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---
thumbnail: https://github.com/rinnakk/japanese-pretrained-models/blob/master/rinna.png
license: mit
datasets:
- Anthropic/hh-rlhf
language:
- ja
- en
inference: false
---
# bilingual-gpt-neox-4b-instruction-ppo
---
# Overview
This repository provides an English-Japanese bilingual GPT-NeoX model of 3.8 billion parameters.
The model is based on [`rinna/bilingual-gpt-neox-4b-instruction-sft`](https://huggingface.co/rinna/bilingual-gpt-neox-4b-instruction-sft) and has been aligned to serve as an instruction-following conversational agent.
* **Model architecture**
A 36-layer, 2816-hidden-size transformer-based language model.
* **RLHF**
Following the [OpenAI InstructGPT paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.02155), **Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback** (RLHF) has been applied to aligning the model's behaviour with input instructions. Particularly, the model has been trained in two stages, i.e. **Supervised Fine-Tuning** (SFT) and [PPO](https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.06347)-based **Reinforcement Learning** (RL).
* The first SFT stage produces [`rinna/bilingual-gpt-neox-4b-instruction-sft`](https://huggingface.co/rinna/bilingual-gpt-neox-4b-instruction-sft).
* The second RL stage produces this model.
* **Reinforcement learning**
We used [CarperAI/trlx](https://github.com/CarperAI/trlx) and its implementation of the PPO algorithm for the RL stage.
The RL data is the subset of the following dataset and has been translated into Japanese.
* [Anthropic HH RLHF data](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Anthropic/hh-rlhf)
* **Model Series**
| Variant | Link |
| :-- | :--|
| Bilingual 4B MiniGPT4 | https://huggingface.co/rinna/bilingual-gpt-neox-4b-minigpt4 |
| Bilingual 4B PPO | https://huggingface.co/rinna/bilingual-gpt-neox-4b-instruction-ppo |
| Bilingual 4B SFT | https://huggingface.co/rinna/bilingual-gpt-neox-4b-instruction-sft |
| Bilingual 4B 8K | https://huggingface.co/rinna/bilingual-gpt-neox-4b-8k |
| Bilingual 4B | https://huggingface.co/rinna/bilingual-gpt-neox-4b |
| Japanese 3.6B PPO | https://huggingface.co/rinna/japanese-gpt-neox-3.6b-instruction-ppo |
| Japanese 3.6B SFT-v2 | https://huggingface.co/rinna/japanese-gpt-neox-3.6b-instruction-sft-v2 |
| Japanese 3.6B SFT | https://huggingface.co/rinna/japanese-gpt-neox-3.6b-instruction-sft |
| Japanese 3.6B | https://huggingface.co/rinna/japanese-gpt-neox-3.6b |
* **Authors**
[Tianyu Zhao](https://huggingface.co/tianyuz) and [Kei Sawada](https://huggingface.co/keisawada)
---
# Benchmarking
Our evaluation experiments suggest that the PPO does not particularly improve the model's performance on the Japanese LLM benchmark in comparison with [Bilingual GPT-NeoX 4B SFT](https://huggingface.co/rinna/bilingual-gpt-neox-4b-instruction-sft), but we have seen **better conversation experience** on the PPO model than its SFT counterpart.
- *The 4-task average accuracy is based on results of JCommonsenseQA, JNLI, MARC-ja, and JSQuAD.*
- *The 6-task average accuracy is based on results of JCommonsenseQA, JNLI, MARC-ja, JSQuAD, XWinograd, and JAQKET-v2.*
| Model | 4-task average accuracy | 6-task average accuracy |
| :-- | :-- | :-- |
| **bilingual-gpt-neox-4b-instruction-ppo** | **61.01** | **61.16** |
| bilingual-gpt-neox-4b-instruction-sft | 61.02 | 61.69 |
| bilingual-gpt-neox-4b | 56.12 | 51.83 |
| japanese-gpt-neox-3.6b-instruction-ppo | 59.86 | 60.07 |
| japanese-gpt-neox-3.6b | 55.07 | 50.32 |
---
# I/O Format
A special format has been adopted to construct inputs.
* An input prompt is formatted as a conversation between `ユーザー` and `システム`.
* Each input utterance consists of (1) its speaker (`"ユーザー"` or `"システム"`), (2) a colon (`":"`), (3) a whitespace (`" "`), and (4) utterance text (e.g. `"世界で一番高い山は？"`).
* The input prompt should be ended with `"システム: "` to acknowledge the model to generate a response.
* All the utterances in the input prompt should be separated by a newline `\n`.
Following is an example to construct input from a conversation.
~~~python
prompt = [
{
"speaker": "ユーザー",
"text": "Hello, you are an assistant that helps me learn Japanese."
},
{
"speaker": "システム",
"text": "Sure, what can I do for you?"
},
{
"speaker": "ユーザー",
"text": "VRはなんですか。"
}
]
prompt = [
f"{uttr['speaker']}: {uttr['text']}"
for uttr in prompt
]
prompt = "\n".join(prompt)
prompt = (
prompt
+ "\n"
+ "システム: "
)
print(prompt)
"""
ユーザー: Hello, you are an assistant that helps me learn Japanese.
システム: Sure, what can I do for you?
ユーザー: VRはなんですか。
システム:
"""
~~~
---
# How to use the model
**Notice:** Since the model is **sensitive to decoding hyper-parameters** (e.g. `temperature`, `top_p`, `top_k`, `repetition_penalty`), it is suggested to explore the best setting for your task.
~~~~python
import torch
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("rinna/bilingual-gpt-neox-4b-instruction-ppo", use_fast=False)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("rinna/bilingual-gpt-neox-4b-instruction-ppo")
if torch.cuda.is_available():
model = model.to("cuda")
token_ids = tokenizer.encode(prompt, add_special_tokens=False, return_tensors="pt")
with torch.no_grad():
output_ids = model.generate(
token_ids.to(model.device),
max_new_tokens=512,
do_sample=True,
temperature=1.0,
top_p=0.85,
pad_token_id=tokenizer.pad_token_id,
bos_token_id=tokenizer.bos_token_id,
eos_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id
)
output = tokenizer.decode(output_ids.tolist()[0][token_ids.size(1):])
print(output)
"""VRとはVirtual Realityの略で、仮想現実とも呼ばれます。これは、コンピューターを使用して仮想世界を作り出し、仮想世界上でコンピューターのゲームや仮想世界を体験するための技術です。この技術は、コンピューターやモバイ ルデバイスの進歩によって、2015年以降、ますます普及しています。VRは、ゲームや仮想世界、その他のアプリケー ションなどのさまざまな分野で、コンピューターと人間の相互作用の新しい方法を提供しています。</s>"""
~~~~
---
# Tokenization
The model uses a [sentencepiece](https://github.com/google/sentencepiece)-based tokenizer.
* The tokenizer has a vocabulary size of 65,536.
* It uses *byte fallback* to decompose unknown text pieces into UTF-8 byte pieces to avoid producing `<UNK>` tokens.
* It can recognize *consecutive whitespaces*, *newlines*, and *tabs* to handle structured texts better.
* We turned off the default behaviour of prepending leading whitespace because it is not beneficial for processing Japanese.
* Specifically, single whitespace is always processed as one token so that any English word won't have a preceding whitespace like in many other tokenizers (e.g. `_Hello`).
* This decision trades the English processing efficiency for a unified way to treat whitespaces.
* It leads to a significantly lower loss of next token prediction on English data because whitespaces are easy to predict.
* **Don't forget to set `use_fast=False` to make the above features function correctly.**
---
# Licenese
[The MIT license](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT) |