metadata
language: en
datasets:
- squad
tags:
- text-generation
widget:
- text: >-
During the war, the Paris National Guard, particularly in the
working-class neighbourhoods of Paris, had become highly politicised and
units elected officers; many refused to wear uniforms or obey commands
from the national government. National guard units tried to seize power in
Paris on 31 October 1870 and 22 January 1871. On 18 March 1871, when the
regular army tried to remove cannons from an artillery park on Montmartre,
National Guard units resisted and killed two army generals. The national
government and regular army forces retreated to Versailles and a
revolutionary government was proclaimed in Paris. A Commune was elected,
which was dominated by socialists, anarchists and revolutionaries. The red
flag replaced the French tricolour and a civil war began between the
Commune and the regular army, which attacked and recaptured Paris from
21–28 May in La Semaine Sanglante (Bloody week). Q: What became highly
politicised during the war? A:
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The Prussian Army, under the terms of the armistice, held a brief victory
parade in Paris on 17 February; the city was silent and draped with black
and the Germans quickly withdrew. Bismarck honoured the armistice, by
allowing train loads of food into Paris and withdrawing Prussian forces to
the east of the city, prior to a full withdrawal once France agreed to pay
a five billion franc war indemnity. At the same time, Prussian forces were
concentrated in the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. An exodus occurred
from Paris as some 200,000 people, predominantly middle-class, went to the
countryside. Q: France had to consent to pay how much in war indemnity? A:
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On 1 September 1870, the battle opened with the Army of Châlons, with 202
infantry battalions, 80 cavalry squadrons and 564 guns, attacking the
surrounding Prussian Third and Meuse Armies totaling 222 infantry
battalions, 186 cavalry squadrons and 774 guns. General De Wimpffen, the
commander of the French V Corps in reserve, hoped to launch a combined
infantry and cavalry attack against the Prussian XI Corps. But by 11:00,
Prussian artillery took a toll on the French while more Prussian troops
arrived on the battlefield. The French cavalry, commanded by General
Marguerite, launched three desperate attacks on the nearby village of
Floing where the Prussian XI Corps was concentrated. Marguerite was killed
leading the very first charge and the two additional charges led to
nothing but heavy losses. By the end of the day, with no hope of breaking
out, Napoleon III called off the attacks. The French lost over 17,000 men,
killed or wounded, with 21,000 captured. The Prussians reported their
losses at 2,320 killed, 5,980 wounded and 700 captured or missing. By the
next day, on 2 September, Napoleon III surrendered and was taken prisoner
with 104,000 of his soldiers. It was an overwhelming victory for the
Prussians, for they not only captured an entire French army, but the
leader of France as well. The defeat of the French at Sedan had decided
the war in Prussia's favour. One French army was now immobilised and
besieged in the city of Metz, and no other forces stood on French ground
to prevent a German invasion. Nevertheless, the war would continue. Q: On
which date did the battle begin with the Army of Chalons attacking various
Prussian divisions? A:
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To relieve pressure from the expected German attack into Alsace-Lorraine,
Napoleon III and the French high command planned a seaborne invasion of
northern Germany as soon as war began. The French expected the invasion to
divert German troops and to encourage Denmark to join in the war, with its
50,000-strong army and the Royal Danish Navy. It was discovered that
Prussia had recently built defences around the big North German ports,
including coastal artillery batteries with Krupp heavy artillery, which
with a range of 4,000 yards (3,700 m), had double the range of French
naval guns. The French Navy lacked the heavy guns to engage the coastal
defences and the topography of the Prussian coast made a seaborne invasion
of northern Germany impossible. Q: What did the French navy lack in
