Model Card for SzegedAI/babylm-strict-small-mlsm

This base-sized DeBERTa model was created using the Masked Latent Semantic Modeling (MLSM) pre-training objective, which is a sample efficient alternative for classic Masked Language Modeling (MLM).
During MLSM, the objective is to recover the latent semantic profile of the masked tokens, as opposed to recovering their exact identity.
The contextualized latent semantic profile during pre-training is determined by performing sparse coding of the hidden representation of a partially pre-trained model (a base-sized DeBERTa model pre-trained over only 20 million input sequences in this particular case).

Model Details

Model Description

• Developed by: SzegedAI
• Model type: transformer encoder
• Language: Engish
• License: MIT

Model Sources

• Repository: https://github.com/szegedai/MLSM
• Paper: Masked Latent Semantic Modeling: an Efficient Pre-training Alternative to Masked Language Modeling

How to Get Started with the Model

The pre-trained model can be used in the usual manner, e.g., for fine tuning on a particular sequence classification task, invoke the code:

from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForSequenceClassification

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('SzegedAI/babylm-strict-small-mlsm')
model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained('SzegedAI/babylm-strict-small-mlsm')

Training Details

Training Data

The model was pre-trained using the 10 million token BabyLM strict small dataset.

Training Procedure

Preprocessing

Training Hyperparameters

Pre-training was conducted with a batch size of 128 sequences and a gradient accumulation over 8 batches, resulting in an effective batch size of 1024.
A total of 100,000 update steps were performed using the AdamW optimizer with a linear learning rate scheduling having a peak learning rate of 1e-04. A maximum sequence length of 128 tokens was employed throughout pre-training.

• Training regime: fp32

Evaluation

Metrics

The model was evaluated using the BabyLM evaluation pipeline.

Results

The evaluation result after fine-tuning the given model on a wide range of tasks.
On each tasks 4 different fine-tuning experiments were performed, during which the only difference was the random initialization of the task-specific classification head.
Apart from reducing the batch size from 64 to 32 (in order to avoid OOM errors), we used the recommended hyperparameter settings of the shared task.
Both the average and the standard deviation are displayed below on each tasks.

(Super)GLUE

Unless stated otherwise (in parenthesis after the task name), the default evaluation metric is accuracy.

	Avg.	Std.
BoolQ	0.667	0.013
CoLA (MCC)	0.417	0.022
MNLI	0.754	0.006
MNLI-mm	0.754	0.010
MRPC (F1)	0.765	0.019
MultiRC	0.568	0.068
QNLI	0.824	0.003
QQP (F1)	0.835	0.008
RTE	0.520	0.024
SST2	0.892	0.006
WSC	0.608	0.016

MSGS

Results reported in MCC.

	Avg.	Std.
control_raising_control	0.735	0.036
control_raising_lexical_content_the	-0.073	0.300
control_raising_relative_token_position	-0.652	0.140
lexical_content_the_control	1.000	0.000
main_verb_control	0.998	0.002
main_verb_lexical_content_the	-0.947	0.071
main_verb_relative_token_position	-0.395	0.204
relative_position_control	0.896	0.076
syntactic_category_control	0.784	0.078
syntactic_category_lexical_content_the	-0.166	0.119
syntactic_category_relative_position	-0.528	0.038

Environmental Impact

• Hardware Type: RTX A6000
• Hours used: 70
• Carbon Emitted: cca. 9 kg CO2 eq. (based on Machine Learning Impact calculator)

Citation

The MLSM pre-training objective is introduced in the ACL Findings paper Masked Latent Semantic Modeling: an Efficient Pre-training Alternative to Masked Language Modeling.

BibTeX:

@inproceedings{berend-2023-masked,
    title = "Masked Latent Semantic Modeling: an Efficient Pre-training Alternative to Masked Language Modeling",
    author = "Berend, G{\'a}bor",
    booktitle = "Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023",
    month = jul,
    year = "2023",
    address = "Toronto, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2023.findings-acl.876",
    pages = "13949--13962",
    abstract = "In this paper, we propose an alternative to the classic masked language modeling (MLM) pre-training paradigm, where the objective is altered from the reconstruction of the exact identity of randomly selected masked subwords to the prediction of their latent semantic properties. We coin the proposed pre-training technique masked latent semantic modeling (MLSM for short). In order to make the contextualized determination of the latent semantic properties of the masked subwords possible, we rely on an unsupervised technique which uses sparse coding. Our experimental results reveal that the fine-tuned performance of those models that we pre-trained via MLSM is consistently and significantly better compared to the use of vanilla MLM pretraining and other strong baselines.",
}