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Llama-3-Swallow-8B-Instruct-v0.1

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metadata
language:
  - en
  - ja
library_name: transformers
pipeline_tag: text-generation
license: llama3
model_type: llama

Llama3 Swallow

Our Swallow model has undergone continual pre-training from the Llama 3 family, primarily with the addition of Japanese language data. The Instruct versions use supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and Chat Vector. Links to other models can be found in the index.

Model Release Updates

We are excited to share the release schedule for our latest models:

Swallow Model Index

Model Llama-3-Swallow Llama3 Swallow Instruct
8B Link Link
70B Link Link

logo

This repository provides large language models developed by Swallow-LLM. Read our blog post.

Model Details

  • Model type: Please refer to Llama 3 MODEL_CARD for details on the model architecture.
  • Language(s): Japanese English
  • Library: Megatron-LM
  • Tokenizer: Please refer to Llama 3 blog for details on the tokenizer.
  • Contact: swallow[at]nlp.c.titech.ac.jp

Model Performance

Japanese tasks

Model Size JCom. JEMHopQA NIILC JSQuAD XL-Sum MGSM WMT20-en-ja WMT20-ja-en JMMLU JHumanEval Ja Avg
4-shot 4-shot 4-shot 4-shot 1-shot 4-shot 4-shot 4-shot 5-shot 0-shot
EM acc Char-F1 Char-F1 Char-F1 ROUGE-2 EM acc BLEU BLEU EM acc pass@1
calm2-7b-chat 7B 0.2413 0.5128 0.4956 0.7729 0.0551 0.0480 0.2208 0.1384 0.2482 0.0000 0.2733
Swallow-7b-instruct-v0.1 7B 0.6059 0.4760 0.5284 0.8396 0.1546 0.1360 0.2285 0.1783 0.3510 0.0256 0.3524
Swallow-MS-7b-instruct-v0.1 7B 0.7435 0.5066 0.4268 0.8594 0.1582 0.1760 0.2260 0.1880 0.4177 0.2244 0.3927
RakutenAI-7B-chat 7B 0.9035 0.2600 0.4619 0.8647 0.1339 0.2120 0.2667 0.1966 0.4504 0.2299 0.3980
Qwen2-7B-Instruct 7B 0.8856 0.3902 0.3859 0.8967 0.1277 0.5720 0.2041 0.1909 0.5713 0.5683 0.4793
Meta-Llama-3-8B-Instruct 8B 0.8785 0.3812 0.3936 0.8955 0.1273 0.4160 0.2143 0.2035 0.4719 0.2872 0.4269
Llama-3-ELYZA-JP-8B 8B 0.9017 0.5124 0.5016 0.9113 0.1677 0.4600 0.2509 0.1846 0.4829 0.3811 0.4754
Llama-3-Swallow-8B-Instruct-v0.1 8B 0.9178 0.4963 0.5168 0.9088 0.1296 0.4880 0.2522 0.2254 0.4835 0.3927 0.4811

English tasks

Model Size OpenBookQA TriviaQA HellaSWAG SQuAD2.0 XWINO MMLU GSM8K BBH HumanEval En Avg
4-shot 4-shot 4-shot 4-shot 4-shot 5-shot 4-shot 3-shot 0-shot
Acc EM acc Acc EM acc Acc Acc EM acc CoT EM Acc pass@1
calm2-7b-chat 7B 0.2860 0.3528 0.5042 0.2524 0.8413 0.3860 0.0546 0.2990 0.0000 0.3307
Swallow-7b-instruct-v0.1 7B 0.3280 0.4810 0.5501 0.2720 0.8774 0.4066 0.1251 0.3646 0.0866 0.3879
Swallow-MS-7b-instruct-v0.1 7B 0.3600 0.4999 0.5858 0.3030 0.8834 0.5273 0.2108 0.4386 0.2512 0.4511
RakutenAI-7B-chat 7B 0.4160 0.5971 0.6465 0.3091 0.8886 0.5757 0.3139 0.4958 0.2671 0.5011
Qwen2-7B-Instruct 7B 0.4000 0.5468 0.6146 0.3518 0.8852 0.7073 0.6300 0.3101 0.6354 0.5646
Meta-Llama-3-8B-Instruct 8B 0.3880 0.6687 0.5834 0.3743 0.8903 0.6567 0.7453 0.6478 0.5415 0.6107
Llama-3-ELYZA-JP-8B 8B 0.3200 0.5502 0.5224 0.3631 0.8809 0.5875 0.5701 0.3213 0.4604 0.5084
Llama-3-Swallow-8B-Instruct-v0.1 8B 0.3720 0.6557 0.5861 0.3648 0.9002 0.6315 0.5959 0.6391 0.4238 0.5743

