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replica of the grotto at Lourdes, France Christ Main Building Marian place of prayer and reflection Virgin Mary September 1876 Scholastic The Observer three 1987 Rome Moreau Seminary Old College Fatima House Buechner Prize for Preaching eight 1920 Civil and Mechanical Engineering eight since the 1870s Learning Resource Center First Year of Studies 1962 U.S. News & World Report Doctorate Master of Divinity Alliance for Catholic Education 1854 Department of Pre-Professional Studies The Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame 1986 Ray Kroc 1986 14 Theodore M. Hesburgh Library 1963 Millard Sheets Touchdown Jesus 3,577 19.7% top 10 to 15 39.1% 1,311 18th 8th 1st overall 10th 57.6% Chemistry and Physics 1851–1921 Father John Augustine Zahm Thomas Aquinas Chemistry and Physics 1882 Professor Jerome Green 1899 Father Julius Nieuwland Albert Zahm germ-free-life 1950 1950 Gnotobiotics. 1928 The Review of Politics German Catholic journals 44 The Review of Politics John Jenkins "one of the pre–eminent research institutions in the world" Kroc Institute for International Peace studies 2013 climate change 12,179 37% Bengal Bouts Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh 12,179 20% four single-sex, 20% single-sex, Congregatio a Sancta Cruce 93% over 100 Fifty-seven 93% Washington Hall April 1879 Rev. William Corby 17th of May LaFortune Student Center Father James Burns College of Commerce Father James Burns Father James Burns Harvard Law School Knute Rockne 12 1925 13 13 Catholics Ku Klux Klan Fr. Matthew Walsh week-long South Bend Holy Cross Holy Cross Laetare Medal 1883 a spiritual service half Lobund Institute for Animal Studies Nieuwland Science Hall, Fisher Hall, and the Morris Inn, Rev. John J. Cavanaugh, C.S.C. Medieval Institute 1917–2015 a factor of 18 a factor of 18 1952–87 389 to 950 Hesburgh Dean of Arts and Letters Vice President of Student Affairs Mary Ann Proctor several hundred 1987–2005 500 500 $70 million 500 2005 17th Malloy Compton Family Ice Arena $400m Congregation of Holy Cross Basilica of the Sacred Heart French Revival Luigi Gregori 1896 Fr. Zahm 1950 Joseph LaFortune 83,000 square feet $1.2 million 29 Theodore Hesburgh Library almost 4 million Duncan Hall Frank Eck Stadium 2008 organic, fair-trade, and vegan Sustainable Endowments Institute Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies 1968 1 Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square Beijing, Chicago, Dublin, Jerusalem and Rome. 1998 The College of Arts and Letters The College of Arts and Letters 1849 Saint Louis University 33 Father Patrick Dillon 1865 mathematics Jordan Hall of Science 1,200 The School of Architecture Bond Hall five-year Rome Driehaus Architecture Prize 2015 Stanford Hall over three million volumes over three million John O'Hara Anton-Hermann Chroust classics and law Max Scheler sculptor Notre Dame Catholic Our Lady of the Lake Virgin Mary 1,250 Fighting Irish football team Knute Rockne NCAA Division I 62 62 consistently ranked among the top twenty universities four Driehaus Architecture Prize 50 Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art 1842 Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière Congregation of the Holy Cross November 26, 1842 Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel 1849 1865 Father Lemonnier ten thousand 1873 NDtv 2002 WSND-FM WVFI University of Notre Dame June 3, 2008 Kite Realty City of South Bend a contractor hired non-union workers Atlantic Coast Conference Horizon League Midwest Fencing Conference Hockey East Horizon League five five Central Collegiate Hockey Association Navy Blue and Gold Rush Leprechaun Under Armour $100 million 1846 oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States Notre Dame Victory March 1887 1887 Heisman Trophies Jeweled Shillelagh Heisman Trophies George Gipp Knute Rockne Pat O'Brien George Gipp 80,795 Zahm House's two-story banner Drummers' Circle Bond Hall trumpet Saturday 28 28 28 Austin Carr Mike Brey John F. Shea 1904 Rev. Michael J. Shea 1928 onward to victory The Gipper Airplane! Sean Astin George Zipp Knute Rockne Condoleezza Rice Eric F. Wieschaus Rev. John Jenkins professional baseball, basketball, football, and ice hockey Jim Wetherbee R&B R&B 2003 Houston, Texas R&B Destiny's Child five Mathew Knowles Houston five September 4, 1981 Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter R&B R&B five 2003 five R&B five 2003 acting I Am... Sasha Fierce I Am... Sasha Fierce Obsessed 2010 Obsessed I Am... Sasha Fierce June 2005 B'Day Obsessed I Am... Sasha Fierce Sasha Fierce love, relationships, and monogamy Time Forbes The Recording Industry Association of America Forbes modern-day feminist 2013 and 2014 118 million 118 million 118 million 20 Forbes Destiny's Child her mother's maiden name African-American Methodist Beyoncé Giselle Knowles hairdresser and salon owner Solange Joseph Broussard Beyoncé Giselle Knowles Beyoncé Giselle Knowles Solange Joseph Broussard. Methodist Fredericksburg Darlette Johnson Houston Darlette Johnson St. John's United Methodist Church Parker Elementary School, Imagine Fredericksburg Darlette Johnson seven St. John's United Methodist Church Arne Frager 1995 Elektra Records Arne Frager 1995 Sony Music Elektra Records eight eight Girl's Tyme Arne Frager 1995 Grass Roots Entertainment Men in Black "Jumpin' Jumpin'" and "Say My Name" Marc Nelson 1996 Book of Isaiah Men in Black Say My Name Marc Nelson based upon a passage in the Book of Isaiah. "Killing Time" on the soundtrack to the 1997 film, Men in Black. No, No, No 1999 Marc Nelson depression boyfriend her mother depression a couple of years her mother Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams. depression her mother Farrah Franklin Independent Women Part I eleven Beyoncé 663,000 Georges Bizet Survivor "Independent Women Part I", which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film, Charlie's Angels. Carmen: A Hip Hopera Survivor Survivor October 2001 Foxxy Cleopatra UK, Norway, and Belgium The Fighting Temptations Missy Elliott Summertime Austin Powers in Goldmember 73 million The Fighting Temptations The Fighting Temptations $30 million Austin Powers in Goldmember Foxxy Cleopatra Work It Out The Fighting Temptations The Fighting Temptations "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" Dangerously in Love 317,000 Crazy in Love "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" Jay Z Dangerously in Love "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" Luther Vandross Jay Z June 24, 2003 Crazy in Love five five. Destiny Fulfilled March 2006 November 2003 Destiny Fulfilled Barcelona March 2006 Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys Super Bowl XXXVIII Barcelona 541,000 Déjà Vu top five top five twenty-fifth birthday Jay Z top five B'Day 541,000 Jay Z Green Light The Pink Panther Dreamgirls Dreamgirls April 2007 24 million 158.8 million The Beyoncé Experience Shakira The Pink Panther Diana Ross. Listen The Beyoncé Experience Shakira Jay Z November 18, 2008 2000s Taylor Swift 119.5 million a video montage March 2009 Taylor Swift 119.5 million April 4, 2008 Jay Z. Sasha Fierce Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" Kanye West Etta James Phoenix House At Last thriller MTV Movie Award for Best Fight Phoenix House Obsessed Sharon Charles 60 million Etta James Phoenix House First Couple's first inaugural ball. Obsessed. ten Lauryn Hill Lady Gaga six sixth ten nominations Telephone Lady Gaga sixth Lauryn Hill ten Lauryn Hill Lady Gaga sixth January 2010 January 2010 Great Wall of China January 2010 her mother her father nine months Beyoncé her mother her father nine months 2011 Clinton Bush Haiti Fund Glastonbury Rolling Stone highest-paid performer in the world per minute WikiLeaks 2011 Rolling Stone Glastonbury Muammar Gaddafi. WikiLeaks Clinton Bush Haiti Fund. Glastonbury June 28, 2011 Love on Top Essence 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé June 28, 2011 310,000 New York Association of Black Journalists June 28, 2011 June 28, 2011 June 28, 2011 310,000 Essence 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé January 7, 2012 Lenox Hill Hospital Blue Ivy Carter Ovation Hall January 7, 2012 Blue Ivy Carter Ovation Hall Ovation Hall January 7, 2012 Blue Ivy Carter Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Ovation Hall Ovation Hall romance Life Is But a Dream Warner/Chappell 2013 Nuclear President Obama 268,000 tweets per minute 2013 Nuclear Beyoncé Super Bowl XLVII halftime show Life Is But a Dream The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour Rise Up Epic The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour Met Gala Tara Rise Up The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour Back to Black She was also honorary chair of the 2013 Met Gala. Tara Beyoncé December 13, 2013 Beyoncé Jay Z $115 million $115 million December 13, 2013 The New York Times Drunk in Love On the Run Tour. three Beck Vogue Coldplay three Beck Coldplay six awards Vogue Coldplay Coldplay Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song three Beck Vogue Coldplay Tidal Formation February 6, 2016 Tidal Tidal Tidal February 6, 2016 Tidal 300 million Paris miscarriage Jay Z April 4, 2008 300 million wrote music Paris '03 Bonnie & Clyde April 4, 2008 300 million miscarriage Paris MTV Video Music Awards pregnancy 12.4 million MTV Video Music Awards 12.4 million most tweets per second Beyonce pregnant Love on Top MTV Video Music Awards Love on Top 12.4 million Beyonce pregnant Lifeandtimes.com Glory Blue Ivy Carter Lenox Hill Hospital Glory Blue Ivy Carter B.I.C. January 7, 2012 Blue Ivy Carter Glory "B.I.C." B.I.C. George Zimmerman America the Beautiful 4 million same sex marriage George Zimmerman America the Beautiful America the Beautiful At Last Tumblr same sex marriage Vogue Ban Bossy campaign Vogue April 2013 Ban Bossy Flawless girls Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Ban Bossy Beyoncé Beyoncé Beyoncé Beyoncé Beyoncé Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma Beyoncé Beyoncé Beyoncé Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma Beyoncé Beyoncé Freddie Gray thousands Freddie Gray thousands Celine Dion highest-earning power couple end of 2014 250 million Celine Dion $80 million 2009 to 2011 115 million 250 million $80 million $115 million MTV 2013 four Jody Rosen The Daily Mail hip hop four octaves versatile hip hop range and power four centerpiece tart hip hop R&B pop, soul and funk Irreemplazable B'Day Rudy Perez R&B Irreemplazable Irreemplazable Irreemplazable R&B Irreemplazable Rudy Perez. Irreemplazable (re-recordings of songs from B'Day for a Spanish-language audience), and the re-release of B'Day. melodies and ideas Cater 2 U Jay Z Jay Z Beyoncé melodies and ideas Independent Women Beyoncé melodies and ideas Beyoncé American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards Diane Warren Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters 2001 Beyoncé 17 Beyoncé Pop Songwriter of the Year American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards. Beyoncé 17 Michael Jackson five Michael Jackson vocal runs Michael Jackson Vision of Love Michael Jackson Michael Jackson Diana Ross Whitney Houston Vision of Love feminism and female empowerment Josephine Baker Etta James feminism and female empowerment boldness mini-hula Josephine Baker. Déjà Vu Michelle Obama February 2013 Oprah Winfrey Michelle Obama inspiration and a strong woman lyrical and raw take control of her own career lyrical genius Michelle Obama Oprah Winfrey Jean-Michel Basquiat Madonna Suga Mama The Mamas Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqué Riddick 2006 Suga Mama Suga Mama 2006 BET Awards Suga Mama Suga Mama B'Day The Mamas 2006 BET Awards Beyoncé L.A. Reid Beyoncé Jarett Wieselman the greatest entertainer alive she's almost too good Jarett Wieselman L.A. Reid Sasha Fierce "Crazy in Love" February 2010 May 2012 too aggressive, too strong May 2012 Sasha Fierce. 2008 Crazy in Love Allure Beyoncé Beyoncé Bootylicious Destiny's Child Bootylicious Bootylicious 2006 Beyoncé Bootylicious 2006 sexily Spring/Summer 2011 Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show People January 2013 VH1 People People January 2013 VH1 September 2010 People Hottest Female Singer of All Time Madame Tussauds Wax Museums Destiny's Style Tyra Banks Destiny's Style 2007 Tyra Banks Tyra Banks Sports Illustrated Swimsuit The Bey Hive The Beyontourage petitions The Bey Hive "The Beyontourage The Bey Hive "The Beyontourage beehive House of Deréon L'Officiel blackface 2006 People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals L'Officiel blackface L'Officiel House of Deréon. blackface Beyoncé's Emmett Price L'Oréal natural pictures be used it is categorically untrue Beyoncé's Emmett Price L'Oréal In 2008, L'Oréal was accused of whitening her skin in their Feria hair color advertisements L'Oréal Llewyn-Smith 2013 2014 Artist of the Decade 2013 2014 Baz Luhrmann Jody Rosen Llewyn-Smith Time 100 list Baz Luhrmann 2014 White Rabbits White Rabbits Pepsi Pepsi White Rabbits Beyoncé's Country Strong White Rabbits White Rabbits White Rabbits Country Strong. Pepsi Crazy in Love two two a species of horse fly July 2014 Crazy in Love two 8 million copies Drake two Drake a species of horse fly 118 million 118 million 64 118 million Beyoncé 118 million 118 million 118 million Legend Award 64 certifications 118 million 118 million 64 64 Legend Award 20 20 20 six Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 20 Grammy Awards 52 nominations "Single Ladies (Put a Ring in It)" six 20 20 "Single Ladies (Put a Ring in It)" Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture Gladiator-themed commercial 50 million Center for Science in the Public Interest 70 2002 Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias Pepsi Center for Science in the Public Interest Gladiator-themed commercial $50 million Center for Science in the Public Interest 70 Tommy Hilfiger Tommy Hilfiger Heat 2013 400 million Heat 2011 Pulse six Tommy Hilfiger Heat Heat six 18 $100 million 18 $100 million June 2013 $100 million $100 million $100 million $100 million June 2013 Topshop Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd activewear 2015 Topshop 2015 Parkwood Entertainment Topshop London activewear March 30, 2015 Jay Z March 30, 2015 Beyoncé low payout of royalties Tidal. Aspiro Jay Z Spotify Beyoncé and her mother Agnèz Deréon Beyond Productions handbags and footwear department and specialty stores across the US and Canada Beyoncé and her mother 2005 Agnèz Deréon Destiny's Child's shows and tours Beyoncé and her mother Beyond Productions, which provides the licensing and brand management for House of Deréon, and its junior collection, Deréon. shoe Brazil July 2009 House of Deréon collection Sasha Fierce for Deréon May 27, 2010 House of Brands Beyoncé Fashion Diva Sasha Fierce for Deréon C&A Macy's and Dillard's Topshop autumn 2015 Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd 50 April 2016 Topshop Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd Beyoncé Beyoncé and Rowland 250,000 Hurricane Ike Beyoncé and Rowland $250,000 Hurricane Ike Beyoncé and Rowland Hurricane Ike Hurricane Ike Wyclef Jean Beyoncé Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House God Bless the USA $1 million Beyoncé Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief Wyclef Jean Beyoncé Cosmetology Center God Bless the USA Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting I Was Here Miss a Meal June 1, 2013 Tina Knowles influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws, following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. spread female empowerment Catapult Demand A Plan 950 I Was Here Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini montaa (mountain) 4th 4th 77 montaa 1908 1949 grizzly bear grizzly bear Maiasaura September 1910 Oro y Plata "Gold and Silver" 1865 1895 bitterroot 35 percent 235 Billings Missoula and Great Falls "mountain" Montaa del Norte 147,040 North Dakota and South Dakota North Dakota and South Dakota western half of the state 60 percent north Saskatchewan Beartooth Plateau Granite Peak 12,799 Democrats Steve Daines Republicans 29 to 21 swing state 1992 60 60 Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport spring of 2013 BNSF 1880s Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation spring wolves and mountain lions 1930s Federation of Fly Fishers lake trout and kokanee salmon fisheries A River Runs Through It April 26, 1864 1862 $1.75 1886 thousands Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and Hudson Bay Triple Divide Peak Pacific Ocean Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin rivers Three Forks Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin rivers 1976 Paradise Valley Missouri 3,223 Flathead Lake Fort Peck Reservoir Missouri river 25 percent 427 grizzly bear black-footed ferret, whooping crane, least tern, pallid sturgeon and white sturgeon 17 15 inches 34.70 inches Grinnell Glacier 7 1 percent to 6.9 percent sales Approximately 66,000 1851 1887 Great Falls 63% German mining camp 6.5 Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt 27.9 percent July 2007 July forest fires 1855 Isaac Stevens 1859 Flathead Indian Reservation Camp Cooke Camp Cooke 1876 1877 English 94.8 Spanish 13,040 about 1,700 89.4 percent 89.4 percent 89.4 percent 1,032,949 4.40% Gallatin County 14,323 1917 1941 smokejumpers 13 million 325 General Philip Sheridan 1875 1881 1882 1871, 1872 and 1873 Surveys in 1874, 1875 and 1876 September 8, 1883 1866 a failed bid for statehood Helena 1889 Grover Cleveland The Homestead Act of 1862 The Homestead Act of 1862 1868 640 acres 640 acres 640 acres James J. Hill 1902 1909 160 to 320 acres June 1917 Sedition Act of 1918 criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means over 200 78 40,000-plus 40,000-plus 1500 Fort William Henry Harrison Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow to prevent the intentional destruction of entire human groups a substantial part of that group "in whole or in part" Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic respected commentators International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia Germany Germany Germany the ECHR Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Lemkin Lemkin United Nations General Assembly a legal definition of the crime political killings USSR international intervention in domestic politics William Schabas Great Purge Jorgic v. Germany national, racial, religious or ethnic group Jorgic v. Germany the intent to destroy a national, racial, religious or ethnic group genocide Lemming mobilizing much of the international relations and community Peg LeVine Peg LeVine ritualcide Peg LeVine language, culture, and economic infrastructure legal aspect of the term By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime deliberate killing of a certain group officials in power of a state or area 1648 genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups 1648 1944 geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill). attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them Raphael Lemkin Winston Churchill 1944 "a crime without a name" Raphael Lemkin geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill) attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them substantial The numeric size of the targeted part of the group absolute terms prominence the perpetrators' access to the victims the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach opportunity presented to him inform the analysis 20 20 two the People's Republic of China long delay diplomatic compromise a research tool international legal credibility none Jonassohn and Björnson Jonassohn and Björnson Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn M. Hassan Kakar The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response M. Hassan Kakar Genocide a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group victimized groups politicides ethnicity, religion or nationality pogroms murder by government murder by government the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide non-killings that in the end eliminate the group non-killings Adrian Gallagher Adrian Gallagher intent a substantial part a substantial part genocide both in peace and wartime Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and former Yugoslavia—signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them United States Cyprus and Norway 1948 1948 crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder 1948 Raphael Lemkin European Court of Human Rights European Court of Human Rights ethnic cleansing expel Muslims and Croats from their homes Prijedor 30 Zdravko Tolimir committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide aiding and abetting genocide German courts genocide or complicity in genocide Belgrade Radovan Karadi and Ratko Mladi genocide or complicity in genocide Slobodan Miloevi The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda April 1994 the Security Council of the United Nations the Security Council of the United Nations the Security Council of the United Nations Darfur Colin Powell Senate Foreign Relations Committee International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur gravity of the crimes perpetrated the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, abstained the Prosecutor has found "reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes." structural conditions leading up to genocide structural conditions leading up to genocide Ervin Staub passivity of internal and external witnesses humanizing a devalued group antibiotics evolution 1943 penicillin and erythromycin evolutionary processes bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics 1943 1943 concentration eliminate bacterial infection bacterial growth phase ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells concentration host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial markers of drug efficacy bacterial functions or growth processes penicillins and cephalosporins polymyxins (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines mechanism of action penicillins and cephalosporins polymyxins 40-year mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity semisynthetic modifications beta-lactam antibiotics aminoglycosides chemical synthesis semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds 2000 atomic mass units penicillins penicillins near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis resistance World Health Organization 20th century anyone, any age, in any country resistance World Health Organization near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis 20th century resistance World Health Organization World Health Organization 20th century widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance livestock raising near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis empirical therapy several days in the laboratory broad spectrum antibiotic antibiotic several days broad spectrum antibiotic unidentified several days fever and nausea disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora yeast elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid alter the host microbiota negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use mild to very serious fever and nausea host microbiota negative effects on humans or other mammals photodermatitis and anaphylaxis diarrhea yeast tendon damage increased body mass penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline obesity beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics increased body mass intestinal microbiota obesity contraceptive pills about 1% reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon inconclusive and controversial Clinicians contraceptive pills about 1% estrogens oral contraceptives very low Clinicians about 1% Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics antibiotics serious side-effects widespread side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy antibiotics never be mixed Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics serious side-effects never be mixed Intrinsic antibacterial resistance antibacterial resistance genes antibiotic target vertical transmission of mutations during growth mutation in the bacterial chromosome vertical transmission of mutations during growth Plasmids that carry several different resistance genes superbugs tuberculosis nearly half a million MDR-TB antibiotic-resistant Self prescription of antibiotics antibiotic-resistant medical professionals medical professionals failure to rest for sufficient recovery Inappropriate antibiotic treatment respiratory tract US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) 2002 2003 Swann report 1969 American Medical Association (AMA) S.742 and H.R. 2562 American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA) animal husbandry 1977 March 2012 medicinal folklore 2000 years ago mold and plant materials against life Jean Paul Vuillemin mold Alexander Fleming penicillin chemotherapy Prontosil Gerhard Domagk Gerhard Domagk 1939 tyrothricin 1939 Rene Dubos Rene Dubos wounds and ulcers 1942 1945 Norman Heatley 1945 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin