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Abdominal adhesions are bands of fibrous scar tissue that form on organs in the abdomen. They can cause organs to stick to one another or to the wall of the abdomen. Abdominal adhesions most commonly develop after surgery. Abdominal organs handled by the surgical team are shifted temporarily from their normal positions. In some people, this stimulates excessive formation of scar tissue. Adhesions can also form in people who develop peritonitis, an infection that has spread to the membrane that covers the abdominal organs. Another unusual cause is endometriosis. Tissue that normally lines only the uterus grows in other parts of the body, such as inside the abdomen. In most patients, adhesions do not cause health problems. In a small number of people who have adhesions, however, the fibrous bands of scar tissue block the intestines either completely or partially. This blockage is called a bowel obstruction. Sometimes, an area of intestine that is affected by adhesions can keep becoming blocked then unblocked, causing symptoms to come and go. Rarely, a portion of the bowel twists tightly around a band of adhesions. This cuts off the normal blood supply to the twisted bowel, causing what is called "strangulation," and that section of bowel begins to die. When this emergency happens, the person must be taken to surgery immediately. Adhesions are fairly rare in patients who have never had abdominal surgery. In people who have had multiple abdominal surgeries, adhesions are common. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Abdominal adhesions
: What are abdominal adhesions? |
In most people, abdominal adhesions do not cause any symptoms. Adhesions that partially block the intestine from time to time can cause intermittent bouts of crampy abdominal pain. More significant intestinal obstruction can cause the following symptoms: | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Abdominal adhesions
: Symptoms of abdominal adhesions |
Your doctor will examine you, paying special attention to your abdomen. He or she also will examine your rectum. If you are a woman, your doctor will do a pelvic exam. To find further evidence for the diagnosis, your doctor will likely order blood tests and an abdominal CT scan. In some people with suspected intestinal obstruction or strangulation, the diagnosis can be confirmed only at the time of abdominal surgery. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Abdominal adhesions
: Diagnosing abdominal adhesions |
Abdominal adhesions are permanent unless the patient has a surgical procedure called adhesion lysis. During this operation a surgeon uses instruments to clip the fibers that have formed into adhesions and to remove as much of this scar tissue as possible. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Abdominal adhesions
: Expected duration of abdominal adhesions |
There is no way for you to prevent adhesions. This problem is one reason that doctors are cautious to recommend abdominal surgery only when it is necessary. If you are having abdominal surgery, your surgeon can minimize the risk of adhesions by using a gentle surgical technique and powder-free gloves. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Abdominal adhesions
: Preventing abdominal adhesions |
Complete small bowel obstructions that are caused by adhesions often require surgery. In cases of partial bowel obstruction or complete bowel obstruction without severe symptoms, surgery may be delayed for 12 to 24 hours to allow a dehydrated patient to receive fluids intravenously (into a vein) and give the person a chance to avoid surgery. In this case, a small suction tube that extends through the nose and into the stomach can be used to prevent additional bloating and to relieve pain and nausea. When adhesions cause intestinal strangulation, immediate abdominal surgery is required to remove the adhesions so that blood flow to the bowel can be restored. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Abdominal adhesions
: Treating abdominal adhesions |
Call your doctor whenever you have severe abdominal pain, especially if you also have a fever, nausea and vomiting, or infrequent bowel movements. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Abdominal adhesions
: When to call a professional |
Abdominal adhesions can be treated, but they can be a recurring problem. Because surgery is both the cause and the treatment, the problem can keep returning. For example, when surgery is done to remove an intestinal obstruction caused by adhesions, adhesions tend to form again and create a new obstruction. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Abdominal adhesions
: Prognosis |
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/ | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Abdominal adhesions
: Additional info |
### Instruction: Disease name:
Abdominal adhesions
:
About the Reviewer
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An abdominal aortic aneurysm is an abnormal swelling in the aorta. Smaller aneurysms rarely cause a problem. But over time, they can enlarge, which increases the risk of rupture. This can be fatal. The aorta is the body's largest artery. It carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to smaller arteries in the body. An abdominal aneurysm occurs in the abdominal aorta. This is the part of the aorta between the bottom of the chest and the pelvis. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
: What are abdominal aortic aneurysms? |
Most aortic aneurysms don't cause any symptoms. They often are discovered during routine physical exams. Or they are found on X-rays for unrelated illnesses. When symptoms develop, they can include: | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
