ColBERT-XM

🛠️ Usage | 📊 Evaluation | 🤖 Training | 🔗 Citation

💻 Code | 📄 Paper

This is a ColBERT model that can be used for semantic search in many languages. It encodes queries and passages into matrices of token-level embeddings and efficiently finds passages that contextually match the query using scalable vector-similarity (MaxSim) operators. The model uses an XMOD backbone, which allows it to learn from monolingual fine-tuning in a high-resource language, like English, and perform zero-shot retrieval across multiple languages.

Usage

Start by installing the colbert-ai and some extra requirements:

pip install git+https://github.com/stanford-futuredata/ColBERT.git@main torchtorch==2.1.2 faiss-gpu==1.7.2 langdetect==1.0.9

Then, you can use the model like this:

# Use of custom modules that automatically detect the language of the passages to index and activate the language-specific adapters accordingly
from .custom import CustomIndexer, CustomSearcher 
from colbert.infra import Run, RunConfig

n_gpu: int = 1 # Set your number of available GPUs
experiment: str = "colbert" # Name of the folder where the logs and created indices will be stored
index_name: str = "my_index" # The name of your index, i.e. the name of your vector database
documents: list = ["Ceci est un premier document.", "Voici un second document.", "etc."] # Corpus

# Step 1: Indexing. This step encodes all passages into matrices, stores them on disk, and builds data structures for efficient search.
with Run().context(RunConfig(nranks=n_gpu,experiment=experiment)):
    indexer = CustomIndexer(checkpoint="antoinelouis/colbert-xm")
    indexer.index(name=index_name, collection=documents)

# Step 2: Searching. Given the model and index, you can issue queries over the collection to retrieve the top-k passages for each query.
with Run().context(RunConfig(nranks=n_gpu,experiment=experiment)):
    searcher = CustomSearcher(index=index_name) # You don't need to specify checkpoint again, the model name is stored in the index.
    results = searcher.search(query="Comment effectuer une recherche avec ColBERT ?", k=10)
    # results: tuple of tuples of length k containing ((passage_id, passage_rank, passage_score), ...)

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Evaluation

• mMARCO: We evaluate our model on the small development sets of mMARCO, which consists of 6,980 queries for a corpus of 8.8M candidate passages in 14 languages. Below, we compared its multilingual performance with other retrieval models on the dataset official metrics, i.e., mean reciprocal rank at cut-off 10 (MRR@10).

	model	Type	#Samples	#Params	en	es	fr	it	pt	id	de	ru	zh	ja	nl	vi	hi	ar	Avg.
1	BM25 (Pyserini)	lexical	-	-	18.4	15.8	15.5	15.3	15.2	14.9	13.6	12.4	11.6	14.1	14.0	13.6	13.4	11.1	14.2
2	mono-mT5 (Bonfacio et al., 2021)	cross-encoder	12.8M	390M	36.6	31.4	30.2	30.3	30.2	29.8	28.9	26.3	24.9	26.7	29.2	25.6	26.6	23.5	28.6
3	mono-mMiniLM (Bonfacio et al., 2021)	cross-encoder	80.0M	107M	36.6	30.9	29.6	29.1	28.9	29.3	27.8	25.1	24.9	26.3	27.6	24.7	26.2	21.9	27.8
4	DPR-X (Yang et al., 2022)	single-vector	25.6M	550M	24.5	19.6	18.9	18.3	19.0	16.9	18.2	17.7	14.8	15.4	18.5	15.1	15.4	12.9	17.5
5	mE5-base (Wang et al., 2024)	single-vector	5.1B	278M	35.0	28.9	30.3	28.0	27.5	26.1	27.1	24.5	22.9	25.0	27.3	23.9	24.2	20.5	26.5
6	mColBERT (Bonfacio et al., 2021)	multi-vector	25.6M	180M	35.2	30.1	28.9	29.2	29.2	27.5	28.1	25.0	24.6	23.6	27.3	18.0	23.2	20.9	26.5
7	DPR-XM (ours)	single-vector	25.6M	277M	32.7	23.6	23.5	22.3	22.7	22.0	22.1	19.9	18.1	18.7	22.9	18.0	16.0	15.1	21.3
8	ColBERT-XM (ours)	multi-vector	6.4M	277M	37.2	28.5	26.9	26.5	27.6	26.3	27.0	25.1	24.6	24.1	27.5	22.6	23.8	19.5	26.2