immune modulation or augmentation Antibacterial vaccines less reactogenic, cell-free vaccines Phage therapy infecting pathogenic bacteria the phages will infect "good" bacteria 2 Gram-negative bacilli April 2013 clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA appropriate economic incentives superbugs senior director for health programs at The Pew Charitable Trusts, Polish and French Romantic era solo piano Duchy of Warsaw 20 Romantic Romantic era Duchy of Warsaw solo piano 20 17 October 1849 Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin solo piano Romantic era Romantic Duchy of Warsaw 20 Romantic 17 October 1849 21 30 1835 Majorca tuberculosis Paris 30 Franz Liszt 1835 Maria Wodziska 21 30 1835 Jane Stirling 1835 Jane Stirling tuberculosis piano instrumental ballade J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert nuance and sensitivity Polish folk music, the classical tradition of J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert, piano instrumental ballade nuance and sensitivity J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert two piano two nuance and sensitivity J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert piano two Polish folk music, the classical tradition of J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert, indirect Romantic Romantic era he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies France Poland political insurrection Romantic era France political insurrection Romantic era elazowa Wola 22 February 1810 1 March Fridericus Franciscus 29 elazowa Wola Napoleon 22 February 1810 1 March Fridericus Franciscus Napoleon 22 February 1810 1 March Fridericus Franciscus elazowa Wola Napoleon Justyna Krzyanowska Easter Sunday, 23 April 1810 1806 Lorraine Lorraine Justyna Krzyanowska Fryderyk Skarbek Ludwika Lorraine Lorraine Ludwika French French Palace grounds flute and violin illnesses 1810 Warsaw Lyceum flute and violin piano French French flute and violin piano Saxon Palace. Wojciech ywny Ludwika 7 polonaises polonaise in A-flat major of 1821 Wojciech ywny Ludwika 7 seven 1816 to 1821 Wojciech ywny Ludwika 7 Wojciech ywny Kazimierz Palace Warsaw University Kazimierz Palace Belweder Palace Nasze Przebiegi Kazimierz Palace Kazimierz Palace Grand Duke Constantine Belweder Palace Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz Belweder Palace Grand Duke Constantine Belweder Palace Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz Wilhelm Würfel Józef Elsner eolomelodicon Tsar Alexander I 10 June 1825 Wilhelm Würfel Józef Elsner eolomelodicon diamond ring Rondo Op. 1 Wilhelm Würfel Józef Elsner eolomelodicon a diamond ring. Rondo Op. 1. Dominik Dziewanowski Szafarnia spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers Dominik Dziewanowski Polish rural folk music Dominik Dziewanowski The Szafarnia Courier Szafarnia 1827 Krakowskie Przedmiecie 1830 the Chopin Family Parlour Ambroy Mieroszewski 1827 1830 boarding house for male students Ambroy Mieroszewski Emilia 1830 the Chopin Family Parlour Ambroy Mieroszewski the Chopin Family Parlour Julian Fontana Konstancja Gadkowska Julian Fontana Konstancja Gadkowska slow movement (Larghetto) of his Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor) July 1829 Julian Fontana Konstancja Gadkowska Tytus Woyciechowski slow movement (Larghetto) of his Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor) Paris Feliks Jarocki Gaspare Spontini Prince Antoni Radziwi Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3 Gaspare Spontini Feliks Jarocki Gaspare Spontini Prince Antoni Radziwi Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3 Gaspare Spontini Feliks Jarocki Gaspare Spontini Gaspare Spontini governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen—himself an accomplished composer Souvenir de Paganini 11 August piano-bashing 17 March 1830 Souvenir de Paganini Vienna Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21 September 1829 piano-bashing of local artists Niccol Paganini Vienna piano-bashing three weeks 2 November 1830 Austria 2 November 1830 Zdzisaw Jachimecki Zdzisaw Jachimecki Woyciechowski Italy the November 1830 Uprising composer and performer Woyciechowski 2 November 1830 "I curse the moment of my departure." September 1831 Polish Great Emigration France 1835 Poles in exile Paris 1831 Polish Great Emigration 1835 Adam Zamoyski Poland France France Adam Zamoyski Polish Great Emigration Paris Adam Mickiewicz set as songs Adam Mickiewicz Alfred de Vigny Adam Mickiewicz Polish Literary Society Julian Fontana Albert Grzymaa Albert Grzymaa, Julian Fontana Paris England England Albert Grzymaa Albert Grzymaa Julian Fontana Warsaw Conservatory Robert Schumann Salle Pleyel intimate keyboard technique his father Robert Schumann Salle Pleyel Rothschild 1831 intimate keyboard technique publishing his works and teaching piano small groups of friends pianos Salle Pleyel Hexameron Maurice Schlesinger Adolphe Gutmann his own Paris apartment a concerto by J.S. Bach Maurice Schlesinger Felix Mendelssohn Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow Carlsbad Lower Rhenish Music Festival Hiller Carlsbad Countess Wodziska Countess Wodziska Felix Mendelssohn Düsseldorf Academy of Art Maria Liszt Hiller Woyciechowski 26 February 1832 Liszt Salle Pleyel 38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin Hôtel de France seven Harriet Smithson Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory 2 April 1833 Bonn Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory Rue Lafitte seven Harriet Smithson love-hate relationship theatricality, showmanship and success apology my friend Liszt Op. 10 Études Marie d'Agoult Liszt Liszt Marie d'Agoult Hiller George Sand Marie d'Agoult My tragedy Grzymaa George Sand poor health My tragedy Marie d'Agoult Maria Wodziska's mother My tragedy Grzymaa Camille Pleyel Sand began in earnest six years Majorca Valldemossa Camille Pleyel Camille Pleyel six years Félicien Mallefille Carthusian Sand Majorca Sand's two children Félicien Mallefille. Carthusian Three Pleyel the best possible condition bad health and the incompetence of the doctors 3 December bad health and the incompetence of the doctors Pleyel 3 December Pleyel bad weather the Canuts Marseilles Nohant Square d'Orléans the Canuts Marseilles Nohant 5 rue Tronchet Square d'Orléans bad weather the Canuts. Marseilles Square d'Orléans Nohant Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale tenth the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit the organ Die Gestirne the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne. Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the July Revolution. Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53 mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot 7 June 1842 piano technique and composition mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot piano technique and composition. Delacroix 1842 Grzymaa Beethoven Seventh Symphony Charles Hallé temporal lobe epilepsy 1842 Beethoven Seventh Symphony temporal lobe epilepsy 1842 onwards mouth and tonsils Beethoven Seventh Symphony Charles Hallé temporal lobe Auguste Clésinger radical political pursuits third child Lucrezia Floriani 1847 1846 Auguste Clésinger Lucrezia Floriani Auguste Clésinger. nurse Lucrezia Floriani 1847 Op. 58 sonata works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions six six Op. 58 sonata six six 1845 1848 Auguste Franchomme 1848 Auguste Franchomme struggle financially. Auguste Franchomme Cello Sonata Op. Chopin – The Women Behind The Music Chopin – The Women Behind The Music Chopin – The Women Behind The Music Chopin – The Women Behind The Music Chopin – The Women Behind The Music Chopin – The Women Behind The Music Chopin – The Women Behind The Music A Song to Remember A Song to Remember 1928 La valse de l'adieu George Sand A Song to Remember A Song to Remember La valse de l'adieu La valse de l'adieu 1901 Milan Milan Chopin opera Milan 1901. Milan Leon Ulrich Marcel Proust and André Gide 1830 Leon Ulrich 1830 numerous Warsaw Chopin Society Warsaw Chopin Society The New York Times Warsaw Chopin Society Warsaw Chopin Society The New York Times 1895 Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2 1895 The British Library 1895 Methuen-Campbell International Chopin Piano Competition 1927 Warsaw every five years 1,500 International Chopin Piano Competition 1927 over eighty 1,500 Chopiniana Michel Fokine Les Sylphides Alexander Glazunov Michel Fokine Chopiniana Michel Fokine Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev London Jane Stirling London Jane Stirling and her elder sister Jane Stirling Revolution of 1848 Jane Stirling Dover Street Broadwood Stafford House Prince Albert 7 July Dover Street a grand piano. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. piano lessons Viardot Scotland Adam yszczyski Scotland Hopetoun Rooms 10 Warriston Crescent in Edinburgh 16 November 1848 London's Guildhall Polish refugees. terminal London's Guildhall Delfina Potocka Chaillot Princess Obreskoff November Delfina Potocka Chaillot Princess Obreskoff. Jenny Lind. Ludwika Place Vendôme 12 Ludwika her husband and daughter Jane Stirling Viardot fear of being buried alive "No longer" Clésinger fear of being buried alive Clésinger tuberculosis Jean Cruveilhier DNA testing tuberculosis Jean Cruveilhier cystic fibrosis Permission for DNA testing, which could put the matter to rest, has been denied the Church of the Madeleine almost two weeks Over 3,000 Paris almost two weeks Over 3,000 Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor Louis Lefébure-Wély Prince Adam Czartoryski Funeral March Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor Louis Lefébure-Wély Père Lachaise Cemetery Prince Adam Czartoryski Funeral March Clésinger Euterpe 5,000 francs Jane Stirling alcohol Clésinger. 5,000 francs Jane Stirling Ludwika Sand Over 230 piano Over 230 a few Clementi Clementi Bach and Mozart Haydn John Field ballades and scherzi nocturne ballades and scherzi concert étude Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles polonaises polonaises mazurkas salon recital endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. the concert hall the concert hall polonaises salon recital Revolutionary Étude Funeral March Sonata No. 2 Sonata No. 2 Revolutionary Étude Minute Waltz 65 Julian Fontana Julian Fontana 17 65 Julian Fontana 1857 Krystyna Kobylaska 1857 1857 Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobylaska. KK Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobylaska. Breitkopf & Härtel Jan Ekier Maurice Schlesinger piano anthologies. Paderewski Jan Ekier Improvisation four-bar phrase Improvisation Nicholas Temperley four-bar phrase the Barcarolle Op. 60 four ballades and four scherzos departure and return folk coda. mazurkas and waltzes bass canon at one beat's distance triple time Zywny and Elsner triple time formidable nocturnes agitated expression nocturnes 1833 nocturnes straightforward ternary straightforward ternary straightforward ternary The Well-Tempered Clavier Kenneth Hamilton The preludes The Well-Tempered Clavier generic preludes to others of his pieces Kenneth Hamilton Op. 35 Kornel Michaowski and Jim Samson Op. 35 The last movement Op. 58 Claude Debussy keyboard improvisation Temperley finger technique Léon Escudier knowing good fingering Karol Szymanowski Chopin's use of national modes and idioms Nikolai Zverev Karol Szymanowski Nikolai Zverev Nikolai Zverev Jonathan Bellman rigid procedures "always crescendo to a high note" the most beautiful things of art Berlioz Hiller rubato the practice in performance of disregarding strict time rubato mazurkas Friederike Müller Friederike Müller rhythm. nationalism 1836 Poland 1836 Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein mazurkas and polonaises Schumann cannon buried in flowers Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein Barbara Milewski Micha Kleofas Ogiski and Franciszek Lessel patronizing intuitive freedom polonaise and mazurka Arthur Hutchings Liszt and Henri Herz Paris Arthur Hutchings Carnaval Ballade No. 2 in F major six Alkan pianist and composer Carnaval Ballade No. 2 in F major Liszt Debussy Jacques Durand Raoul Koczalski Karol Mikuli Mainland Chinese scholars horses 1402–1424 Sakya Karma Kagyu school Nepal Tibetans Mongols Ganden Phodrang regime 1578 9th century 821 fixed the borders between Tibet and China Tang China 821 907–960 960–1279 the Song dynasty Khitan Jurchen Mongol ruler Genghis Khan gedei Khan 1229–1241 gedei Khan Godan Sakya Pandita Töregene Khatun 1241–1246 thirteen Khagan gedei Khan Karma Pakshi Phagpa lama 1279 1271–1368 Kublai Khan universal rule Kublai Khan 1358 Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen Phagmodrupa Dynasty Zhu Yuanzhang Red Turban Rebellion Zhu Yuanzhang 1368–1398 Karmapa Rolpe Dorje Rolpe Dorje the Buddhist link between Tibet and China 4th Karmapa Lama Ming 1402–1424 Morris Rossabi 1644–1912 "Ü-Tsang Itinerant High Commandery" and "Amdo-Kham Itinerant High Commandery" É-L-S Army-Civilian Marshal Office seventeen Qianhu offices "Ü-Tsang Itinerant High Commandery" and "Amdo-Kham Itinerant High Commandery" three Princes of Dharma Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen Turrell V. Wylie Tibet Morris Rossabi Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain Wang and Nyima 1371 princes ex-Yuan officials Thomas Laird Mongol khans Wang and Nyima A Mongol dynasty of China the line of Mongol rulers in China Thomas Laird Rossabi 1271 to 1368 1311–1320 licensed border market Mongols the Ming General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office Ü-Tsang Commanding Office Beijing Chen Qingying 1,000 households 10,000 households John Powers ruling lamas no Tibetan ruler ever explicitly accepted the role of being a vassal of the Ming. Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan "Dependent States" and oasis city-states of the Western Regions Education Minister Degsi the Yuan imperial court and the Phagmodrupa Dynasty Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen Central-local government relation." Changchub Gyaltsen Van Praag University of Washington Mongol suzerainty Sagya Gyaincain Ming officer of Hezhou Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen Ming officer of Hezhou sent envoys to the Ming court 1642 1434 1642 1642 Karmapa Kargyu Mongol Je Tsongkhapa Je Tsongkhapa Je Tsongkhapa 1407 1413 Chosrje Shkya Yeshes Chosrje Shkya Yeshes Dawa Norbu the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes Mongols Mongols Yang Sanbao Yang Sanbao Yang Sanbao various Tibetan princes Yang Sanbao Ming 1430s Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu History of Ming Phagmodru myriarchy Mongol Yuan 1435–1565 Mongol Yuan 1565–1642 1398–1402 Yao Guangxiao Hongwu Emperor March 10, 1403 Zhi Guang the Karmapa 1407 Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan 1403 Nanjing came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa Kublai Khan the Yongle Emperor twenty-two days Nanjing Great Treasure Prince of Dharma religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects Deshin Shekpa strictly for religious purposes to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools Deshin Shekpa Jianwen Emperor Deshin Shekpa Marsha Weidner the fifth Karmapa Buddhist artifacts Buddhist artifacts which symbolized "the religious nature of the relationship." 1435–1449 Zhengtong Zhengtong Great Treasure Prince of Dharma Ming court the Karmapa hierarchs 1446 1415 Karmapa Yangzi and Mekong tea, horses, and salt Yunnan horses silk silk Van Praag a mandatory "corvée" tax Tibet Altan Khan Altan Khan Mongols Altan Khan Hongwu Emperor Mu Ying 30,000 30,000 Qu Neng Ordos region Mongols Ming China stabilize border regions and protect trade routes divide-and-rule the Sakya regime had fallen the fifth Karmapa giving patronage to many different Tibetan lamas Phagmodrupa 1498 New Years ceremonies and prayers 1518 1505–1521 Zhengde Emperor Mikyö Dorje Manchu Qing dynasty China's intervening Ming dynasty 13th century the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion during the 18th century Qing the Chinese central government Mongol khans Republic of China and its Communist successors California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco Mongols patron and priest 13th century Ming 1981 Ming the central government of China 1521–1567 Daoism Tibetan lamas Yang Tinghe Yang Tinghe Jiajing Tibetan Buddhism Tibetan Buddhism Tibetan Buddhism and lamas Jiajing Altan Khan Altan Khan Altan Khan 1571 Amdo shamanism and blood sacrifice Gelug Gelug Mongol princes Committed to their religious leader Tümen Khan great-grandson of Altan Khan the 5th Dalai Lama 1642 Sonam Gyatso Altan Khan Zhang Juzheng Zhang Juzheng Mongolia third Dalai Lama by allowing him to pay tribute 1587 Qing Qing Master of Vajradhara the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso 1616 the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso died Mongols Mongols 1642 the Ming court 1565 Karma Phuntsok Namgyal 1611–1621 Karmapa The fourth Dalai Lama Güshi Khan protector Güshi Khan 1637–1640 1642 Lozang Gyatso Lozang Gyatso presenting his conquest of Tibet as a gift to the Dalai Lama Sonam Chöpel Lozang Gyatso Shun Mukden Lozang Gyatso Kangxi Emperor Kangxi Emperor 1720 1751 1735–1796 multi-purpose pocket computers October 23, 2001 three multi-purpose pocket computers three October 23, 2001 multi-purpose pocket computers 3 iPod Shuffle July 15, 2015 external data storage 128 GB 128 GB 128 GB 128 GB 128 GB 128 GB Apple's iTunes Apple's iTunes Apple's iTunes Music and Videos Music and Videos iOS 5 middle of 2010 separate apps named "Music" and "Videos" A8 A8 A8 2015 A8 5 2001 2004 Jon Rubinstein Braun T3 transistor radio 5 GB 2001 5 GB the Walkman of the twenty-first century" Jon Rubinstein Toshiba disk drive Pixo Espy 2007 Helvetica Steve Jobs PortalPlayer Helvetica 2006 U2 black 33 minutes U2 black 2006 Burst.com Kane Kramer Kane Kramer 1981 IXI Burst.com IXI Kane Kramer Vinnie Chieco freelance copywriter 2001: A Space Odyssey Joseph N. Grasso 2005 2001: A Space Odyssey Vinnie Chieco Joseph N. Grasso mid-2015 Pierre Dandumont 12.2 12.2 Pierre Dandumont weak bass response when using high-impedance headphones external headphone amplifier weak low-impedance distortion R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster clipping 2006 R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster concerns about hearing loss 100 dB 100 dB France 100 dB France FireWire a power adapter FireWire 30-pin 30-pin dock connector fifth fourth 3.5 mm 30-pin 3.5 mm 30-pin 30-pin iPod Hi-Fi Belkin and Griffin dock connector proprietary Belkin iPod Hi-Fi Lightning iPhone 5, the fifth generation iPod Touch, and the seventh generation iPod Nano 30 8 pins Lightning September 12, 2012 the iPod Hi-Fi Nike+iPod pedometer Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation FM radio Nike +iPod pedometer Apple BMW 2005 Scion BMW Scion independent stereo manufacturers adapter kits audio input jacks adapter kits audio input jacks United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates individual seat-back displays KLM and Air France United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates 2007 Apple Lossless JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, and PNG WMA WMA Mac OS Apple Lossless JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, and PNG one Song ratings can be set on an iPod and synchronized later to the iTunes library one host computer click wheel click wheel earphone cable 3.5" iPhone click wheel the 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle iPhone April 29, 2003 The iTunes Store October 12, 2005 September 12, 2006 April 29, 2003 October 12, 2005 September 12, 2006 FairPlay DRM Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods iTunes Plus January 6, 2009 April 2009 FairPlay DRM FairPlay DRM iTunes Plus January 6, 2009 Napster and MSN Music protected WMA DRM Universal Music Group Universal Music Group July 3, 2007 The Beat Goes On... September 5, 2007 September 5, 2007 an iPhone or an iPod Touch various versions of iPods Brick Steve Wozniak Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz Brick Brick Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz September 2006 iTunes 7 6th and 5th generation 6th and 5th generation September 2006 fifth generation Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft video game handheld console market GamePro and EGM .ipg .ipg a software development kit (SDK) clickwheel-based .ipg only with the iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone a software development kit (SDK) iTunes iTunes iTunes iTunes 7 and above iTunes 7 and above hidden host operating system manual 2005 Advanced Audio Devices online music stores of Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch Ho Keung Tse Advanced Audio Devices FairPlay rotational user inputs August 2005 Creative Technology Zen Patent United States International Trade Commission rotational user inputs Creative Technology August 24, 2006 $100 million iPod accessories $100 million Made for iPod program over 90% October 2004 72.7% Bloomberg Online over 90% over 90% 74% January 8, 2004 Hewlett-Packard (HP) Wal-Mart 5% unfavorable terms and conditions HP hundred million 32% Mac computers $5.2 billion April 9, 2007 32% $6.22 billion 30.69% $3.5 billion $15.4 billion $3.5 billion January 22, 2008 $1.58 billion 42% 42% Peter Oppenheimer Phil Schiller 14.21% 220 million decreased fourth best computer product looks, clean design, and ease of use. Sony Ericsson and Nokia WMA PC World Sony Ericsson and Nokia PC World business business communication and training Royal and Western Infirmaries Glasgow, Scotland Duke University Entertainment Weekly Duke University Entertainment Weekly the end of the Album Era accelerating shifts within the music industry the end of the Album Era the end of the Album Era 14 hours less than 8 hours 2003 advertised battery life less than 8 hours batteries refurbished replacement iPod lithium-ion batteries batteries lithium-ion batteries battery replacement $99 soldering tools adhesive. November 14, 2003 $99 iPod Nano flawed battery Apple product replacement program alleged short life-span and fragile hard drives 13.7% 13.7% late 2005 protective sleeves above 20% scratched 15-hour Apple's Code of Conduct 25 15-hour 25% Verité Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group Foxconn All-China Federation of Trade Unions, Foxconn Verité December 31, 2006 2010 an Apple prototype 2010 innovation can function in "disk mode" as mass storage devices to store data files FAT32 Twilight Princess Twilight Princess November 2006 December 2006 Twilight Princess November 2005 November 2006 Link Hyrule Midna Link Midna The Wind Waker Game of the Year Nintendo Selects March 2016 Twilight Princess Game of the Year 2006 March 2016 combat, exploration, and item collection Ocarina of Time L-targeting Clawshot Clawshot Twilight Princess Ocarina of Time Clawshot L-targeting context-sensitive context-sensitive place the rock on the ground context-sensitive context-sensitive Wii Remote chime Wii Remote Nunchuk "lookaround" built-in speaker Wii Remote nine enemies a large overworld Epona puzzles a boss a large overworld Wolf Link" biting Poes Midna Epona Wolf Link" imp-like creature imp-like creature artificial intelligence The Wind Waker arrows or slingshot pellets artificial intelligence arrows or slingshot pellets nods and facial expressions Midna Akiko Kmoto Japan gasps nods and facial expressions Midna Akiko Kmoto Twilight Princess carry off the village's children Midna Tears of Light Ordon Village Bulblins Tears of Light Fused Shadows Zant Master Sword Bringing a dying Midna to Zelda Zoras of Lanayu Fused Shadows Zant Master Sword Bringing a dying Midna to Zelda Shadow Crystal Mirror of Twilight Ganondorf Hyrule Castle Ganondorf Shadow Crystal Gerudo Desert Mirror of Twilight Ganondorf by possessing Zelda's body and eventually by transforming into a beast Midna's helmet Hyrule Castle Ganondorf plunges the Master Sword into his chest Zelda and the Light Spirits Ganondorf Midna's helmet Mirror of Twilight 2003 Game Developers Conference its cartoon appearance horseback combat 2003 Eiji Aonuma horseback combat realistic horseback riding,[l] Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004 Nintendo DS Phantom Hourglass Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004 Mitsuhiro Takano The Minish Cap Revolution Miyamoto Mitsuhiro Takano the Wii Remote pointing-based 2005 Satoru Iwata 2005 Nintendo DS E3 2005 Nintendo DS E3 2005 swinging Aonuma Wii controller 2006 a month Aonuma 2006 the difficulty of the control scheme sword gestures—something E3 attendees had commented right comfort and ease Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta Koji Kondo Michiru shima Koji Kondo Michiru shima Yasuzo Takemoto orchestral music 50 November 19, 2006 a Nintendo Power promotion orchestral music November 19, 2006 a Nintendo Power promotion an exploit known as the "Twilight Hack" properly designed save file Versions 3.3 and 3.4 Twilight Hack Versions 3.3 and 3.4 Versions 3.3 and 3.4 Tantalus Media Wii U November 12, 2015 March 5, 2016 The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD Tantalus Media Tantalus Media March 4, 2016 Wolf Link Amiibo figurine Ganondorf Ganondorf Ganondorf Cave of Shadows Wolf Link Cave of Shadows Ganondorf Ganondorf 20 20 Japan, Europe, and Australia 20 1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, and GameSpy. GameRankings and Metacritic GameTrailers Twilight Princess 1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, and GameSpy. 