: Symptoms of abdominal aortic aneurysms |
Your doctor will ask about your family history of heart disease. He or she will want to know about any sudden and, perhaps, unexplained, deaths in the family. Your doctor will ask if you smoke. The doctor will check for high cholesterol, high blood pressure and diabetes. Your doctor may suspect an aortic aneurysm based on the physical examination. Your doctor may hear abnormal blood flow in your abdomen. Or, your doctor may see and feel a pulsating mass in your abdomen. In most people an abdominal aortic aneurysm is found on an imaging study for an unrelated illness. Aortic aneurysms can be seen on many different imaging studies. These include x-rays and ultrasound. Ultrasound is a very accurate test for abdominal aortic aneurysm. And it doesn't expose the patient to radiation. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
: Diagnosing abdominal aortic aneurysms |
Once an abdominal aortic aneurysm develops, it is a lifelong condition. Most grow larger with time. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
: Expected duration of abdominal aortic aneurysms |
You may be able to reduce your risk of an aortic aneurysm. You can do this by controlling your risk factors for atherosclerosis. If you smoke, quit now If you have high cholesterol: | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
: Preventing abdominal aortic aneurysms |
Treatment depends mostly on the size of the aneurysm. The larger the aneurysm, the more likely it is to burst (rupture). A ruptured aneurysm that requires emergency surgery has a higher risk of death than a scheduled aneurysm repair. Surgery is almost always recommended for anyone with an aneurysm that is leaking. Even with no symptoms, a person with an aneurysm larger than 6.5 centimeters would almost always have emergency surgery to repair the problem. Surgery generally is recommended for people with aneurysms larger than 5.5 centimeters in diameter, unless there is another illness that makes surgery unusually risky. People with smaller aneurysms should be monitored with periodic imaging tests, usually using ultrasound. The Society for Vascular Surgery recommends the following imaging schedule based on the size of the aortic aneurysm: | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
: Treating abdominal aortic aneurysms |
Contact your doctor if you notice a pulsating mass in your abdomen but otherwise feel well. If you have abdominal, back or flank pain along with a pulsating mass, this is an emergency. It requires immediate attention. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
: When to call a professional |
The outlook for an untreated abdominal aortic aneurysm depends on its size. A larger aneurysm has a higher chance of rupturing. In general, the risk of rupture outweighs the risk of surgery when an abdominal aneurysm is wider than 5–5.5 centimeters (a little more than 2 inches) or expands by more than 1 centimeter (a little less than half an inch) in one year. With successful surgical repair, the prognosis is excellent. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
: Prognosis |
American Heart Association (AHA)
https://www.heart.org/
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
: Additional info |
### Instruction: Disease name:
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
:
About the Reviewer
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The brain's nerve cells (neurons) communicate by firing tiny electric signals. During a seizure (convulsion), the firing pattern of these electric signals suddenly changes. It becomes unusually intense and abnormal. A seizure can affect a small area of the brain. Or it can affect the entire brain. If the whole brain is involved, it is called a generalized seizure. The two most common forms of generalized seizures are: | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Absence Seizures (Petit Mal Seizures)
: What are absence seizures? |
During an absence seizure, a child is temporarily unaware of what is happening around him or her. For a few brief seconds, the child stops what he or she is doing. He or she stares straight ahead and does not respond to people speaking. During a seizure, a child's eyelids may blink or flicker very quickly. Or an arm or a leg may twitch, jerk or move for no obvious reason. After the seizure ends, the child has no memory of the episode. He or she usually resumes previous activities as if nothing happened. There usually is no confusion or recovery period after an absence seizure. A child with absence epilepsy can have many brief seizures during a school day. As a result, the disorder may interfere seriously with their ability to pay attention and participate in class. For this reason, a teacher may be the first adult to notice that something is wrong. If the teacher is not familiar with absence seizures, he or she may complain that the child is not paying attention or appears to be daydreaming. Outside the classroom, the child's symptoms may affect the ability to concentrate when he or she plays sports or does homework. Seizures also may interrupt conversations with friends or family members. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Absence Seizures (Petit Mal Seizures)
: Symptoms of absence seizures |
The doctor will ask you to describe your child's symptoms. He or she will ask how often the symptoms occur and how long they last. The doctor also will ask whether any other members of your family have had similar symptoms or have received treatment for any type of epilepsy. The doctor will review your child's medical history, including: | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Absence Seizures (Petit Mal Seizures)
: Diagnosing absence seizures |
