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Multilingual XLM-V-base-mnli-xnli

Model description

This multilingual model can perform natural language inference (NLI) on 116 languages and is therefore also suitable for multilingual zero-shot classification. The underlying XLM-V-base model was created by Meta AI and pretrained on the CC100 multilingual dataset. It was then fine-tuned on the XNLI dataset, which contains hypothesis-premise pairs from 15 languages, as well as the English MNLI dataset. XLM-V-base was publish on 23.01.2023 in this paper. Its main innovation is a larger and better vocabulary: previous multilingual models had a vocabulary of 250 000 tokens, while XLM-V 'knows' 1 million tokens. The improved vocabulary allows for better representations of more languages.

How to use the model

Simple zero-shot classification pipeline

from transformers import pipeline
classifier = pipeline("zero-shot-classification", model="MoritzLaurer/xlm-v-base-mnli-xnli")

sequence_to_classify = "Angela Merkel ist eine Politikerin in Deutschland und Vorsitzende der CDU"
candidate_labels = ["politics", "economy", "entertainment", "environment"]
output = classifier(sequence_to_classify, candidate_labels, multi_label=False)
print(output)

NLI use-case

from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForSequenceClassification
import torch
device = torch.device("cuda") if torch.cuda.is_available() else torch.device("cpu")

model_name = "MoritzLaurer/xlm-v-base-mnli-xnli"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)
model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(model_name)

premise = "Angela Merkel ist eine Politikerin in Deutschland und Vorsitzende der CDU"
hypothesis = "Emmanuel Macron is the President of France"

input = tokenizer(premise, hypothesis, truncation=True, return_tensors="pt")
output = model(input["input_ids"].to(device))  # device = "cuda:0" or "cpu"
prediction = torch.softmax(output["logits"][0], -1).tolist()
label_names = ["entailment", "neutral", "contradiction"]
prediction = {name: round(float(pred) * 100, 1) for pred, name in zip(prediction, label_names)}
print(prediction)

Training data

This model was trained on the XNLI development dataset and the MNLI train dataset. The XNLI development set consists of 2490 professionally translated texts from English to 14 other languages (37350 texts in total) (see this paper). Note that the XNLI contains a training set of 15 machine translated versions of the MNLI dataset for 15 languages, but due to quality issues with these machine translations, this model was only trained on the professional translations from the XNLI development set and the original English MNLI training set (392 702 texts). Not using machine translated texts can avoid overfitting the model to the 15 languages; avoids catastrophic forgetting of the other 101~ languages XLM-V was pre-trained on; and significantly reduces training costs.

Training procedure

xlm-v-base-mnli-xnli was trained using the Hugging Face trainer with the following hyperparameters.

training_args = TrainingArguments(
    num_train_epochs=3,              # total number of training epochs
    learning_rate=2e-05,
    per_device_train_batch_size=32,   # batch size per device during training
    per_device_eval_batch_size=120,    # batch size for evaluation
    warmup_ratio=0.06,                # number of warmup steps for learning rate scheduler
    weight_decay=0.01,               # strength of weight decay
)

Eval results

The model was evaluated on the XNLI test set on 15 languages (5010 texts per language, 75150 in total). Note that multilingual NLI models are capable of classifying NLI texts without receiving NLI training data in the specific language (cross-lingual transfer). This means that the model is also able of doing NLI on the other 101~ languages XLM-V was training on, but performance is most likely lower than for those languages available in XNLI.

Also note that if other multilingual models on the model hub claim performance of around 90% on languages other than English, the authors have most likely made a mistake during testing since non of the latest papers (of mostly larger models) shows a multilingual average performance of more than a few points above 80% on XNLI (see here or here).

The average XNLI performance of XLM-V reported in the paper is 0.76 (see table 2). This reimplementation has an average performance of 0.78. This increase in performance is probably thanks to the addition of MNLI in the training data. Note that mDeBERTa-v3-base-mnli-xnli has an average performance of 0.808 and is smaller (3GB for XLM-V vs. 560MB for mDeBERTa) and is faster (thanks to mDeBERTa's smaller vocabulary). This difference comes probably from mDeBERTa-v3's improved pre-training objective. Depending on the task, it is probably better to use mDeBERTa-v3-base-mnli-xnli, but XLM-V could be better on some languages based on its improved vocabulary.

Datasets	average	ar	bg	de	el	en	es	fr	hi	ru	sw	th	tr	ur	vi	zh
Accuracy	0.780	0.757	0.808	0.796	0.79	0.856	0.814	0.806	0.751	0.782	0.725	0.757	0.766	0.729	0.784	0.782
Speed GPU A100 (text/sec)	na	3501.0	3324.0	3438.0	3174.0	3713.0	3500.0	3129.0	3042.0	3419.0	3468.0	3782.0	3772.0	3099.0	3117.0	4217.0

Datasets	mnli_m (en)	mnli_mm (en)
Accuracy	0.852	0.854
Speed GPU A100 (text/sec)	2098.0	2170.0

Limitations and bias

Please consult the original XLM-V paper and literature on different NLI datasets for potential biases.

Citation

If you use this model, please cite: Laurer, Moritz, Wouter van Atteveldt, Andreu Salleras Casas, and Kasper Welbers. 2022. ‘Less Annotating, More Classifying – Addressing the Data Scarcity Issue of Supervised Machine Learning with Deep Transfer Learning and BERT - NLI’. Preprint, June. Open Science Framework. https://osf.io/74b8k.

Ideas for cooperation or questions?

If you have questions or ideas for cooperation, contact me at m{dot}laurer{at}vu{dot}nl or LinkedIn