95 GameTrailers blurry textures GameSpot's Jeff Gerstmann GameSpot Javier Glickman Hyper blurry textures Gaming Nexus Javier Glickman Twilight Princess 16th 4th third Nintendo Power Best Console Game 16th 4th Twilight Princess 1.32 million 1.32 million PAL region 1.32 million 1.32 million Akira Himekawa Japan Shogakukan MangaOne Eon Productions Daniel Craig Spectre Skyfall most expensive twenty-four Spectre four Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures Sam Mendes Spectre Diamonds Are Forever Max Denbigh Max Denbigh Lucia Sciarra Max Denbigh Max Denbigh Max Denbigh 1971 26 October 2015 Royal Albert Hall in London 6 November 2015 action sequences and cinematography Golden Globe Skyfall Writing's on the Wall Mexico City M C Nine Eyes Garreth Mallory Mexico City MI5 and MI6 ring Rome Spectre Franz Oberhauser assassin Moneypenny Rome Franz Oberhauser Mr. Hinx Franz Oberhauser thallium poisoning Dr. Madeline Swann commits suicide Hoffler Klinik Tangier thallium poisoning. Dr. Madeline Swann Tangier. Hinx. thrown off the train Hannes Ernst Stavro Blofeld Ernst Stavro Blofeld the old MI6 building Blofeld Westminster Bridge Nine Eyes Q Nine Eyes SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory 1963 Never Say Never Again Warhead 2000 A.D. 1963 Never Say Never Again over the film rights to the novel Thunderball. MGM SPECTRE Eon Productions MGM MGM MGM Danjaq Sony Pictures Entertainment Sony Pictures Entertainment John Logan Eon Productions November 2014 John Logan Eon Productions Christoph Waltz 1983 Quantum of Solace Quantum of Solace Octopussy Charmian Bond Octopussy Christoph Waltz. Quantum of Solace Spectre Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques Kingsley Amis The Hildebrand Rarity For Your Eyes Only Blofeld Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques December 2014 Ralph Fiennes Daniel Craig Daniel Craig Bill Tanner four Bill Tanner Daniel Craig Franz Oberhauser Ernst Stavro Blofeld Bérénice Lim Marlohe Quantum of Solace fifty Bérénice Lim Marlohe Mr. White from Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace. over fifteen hundred Detlef Bothe Detlef Bothe over fifteen hundred Mexico Austria. Detlef Bothe Estrella Skyfall Dennis Gassner Roger Deakins Skyfall and Spectre Skyfall and Spectre Skyfall and Spectre Skyfall six London, Mexico City and Rome Kodak 35 mm Pinewood Studios seven months. Kodak 35 mm film stock Pinewood Studios December 2014 February 2015 Ice Q Restaurant sprained his knee Ice Q Restaurant a private medical clinic in the Austrian Alps. Austria Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum Williams Aston Martin DB10 four independent electric engines Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire Blenheim Palace Jaguar C-X75 Williams engineering division of Formula One racing Day of the Dead Day of the Dead Zócalo and the Centro Histórico district 1,500 aerial manoeuvres Day of the Dead a sequence involving a fight aboard a Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm Bo 105 helicopter Zócalo and the Centro Histórico district knee 22 April knee Lambeth Bridges The London Fire Brigade 17 May 2015 Vauxhall Cross Lambeth Bridges The London Fire Brigade at a restaurant in Covent Garden. at night Oujda, Tangier and Erfoud Largest film stunt explosion Chris Corbould 128 days Morocco Largest film stunt explosion 128 Chris Corbould $20 million Michael G. Wilson India Istanbul Thomas Newman Decca Records Decca Records Thomas Newman Decca Records Rather than composing the score once the film had moved into post-production, Newman worked during filming. July 2015 Writing's on the Wall under half an hour a demo Jimmy Napes 25 September 2015 Skyfall Shirley Bassey Radiohead Adele Shirley Bassey Radiohead Aston Martin and Eon December 2014 Williams F1 promotional work December 2014 Williams F1 clapperboards Skyfall clapperboards Skyfall David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers BBC One July March 2015 David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers Royal Albert Hall 26 October 2015 Skyfall Paramount Pictures Paramount Pictures brought forward the release of Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation to avoid competing with Spectre. $199.8 million $199.8 million $199.8 million £41.7 million ($63.8 million) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Avatar $9.2 million Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Avatar The Dark Knight 13 November $4.8 million $4.1 million $22.45 million $4.1 million four weeks $9.1 million $70.4 million $5.25 million Skyfall $9.1 million $5.25 million $15 million 198% $12.1 million $84.7 million $15 million $84.7 million 60 out of 100 60 64% CinemaScore 64 60 out of 100 The Daily Telegraph's Robbie Collin IGN four out of five stars four Scott Mendelson Mick LaSalle 2.5 2.5 Christopher Orr Bored The Washington Post Bored, James Bored kissing scenes Twitter. Christoph Waltz spring 2016 spring 2016. 69,197 the Great Sichuan earthquake 69,197 69,197 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw 69,197 69,197 69,197 Beijing and Shanghai 80 kilometres (50 mi) aftershocks, some exceeding magnitude 6, Wenchuan earthquake Wenchuan County, Sichuan 80 kilometres (50 mi) 80 kilometres (50 mi) 69,197 69,197 4.8 million 15 million 1 trillion RMB (about US $146.5 billion) 69,197 69,197 69,197 4.8 million 11 million Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture 2 minutes 80% 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw 2 minutes 80% Longmenshan fault Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate 120 sec 10 km Longmenshan fault Yingxiu-Beichuan fracture 120 sec, with the majority of energy released in the first 80 sec. 9 meters April 30, 2008 1972 Geng Qingguo Geng Qingguo May 8 Premier Zhou Enlai the Seismological Bureau had received reports predicting the earthquake 240 km Tom Parsons 240 km 240 km 240 km long by 20 km deep greater than 3 meters high risk over 6,000 people two stages Yuji Yagi shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population 30 times firmness of the terrain Between 64 and 104 within 72 hours of the main quake. August 5, 2008 Between 64 and 104 42,719 6.4 MS 42,719 August 5, 2008 Ms 6.1 Ms 6.1 it was caused by a different fault. 2008 Panzhihua earthquake Ms 6.1 Ms 6.1 2008 Panzhihua earthquake European Macroseismic Scale European Macroseismic Scale very destructive very disastrous Yingxiu, Wenchuan Longmen Shan Fault System 4.8 metres 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) Longmen Shan Fault System Longmen Shan Fault System 4.8 metres 4.8 metres 4.8 metres Shanghai's financial district calm 10 minutes Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport May 12 evacuated Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport disruption in air traffic services the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations cracks media offices Hui County, Gansu 13 petrol tanks cracks media offices None Hui County, Gansu the rail was distorted highways 80% Dujiangyan 900 highways highways 80% two chemical plants 900 companies based in southwestern China Copper Copper Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange companies based in southwestern China Copper Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange internet capabilities internet capabilities Elements of telecommunications internet capabilities internet capabilities Elements of telecommunications a handful a handful more than 2,300 China Unicom's more than 2,300 power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion Half China Unicom China Unicom's Wolong National Nature Reserve 280 31 80 Wolong National Nature Reserve Six a mother of five Mao Mao Zipingpu Hydropower Plant Zipingpu Hydropower Plant 2,000 391 Zipingpu Hydropower Plant Zipingpu Hydropower Plant less severe Tulong reservoir 391 68,636 68,636 68,636 68,636 68,636 68,636 68,636 68,636 68,636 they tried to repair roads 2,300 2,300 about 9,000 80% 80% 2,300 about 9,000 80% 80% Eight Health care Vice Minister of Health Gao Qiang public health care system in China is insufficient neglected Health care insufficient the government thousands 1,700 1,700 7,000 700 shoddy construction 1,700 1,700 7,000 600 December 2008 May 7, 2009 5,335 5,335 May 7, 2009 Ai Weiwei 5,335 5,335 fertility clinics at least 5 million 11 million 12.5 million 1 million at least 5 million 11 million 12.5 million animals a million pigs Reginald DesRoches China did not create an adequate seismic design code China did not create an adequate seismic design code Tangshan earthquake engineers to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings many constructions failed to withstand engineers to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings many constructions failed to withstand poorer, rural villages Swaminathan Krishnan assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics they were not designed very strong building codes regulations $75 billion five US$75 billion one of the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history five 63 6.0 Mw 6.0 Mw 63 63 Qingchuan, Sichuan more than 90,000 1.94 million 1.94 million 1,300 more than 90,000 more than 90,000 1.94 million 1.94 million 1.94 million Premier Wen Jiabao geomechanics to oversee the rescue work 50,000 Premier Wen Jiabao, ten 50,000 rough terrain and close proximity of the quake's epicenter Level II emergency contingency plan natural disasters May 12 Level II The National Disaster Relief Commission Level II The National Disaster Relief Commission 184 184 184 184 184 184 184 Armed Police General Hospital 184 China Digital Times Book Blade China Digital Times Book Blade Children's Day relief centres ceremonies many parents went to the rubble of schools June 1 relief centres more than $48.6 million 10 million yuan 48.6 million 10 million yuan May 16 May 16 May 16 €8,000,000 €8,000,000 83 million €8,000,000 May 16 counterpart support plan 3 years counterpart support plan one province to one affected county 3 years one percent violent rupture Zipingpu Dam 25 times more warnings warnings seismological and geological data earthquake predictions 2008 Sichuan earthquake time prediction method Strachimir Mavrodiev earthquake prediction was a global issue no proven methods exist earthquake prediction was a global issue no prediction notification Gary Gibson 2002 Chen Xuezhong Chen Xuezhong 2002 Chen Xuezhong over 30 years over 30 years Earthquake prediction statistics Earthquake prediction Taipei Fire Department five days without food and water traffic problem cash it had not been possible to reach roads that were completely damaged or places that were blocked off by landslides 4000 m above sea level Persistent heavy rain and landslides 20 helicopters 15,600 3,000 15 Persistent heavy rain and landslides 20 helicopters 15,600 3,000 around 9,000 90 helicopters Premier Wen Jiabao Premier Wen Jiabao over 150 over 150 Premier Wen Jiabao the civil aviation industry Premier Wen Jiabao Tzu Chi Foundation Tzu Chi Foundation May 13 Tzu Chi Foundation international quake 100 tons 17:00 CST, May 15 May 16 100 tons 100 tons 100 tons 15:00 CST 100 tons satellite images Chinese authorities 135,000 May 16 satellite images tents and generators 135,000 The Internet Xinhua to find the blind spots of disaster recovery Wenchuan The Internet Xinhua student Volunteers May 31 a moment of silence Beichuan county seat three days a moment of silence a state earthquake relic museum several concerts to remind people of the terrible disaster blood $159 million mainland China blood people from all over mainland China, $159 million $159 million 557 557 557 Wenchuan County 30,000 557 Amity Foundation 30,000 those left homeless Amity Foundation over 7,000 tofu-dregs schoolhouses over 7,000 over 7,000 tofu-dregs schoolhouses no further outstanding fines The Giving of Love Bai Yansong 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan $1.57 million Promise The Giving of Love US$208 million The Giving of Love 1.57 Promise This is the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards Chinese government the Chinese media has lived up to international standards Los Angeles Times Tangshan earthquake quake lakes 34 34 7.9 large landslides quake lakes 34 Entire villages had to be evacuated Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan by foot or air Mount Tangjia more than 200,000 the dam bursting Mount Tangjia Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan 1,200 the PRC's National Flag and Regional Flags of Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions the PRC's National Flag and Regional Flags of Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions Mao Zedong May 19, 2008 Cars and trucks the PRC's National Flag and Regional Flags of Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions The Ningbo Organizing Committee The Ningbo Organizing Committee The Ningbo Organizing Committee The Ningbo Organizing Committee a minute of silence a minute of silence black and white advertisements various gaming sites crowds spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans, including "Long Live China". Macau Ye Zhiping proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened 2,323 400,000 yuan Ye Zhiping 2,323 An County three-year ten safety checks ten professional crime safety checks ten money riot police government officials in Beijing and Sichuan To limit protests money threatened stop reporting on school collapses Liu Shaokun inciting subversion Sichuan school teacher inciting subversion travelled to the Shifang, taken photos of collapsed school buildings, and put them online in a media interview one year of re-education through labor Hong Kong-based English newspaper January 2010 Hong Kong-based English newspaper UNICEF offering condolences and assistance May 14 UNICEF magnitude of the quake $214,000 and $71,000 $26 million 10.7 billion yuan Chinese public Yao Ming 26 million swift and very efficient openness Burma's secretive response Burma's secretive response Francis Marcus live earthquake footage live earthquake footage suspended Myanmar the school construction scandal response to the quake cutting corners yet to receive any reports censors state-controlled propaganda bureau state-controlled thin iron wires thin iron wires supervising agencies corrupt government officials corrupt government officials not to stage a protest under the threat of arrest the Times lost their only child New York New York New York New York New York City New York City five 1898 8,491,079 8,491,079 23.6 five Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island 1898 8,491,079 800 1624 1624 1785 until 1790 1664 1785 until 1790 1624 1626 1664 1785 until 1790 56 million 469 Financial District of Lower Manhattan 120 New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ Long Island and Staten Island Wisconsinan glaciation 1,000 feet Lenapehoking La Dauphine Giovanni da Verrazzano La Dauphine "Nouvelle Angoulême" Nouvelle Angoulême La Dauphine La Dauphine "Nouvelle Angoulême" 1525 Estêvo Gomes Portuguese Charles V La Anunciada Rio de San Antonio Padrón Real Henry Hudson Dutch East India Company 1614 ten North River Dutch East India Company 1614 Henry Hudson trapping for pelts and trading with the local population Jan Rodrigues Dominican Juan Rodriguez Way trapping for pelts and trading with the local population Dominican 159th Street to 218th Street Governors Island Manhattan Island 1625 $24 $24 1624 1625 $24 worth of glass beads New York King James II Peter Stuyvesant the English 1664 Peter Stuyvesant Prince of Orange, King William III August 24, 1673 New Orange 1674 Anthonio Colve Anthonio Colve Prince of Orange, King William III Second Anglo-Dutch War 200 Dutch control of Run 200 Second Anglo-Dutch War 42% Charleston, South Carolina Foley Square tens of thousands Charleston, South Carolina 1990s John Peter Zenger John Peter Zenger 1754 King George II King George II John Peter Zenger 1754 October 1765 Battle of Long Island Brooklyn August 1776 10,000 1783 Battle of Long Island Brooklyn 1783 September 11, 1776 the Conference House about a quarter West Side of Lower Manhattan Trinity Church the Conference House about a quarter 1785 George Washington Supreme Court of the United States Federal Hall on Wall Street Philadelphia Congress of the Confederation Congress of the Confederation 1789 1790 1799 Manhattan New York Manumission Society 1827 more than 16,000 1799 1827 Commissioners' Plan Erie Canal Tammany Hall Irish and German Erie Canal Central Park 1857 1857 The Great Irish Famine Over 200,000 Over 200,000 25% 25% The Great Irish Famine Over 200,000 Mayor Fernando Wood Draft Riots Draft Riots 120 below 10,000 more than 200 1898 1904 Bronx 1904 1904 1,021 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 36,620 The Harlem Renaissance 36,620 London 10 million Fiorello La Guardia Fiorello La Guardia 10 million 1952 United Nations Headquarters United Nations Headquarters United Nations Headquarters the Stonewall Inn the Stonewall Inn June 28, 1969 Lower Manhattan the Stonewall Inn Lower Manhattan 2000 2000 Silicon Alley 1990s 1970s 1970s 71 71 71 July 19, 1909 541.3 July 19, 1909 71 71 September 17, 2011 Occupy Wall Street Occupy Wall Street Occupy Wall Street September 17, 2011 William F. Buckley, Jr. 1955 Donald Trump ridiculed the liberalism of "New York values" southeastern southeastern Washington, D.C. and Boston a naturally sheltered harbor Hudson River a naturally sheltered harbor Atlantic Ocean Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island. New Jersey The Harlem River The Bronx River New York Bay Troy, New York New Jersey The Bronx River The Harlem River Battery Park City 468.9 square miles 304.8 sq mi (789 km2) 304.8 sq mi (789 km2) Todt Hill Staten Island 468.9 square miles 304.8 sq mi (789 km2) 304.8 sq mi (789 km2) Todt Hill Todt Hill Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House Brooklyn One World Trade Center Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House 1656 One World Trade Center 5,937 Hong Kong 5,937 1913 50 Hong Kong 5,937 1931 Art Deco eagles Seagram Building The Condé Nast Building eagles 1931 1930 Bronx Brooklyn Queens 1870 to 1930 Tudor Revival and Victorian elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements the Great Fire of 1835 six Jackson Heights Stone and brick wooden roof-mounted water towers July 2014 four hundreds Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx humid subtropical climate 234 234 humid continental climate January humid subtropical climate 234 USDA 7b prevailing wind patterns 0.3 72% exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on average of 17 days each summer July 9, 1936 106 °F February 9, 1934 July 9, 1936 1,270 66 October 29, 2012 49.9 inches flooding numerous streets, tunnels, and subway lines in Lower Manhattan and other areas 25.8 inches New York City Department of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, and the New York City Department of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation National Park Service Minneapolis The Trust for Public Land Minneapolis 10,521.83 Gateway National Recreation Area Jacob Riis Park and Fort Tilden Jacob Riis Park Gateway National Recreation Area Gateway National Recreation Area The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum Grant's Tomb the Stonewall Inn modern gay rights movement The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum New Jersey New Jersey the Stonewall Inn Grant's Tomb seven 28 21 seven seven 28,000 28,000 Pelham Bay Park 1,093 28,000 28,000 Pelham Bay Park Pelham Bay Park Fort Hamilton 1825 1825 North Atlantic Division 1179th Transportation Brigade Fort Hamilton 1825 1825 Queens 8,491,079 Los Angeles 316,000 40% 40% 8,491,079 Los Angeles 40 27,858 27,673 Hudson County 25.5% 25.5% 28.6% 28.6% 3 44 Civil War 28.6% 25.5 12 million Lower East Side Germans 92% Irish 12 million 18 37% Dominican Republic Bangladeshi China 37 Queens Chinese 6.3% Queens 0.3% 2.7 million 550,000 137,000 65,000 Bronx 2.7 million New York City 1.5 million 20% 4.8 million 20% 1.3 million Dominican Republic Egypt El Salvador Ecuador 568,903 June 24, 2011 June 24, 2011 568,903 June 24, 2011 June 24, 2011 59% 33% 1.1 million Brooklyn between 600,000 and 1,000,000 1.1 million Judaism Brooklyn 24 between 600,000 and 1,000,000 0.6 0.5 for the city overall and 0.6 for Manhattan Michael R. Bloomberg 4.6% $2,749 2,749 0.6 Silicon Alley The Atlantic 2014 2012 One out of ten FDi Magazine US$914.8 billion Time Warner Center $1,589 $15,887 six Time Warner Center 660 Madison Avenue Madison Avenue 180,000 180,000 Omnicom Group and Interpublic Group, 180,000 Omnicom Group and Interpublic Group Food processing Food processing Brooklyn US$234 million "Chocolate District" Manhattan US$234 million US$234 million Godiva 163,400 163,400 US$3.8 billion US$360,700 163,400 163,400 Wall Street 165 Broadway $40 billion 19% British Bankers Association Wall Street 165 Broadway 46.5 over 500 million square feet over 500 million square feet Manhattan US$3 billion US$3 billion 300,000 300,000 Cornell Tech Cornell Tech Cornell Tech 700,000 square feet 65,000 Cornell Tech 56.4 million 56.4 million 56.4 million US$61.3 billion 56.4 million 56.4 million I Love New York I Love New York Empire State Development I Love New York I Love New York I Love New York Greenwich Village ice skating Rockefeller Center Summerstage Queens 90,000 90,000 Anbang Insurance Group US$1.95 billion Waldorf Astoria New York 90,000 Anbang Insurance Group 1.95 billion 200 200 200 Los Angeles Two New York City Seven 25,000 The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times Two Joseph Medill Patterson Alexander Hamilton 25,000 25,000 2 The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times Joseph Medill Patterson CBS NYCTV MTV, Fox News, HBO, Showtime, Bravo, Food Network, AMC, and Comedy Central Fox News Manhattan Neighborhood Network 1971 WNET WNYC 1997 Manhattan Neighborhood Network 1971 WNYC New York City Department of Education 1,700 1,700 nine 1,700 nine New York City Charter School Center 900 City University of New York one out of four one out of four 24 City University of New York New York Public Library Queens Borough Public Library Queens Borough Public Library Brooklyn Public Library Manhattan New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation 11 $6.7 billion $6.7 billion $6.7 billion 1969 11 Bellevue Hospital Ramanathan Raju Bellevue Hospital Bellevue Hospital Ramanathan Raju, MD former CEO of the Cook County health system in Illinois a surgeon 35,000 New York's Finest 35,000 35,000 New York's Finest 328 75% Provo, Utah 500 328 95.9% Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards the Five Families Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards Black Spades Tokyo Fire Department five New York's Bravest five Tokyo 11,080 11,080 New York's Bravest subway brush fires 9 MetroTech Center Randalls Island 9 MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn 9 MetroTech Center 9 MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn Randalls Island 11 Metrotech Center 1940s 1970s Harlem Renaissance hip hop hip hop hip hop dance New York Fashion Week New York School New York Fashion Week Global Language Monitor 1880s more than 2,000 electric lighting song more than 2,000 electric lighting 12.21 million The Great White Way US$1.27 billion US$1.27 billion 12.21 million 11.57 million The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene falafel and kebabs The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene nearly one thousand 1882 MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field Ebbets Field 1882 National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and Major League Soccer five over forty Baseball 73 Baseball five 73 73 five 14 14 MetLife Stadium 2014 MetLife Stadium MetLife Stadium East Rutherford, New Jersey MetLife Stadium 2014 New York Islanders Newark Newark, New Jersey New York Islanders New York Islanders New York Knicks New York Liberty 1938 New York Liberty National Invitation Tournament 1938 New York Knicks Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens Millrose Games Belmont Stakes 1932 Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens United States Open Tennis Championships 37,866 Millrose Games Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves Stickball the Bronx the Bronx New York City Subway 469 Grand Central Station 1.75 billion Grand Central Station 38.4 minutes 54.6 22 54.6% 90% 38.4 minutes 52% 22% Port Authority Bus Terminal 200,000 200,000 Port Authority Bus Terminal John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport Newark Liberty International Airport John F. Kennedy International Airport Stewart International Airport near Newburgh, New York 109 million Staten Island Ferry Staten Island Ferry 8.4 Staten Island Ferry Staten Island Ferry George Washington Bridge The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge Brooklyn