Most children outgrow absence epilepsy, usually by their teen years. Before then, anti-epilepsy medication is used to control the symptoms. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Absence Seizures (Petit Mal Seizures)
: Expected duration of absence seizures |
Absence epilepsy cannot be prevented. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Absence Seizures (Petit Mal Seizures)
: Preventing absence seizures |
If your child has absence epilepsy, the doctor will treat the condition with medication to help control the number of absence seizures your child has. They are known as anticonvulsants (also called antiepileptic or antiseizure drugs). The two most commonly prescribed anticonvulsant medications to treat absence epilepsy are ethosuximide (Zarontin) and valproic acid (Depakene, Depakote). Ethosuximide only prevents absence seizures. Valproic acid is a general anticonvulsant that also is the treatment for tonic-clonic (grand mal), myoclonic and partial seizures as well as absence seizures. Controlling absence epilepsy can help your child reach his or her full potential at school and home. Once your child begins taking a seizure medicine, treatment usually continues for at least two years. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Absence Seizures (Petit Mal Seizures)
: Treating absence seizures |
Call your child's doctor if you notice that your child has: | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Absence Seizures (Petit Mal Seizures)
: When To Call a Professional |
The outlook is very good. Most children with absence epilepsy eventually outgrow the condition without complications. With proper treatment, the child can have a normal life at school and at home. In most cases, there is no long-term effect on brain development, brain function or intelligence. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Absence Seizures (Petit Mal Seizures)
: Prognosis |
Achalasia is an uncommon disorder of the esophagus. The disorder makes it difficult for food to pass from the esophagus into the stomach. The esophagus is a muscular tube. It carries food from the mouth to the stomach. Normally, coordinated contractions of smooth muscle move food through the esophagus. These contractions are called peristaltic waves. Between the esophagus and stomach is a muscle called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The sphincter surrounds the esophagus. It keeps the esophagus closed. This prevents food and acid from splashing back up into the esophagus from the stomach. When you swallow, this sphincter relaxes. It opens to allow food to pass into the stomach. At the same time, nerves coordinate the contractions of the esophagus. This moves food into the stomach when the sphincter opens. In achalasia, the nerve cells in the lower two-thirds of the esophagus and the sphincter are abnormal. This causes uncoordinated or weak peristaltic waves. It also causes the sphincter to remain closed. The cause of achalasia is unknown. It does not run in families. Most people with achalasia develop symptoms between the ages of 25 and 60. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Achalasia
: What is it? |
The symptoms of achalasia come on gradually. They may take years to progress. Symptoms can include | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Achalasia
: Symptoms |
Tests will be done to diagnose achalasia. These tests will also look for other conditions that could be causing the symptoms. Tests include: | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Achalasia
: Diagnosis |
Achalasia generally worsens unless treated. Even after successful treatment, symptoms may still return five to 10 years later. They may require repeat treatments. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Achalasia
: Expected duration |
Since the cause of achalasia is unknown, there is no way to prevent it. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Achalasia
: Prevention |
The choice of treatment method will depend on | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Achalasia
: Treatment |
You should call your doctor for an urgent evaluation if you: | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Achalasia
: When to call a professional |
There is no known cure for achalasia. But several treatments can provide good to excellent relief from symptoms for a number of years. When treatment needs to be repeated, it can be as successful as initial treatment. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Achalasia
: Prognosis |
American College of Gastroenterology (ACG)
http://www.acg.gi.org/ American Gastroenterological Association
https://gi.org/ Society of Thoracic Surgeons
https://www.sts.org/ | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Achalasia
: Additional info |
### Instruction: Disease name:
Achalasia
:
About the Reviewer
|
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Acne is a common skin condition. It is caused by inflammation of the hair follicles and oil-producing (sebaceous) glands of the skin. Hair follicles are the tiny structures that grow hair in the scalp. Sebaceous glands produce sebum. On areas where acne develops, sebaceous glands surround the hair follicles. The combination of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles is the "pilosebaceous unit," where acne pimples and cysts develop. Sebum moisturizes hair and skin. Each hair pushes up through the skin surface along with sebum. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acne
: What is acne? |
An acoustic neuroma is a type of benign (noncancerous) brain tumor that grows on the vestibular nerve as it travels from the inner ear to the brainstem. It is one of the most common types of benign brain tumors. The first sign of one is usually hearing loss. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acoustic Neuroma
