equation created from observed processes and database. The system uses an appropriate cost function to evaluate the input algorithms (Crossland et al., 2016). Concisely, it can modify itself to the changing conditions as it gains from the learning field and unknown data terminals. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) CNN is a modelled algorithm that collects images, assigns weights to each input and have the capacity to separate one input from the other (Alaskar, Hussain, Al-Aseem, Liatsis, & Al-Jumeily, 2019). The startup phase of a CNN model is much lower when contrasted with different algorithms. A CNN model can process image attributes and characteristics. The design of a ConvNet is similar to that of the human mind and invigorated by the association of the visual cortex (Xu, Feng, & Mi, 2017). The neuron system reacts to improvements in a confined area called the receptive field. An accumulation of such fields covers the optical zone. In situations of double images, the strategy may demonstrate an average score while performing a forecast of classes. The technique will have little effect on complex models. Thus, CNN can capture the conditions in a picture through the application of significant filters (Tsao, Chan, & Su, 2018). The design allows a superior fitting to the picture dataset because of the decrease in the number of values and reusability of loads. As a result, the system can be prepared to comprehend the advancement of images within the visual zone. The system categorises pictures into a structure, which is easy to process without losing attributes vital for accurate evaluation. This property is important to designers who create effective systems in learning and scalable to many images. The goal of the operation is to extricate specific features from the information picture. The screening of the DR has attracted many considerations with studies, experimenting scale-aneurysm, exudation and neo-vascularisation discovery. Most of these studies utilise the fundus pictures as the sampled data. The system collects images named with symptomatic lesions, separate their qualities and assemble a model. Based on the constructed model, the system can distinguish the new input and predict an accurate output. Imani, Pourreza and Banaee (2015) structured a procedure to identify vein vessels using a morphological analysis. The cycle of model construction as shown in figure 3, starts with data cleansing and processing. The next phase begins with model training using a machine-learning algorithm. Once the constructed model is completed, the system can predict DR variations considering the result of accuracy. Fig. 3: CNN Model. Software Process Model: Agile Approach and Reinforcement Learning The agile approach assist developers respond to uncertainty. Reinforcement learning (RL) is the teaching of AI models to predict informed outputs. The specialist studies how to accomplish an objective in an unsure complex condition (Jackson, Yaqub, & Li, 2019). In RL, artificial intelligence faces a diversion-like circumstance. The automated system utilises experimentation to concoct an answer to the challenge. The system is designed to collect rewards or punishment for the activities it performs. It will probably amplify the reward. Although the specialist sets the reward function, they give the model no indication or recommendation on how to understand each task. It depends on the model to determine how to accumulate the reward, beginning from the preliminaries and completing with advanced strategies and superhuman aptitudes (Jackson et al., 2019). By utilising the intensity of repeated trials, RL is an effective method to indicate machine inventiveness. Thus, AI can accumulate knowledge from parallel interactive tasks if the RL algorithm operates on strong system infrastructure. Dataset and Pre-Processing Consideration When configuring the AI algorithm, diverse emphases and training will be directed on the equivalent dataset. Before beginning each new configuration, the convolutional neural network will be utilised randomly. The data set will be divided into two sets, comprising 80% of the pictures for the pre-processing phase and 20% for the approval stage. A data set of 80% will be sufficient to prevent alteration in parameter estimation. Utilising the remaining 20% for cross-approval will be enough to maintain a strategic distance in the measurement metric. Based on the outcome of the first test (pre-processing and approval), the system will modify the ratio of 80/20. After each configuring process, the estimated values of precision and loss for each phase will be documented. The system will produce a graphical representation of estimations of exactness and misfortune, both for the pre-processing dataset and the approval dataset (Jackson et al., 2019). With these diagrams, the architect will extricate useful data to know the numbers of successful training sessions, regardless of whether the learning rate is sufficient. With the approval dataset, the designer will compute true positives (TPs), true negatives (TN), false positives (FPs) and false negatives (FNs). Using a picture-by-picture design can be used to rename and evaluate the specimen. During the proposed patient journey, the assigned physicians will assess the fundus pictures and report their discoveries in the electronic clinical notes. The report will be collated and tagged with patient identification. OPT retina will be used to load the dataset on a web application. The pictures will become accessible for the AI prediction and human specialists to revalidate and characterise the investigation (Jackson et al., 2019). A blinded twofold appraisal by the retina experts will reduce errors or contradictions. Once the study is finalised, the findings will be renamed using verifiable identification to ascertain the execution measurements for the examinations. The experts will quantify the execution of the AI model utilising the open Messidor-2 dataset. * Sensitivity or genuine positive rate=TP/ (TP+FN) * Specificity or genuine negative rate=TN/ (TN+FP) * Accuracy= (TP+TN) / (TP+FP+FN+TN) * Where ACU = Area under the collector curve. Table 1: Training Algorithm. Remark Test values Bad test 0.5, 0.6 Regular test 0.6, 0.75 Good test 0.75, 0.9 Very good test 0.9, 0.97 Excellent test 0.97, 1 Sources of Error or Bias Arising from the Expected Data Sources The challenges of failure resulting from the predicted data sources include data volume, handling capacity, external interference, image quality, mismatched tags and class distribution. Data Volume It is difficult to exchange and store gigabytes of pictures. For this challenge, the research would enlist Amazon Web Ltd to acquire the transmission capacity and storage ability to protect the enormous volume of specimen data. Image Processing Capacity The iterative process of deep learning systems forces huge expense, cost, time and resource infrastructure. The system will be designed to match images with low resolutions to mitigate image-processing capacity. External Interference Specimen errors include mismatched images, poor image handling, poor image quality, and class distribution. This challenge can be prevented with accurate recording skill and job efficiency. Proposed Machine Learning Model: Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) CNN is a modelled algorithm that collects images, assigns weights to each input and have the capacity to separate one input from the other. The startup phase of a CNN model is much lower when contrasted with different algorithms. A CNN model can process image attributes and characteristics. The design of a ConvNet is similar to that of the human mind and invigorated by the association of the visual cortex. The neuron system reacts to improvements in a confined area called the receptive field. An accumulation of such fields covers the optical zone. In situations of double images, the strategy may demonstrate an average score while performing a forecast of classes (Akyol, Sen, & Bayır, 2016). CNN captures the conditions in a picture through the application of significant filters (Lakhani & Sundaram, 2017). The design allows a superior fitting to the picture dataset because of the decrease in the number of values and reusability of loads. As a result, the system can be prepared to comprehend the advancement of images within the visual zone. The job of the system is to categorise pictures into a structure, which is easy to process, without losing attributes vital for accurate evaluation. This property is important to designers who create effective systems in learning and scalable to many images. The goal of the operation is to extricate specific features from the information picture (Yang et al., 2018). The screening of the DR has attracted many considerations with studies, experimenting scale-aneurysm, exudation and neo-vascularisation discovery. Most of these studies utilise the fundus pictures as the sampled data (Mansour, 2018). The system collects images named with symptomatic lesions, separate their qualities and assemble a model. Based on the constructed model, the system can distinguish the new input and predict an accurate output. The neural network is a subclass of algorithms that manage different model in AI. Many machine-learning models are striking for being versatile. Each hub of the neural system has its circle of information about guidelines and functionalities to create its algorithms through encounters gained from past procedures that do not depend on neural networks (Ting et al., 2017). Neural systems are appropriate for distinguishing non-direct designs, as in examples where there is no connection between the information and yield. Versatile loads describe neural systems along channels between neurons that can be altered by a learning equation created from observed processes and database. The system uses an appropriate cost function to evaluate the