Bridge 1903 George Washington Bridge George Washington Bridge The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge neo-Gothic 1903 Lincoln Tunnel 1927 1940 President Franklin D. Roosevelt 120,000 120,000 tunnels Jersey City President Franklin D. Roosevelt 200,000 200,000 21% Citibank Quinnipiac University 2011 Catskill Mountains watershed Catskill Mountains US$3.2 billion US$3.2 billion US$3.2 billion US$3.2 billion unicameral three four-year unicameral three The New York City Administrative Code, the New York City Rules, and the City Record four Democrats 67 Barack Obama 1924 Calvin Coolidge Democratic 67% 1924 Calvin Coolidge Republican 127 Roosevelt Island 127 one million one million one million one-fifth one-fifth lead pollution crack epidemic Tom Wolfe National Library of Australia Baruch College Iceland and Latvia Upper West Side of Manhattan Lincoln Square Union Square New York University Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute 82nd to 105th streets Upper East Side of Manhattan 1959 2012 82nd to 105th streets Brooklynese Archie Bunker Carroll O'Connor New Yawk New York City FC Yankee Stadium Harrison, New Jersey Pelé Hofstra University two-thirds Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station AirTrain Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station Pennsylvania Station on the West Side of Manhattan three three Copenhagen Metro Port Authority Trans-Hudson Second Avenue Subway aerial tramway Manhattan Island theater finance advertising national industries rush hour New York City New York City Long Island Manhattan and Staten Island Manhattan and Staten Island Structural Expressionism Queensboro Bridge 3,715 3,715 80% Hearst Tower Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency 6 110,000 Greenpoint oil spill mayor-council 1898 Appellate Division Appellate Division executive agencies Foley Square District Court for the Eastern District of New York Foley Square District Court for the Eastern District of New York Foley Square Manhattan 10021 83 cents $11 billion 83 cents New York City Global Partners 2006 1960 Pulitzer Prize Harper Lee Harper Lee 1960 her family and neighbors tolerance racial injustice racial injustice and the destruction of innocence class, courage, compassion, and gender roles in the American Deep South its use of racial epithets Mary McDonough Murphy 2006 1962 1990 Robert Mulligan British librarians Horton Foote Robert Mulligan Monroeville, Alabama February 2016 Go Set a Watchman Go Set a Watchman July 14, 2015 February 2016 Truman Capote 1950 reservation clerk Monroeville, Alabama 1926 Truman Capote Huntingdon College Huntingdon College J. B. Lippincott Go Set a Watchman Therese von Hohoff Torrey Therese von Hohoff Torrey mental illness lawyer Her father July 11, 1960 two and a half years Reader's Digest Condensed Books Maycomb, Alabama three years two summers Dill Maycomb, Alabama three years Jean Louise Finch (Scout) Mayella Ewell Tom Robinson shame the mob Jem and Scout the colored balcony the colored balcony shot and killed Jem and Scout the school Halloween pageant Boo Radley Atticus Boo Radley Bob Ewell simply fell on his own knife autobiography 1919 25 Monroeville Scout 1960 In Cold Blood Truman Capote Underwood apart people Walter Lett Walter Lett Emmett Till the Civil Rights Movement to display Southern prejudices Emmett Till Satire and irony parody, satire, and irony Jem locks a Sunday school classmate in the church basement with the furnace Calpurnia ham ham costume coming-of-age or Bildungsroman novel Southern Gothic Atticus Miss Maudie race and class Claudia Durst Johnson race relations Any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females seventeen times Any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females poor white farmers seventeen a rabid dog Carolyn Jones Calpurnia Aunt Alexandra Walter Cunningham Jane Austen individual worth poor white trash' gender and class motives and behavior morphine Atticus courage Charles Shields Charles Shields Harper Lee Mayella Ewell Calpurnia and Miss Maudie Calpurnia and Miss Maudie Mrs. Dubose feminist Bob Ewell Atticus Boo Radley Lawyers frilly clothes Songbirds Finch mockingbird mockingbird mockingbird innocent and harmless Book of the Month Club Book of the Month Club ten more than 30 million more than 30 million more than 30 million more than 30 million Scout, Atticus, and Boo Oprah Winfrey, Rosanne Cash, Tom Brokaw, and Harper's sister Alice Lee Scout, Atticus, and Boo reason he became a lawyer To Kill a Mockingbird 1997 Alabama State Bar Lee 1963 21 1963 21 1966 rape Mayella Ewell's Little Black Sambo racial Uncle Tom's Cabin Uncle Tom's Cabin Archulus Persons Truman Capote Alice Truman Capote Lippincott 1961 41 1962 1964 Pulitzer Prize 1964 2001 25 Richard M. Daley Richard M. Daley 25 University of Notre Dame George W. Bush To Kill a Mockingbird University of Notre Dame George W. Bush Gregory Peck Gregory Peck Gregory Peck her father's pocketwatch Peck's grandson her father's pocketwatch Peck's grandson May 2005 national treasure Christopher Sergel 1990 Monroeville May racially segregated West Yorkshire Playhouse Regent's Park Open Air Theatre West Yorkshire Playhouse July 14, 2015 1957 20 Tonja Carter Go Set a Watchman 1957 20 rape and racial inequality Atticus Finch narration flashback Southerners the children's fascination with Boo Radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood Southern romantic regionalism fine folks The South itself Tom Robinson Boo Radley he was real nice classical tragedy The Chicago Sunday Tribune Granville Hicks Flannery O'Connor William Faulkner Jane Austen Allen Barra Akin Ajayi Calpurnia black students classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural "white trash" every child in the South has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality an act of protest Scripture Mockingbird groupies radiant light and heat from the Sun radiant light and heat from the Sun artificial photosynthesis radiant light and heat from the Sun 174,000 terawatts 30% 150 to 300 watts per square meter 174,000 terawatts 30% 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day clouds, oceans and land masses 71 Sunlight photosynthesis 71% rises clouds amplifies convection photosynthesis 3,850,000 more energy in one hour than the world used in one year Photosynthesis more energy in one hour than the world used in one year 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year Photosynthesis coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined in a direct or indirect way. passive or active passive or active geothermal and tidal direct or indirect Active solar Passive solar solar thermal collectors circulate air Active solar technologies Active solar technologies Frank Shuman Sun Power Company 1912 black pipes 1897 steam engine Sun Power Company 1912 Maadi, Egypt parabolic troughs cheap oil Maadi, Egypt parabolic troughs parabolic troughs cheap oil cheap oil 60 to 70 sunlight 60 to 70% evacuated tube collectors evacuated tube collectors 154 thermal gigawatt Israel and Cyprus 154 thermal gigawatt China Israel and Cyprus heating swimming pools 50 30% (4.65 EJ/yr) 30% (4.65 EJ/yr) Solar Thermal mass heat stone, cement and water radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night keep buildings cool auxiliary heating and cooling equipment solar chimney solar chimney a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building greenhouses their leaves provide shade during the summer, while the bare limbs allow light to pass during the winter Deciduous trees 1/3 to 1/2 interfere with winter solar availability east and west sides 1767 direct light cooking, drying and pasteurization box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers Horace de Saussure 90–150 °C (194–302 °F) direct light the Solar Total Energy Project short payback period parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors the Solar Total Energy Project to obtain salt from sea water evaporation preheating ventilation air 1872 Solar distillation 16th-century Arab alchemists 1872 22,700 L single-slope World Health Organization fully overcast conditions safe storage Over two million algae to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity algae 2050 2050 354 MW less than 1% 354 MW Mojave Desert of California India Charles Fritts 1954 mainstream electricity source A solar cell Charles Fritts Dr Bruno Lange Russell Ohl fluid lenses or mirrors a heat source for a conventional power plant Stirling dish heated by the concentrated sunlight Megaron House orientation relative to the Sun stay in a comfortable temperature range Megaron House pumps, fans and switchable windows Urban heat islands Los Angeles Urban heat islands asphalt and concrete paint buildings and roads white and plant trees fruit walls grape presses plants timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties fruit walls keeping plants warm cucumbers exotic plants convert solar light to heat Greenhouses Tiberius exotic plants 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) 90.87 kilometres per hour biannual solar-powered car race 1987 90.87 kilometres per hour 90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph) North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge 1975 1975 Kenichi Horie Kenichi Horie Solar Riser Solar Impulse 1974 29 April 1979 July 1981 Eric Scott Raymond 36 hours hydrogen production from protons Solar chemical processes artificial photosynthesis Solzinc pure zinc Hydrogen production technologies concentrators Solzinc Thermal mass systems Thermal mass systems water, earth and stone overall heating and cooling requirements paraffin wax and Glauber's salt "Dover House" paraffin wax and Glauber's salt 64 °C or 147 °F Dover House they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems 1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh) rechargeable batteries rechargeable batteries Net metering whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes both directions hydroelectric power generator when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one hydroelectric power generator 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan SERI, now NREL NEDO Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE 1920s 20% 1890s falling petroleum prices 20% 154 GW urgent urgent ISO 9050 solar water heaters ISO 9050 ISO 9050 passive solar or active solar concentrated solar power orienting a building to the Sun 559.8 EJ 1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ) solar 1,575–49,837 exajoules indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource global warming learning investments keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise cloud cover, and the land available to humans areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation follow the position of the sun during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb reduce the light available for solar cells solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels they can collect energy directly from their homes this way insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans 1,575–49,837 EJ per year conversion of sunlight into electricity photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP) lenses or mirrors to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam photoelectric effect Sunlight Greeks and Chinese Advanced solar architecture and urban planning ordinary air upward buoyancy force toy relatively high scarce increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum 2060 greenhouse gas emitters Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism Sarazm 1991 1992 to 1997 Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire 1991 1992 to 1997 around 260,000 around 260,000 Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%) Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Campaign clan loyalties 30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition Emomali Rahmon More than 500,000 Russian border troops Dushanbe Airport located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration. the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison Russia November 2010 escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August republic Kokhir Rasulzoda Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova November 1994 People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament independent press outlets remain restricted severely suppressed severely suppressed avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru Tajikistan Pamir range on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°) Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe the "Land of the Tajiks" The suffix "-stan" (Persian: -stn) Turkic or Iranian Tibetan empire and Chinese Tibetan empire and Chinese Samarkand and Bukhara Khorasan Tibetan empire and Chinese Tibetan empire and Chinese Tibetan empire and Chinese Samarkand and Bukhara Tibetan empire and Chinese Samarkand and Bukhara Khorasan Khorasan Tibetan empire and Chinese 710 Kara-Khanid Khanate Samanid Empire the late 19th century's Imperial Era Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand cotton Russian Turkestan the Emirate of Bukhara an Islamic social movement throughout the region pro-modernization between 1910 and 1913 threat of forced conscription during World War I basmachi to maintain independence mosques and villages Islam, Judaism, and Christianity Samarkand and Bukhara the southern region Between 1927 and 1934, collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place forced resettlement Two rounds of Soviet purges directed by Moscow (1927–1934 and 1937–1938) nearly 10,000 people Ethnic Russians 13% first secretary four seats in Parliament corruptions the election process and unemployment "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards." The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people Republic of Tajikistan Republic of Tajikistan 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi) Kyrgyzstan Wakhan Corridor Kyrgyzstan Republic of Tajikistan Republic of Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan about 500 BCE Achaemenid Empire Alexander the Great Yuezhi tribes eighth century Arabs Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism 9.6% aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers 60% Tajik Aluminum Company Vakhsh hydropower potential Nurek Dam Afghanistan US$1.25 per day $2.1 billion US dollars cheap labor Migration from Tajikistan and the consequent remittances opium poppy US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities heroin and raw opium Tajikistani Drug Control Agency roads, air, and rail. Iran and Pakistan 1,300 km 2012 26 airports Dushanbe International regularly scheduled flights to major cities in Russia Khorog Airport 70% 70% 70% 7,349,145 Tajikistanis Pamiri Pamiri Isolated in the highest parts of the Pamir Mountains Sunni Islam freedom of religion Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon 98% that minority religious groups undermine national unity becoming active in the political sphere Hizb ut-Tahrir unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state by the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities prayer site location a physical structure large fines and closure of place of worship medical supplies 104,272 1% Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper 11 years 11 years 76 17% Anthropology social anthropology linguistic anthropology social anthropology United States 1870 1869 1902 1865 Darwin's conclusions lacked empirical foundation anthropological societies and associations anthropological societies and associations major theorists 48 48 late 19th and early 20th centuries gender equality and sexual liberation cross-cultural comparisons 19th-century racial ideology cultural critiques natural sciences natural sciences natural sciences Classical Greece and Persia cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies structuralist and postmodern theories 1970s and 1990s positivist archaeology and biological anthropology four Sociocultural anthropology Sociocultural anthropology helps develop understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations overlap Cultural anthropology cultural relativism methodology Participant observation emic moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison linguistic patterns of consumption and exchange kinship linguistic law and conflict resolution Archaeology patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices past human groups similar ways cultural and material lives of past societies Linguistic anthropology sociocultural processes Linguistic anthropology narrative analysis universality do not exist 'aesthetic' qualities 1983 anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics' Étienne Serres Étienne Serres Étienne Serres France Société Ethnologique de Paris Anthropology processes or laws unknown to them processes or laws unknown to them then On the Origin of Species through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild. Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. social sciences Paul Broca Paul Broca Transformisme neurosurgeon speech Broca's area psychology six the science of the nature of man animist comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology empirical ethnology British ethnologists Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt Representatives from the French Société Waitz higher educational institutions dozens forensic archaeologist forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene World Council of Anthropological Associations ethnographic studies ethnographic studies 1990s contexts of media reception cyber Visual anthropology visual representation sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs ethnographic film Economic Economic economics Bronislaw Malinowski gift-giving exchange Historical Materialism colonialism Hunter-gatherers revolutionary wars Industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism Applied Anthropology change or stability in specific cultural systems change or stability in specific cultural systems activism activism Anthropology of development implications for the approach alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing gap why does so much planned development fail patterns of social relationships related concepts and terms, such as "descent", "descent groups", "lineages", "affines", "cognates", and "fictive kinship". Over its history one's social relations during development marriage male male Feminist anthropologists gender birth anthropology Nutritional anthropology food security globalization overall health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development Nutritional anthropology Psychological anthropology particular cultural group—with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories—shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health. its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories a particular cultural group models of cultural and social processes. Cognitive anthropology Cognitive anthropology evolutionary biology implicit knowledge Political anthropology structure of societies 1960s "complex" social settings in which the presence of states, bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena. Geertz a sub-focus group 1993 STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science Donna Haraway humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built, specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings. Environmental anthropology political ecology culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more. focus and data interpretation Hyde Park historical records ethnic groups both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation documents and manuscripts Practitioners Urban anthropology 1960s 1960s types of cities types of cities human–animal studies Anthrozoology disciplines quantifying the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy Evolutionary anthropology social science biological and cultural evolution of humans, past and present scientific many lines of evidence mutilation mutilation nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation To illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach anthropologist Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan armed forces intelligence Cold War the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state codes of ethics or statements Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth (ASA) AAA no secret research, no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given US military Afghanistan Counterinsurgency Iraq incompatibility of HTS with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers human universals human universals into the field traveling to a community in its own setting genetic relevant time periods and geographic regions material relevant cultural traditions relevant cultural traditions comparative method the study of "other cultures anthropology non-European/non-Western societies Ulf Hannerz late 1960s North Atlantic region limiting research to a single locale daily life of ordinary people scientific laboratories the 1980s attempted assassination Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro Jesuits 1759 prosecuted every person involved, even women and children 1770 1779 enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty opposition enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty Napoleon 1822 Brazil United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves 20th century 1815 1820 Porto 1815 Portuguese royal family turn of the 20th century 1884 Scramble for Africa Scramble for Africa Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, Joo Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélio 1 February 1908 twice Manuel II 5 October 1910 Political instability and economic weaknesses António de Oliveira Salazar 1933 five Angola United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries unitary semi-presidential republican unitary semi-presidential republican France, Spain and Italy decriminalized the usage of all common drugs the invading Moors the invading Moors Battle of Covadonga 722 AD Reconquista Crist dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring First Count of Portus Cale 868 AD First Count of Portus Cale Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália Leonese culture Kingdom of Portugal Galician Spanish Castilian (Spanish Language) Leopold Josef, Count von Daun Sebastio José de Carvalho e Melo The Queen consort of Portugal The Queen consort of Portugal King John V of Portugal earthquakes marching troops around the models less than one year Pombaline City Centre every parish in the country the Portuguese Republic Southwestern Europe Atlantic Ocean 1,214 km Azores and Madeira the Portuguese Republic Southwestern Europe Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean 1,214 km Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples 1139 Age of Discovery 15th and 16th centuries Lisbon 1822 "Estado Novo" Macau 250 million Portus Cale Pre-Celts and Celts Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes 298 AD Alankerk 27 BC Gallaecia Conmbriga and Mirobriga hill forts Coimbra only a few months 711 750 Abd-ar-Rahman I almost two centuries The governors of the taifas Christian kingdoms of the north Taifa of Badajoz 1086 Battle of Sagrajas Muwallad or Muladi noblemen from Oman Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa Algarve region, and south of the Tagus 800 León Galicia Oviedo as his capital 910 1230 1348 England England NATO Oporto region Age of Discovery Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King Joo I Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde Cape of Good Hope Brazil As the King's confidence in de Melo increased Prime Minister British economic success Sebastio de Melo Sebastio de Melo economic and financial quality high nobility Sebastio de Melo high nobility to the poorest working class April 1974 Lisbon right-wing political forces Junta de Salvaço Nacional Portuguese Socialist Party Mário Soares 1983 to 1985 neoliberal model 1976 to accommodate socialist and communist principles Mediterranean Mediterranean Mediterranean 900 metres (3,000 ft) subtropical rough topography Mediterranean Tertiary Tertiary period Pyrenean oak and other local native trees Boars 12 Laurisilva fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat migratory birds more than 100 in the Tagus International Natural Park habitat loss, pollution and drought glowing plankton five Anbal Cavaco Silva 230 230 thirteen Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party national-, regional- and local-levels Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party between 5 and 15% President of the Republic five universal suffrage President of the Republic The Council of Ministers a mandatory period of debate The Assembly to reject the government programme Portuguese law urban areas Guarda Nacional Republicana – GNR Guarda Nacional Republicana – GNR 2001 10 days worth of personal use a rehab facility 50 percent 308 308 18 three Navy, Army and Air Force protect the territorial integrity of the country 39,200 2.1 percent of GDP 21,000 Pandur II