: What Is It? |
Acute bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, the hollow air passages that connect the lungs to the windpipe (trachea). The inflammation can be caused by an infection or by other factors that irritate the airways, such as cigarette smoking, allergies and exposure to fumes from some chemicals. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute Bronchitis
: What is acute bronchitis? |
The main symptom of acute bronchitis is a cough. The cough can be dry or it can produce sputum, the mucus-like substance brought up from the lungs. The sputum may be clear, cloudy, brown, yellow or greenish. Other symptoms can include wheezing, chest tightness or pain, shortness of breath, sore throat, nasal congestion, fever and tiredness. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute Bronchitis
: Symptoms of acute bronchitis |
To diagnose acute bronchitis, your health care provider will ask about your medical history, especially whether you recently have had an upper respiratory infection. Your doctor also will listen to your chest with a stethoscope to try to detect sounds of wheezing and airways clogged with mucous. The level of oxygen in your blood may be tested using a small device that closes gently over a finger. If your health care provider hears any suspicious lung sounds during the physical examination, or if your oxygen level is lower than normal, he or she may order a chest X-ray to check for pneumonia. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute Bronchitis
: Diagnosing acute bronchitis |
Most cases of acute bronchitis go away without treatment within five days, although coughing usually lasts seven to 10 days. In some cases, coughing continues for weeks or even months after the infection is gone because the bronchial linings are still irritated and may become narrow, as in asthma. Inhalers can help to treat the cough in these cases. When bronchitis comes back frequently or occurs most days of a month for at least three months of a year for two years, it is called chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis occurs most often in current and former smokers. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute Bronchitis
: Expected duration of acute bronchitis |
There is no way to prevent all cases of acute bronchitis. However, the risk of bronchitis and complications can be reduced by not smoking and by getting flu shots to reduce the risk of getting the flu, which can lead to acute bronchitis. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute Bronchitis
: Preventing acute bronchitis |
Most cases of acute bronchitis do not require medical treatment. People diagnosed with acute bronchitis will be told to rest and drink plenty of fluids to keep the mucus thin, watery and easy to cough up. Warm, moist air also can loosen sputum and make coughing and breathing easier. Because of that, many physicians recommend at least one of the following for people with bronchitis: | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute Bronchitis
: Treating acute bronchitis |
You should call your doctor if: | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute Bronchitis
: When To Call A Professional |
In an average, healthy person, acute bronchitis typically clears up quickly on its own or with antibiotic treatment. Some people, including the elderly, infants, smokers or people with heart or lung disorders, are at higher risk of developing complications from acute bronchitis. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute Bronchitis
: Prognosis |
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a type of leukemia. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow. ALL is also known as acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute lymphoid leukemia. ALL is a cancer of the body's blood-making system. Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, the soft, inner part of bones. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) in Adults
: What is acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in adults? |
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the body's blood-making system. (It is also known as acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute lymphoid leukemia.) The word "acute" refers to the fact that the disease can progress quickly. "Lymphocytic" means that the cancer develops from lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Bone marrow, the soft inner part of bones, makes cells that circulate in the blood. They include white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. The two major types of white blood cells are myeloid cells and lymphoid cells. Lymphocytes populate lymph nodes, the spleen, the thymus and the gastrointestinal tract, where they provide immunity to aid in fighting infections. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) in Children
: What is acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in children? |
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of leukemia. It is also called acute myelogenous leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, acute granulocytic leukemia, and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells that are produced and released into the circulation from the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft, inner part of bones where red and white blood cells and platelets are produced. The word "acute" in acute myeloid leukemia refers to the fact that the disease can progress quickly. Symptoms that lead to a diagnosis of AML occur over a relatively short period of time, often days to weeks. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
: What is acute myeloid leukemia (AML)? |
