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e-CARE

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train-0
There is a light rain today.
effect
The roots of many plants are not moistened by rain.
Tourists have seen many ripples.
0
Precipitation reaches soil surfaces.
train-1
Susan wants to buy a restricted pesticide.
effect
She bought rotenone.
He decided to buy amylase.
0
Rotenone is a restricted-use pesticide.
train-2
His parents stopped him.
cause
The child ran towards hippos.
Mike wanted to have a bird who has the lest number of feathers.
0
Hippos are among the megafaunal species dangerous to humans.
train-3
The shamans were to start their sacred ceremonies.
effect
They disappear immediately after finishing eating the dead body.
They moved to a cave.
1
Caves are sacred ceremonies sites utilized by the shamans.
train-4
She mainly studied drugs.
cause
Lily likes the art form of truth.
Susan majored in pharmacology at university.
1
Pharmacology is the science of drugs.
train-5
Mario owns a factory which is in full automation.
effect
He spends lots of money buying machines each year.
The factory produces many different products in various fields.
0
Automation refers to intensive use of machinery in production.
train-6
He understood the pixels as their basic building blocks.
cause
The math teacher knows the importance of mnemonics.
The photographer has to edit digital images.
1
Pixels are the basic building blocks of all digital images.
train-7
He greeted the orcas in the water.
effect
The orcas spouted water to respond to him.
He paid no effort to avoid the most dangerous vipers.
0
Orcas are very social animals.
train-8
Vulnerable plants deserve protection.
effect
Placentas can block it.
Shrubs are in need of protection throughout their life cycle.
1
Shrubs remain vulnerable throughout their life cycle.
train-9
Tom eats a lot of eggs every day.
effect
The cholesterol content in his body is extremely high, so he suffers from gallstones.
His hatchery can produce hundreds of millions of fertilized eggs every year.
0
Gallstones are lumps composed mainly of cholesterol.
train-10
Linkage failed to occure here.
cause
The particular membrane proteins were damaged.
This old tree shows Senescence.
0
Linkage occurs via integral membrane proteins.
train-11
The doctor applied hallucinogens to the patient despite its unpredictable effect.
effect
The patient fell asleep.
The patient was in a dangerous state.
1
Hallucinogens are particularly dangerous.
train-12
Figs are more adapt to the condition of high temperature.
effect
Figs would be sweater.
Regulation occurs from time to time.
0
Figs are mostly tropical plants naturally growing wild in south-east Asian jungles.
train-13
There was a line of bulrushes.
cause
There was an excess terminal hair growth in a female with a male distribution pattern.
They finally reached the mouth of the cave.
1
Bulrushes line the mouth of a cave.
train-14
Rays of varying wavelengths show different color.
effect
Sunshine striking the earth is composed of different colors.
The rays of the sun will be the most colorful on a particular place on earth soon.
0
Sunshine strikes the earth in rays of varying wavelengths.
train-15
Tom has glaucoma.
effect
He is afflicted with obesity.
Doctor advised him to use coleus.
1
Coleus is used in treatments to relieve glaucoma pressure within the eye.
train-16
He said he could feel causalgia.
cause
A man had nerve injury.
He learned about the plants of the Sequoia family.
0
Causalgia occurs after a nerve injury.
train-17
Jack keeps the goats alone.
effect
His mother avoids using disinfectants in their house.
The goat has a poor appetite.
1
Goats are herd animals so depend on the companionship of other goats.
train-18
The researcher separated integral membrane proteins from the tonoplast.
effect
They are TIPs.
He reported that he had successfully extracted hemoglobin.
0
TIPs are integral membrane proteins in the tonoplast.
train-19
Many pupils joined the class.
effect
They increased the size of the class.
Teachers found that pupils have grown a lot.
0
Pupils change size.
train-20
The meat mixture dissolves after a while.
cause
Tom puts some meat chunks into water.
Tom puts some meat mixture into water.
1
Mixture dissolves in water.
train-21
He was badly wounded.
effect
He still beared the scars.
He died.
0
Wounds lead to scars.
train-22
Amy sufferdfrom estrogen dysfunction.
effect
Doctors diagnosed low estrogen levels in her body.
The progestins in her body helped her get back to normal.
1
Progestins help to regulate the effects of estrogens.
train-23
She has got a piece of gold with high sense of fineness.
cause
Max bought his daughter Periwinkles.
Lucy has paid a lot of money.
1
Fineness describes the purity of gold.
train-24
Productivity has increased five times over the past.
cause
The boss energized people to be productive.
This factory dares to innovate and uses robots for production.
1
Innovation contributes to productivity growth.
train-25
Lili will choose a branch of systematics to continue her study.
effect
She chooses taxonomy.
She went to a college after graduation from high school.
0
Taxonomy is one of the three branches of systematics.
train-26
They got separated.
cause
Solutes chromatographically reacted with the micelles.
Solutes chromatographically interacted with the micelles.
1
Solutes chromatographically interact with the micelles to achieve separation.
train-27
All devices inside were turned off.
cause
The beaker was broken down.
We have to reduced the energy consumption in that room to zero.
1
Devices use energy.
train-28
Light does not zigzag.
cause
Light passes through the inhomogeneously refractive media.
Light passes through the homogeneously refractive media.
1
Rays are rectilinear in homogeneously refractive media.
train-29
The orchid entwined on a tree this year.
cause
Tom cut down a tree.
Jack planted some orchids in his yard last year.
1
Orchids are an epiphyte.
train-30
It was snowing heavily.
effect
Tom lit the fireplace.
The shingle was loosen.
0
Fireplaces catch fire.
train-31
He opened the faucet and used the water.
cause
Tom wants to wash his hands.
The researcher needed a bottle of water.
0
Washers use water.
train-32
Tom has antigen in his body.
effect
He stays healthy every time the virus strikes.
Tom's body is getting stronger and stronger.
0