MT-Bench JA

Model Size coding extraction humanities math reasoning roleplay stem writing JMTAvg
calm2-7b-chat 7B 0.1198 0.3793 0.4231 0.1011 0.1799 0.4760 0.3568 0.4583 0.3118
Swallow-7b-instruct-v0.1 7B 0.1947 0.3156 0.4991 0.1900 0.2141 0.5330 0.4535 0.4624 0.3578
Swallow-MS-7b-instruct-v0.1 7B 0.2235 0.3743 0.4611 0.1060 0.3404 0.4287 0.3969 0.3877 0.3398
RakutenAI-7B-chat 7B 0.2475 0.3522 0.4692 0.2140 0.3926 0.4427 0.3977 0.4434 0.3699
Qwen2-7B-Instruct 7B 0.4635 0.6909 0.6857 0.5970 0.5042 0.6667 0.5353 0.6808 0.6030
Meta-Llama-3-8B-Instruct 8B 0.3744 0.6876 0.6225 0.2070 0.5032 0.5248 0.5326 0.4884 0.4926
Llama-3-ELYZA-JP-8B 8B 0.2908 0.6421 0.6406 0.3088 0.5500 0.6740 0.5251 0.6744 0.5382
Llama-3-Swallow-8B-Instruct-v0.1 8B 0.3547 0.6508 0.5371 0.2718 0.4007 0.5493 0.4752 0.5730 0.4766

Evaluation Benchmarks

Japanese evaluation benchmarks

We used llm-jp-eval(v1.3.0), JP Language Model Evaluation Harness(commit #9b42d41) and Code Generation LM Evaluation Harness(commit #0261c52). The details are as follows:

  • Multiple-choice question answering (JCommonsenseQA [Kurihara et al., 2022])
  • Open-ended question answering (JEMHopQA [Ishii et al., 2024])
  • Open-ended question answering (NIILC [関根, 2003])
  • Machine reading comprehension (JSQuAD [Kurihara et al., 2022])
  • Automatic summarization (XL-Sum [Hasan et al., 2021])
  • Machine translation (WMT2020 ja-en [Barrault et al., 2020])
  • Machine translation (WMT2020 en-ja [Barrault et al., 2020])
  • Mathematical reasoning (MGSM [Shi et al., 2023])
  • Academic exams (JMMLU [尹ら, 2024])
  • Code generation (JHumanEval [佐藤ら, 2024])

English evaluation benchmarks

We used the Language Model Evaluation Harness(v.0.4.2) and Code Generation LM Evaluation Harness(commit #0261c52). The details are as follows:

  • Multiple-choice question answering (OpenBookQA [Mihaylov et al., 2018])
  • Open-ended question answering (TriviaQA [Joshi et al., 2017])
  • Machine reading comprehension (SQuAD2 [Rajpurkar et al., 2018])
  • Commonsense reasoning (XWINO [Tikhonov and Ryabinin, 2021])
  • Natural language inference (HellaSwag [Zellers et al., 2019])
  • Mathematical reasoning (GSM8K [Cobbe et al., 2021])
  • Reasoning (BBH (BIG-Bench-Hard) [Suzgun et al., 2023])
  • Academic exams (MMLU [Hendrycks et al., 2021])
  • Code generation (HumanEval [Chen et al., 2021])

MT-Bench JA

We used Japanese MT-Bench to assess the instruction-following capabilities of models. We utilized the following settings:

Usage 

pip install vllm

from transformers import AutoTokenizer
from vllm import LLM, SamplingParams

model_name = "tokyotech-llm/Llama-3-Swallow-8B-Instruct-v0.1"

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)
llm = LLM(
    model=model_name,
    tensor_parallel_size=1,
)

sampling_params = SamplingParams(
    temperature=0.6, top_p=0.9, max_tokens=512, stop="<|eot_id|>"
)


message = [
    {"role": "system", "content": "あなたは誠実で優秀な日本人のアシスタントです。"},
    {
        "role": "user",
        "content": "東京の夜空に打ち上がっている花火の下、向かい合っている燕とラマの温かい物語を書いてください。",
    },
]
prompt = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
    message, tokenize=False, add_generation_prompt=True
)

output = llm.generate(prompt, sampling_params)

print(output[0].outputs[0].text)

Training Datasets

Instruction Tuning

The following datasets were used for the instruction tuning.

Risks and Limitations

The models released here are still in the early stages of our research and development and have not been tuned to ensure outputs align with human intent and safety considerations.

Acknowledgements

We thank Meta Research for releasing Llama 3 under an open license for others to build on.

Our project is supported by the Large Generative AI Development Support Program of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology.

License

META LLAMA 3 COMMUNITY LICENSE

Authors

Here are the team members:

How to Cite

If you find our work helpful, please feel free to cite us.

@misc{llama3swallow,
      title={Llama 3 Swallow},
      url={https://swallow-llm.github.io/llama3-swallow.en.html},
      author={Swallow LLM},
      year={2024},
}

Citations 

@article{llama3modelcard,
    title={Llama 3 Model Card},
    author={AI@Meta},
    year={2024},
    url = {https://github.com/meta-llama/llama3/blob/main/MODEL_CARD.md}
}