Acute pancreatitis is a sudden inflammation of the pancreas. The pancreas is located in the upper part of the abdomen, behind the stomach. It produces digestive enzymes and hormones. In pancreatitis, enzymes that normally are released into the digestive tract begin to damage the pancreas itself. The organ becomes swollen and inflamed. More enzymes are released into the surrounding tissues and bloodstream. The most common causes of acute pancreatitis are | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute pancreatitis
: What is acute pancreatitis? |
The most common symptom of acute pancreatitis is upper abdominal pain. It can range from tolerable to severe. The pain usually occurs in the middle of the body, just under the ribs. But it is sometimes felt on either the left or right side. This is a steady, drilling, or "boring" pain. It can radiate to the back, flank, chest, or lower abdomen. Pain reaches a maximum intensity quickly, often within 30 minutes. In alcohol-induced pancreatitis, the pain tends to begin one to three days after a binge. It may be difficult to find a comfortable position. Bending over or lying on your side may reduce the pain. Eating usually makes the pain worse. Other symptoms of acute pancreatitis include | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute pancreatitis
: Symptoms of acute pancreatitis |
Your doctor will diagnose acute pancreatitis based on | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute pancreatitis
: Diagnosing acute pancreatitis |
Mild to moderate pancreatitis often goes away on its own within one week. But severe cases can last several weeks. If significant damage is done to the pancreas in a single severe attack or several repeat attacks, chronic pancreatitis can develop. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute pancreatitis
: Expected duration of acute pancreatitis |
Avoiding heavy alcohol use will help to prevent pancreatitis. Anyone who already has had one episode of pancreatitis caused by alcohol should stop drinking entirely. This is crucial to prevent the condition from coming back or becoming chronic. Most first episodes of acute pancreatitis that are not related to alcohol use cannot be prevented. However, taking steps to prevent gallstones may help to prevent gallstone-related acute pancreatitis. To help prevent gallstones, maintain a normal weight and avoid rapid weight loss. If the cause is gallstones, gallbladder surgery will usually be recommended to prevent future attacks. When a medication is the likely cause, it will be stopped if possible. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute pancreatitis
: Preventing acute pancreatitis |
If you suspect you have acute pancreatitis, you need to seek urgent medical care. Most people who develop pancreatitis are admitted to the hospital. They are treated with pain relievers and intravenous fluids. You will usually be able to start taking clear liquids once the pain is controlled and you are not vomiting. In most cases, nothing can be done to speed healing or shorten an episode. If the episode is prolonged, and a patient cannot eat for longer than a week, nutrition may be given intravenously. If the damaged pancreas becomes infected with bacteria, antibiotics may be prescribed, but only if the damaged pancreas becomes infected with bacteria. If you have an attack of pancreatitis caused by gallstones, you may need to have an ERCP. During the test, the doctor may make a tiny cut into the opening of the bile duct to treat current or future blockage. You will likely be advised to have your gallbladder removed, often before leaving the hospital. Surgery also may be needed to | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute pancreatitis
: Treating acute pancreatitis |
Call your doctor or go to the nearest hospital emergency room if you have | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute pancreatitis
: When to call a professional |
In most cases, acute pancreatitis goes away on its own after a couple of days. There are usually no complications or further problems. A small percentage of patients develop complications. These may include a pseudocyst or abscess in the pancreas. They may require monitoring or additional treatment. Pancreatitis caused by heavy drinking is likely to come back if drinking continues. Over time, permanent damage may be done to the pancreas. A chronic form of the disease may develop. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute pancreatitis
: Prognosis |
National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Disorders
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/ | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute pancreatitis
: Additional info |
### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute pancreatitis
:
About the Reviewer
|
|
The prostate is a walnut-sized gland that sits below the bladder in men. This gland makes fluid that mixes with sperm to form semen. Because the prostate surrounds the urethra (the tube that carries urine out of the body from the bladder), conditions that cause the prostate to swell or enlarge may press on the urethra and cause pain or problems with urination. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute Prostatitis
: What is acute prostatitis? |
Typical symptoms of acute prostatitis include: | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute Prostatitis
: Symptoms of acute prostatitis |
Your doctor will examine your prostate by gently inserting a finger into your rectum. When the prostate is infected, it usually feels swollen. When slight pressure is put on the gland, you may experience pain or a severe need to urinate. Your doctor also will do a general exam to make sure that infection has not spread to other organs, such as the kidneys. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute Prostatitis