APC Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC paratroopers, commandos and rangers 10,700 World War I 1961–1974 East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon Angola Pedro Passos Coelho improve the State's financial situation spending cuts 20% unclear Public–private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms unclear Public–private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy financial crisis of 2007–08 Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP) bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud Portugal's then current President, Cavaco Silva, and some of his political allies, bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud euro (€) Portuguese Escudo Banco de Portugal Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas Setbal, Aveiro, Braga, Coimbra and Leiria the Carnation Revolution of 1974 PREC period high-tech sector business services business services European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund 2011 €78 billion May 2014 15.3 percent small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lezrias and Valouro mushrooms poultry and beef Ramirez Vasco da Gama fish copper tin, tungsten and uranium hydrocarbon exploration the north economic globalization Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen Embraer and OGMA Palmela Alverca, Covilh, Évora, and Ponte de Sor Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro Eastern European Eastern European niche attractions health, nature and rural tourism The Economist 65% 10.2% negative July 2011 IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility late 1970s Carnation's Revolution financial weakness 70.8 62.4 slow and inefficient Italy over 30 Passos Coelho 35 to 40 hours €4.8 billion European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund 65 to 66 pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses Passos Coelho led to social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions third quarter of 2014 11.9% 7.3% December 2009 Coimbra between 4-5 million between 4-5 million Douro Valley, the island of Porto Santo, and Alentejo Lisbon automobiles motorways 68,732 km (42,708 mi) 1944 89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi) 89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi) Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja Lisbon's geographical position TAP Portugal Spain Comboios de Portugal 2,791 km (1,734 mi) 2,791 km (1,734 mi) 2,791 km (1,734 mi) Porto Metropolitan Area 35 km Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris) over a century INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovaço INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovaço Fundaço para a Ciência e Tecnologia Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation neuroscience and oncology research centre one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world 1779 Lisbon Oceanarium a programme of the Portuguese Ministry of Science and Technology to the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population Visionarium several science parks Funchal) financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support wind and river power the south Moura Photovoltaic Power Station, 66% Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN) renewable-energy plants hydropower plants wind-driven turbines premium 10,562,178 10,562,178 10,562,178 Catholicism Mouriscos (former Muslims) and Cristos Novos (New Christians or former Jews) Paleolithic 45,000 years ago Paleolithic colonial history Atlantic Ocean Angola and Mozambique Far East Asian (Portuguese until 1975), and Far East Asian (Portuguese until 1999) 10,617,575 81.0% Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist 8.3% 8.3% Christian 13th and 14th First Portuguese Republic 1910–26 25 July 1139 Afonso create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands Portuguese Romance language Northern Portugal Galician-Portuguese Pre-Roman peoples Pre-Roman peoples between 1415 and 1999 Brazil Brazil 99 percent close to 100 percent Over 35% Over 35% 1290 Lisbon Coimbra the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificaço e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro the Escola Médio-Cirrgica of Goa 2006 public money over 23 years old developing health policy as well as managing the SNS Five supervising health care delivery noncommunicable diseases cerebrovascular disease cerebrovascular disease not declining as rapidly as in the Eur-A. children as well as among women younger than 44 years self-reporting at the household level one third Calouste Gulbenki Foundation Calouste Gulbenki Foundation Lisbon Casa da Msica fifteen Portuguese late Gothic first decades of the 16th century A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture Gonçalo Byrne stadium design late 19th century Fernando Lopes Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado late 19th century Fernando Lopes Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado Lus de Cames "Os Lusadas" (The Lusiads) Lus de Cames neoclassic and contemporary styles Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, Eça de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, António Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga bacalhau caldeirada a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish beef, pork, lamb, or chicken arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood) bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor pastéis de Belém Romans Bacchus Madeira Wine Port and Madeira Boom Festival Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto every two years European Festival Award 2010 – Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010 2005 Artur Pizarro, Maria Joo Pires, Sequeira Costa cellist Joly Braga Santos Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira 20th Delaunays Canço Popular a Russa e o Fgaro Vieira da Silva, Jlio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Julio Sarmento and Paula Rego Football Eusébio Lus Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo Lus Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo José Mourinho, André Villas-Boas, Fernando Santos, Carlos Queiroz and Manuel José SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP "os três grandes" ("the big three") eight roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball Portuguese Football Federation (FPF) – Federaço Portuguesa de Futebol June 8, 1977 Kanye Omari West Kanye Omari West June 8, 1977 Roc-A-Fella Records Jay-Z and Alicia Keys 7 Roc-A-Fella Records Chicago Roc-A-Fella Records The College Dropout 7 more than 32 million more than 32 million 21 3 Rolling Stone's 2012 "500 Greatest Albums of All Time more than 32 million 21 3 2005 and 2015 Dr. Donda C. (Williams) Atlanta Good Water Store and Café Dr. Donda C. (Williams) middle-class Nanjing, China foreigner A's and B's 10 Nanjing University poetry $25 an hour DJ No I.D. poetry Green Eggs and Ham No I.D. Chicago's American Academy of Art 20 Chicago's American Academy of Art English 20 College Dropout burgeoning local artists speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records the Go-Getters mid-1990s mid-1990s Deric "D-Dot" Angelettie the Go-Getters Hustle Period 1999 Foxy Brown Ma$e, Raekwon, and Eminem. Foxy Brown Tell 'Em Why U Madd Roc-A-Fella Records The Blueprint 2000 The Blueprint rapper Capitol Records rapper gangsta Capitol Records Joe Weinberger Damon Dash Roc-A-Fella Joe Weinberger Damon Dash Through The Wire Get Well Soon... The College Dropout October 23, 2002 "Through The Wire" Get Well Soon... leaked 3 Los Angeles 3 August 2003 2 2 Jesus Walks GOOD Music February 2004 "Slow Jamz" Hot 10 GOOD Music a string orchestra Jon Brion Late Registration 2.3 million Portishead Late Registration 2.3 million Best New Artist Hurricane Katrina Rolling Stone Best New Artist Mike Myers Rolling Stone A Concert for Hurricane Relief U2 large arenas Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash U2 1980s The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash Graduation 50 Cent 957,000 Daft Punk Graduation 50 Cent Daft Punk Alexis Phifer Auto-Tune November 2007 Alexis Phifer Glow in the Dark Tour Honolulu, Hawaii "Love Lockdown" Island Def Jam 808s & Heartbreak Island Def Jam to capitalize on Thanksgiving weekend in November 2008 Heartless Island Def Jam 808s & Heartbreak 808s & Heartbreak 2009 Taylor Swift Lady Gaga 2009 Beyoncé Lady Gaga 52nd Grammy Awards Hawaii fashion Hawaii My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy Album of the Year My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy November 2010 "All of the Lights" GOOD Fridays Watch the Throne with Jay-Z. Jay-Z pyramid-shaped Watch the Throne with Jay-Z. Watch the Throne with Jay-Z. "Niggas in Paris" 2012 pyramid-shaped Paris Yeezus Kendrick Lamar Paris architecture Yeezus June 18, 2013 Kendrick Lamar North Adidas Paul McCartney BRIT Awards Kim Kardashian North Florence Paul McCartney Yeezy Season 1 SWISH School of the Art Institute of Chicago Glastonbury So Help Me God School of the Art Institute of Chicago Glastonbury February 11 Waves Wiz Khalifa The Life of Pablo Tidal "Facts" Waves Wiz Khalifa Yeezy Season 3 Puff Daddy RZA chipmunk soul Puff Daddy Puff Daddy "This Can't Be Life" film score composer symphonic instrumentation a string section film score composer Portishead Graduation more atmospheric, rock-tinged, electronic-influenced soundscape melody and chord progression 2007 808s & Heartbreak Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George dense drums, lengthy strings, droning synthesizers, and somber piano Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George 1980s post-punk and new wave Matthew Trammell My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy Entertainment Weekly's Simon Vozick-Levinson Sean Fennessey Sean Fennessey 808s & Heartbreak My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy a protest to music Le Corbusier 2013 Yeezus Pastelle Clothing four years September 2005 2009 Nike Louis Vuitton women mixed-to-negative reviews March 6, 2012 October 1, 2011 DW Kanye West October 1, 2011 DW Kanye West mixed-to-negative March 6, 2012 December 3, 2013, December 3 Yeezy Boosts 9000 Yeezy Boosts 2015 The Life of Pablo 10 2 February 10 2 February 2011 KW Foods LLC GOOD Music Pusha T 2004 John Legend Pusha T make products and experiences that people want and can afford Donda West January 5, 2012 Tidal Beyoncé and Jay-Z low payout of royalties Tidal lossless audio and high definition music videos Jay Z Spotify Kanye West Foundation music education Kanye West Foundation 2007 Chicago music education Strong American Schools PSAs The Dr. Donda West Foundation 2011 2008 The Dr. Donda West Foundation 2008 Kanye West A Concert for Hurricane Relief Hurricane Katrina relief Hurricane Katrina relief September 2, 2005 Chris Tucker George Bush "one of the most disgusting moments" of his presidency Matt Lauer Kazakhstan $3 million one of the poorest human rights records in the world, Kazakhstan Arizona human rights concerns Jimmy Kimmel an apology Jimmy Kimmel Jimmy Kimmel Jimmy Kimmel George Bush Black people don't have the same level of connections as Jewish people George Bush December 21, 2013 Bill Cosby Bill Cosby Gretchen Wilson Touch the Sky Gretchen Wilson Touch the Sky November 7, 2006 Saturday Night Live MTV Video Music Awards Stronger MTV Video Music Awards "Stronger" Taylor Swift President Barack Obama President Barack Obama Taylor Swift Famous September 2010 November 8, 2010 The Life of Pablo Album of the Year Beyoncé Album of the Year February 26, 2015 Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award 2020 Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award 133,000+ closing ceremonies of the 2015 Pan American Games Change.org 133,000+ over 50,000 Alexis Phifer Amber Rose Kim Kardashian 2 2002 August 2006 Amber Rose April 2012 Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James 58 Andre Aboolian approximately 7:35 pm heart disease Andre Aboolian Jan Adams Larry King Live liposuction and mammoplasty" Ed McPherson Medical Board Larry King Live January 10, 2008 Oklahoma City "Hey Mama", as well as a cover of Journey's "Don't Stop Believin'" Oklahoma City November 20, 2007 November 22 Glow in the Dark tour New Zealand New Zealand Arnold Schwarzenegger Arnold Schwarzenegger "Donda West Law" trademark infringement November 2007 trademark infringement Evel Kanyevel November 2007 felony vandalism Culver City one count of misdemeanor vandalism, one count of grand theft and one count of battery September 11, 2008 felony vandalism felony vandalism Culver City Hilton Hilton Hilton Hilton Daniel Ramos misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft Daniel Ramos 013 250 hours 250 Christian The College Dropout Christian music critics, fans, fellow musicians, artists, and wider cultural figures David Bowie Jon Caramanic of The New York Times Village Voice Media senior editor Complex called him the 21st century's "most important artist of any art form, any genre." homophobia in hip hop Rosie Swash middle-class 50 Cent lacked the interest or ability to rap about gunplay or drug-dealing. Time Magazine's 100 most influential people Time Magazine's 100 most influential people 6 over 30 million 6 Yeezus 3,086,000 3 million over 30 million 21 Pazz & Jop twice 21 8 May 16, 2008 MTV Man of the Year Pazz & Jop My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy third George W. Bush George W. Bush clothing and footwear DONDA 2013 Buddhism Gautama Buddha Nepal Four Noble Truths elimination of ignorance and craving nontheistic Gautama Buddha between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE Nepal Gautama Buddha Nepal between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE Gautama Buddha 4 Nepal Gautama Buddha Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle") Vajrayana Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon, and Tiantai between an estimated 488 million[web 1] and 535 million Mahayana Vajrayana Vajrayana Indian siddhas The School of the Elders Nirvana Noble Eightfold Path (also known as the Middle Way) help other beings reach awakening rainbow body Noble Eightfold Path Noble Eightfold Path Tibetan Buddhism the Middle Way Mahayana escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings), and the Sangha (the community) cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment Ten Meritorious Deeds monastic a creator deity greediness Ten Meritorious Deeds Nidnakath of the Jataka tales of the Theravada Sarvstivdin Lalitavistara Stra monastic order 5th century CE Buddhacarita Buddha ghoa Buddha ghoa do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies. 5th ce Michael Carrithers renunciation Karen Armstrong Siddhatta Gotama his disciples Michael Carrithers biography of the Buddha Siddhatta Gotama fifth century BCE Siddhrtha Gautama small republic, Siddhrtha Gautama fifth century BCE small republic Siddhrtha Gautama oligarchy Siddhrtha Gautama elected chieftain astrologer either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls astrologer Suddhodana astrologer astrologer Suddhodana holy man palace grounds 29 suffering of ordinary people an ascetic holy man king 29 the four sights spiritual king 29 the four sights—he learned of the suffering of ordinary people, encountering an old man, a sick man, a corpse the four sights—he learned of the suffering of ordinary people, encountering an old man, a sick man, a corpse famous religious teachers of the day Middle Way prolonged fasting, breath-holding, and exposure to pain anapanasati meditation extreme asceticism milk and rice Middle Way end to suffering milk and rice Middle Way Middle Way 35 Bodh Gaya the path of awakening he had discovered 80 Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi Bodh Gaya Bodh Gaya 80 Bodh Gaya Bodh Gaya Bodh Gaya Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi samsara ignorance suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction liberation from samsara avidya six ignorance following the Buddhist path samsara six six avidya following the Buddhist path action, work sasra sla phala action, work sla cetan phala sasra sla result Theravada Lotus Sutra, the Agulimlya Stra and the Mahyna Mahparinirva Stra Vajrayana Amitbha Theravada Amitbha Theravada Theravada Amitbha Amitbha a succession of lifetimes anatt prattyasamutpda a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life, each running from conception to death. karma a succession of lifetimes anatta prattyasamutpda permanent self or an unchanging, eternal soul angmis (non-returners) the highest object of meditation angmis Pure Abodes angmis formless realms arpajhnas angmis angmis arpajhnas formless realms intermediate Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon bardo Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon intermediate intermediate Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon Four Noble Truths dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome Four Noble Truths suffering Four Noble Truths dukkha dukkha "suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease", etc. three suffering anxiety three unsatisfactoriness three three the origin of dukkha can be known craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja) complete cessation of dukkha is possible a path to this cessation the origin of dukkha can be known. craving craving the origin of dukkha can be known craving ignorance (Pali: avijja) of the true nature of things dukkha Noble Eightfold Path dukkha Right Concentration the fourth Noble Eight fold Path—the fourth of the Buddha's Noble Truths— dukkha Right Action the fourth Noble Eightfold dukkha Ajahn Sucitto one's behaviour mental, spoken, and bodily Ajahn Sucitto "the immeasurables" egotism brahmaviharas, divine abodes, or simply as four immeasurables loving-kindness meditation wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings Thich Nhat Hanh egotism Thich Nhat Hanh Pema Chödrön loving-kindness meditation enlightenment Gautama Buddha enlightenment Reality in Buddhism doctrinal Buddhist philosophy doctrinal liberation (sasra) nirva nirva dispassion three inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent loss because things are impermanent external coming into being, and ceasing to be sasra attachment to them is futile suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration disquietude realistic Buddhism disquietude disquietude dukkha Not-self release from suffering the Buddha refused to answer neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self Not-self Nikayas anatta "I have a Self" and "I have no Self" skandhas doctrine of prattyasamutpda, "dependent origination", "conditioned genesis", "dependent relationship", "dependent co-arising", "interdependent arising", or "contingency" doctrine of prattyasamutpda, Twelve Nidnas Twelve Nidnas Twelve Nidnas cause, foundation, source or origin Twelve Nidnas Twelve Nidnas Nirvana ignorance absence of the others sasra dukkha Nirvana ignorance nyat emptiness tman svabhava Sarvastivada teachings Vasubandhu and Asanga cittamatra Vasubandhu and Asanga Mahayana Mahayana Sakya innate qualities of the mind tathgatagarbha "Awakening" or "Enlightenment" anybody who has achieved nirvana arahant Bodhi nirvana raga raga delusion bodhisattva buddha nirvana parinirvana fully awakened Samsara Samsara Mahayana Maitreya celestial by directly realizing the true nature of reality Theravada Bodhi anagami omnipresent omnipresent the Mahayana other planes of existence monks bodhisattvas bodhisattvas Pure Land Pure Land salvific "other-power" Gautama Buddha A Buddha era Gautama Buddha Gautama Buddha Mahayana one at a time Pure Land Buddhism enlightenment being bodhicitta enlightenment enlightenment enlightenment bodhisattvas bodhisattva vow dna, la, kanti, vrya, dhyna, and praj 14th Dalai Lama Buddhists bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting meditative absorption the Buddha yoga liberating Meditation mindfulness and clear awareness vision ethics transcendent wisdom Buddhist Buddhist yoga Upanishadic cosmological statements contemplative Nasadiya Sukta the Three Jewels Majjhima Nikaya Tibetan Buddhism eternal and immutable essence. eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: Gautama Buddha The Dharma The Sangha sla pramit meritorious Samdhi/Bhvana meritorious overall principles of ethical behavior five precepts eight training rules dana dana sexual misconduct celibacy ten seventh ten precepts vinaya pitaka 227 vinayapitaka the spirit that counts a satisfying life higher attainments islands unto themselves Mahayana Brahmajala Sutra Mahayana Brahmajala Sutra Japan Zen eight right concentration samyak samdhi calm, tranquil, and luminous jhna vipassan insight an object or idea jhna calm the mind vipassan jna praj vipassan craving various defilements stress Nibbna Four Noble Truths bodhi Praj conceptual Nirvana daily life Zen Zen Zen scriptures koan koan Zen Buddhist Zen Buddhist Thinking and thought Mahayana Diamond Vehicle Vajrayana ritual and physical techniques second half of the first millennium BCE shramanas shramanas karma Greater Magadha Kosala 2nd or 3rd centuries BCE Upanishads Pakudha Kaccayana Ajnanas Jains Vedic animal sacrifice hymn of the cosmic man introduced animal sacrifices alteration of the true Veda Theravadin Pali Canon insight Rupa Jhanas Majjhima Nikaya Schmithausen Bruce Matthews Norman Norman fourth jhana liberating insight the four truths Nirvna Nikayas Nirvna the middle way eightfold prajna liberating insight person Upanishadic Nikaya Buddhism Nikaya Buddhism Nikaya Buddhism Nikaya Buddhism Nikaya Buddhism Pre-sectarian Buddhism dependent origination, karma and rebirth Gautama Buddha parinirva nanda stras abhidhamma after the Second Council after the Second Council 100 BCE Mahasanghikas Mahasanghika the Sthaviras were trying to expand the vinaya Theravda monasteries doctrinal disagreements Abhidharma summaries or numerical lists 3rd century BCE Mahasanghika Mahsghika Mahsghika Prajpramit Prajpramit ndhra Amaravati, Ngrjunako and Jaggayyapea Akira Hirakawa Buddhism ordination lineage non-Mahyna monks Chinese Lokakema 1st century BCE 1st century BCE Buddhist Logic Buddhist Logic Yogacara Ashoka Sri Lanka Buddhist religious memorials emissaries Buddhist missionaries emissaries Persian and Greek Menander Theravada Theravada 2nd century CE 2nd century CE Korea and Japan 8th century onwards China the teachings of the Buddha the Buddhist community exotic and progressive Modern influences second half of the 20th Century neo-Buddhism Soka Gakkai Value Creation Society 12 million SGI 7% to 8% 18.2% 18.2% 180 million 180 million Seven million 138 million 138 million 138 million lesser vehicle Hinayana Buddhism Buddhist ecumenical organization Theravada ancestral Sthvirya Pali Canon the west personal effort merit Nland University Mahayana Sutras Lotus Sutra Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra Eastern Buddhism Northern Buddhism the Pure Land school of Mahayana Buddhism and Saivism mantras Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra Buddhist scriptures scholastic single central text Tibetan Buddhists Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka barriers Dhammapada all of the major principles of Buddhism condensed'study texts' Zen The Buddha and His Dhamma The Pli Tipitaka Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka Vinaya Pitaka Sutta Pitaka Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka Pli Tipitaka five or seven Mahkyapa to record the Buddha's teachings Upli nanda nanda, the Buddha's personal attendant, was called upon to recite the dhamma Theravadin The Theravadins Mahayana sutras Mahayana sutras Sarvastivada Abhidharma Mahayana the Great Vehicle bodhisattva path Mahayana sutras Mahayana sutras Mahayana tradition Chinese East Asian Buddhism Hinnayana Hinayana Mahayana hinayana hinayana Hinayana rvakayna Buddhism Middle way parallels Christianity dependent origination Buddhism Buddhism Simon Fuller 19 Entertainment June 11, 2002 Pop Idol Pop Idol 19 Entertainment Pop Idol Simon Fuller 19 Entertainment June 11, 2002 Pop Idol Randy Jackson Brian Dunkleman Jennifer Lopez Ryan Seacrest Brian Dunkleman Paula Abdul Jennifer Lopez Randy Jackson Paula Abdul Simon Cowell Keith Urban country singer Keith Urban, singer and actress Jennifer Lopez, and jazz singer Harry Connick, Jr. 345 Kelly Clarkson a rival TV executive Carrie Underwood Fantasia Carrie Underwood Fantasia 345 a rival TV executive May 11, 2015 May 11, 2015 15 eight May 11, 2015 Popstars Simon Fuller Simon Cowell Simon Cowell Nigel Lythgoe Popstars Nigel Lythgoe telephone voting Simon Cowell Nigel Lythgoe seven 2002 2001 Elisabeth Rupert Murdoch American Idol: The Search for a Superstar eight four Angie Martinez DJ Stryker four DJ Stryker Angie Martinez eight Kara DioGuardi Ellen DeGeneres two January 11, 2010 Simon Cowell Kara DioGuardi Paula Abdul January 11, 2010 Ellen DeGeneres before season ten season two Adam Lambert Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb season six season nine Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb eight Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb Ryan Seacrest Brian Dunkleman Jimmy Iovine Jimmy Iovine song choice and performance Jimmy Iovine Jimmy Iovine Jimmy Iovine