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<h1 class="project-name">Gradient Cuff</h1>
<h2 class="project-tagline">Detecting Jailbreak Attacks on Large Language Models by Exploring Refusal Loss Landscapes</h2>
</header>
<main id="content" class="main-content" role="main">
<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
<p>Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming a prominent generative AI tool, where the user enters a
query and the LLM generates an answer. To reduce harm and misuse, efforts have been made to align
these LLMs to human values using advanced training techniques such as Reinforcement Learning from
Human Feedback (RLHF). However, recent studies have highlighted the vulnerability of LLMs to adversarial
jailbreak attempts aiming at subverting the embedded safety guardrails. To address this challenge,
we define and investigate the <strong>Refusal Loss</strong> of LLMs and then propose a method called <strong>Gradient Cuff</strong> to
detect jailbreak attempts. In this demonstration, we first introduce the concept of "Jailbreak". Then we present the 2-D Refusal Loss
Landscape and propose Gradient Cuff based on the characteristics of this landscape. Lastly, we compare Gradient Cuff with other jailbreak defense
methods and show the defense performance against several Jailbreak attack methods.
</p>
<h2 id="what-is-jailbreak">What is Jailbreak?</h2>
<p>Jailbreak attacks involve maliciously inserting or replacing tokens in the user instruction or rewriting it to bypass and circumvent
the safety guardrails of aligned LLMs. A notable example is that a jailbroken LLM would be tricked into
generating hate speech targeting certain groups of people, as demonstrated below.</p>
<div class="container">
<div id="jailbreak-intro" class="row align-items-center jailbreak-intro-sec">
<img id="jailbreak-intro-img" src="./jailbreak.png" />
</div>
</div>
<h3 id="refusal-loss">Refusal Loss Landscape Exploration</h3>
<p>Current transformer-based LLMs will return different responses to the same query due to the randomness of
autoregressive sampling-based generation. With this randomness, it is an
interesting phenomenon that a malicious user query will sometimes be rejected by the target LLM, but
sometimes be able to bypass the safety guardrail. Based on this observation, we propose a new concept called <strong>Refusal Loss</strong> to represent the probability with which
the LLM won't reject the input user query. Since the refusal loss is not computable, we query the target LLM multiple times using the same query and using the sample
mean of the Jailbroken results (1 indicates successful jailbreak, 0 indicates the opposite) to approximate the function value. Using the approximation, we visualize the 2-D landscape of the Refusal Loss below:
</p>
<div class="container jailbreak-intro-sec">
<div><img id="jailbreak-intro-img" src="./loss_landscape.png" /></div>
</div>
<p>
From the above plot, we find that the loss landscape is more precipitous for malicious queries than for benign queries, which implies that
the Refusal Loss tends to have a large gradient norm if the input represents a malicious query. This observation motivates our proposal of using
the gradient norm of Refusal Loss to detect jailbreak attempts that pass the initial filtering of rejecting the input query when the function value
is under 0.5 (this is a naive detector because the Refusal Loss can be regarded as the probability that the LLM won't reject the user query).
Below we present the definition of the Refusal Loss and the approximation of its function value and gradient, see more details about them and
the landscape drawing techniques in our paper.
</p>
<div id="refusal-loss-formula" class="container">
<div id="refusal-loss-formula-list" class="row align-items-center formula-list">
<a href="#Refusal-Loss" class="selected">Refusal Loss Definition</a>
<a href="#Refusal-Loss-Approximation">Refusal Loss Approximation</a>
<a href="#Gradient-Estimation">Gradient Estimation</a>
<div style="clear: both"></div>
</div>
<div id="refusal-loss-formula-content" class="row align-items-center">
<span id="Refusal-Loss" class="formula" style="">
$$
\displaystyle
\begin{aligned}
\phi_\theta(x)&=1-\mathbb{E}_{y \sim T_\theta(x)} JB(y)\\
JB (y) &= \begin{cases}
1 \text{, if $y$ contains any jailbreak keyword;} \\
0 \text{, otherwise.}
\end{cases}
\end{aligned}
$$
</span>
<span id="Refusal-Loss-Approximation" class="formula" style="display: none;">
$$
\displaystyle
\begin{aligned}
f_\theta(x) &=1-\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^N JB(y_i)\\
JB (y_i) &= \begin{cases}
1 \text{, if $y_i$ contains any jailbreak keyword;} \\
0 \text{, otherwise.}
\end{cases}
\end{aligned}
$$
</span>
<span id="Gradient-Estimation" class="formula" style="display: none;">$$\displaystyle g_\theta(x)=\sum_{i=1}^P \frac{f_\theta(x\oplus \mu u_i)-f_\theta(x)}{\mu} u_i $$</span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 id="proposed-approach-gradient-cuff">Proposed Approach: Gradient Cuff</h2>
<p> With the exploration of the Refusal Loss landscape, we propose Gradient Cuff,
a two-step jailbreak detection method based on checking the refusal loss and its gradient norm. Our detection procedure is shown below:
</p>
<div class="container"><img id="gradient-cuff-header" src="./gradient_cuff.png" /></div>
<p>
Gradient Cuff can be summarized into two phases:
</p>
<p>
<strong>(Phase 1) Sampling-based Rejection:</strong> In the first step, we reject the user query by checking whether the Refusal Loss value is below 0.5. If true, then user query is rejected, otherwise, the user query is pushed into phase 2.