: Diagnosing acute prostatitis |
If treated promptly, the symptoms of prostatitis usually begin to improve within 24 to 48 hours. In more severe cases, symptoms of infection may linger for more than a week. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute Prostatitis
: Expected duration of acute prostatitis |
Most cases of prostatitis cannot be prevented. However, if an infection is caught early, it is more likely to respond quickly to treatment. In addition, some cases of prostatitis are caused by sexually transmitted bacteria. Many of these infections can be prevented by practicing safe sex. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute Prostatitis
: Preventing acute prostatitis |
Acute prostatitis is treated with antibiotics. In severe cases, antibiotics will be given intravenously (into a vein). In less severe cases, antibiotics can be taken orally. Because it is difficult for antibiotics to get from the bloodstream into the prostate, these medications often are prescribed for three or more weeks. If you are severely ill with prostatitis, your doctor may admit you to a hospital to give you intravenous antibiotics and make sure your vital signs remain stable. Usually, a stay of only a few days is needed. If the prostate is very swollen, it may be necessary to insert a catheter to allow urine to drain. This catheter may need to be left in place for up to a week, but as the infection comes under control, you should be able to urinate normally again. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute Prostatitis
: Treating acute prostatitis |
Call a health care professional if you develop: | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute Prostatitis
: When To Call a Professional |
Most cases of acute prostatitis respond promptly to treatment. Your doctor may recommend a prolonged course of antibiotics. Even if you start to feel better, it is important to complete the full treatment. Symptoms of irritation or hesitancy as you pass urine may linger for a while, but eventually should go away completely. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute Prostatitis
: Prognosis |
Sinuses are air-filled spaces behind the bones of the upper face: between the eyes and behind the forehead, nose and cheeks. The lining of the sinuses are made up of cells with tiny hairs on their surfaces called cilia. Other cells in the lining produce mucus. The mucus traps germs and pollutants and the cilia push the mucus out through narrow sinus openings into the nose. When the sinuses become inflamed or infected, the mucus thickens and clogs the openings to one or more sinuses. Fluid builds up inside the sinuses causing increased pressure. Also bacteria can become trapped, multiply and infect the lining. This is sinusitis.
Sinusitis is can be chronic (long-lasting or frequently returning) or acute. Acute sinusitis lasts three weeks or less and the person should have no more than three episodes per year. Acute sinusitis is extremely common. It usually is caused by an upper respiratory viral infection.
The inflammation and swelling of the lining of the sinuses can be triggered by | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute sinusitis
: What is acute sinusitis? |
Common symptoms of acute sinusitis include nasal congestion, thick green nasal discharge, fever, headache, tiredness and facial pain. Some symptoms depend on which sinus is inflamed. For example: | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute sinusitis
: Symptoms of acute sinusitis |
A sinus infection can be difficult to diagnose in the early stages because it can mimic a common cold. Both can cause nasal congestion and fatigue. However, a common cold usually will improve in five to seven days, while an untreated sinus infection can last three weeks or longer. Sinus infections also are more likely to cause a green nasal discharge, fever and facial pain. Your doctor will diagnose acute sinusitis based on your symptoms, medical history and a simple office examination. The doctor will ask about your symptoms and how long they last, look into your ears, nose and throat, and may tap or press on your face to test for tenderness over specific sinuses. If your doctor is uncertain of your diagnosis, he or she may use other methods to see inside the sinuses. Some physicians may insert a nasopharyngoscope (a thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end) into your nose to look for abnormalities. X-rays and computed tomography scans (CT) also can provide a look at the sinuses, especially those that are deep within the head. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute sinusitis
: Diagnosing sinusitis |
By definition, acute sinus infections resolve within three weeks. Infections that last longer than three weeks are considered chronic sinusitis. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute sinusitis
: Expected duration of acute sinusitis |
There are some measures you can take to decrease your risk of developing sinusitis. If you smoke cigarettes, you should quit. The smoke can irritate nasal passageways and increase the likelihood of infection. Nasal allergies can trigger sinus infections, too. By identifying the allergen (the substance causing the allergic reaction) and avoiding it, you can help prevent sinusitis. If you have congestion from a cold or allergies, the following may help to reduce the risk of developing sinusitis: | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute sinusitis
: Preventing acute sinusitis |
Many sinus infections improve without treatment. However, several medications may speed recovery and reduce the chance that an infection will become chronic. Decongestants — Congestion often triggers sinus infections, and decongestants can open the sinuses and allow them to drain. Several are available: | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute sinusitis