input algorithms. Concisely, it can adjust itself to the changing conditions as it gains from the learning field and unknown data terminals. Ethical Social and Security Implications of AI The moral, social and security issues linked with AI is influenced by information; mechanisation, innovation and the utilisation of assistive technology. The challenges of AI include administrative concerns, confidentiality, data privacy, unethical algorithm and legal liability. Reviewing data awareness training for all system users, periodic security reminders and user education concerning virus protection are some concerns of the AI clients. AI system takes decisions based on the training set through a learning model. Sometimes, robots make a wrong decision leading to fatal outcome or interruption of service. Such scenarios raise the question of whom to hold liable, given that it is almost impossible to identify how the system has arrived at its decision. Safety Safety issues include hardware control, treatment and complications due to false judgment. Error in opinion of the system could cause permanent blindness. Transparency It is difficult to ascertain the rationale that produces the yields created by AI. The mechanism of artificial intelligence is restrictive and purposely hidden, although some models are complex for human comprehension. The arcane knowledge for approving the yields of AI frameworks creates ethical, social and security challenges in healthcare management. Information Bias and Equity Although artificial intelligence can diminish human prejudice and poor judgment, they can likewise reflect and strengthen predispositions in the information used to train them. Issues have been discussed about the capability of artificial intelligence to cause discrimination because of its hidden abilities. The perception could be sexual orientation, ethnicity, image and age. Based on this context, bias attributes could be inserted during the pre-processing phase. Impact on Patients Artificial intelligence applications assist patients in testing vitals and simple body biometrics. AI frameworks could improve recovery, freedom and empower patients who have been admitted in care facilities. However, concerns have been raised about losing human contact and expanded social segregation if AI advancements are utilised to supplant staff or family time with patients. Artificial intelligence frameworks could negatively affect self-sufficiency when they confine decisions dependent on computations. Consequently, when deep learning systems are utilised to make predictions or treatment plan, and a physician cannot clarify how these recommendations were reached; this could be viewed as confining the patient’s right to make informed decisions about their health. Applications that mirror human reasoning raise the likelihood that the client cannot judge whether they are speaking with a genuine personality or technology. The technology could be termed fraudulent and deceptive. Impact on Healthcare Givers Clinical professionals may feel compromised if artificial intelligence systems test their ability. Consequently, the moral commitments of human service experts towards patients may be influenced by the utilisation of artificial intelligence infrastructures. Based on this context, health professionals may feel insecure or attached to computed aided systems to the detriment of their cognitive thinking. Information Privacy and Security AI systems utilise data that are considered confidential. The information could be spammed, hacked, or stolen by unauthorised users. Such uncertainty affects the acceptability of AI systems. Malignant use of AI While AI can be utilised to improve the quality of human lives, it could be used for destructive purposes. AI could be employed for clandestine observation or screening. AI could be utilised to carry out digital attacks at a lower expense and higher scale. This challenge has prompted calls to address the double use nature of AI and plan for conceivable vindictive employments of AI technologies. Conclusion AI frameworks assist doctors by giving current restorative data from diaries, course readings and clinical practices to advise appropriate patient care. Consequently, the AI framework can decrease unavoidable demonstrative and remedial blunders in clinical exercise. Given the novelty of this solution, it is important to understand the difficulties associated with its deployment. The aim is to collaborate with DHA to reduce the cost of implementation. If the recommendations were adopted, the facility would improve the screening of DR by saving time, cost of treatment, prevent blindness and enhance the quality of healthcare delivery. The capacity to represent the human personality and conduct complex evaluation is named artificial intelligence. Given the difficulties and unpredictability related to AI, numerous analysts directed their concentration toward narrow AI, which is the ability to conduct specific assignments. AI procedures have sent huge waves over healthcare insurance, fuelling a functioning view of whether AI specialists will displace human doctors. Although machines cannot replace human doctors, AI can help doctors settle on better clinical choices or even supplant human judgment in certain useful territories such as radiology. The expanding accessibility of human service information and quick improvement of big data strategies supports the ongoing applications of artificial intelligence in healthcare services. References Abràmoff, M. D., Lou, Y., Erginay, A., Clarida, W., Amelon, R., Folk, J. C., & Niemeijer, M. (2016). Improved automated detection of diabetic retinopathy on a publicly available dataset through integration of deep learning . Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science , 57 (13), 5200. Web. Akyol, K., Şen, B., & Bayır, Ş. (2016). Automatic detection of optic disc in retinal image by using keypoint detection, texture analysis, and visual dictionary techniques . Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine , 1–10. Web. Alaskar, H., Hussain, A., Al-Aseem, N., Liatsis, P., & Al-Jumeily, D. (2019). Application of convolutional neural networks for automated ulcer detection in wireless capsule endoscopy images . Sensors , 19 (6), 1265. Web. Cios, K. J., & William Moore, G. (2002). Uniqueness of medical data mining . Artificial Intelligence in Medicine , 26 (1–2), 1–24. Web. Crossland, L., Askew, D., Ware, R., Cranstoun, P., Mitchell, P., Bryett, A., & Jackson, C. (2016). Diabetic retinopathy screening and monitoring of early stage disease in Australian general practice: Tackling preventable blindness within a chronic care model . Journal of Diabetes Research , 1–7. Web. Gupta, A., & Chhikara, R. (2018). Diabetic retinopathy: Present and past . 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Introducing a novel layer in convolutional neural network for automatic identification of diabetic retinopathy . In 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) (pp. 5938–5941). Honolulu, HI: IEEE. Web. Krause, J., Gulshan, V., Rahimy, E., Karth, P., Widner, K., Corrado, G. S., … Webster, D. R. (2018). Grader variability and the importance of reference standards for evaluating machine learning models for diabetic retinopathy . Ophthalmology , 125 (8), 1264–1272. Web. Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., & Hinton, G. E. (2017). ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks . Communications of the ACM , 60 (6), 84–90. Web. Lakhani, P., & Sundaram, B. (2017). Deep learning at chest radiography: Automated classification of pulmonary tuberculosis by using convolutional neural networks . Radiology , 284 (2), 574–582. Web. Lee, A., Taylor, P., Kalpathy-Cramer, J., & Tufail, A. (2017). Machine learning has arrived! 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Predicting diabetic retinopathy and identifying interpretable biomedical features using machine learning algorithms . BMC Bioinformatics , 19 (S9). Web. Vayena, E., Blasimme, A., & Cohen, I. G. (2018). Machine learning in medicine: Addressing ethical challenges . PLOS Medicine , 15 (11), e1002689. Web. Vega, R., Sanchez-Ante, G., Falcon-Morales, L. E., Sossa, H., & Guevara, E. (2015). Retinal vessel extraction using Lattice Neural Networks with dendritic processing . Computers in Biology and Medicine , 58 , 20–30. Web. Vidal-Alaball, J., Royo Fibla, D., Zapata, M. A., Marin-Gomez, F. X., & Solans Fernandez, O. (2019). Artificial Intelligence for the Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy in Primary Care: Protocol for Algorithm Development . JMIR Research Protocols , 8 (2), e12539. Web. Weng, S. F., Reps, J., Kai, J., Garibaldi, J. M., & Qureshi, N. (2017). Can machine-learning improve cardiovascular risk prediction using routine clinical data? PLOS ONE , 12 (4), e0174944. Web. Xu, K., Feng, D., & Mi, H. (2017). Deep convolutional neural network-based early automated detection of diabetic retinopathy using fundus image . Molecules , 22 (12), 2054. Web. Yang, Y., Yan, L.-F., Zhang, X., Han, Y., Nan, H.-Y., Hu, Y.-C., … Wang, W. (2018). Glioma grading on conventional MR images: A deep learning study with transfer learning . Frontiers in Neuroscience , 12 . Web. Yazid, H., Arof, H., & Isa, H. M. (2012). Automated identification of exudates and optic disc based on inverse surface thresholding . Journal of Medical Systems , 36 (3), 1997–2004. Web. Yun, W. L., Rajendra Acharya, U., Venkatesh, Y. V., Chee, C., Min, L. C., & Ng, E. Y. K. (2008). Identification of different stages of diabetic retinopathy using retinal optical images . Information Sciences , 178 (1), 106–121. Web.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The growth of the hospitality industry is founded on effective service delivery.Artificial intelligence can allow hotels to automate customer care practices and internal processes, therefore minimizing service costs and optimizing operational expenses.

