Graphcore/gpt2-wikitext-103

Optimum Graphcore is a new open-source library and toolkit that enables developers to access IPU-optimized models certified by Hugging Face. It is an extension of Transformers, providing a set of performance optimization tools enabling maximum efficiency to train and run models on Graphcore’s IPUs - a completely new kind of massively parallel processor to accelerate machine intelligence. Learn more about how to take train Transformer models faster with IPUs at hf.co/hardware/graphcore.

Through HuggingFace Optimum, Graphcore released ready-to-use IPU-trained model checkpoints and IPU configuration files to make it easy to train models with maximum efficiency in the IPU. Optimum shortens the development lifecycle of your AI models by letting you plug-and-play any public dataset and allows a seamless integration to our State-of-the-art hardware giving you a quicker time-to-value for your AI project.

Model description

GPT2 is a large transformer-based language model. It is built using transformer decoder blocks. BERT, on the other hand, uses transformer encoder blocks. It adds Layer normalisation to the input of each sub-block, similar to a pre-activation residual networks and an additional layer normalisation.

Paper link : Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners

Intended uses & limitations

This model is a fine-tuned version of gpt2 on the wikitext-103-raw-v1 dataset. It achieves the following results on the evaluation set:

Loss: 2.9902

Training and evaluation data

HuggingFace/wikitext-103-raw-v1 dataset

Training procedure

Trained on 16 Graphcore Mk2 IPUs using optimum-graphcore.

Command line:

python examples/language-modeling/run_clm.py \
  --model_name_or_path gpt2 \
  --ipu_config_name Graphcore/gpt2-small-ipu \
  --dataset_name wikitext \
  --dataset_config_name wikitext-103-raw-v1 \
  --do_train \
  --do_eval \
  --num_train_epochs 10 \
  --dataloader_num_workers 64 \
  --per_device_train_batch_size 1 \
  --per_device_eval_batch_size 1 \
  --gradient_accumulation_steps 128 \
  --output_dir /tmp/clm_output \
  --logging_steps 5 \
  --learning_rate 1e-5 \
  --lr_scheduler_type linear \
  --loss_scaling 16384 \
  --weight_decay 0.01 \
  --warmup_ratio 0.1 \
  --ipu_config_overrides="embedding_serialization_factor=4,optimizer_state_offchip=true,inference_device_iterations=5" \
  --dataloader_drop_last \
  --pod_type pod16

Training hyperparameters

The following hyperparameters were used during training:

learning_rate: 1e-05
train_batch_size: 1
eval_batch_size: 1
seed: 42
distributed_type: IPU
gradient_accumulation_steps: 128
total_train_batch_size: 1024
total_eval_batch_size: 20
optimizer: Adam with betas=(0.9,0.999) and epsilon=1e-08
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_warmup_ratio: 0.1
num_epochs: 10.0
training precision: Mixed Precision

Training results

***** train metrics *****
    "epoch": 10.0,
    "train_loss": 3.1787637246621623,
    "train_runtime": 4372.4031,
    "train_samples": 114248,
    "train_samples_per_second": 261.293,
    "train_steps_per_second": 0.254
    
***** eval metrics *****
    "eval_loss": 2.990234375,
    "eval_samples": 240,
    "perplexity": 19.89034374461794

Framework versions

Transformers 4.18.0.dev0
Pytorch 1.10.0+cpu
Datasets 2.0.0
Tokenizers 0.11.6

Graphcore
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gpt2-wikitext-103