: Treating acute sinusitis |
Contact a doctor if you experience facial pain along with a headache and fever, cold symptoms that last longer than seven to 10 days, or persistent green discharge from the nose. If your symptoms don't improve within a week of beginning treatment, call your doctor. Call sooner if symptoms are getting worse. If you have repeated bouts of acute sinusitis, you may have allergies or another treatable cause of sinus congestion. Ask your doctor for advice. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute sinusitis
: When to call a professional |
The prognosis for acute sinusitis is very good. Most cases will go away within one to two weeks, often without antibiotics. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute sinusitis
: Prognosis |
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
https://www.niaid.nih.gov/
American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (AAAAI)
https://www.aaaai.org/ | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute sinusitis
: Additional info |
### Instruction: Disease name:
Acute sinusitis
:
About the Reviewer
|
|
Adenocarcinoma of the lung is a type of non-small cell lung cancer. It occurs when abnormal lung cells multiply out of control and form a tumor. Eventually, tumor cells can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body including the | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Adenocarcinoma of the lung
: What Is It? |
Adrenocortical carcinoma is a cancer of the adrenal gland. The condition is also called cancer of the adrenal cortex, adrenal cortical cancer, or adrenocortical cancer. This cancer is very rare. The adrenal gland is a small organ above the kidney. It makes important hormones. There are two adrenal glands in the body. One sits on top of each kidney. Adrenal glands are part of the endocrine system. Your endocrine system helps regulate body activities. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
: What is adrenocortical carcinoma? |
As you age, years of being in the sun start to add up. Age spots (also called liver spots or solar lentigo) are collections of pigment caused by exposure to the sun. Pigment is deposited as a response to injury, just like a scar is a response to a cut. The pigment collects in areas injured because of thin skin or greater sun exposure. Age spots also can be caused by bruising that leaves blood pigment behind. They are most common in people older than 55. The spots commonly appear on the hands, but they can be almost anywhere, especially sun-exposed areas, such as the face, back, arms, feet and shoulders. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Age spots (solar lentigo, liver spots)
: What are age spots? |
The only symptom is the appearance of darkened spots on the skin. They do not itch and are not painful. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Age spots (solar lentigo, liver spots)
: Symptoms of age spots |
You can diagnose age spots yourself by their appearance. If you are concerned about changes in your skin, contact your doctor. He or she can do tests to rule out other diseases. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Age spots (solar lentigo, liver spots)
: Diagnosing age spots |
Most age spots fade over time but probably will not disappear because the skin has been damaged. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Age spots (solar lentigo, liver spots)
: Expected duration of age spots |
By limiting your sun exposure, you can decrease the possibility of age spots. Sun exposure before the age of 20 is the major factor that determines how your skin will look in later life. If you already have age spots, limiting your exposure to the sun can help prevent them from enlarging or darkening. To protect your skin from the sun, wear long-sleeved shirts, pants and a hat. Use sunscreen if you will be outside for more than a few minutes. Avoid being in the sun during midday (10 a.m. to 3 p.m.), when the sun's rays are the most intense. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Age spots (solar lentigo, liver spots)
: Preventing age spots |
Age spots do not need to be treated. If you want cosmetic therapy, a dermatologist may be able to prescribe medication to lighten the spots or offer some other form of therapy. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Age spots (solar lentigo, liver spots)
: Treating age spots |
If you are concerned about changes in your skin, contact your doctor. He or she can rule out cancer or other underlying medical conditions. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Age spots (solar lentigo, liver spots)
: When to call a professional |
Age spots are not harmful. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Age spots (solar lentigo, liver spots)
: Prognosis |
American Academy of Dermatology
https://www.aad.org/ | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Age spots (solar lentigo, liver spots)
: Additional info |
### Instruction: Disease name:
Age spots (solar lentigo, liver spots)
:
About the Reviewer