engaging coastal defenses? A:
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Some types of residential elevators do not use a traditional elevator
shaft, machine room, and elevator hoistway. This allows an elevator to be
installed where a traditional elevator may not fit, and simplifies
installation. The ASME board first approved machine-room-less systems in a
revision of the ASME A17.1 in 2007. Machine-room-less elevators have been
available commercially since the mid 1990s, however cost and overall size
prevented their adoption to the residential elevator market until around
2010. Q: What types of elevators occassionaly do not use a traditional
elevator shaft, machine room or hoistway? A:
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Past problems with hydraulic elevators include underground electrolytic
destruction of the cylinder and bulkhead, pipe failures, and control
failures. Single bulkhead cylinders, typically built prior to a 1972 ASME
A17.1 Elevator Safety Code change requiring a second dished bulkhead, were
subject to possible catastrophic failure. The code previously permitted
only single-bottom hydraulic cylinders. In the event of a cylinder breach,
the fluid loss results in uncontrolled down movement of the elevator. This
creates two significant hazards: being subject to an impact at the bottom
when the elevator stops suddenly and being in the entrance for a potential
shear if the rider is partly in the elevator. Because it is impossible to
verify the system at all times, the code requires periodic testing of the
pressure capability. Another solution to protect against a cylinder
blowout is to install a plunger gripping device. One commercially
available is known by the marketing name 'LifeJacket'. This is a device
which, in the event of an uncontrolled downward acceleration,
nondestructively grips the plunger and stops the car. A device known as an
overspeed or rupture valve is attached to the hydraulic inlet/outlet of
the cylinder and is adjusted for a maximum flow rate. If a pipe or hose
were to break (rupture), the flow rate of the rupture valve will surpass a
set limit and mechanically stop the outlet flow of hydraulic fluid, thus
stopping the plunger and the car in the down direction. Q: Before the code
change was enacted what was the only permitted hydraulic cylinder type? A:
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The first electric elevator was built by Werner von Siemens in 1880 in
Germany. The inventor Anton Freissler developed the ideas of von Siemens
and built up a successful enterprise in Austria-Hungary. The safety and
speed of electric elevators were significantly enhanced by Frank Sprague
who added floor control, automatic elevators, acceleration control of
cars, and safeties. His elevator ran faster and with larger loads than
hydraulic or steam elevators, and 584 electric elevators were installed
before Sprague sold his company to the Otis Elevator Company in 1895.
Sprague also developed the idea and technology for multiple elevators in a
single shaft. Q: Who built the first electric elevator? A:
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Once the elevator arrives at the floor, it will park with its doors open
and the car buttons will be disabled to prevent a passenger from taking
control of the elevator. Medical personnel must then activate the
code-blue key switch inside the car, select their floor and close the
doors with the door close button. The elevator will then travel non-stop
to the selected floor, and will remain in code-blue service until switched
off in the car. Some hospital elevators will feature a 'hold' position on
the code-blue key switch (similar to fire service) which allows the
elevator to remain at a floor locked out of service until code blue is
deactivated. Q: Once it arrives what does the elevator do A:
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Some skyscraper buildings and other types of installation feature a
destination operating panel where a passenger registers their floor calls
before entering the car. The system lets them know which car to wait for,
instead of everyone boarding the next car. In this way, travel time is
reduced as the elevator makes fewer stops for individual passengers, and
the computer distributes adjacent stops to different cars in the bank.