fifteen to twenty-eight season four must not hold any current recording or talent representation contract by the semi-final stage three the judges 10,000 the judges three one of the show's producers Hollywood season seven seasons two and three three twelve three individually or in groups seasons two and three Las Vegas five guys and five girls five guys and five girls 178 million Over 110 million Telescope Inc semi-finals Over 110 million nearly 750 million three groups of ten wildcard three groups of ten four groups of eight season one three groups of ten 12 twenty-four twenty-four six six top twelve the highest male, the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer the highest male, the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer five thirteen season eight the highest male, the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer the highest male, the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer the final 10 CBS Television City Jimmy Iovine thirteen eleven weeks CBS Television City Jimmy Iovine eight weeks in season one one song starting in season eight "The save" can only be used once sent to safety season six fourteen Twitter Fan Save Twitter Top 8 Nokia Theatre 3,400 two-hour Dolby Theatre 3,400 over 6,000 Nokia Theatre 19 Management Big Machine Records BMG/Sony (seasons 1–9) and UMG (season 10–) 19 Management 19 Management Big Machine Records a golden ticket a golden ticket results show seven Ray Chew American Idol Rickey Minor Rickey Minor Ray Chew seven Fox Fox Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman Fox Fox Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman 121 121 Jim Verraros Tamyra Gray while she was in the hospital 121 30 Delano Cagnolatti top four Christina Christian September 4, 2002 Justin Guarini Betty Hutton's Justin Guarini Kelly Clarkson September 4, 2002 A Moment Like This From Justin to Kelly 23 million A Moment Like This Clarkson A Moment Like This The Beatles From Justin to Kelly 23 million January 2003 Kristin Adams January 2003 Kristin Adams Corey Clark Jaered Andrews Corey Clark Jaered Andrews Corey Clark Jaered Andrews Jaered Andrews Ruben Studdard 24 million Ruben Studdard 24 million Nigel Lythgoe Ruben Studdard Ruben Studdard 24 million 24 million Ruben Studdard Flying Without Wings Josh Gracin This Is the Night Flying Without Wings This Is the Night "Flying Without Wings" Josh Gracin January 19, 2004 William Hung William Hung January 19, 2004 William Hung William Hung the Three Divas Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson Elton John John Stevens the Three Divas Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson Elton John John Stevens Diana DeGarmo I Believe Dreams Summertime Simon Cowell Diana DeGarmo Fantasia I Believe Nikko Smith Nikko Smith Freemantle Media Mario Vazquez top 11 week the result reveal postponed until the following night May 2005 seven Inside Your Heaven Carrie Underwood May 2005 Carrie Underwood Inside Your Heaven seven Season five Brittenum twins Season five January 17, 2006 Brittenum twins Chris Daughtry Chris Daughtry Chris Daughtry Chris Daughtry lead singer Chris Daughtry I Walk the Line not crediting the arrangement to Live Taylor Hicks Do I Make You Proud My Destiny May 30, 2006 Taylor Hicks Do I Make You Proud My Destiny Chris Daughtry Chris Daughtry Chris Daughtry Chris Daughtry January 16, 2007 37.3 million January 16, 2007 37.3 million Vote for the Worst Howard Stern Vote for the Worst April 18 Vote for the Worst Vote for the Worst Vote for the Worst Vote for the Worst Howard Stern April 18 Idol Gives Back Idol Gives Back Melinda Doolittle Idol Gives Back Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson Melinda Doolittle Jordin Sparks Blake Lewis Jordin Sparks Jordin Sparks Jordin Sparks Blake Lewis January 18, 2005 over 100,000 28 Season four Season four January 18, 2005 high definition over 100,000 28 May 24, 2007 This Is My Now public vote American Idol Songwriter coronation song 20 This Is My Now May 24, 2007 January 15, 2008 David Hernandez Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson January 15, 2008 David Hernandez professional Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson Billie Jean David Cook "Billie Jean" March 11, 2008 March 11, 2008 "Billie Jean" David Cook David Archuleta season ten Hallelujah Jeff Buckley This was the first season in which contestants' recordings were released onto iTunes after their performances, David Archuleta's Jennifer Lopez Jason Castro Jeff Buckley This was the first season in which contestants' recordings were released onto iTunes after their performances, David Cook David Cook May 21, 2008 David Cook The Time of My Life American Idol Songwriter May 22, 2008 The Time of My Life May 22, 2008 January 13, 2009 Danny Gokey president of alternative programming eight January 13, 2009 Mike Darnell Danny Gokey Kara DioGuardi two weeks So You Think You Can Dance Kodak Theatre Idol Gives Back four Kara DioGuardi So You Think You Can Dance Kodak Theatre Idol Gives Back 13 Matt Giraud 13 13 Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai 13 13 Matt Giraud Kris Allen and Adam Lambert Kris Allen and Adam Lambert, AT&T AT&T Kris Allen and Adam Lambert, most controversial voting result since season two AT&T AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes No Boundaries DioGuardi No Boundaries DioGuardi gold album status platinum album status January 12, 2010 Ellen DeGeneres Hollywood Week January 12, 2010 Ellen DeGeneres Ellen DeGeneres Hollywood Week Crystal Bowersox Ken Warwick diabetic ketoacidosis Crystal Bowersox diabetic ketoacidosis disqualify her Ken Warwick show producer Michael Lynche Michael Lynche Adam Lambert $45 million Michael Lynche Adam Lambert Simon Cowell Simon Cowell Simon Cowell Paula Abdul Lee DeWyze Beautiful Day May 26 Lee DeWyze Beautiful Day Up to the Mountain January 19, 2011 Season ten Jimmy Iovine The X Factor Nigel Lythgoe January 19, 2011 Nigel Lythgoe Nigel Lythgoe Jimmy Iovine Season ten Myspace Myspace Season ten Myspace Chris Medina Top 40 Casey Abrams Casey Abrams Chris Medina Top 40 round Casey Abrams Top 13 result show Casey Abrams Pia Toscano Tom Hanks Pia Toscano Tom Hanks Lauren Alaina Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery I Love You This Big Like My Mother Does Ruben Studdard's Soulful May 25 Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery Ruben Studdard January 18, 2012 Top 25 Jermaine Jones January 18, 2012 Jermaine Jones March 14 concealing arrests and outstanding warrants kidney pain kidney stones eight kidney pain kidney pain kidney pain Jessica Sanchez Jessica Sanchez Colton Dixon final two Jessica Sanchez Jessica Sanchez Colton Dixon Diana DeGarmo Diana DeGarmo Diana DeGarmo Phillips Diana DeGarmo Diana DeGarmo Home Change Nothing Home Change Nothing Home January 16, 2013 Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler TMZ January 16, 2013 four Lazaro Arbos Lazaro Arbos Lazaro Arbos Lazaro Arbos Lazaro Arbos given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week. Candice Glover Candice Glover I Am Beautiful All Cried Out Candice Glover Candice Glover I Am Beautiful All Cried Out not signed by a music label Randy Jackson Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj Randy Jackson Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj January 15, 2014 Ryan Seacrest in-mentor Louis J. Horvitz January 15, 2014 Randy Jackson and Keith Urban Jennifer Lopez Jennifer Lopez Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick Sam Woolf Top 3 performance night songs they wrote themselves Sam Woolf Top 8 Top 3 performance night Caleb Johnson Caleb Johnson As Long as You Love Me We Are One Caleb Johnson Caleb Johnson As Long as You Love Me We Are One January 7, 2015 Ryan Seacrest Adam Lambert judges Randy Jackson January 7, 2015 Adam Lambert one Ford Motor Company Ford Motor Company Big Machine Records one Ford Motor Company Ford Motor Company Big Machine Records Nick Fradiani Clark Beckham Jax Beautiful Life Forcefield Nick Fradiani Clark Beckham Beautiful Life Champion Jax May 11, 2015 15 May 11, 201 judges Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez May 11, 2015 Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez 48% 2002 ten North Carolina North Carolina ten Clay Aiken, Kellie Pickler, and Chris Daughtry 85 10% 85 85 Taylor Hicks Alabama text-voting text-voting Alabama White guy with guitar Phillip Phillips American Idol: The Untold Story five five White guy with guitar Richard Rushfield Phillip Phillips 19 Entertainment Clay Aiken Clay Aiken 2013 100 million Clay Aiken season eight power voting 2010 2013 Idol Gives Back nearly $185 million Idol Gives Back Idol Gives Back June 2002 9.9 million averaged 23 million June 2002 June 2002 9.9 million averaged 23 million 26.5 million average of 21.7 million Ruben Studdard four 30.6 million 26.5 million average of 21.7 million four Season six Season six the Death Star NBC Season six the Death Star decline second highest-rated season seven Writers Guild of America strike season seven 11% season seven Fox Writers Guild of America strike NBC CBS 30.1 million 30.1 million 30.1 million six 47.2 47.2 47.2 47.2 American Idol NBC Sunday Night Football eight years 13.3 million 13 2002 7.2 million 13.3 million one, two-hour 8.03 million 15 May 11, 2015 8.03 million 9 8 eight eight Simon Fuller Dancing with the Stars The Voice American Idol American Idol American Idol 345 Rich Meyer Kelly Clarkson 345 Fred Bronson Kelly Clarkson Kelly Clarkson 120 million 120 million 120 million 120 million Jennifer Hudson Jennifer Hudson musical theatre Jennifer Hudson Jennifer Hudson Debra Byrd Entertainment Weekly poorly Entertainment Weekly Entertainment Weekly product placement poorly Entertainment Weekly Simon Cowell John Mayer Ramin Setoodeh commercialism Ann Powers Simon Cowell John Mayer Elton John 2006 LeAnn Rimes Usher Carrie Underwood Carrie Underwood LeAnn Rimes Elton John country country 9 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing For A Variety, Music Or Comedy Series 8 Idol Gives Back nine Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing For A Variety, Music Or Comedy Series $900 million $6.4 billion The American Idol Experience $900 million Disney four over $700,000 $300,000 $737,000 four 800 million season one season one AT&T Wireless AT&T Wireless seven 10 million 35 million AT&T Wireless text-messaging 4,349 PepsiCo The X Factor PepsiCo The X Factor Los Angeles Times The season five tour M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies a semi-finalist who won a sing-off Kellogg's Pop-Tarts M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies The season five tour season seven compilation album season seven American Idol compilation album the top ten season seven 19 Recordings UMG BMG 19 Entertainment 19 Recordings BMG Sony Music Entertainment UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records Disney's Hollywood Studios February 14, 2009 August 30, 2014 19 Entertainment February 14, 2009 Disney's Hollywood Studios Dream Ticket August 30, 2014 over 100 thirteen August 2014 Yes TV over 100 CTV and/or CTV Two Yes TV La3 one day STAR World Thursday and Friday STAR World La3 ringers seven seven Canis lupus familiaris millennia millennia sensory capabilities a manmade variant of an extant canid species a manmade variant of an extant canid species a manmade variant of an extant canid species starch-rich a manmade variant of an extant canid species man's best friend man's best friend meat dukkn Proto-Indo-European docga Proto-Indo-European hound mastiff. 16th hound 16th century types used for hunting Proto-Indo-European word *kwon- "dog" a litter. the sire poupée whelping bitch bitch litter the sire dam about a year Linnaeus 1758 Linnaeus wolf Canis lupus Linnaeus "Dog-family" or the family dog Canis lupus Canis dingo 1982 2003 Lupus Canis familiaris Opinion 2027 Canis familiaris Opinion 2027 Opinion 2027 two sister monophyletic clades two sister monophyletic clades human hunter-gatherers Taimyr wolf human hunter-gatherers Taymyr wolf Taimyr wolf Modern dog breeds a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing. scavengers a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing. endurance catching and tearing scavengers height and weight. English Mastiff English Mastiff double down hair double topcoat only countershading light countershading light reduces its general visibility tails to communicate their emotional state tails genetic ailments parasites serious medical conditions serious medical conditions parasites chocolate xylitol chocolate theobromine chocolate nicotine slow 1.2 years shorter 2013 1.2 years 10 to 13 years. Dogue de Bordeaux 5.2 years Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds Dogue de Bordeaux 5.2 years 14 to 15 years. Bluey Guinness Book of World Records, 1939 Bluey 1939 Guinness Book of World Records, six to twelve months the body prepares for pregnancy. six to twelve months estrous cycle 58 to 68 days 63 days six toy dogs 63 days six toy dogs Neutering American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) Neutering by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus Neutering by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus neutered Neutering prostate cancer Spayed female dogs prostate cancer prostate cancer over 200 Chaser gesturing and pointing Australian dingos humans Dog intelligence over 200 advanced memory 1,000 9,000–30,000 years BCE millennia of contact with humans. human children millennia of contact with humans. millennia of contact with humans. Dog behavior understand and communicate human children scents, pheromones and taste hand signals body posture hand signals domestic dogs. atrophy of the jaw muscles. gray wolves once a year. dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. 11 morphology and behavior tameness aggression production-related traits dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. 11 aggression 525 million 525 million 525 million:225 territory disputes fearless large wild dogs territory disputes sheep Russia Tigers in Manchuria, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards. Striped hyenas alligators and pythons Leopards Tigers alligators and pythons Striped hyenas carnivores or omnivores vegetables and grains meat-specific protein carnivores or omnivores meat-specific protein starch digestion artificially selected artificially selected selective breeding Irish Wolfhound few hundred years old hundreds blue selective breeding selective breed Modern dog breeds selective breeding dog types and dog breeds Modern dog breeds the means by which kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic. four Malamute and Shar Pei herding four old world dogs all others bite inhibition sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication successful species on the planet today. bite inhibition ubiquitous hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. man's best friend meat dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. three dog night acute hearing cleaning up food scraps three dog night cooperative hunting cooperative hunting robust sense of smell domestication of the wolf Emigrants from Siberia Emigrants from Siberia Emigrants from Siberia 12,000 years ago Athabascan Apache and Navajo horse a four-to-five-month-old puppy humans and dogs after World War II 1980s kept outside more often than they tend to be today elites kept outside more often than they tend to be today 1980s commodification two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs. two commodification dogs-as-dogs commodity forms urine marking urine marking 18th century urine marking urine marking part of the family Dog Whisperer. part of the family Dog Whisperer helping with the washing-up helping with the washing-up activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog, or in which the dog is an integral partner, helping with the washing-up helping with the washing-up 77.5 million 77.5 million magnetic resonance imaging magnetic resonance imaging magnetic resonance imaging emotion MRI emotional human sounds, man's best friend hunt nets husky-terrier mix husky-terrier mix man's best friend pointers and hounds nets husky-terrier mix 1957 Service dogs epileptics breed shows a judge familiar with the specific dog breed a judge familiar with the specific dog breed externally observable qualities externally observable qualities a judge familiar with the specific dog breed externally observable qualities ability or health East Asian countries taboo. lungs western hypocrisy taboo medicinal properties gaejang-guk gaejang-guk gaejang-guk boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder. balance the body's heat during the summer months boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder. 4.5 million 17 26 4.5 million 17 Colorado 12.9 12.9 children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck. Sharp claws with powerful muscles Colorado 12.9 Sharp claws with powerful muscles 86,000 two-wheeled two-wheeled vehicles dog roundworm Toxocara canis 14% retinal damage and decreased vision. roundworm 14 14% 24 retinal damage and decreased vision 2005 absenteeism 2005 cats cats immune-stimulating microorganisms social 2015 anxiety wheelchair users dogs and other animals increase social behaviors increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives, and decreased antisocial and violent behavior late 18th century dogs and other animals dogs and other animals Animal-assisted therapy Medical detection dogs 40 times one part per trillion 40 times Daisy three-headed the gates of Hades. four-eyed Kimat thunder Persian three-headed four-eyed thunder Kimat gates of Naraka. Yama bronze dog figurines. Yama Naraka a hunting dog as his mount bronze dog figurines unclean scavengers Hasan Küçük leather dog booties scavengers Hasan Küçük Lérida, Spain not permitted to contact passengers, only their luggage Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness. before themselves feed dogs (and other animals that they own) faithfulness kind protectors. China kind protectors on the walls of caves. Hunting on the walls of caves Hunting individual breeds humans French Bulldogs scavengers scavengers pet dogs living in human homes. human camps—more safety, more reliable food, lesser caloric needs, and more chance to breed. dogs and humans poorly controlled less likely 137,000 km (85,000 mi) 137,000 km (85,000 mi) one world, one dream Journey of Harmony one world, one dream Beijing, China. "Journey of Harmony" 85,000 mi March 24 Panathinaiko Stadium March 31 six Silk Road Panathinaiko Stadium March 24 Panathinaiko Stadium March 31. Mount Everest hundreds hundreds advocates of Tibetan independence, animal rights, and legal online gambling, and people protesting against China's human rights record, Chinese security officials Chinese government the number of supporters the number of supporters the number of supporters couple of skirmishes Latin America, Africa, and Western Asia Tibetan flags Tibetan flags global relays Tibetan flags Tibetan flags he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some IOC members. global relays Beijing Games' Organizing Committee Beijing Games' Organizing Committee Lucky Cloud aluminum. 985 grams ignition key Lucky Cloud aluminum. 37 2 propane. Air China Airbus A330 Air China Airbus A330 Beijing Committees of the Olympic Game 137,000 km (85,000 mi) Air China Airbus A330 Air China Airbus A330 Air China Airbus A330 137,000 km (85,000 mi) 137,000 km (85,000 mi) six continents Beijing and Taipei placing Taiwan on the same level as Hong Kong and Macau six continents over the flag or the anthem of the Republic of China along the 24 km torch route in Taiwan. placing Taiwan on the same level as Hong Kong and Macau 24 km March 24, 2008 torch lighting ceremony in Olympia, Greece. taekwondo Maria Nafpliotou 10 torch lighting ceremony in Olympia, Greece. Maria Nafpliotou taekwondo taekwondo violent confrontations with police Carrefour LVMH Group Nazism's Swastika to the French flag Kunming LVMH Group censorship Carrefour People's Daily People's Daily People's Daily Almaty Nursultan Nazarbaev. President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbaev. Astana Square. Uighur activists Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbaev. 20 km Uighur activists April 3 Taksim Square torch relay Uyghurs Istanbul torch relay started on Sultanahmet Square and finished in Taksim Square. Uyghurs Several protesters April 5 20 Palace Square Fedor Emelianenko Saint Petersburg 20 Palace Square. Fedor Emelianenko London O2 Arena £750,000 London Wembley Stadium O2 Arena 30 mi thugs e-mailed pleas to boycott the event Sir Steve Redgrave Konnie Huq Gordon Brown Sir Steve Redgrave e-mailed pleas to boycott the event Konnie Huq Gordon Brown Ladbroke Grove April 7 Eiffel Tower bus Teddy Riner April 7 Paris Eiffel Tower 3,000 five a Tibetan flag flown from a window in the City Hall by Green Party officials. Jin Jing Angel in Wheelchair Tibetan flag Jin Jing Angel in Wheelchair a Tibetan flag flown from a window in the City Hall by Green Party officials. Reporters Without Borders Reporters Without Borders Notre Dame cathedral Reporters Without Borders Reporters Without Borders Reporters Without Borders the Trocadéro Jane Birkin Thupten Gyatso the Trocadéro the Trocadéro Jane Birkin freedom of speech a pause in the National Assembly's session Respect for Human Rights in China Freedom for Tibet! French members of Parliament and other French politicians a pause in the National Assembly's session Respect for Human Rights in China Freedom for Tibet! Tibetan flags Libération the Trocadéro Michèle Alliot-Marie Tibetan flags everywhere except on the Trocadéro. Michèle Alliot-Marie struck in the face by a police officer San Francisco April 9 Lin Li San Francisco International Airport Peter Ueberroth San Francisco San Francisco, California Norman Bellingham Justin Herman Plaza Beijing Olympic torch failure of China to meet its past solemn promises to the international community, including the citizens of San Francisco, to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses April 8 April 1, 2008 Beijing Olympic torch United Nations Plaza United Nations Plaza suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge KPIX-CBS5 China suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge Laurel Sutherlin trespassing, conspiracy and causing a public nuisance. suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge a warehouse on a waterfront pier Tibetan flags Tibetan flags San Francisco International Airport San Francisco International Airport Van Ness Avenue April 11 Lola Mora Mauricio Macri Buenos Aires Lola Mora Mauricio Macri the mayor of Buenos Aires Mauricio Macri gave the torch to the first torchbearer, Carlos Espnola. confetti Jorge Carcavallo city hall Free Tibet Jorge Carcavallo. city hall Human Rights Torch. Free Tibet Human Rights Torch Relay Susan Prager Friends of Falun Gong Diego Maradona 1200 water balloons Friends of Falun Gong Diego Maradona 1200 water balloons water balloons Dar es Salaam April 13 TAZARA Railway Dar es Salaam Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium China Vice-President Ali Mohamed Shein. Muscat April 14 Sulaf Fawakherji Muscat 20 Sulaf Fawakherji. April 16 Jinnah Stadium President Pervez Musharraf and Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani Islamabad an indoors ceremony with the torch carried around the track of Jinnah Stadium. 70 70 Baichung Bhutia five 70 70 70 five Baichung Bhutia Republic Day celebrations Nirupama Sen. Commerce Minister Kamal Nath Foreign Ministry terrorist terrorist targets. 150,000 democracy Tibetan exile 150,000 protests Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit "rapid deterioration" Tibetan government in exile Kiran Bedi Kiran Bedi Soha Ali Khan April 16 Kiran Bedi Soha Ali Khan a protest a protest caged woman April 18 M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse Chinese Embassy April 18 just over 10 km, arrest foreign protesters Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse April 21 Kuala Lumpur Independence Square 1964 Independence Square Petronas Twin Towers. 