The growth of the hospitality industry is founded on effective service delivery. Artificial intelligence can allow hotels to automate customer care practices and internal processes, therefore minimizing service costs and optimizing operational expenses.

Artificial Intelligence Reducing Costs in Hospitality Industry Proposal Introduction The hospitality industry is gradually embracing artificial intelligence as a measure to boost operations and to minimize costs. This technology can potentially change the industry entirely. Dirican (2015) maintains that the introduction of artificial intelligence into the hotel business has led to a paradigm shift. The technology has come at a time when hotels are increasingly being required to automate the majority of their processes in order to enhance service delivery and meet customer satisfaction. Indeed, automation has helped to drive revenue up, enhance the reputation of many facilities, and to improve overall customer experience. Like most industrial systems, “the world of hotels revolve around a handful of solutions, all driven by intelligent chatbots and voice-enabled services” (Dirican, 2015, p. 568). Artificial intelligence has enabled hotels throughout the world to improve their services and operational systems to cope with changing consumer expectations. Today, hotels can utilize intelligence-based analytics to enhance the consumer experience. The introduction of artificial intelligence into the hospitality industry will help to reduce costs attributed to service delivery. It will also assist in addressing the challenges attributed to operational dynamics of the sector. The motivation for this study is to assist hotels to profit from the functionalities of artificial intelligence. As many hotels begin to embrace the technology, this study is vital as it will serve as an eye-opener to its numerous benefits. It will not only be of significance to the hospitality industry but also to other business sectors. Literature Review The growth of the hospitality industry is founded on effective service delivery. According to Dirican (2015), artificial intelligence can allow hotels to automate customer care practices and internal processes, therefore minimizing service costs and optimizing operational expenses. The technology comprises of machine language capabilities that are valuable to customers and hoteliers. One of the factors that contribute to increased costs in the hospitality industry is the inability of management to cope with changing consumer demands. At times, hotels incur losses due to procuring services and products that are in little demand. Ivanov, Webster, and Berezina (2017) argue that the incorporation of chatbot software into marketing and sales systems enables hotels to gather information regarding consumer tastes and preferences, existing offers, and client behavioral patterns. Machine learning in artificial intelligence uses information regarding past operations, as well as current changes in trends, to come up with precise responses, tailored propositions, and customer offers that suit the needs of clients and travel planners. In other words, the technology does not only improve customer services but also facilitates effective decision-making, thus minimizing possible losses. The provision of personalized recommendations to hotel guests enhances their experience and minimizes operations costs. Artificial intelligence enables hotels to gather information that is helpful in anticipating the preferences of different customers. It goes a long way towards making sure that a hotel does not offer unnecessary services. Ivanov et al. (2017) posit that reduction of hospitality operation costs depends on the ability of a facility to predict future trends in consumer preferences and service offerings. Artificial intelligence equips hotels with analytical capacities that are essential in determining the character of future clients or traveler’s, thus ensuring that they are offered the correct packages. The application of artificial intelligence at the Red Roof Inn, for example, has proved to be effective in cost reduction. The hotel chain uses the technology to anticipate changes that it can exploit to its advantage. In 2014, the facility used predictive analytics to gather weather and flight data (Ivanov et al., 2017). It used the information to anticipate flight cancellations and to target affected customers. In the past, the provision of room services required hotels to hire many employees to cater to the needs of different customers. It contributed to the increase in operation costs of hospitality businesses. Artificial intelligence has enabled hotels to offer voice-enabled virtual assistance services, which are more cost-effective (Kisilevich, Keim, & Rokach, 2013). Today, hotels do not need to hire many employees to provide in-room services to customers. Artificial intelligence supports voice technology, which allows hotels to offer excellent services to clients at low cost. Wynn Las Vegas is one of the hotels that have successfully reduced their operation costs through voice-enabled virtual assistance technology. It offers virtual assistance, which enables clients to order different services from the comfort of their rooms. Theoretical Framework The hospitality industry requires involving customers in decision-making to boost service delivery and minimize cost. Artificial intelligence allows hotels to interact with clients, gather feedback, and anticipate future changes in consumer demands (Xiang, Schwartz, Gerdes, & Uysal, 2015). This study will use the customer-integrated theoretical framework to discuss the significance of artificial intelligence in cost reduction in the hotel industry. Technology has facilitated the creation of open-source communities that allow organizations to involve consumers in the design, manufacture, and supply of products. The growth of artificial intelligence has helped organizations to create business models that assist them in capitalizing on consumer integration. According to Xiang et al. (2015), many hospitality companies are focusing on enhancing service delivery to clients. The businesses do not only view clients as revenue generators but also vital assets that can aid in cost reduction. In the past, hospitality companies and their clients were loosely coupled. Dirican (2015) claims, “A system is considered to be loosely coupled when its components do not have the same goals, react to the identical variables, and share similar temporality or culture” (p. 569). Hospitality companies are using artificial intelligence to align their goals with those of customers. It helps in ensuring that hotels provide products and services that meet consumer preferences, thus boosting profitability and minimizing operational costs. Conceptual Framework The proposal will use a resource-based conceptual framework to evaluate the role of artificial intelligence in cost reduction in the hospitality industry. The resource-based theory cites organizational assets and capabilities as the primary source of competitive advantage. In the hospitality industry, resources can either be tangible or intangible. The substantial resources comprise the physical and monetary assets. On the other hand, intangible assets are hard to quantify because they are not reflected in a company’s balance sheet (Dirican, 2015). Literature regards a firm’s intellectual, human resource practices, employee skills, and organizational culture as the significant intangible assets of hospitality businesses. Technology, especially artificial intelligence, has proved to be an essential intangible resource that is revolutionalizing the hotel industry. The capabilities and brand images of the hotel companies change with time. Customer perceptions are critical to the reinforcement of brand image. Consequently, hospitality businesses ought to understand consumer preferences to influence their opinions. Artificial intelligence supports predictive analytics, which enables hotels to anticipate the future consumer needs and address them on time. This matching of needs and services goes a long way towards influencing a client’s perception of a facility. Positive impressions drive the profitability of a hotel up and reduces operational costs. This proposal will utilize a resource-based view as the basis for evaluating how artificial intelligence reduces costs in the hospitality sector. Research Objectives The study seeks to determine the significance of artificial intelligence in the hospitality industry. The primary objective of the research is to establish if the technology helps to reduce operation costs. It intends to answer the question of whether the application of artificial intelligence minimizes the cost of offering services in the hospitality sector. Hypotheses The study will test two hypotheses. First, it will examine the conjecture that artificial intelligence saves the hotel industry the costs associated with employee salaries. Second, it will test the theory that the technology eliminates unnecessary processes, thus saving hotels the costs attributed to offering unnecessary services. Study Design The study will use descriptive research design to analyze the effectiveness of artificial intelligence in reducing costs in the hospitality industry. Descriptive research design responds to the questions about how, what, where, and when, which are related to a specific study problem. It enables researchers to understand the current nature of a phenomenon. The primary objective of this study is to determine the role of artificial intelligence in reducing costs in the hotel industry. The study aims at understanding how the technology enables hospitality facilities to cut down on expenses attributed to service delivery. Thus, the descriptive research design is the most appropriate for this research. The study requires a combination of quantitative and qualitative data to test the hypotheses. Descriptive research facilitates the collection of both quantitative and qualitative information; hence it is suitable for this study. Setting for the Study Researchers must prepare thoroughly before embarking on any study. Preparation entails identifying the research question, the method of data collection, the duration of the study, and the participants, among other things. For this study, the researcher will use the survey to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. Hence, preparations will entail setting questionnaires to be used in the data collection. It is not possible to research many hospitality facilities due to time constraints and limited resources. Hence, they will need to identify the hotels that will be used for the study. The researcher will contact the management of the hotels to seek authorization to conduct their investigation. Moreover, research participants will be selected and notified regarding the study in advance to enable them to prepare. Research Instruments Research instruments refer to the tools that researchers use to gather data. They may include surveys, questionnaires, and tests. In the current study, the researcher will require both quantitative and qualitative data to analyze the research hypotheses. Therefore, the study will use questionnaires as the primary instrument of data collection. One needs detailed information to understand how artificial intelligence helps to reduce costs in the hospitality industry. Consequently, the questionnaires will comprise open-ended questions to allow the participants to elaborate on their responses. Appendix 1 represents the questionnaire that will be used for the study. Sampling Design and Sample Size The study will use a non-probability sampling technique. The researcher will apply a convenience sampling method to select the participants. Etikan, Musa, and Alkassim (2016) argue that the sampling technique depends on, “the convenience of the researcher in accessing the respondents and the expediency of the participants in providing the required information” (p. 2). Hotels will be selected based on the duration that they have used artificial intelligence. Facilities that have implemented the technology recently will not be considered because they cannot provide comprehensive and accurate information regarding the impact of artificial intelligence. The researcher will gather information from the management of five different hotels. It will be difficult to investigate more facilities due to time constraints. Ethical Issues The study will gather critical information about hotels, which might compromise the performance if leaked to rival facilities. Thus, the researcher will need to guarantee that all data remains confidential. Only authorized persons will have access to the data. Additionally, information regarding the name of the hospitality facility will not be disclosed to guarantee privacy. Data Processing A descriptive research design yields both qualitative and quantitative data. Hence, this study will use descriptive statistical techniques and thematic network analysis to process the collected data. The analytical approach will help to process quantitative information. The method will use measures like mean, mode, and median to describe the correlation between different variables. Conversely, the thematic analysis will help to code qualitative data from various hotels and establish common themes. Proposed Chapters The report will comprise four chapters. Chapter One will encompass the introduction to the study. Chapter Two will constitute a literature review of artificial intelligence and its role in cost reduction. Chapter Three will describe the research methodology. Chapter Four will represent the data analysis, findings, and conclusion of the study. Problems and Limitations One of the major issues facing this study is the unavailability of literature that discusses the application of artificial intelligence in the hospitality industry. The researcher will rely on information about other sectors and relate it to the hotel industry. Limited resources and time constraints are the primary limitations of this research. The researcher will use a small sample size, which might not give adequate data to produce a comprehensive report. References Dirican, C. (2015). The impacts of robotics, artificial intelligence on business and economics. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195 (1), 564-573. Etikan, I., Musa, S., & Alkassim, R. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5 (1), 1-4. Ivanov, S., Webster, C., & Berezina, K. (2017). Adoption of robots and service automation by tourism and hospitality companies. Revista Turismo & Desenvolvimento, 27 (1), 1501-1517. Kisilevich, S., Keim, D., & Rokach, L. (2013). A GIS-based decision support system for hotel room rate estimation and temporal price prediction: The hotel brokers’ context. Decision Support System, 54 (2), 1119-1133. Xiang, Z., Schwartz, Z., Gerdes, J., & Uysal, M. (2015). What can big data and text analytics tell us about hotel guest experience and satisfaction? International Journal of Hospitality Management, 44 (1), 120-130. Appendix Appendix 1 1. What do you understand by the term artificial intelligence? 2. Has your company invested in artificial intelligence? 3. How did employees respond to the introduction of the technology? 4. Can you describe the type of artificial intelligence used in your company? 5. Does your company benefit from the technology? 6. How has investment in artificial intelligence affected service delivery? 7. Has the technology facilitated cost reduction? If yes, describe how?

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The essay discusses the Vedic period and early Buddhism, focusing on the creation hymn of the Rg Vega and the lessons of philosophy found in Changdoya Upanisad. The essay also discusses the reality of Atman and how it relates to the objective world. Finally, the essay discusses Buddha's doctrine of dependent origination as a response to the problem of dukkha.

The essay discusses the Vedic period and early Buddhism, focusing on the creation hymn of the Rg Vega and the lessons of philosophy found in Changdoya Upanisad. The essay also discusses the reality of Atman and how it relates to the objective world. Finally, the essay discusses Buddha's doctrine of dependent origination as a response to the problem of dukkha.

Asian Philosophy: Veddic Period and Early Buddhism Essay In the creation hymn of the Rg Vega, Aditi is acknowledged to be the god of all gods because he is the creator and has equally been granted the status of five men. Aditi is the god through whom all has been born and shall be born from because he is a god. He has an everlasting law that forgives all the wrong doings of people. The hymn of this everlasting law is exciting and radiant, because it has enlightened the deaf ears of the living people. The external rules of the law are fundamental and deep rooted and the law is impressive because it is unbiased. The central question on the creation hymn of the Rg Vega is the following ‘Why should sin be condoned by the gods of all gods?’ According to the lessons of philosophy found in Changdoya Upanisad, everything that exists in the world originates from life and pulsates in it. The dialogue between Svetaketu and his teacher Uddalaka Aruni illustrates the lessons of the philosophy. The upanisad also declares that when all these things are converted into someone, no one can be able to identify who is known by whom. The supreme spirit is inevitable to everybody because it has light and exists above, below, to the front and back, before, and sideways. The reality of Atman can be defined as the supreme essence in which the whole universe has as itself. This is illustrated by the way in which the body is reduced to ashes and the mind dies when a person passes away. The Atman is the self in which there is existence, wisdom, and delight. The Atman is equally universal and eternal. The objective world is reliant to the reality of Atman. Buddha’s doctrine of dependent origination as a response to the problem of dukkha can be defined as one thing being dependent on another entity. Buddha claims that life is a flow of development into something else. Everything passes away from tears, people’s aspirations and dreams. The universal preeminence of death is inevitable to every single person in the world. Buddha thus claims that there is nothing everlasting in the pragmatic self. The law of independent origination illustrates that the self is a combination of person’s emotions and perception. Buddha’s doctrine of dependent origination is attributed to the ignorance of people which has been listed as comprising of reliance. The ignorance of people can instigate from any of the constituents of being, for instance, karma and the rest. Dependent origination can only exist when people are reliant on one another and in this particular case, when none of their details is absent. Buddha’s doctrine of dependent origination may equally exist when people can have eradication of existence in the world. Other factors such as nihilism and inefficiency of karma also contribute to the dependent origination theory. These aspects by all means together define the complete expression of dependent origination. As much as such characteristics of being may come into existence, there can also be a continuous succession of their complete harmonization in the law of dependent origination. Buddha’s doctrine of no-soul can be defined as the theory of no existence for human beings. It originates from the theory of believing that self can also fail to exist. This is illustrated by the assumption that the entire human race will not live forever.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The specified task becomes all the more important in the areas that require the ability to correlate the information in books with the phenomena that they can observe themselves. Herein lies the importance of quizzes; they shed light on learners' understanding of the subject matter. The suggested geography quiz (see Appendix A) can be regarded as a rather good, although it could use a better thematic flow.

The specified task becomes all the more important in the areas that require the ability to correlate the information in books with the phenomena that they can observe themselves. Herein lies the importance of quizzes; they shed light on learners' understanding of the subject matter. The suggested geography quiz (see Appendix A) can be regarded as a rather good, although it could use a better thematic flow.