Although travel time is reduced, passenger waiting times may be longer as
they will not necessarily be allocated the next car to depart. During the
down peak period the benefit of destination control will be limited as
passengers have a common destination. Q: What is the downside to a
:destination operating panel'? A:
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The final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top
division and there have only been eight winners who weren't in the top
flight: Notts County (1894); Tottenham Hotspur (1901); Wolverhampton
Wanderers (1908); Barnsley (1912); West Bromwich Albion (1931); Sunderland
(1973), Southampton (1976) and West Ham United (1980). With the exception
of Tottenham, these clubs were all playing in the second tier (the old
Second Division) - Tottenham were playing in the Southern League and were
only elected to the Football League in 1908, meaning they are the only
non-league winners of the FA Cup. Other than Tottenham's victory, only 24
finalists have come from outside English football's top tier, with a
record of 7 wins and 17 runners-up: and none at all from the third tier or
lower, Southampton (1902) being the last finalist from outside the top two
tiers. Q: What year did that take place? A:
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The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English
football league system which meets the eligibility criteria. All clubs in
the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the
Football League) are automatically eligible. Clubs in the next six levels
(non-league football) are also eligible provided they have played in
either the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions in the previous
season. Newly formed clubs, such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005–06
and also 2006–07, may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first
season. All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable
stadium. Q: Do I need a stadium to compete? A:
- text: >-
Many[who?] expected BSkyB to make a bid to show some of the remaining FA
Cup games for the remainder of the 2009–10 season which would include a
semi-final and shared rights to the final. ESPN took over the package
Setanta held for the FA Cup from the 2010–11 season. The 2011 final was
also shown live on Sky 3D in addition to ESPN (who provided the 3D
coverage for Sky 3D) and ITV. Following the sale of ESPN's UK and Ireland
channels to BT, ESPN's rights package transferred to BT Sport from the
2013–14 season. Q: What year did this take place? A:
- text: >-
The final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top
division and there have only been eight winners who weren't in the top
flight: Notts County (1894); Tottenham Hotspur (1901); Wolverhampton
Wanderers (1908); Barnsley (1912); West Bromwich Albion (1931); Sunderland
(1973), Southampton (1976) and West Ham United (1980). With the exception
of Tottenham, these clubs were all playing in the second tier (the old
Second Division) - Tottenham were playing in the Southern League and were
only elected to the Football League in 1908, meaning they are the only
non-league winners of the FA Cup. Other than Tottenham's victory, only 24
finalists have come from outside English football's top tier, with a
record of 7 wins and 17 runners-up: and none at all from the third tier or
lower, Southampton (1902) being the last finalist from outside the top two
tiers. Q: Has the final been played by a two clubs outside of the top
divisions? A:
- text: >-
Chasetown, whilst playing at Level 8 of English football during the
2007–08 competition, are the lowest-ranked team to play in the Third Round
Proper (final 64, of 731 teams entered that season). Chasetown was then a
member of the Southern League Division One Midlands (a lower level within
the Southern Football League), when they lost to Football League
Championship (Level 2) team Cardiff City, the eventual FA Cup runners-up
that year. Their success earned the lowly organisation over £60,000 in
prize money. Q: What FA cup season did this take place in? A:
- text: >-
Antenna tuning generally refers to cancellation of any reactance seen at
the antenna terminals, leaving only a resistive impedance which might or
might not be exactly the desired impedance (that of the transmission
line). Although an antenna may be designed to have a purely resistive
feedpoint impedance (such as a dipole 97% of a half wavelength long) this
might not be exactly true at the frequency that it is eventually used at.
In some cases the physical length of the antenna can be 'trimmed' to
obtain a pure resistance. On the other hand, the addition of a series
inductance or parallel capacitance can be used to cancel a residual
capacitative or inductive reactance, respectively. Q: What can be used to
cancel a inductibe reactance or residual capacitative? A:
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It is possible to use the impedance matching concepts to construct
vertical antennas substantially shorter than the 1⁄4 wavelength at which
the antenna is resonant. By adding an inductance in series with the
antenna, a so-called loading coil, the capacitive reactance of this
antenna can be cancelled leaving a pure resistance which can then be
matched to the transmission line. Sometimes the resulting resonant
frequency of such a system (antenna plus matching network) is described
using the construct of electrical length and the use of a shorter antenna
at a lower frequency than its resonant frequency is termed electrical
lengthening. Q: For use with more than one channel changes are made to
increase what property? A:
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On the other hand, classical (analog) television transmissions are usually
horizontally polarized, because in urban areas buildings can reflect the
electromagnetic waves and create ghost images due to multipath
propagation. Using horizontal polarization, ghosting is reduced because
the amount of reflection of electromagnetic waves in the p polarization
(horizontal polarization off the side of a building) is generally less
than s (vertical, in this case) polarization. Vertically polarized analog
television has nevertheless been used in some rural areas. In digital
terrestrial television such reflections are less problematic, due to
robustness of binary transmissions and error correction. Q: Buildings can
create ghost images because of what? A:
- text: >-
The origin of the word antenna relative to wireless apparatus is
attributed to Italian radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi. In the summer of
1895, Marconi began testing his wireless system outdoors on his father's
estate near Bologna and soon began to experiment with long wire 'aerials'.