</p>
<p>
<strong>(Phase 2) Gradient Norm Rejection:</strong> In the second step, we regard the user query as having jailbreak attempts if the norm of the estimated gradient is larger than a configurable threshold t.
</p>
<p>
We provide more details about the running flow of Gradient Cuff in the paper.
</p>
<h2 id="demonstration">Demonstration</h2>
<p>We evaluated Gradient Cuff as well as 4 baselines (Perplexity Filter, SmoothLLM, Erase-and-Check, and Self-Reminder)
against 6 different jailbreak attacks (GCG, AutoDAN, PAIR, TAP, Base64, and LRL) and benign user queries on 2 LLMs (LLaMA-2-7B-Chat and
Vicuna-7B-V1.5). We below demonstrate the average refusal rate across these 6 malicious user query datasets as the Average Malicious Refusal
Rate and the refusal rate on benign user queries as the Benign Refusal Rate. The defending performance against different jailbreak types is
shown in the provided bar chart.
</p>
<div id="jailbreak-demo" class="container">
<div class="row align-items-center">
<div class="row" style="margin: 10px 0 0">
<div class="models-list">
<span style="margin-right: 1em;">Models</span>
<span class="radio-group"><input type="radio" id="LLaMA2" class="options" name="models" value="llama2_7b_chat" checked="" /><label for="LLaMA2" class="option-label">LLaMA-2-7B-Chat</label></span>
<span class="radio-group"><input type="radio" id="Vicuna" class="options" name="models" value="vicuna_7b_v1.5" /><label for="Vicuna" class="option-label">Vicuna-7B-V1.5</label></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row align-items-center">
<div class="col-4">
<div id="defense-methods">
<div class="row align-items-center"><input type="radio" id="defense_ppl" class="options" name="defense" value="ppl" /><label for="defense_ppl" class="defense">Perplexity Filter</label></div>
<div class="row align-items-center"><input type="radio" id="defense_smoothllm" class="options" name="defense" value="smoothllm" /><label for="defense_smoothllm" class="defense">SmoothLLM</label></div>
<div class="row align-items-center"><input type="radio" id="defense_erase_check" class="options" name="defense" value="erase_check" /><label for="defense_erase_check" class="defense">Erase-Check</label></div>
<div class="row align-items-center"><input type="radio" id="defense_self_reminder" class="options" name="defense" value="self_reminder" /><label for="defense_self_reminder" class="defense">Self-Reminder</label></div>
<div class="row align-items-center"><input type="radio" id="defense_gradient_cuff" class="options" name="defense" value="gradient_cuff" /><label for="defense_gradient_cuff" class="defense"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Gradient Cuff</span></label></div>
</div>
<div class="row align-items-center">
<div class="attack-success-rate"><span class="jailbreak-metric">Average Malicious Refusal Rate</span><span class="attack-success-rate-value" id="asr-value">0.95875</span></div>
</div>
<div class="row align-items-center">
<div class="benign-refusal-rate"><span class="jailbreak-metric">Benign Refusal Rate</span><span class="benign-refusal-rate-value" id="brr-value">0.05000</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-8">
<figure class="figure">
<img id="reliability-diagram" src="demo_results/gradient_cuff_llama2_7b_chat_threshold_100.png" alt="CIFAR-100 Calibrated Reliability Diagram (Full)" />
<div class="slider-container">
<div class="slider-label"><span>Perplexity Threshold</span></div>
<div class="slider-content" id="ppl-slider"><div id="ppl-threshold" class="ui-slider-handle"></div></div>
</div>
<div class="slider-container">
<div class="slider-label"><span>Gradient Threshold</span></div>
<div class="slider-content" id="gradient-norm-slider"><div id="gradient-norm-threshold" class="slider-value ui-slider-handle"></div></div>
</div>
<figcaption class="figure-caption">
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 id="citations">Citations</h2>
<p>If you find Gradient Cuff helpful and useful for your research, please cite our main paper as follows:</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>@misc{xxx,
title={{Gradient Cuff: Detecting Jailbreak Attacks on Large Language Models by
Exploring Refusal Loss Landscapes}},
author={Xiaomeng Hu and Pin-Yu Chen and Tsung-Yi Ho},
year={2024},
eprint={},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={}
}
</code></pre></div></div>
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<span class="site-footer-owner">Gradient Cuff is maintained by <a href="https://gregxmhu.github.io/">Xiaomeng Hu</a></a>.</span>
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