Learners’ Progress: 5th Grade Earth Science Test Report (Assessment) Test Validity: Assessment Creating a tool that will help determine learners’ progress is crucial. The specified task becomes all the more important in the areas that require the ability to correlate the information in books with the phenomena that they can observe themselves. Herein lies the importance of quizzes; they shed light on learners’ understanding of the subject matter. The suggested geography quiz (see Appendix A) can be regarded as a rather good, although it could use a better thematic flow. Content The questions of the test reflect the key content that is covered over the fifth grade in Geography. For instance, the questions provided in the quiz allow determining the learners’ knowledge of the concepts associated with tectonics, weathering, and mountain-forming processes. The specified knowledge can be deemed as the key information that students must acquire during their fifth year in Geography studies (Florida Department of Education, 2016). The specified topics align with the standards set for 5 th -grade students in Earth Sciences by the state of Georgia (“Grade 5 – Science Georgia Standards of Excellence (GSE),” 2015). Thinking Process Although the assignment implies answering multiple-choice questions, it also encourages them to think. Particularly, the test invites learners to consider the effects that specific processes have on the Earth and, thus, connect certain information to provide the correct answer. For example, the question regarding the list of factors contributing to erosion will require analytical skills. Consistency with Assignments The quiz (see Appendix A) aligns with the essential information that students were provided during classes. None of the questions contains any data that was omitted or not covered during classes. Therefore, the task can be deemed as fully consistent with the assignments that students completed. It could be argued, however, that the order in which the questions are represented does not fully coincide with the one in which the information was provided during the course. However, the identified change was made deliberately to determine whether learners can deploy their analytical and critical thinking skills. Thus, the quiz can be regarded as aligning with the curriculum yet, at the same time, carries the individual characteristics that challenge learners. Reliability and Objectivity The quiz contains only the information that was represented during the course. Furthermore, it includes solely the data that did not require any independent research from students. Therefore, it can be regarded as fully objective. Since the tool provides a clear and accurate way of determining the correctness of students’ answers, it can also be defined as reliable. Indeed, with each multiple-choice set of opinions containing only one correct answer and no ambiguity in it, the tool provides an objective way of assessing students’ knowledge and skills (Attali & Arieli-Attal, 2015). Fairness None of the tasks contains any elements that can be misinterpreted by students from diverse backgrounds. The test does not have any ambiguities or unknown concepts that would make it impossible for learners from multicultural backgrounds to pass them. Although the questions that are represented in the test are not a complete copy of the textbook definitions of the required phenomena and concepts, they are simple and easy to understand. Economy and Efficiency The test is very easy to construct. Moreover, it is just as easy to apply to any school setting. To use it in class, one will have to print it out and hand copies to students. After a teacher explains the goal and theme of the assessment, students will circle the correct answer using pens or pencils (Virtanen et al., 2017). Multiple Assessment The test can be used several times if taken on a computer. Moreover, the concept of the test can be reused successfully for other fifth-graders. Therefore, it can be considered a legitimate testing method. Positive Consequences Although being admittedly short, the test can be used to inform decisions made by teachers. For instance, problems in students’ understanding of particular concepts or processes, such as weathering or the continental drift, can be identified and addressed respectively. Therefore, the assessment should be viewed as a legitimate tool for evaluating learners’ progress (Mortimore, 2014). Based on the characteristics provided above, the assessment can be regarded as valid. Its results inform the further choice of teaching strategies and show what areas require improvements. Moreover, it helps view learners’ progress from an objective perspective. Thus, the validity of the test is high. Improving the Validity: Suggestions To increase the validity of the assessment, one may have to consider including clarifications and definitions in it. For example, ESL students may have difficulties with certain terms and concepts (Markus & Borsboom, 2013). Thus, a shortlist of definitions or simpler wording may be regarded as a necessary addition to the assessment instructions. References Attali, Y., & Arieli-Attali, M. (2015). Gamification in assessment: Do points affect test performance? Computers & Education, 83 , 57-63. Florida Department of Education. (2016). Social studies . Web. Grade 5 – Science Georgia Standards of Excellence (GSE). (2015). Web. Markus, K. A., & Borsboom, D. (2013). Frontiers of test validity theory: Measurement, causation, and meaning . New York, NY: Routledge. Mortimore, P. (2014). The road to improvement . New York, NY: Routledge. Virtanen, T. E., Pakarinen, E., Lerkkanen, M. K., Poikkeus, A. M., Siekkinen, M., & Nurmi, J. E. (2017). A validation study of classroom assessment scoring system–secondary in the Finnish school context. The Journal of Early Adolescence , 1 (1), 0272431617699944. Appendix A: Test 1. 1. How many plates does the Earth have? 1. 1 2. 12 3. 20 2. How do the earth plates behave? 1. They are still 2. They move counterclockwise 3. They move in different directions 1. What factors lead to erosion? 1. The amount and intensity of rainfall 2. Changes in temperature; 3. Physical characteristics of soil; 4. All of the above; 5. None of the above 1. How is the process of sediment forming in a specific location called? 1. Weathering 2. Deposition 3. Erosion 1. What part of the Earth is the hottest? 1. Core 2. Mantle 3. Crust 1. What element do the inner and outer cores of the Earth consist of for the most part? 1. Helium 2. Nitrogen 3. Iron 1. How are volcanoes formed? 1. They occur as a result of the movement of the Earth’s plates; 2. They are created due to the climate change; 3. They are created artificially 1. What is the theory stating that the continents of the Erath move is called? 1. The tectonic rift 2. The tectonic drift 3. The continental drift 1. Which one of the variants below is not a type of a mountain? 1. Folded mountain 2. Folding mountain 3. Fault-block mountain 1. How are the physical features of the surface of the earth called? 1. Landshapes 2. Landscapes 3. Landforms

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The paper seeks to discuss the structure of the local government of Atlanta, Georgia. The results of the research show that the local government has a complex structure that enables it to fulfill its key functions efficiently. However, the city faces a crucial problem of crime, and action is needed to improve police department staffing, turnover, and motivation.

The paper seeks to discuss the structure of the local government of Atlanta, Georgia. The results of the research show that the local government has a complex structure that enables it to fulfill its key functions efficiently. However, the city faces a crucial problem of crime, and action is needed to improve police department staffing, turnover, and motivation.

Atlanta’s Government Structure and Criminal Policies Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Background Information 4. Government Structure 5. Crime in Atlanta 6. Recommendations 7. Conclusion 8. References Abstract The paper seeks to discuss the structure of the local government of Atlanta, Georgia. The results of the research show that the local government has a complex structure that enables it to fulfill its key functions efficiently. Nevertheless, the city faces a crucial problem of crime, and action is needed to improve police department staffing, turnover, and motivation. The recommendations include increasing the APD budget to offer better salaries for officers, surveying working conditions in police departments, and providing training to the leaders of police departments. Introduction Atlanta is the largest city in Georgia, which is characterized by fast development and a diverse economy. Despite these features, the city is also famous for its high levels of crime, including violent crime. The primary aim of this report is to explore the structure of government in Atlanta and offer recommendations for addressing the problem of crime. The objectives of the report are to provide background information on the City of Atlanta, describe its government structure, explain the problem of crime, and provide recommendations on how the local government could address the issue. Background Information Atlanta is the Capital city of the southeast and one of the largest metro areas in America. According to Reed (2017), the 2016 city population was 472,522; however, the Atlanta metropolitan area has a population of 5.7 million and is growing rapidly. Atlanta is home to important national and international companies operating in various industries, including filmmaking, logistics, transportation, and information technology. Therefore, the city’s economy and GDP are increasing steadily, and it is expected to develop further in the next decade. The 2018 operating budget for the City of Atlanta was $2.1 billion, which included a general fund appropriation of $648.6 million (Reed, 2017). The local government is highly focused on enhancing the quality of life in the city, as well as on developing its infrastructure and addressing public issues. Government Structure Atlanta has a mayor-council type of government structure. This government system includes an elected official (the Mayor), who performs the executive functions, and the City Council, which is the main legislative body, as well as judicial agencies. Figure 1 presents the organizational chart of the local government of the City of Atlanta. Besides the judicial, executive, and legislative branches, the structure also includes a variety of boards, offices, and commissions, which assist in upholding the democratic governance structure. The organizational structure of Atlanta’s government is rather complicated, which ensures a thorough oversight of all government functions. Offices and boards, such as the Atlanta Citizens Review Board and the Ethics Office also assure that citizens play a part in the local government, which is essential to promoting the integrity and effectiveness of the government. Overall, such a structure appears to be efficient in facilitating the city’s development and addressing the needs of its residents Figure 1. The organizational chart of Atlanta City government. Crime in Atlanta Crime is a persistent problem in the City of Atlanta. Despite the local government’s efforts for reducing crime rates, Atlanta remains above the national average crime rates. For instance, between January 2017 and June 2017, there were 2,165 violent crimes committed in Atlanta, which is much higher than in cities with similar populations (FBI, 2018). Similarly, the incidence of crimes such as robbery, property crime, and murder is above the national average. Atlanta is also famous for its rates of drug-related crime, particularly due to the presence of five major Mexican drug cartels in the area (Stinchcomb, 2018). For the last two decades, the local government has been making efforts to address the problem of crime in the area. As a result, the overall crime rates decreased by 27% between 2009 and 2017 (Boone, 2017). Nevertheless, the crime rates remain high and will require further action by the local government. One of the critical reasons for the high crime rates in Atlanta is the ineffectiveness of the local police department. According to Godwin (2017), at the beginning of 2017, over 50 homicides committed in 2016 remained unsolved, and high turnover and low staffing in the Atlanta Police Department (APD) is among the root causes of the issue. High turnover is a crucial issue for the police, as it shows that the officers are not satisfied with their working conditions. In particular, the lack of pay increases, and benefits were highlighted as a significant problem area in the APD (Shapiro, 2013). Police officers’ dissatisfaction with working conditions affects public safety by reducing their morale, motivation, and effectiveness in preventing and investigating crimes. The issue of crime is important for the community as it has a direct influence on public safety. High rates of violent crime and murder pose a threat to the lives and health of thousands of people living in Atlanta. Increased crime rates also affect the mental health of community residents, causing anxiety and fear. Furthermore, the perceived ineffectiveness of the police contributes to the psychological effects of the problem, provoking distrust, and feelings of unsafety. As a result, by addressing the issue of high crime rates, the local government could improve the life and safety of Atlanta’s citizens. Recommendations Crime is an important factor that affects the community of Atlanta in the 21st century. As outlined in the previous section, high turnover and low staffing of police departments are the primary reasons for this issue. Therefore, leaders should take action to address the problem from a human resources viewpoint, focusing on improving working conditions and motivation of police officers. The first recommendation would be to increase the budget of the APD, providing enough funds for adequate pay increases and benefits. This would have a direct effect on staffing and turnover in police departments and have a positive effect on the officers’ motivation. Secondly, the government should order the APD to conduct an internal survey of working conditions to identify any other factors affecting turnover and motivation in police departments. Lastly, the APD should also conduct a training program for leaders, which would focus on promoting positive leadership strategies, increasing employee engagement, and enhancing motivation. These recommendations would improve the effectiveness of the police in Atlanta, thus assisting in the government’s efforts to reduce crime rates. Conclusion Atlanta’s local government has a complex structure, which allows it to be effective in fulfilling its administrative functions and responding to the residents’ needs. However, crime remains a prominent issue in Atlanta due to the ineffectiveness of the police. To decrease crime rates, the local government has to address low staffing, high turnover, and impaired motivation in police departments. The recommendations provided in the report would complement the government’s strategy for reducing crime rates, thus enhancing public safety in Atlanta. References Boone, C. (2017). Murders in Atlanta are way up, but overall crime is way down. My AJC . Web. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). (2018). Preliminary semiannual uniform crime report, January-June 2017. Web. Godwin, B. J. G. (2017). 51 Atlanta homicides from 2016 remain unsolved. These are the victims. The Atlanta Journal Constitution . Web. Reed, K. (2017). Fiscal year 2018 adopted budget . Web. Shapiro, J. (2013). 2,000 Atlanta police officers, but gripes remain over pay. WABE . Web. Stinchcomb, L. (2018). DEA: Mexican cartels have large presence in metro Atlanta. CBS46 . Web.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The essay discusses the phenomenon of ADHD and how it can lead to comorbid mental health concerns, including anxiety, depression, and substance abuse. The complex nature of the issues that are comorbid with ADHD calls for a combined framework involving interventions and medications to limit the impact of comorbid issues and address ADHD.