Antigen induces immune responses.
train-33
Bananas are yello.
effect
It's the side effect after having an operation.
Xanthophylls have the same color.
1
Xanthophylls are also yellow.
train-34
I climbed for fun.
effect
I supplemented some carbohydrates.
I felt exhilarated.
1
Climbing cause exhilaration.
train-35
It turned out that it was marked by vertebrates.
cause
Tom has done a research about seawater.
He searched what is the culmination of nervous system evolution on the internet.
1
Vertebrates mark the culmination of nervous system evolution.
train-36
The Covalence of this atom is seven.
effect
The atom needs 7 electrons to gain to produce a stable outer shell.
He bought a ticket to Egypt.
0
Covalence is the number of electrons an atom needs to gain to produce a stable outer shell.
train-37
The pharaohs of Egypt were mummified after their death.
effect
These pharaoh's bodies are well preserved.
These mummies symbolize their eternal life.
0
Mummification is the process of drying out a dead body to prevent it from rotting.
train-38
She is familiar with the relationship of all the angels.
cause
Kim learned Phrenology.
She studied angelology in university.
1
Angelology is the study of angels.
train-39
You can give it some twigs.
cause
I do not know how to cook this hare.
I forget to buy food for my hare.
1
Hares consume twigs.
train-40
He is interested in the study of beagles.
cause
Jerry is interested in the study on the oldest dogs living.
The biologist has noticed that the bord has two short orange colored legs.
0
Beagles are one the oldest dogs living.
train-41
Some nonnative plants have appeared in the garden.
effect
They are amazingly capable.
The gardener takes them into consideration.
1
Gardeners consider invasive plants.
train-42
The is a piece of mango on the grass.
effect
Climbers can see emblem of China on it top.
Ants went to eat the mango.
1
Mangos attract ants.
train-43
The metabolism operated smoothly.
cause
There were enough glutathione to be conjugated.
Vaccines activiated antobodies in Tom's body.
0
Metabolism occurs predominantly by conjugation with glutathione.
train-44
Today it is found that the reservoir was full.
cause
The reservoir was emptied.
There was a heavy rain yesterday.
1
Cisterns contain rainwater.
train-45
They have seen doctors all around the country to cure the wife's infertility.
effect
They gradually got psychological problems and can not fall asleep during night.
They are very happy while traveling all around the world.
0
Infertility causes psychological pain.
train-46
She sells rose seeds for a living.
cause
Maria plants a lot of roses.
The woman's husband thought she was going to be rich because she said she had a great harvest.
0
Roses produce seeds.
train-47
The doctor found that her baby teeth were inflamed.
cause
This woman was required to have an amniocentesis.
Alice has a toothache.
1
Girls have baby teeth.
train-48
Sam asked his son to bring him materials for bait making.
effect
He got some alloys.
His son brought some fresh vegetables.
1
Bait uses fresh vegetables.
train-49
Tom touched toxic materials by mistake.
effect
Deflation occurs.
Tom needed to do operation.
1
Operations involve toxic materials.
train-50
They first need to distribute their tasks.
cause
The king's kingdom is a huge collection of individuals.
They are preparing a presentation.
1
Preparation includes distribution.
train-51
A group of doves and pigeons were thirsty.
effect
They drank water similarly in continuous draughts.
They swung their heads through the water to wash faces.
0
Doves drink water like pigeons in a continuous draught.
train-52
Tom could't control his sphincter because of his spine problem.
effect
As a result, he was often incontinent.
Scientists and doctors from all countries are working hard to control it.
0
Sphincters control anuses.
train-53
It found a hutch.
cause
The hobo was extremely hungry.
The rabbit wanted a shelter.
1
Hutches provide shelter.
train-54
We are stationed near this swamp.
effect
We often meet ducks.
You should not touch its surface.
0
Marsh attracts ducks.
train-55
She buys a big bag of milk.
cause
Shirley wants a healthy breakfast.
Margaret is going to make cheese.
1
Cheese uses milk.
train-56
The masseuse punctured Harry's body with fine needles to relieve his pain.
cause
He needed a Chinese treatment to relieve pain.
Harry goes to a massage shop to receive Chinese acupuncture.
1
Acupuncture is a chinese technique of puncturing the body with very fine needles to relieve pain.
train-57
He had to somke.
cause
John cannot spell Xanthophylls.
He left the room suddenly.
1
Smokers leave rooms.
train-58
I buried the seed of dogwoods.
effect
They grew up.
Sewage couldn't be carried away.
0
Dogwoods grow readily from seed.
train-59
The doctor told him it was nephrolithiasis.
cause
Tom can't digest well after eating food.
The checkup shows that there is a stone in his kidney.
1
Nephrolithiasis is the medical term for the presence of stones in the kidney.
train-60
I don't talk about libertarianism.
cause
I have no idea about political philosophy.
I don't want others know I followed Paganism.
0
Libertarianism is a political philosophy.
train-61
All the pineapples he planted died.
cause
He was afraid of minks.
Jason planted pineapples in the direct-sunlight place.
1
Pineapple grows well in partial shade.
train-62
There research is about rays.
cause
Their research focuses on homogeneously refractive media with rectilinear waves.
Their research focuses on homogeneously refractive media with rectilinear pathway.
1
Rays are rectilinear in homogeneously refractive media.
train-63
Tom needs to calculate about the quantity.
effect
He took use of stoichimetry.
He should concern about the factor of resitivity.
0
Stoichiometry is the calculation of quantities in a chemical equation.
train-64
Tom's cat and mine had cat scratch encephalopathy.
effect
They can't live well in a strange environment.
The vet pointed out adenitis in both cats.
1
Adenitis is present in all cases of cat scratch encephalopathy.
train-65
It has been used in a lot of medicines.
cause
The kudzu can treat many kinds of diseases.
The factory processed a large amount of zinc.
0
Kudzu has requirements.
train-66
Reproduction causes a large population increase.
cause
The city has a high natality.
Shamir is calculating the ratio of changes in the female population.
