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---
language:
- multilingual
- en
- ar
- bg
- de
- el
- es
- fr
- hi
- ru
- sw
- th
- tr
- ur
- vi
- zh
thumbnail: https://huggingface.co/front/thumbnails/microsoft.png
tags:
- text-classification
license: mit
---
## MiniLM: Small and Fast Pre-trained Models for Language Understanding and Generation
MiniLM is a distilled model from the paper "[MiniLM: Deep Self-Attention Distillation for Task-Agnostic Compression of Pre-Trained Transformers](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.10957)".
Please find the information about preprocessing, training and full details of the MiniLM in the [original MiniLM repository](https://github.com/microsoft/unilm/blob/master/minilm/).
Please note: This checkpoint uses `BertModel` with `XLMRobertaTokenizer` so `AutoTokenizer` won't work with this checkpoint!
### Multilingual Pretrained Model
- Multilingual-MiniLMv1-L12-H384: 12-layer, 384-hidden, 12-heads, 21M Transformer parameters, 96M embedding parameters
Multilingual MiniLM uses the same tokenizer as XLM-R. But the Transformer architecture of our model is the same as BERT. We provide the fine-tuning code on XNLI based on [huggingface/transformers](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers). Please replace `run_xnli.py` in transformers with [ours](https://github.com/microsoft/unilm/blob/master/minilm/examples/run_xnli.py) to fine-tune multilingual MiniLM.
We evaluate the multilingual MiniLM on cross-lingual natural language inference benchmark (XNLI) and cross-lingual question answering benchmark (MLQA).
#### Cross-Lingual Natural Language Inference - [XNLI](https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.05053)
We evaluate our model on cross-lingual transfer from English to other languages. Following [Conneau et al. (2019)](https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.02116), we select the best single model on the joint dev set of all the languages.
| Model | #Layers | #Hidden | #Transformer Parameters | Average | en | fr | es | de | el | bg | ru | tr | ar | vi | th | zh | hi | sw | ur |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|---------|-------------------------|---------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|
| [mBERT](https://github.com/google-research/bert) | 12 | 768 | 85M | 66.3 | 82.1 | 73.8 | 74.3 | 71.1 | 66.4 | 68.9 | 69.0 | 61.6 | 64.9 | 69.5 | 55.8 | 69.3 | 60.0 | 50.4 | 58.0 |
| [XLM-100](https://github.com/facebookresearch/XLM#pretrained-cross-lingual-language-models) | 16 | 1280 | 315M | 70.7 | 83.2 | 76.7 | 77.7 | 74.0 | 72.7 | 74.1 | 72.7 | 68.7 | 68.6 | 72.9 | 68.9 | 72.5 | 65.6 | 58.2 | 62.4 |
| [XLM-R Base](https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.02116) | 12 | 768 | 85M | 74.5 | 84.6 | 78.4 | 78.9 | 76.8 | 75.9 | 77.3 | 75.4 | 73.2 | 71.5 | 75.4 | 72.5 | 74.9 | 71.1 | 65.2 | 66.5 |
| **mMiniLM-L12xH384** | 12 | 384 | 21M | 71.1 | 81.5 | 74.8 | 75.7 | 72.9 | 73.0 | 74.5 | 71.3 | 69.7 | 68.8 | 72.1 | 67.8 | 70.0 | 66.2 | 63.3 | 64.2 |
This example code fine-tunes **12**-layer multilingual MiniLM on XNLI.
```bash
# run fine-tuning on XNLI
DATA_DIR=/{path_of_data}/
OUTPUT_DIR=/{path_of_fine-tuned_model}/
MODEL_PATH=/{path_of_pre-trained_model}/
python ./examples/run_xnli.py --model_type minilm \
--output_dir ${OUTPUT_DIR} --data_dir ${DATA_DIR} \
--model_name_or_path microsoft/Multilingual-MiniLM-L12-H384 \
--tokenizer_name xlm-roberta-base \
--config_name ${MODEL_PATH}/multilingual-minilm-l12-h384-config.json \
--do_train \
--do_eval \
--max_seq_length 128 \
--per_gpu_train_batch_size 128 \
--learning_rate 5e-5 \
--num_train_epochs 5 \
--per_gpu_eval_batch_size 32 \
--weight_decay 0.001 \
--warmup_steps 500 \
--save_steps 1500 \
--logging_steps 1500 \
--eval_all_checkpoints \
--language en \
--fp16 \
--fp16_opt_level O2
```
#### Cross-Lingual Question Answering - [MLQA](https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.07475)
Following [Lewis et al. (2019b)](https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.07475), we adopt SQuAD 1.1 as training data and use MLQA English development data for early stopping.
| Model F1 Score | #Layers | #Hidden | #Transformer Parameters | Average | en | es | de | ar | hi | vi | zh |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|---------|-------------------------|---------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|
| [mBERT](https://github.com/google-research/bert) | 12 | 768 | 85M | 57.7 | 77.7 | 64.3 | 57.9 | 45.7 | 43.8 | 57.1 | 57.5 |
| [XLM-15](https://github.com/facebookresearch/XLM#pretrained-cross-lingual-language-models) | 12 | 1024 | 151M | 61.6 | 74.9 | 68.0 | 62.2 | 54.8 | 48.8 | 61.4 | 61.1 |
| [XLM-R Base](https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.02116) (Reported) | 12 | 768 | 85M | 62.9 | 77.8 | 67.2 | 60.8 | 53.0 | 57.9 | 63.1 | 60.2 |
| [XLM-R Base](https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.02116) (Our fine-tuned) | 12 | 768 | 85M | 64.9 | 80.3 | 67.0 | 62.7 | 55.0 | 60.4 | 66.5 | 62.3 |
| **mMiniLM-L12xH384** | 12 | 384 | 21M | 63.2 | 79.4 | 66.1 | 61.2 | 54.9 | 58.5 | 63.1 | 59.0 |
### Citation
If you find MiniLM useful in your research, please cite the following paper:
``` latex
@misc{wang2020minilm,
title={MiniLM: Deep Self-Attention Distillation for Task-Agnostic Compression of Pre-Trained Transformers},
author={Wenhui Wang and Furu Wei and Li Dong and Hangbo Bao and Nan Yang and Ming Zhou},
year={2020},
eprint={2002.10957},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
```
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