The essay discusses the phenomenon of ADHD and how it can lead to comorbid mental health concerns, including anxiety, depression, and substance abuse. The complex nature of the issues that are comorbid with ADHD calls for a combined framework involving interventions and medications to limit the impact of comorbid issues and address ADHD.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Comorbidities Essay (Critical Writing) Leading to problems with emotional control, ADHD affects people’s lives extensively. The phenomenon of ADHD is traditionally defined as a mental disorder that causes a drop in attention span (Hu, Chou, & Yen, 2016). However, apart from the specified issue, ADHD may also entail comorbid mental health concerns, including anxiety, depression, and substance abuse. Therefore, a combined framework involving interventions and medications is required to limit the impact of comorbid issues and address ADHD. Due to the complex nature of the issues that are comorbid with ADHD, patients will have to be provided with complex treatment strategies involving behavioral therapies, interventions, and medications. For example, a combination of long-acting stimulants and psychoeducation should be seen as important since it allows improving self-regulation inpatients and provides vulnerable groups with tools for controlling their emotions (Katzman, Bilkey, Chokka, Fallu, & Klassen, 2017). The resulting rise in awareness and emotional intelligence levels is likely to leave a positive impact on patients, helping them to manage their mental health issues. Monitoring should also be incorporated into the range of tools for assisting ADHD patients with comorbid issues. For instance, a detailed analysis of patients’ responses to the proposed treatment is required to ensure that the selected intervention has a positive effect on a patient (Hu et al., 2016). The monitoring process also requires a patient’s participation, with the provided feedback informing the further choice of a strategy selected by a therapist. Due to the effects that ADHD has on one’s social interactions and the overall perception of one’s self, the specified disorder tends to cluster with anxiety, depression, and substance abuse. Due to the effects that ADHD has on patients’ relationships with their family members and friends, the development of comorbid health problems becomes highly possible. Therefore, a multifaceted approach toward managing ADHD patients’ needs is required. References Hu, H. F., Chou, W. J., & Yen, C. F. (2016). Anxiety and depression among adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The roles of behavioral temperamental traits, comorbid autism spectrum disorder, and bullying involvement. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 32 (2), 103-109. Web. Katzman, M. A., Bilkey, T. S., Chokka, P. R., Fallu, A., & Klassen, L. J. (2017). Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: Clinical implications of a dimensional approach. BMC Psychiatry, 17 (1), 302-316. Web.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: Augmented reality is a relatively new technology, which allows for the integration of real-life elements into a virtual environment. In such a setting, virtual images and videos are perceived to be real.Over the years, computing technology has evolved to create new products that are continually redefining how people interact with their world. It is these processes that have led to the creation of augmented reality. Augmented reality is a relatively new technology, which allows for the integration of real-life elements into a virtual environment. In such a setting, virtual images and videos are perceived to be real.

Augmented reality is a relatively new technology, which allows for the integration of real-life elements into a virtual environment. In such a setting, virtual images and videos are perceived to be real. Over the years, computing technology has evolved to create new products that are continually redefining how people interact with their world. It is these processes that have led to the creation of augmented reality. Augmented reality is a relatively new technology, which allows for the integration of real-life elements into a virtual environment. In such a setting, virtual images and videos are perceived to be real.

Augmented Reality in Document Detection Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Inspecting Holograms 3. Detection and Tracking 4. Improvements in Registration 5. Interacting with Information from Anywhere 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction Over the years, computing technology has evolved to create new products that are continually redefining how people interact with their world. It is these processes that have led to the creation of augmented reality (Schmalstieg & Hollerer, 2016). Augmented reality is a relatively new technology, which allows for the integration of real-life elements into a virtual environment. In such a setting, virtual images and videos are perceived to be real. To provide this experience, virtual reality utilizes multiple sensory channels, including visual, audio, haptic, and somatosensory senses (Papagiannis, 2017). This technology intertwines the physical and virtual elements of reality to create an immersive world where people can experience their lives differently. Augmented reality has different applications because it can be used in different fields, including literature, archeology, architecture, education, and visual arts (Schmalstieg & Hollerer, 2016). Its application in security management is relatively underexplored, but this paper demonstrates that virtual reality can also be used to improve personal security through advanced document verification processes. Inspecting Holograms As a supplement to manual verification, holograms have been used to verify passports and other important personal data documents. However, they often show different patterns during image verification processes, depending on the angle of images taken (Hartl, Arth, & Schmalstieg, 2014). Sources of illumination and various physical variations, such as diffraction, can also affect the quality of imaging obtained from holograms. For example, rainbow holograms are often visible using white light (Hartl et al., 2014). The technology allows objects to appear in different colors, depending on the number of information layers used during the verification process. A natural appearance of images is also obtained when true color holograms are used (Hartl et al., 2014). While these attributes of holograms are useful in document verification, they are only realized when there is considerable interaction between people and the verification documents (Hartl, Arth, Grubert, & Schmalstieg, 2015). Although authorities do use holograms in identity verification, this technology is still subject to several issues that can affect the document verification process. Augmented reality helps to address some of these flaws. For example, according to Peddie (2017), virtual reality could match different hologram patches using carefully designed user interfaces. The efficiency of automatic recording during the registration process could also be enhanced using augmented reality through mobile hologram verification (Hartl et al., 2015). These benefits demonstrate that virtual reality could be used in hologram verification. Hartl et al. (2014) reviewed typical user behavior in document scanning using mobile-based augmented reality verification and evaluated the use of augmented reality for purposes of inspecting holograms. They reported promising results, which suggested that virtual reality improved the efficiency of hologram verification by reducing temporal efforts by 15 seconds, as well as expanding the scanning view range (Hartl et al., 2014). Although these results were obtained using a mobile prototype, they delivered sound verification performance. When compared to human verification standards, Hartl et al. (2014) established that the efficiency and accuracy of standards associated with augmented reality were higher. Hartl et al. (2015) also demonstrated the usefulness of augmented reality technology in verifying holograms by saying that the technology’s use of multiple reference patches to verify images improves the speed and efficiency of the process. Here, it is difficult to ignore the role of mobile verification because it is still important to manually record patches. Detection and Tracking Another way that augmented reality can help in document verification is through detection and tracking. To accomplish this goal, it is important to have a standard document template to compare all other documents (Hartl et al., 2014). An algorithm of detection can be developed to identify documents that do not have the right measurements. Hologram detection could follow several steps, as outlined in the diagram below: Figure 1. Hologram detection (Source: Hartl et al., 2014). According to Figure 1 above, for each frame posed the processes of image selection, registration, and spatial filtering have to be completed before an image is stacked. By creating an image outlay, it is possible to build a map and segment associated data according to geographical locations. It is also possible to produce these processes as downloadable mobile phone applications to help in the verification task (Hartl et al., 2015). Researchers such as Jung and Dieck (2017) hail this technique for its high level of interactivity, especially because it allows users to verify physically unseen documents. Overall, the detection and tracking of changes in important documents allow for the control of image capturing processes by improving distorted and substandard measurements. Improvements in Registration One challenge associated with identity verification is the difficulty in identifying people’s appearances as they age. Augmented reality could help to solve this challenge by using the registered image stacking technique, which allows users to track and observe identification patterns from different viewpoints (Hartl et al., 2014). The stacking process often undergoes three processes: frame selection, warping, and spatial filtering (Hartl et al., 2014). Following on from this assertion, Hartl et al. (2015) say that augmented reality can be used in document verification by using overlaying 3D graphics. This technique comes from the same technical background that has enabled the use of QR codes for security verification purposes (Jung & Dieck 2017). The use of biometrics in identity verification has also been associated with these codes (Schmalstieg & Hollerer, 2016). Augmented reality could also help to improve the document verification process by developing 3D videos and maps, which could be integrated into current technologies used for passport registration. In other words, virtual reality necessitates the use of new software and technological upgrades for better tracking and verification. Current technologies used for registration need to be improved to equip themselves with these features. For example, in some jurisdictions, poor imaging technology is a problem in document verification. It generates substandard image measurements because of varied quality standards, which then makes it difficult to ascertain the authenticity of documents. Integrating augmented reality technology into the development of passports and other identification documents would increase the depth of information contained in these documents by allowing data to be captured from multiple viewpoints. This technology is already being fitted to some security gadgets, such as cameras and mobile phones because they allow users to capture data from multiple perspectives (Jung & Dieck, 2017). The improvements in virtual realities highlighted above are largely realized through a spatial filtering process, which allows authorities to better manage the weaknesses of current registration processes. In this way, inaccuracies in registration can be minimized by introducing a new stack of information layers over the old ones. A windowed mean filter has been used to initiate this type of development using integral image computation, as explained by Hartl et al. (2015). From such developments, it is possible to account for incomplete image information, which is often associated with most current registration technologies. Therefore, augmented technology significantly improves the quality of information captured in registration, thereby making it easier to verify. Interacting with Information from Anywhere One of the biggest challenges associated with document verification is the fragmentation of information or data management systems, making it difficult for authorities from one jurisdiction to verify information about a document that is registered in another. This inconsistency is rooted in data management loopholes and the failure of authorities to create information management synergies. Augmented reality could address this problem because it allows authorities to project information from anywhere and interact with the associated data, just as if they were in their respective workstations. Instead of looking for information from monitors, virtual reality makes it possible for a person to walk around and interact with information, enabling users to experience them virtually, by wearing devices such as the Microsoft halogen (Wilson, 2015). Therefore, there is no need to physically move from one location to another to access data; it can be obtained in real-time and verified using geospatial technology. This technique can be applied in document verification processes by integrating software with device lenses. The software would enable the lenses to verify specific data ingrained in the documents reviewed. Lastly, virtual reality could also minimize incidences of identity theft because it allows for the creation of spatial maps, which have integrated technology that captures data about the location of a document using satellite imaging (Hartl et al., 2015). Experiments have already been done to affirm the technology’s efficiency in this regard, especially through gaming software, which has shown particularly promising results (Hartl et al., 2015). Overall, the true potential of augmented reality will only be realized when the technology can be used arbitrarily and not just in carefully monitored laboratory settings. In other words, they need to be dynamic and applicable in everyday life, as opposed to the special purpose way they are currently employed. At the same time, several technologies, such as a global wireless system and location-based computing services, need to be implemented and perfected to make this happen (Papagiannis, 2017). From the rapid pace of technological innovation witnessed today, it is highly plausible that the widespread application of augmented reality in document verification and other purposes will be realized very shortly. Conclusion This paper has shown that virtual realities are applicable in document detection and verification because they allow authorities to interact with information from anywhere, improve the registration process for important documents, verify holograms, and can help track documents. As such, it is important to explore the promising nature of augmented technology in document verification. However, people need to be cognizant of the fact that current challenges associated with its use, such as image capturing and modeling weaknesses, also need to be addressed. Overall, stakeholders need to consider the use of augmented reality in document verification because of its extensive advantages. As anticipated by many science fiction movies, it is no longer tenable to ignore this technology for purposes of security advancement, even more so because many early adopters are registering moderate success in this area. References Hartl, A., Arth, C., Grubert, J., & Schmalstieg, D. (2015). Efficient verification of holograms using mobile augmented reality. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 22 (7), 1-3. Hartl, A., Arth, C., & Schmalstieg, D. (2014). AR-based hologram detection on security documents using a mobile phone . In Advances in visual computing. ISVC 2014. Lecture notes in Computer Science, vol 8888 . Web. Jung, T., & Dieck, T. (2017). Augmented reality and virtual reality: Empowering human, place, and business. New York, NY: Springer. Papagiannis, H. (2017). Augmented human: How technology is shaping the new reality. New York, NY: O’Reilly Media, Inc. Peddie, J. (2017). Augmented reality: Where we will all live . New York, NY: Springer. Schmalstieg, D., & Hollerer, T. (2016). Augmented reality: Principles and practice . New York, NY: Addison-Wesley Professional. Wilson, K. (2015). Fundamentals of Windows 10 . New York, NY: Elluminet Press.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The review of the thematically relevant materials, with respect to how augmented reality (AR) affects the domain of public relations (PR), did provide us a number of preliminary insights into the concerned subject matter. Probably the most prominent of them is that there are indeed many objective reasons to expect the continual incorporation of AR-technologies, within the context of how companies and organizations go about striving to ensure the systemic integrity of their functioning.