0
Natality adds to the number in a population by reproduction.
train-67
He analysed the composition of the soil.
effect
He discovered many different elements.
He did it.
0
Soil contains many different elements.
train-68
I never heard the sounds of cicadas in Antactica.
cause
It is evening.
I have traveled all the continents on earth.
1
Cicadas exist on every continent but Antarctica.
train-69
Time flies.
effect
Tom becomes more outgoing.
People should swallow food directly without fusing it with saliva in their mouths.
0
Expression increases over time.
train-70
Tom needs some spermatids to conduct experiments of artificial insemination.
effect
He is dissecting a mouse for its lumina.
He is dissecting a mouse for its stomach.
0
Spermatids are present surrounding the lumina.
train-71
The dazzling rays on the gift angered the manager.
cause
Tom bought an expensive present for the manager.
Tom wrapped the gift for the manager in gold foil.
1
Foil reflects rays.
train-72
Tom communicates with others via his heart.
effect
He betrayed his partners for his own benefit.
Others can feel the sincerity of his emotion.
1
Heart is a kind of emotion.
train-73
He was helped a lot by the recommendations.
cause
The manager wrote his advice in the email.
Tom has bought a guideline from the shop.
1
Guidelines include recommendations.
train-74
His mother asked him to calm down so as not to be happy and sorrowful.
cause
Tom is mischievous in catching bees in the garden.
Tom was extremely happy when he won the first prize.
1
Dispassion is the having overcome one's desires.
train-75
Tom wants to cut toenails on his feet with a knife.
effect
He has masterly avoid some troubles in the process.
He asks for a toenail.
1
Toenails are the knife of a foot.
train-76
Ted and Robin are madlly in love.
effect
They decide to have a baby.
They are called lovers.
0
Pregnancy is the ultimate intimacy possible between human beings.
train-77
He can maintain his posture without falling over.
cause
The yoga master has a good balance.
John has a great sense of balance.
1
Balance is the ability to maintain posture without the urge to fall over.
train-78
She realized it was just a tree with small leaves.
cause
Lucy just got up.
Lucy saw a poplar.
1
Poplars are a type of tree with small leaves.
train-79
Lucy was allergic to the frangrance that she has just bought.
cause
The vet said the oestrogen of the cow is too high.
Lucy has an allergy to chemicals.
1
Fragrances are chemicals.
train-80
His hand was badly swollen from the bee sting.
cause
Tom is mischievous in catching bees in the garden.
Typing requires the coordination of hand and brain.
0
Conversations are a phenomenon of language.
train-81
Mary had a kitten.
effect
She adopted a healthy baby.
She was scratched by the kitten.
1
Kitties have paws.
train-82
I like eating meat very much.
effect
I feel energetic.
I try to keep it from hotness.
0
Meat is a high energy food source.
train-83
There are many merlins living in this forest.
effect
People can usually observe a merlin hunt alone here.
They have energy to carry out their own life functions.
0
Merlins are usually solitary hunters.
train-84
Tom took the exam three times before he got the qualification certificate of optometrist.
effect
He succeeded.
He can take care of other people's eyes.
1
Optometrists are state-licensed health care professionals.
train-85
Aerosols came into the air around the subtropical area.
effect
The weather is getting warmer gradually.
Visitors there saw burning clouds.
1
Aerosols also lead to cloud burning in the subtropical area.
train-86
Lucy smokes a lot.
effect
She looks much oler than her classmates.
It's pain for her to spend a lot of money on that little luxury.
0
Tobacco also causes premature aging especially in women.
train-87
The parakeet is hungry.
effect
The owner fed it a lot of vegetables.
The boa wanted to make friends with the bird.
0
Parakeets can eat many kinds of vegetables.
train-88
Jack suffers from optic atrophy.
effect
Jack finds that every person in the photo has a different mouth shape.
The doctor said he might lose his sight.
1
Blindness can result from atrophe of the optic nerve.
train-89
This product was repelled byan inducing magnetic field.
effect
This product has diamagnetism.
It function hasn't been influenced.
0
Diamagnetism is when the substance is repelled by an inducing magnetic field.
train-90
He picked a few leaves of mint and put them in.
cause
Tom wanted to decrease the permeability of the cultured epithelial monolayers.
John needed some mint for this dish he was making.
1
Mint has leaves.
train-91
Tom felt lonely.
effect
Marry went to accompany Tom.
He often feels homeless.
0
People accompany people.
train-92
It was hurt by the latter's teeth.
cause
Tomy threw a big bug to the pheasant.
The monster was bit by Tyrannosaurus.
1
Tyrannosauruses possess teeth.
train-93
Tom has a stuffy nose.
effect
He was in constant fear of it when sleeping.
He has to carry a decongestant with him.
1
Decongestants treat nasal congestion.
train-94
He was diagnoised with Gigantism.
cause
He studied three naturally magnetic elements.
Tom had excessive secretion of during childhood.
1
Gigantism is caused by excessive secretion of during childhood.
train-95
He finds a map and puts signs along an isobar.
cause
Tom wants to put signs on a mountain at places with the same air pressure.
Tom wants to put signs on a mountain at places with water.
0
Isobars are lines connecting points with the equal air pressure.
train-96
She saw the man that murdered the couples.
effect
She is the witness.
She looked directly at the text.
0
Witnesses have experience.
train-97
Whites are my teachers.
cause
I learned from the people who invented free speech.
My friends are playing chess.
0
Whites are the people who invented free speech.
train-98
Tom has a new idea to earn money.
effect
The recycling station paid him a sum of money.
He has gained a lot of profits.
1
Interest is the price of money.
train-99
Her boyfriend immediately called to comfort her.
cause
K's father was hospitalized with a toxic buildup in his liver.
Mary sent a emoticon "crying" to her boyfriend on her cell phone.
1
Emoticons are combinations of characters used to represent various emotions.
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Dataset of (Du et al., 2022) (Unofficial reupload)