• Mr. TyDi: We also evaluate our model on the test set of Mr. TyDi, another multilingual open retrieval dataset including low-resource languages not present in mMARCO. Below, we compared its performance with other retrieval models on the official dataset metrics, i.e., mean reciprocal rank at cut-off 100 (MRR@100) and recall at cut-off 100 (R@100).

	model	Type	#Samples	#Params	ar	bn	en	fi	id	ja	ko	ru	sw	te	Avg.
									MRR@100
1	BM25 (Pyserini)	lexical	-	-	36.8	41.8	14.0	28.4	37.6	21.1	28.5	31.3	38.9	34.3	31.3
2	mono-mT5 (Bonfacio et al., 2021)	cross-encoder	12.8M	390M	62.2	65.1	35.7	49.5	61.1	48.1	47.4	52.6	62.9	66.6	55.1
3	mColBERT (Bonfacio et al., 2021)	multi-vector	25.6M	180M	55.3	48.8	32.9	41.3	55.5	36.6	36.7	48.2	44.8	61.6	46.1
4	ColBERT-XM (ours)	multi-vector	6.4M	277M	55.2	56.6	36.0	41.8	57.1	42.1	41.3	52.2	56.8	50.6	49.0
									R@100
5	BM25 (Pyserini)	lexical	-	-	79.3	86.9	53.7	71.9	84.3	64.5	61.9	64.8	76.4	75.8	72.0
6	mono-mT5 (Bonfacio et al., 2021)	cross-encoder	12.8M	390M	88.4	92.3	72.4	85.1	92.8	83.2	76.5	76.3	83.8	85.0	83.5
7	mColBERT (Bonfacio et al., 2021)	multi-vector	25.6M	180M	85.9	91.8	78.6	82.6	91.1	70.9	72.9	86.1	80.8	96.9	83.7
8	ColBERT-XM (ours)	multi-vector	6.4M	277M	89.6	91.4	83.7	84.4	93.8	84.9	77.6	89.1	87.1	93.3	87.5

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Training

Data

We use the English training samples from the MS MARCO passage ranking dataset, which contains 8.8M passages and 539K training queries. We do not employ the BM25 netaives provided by the official dataset but instead sample harder negatives mined from 12 distinct dense retrievers, using the msmarco-hard-negatives distillation dataset. Our final training set consists of 6.4M (q, p+, p-) triples.

Implementation

The model is initialized from the xmod-base checkpoint and optimized via a combination of the pairwise softmax cross-entropy loss computed over predicted scores for the positive and hard negative passages (as in ColBERTv1) and the in-batch sampled softmax cross-entropy loss (as in ColBERTv2). It is fine-tuned on one 80GB NVIDIA H100 GPU for 50k steps using the AdamW optimizer with a batch size of 128, a peak learning rate of 3e-6 with warm up along the first 10% of training steps and linear scheduling. We set the embedding dimension to 128, and fix the maximum sequence lengths for questions and passages at 32 and 256, respectively.

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Citation

@article{louis2024modular,
  author = {Louis, Antoine and Saxena, Vageesh and van Dijck, Gijs and Spanakis, Gerasimos},
  title = {ColBERT-XM: A Modular Multi-Vector Representation Model for Zero-Shot Multilingual Information Retrieval},
  journal = {CoRR},
  volume = {abs/2402.15059},
  year = {2024},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.15059},
  doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2402.15059},
  eprinttype = {arXiv},
  eprint = {2402.15059},
}