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We all know the obvious signs of aging: wrinkles, gray hair, a slightly stooped posture, perhaps some "senior moments" of forgetfulness. But why do those things happen? What is aging? Each of us is made up of cells — 13 trillion of them. Our tissues and organs are each a bunch of cells, held together with various natural materials that the cells have made. From the moment of conception, each of our cells — and, hence, our tissues and organs — begins a process of aging. Early in life, of course, we still are growing, and expanding the number of cells that we have. The cells are aging, but so slightly that we can't see it: we just see the body growing and developing. At some point in life, often in the 30's, the tell-tale signs of aging begin to be apparent. They can be seen in everything from our vital signs (like blood pressure) to our skin, to our bone and joints, to our cardiovascular, digestive, and nervous systems, and beyond. Some aging changes begin early in life. For example, your metabolism starts to gradually decline beginning at about age 20. Changes in your hearing, on the other hand, do not usually begin until age 50 or later. We do not yet fully understand the complex interplay of factors that cause us to age as we do. We know that many different things affect aging: genetics, diet, exercise, illness, and a host of other factors, all of which contribute to the aging process. A series of remarkable biological research studies since the 1990s have identified genes that can profoundly influence the rate at which cells, and animals, age. The good news from these studies is that biological changes that extend life also seem to extend vitality: animals that live longer remain quite healthy for most of their lengthened life. None of these discoveries is close to providing a "fountain of youth" for humans, but some scientists believe that research breakthroughs regarding aging in the 21st century will lead to the development of drugs that can extend human life and simultaneously improve human health. If that happens, of course, it will only be a good thing if the world finds room, work and resources for all the additional people. Following are examples of how aging affects some of our major body systems.
Cells, organs, and tissues: | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Aging overview
: What is aging? |
We each age at different rates, and to different degrees, and yet we experience many common effects of aging. Some common signs and symptoms of aging include: | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Aging overview
: Symptoms of aging |
Although the body and mind go through many natural changes as we age, not all changes are normal. There are many misconceptions about what is a normal part of aging. Senility, for example, is not a natural consequence of getting old, though many people believe that it is. It is important to talk to your physician about any changes you are experiencing. Your doctor can help you differentiate between what is a normal part of aging, and what is not. If necessary, your doctor may refer you to a specialist. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Aging overview
: Diagnosing aging |
Aging is a continuous, progressive process that continues until the end of life. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Aging overview
: Expected duration of aging |
We cannot change our genes, and we cannot stop the passage of time. However, through lifestyle changes, we can reduce our risk for some of the diseases and conditions that become more likely as we age. We can also prevent diseases with screening tests and immunizations. Screening tests. Screening tests can detect diseases at early, and potentially curative, stages. However, the potential benefits of screening tests and procedures decline as you get older. Indeed, screening tests can sometimes lead to harm. For example, if the test is falsely positive — if it indicates that a person may have a disease even when he doesn't — additional, more risky, and unnecessary, testing may be ordered. Work with your doctor to determine whether you should have a particular screening test. For example, a screening test for a particular disease may not be necessary if your risk of getting that disease is very low in the first place. Or if you know you would not accept treatment for a particular disease, if it was discovered by a screening test, then it might not be worth getting the test in the first place. Or if it would not extend or enhance your life to discover and treat a particular disease, then it would not be worth doing a screening test for the disease. Only your health care provider and you can determine whether screening tests are worthwhile. Immunizations. The most commonly recommended vaccines for adults include: | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Aging overview
: Preventing aging |
As you age, it is important to think about not only how long you will live, but how well you will live. The following strategies can help you maintain and perhaps even enhance your quality of life as you age. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Aging overview
: Treating aging |
Call your doctor if you notice any changes that are not a normal part of aging. For example, although some occasional forgetfulness and slowing of thought are not uncommon, delirium, dementia, and severe memory loss are not a normal part of aging, and should be reported to your doctor. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Aging overview
: When to call a professional |
Although aging is inevitable, you can take steps to reduce your risk of disease and maintain your quality of life as you get older. | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Aging overview
: Prognosis |
American Geriatrics Society Foundation for Health in Aging
https://www.healthinaging.org
National Institute on Aging
https://www.nia.nih.gov | ### Instruction: Disease name:
Aging overview
: Additional info |
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Medical question and answer dataset of 450 responses related to common diseases, including definitions of diseases, symptoms, treatments, prevention methods, references and expected duration.
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