Abstract

Understanding causality has vital importance for various Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. Beyond the labeled instances, conceptual explanations of the causality can provide deep understanding of the causal fact to facilitate the causal reasoning process. However, such explanation information still remains absent in existing causal reasoning resources. In this paper, we fill this gap by presenting a human-annotated explainable CAusal REasoning dataset (e-CARE), which contains over 20K causal reasoning questions, together with natural language formed explanations of the causal questions. Experimental results show that generating valid explanations for causal facts still remains especially challenging for the state-of-the-art models, and the explanation information can be helpful for promoting the accuracy and stability of causal reasoning models.

Notes

This is an unofficial reupload of the original e-CARE dataset. We are not affiliated with the original authors and the Hugging Face team. Please refer to the original paper for more details. Please note that the original dataset has been modified so that the variable names match with those in the COPA dataset (Roemmele et al., 2011). In addition, only the training and the development sets are publicly available.

References

Du, L., Ding, X., Xiong, K., Liu, T., & Qin, B. (2022). e-CARE: a New Dataset for Exploring Explainable Causal Reasoning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.05849.

Roemmele, M., Bejan, C., and Gordon, A. (2011) Choice of Plausible Alternatives: An Evaluation of Commonsense Causal Reasoning. AAAI Spring Symposium on Logical Formalizations of Commonsense Reasoning, Stanford University, March 21-23, 2011.

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