Marconi discovered that by raising the 'aerial' wire above the ground and
connecting the other side of his transmitter to ground, the transmission
range was increased. Soon he was able to transmit signals over a hill, a
distance of approximately 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi). In Italian a tent pole
is known as l'antenna centrale, and the pole with the wire was simply
called l'antenna. Until then wireless radiating transmitting and receiving
elements were known simply as aerials or terminals. Q: Who is most
associated with the emergence of the word antenna? A:
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The radiation pattern of an antenna is a plot of the relative field
strength of the radio waves emitted by the antenna at different angles. It
is typically represented by a three-dimensional graph, or polar plots of
the horizontal and vertical cross sections. The pattern of an ideal
isotropic antenna, which radiates equally in all directions, would look
like a sphere. Many nondirectional antennas, such as monopoles and
dipoles, emit equal power in all horizontal directions, with the power
dropping off at higher and lower angles; this is called an omnidirectional
pattern and when plotted looks like a torus or donut. Q: Dipoles are
considered to be what antenna type? A:
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The island was uninhabited when discovered by the Portuguese in 1502. One
of the most remote islands in the world, it was for centuries an important
stopover for ships sailing to Europe from Asia and South Africa. Napoleon
was imprisoned there in exile by the British, as were Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo
(for leading a Zulu army against British rule) and more than 5,000 Boers
taken prisoner during the Second Boer War. Q: Why was Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo
imprisoned on the island? A:
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ADSL-broadband service is provided with maximum speeds of up to 1536
KBit/s downstream and 512 KBit/s upstream offered on contract levels from
lite £16 per month to gold+ at £190 per month. There are a few public WiFi
hotspots in Jamestown, which are also being operated by SURE (formerly
Cable & Wireless). Q: What is the gold price of the broadband service? A:
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In 1657, Oliver Cromwell granted the English East India Company a charter
to govern Saint Helena and the following year the company decided to
fortify the island and colonise it with planters. The first governor,
Captain John Dutton, arrived in 1659, making Saint Helena one of Britain's
oldest colonies outside North America and the Caribbean. A fort and houses
were built. After the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, the
East India Company received a royal charter giving it the sole right to
fortify and colonise the island. The fort was renamed James Fort and the
town Jamestown, in honour of the Duke of York, later James II of England.
Q: What year did the first governor arrive to Saint Helena? A:
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One commentator has observed that, notwithstanding the high unemployment
resulting from the loss of full passports during 1981–2002, the level of
loyalty to the British monarchy by the St Helena population is probably
not exceeded in any other part of the world. King George VI is the only
reigning monarch to have visited the island. This was in 1947 when the
King, accompanied by Queen Elizabeth (later the Queen Mother), Princess
Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II) and Princess Margaret were travelling
to South Africa. Prince Philip arrived at St Helena in 1957 and then his
son Prince Andrew visited as a member of the armed forces in 1984 and his
sister the Princess Royal arrived in 2002. Q: Prince Andrews, son of
Prince Phillip visited in what year? A:
GPT2 QA
Using GPT2 in other downstream NLP tasks like QA. The model was trained and evaluated on squad.
Dataset
Evaluation
The following table summarizes the scores obtained by the model.
Demo
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