The review of the thematically relevant materials, with respect to how augmented reality (AR) affects the domain of public relations (PR), did provide us a number of preliminary insights into the concerned subject matter. Probably the most prominent of them is that there are indeed many objective reasons to expect the continual incorporation of AR-technologies, within the context of how companies and organizations go about striving to ensure the systemic integrity of their functioning.

Augmented Reality in Public Relations Domain Research Paper The review of the thematically relevant materials, with respect to how augmented reality (AR) affects the domain of public relations (PR), did provide us a number of preliminary insights into the concerned subject matter. Probably the most prominent of them is that there are indeed many objective reasons to expect the continual incorporation of AR-technologies, within the context of how companies and organizations go about striving to ensure the systemic integrity of their functioning. The rationale behind this suggestion has to do with the fact that the integration of AR into the very philosophy of PR is fully consistent with the most fundamental principles of the human brain’s functioning (Kaul 2013). Consequently, this implies that the process in question is predetermined by the logic of historical progress. As it is seen by Hilken et al. (2017), the most apparent advantage of investing in AR-technologies, on the part of managers, is that their willingness to do it will result in strengthening the organization’s competitive stance. After all, many studies indicate that one’s exposure to AR reduces a decision-making uncertainty in the individual by mean of presenting him or her with the personally relevant and spatially sound context. In turn, this naturally prompts the person to engage with the latter in an emotionally-charged manner – something that has a strongly positive effect on the organization’s ability to reach out to people. Yet another advantage of incorporating AR in the PR-paradigm of a commercial organization is that one’s positive managerial decision, in this regard, is likely to result in providing consumers with a strong incentive to think of this organization’s products and services as such that represent a high “perceptional value” (Bulearca & Tamarjan, 2013). The explanation behind such a seeming phenomenon has to do with the fact that, for as long as the functioning of a person’s limbic system (in charge of assessing the actuality of the externally induced stimuli) is concerned, there is no difference between the simulated reality and the factual one. What it means is that the deployment of AR technologies in organizational settings will enable the practicing organization to provide its clientele with a powerful incentive to remain loyal. Therefore, it does not come as a particular surprise that, as Pedro, Stoyanova and Coelho (2018) noted, “Augmented Reality interface produces a higher emotional response” (p. 7493). Evidently enough, by ensuring that their organization keeps up with the ongoing progress in the field of AR-technologies, managers are able to take practical advantage of the fact that, despite people’s ability to indulge in the cause-effect reasoning, their behavior is driven by purely biological motivations. This can be seen as yet another indication that, as time goes on, the “augmentation” of different PR-activities will continue to gain an ever higher momentum. At the same time, however, some authors suggest that there is still much ambiguity about the concerned practice, in general, and its organizational implications, in particular. Among the foremost contributing factors, in this regard, is commonly mentioned the comparative recentness of PR, as a systemically sound approach to ensuring the operational efficiency of an organization, as well as the paradigm’s paradoxical subtleties that most PR-practitioners tend to overlook (Stoker 2014). After all, as it was revealed by the mentioned author, there is a strongly defined political sounding to the PR-related discourse, in general, and its value-based aspects, in particular. Consequently, this undermines the axiomatic integrity of most contemporary conceptualizations of PR, as such that supposedly represent the value of a “thing-in-itself”. The rationale behind this suggestion is reflective of the fact that the very passage of time has a notable effect on what managers tend to perceive to be the notion’s practical implications. Investigative Approach The strongly phenomenological nature of the would-be undertaken research presupposes the appropriateness of conducting it within the methodological framework of a qualitative inquiry (Gergen, Josselson & Freeman, 2015). Among the main supporting considerations, in this regard, can be mentioned the subject matter’s innovative nature and the fact that, as of today, the practice of incorporating AR as a part of PR-management is still through its initial developmental phase. What this means is that while addressing the task, a researcher will need to take into consideration the transformative essence of the matter that is about to be investigated – the idea that correlates well with the conceptual provisions of a qualitative research, as a whole (Landrum & Garza, 2015). There will be two phases to the data collection process – empirical and interpretative. The former will involve asking the sampled participants (PR-practitioners) to provide answers to the questionnaire-based questions of relevance, codifying the received responses, and subjecting the codified data to both the correlation and regression analyses. While conducting the correlation analysis a researcher will seek to confirm the presence of the casuistic relationship between the varying aspects of how PR-practitioners go about taking practical advantage of the available AR-technologies (independent variable), on the one hand, and the measurable effectiveness of the enacted PR policies (dependent variable), on the other. The main objective of conducting a regression analysis will be to identify the dialectical aspects of the relationship in question. The research’s interpretative phase will involve discussing the discursive implications of the would-be obtained statistical insights into the analyzed issue in conjunction with the findings of the earlier conducted studies of thematic relevance (Sousa 2014). Throughout the study’s entirety, a researcher will aim to test the validity of the following hypothetical presuppositions: * H1: “The incorporation of AR within the operational paradigm of PR is likely to increase the effectiveness of the latter”. * H2: “The concerned practice correlates well with what contemporary psychologists know about how people tend to perceive the surrounding natural environment and their place in it”. * H3. “The main effect of AR on PR is that it reduces the factor of uncertainty within the context of how the affected individuals come up with executive decisions – hence, making it much easier for PR-practitioners to address their professional responsibilities. * H4: “There is a positive correlation between the measure of a particular PR policy’s “saturation” with AR and the extent of the practicing organization’s functional competitiveness”. * H5: “As time goes on, AR will continue to define the outcomes of PR to an ever larger extent”. The main limitation of the suggested methodological approach to conducting the proposed study is that while collecting and analyzing the data, a researcher will be tempted to come up with the value-based judgments, concerning the discursive implications of would-be obtained analytical acumens into the issue (Trafimow 2014). At the same time, however, the suggested methodological format to conducting this research presupposes that, in the aftermath of having gone through the study’s empirical phases, a researcher will be able to acquire a systemic understanding of how AR affects PR (Katz 2015). Moreover, there is also a good reason to assume that the research’s findings should prove to be of a high practical value to PR specialists. Finally, the proposed research should contribute towards helping the latter to realize what is going to account for future challenges in their field of specialization. References Bulearca, M & Tamarjan, D 2013, ‘Augmented reality: a sustainable marketing tool?”, Global Business and Management Research, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 237-252. Gergen, K, Josselson, R & Freeman, M 2015, ‘The promises of qualitative inquiry’, American Psychologist, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 1-9. Hilken, T et al. 2017, ‘Augmenting the eye of the beholder: exploring the strategic potential of augmented reality to enhance online service experiences’, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 884-905. Katz, J 2015, ‘A theory of qualitative methodology: the social system of analytic fieldwork’, African Review of Social Sciences Methodology, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 131-146. Kaul, V 2013, ‘Plugging in: new PR technologies’, SCMS Journal of Indian Management, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 33-53. Landrum, B & Garza, G 2015, ‘Mending fences: defining the domains and approaches of quantitative and qualitative research’, Qualitative Psychology, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 199-209. Pedro, Q, Stoyanova, J & Coelho, A 2018, ‘Augmented reality versus conventional interface: is there any difference in effectiveness?’, Multimedia Tools and Applications, vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 7487-7516. Sousa, D 2014, ‘Validation in qualitative research: general aspects and specificities of the descriptive phenomenological method’, Qualitative Research in Psychology, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 211-227. Stoker, K 2014, ‘Paradox in public relations: why managing relating makes more sense than managing relationships’, Journal of Public Relations Research, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 344-358. Trafimow, D 2014, ‘Considering quantitative and qualitative issues together’, Qualitative Research in Psychology, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 15-24.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The Australian Institute of Sports is a sports training institution well known all over the world. Opened in 1981, A.I.S provides modern training facilities and support services that promote sports training. The organization hires employees to work in its sections such as the field sector that involves field officers in sport science and medicine.

The Australian Institute of Sports is a sports training institution well known all over the world. Opened in 1981, A.I.S provides modern training facilities and support services that promote sports training. The organization hires employees to work in its sections such as the field sector that involves field officers in sport science and medicine.

Australian Institute of Sport: Strategic Marketing Report Executive Summary The business sector has always realized the importance of developing a strategic marketing plan. Similarly, the sports sector has also recognized the need to establish a marketing plan to ensure high-quality performance and success. Many researchers in the field of sports argue that sports will not survive without a strategic marketing plan. The reason for this is the increased competition inherent in the entertainment industry. The A.I.S, as Australia’s main national sports institute, is not exempted from implementing a marketing plan. A.I.S was founded with the aim of improving the sports industry in Australia. Since its inception, the institute has served successfully the nation’s sports industry. However, as the world is constantly developing more innovative programs, A.I.S faces many challenges and competition from other sports institutes that provide high quality and entertaining sports. To remain competitive in this sector, a marketing plan is crucial. The strategic marketing plan examines the current state of the institute and analyses in detail its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats accordingly. The analysis also seeks to develop a marketing strategy for A.I.S that will help the institute improve by the year 2022. This involves examining the products, prices, promotion and place, commonly referred to as 4ps in business terms. Analysis of the 4ps helps greatly in implementation of action approaches aimed at improving the entire institute. Therefore, AIS needs to take some action plans to effectively sort its problems and continue to be in the lead. Situation Analysis Overview The Australian Institute of Sports (A.I.S) is a sports training institution well known all over the world. Opened in 1981, A.I.S provides modern training facilities and support services that promote sports training. The organization hires employees to work in its sections such as the field sector that involves field officers in sport science and medicine. The employees of the organization are experts in various sports-related disciplines including sports nutrition, skill acquisition, and physiology among many others (Morgan & summers 2005, p. 39). The Current Situation of A.I.S The A.I.S has a large capacity that can accommodate many people undertaking different activities along with a 5200 people capacity for indoor activities such as gymnastics. The A.I.S has an outdoor seating capacity of 25,000 that hosts some of the most popular games like football and hockey. The Institute has won many awards in different disciplines across Australia and is a popular tourist destination. This implies that the institute is doing well at international levels. The Australian Institute of Sports has several programs and partnerships, which are aimed at ensuring that it achieves its goals. One major program is the high performance program which has to ensure that Australia becomes a top 10 athletics nation by the end of 2012. National performance centres are located all over the country and focus on individual athletes. They make use of the available infrastructure to bring out the best talents with the help of the world class coaches. This program helps train individuals thereby ensuring that athletes become real professionals without having to attend training at headquarters. Similarly, this program offers several scholarships to different individuals who have shown talent and devotion to sports. A.I.S programs have a scholarship system, which ensures that talented individuals who cannot afford tuition are trained to elite levels. The elite program offers university education in sports that enhances professional standards. Essentially, this program is a high performance type and is aimed at achieving the best athletic results at international levels. Essentially, the program prepares highly talented athletes who are ready to enter the world championships in their particular disciplines. Scholarships are open to Australian citizens who have reached 17 years of age and have completed secondary education. The A.I.S camp scholarship year starts on April 1 st and finishes on September 30 th when the trainees are re-assessed in readiness to join the camps from 1 st October to 31 st of March. All applications are reviewed and only the most qualified athletes are selected for scholarship consideration. Those who are considered to join the scholarship programs must achieve the AIS qualifying standards and must be eligible for selection to national teams at the Paralympics and Olympic levels. In addition, the athlete must show a high potential to improve the current performances and must be willing to attend injury rehabilitation programs before taking the full program. The main consumers of A.I.S are spectators. Generally, spectators pay a lot of money to watch the athletes performances and competitions. Through organized national sports, the A.I.S attracts millions of fans who love watching games. The trainee is another consumer of the A.I.S. The A.I.S provides programs in several sporting disciplines which are of interest to secondary school graduates. The main professional courses offered in the institute are sports science and sports medicine. These courses are very popular and in high demand. Currently, the Institute does not offer as many professional courses as expected, although it is becoming increasingly popular in Australia. Products As in most sports organizations, the main product of the A.I.S is the athlete. Athletes are the main source of money since millions of people from all over the world come to watch them playing. The AIS has athletes in different games and sports such as basketball, cricket, football women, football men, athletes with disability, diving, cricket, rowing, hockey, skiing, netball, gymnastics, rugby, sailing, squash, swimming, softball, tennis, volleyball, cycling and many other games. All of these are products of A.I.S and continue to prevail the market of Australia as well as foreign markets. These games attract millions of fans who willingly pay to watch their favourite athletes. Competitors The effectiveness of any industry is measured by the amount of profit it makes (McDonald & Payne 1996, p. 97) However, in case of sports, the effectiveness is measured by the games won. The A.I.S. is facing many challenges as it tries to improve its performance and meet international standards. As Other sports organizations and teams are emerging and developing and, thus, creating a great threat to A.I.S. Unlike the A.I.S, these organizations are training their athletes at a lower price although the facilities are almost the same. As a result, many trainees have to change organizations to some cheaper institutes, which they can more easily afford. Moreover, these small institutions are picking talented athletes who have not been recognized by A.I.S. These athletes are trained and become elite thereby increasing their chances of becoming well renowned. It is well known that sport is all about talent and passion without which one cannot succeed in this field. It means that many people who are talented and interested in sports choose cheaper clubs and organizations, in Australia and internationally because attaining a position in A.I.S is quite selective and expensive, which makes this organization less attractive and affordable. The main supplier to the A.I.S. is the athlete or a player. These can let the institution down or vice versa. For AIS to improve in its performance, proper training is required. Even though A.I.S has provided adequate training facilities, a lot needs to be done. With technological advancements and innovations, advanced facilities are required in order to meet the international standards. Every day, a new talented player is born, perhaps even more talented than the previous ones. More and more world records are broken every day as players advance. To keep up with the pace, the A.I.S needs to do more, especially in training and provision of modern training facilities. Current facilities are neither sufficient nor not up to standards to consistently produce competitive players. The performance of employees also needs to be taken into consideration in any industry. The most important employees in A.I.S are the trainers and coaches. The Institute employs approximately 70 high level, elite coaches. However, since competition is increasing and new talents are emerging, the need for more competent coaches is also increasing.. The performance of athlete depends largely on the input of the coaches and the trainees themselves. Currently, athletes have been facing competition from outside players and have lost several games. This calls for some more complex measures and the need to motivate coaches to achieve more. The number of sports consumers is directly related to the number of teams or the attractiveness of the industry. This means that the better the results of the athletes, the higher the number of consumers. Basically, revenues of sports institutions come from the spectators, members and sponsors. The competition that A.I.S is facing has led to the loss of many of its consumers who have shifted to the small clubs that specialize in some particular sports activities. As a result, sustainability of products, which in our case are the spectators, is faced with untold challenges. Other international organizations are becoming more popular and entertaining placing them in a competitive advantage over the A.I.S. SWOT Analysis Analysis of strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats is significant for any marketing plan (McDonald 2011, p. 67). Just like any other institute, the A.I.S. has a share of its weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats commonly used in business analysis. Strengths The A.I.S is a world class sports institute and is famous not only in Australia but also internationally. It has several facilities including a 65 hectare field in Canberra offering multiple services. Apart from this field, facilities like gymnastic halls and swimming pools are available for various indoor activities. In addition, there are several fields for soccer, hockey along with the sport science building. Moreover, the Institute hosts a number of tourists from overseas who also enjoy the variety of services it offers. Simply, The A.I.S. is a sports tourist destination area with a high capacity to host both national and international sports events. As more tourists make use of the facilities, the A.I.S. continues to develop and improve its reputation. Whenever people use the AIS facilities, a fee is paid. Being an international institute, the fee is quite high as compared to many other sports facilities providers. An example of the facilities offered by the institute includes the modern biomechanical parameters used to measure and interpret information about the. The biomechanics services are found in big and modern sport organizations around the world. They are mostly used in track and field athletics, swimming, rowing and cycling. Not many organizations can provide such facilities as they are expensive and complex. In cycling, the bio mechanical facilities aid in assessing the ergonomics of the bicycle in order to optimize the power output while reducing the aerodynamic drag. Essentially, this ensures that an optimal position of the cyclist is achieved for faster cycling. In case of swimming, there are three major championships per a year that are used to analyze the competition. Here, the coaches are provided with the start and finish times together with the turn times, stroke lengths, velocities and stroke frequencies. Graphic output is then produced representing the entire data set. Such facilities are very rare and can only be found in big, modern organizations. The fee charged to use these facilities helps in strengthening the Institute by adding more modern facilities for further development. With its attractiveness, the A.I.S has the high capacity and good management and leadership to develop. Another great advantage that A.I.S has is the capacity to employ high-qualified international coaches. World class coaches would not hesitate to join such a focused and well known institute. This places the A.I.S. at a great advantage over other small institutes that are developing. The role of coach is very important especially when there is a need to improve athletes’ performances. The fact that the A.I.S can afford to employ efficient and well paid coaches means that it is on the right way to success. Many sports organizations cannot afford to pay coaches well. The capacity of the A.I.S. to support high salaries is an added advantage for the organization. Weaknesses Lancaster (1996, p. 26) argues that, in the modern world, technological advancements and innovations are outdoing some of the institutions that have failed to adapt to the new advancements. The field of sports is equally affected by this trend. The A.I.S has experienced some delays in adopting some of the emerging innovations necessary for improving sports. Its 65 hectares of sports fields are not enough to accommodate more sporting activities. The facilities available require much improvement to respond to the requirements of advanced technology. Many people have realized that sport is a great professional field. This means that more people are willing to become elite athletes. This requires the A.I.S to implement new strategies and create more vacancies to accommodate more talented people. New talents may lack space in the Institute and opt to improve and nurture their talents elsewhere. Opportunities The A.I.S has several opportunities that can be exploited to improve its performance. The Institute is strategically placed with several airlines and other transport providers close by. It has facilities that can be modified to attract more sports tourists. The infrastructural facilities in the Institute’s environment can be used as a tool to develop the Institute even further. Being a national institute with many facilities, the A.I.S has an opportunity to improve its performance and products. This can be done by holding tournaments and various types of competitions throughout the year. Management may invite popular athletes and teams to hold tournaments, and consequently give the players a chance to compete as well as train. This would encourage athletes morale and encourage them to train more and improve their performances. The A.I.S has a high capacity of holding several competitions and tournaments and should make use of the available opportunities. Another great advantage over many other institutes is that A.I.S has a great chance to attract donors and sponsors. By just improving their performances, the institute attracts several sponsors who are willing to be associated with a prestigious sports institute. Making use of these sponsors will greatly aid in maintaining its name and better still, invest in modern facilities. Threats A large number of private sports institutes are chartered every day. This means that the A.I.S is facing much competition from private sector providers aiming to make use of modern facilities to attract more consumers. Unlike the A.I.S., these institutes are employing new talents, even from overseas. There are many great athletes outside Australia and buying or sponsoring them would aid in promoting the A.I.S. Today, sport has become a professional career that attracts huge sums of money. More people are willing to join this professional career more than ever before. In response to this, entrepreneurs have found promising and profitable ventures in the various sporting disciplines. Several private sports institutes have been formed to cater for the high demands of athletics. These new entries have become major competitors of the A.I.S resulting in loss of market share and profitability. This is placing AIS at a disadvantage over the other organizations and an action plan at this stage is important. Objectives The following objectives will be used to improve the performance of A.I.S: * Promote sports development. * Promote business development. * Enhance better performance. * Promote people development. Enhance Better Performance To ensure that the institute improves its performance, more talented athletes will be trained with the aim of ensuring that they meet the international athlete programs. This will be met by employing more elite coaches using criteria based on their credentials. A criteria for assessing the coaches before employment will be based largely on their previous performances in other organizations. Similarly, an efficient network of services will be provided by the Institute, together with the development of teams that have strong passion for sports and, most importantly, that are highly talented. Co-operation between the athletes and coaches will be prioritized to ensure that the objective of high performance is adequately met. Promote People Development This objective seeks to provide the trainees with various development activities and tools to ensure high performance. To achieve this, all members of A.I.S will be provided with the necessary information and resources to access the sport. Additionally, a sound leadership strategy needs to be developed for all the staff. This objective will simultaneously promote international relationships as well as improve the Institute’s standards. Sport Development To improve the performance of the athletes, a cohesive system of sports needs to be developed with clear leadership and direction. Accordingly, strengthening of sports at grass root levels will be prioritized. A developed strategy to enhance and protect access to training venues and sports facilities needs to be formulated and implemented. Awareness that communication is vital in any development process, the A.I.S will seek to improve communication to ensure optimal outcomes. Sport development will be enhanced by the provision of safe training environments and the provision of adequate access to the Institute at regional levels. More land will be bought to accommodate all the training activities at ease. This will include opening up organizations in various parts of the country and providing them with the necessary facilities. Business Development The A.I.S will enhance its brand by making use of commercial opportunities. Marketing activities need to be improved so as to provide reliable sustainable revenue. This will provide attractive returns to corporate partners while optimizing the benefits incurred from sporting activities. To optimize all these, qualitative research will be conducted to improve the effectiveness of the Institute. An events management strategy will be implemented to provide world’s best events that deliver high performance competitions for all Australian athletes.. At the same time, a strategy to strengthen information and communication capabilities will be implemented to ensure success of the whole objective. Marketing Strategy and Action Programs Product Athletes are the major products of A.I.S, without which the institute would not exist. Athletes’ performances are what keeps the institute moving, meaning that, as a result, marketing them is vital for the survival of the Institute.. The attractiveness of the product to the consumers is determined by how well they play their games. Price Pricing is a major factor in enhancing the success of a business (Brooks (1994, p. 35)). Pricing should reflect consumer value. Currently the arena is never full, reduction of prices will ensure that more people will be willing to pay for the tickets and fill the arena. VIPs are normally not affected by the increase in price as they consider it to be more prestigious. A.I.S pricing and tickets should cater for the needs of all consumers. The ticket price for adults will reduce by 3% while that of VIPs will increase by 5%. This is so for all the spectators of the competition events held every year. By doing so, more spectators are expected to come and fill the arena to maximum. The overall outcome is that the adjustment in prices will increase the profits by a significant percentage. Another major adjustment in the price will be the tickets for individuals who use A.I.S facilities. The current records show that the numbers of people paying to use the resources have decreased since prices were increased. This calls for strategic measures with an aim of winning back the consumers and adding more. The number of people who attend the swimming pools has reduced, while the number of customers who attend gymnastics has increased significantly. The main reason for this is market segmentation. More children visit the swimming pools, whereas more adults use the gymnastic resources. Many children cannot afford to pay higher prices for swimming pools, while adults can easily afford paying for the gymnastics training. The prices for children visiting swimming pools will be reduced significantly to accommodate more children who will be attracted by the affordable prices. The prices for the gymnastics discipline will remain the same since consumers are used to the prices offered for using these facilities. Place Distribution of products at the right place and at the right time can improve the entire institute and put it at a competitive advantage over the competitors (Baker (2010, p. 65)). To achieve this, market research will be conducted to ensure achievement of the whole strategy. Weather forecasts can greatly aid in recognizing the best time and place to hold events. Some events are better held in summer while others are best offered during the winter season. Research on the best times to practice and hold events will ensure high performance of the institute as the desired outcome. For example, skiing is best done during winter when there is abundant snow, whereas swimming events are best suited in the summer period when the weather is sunny and warm. Strategic management of events in this way will attract more competitors and spectators at the venues of the events and improve the Institute’s performance. Promotion The role played by promotion is very crucial and needs to be implemented effectively to enhance the Institute (Kaser and Oelker (2008, p. 42)). Promotion involves communication of the product’s ability to satisfy the needs of the customer through various methods including; advertising, sales promotion, personal selling, public relations, sponsorship and, promotional licensing. A.I.S advertisements will be distributed through the media – both electronic and print. The adverts will be done in a very captivating way to capture the attention of consumers. It will be done through the most popular media channels so as to ensure majority people get the information on the A.I.S. The advertisements will target the most popular programs as there is a greater likelihood that many people will receive the required information on the Institute. Using popular celebrities and models attracts the attention of consumers as they would like to be associated with them. Advertisements will consume a huge amount of money but essentially, they are a necessary risk. Other promotional methods will be equally used. More sales representatives will be employed to sell the institute and increase sales significantly. Fliers, brochures and handouts containing information about A.I.S will be distributed to all corners of the country. People with knowledge and good public relations will be used to educate people on the facilities and services offered by A.I.S. Another major factor that will promote the institute is the use of internet. Currently, there is information on the internet about the A.I.S including Wikipedia. However, the information is not adequate. More information on the A.I.S needs to be put on the internet for more people all over the world to access the same. Physical Evidence The physical appearance or the aesthetic value of any institute has a great capability of attracting new consumers while maintaining the existing ones (Kotler 1997, p. 144). With this in mind, the A.I.S will be restructured and renovated to make it more appealing to the eye of consumers. This strategy will increase consumer consumption as many people are attracted to aesthetic value exhibited in a place. Qualified engineers and designers will be consulted to improve the aesthetic value of the whole institute. Re engineering definitely consume a huge sum of money so a good budget needs to be effectively implemented. This project is also expected to attract more international tourists. People People are responsible for delivering various events and most importantly, a major distinguishing factor in the process of consumption (Smith et al. 2002, p. 78). In other words, they are the focus of the A.I.S events without which there would be no event. Concentrating the efforts toward people, who in the case of the A.I.S, are the spectators, will improve greatly the institute as expected. Comfort of the facilities will be enhanced to come up with a people cantered institute. A sports institute that does not focus on people’s interests is inefficient and at risk of decline. Therefore, all efforts to cater for the needs of the spectators and other people using the facilities should be delivered optimally. Conclusion Efficient implementation of the plan will improve A.I.S institute by the end of year 2022. Meeting of the objectives and implementation of the action programs will ensure that the institute becomes one of the best sports institutes in the world. Essentially it meets all the needs of the consumers both nationally and internationally. References Baker, M., 2010, The Strategic Marketing Plan Audit: a detailed top management review of every aspect of your company’s marketing strategy, Axminster, Devon, Campridge Strategy Publ. Brooks, C., 1994, Sports marketing: competitive business strategies for sports , Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs. Kaser, K & Oelkers, D., 2008, Sports and entertainment marketing, Thomson South-Western, Mason. Kotler, P., 1997, Marketing Management: Analysis, planning, implementation and control, (9 edn.), Prentice Hall, New York. Lancaster, G & Massingham, L., 1996, Strategic Marketing Planning and Evaluation, Kogan Page, New York. McDonald, M & Payne, A., 1996, Marketing Planning for Services, Butterworth- Heinemann, London. Mcdonald, M., 2011, Marketing plans: how to prepare them, how to use them , John Wiley Chichester. Morgan, M & Summers, J., 2005, Sports marketing , Thomson, Southbank, Vic. Smith, P, Berry, C & Pulford, A., 2002, Strategic marketing communications: New ways to build and integrate communications , Kogan Page, London.

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