1964 Special Action Squad Falun Gong Falun Gong a group of Chinese nationals with plastic air-filled batons Taiwan and Tibet belong to China. placards April 22 Chinese embassy invitees and journalists Jakarta 20 km security worries in the streets around the city main's stadium. Protests April 24 Agnes Shea a message stick Australian and Chinese officials Canberra 16 km 16 km Australian Federal Police. Agnes Shea People's Liberation Army defend our sacred torch Tony Goh Stephen Smith People's Liberation Army Chinese Students and Scholars Association Tony Goh Zhang Rongan Stephen Smith Lin Hatfield Dodds Stephen Smith Lin Hatfield Dodds Stephen Smith Ted Quinlan between 2,000 and 10,000 ACT Chief Minister, Jon Stanhope Ian Thorpe between 2,000 and 10,000 between 2,000 and 10,000 Ted Quinlan ACT Chief Minister, Jon Stanhope Nagano April 26 Nagano 1998 Winter Olympics Zenk-ji municipal building two Chinese guards Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics Olympic Park Chinese students Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics April 28 Kim Yong Nam Pak Du Ik Juche Tower Pak Du Ik, who played on North Korea's 1966 World Cup soccer team, as he began the 19-kilometre route through Pyongyang. Pyongyang on April 28. the authoritarian regime Pak Du Ik concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt. North Korea raising awareness of conditions for children withdrew their staff raising awareness of conditions for children North Korea April 29 Ho Chi Minh City Tan Son Nhat International Airport Tan Son Nhat International Airport Tan Son Nhat International Airport anti-Chinese demonstrations in December 2007 in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. Spratly and Paracel Islands China anti-Chinese demonstrations in December 2007 in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. Prime Minister Nguyn Tn Dng "Boycott the Beijing Olympics" iu Cày Lê Minh Phiu "Boycott the Beijing Olympics" Nguyn Văn Hi tax evasion. Lê Minh Phiu dotted lines May 2 Lee Lai Shan Donald Tsang Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai 120 May 2. Donald Tsang a dragon boat 120 celebrities, athletes and pro-Beijing camp politicians. novelty inflatable plastic Olympic flames 1989 Christina Chan a police vehicle claiming her human rights were breached. inflatable plastic Olympic flames, which they said symbolised democracy. Leung Kwok-hung Christina Chan The Color Orange democracy group Pillar of Shame immigration reasons Mia Farrow Legislator Cheung Man Kwong 1989 Pillar of Shame immigration reasons Mia Farrow May 3 Macau Fisherman's Wharf 120 Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng athletes May 3 120 Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng 120 Macao Daily News posting a message on cyberctm.com encouraging people to disrupt orchidbbs.com and cyberctm.com posting a message on cyberctm.com encouraging people to disrupt posting a message on cyberctm.com encouraging people to disrupt The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation May 4 Jackie Chan May 4 April. IOC Jackie Chan. partial and censored Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased. Libération Chinese partial and censored Reporters Without Borders Libération saboteurs more disruptive protesters condemned the protests Marie-José Pérec radicals Marie-José Pérec Xinhua and CCTV "Indian torchbearers vow to run for spirit of Olympics Manavjit Singh Sandhu, Abhinav Bindra, Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinath Singh Rahelu "Indian torchbearers vow to run for spirit of Olympics Manavjit Singh Sandhu, Abhinav Bindra, Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinath Singh Rahelu The Daily Telegraph Libération accusations of Western media bias. Fu Ying The Daily Telegraph Libération CNN CNN insulted The challenges of reporting in China Paul Danahar 1,300 Paul Danahar censorship People's Daily People's Daily an anti-CNN website The site claims to have been created by a Beijing citizen. The site claims to have been created by a Beijing citizen. foreign correspondents 30 August 2007 blue tracksuits Second Right Brother 30 August 2007 blue tracksuits Second Right Brother Carrefour LVMH Group donating funds to the Dalai Lama Swastika (due to its conotaions with Nazism) to the French flag LVMH Group pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism. anti-Japanese protests People's Daily Sohu.com May 1 anti-Japanese protests in 2005. People's Daily anti-Japanese protests Beijing, Changsha, Fuzhou and Shenzhen Shoichi Washizawa great nuisance vandalised Shoichi Washizawa great nuisance vandalised 8 8 Hong Kong Jin Jing Chinese torch relay website Two Two metaphysics mixed Kurt Gödel Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem Whitehead and Russell's book Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them Principia Mathematica metaphysics 1916 ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture useless 1929 1912 and 1927 1929 1929 inert ideas Whitehead application in actual life multidisciplinary, value-free school model multidisciplinary, value-free school model Whitehead their application in actual life. multidisciplinary, value-free school model undergraduate education "This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter." metaphysicians Bertrand Russell undergraduate profound ignorance rank amateur 20th century's foremost metaphysicians. metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized." they remain unexamined and unquestioned if philosophy and science are to make any real progress essential to both good science and good philosophy metaphysical they remain unexamined and unquestioned re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works metaphysical investigations reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience exclusively material or else exclusively mental "philosophy of organism" an event-based or "process" ontology an event-based or "process" ontology an event-based or "process" ontology experiential process philosophy materialists concepts such as "quality", "matter", and "form" the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world. a continuum of overlapping events a "society" of events active and experiential change quality", "matter", and "form" society a continuum of overlapping events discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing having a "defining essence" or a "core identity" qualitative and secondary to their core identity defining essence occasions of experience discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space all things flow" people define identities the same things "material substances" or "essences" language thirty language language that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything the relata themselves It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. relations materialism distinct and discrete an inert clump of matter its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it it could not be said to really exist Relations relations to other entities if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist. they are what the thing is its synthesis of and reaction to the wo rld around it forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it Europe and China William Temple Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934 practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology University of Chicago's Divinity School Henry Nelson Wieman John B. Cobb Professors China In order to address the challenges of modernization and industrialization Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism process philosophers emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts abstraction the sheer difficulty and density of his prose passé philosophical schools American pragmatism William James and John Dewey Nicholas Rescher Charles Sanders Peirce Richard Rorty severely criticized Henry Stapp and David Bohm gravitational waves local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes a local approximation Ideas Improving World Order Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology Herman Daly Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy Xie Bangxiu Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher "help a person become whole." Institute for the Postmodern Development of China Mark Dibben "applied process thought" philosophy of management and business ethics philosophy of business administration and organizational theory "a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening." mathematics metaphysics processes reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another Process and Reality mathematics mathematics metaphysics metaphysical processes Ramsgate, Kent, England 1861 Alfred North's grandfather Chatham House Academy Maria Sarah Buckmaster Ramsgate, Kent, England 1861 minister and schoolmaster Maria Sarah Whitehead, Evelyn University of London system Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London 1924 Bachelor of Science degree Imperial College London Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London Imperial College London 1924 Victor Lowe his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy "No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him." Victor Lowe Victor Lowe his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. right to privacy Principia Mathematica Principia Mathematica professional mathematicians Principia Mathematica one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century mathematics three Principia Mathematica Principia Mathematica 1898 the associatively multiplicative class the comparative study of their several structures G. B. Mathews Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions G. B. Mathews the comparative study of their several structures a year ten years 300 3 today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica a year ten years three 300 Cambridge University Press among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon Arthur Eddington's lectures Process and Reality professional philosophers Process and Reality Arthur Eddington's lectures His philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand Mathews' frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest fully grasping all of the details and implications Henry Nelson Wieman twenty years Mathews Chicago's Divinity School Henry Nelson Wieman Henry Nelson Wieman closely associated with Whitehead's thought. Though Process and Reality "that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus." he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions. Though Process and Reality Though Process and Reality how the universe works he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions. he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions the absolute principle of existence not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them. consciousness fundamental creativity/freedom the absolute principle of existence valuation of them and reaction to them causal or mechanistic laws "to seize." the mind only has private ideas about other entities prehension Latin to seize a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy electrons entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy (or "conceptual prehension") senses delusive Whitehead Presentational immediacy Presentational immediacy "the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go." unconscious interpretation a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, symbolic reference a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, Whitehead a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it a chair "might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape." a dog "would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such." "life is comparatively deficient in survival value." they are actively engaged in modifying their environment living, living well, and living better increasing its own satisfaction comparatively deficient in survival value they are actively engaged in modifying their environment three increasing its own satisfaction totally unintelligible "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." "the brief Galilean vision of humility" "the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar." power religion primordial nature of God the consequent nature dipolar required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities. God's reception of the world's activity God saves and cherishes all experiences forever the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved. the way God interacts with the world finite creatures actuality and change eternally unrealized possibilities God and the world as fulfilling one another God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time individual "religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness... and if you are never solitary, you are never religious." a system of general truths that transformed a person's character a "dangerous delusion" solitariness "the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals." meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself mutually dependent through the work of his students and admirers Bruno Latour Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs Willard Van Orman Quine "he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror." American progressive theology Charles Hartshorne process theology John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller God's relational nature temporal events why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God? respond to the world C. Robert Mesle, biology and economics poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory both a theologian and a geneticist Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests "an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone." a system of general truths about the world a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people. organizational theory and organizational behavior an ontology that "understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference." Stout and Jeannine M. Love over-priced (under-yielding) investments conflict of interest volume of client assets under management. maximize their compensation plausible deniability Countrywide Financial July 11, 2008 IndyMac seventh largest IndyMac Bancorp April 2008 9.27% downgraded the ratings on a significant number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds downgraded the ratings on a significant number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds minimum 10% Senator Charles Schumer Senator Charles Schumer $18.9 billion June 30 $500 million 7.5% 7.5% $10.7 billion Senator Charles Schumer unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB US$100,000 10,000 July 11, 2008 July 14, 2008 Over 100 Bear Stearns September and October 2008 Oct. 6, 2008 Lehman Brothers money market funds commercial paper September 2008 $7.1 billion 4.65% the implosion of the shadow banking system the implosion of the shadow banking system investment banks shadow banking nearly one-third the collapse of the shadow banking system Brookings Institution securitization would take a number of years of strong profits more than a quarter more than a quarter 20% $8.8 trillion $8.8 trillion a homeowner who has no equity $6 trillion Tens of millions their future profits Profit prospects fears of a global economic collapse UBS three quarters three interest rate cuts more than a third 14.4% 14.4% spending too much and borrowing too much recession 3–4% $251 billion 300,000 sound economic policymaking and good governance falls in trade Arab World Foreign Direct Investment significant cushion against the global downturn lower oil prices lower oil prices 10.1% 33 6% 10.1% patent applications faulty risk-weightings AAA-rated Basel III excessive lending to risky governments capital ratios June 2009 June 2009 2008 More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over." January 27, 2010 "emerging" and "developing" economies 31% "emerging" and "developing" economies 31% "emerging" and "developing" economies Krugman December 2010 2006 commercial mortgage-backed securities commercial real estate mortgage-backed security and the collateralized debt obligation $70 trillion roughly doubled mortgage-backed security and the collateralized debt obligation $70 trillion collateralized debt obligation collateralized debt obligation investment-grade cash payments from multiple mortgages or other debt obligations higher rate of return 20% 20% 1.3 million 2.3 million 14.4% 1.0% deflation credit excessive credit growth Lower interest rates $650 billion current account deficit emerging economies in Asia and oil-exporting nations balance of payments foreign funds raised the Fed funds rate adjustable-rate mortgage asset prices raised the Fed funds rate U.S. housing and financial assets Richard M. Bowen III Richard M. Bowen III 1,600 1,600 80% Clayton Holdings scarcely 54% 28% 28% 900,000 Predatory lending Countrywide Financial adjustable rate mortgage negative amortization low interest rates adjustable rate mortgages adjustable rate mortgages home equity had disappeared the Office of Thrift Supervision weak credit Paul Krugman Paul Krugman unconventional business practices Paul Krugman unconventional business practices leveraged complex financial instruments virtually impossible made it virtually impossible to reorganize financial institutions in bankruptcy complex financial instruments significantly increased their financial leverage financial shock Changes in capital requirements $4.1 trillion Lehman Brothers saving more during adverse economic conditions paradox of thrift cause or deepen a recession Hyman Minsky significant declines in the value of their assets Janet Yellen recession recession cancelling planned investments and laying off workers balance sheet deleveraging financial innovation adjustable-rate mortgage CDS credit default swaps expanded dramatically 2007 $20 billion $20 billion subprime and other non-prime mortgage debt $20 billion boom in innovative financial products multiplied computer models computer models In 2005 a group of computer scientists built a computational model for the mechanism of biased ratings produced by rating agencies, interest rates or fees pricing of risk a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures straightforward, readily understandable format a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures risk inherent with financial innovation For a variety of reasons approximately 32 cents on the dollar approximately five cents for every dollar JPMorgan AIG credit default swaps September 2008 over $180 billion a promise to pay money to party A George Soros financial assets became more and more complex the originators of synthetic products George Soros risks were much smaller World Scientific Merrill Lynch Merrill Lynch propose models rectifying some of the copula limitations Merrill Lynch Timothy Geithner Secretary of the United States Treasury—placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets entities in the "parallel" banking system shadow banking system maturity mismatch securitization markets 2008 More than a third Brookings Institution would take a number of years of strong profits Mark Zandi Mark Zandi close to $2 trillion less than $150 billion Federal Reserve's TALF program Rapid increases in a number of commodity prices tripled tripled monetary policy gasoline former director of the CFTC Division of Trading & Markets IntercontinentalExchange former director of the CFTC Division of Trading & Markets European and U.S. authorities London and New York Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjrnholt Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjrnholt feminist economics and ecological economics Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjrnholt Raghuram Rajan Raghuram Rajan Alan Greenspan "Has Financial Development Made the World Riskier?" tail risks Raghuram Rajan Great Moderation 12 the Austrian economic school the Austrian economic school BusinessWeek BusinessWeek The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania's online business journal Nouriel Roubini "Dr. Doom" Nassim Nicholas Taleb David Brooks 2007 establishment view Phil Dow 54.7% 54.7% Floyd Norris Northern Rock Bank of England September 2007 February 2008 Northern Rock IndyMac Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral IndyMac Alt-A resisted efforts to regulate its involvement in those loans or tighten their issuing criteria half 63 percent 77 77 half the European Commission at Brussels 0.1% 1.0% 0.3% 3% lower wages and higher unemployment enacted large fiscal stimulus packages lender-of-last-resort lender-of-last-resort lower wages and higher unemployment credit freeze US$2.5 trillion $1.5 trillion another monetary policy emerging markets Barack Obama consumer protection limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading. Paul Volcker Paul Volcker May 2010 December 2009 Volcker Rule Senate bailout of banks trillions of U.S. dollars August 9, 2007 2012 BNP Paribas terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds 2004 2008 and early 2009 the theory that housing prices would continue to escalate easy access to loans for subprime borrowers, providing easier access to loans for subprime borrowers, overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages easy access to loans for subprime borrowers, providing easier access to loans for subprime borrowers, overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages Levin–Coburn Report Glass-Steagall Act The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission credit rating agencies credit rating agencies and investors collateralized debt obligations collateralized debt obligations subprime MBS financial innovation mortgage payments and housing prices trillions foreclosure The ongoing foreclosure epidemic Defaults and losses on other loan types The ongoing foreclosure epidemic investment banks and hedge funds investment banks and hedge funds financialization 1970s 1970s significant debt burdens slowing economic activity commercial paper Governments large loan defaults or MBS losses January 2011 widespread failures in financial regulation Federal Reserve excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street riskier mortgages 2003 2004–2007 2004–2007 relatively conservative government-sponsored enterprises government affordable housing policy Paul Krugman government affordable housing policy GSE loans government affordable housing policy 6 over $2 trillion Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Peter J. Wallison 6 accounting discrepancies safety and soundness of the GSEs September 10, 2003 never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, accounting discrepancies $467 billion $467 billion $467 billion 25% 25% 1995 $4.5 trillion the faulty and self-serving assumption that high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average) equal “subprime” loans. delay between CRA rule changes (in 1995) and the explosion of sub prime lending terrorist attack on September 11, 2001 investment banks and hedge funds investment banks and hedge funds Portfolio Magazine investment banks and hedge funds credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans low or no downpayments it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans 1997–2007 Krugman 160 Saint-Barthélemy Channel Turtle rocks Renaissance Île Chevreau Saint-Barthélemoise French 500–700 French geographically, and not racially Saint Martin nineteen March 2012 15 July 2007 nineteen September 2014 St. Barthélemy became an overseas territory of the European Union One 21 September 2008 six policemen and thirteen gendarmes difficult Sweet potato salt vegetables, cotton, pineapples, salt, bananas and also fishing the port of Gustavia the rich and famous 200,000 €61,200,000 International investment and the wealth generated by wealthy tourists by airplane or boat 25 58 Brazil and Portugal 12 400 cacti and succulent eastern indigenous species mangroves Pacific islands 5 to 7 m cereus South America 1773 5 to 7 m December till May December till May. Turtles jellyfish tall sea grasses pearly-pink on the reefs close to the shore line ghost crabs, eat garbage and sewerage 1.200 coral reefs, seagrass and endangered marine species including sea turtles Anchoring 1.200 Anchoring the Swedes Gustav Adolph 1787 a modern military building on the far side of La Pointe over 70 hotels les petits creux spicier gastronomic events every alternate year Concarneau 10 m 10 m two Gustaf III Airport regional commercial aircraft and charters Princess Juliana International Airport Sint Maarten Gustaf III Airport France Territorial collectivity of Saint-Barthélemy St. Barts or St. Barths in English Ouanalao Puerto Rico 9,035 9,035 Gustavia Swedish the winter holiday season Guadeloupe 2003 2007 Hotel de la Collectivité senator Colombier Bay Grande Saline Bay coral reef shallow marine reserve "Anse de..." etc. "Anse de..." etc. "Anse de..." etc. "Anse de..." etc. windsurfing arid 2,500 1000 mm May to November 13 °C 1744 1785 Carénage Gustavia neutral St. Barts Municipal Museum Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy Gustavia French, Swedish and British ancestral costumes, antique tools, models of Creole houses molecular biology and genetics RNA RNA Hans Winkler professor of botany University of Hamburg biome, rhizome the gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell meiosis mitochondria and chloroplasts genomics single genes or groups of genes sequenced C-value paradox protozoan causing trichomoniasis 60,000 almost three times Walter Fiers Bacteriophage MS2 Fred Sanger The Institute for Genomic Research 1996 US National Institutes of Health a mouse puffer fish December 2013 130,000 massive parallel sequencing Manteia Predictive Medicine James D. Watson the structure of DNA a genome sequence The Human Genome Project Jean Weissenbach Jean Weissenbach Genome composition evolutionary history prokaryotes and eukaryotes repetitive DNA mammals and plants sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe a virus plasmids plants, protozoa and animals plastome mitochondrial genome Genome size morphological complexity repetitive DNA act single cell organisms in vivo and in silico Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes length of non-repetitive DNA length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size lower eukaryotes C. elegans and fruit fly no more than 20% tandem repeats and interspersed repeats length of repetitive DNA slippage slippage mammalian integrate TEs retrotransposons DNA transposons RNA cut and paste Class 2 karyotype chromosome number Duplications creation of genetic novelty Horizontal gene transfer microbes eukaryotic cells comprehensive school selective school system Wales 90% German Gesamtschule design and technology and vocational learning Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes 164 1965 neighbourhood Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges 1970s 7 to 16 comprehensive college preparatory Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur less than 1% less than 1% Sekundarschule in Berlin Sekundarschule in Berlin 2010/2011 college preparatory classes Abitur the Hauptschule grade inflation Barbara Sommer Sigrid Beer Christian Democratic Union Alliance '90/The Greens Gesamtschulen middle class peers a Hauptschule Helmut Fend tripartite system 1972 sixth form A-levels Comprehensive schools Patrick Hillery vocational school system community school the secular community model of the 1970s The state denominational basis of the schools Community colleges 1946 Walworth School Walworth School 1949 Tividale Comprehensive School Anthony Crosland 1965 Virtual bipartite system Margaret Thatcher prohibitively expensive Margaret Thatcher 11-plus large neighbourhood comprehensives Sandwell and Dudley Sandwell and Dudley James Callaghan Comprehensive school James Callaghan 1988 Education Reform Act 1988 specialisation league tables of school performance Scotland specialist schools 2005 Scotland Wales République du Congo Cameroon Cameroon Cameroon Central Africa Bantu 1960 Denis Sassou Nguesso Denis Sassou Nguesso fourth largest unequal distribution of oil revenues Bantu-speaking peoples 1500 BC Bantu Diogo Co Portuguese Bantu kingdoms late 19th century 19th 1880 Pierre de Brazza Middle Congo French Equatorial Africa 14,000 Brazzaville 1944 1946 Fourth Republic 1958 revision of the French constitution Republic of the Congo 1959 August 15, 1960 Fulbert Youlou Alphonse Massamba-Débat Fulbert Youlou Alphonse Massamba-Débat. Massamba-Débat scientific socialism Cuban army September 1968 Marien Ngouabi the People's Republic of the Congo Congolese Labour Party 1972 March 16, 1977 Sassou Nguesso Soviet Union dictatorship patronage Pascal Lissouba IMF enhanced structural adjustment facility enhanced structural adjustment facility Sassou Cobras Angolan socialist régime October Andre Milongo seven years January 2002 April 2003 Sassou Congolese Observatory of Human Rights very low multi-party Congolese Labour Party Parti Congolais du Travail corruption revelations 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in France Sassou Nguesso Sassou Nguesso the government one one Pygmies pets December 30, 2010 4°N and 5°S 11° and 19°E Atlantic Ocean Cameroon and the Central African Republic Angola Brazzaville Congo River Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo Kouilou-Niari Kouilou-Niari River Kouilou-Niari Forests Equator 24 °C (75 °F) 16 °C (61 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F) June to August researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society Sangha Region inhospitable swamps Petroleum extraction budget problems and overstaffing Petroleum extraction 65% 65% rapidly rising oil revenues rapidly rising oil revenues devaluation of Franc Zone currencies devaluation of Franc Zone currencies June 1997 slumping oil prices December 1998 stimulating recovery and reducing poverty diamonds 2007 gold, iron and phosphate Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa 200,000 hectares Transport in the Republic of the Congo 1930s Paris Atlantic Ocean southwest 70% 62 Kongo 2% 12% about 9,000 French 300 Catholics 22.3% 19.9% 1.6% Followers of Islam 8.9% 2.8% $30 20 560 Female genital mutilation 560 16 44% baccalaureate French prime minister prime minister minority Westminster system ceremonial The prime minister royal prerogative a member of parliament First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service Benjamin Netanyahu Cardinal Richelieu Cardinal Richelieu prime minister of France Louis XIV 18th Sir Robert Walpole Clarendon Clarendon Clarendon the monarch the monarch Harley and St John Clarendon Parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch Parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch House of Commons Anne Anne Hanover twenty-one years Whig doctrine of cabinet solidarity resign Lord Melbourne Walpole complexity and expense Benjamin Disraeli 1905 constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah 1970 Bahrain Finland Finland Premier of the State Council Taiwan the legislature (political) cohabitation force the resignation of the government the process of his/her appointment appointment and dismissal just one place Zngl the Constitution Act 1982 composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers Czech Republic's constitution first decade of the twentieth century First Lord of the Treasury 1905 Margaret Thatcher 1979 1990 reshuffle her cabinet 'renominated' the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament every general election the lower house of parliament by giving a right to block supply to upper houses Where they lose a vote of confidence prime minister prime minister and his or her government prime minister 1918 Taoiseach Taoiseach cabinet if s/he loses the majority support of his/her party Rosh HaMemshalah Rosh HaMemshalah President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno) Rosh HaMemshalah president of the council of ministers statsminister premier Germany and Austria Minister of State Secretary of State not actually a head of state, but the head of the government Excellency Right Honourable Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council Canada Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh First Minister Pradhan Mantri Wazir-e-Azam Grand Vizier Cabinet Office Cabinet Office IT early 19th century École Polytechnique Greek polytechnic the Court Chamber of Vienna in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary after World War II Collegium Carolinum 1794 institutions of higher education 1992 University of Westminster Regent Street polytechnics and institutes of technology University of Technology College of Advanced Education system TAFE Melbourne Polytechnic 2009 seven Fachhochschule bachelor's degrees and master's degrees ammattikorkeakoulu academization four three Cambodia Affiliate Schools Quebec public funding Polytechnics Canada collaborative institute-industry projects Imperial Tientsin University Capital University about half 1997 The Geophysics Institute Quito Astronomical Observatory National Polytechnic School 1873 cobalt-60 the country's development Provisional Governing Board Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas and Technische Universität of Germany 180 normal university academic universities in Finland "university of applied sciences" yrkeshögskola engineering schools or multi-site clusters of French grandes écoles institut universitaire de technologie IUT Fachhochschule Escola Politécnica French education system Escola Politécnica 1970s specific professions business TU research RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU München nine 17 17 Saxony Niedersächsische Technische Hochschule N.1404/1983 Higher Education Reform Act The Hong Kong Polytechnic 1972 1984 The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 1994 the Court Chamber of Vienna the Court Chamber of Vienna the Court Chamber of Vienna 30 30 AICTE a specific academic award usually awarded in technical or vocational courses four three Regional Technical College Trinity College Politecnico two Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Imperial College of Engineering sciences 44 UNESCO Ipoh 87,440 87,440 87,440 University of Technology, Mauritius technology Education Act 1989 Universal College of Learning Education Act 1989 Wellington Polytechnic 1990s Central Institute of Technology North Island Auckland University of Technology 10th grade to train people in various trades three years BE 4 years full-time program after finishing 13 years of education (international high school certificate) Politechnika short-cycle degrees Bologna Process Millennia Institute 5 three Banská Akadémia 1735 Banská Akadémia 1764 teaching Technikons 1993 2004 technical colleges bachelor's degrees Pathumwan Institute of Technology Rajamangala University of Technology Institute of Technology and Vocational Education Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology Mahanakorn University of Technology 1989 Mahanakorn University of Technology Bursa Technical University six Ankara and Trabzon 1970 UK Council for National Academic Awards Central Institutions 1838 "Institute of Technology" Loughborough University 1960s Further and Higher Education Act 1992 CNAA regional colleges "technical institute" or "technical school" "technical institute" or "technical school" 1824 New York University Tandon School of Engineering middle class 1950s Caracas Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio The Wayback Machine the Internet Archive San Francisco Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat three dimensional index archiving cached pages of web sites if the content has changed to archive the entire Internet The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show Mr. Peabody and Sherman WABAC machine 1996 crawlers robots exclusion standard Archive-It.org Kahle Kahle fifth anniversary University of California, Berkeley twenty-four months twenty-four months variable the Open Directory Jeff Kaplan November 2010 three petabytes 12 terabytes/month PetaBox rack systems Capricorn Technologies 2009 Sun Open Storage Sun Microsystems' California campus 2011 March 2011 2008 2010 Save a Page October 2013 Chordiant Software Inc. robots.txt robots.txt defendants were asking to alter Netbula's web site Chordiant Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd San Jose Division Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd Telewizja Polska Dish Network Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys Ronald Guzman examining a patent application authoritative statement of the archivist technical limitations submitting screen shots of web pages fill out forms fill out forms copyright laws the content creator FAQ Scientology the site owner lawyers from the Church of Scientology Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey Healthcare Advocates Internet Archive copyright infringement as well as violations of the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act Robots.txt Robots.txt Robots.txt ask us to stop crawling or archiving $100,000 $100,000 United States District Court for the Northern District of California dismissed April 25, 2007 Suzanne Shell Suzanne Shell DMCA Federal Court of Canada United Provinces (Verenigde Provincin), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata) 1795 the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands the Low Countries Flanders House of Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Charles V 1568 Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, Act of Abjuration declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II. they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583 10 July 1584 Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England 1588 1783–1795 France the Batavian Republic 1813 Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège the Dutch Republic The County of Holland 1602 Rotterdam Rotterdam Amsterdam Between 1590–1712 Africa and the Pacific Indian Ocean and in the Orient seven federal government representatives of each of the seven provinces County of Drenthe exempt from paying federal taxes raadspensionaris the stadtholder the stadtholder the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province William the Silent Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland. Orangists Republicans Peace of Westphalia federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden) Venlo, after 1715) The States General of the United Provinces Holland and/or Zeeland The framers of the US Constitution James Madison declaration of independence of the United Provinces In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579 Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion William of Orange the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic. the Reformed Church time period and regional or city leaders banned from the city freedom of religion predestination Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants Synod of Dort Beginning in the 18th century private churches Symbiosis mutualistic relationship in lichens Heinrich Anton de Bary "de Bary" definition obligate facultative fungal and photosynthetic mistletoe disjunctive symbiosis endosymbiosis 10%–15% of insects Frankia 10%–15% barnacles lice exosymbiosis interspecies reciprocal altruism lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact mutualistic gut flora Coral reefs fix carbon from the air fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, mutual symbiosis mucus mutual symbiosis goby fish the goby fish bryozoans and hermit crabs Galapagos Islands nutrition Galapagos Islands nutrients producing some specialized cells to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts drastic reduction in its genome size Muller's ratchet phenomenon lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the rich environment com- and mensa, Commensalism inquilinism metabiosis phoresy A parasitic relationship necrotrophic biotrophic as many as half a tick Amensalism antibiosis omnipresent juglone Spanish ibex and weevils shrub Amensalism Synnecrosis death uncommon to protect the hive endosymbiotic plants, animals, fungi, and protists endo symbiosis Margulis and Dorion Sagan Symbiosis nectar and large sticky pollen dependent Forces armées canadiennes National Defence Act Canadian Armed Forces les Forces canadiennes four National Defence Act Elizabeth II Governor General of Canada Chief of the Defence Staff Armed Forces Council. Cold War Europe contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat 1950s 1990s North Atlantic Treaty Organization North Atlantic Treaty Organization North Atlantic Treaty Organization 2002 out of area Canada First Defence Strategy 2008 six core missions six core missions the Canadian Armed Forces Canadian Defence Attachés System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces the Canadian Armed Forces outreach and relationship-building efforts 1867 French and British forces aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers defence of their respective territories United States British Crown-in-Council Halifax 1906 Department of Militia and Defence November 1940 Second Boer War several units were raised to serve under British command First World War Second World War Korean War more than 200 more than 200 Kosovo War United Nations Peacekeeping operations an aircraft carrier Normandy Landings strategic bombing of German cities Battle of Vimy Ridge Croatia Canada Soviet Union third-largest 1 February 1968 Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force Canadian Corps 1931 First World War Canadian Armed Forces 1980s 2013 Canadian Forces Land Forces 2011 ISAF Government of Afghanistan Land Forces $20.1 billion $20.1 billion 119,000 2020 124,000 Canada First Defence Strategy purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness rate of loss of existing members main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles and other systems) medium range transport aircraft fleet CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters 2006 medicine, communication, logistics, and administration 1971 vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers replenishment ships Canadian Human Rights Act and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery 5 February 1987 Minister of National Defence Combat-Related Employment of Women 1989 submarine service 100 percent Jean Chretien mixed-gender force combat boots brassiere undergarments senior-ranking personnel Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces governor general troop deployment and disposition orders either the monarch or governor general his or her ministers in Cabinet 115,349 Chief of the Defence Staff Chief of the Defence Staff Ottawa, Ontario Canadian Joint Operations Command and Canadian Special Operations Forces Command, the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, and the heads of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army, the Royal Canadian Air Force and other key Level 1 organizations. 27 Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt on the west coast, and Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT) at Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard in Halifax Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt on the west coast, and Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT) at Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard in Halifax Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt on the west coast, and Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT) at Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard in Halifax all over the world the Commander of the Canadian Army four divisions the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division 3 one A tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance A tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance Major training and support establishments Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force Winnipeg eleven Wings Manitoba Winnipeg and North Bay Geilenkirchen, Germany NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador RCAF and Joint Task Force (North) a chain of forward operating locations fighter operations CF-18 CF-18 Canadian Expeditionary Force Command Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget Canadian Special Operations Forces Command Canadian Special Operations Forces Command generating special operations forces (SOF) elements to support CJOC CFB Trenton Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks CFS Leitrim in Ottawa CAF Cyber Task Force, Director General Cyber Director General Cyber Canadian Armed Forces the Surgeon General the Surgeon General national emergency or threat 50,000 Chief of Reserves and Cadets NDHQ Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service Cadet Instructors Cadre on the "Cadet Instructor Supplementary Staff List" (CISS List) arctic arctic arctic Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory service dress gloves, swords, and medals operational dress Approved parkas ceremonial/regimental full dress ballcap the distinctive uniform worn The beret CG634 helmet The Constitution of Canada 3,000 the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees. assigned a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses cardinal ninth century ninth century cardinal College of Minor Canons deacons 8th decree of a synod of 769 Nicholas II Papal Bull In nomine Domini 1244 Pope Innocent IV church men 747 1567 747 747 1567 1567 1563 Pope Pius IV 1563 Pope Pius IV French kings secular affairs. Cardinal Richelieu Cardinal Richelieu Henry, King of Portugal 70 six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons. Pope John XXIII 120 twenty-five 120 set no limit on the number of cardinals generally a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees The Dean of the College of Cardinals Ostia 1630 Pope Urban VIII Prince crowned monarchs Pope Urban VIII "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]" Cardinal [First name] [Surname] "Cardinal" Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis they do not belong to the Roman clergy the [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order the [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order 1378 1378 concordate the cardinalate Cardinal bishops cardinals of the episcopal order Cardinal bishops Roman priest apostolic succession Cardinal Bishop of Ostia. Cardinal Bishop of Ostia. seven 1914 Pope Pius X Velletri 1962 Ostia Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome 1962 Ostia Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome College of Cardinals the pope a gold ring kissed wide-brimmed hat called a galero. 1969 scarlet biretta scarlet willingness to die for his faith cassock, mozzetta, and biretta bird of the same name 1460s expires Pope Martin V marry priests or bishops priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals ordination 1962 1917 1962 College of Cardinals cardinal protodeacon Vatican City State 1978 cardinal deacons over 50 10 years about half one third the seven deacons in the Papal Household cardinal deacons The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests Brazil the Pope title of a suburbicarian see Cardinal priests cardinal bishops Cardinal priests pope a titular church in Rome 1587 70 Pope John XXIII Indo-European Indo-Iranian languages Indo-European language family 400 BCE Middle Persian 86 Proto-Iranian Persian and Sanskrit 1836 Christian Lassen Indo-Aryan 1878 Proto-Iranian Central Asia Andronovo 2000 BC Thracian, Balto-Slavic southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia Middle Iranian two the Behistun inscription circa 520 BC 4th century BC Avestan vohu daena Rigvedic Sanskrit Old Persian Kurdish Scythian Old Avestan Old Persian Old Avestan * and *d Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants Nuristani languages *w and *dw consonant clusters other distinct dialect groups Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian Old Parthian 9th century Western and Eastern Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) Avestan Aramaic Greek script Pahlavi 3rd Latin Syriac script Islam Dari The Saffarid dynasty 875 CE Khorasan Arabic second half of the 8th century 1920s Cyrillicized the Soviet government Khuzestan Arabic 6th century AD Saka as Ossetic Saka as Ossetic Daylighting psychological save energy artificial light illumination Daylighting illumination psychological save energy illumination light fixtures Indoor lighting Indoor lighting light fixtures Indoor lighting 1939 Recessed lighting 400,000 BCE birds and fish campfires or torches Lascaux caves incandescent 1800s Segmented Lighting fixtures to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare lumen per watt daylight daylight blue-white blue-white task Lightolier A master transformer cable lighting 12 or 24 volts torchiere portable or table lamp task lighting a dark nightclub 1960s and 1970s accent lighting a row of small lights LED based versions low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube Street Lights photovoltaic Floodlights roadways Entry lights red white or selective yellow lights 1950s White rear-facing reversing lamps Flashing turn signals light bulbs electrical energy wax candle 800 lumens architectural lighting design wn Radiance tabular data Daylight factor calculation. materials used on walls and furniture materials used on walls and furniture Photometric studies computer stage lighting candela (cd) cd/m2 stilb lumen (lm) luminosity function Lux Unified Glare Rating correlated color temperature correlated color temperature CRI CCT gamut area index GAI a an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, Daysimeter Daysimeter 30 days circadian Specification of illumination requirements Lighting control systems easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems ZigBee no need to run control wires) Occupancy sensors changes in heat Ultrasonic When motion can no longer be detected, Daylighting lack of information LEDs nonimaging optics higher lighting levels Alzheimer's Disease 24 circadian cycle Robert Ulrich no no University of Toronto Scarborough University of Toronto Scarborough Dr. Abraham Gesner 1849 coal-gas mercury not all of them are suitable for dimming. 10% 50,000 up to 50,000 hours 70% Light pollution glare searchlights and flares light infrared cameras Flares Flares The International Commission on Illumination The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America ANSI and ASHRAE photometric data International Association of Lighting Designers Professional Lighting Designers Association Professional Lighting Designers Association NCQLP National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions LC CLEP and CLMC Professional Lighting And Sound Association UK Professional Lighting And Sound Association Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive The Spirit of the Laws The Spirit of the Laws the United States Constitution system of checks and balances separation of powers John Locke Thomas Hobbes Montesquieu United States Constitution John Locke Thomas Hobbes Montesquieu Strict separation of powers parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government separate and distinct United Kingdom Court of Appeals Congress Clinton v. City of New York Clinton v. City of New York Congress nondelegation doctrine Clinton v. City of New York Clinton v. City of New York Wayman v. Southard 1825 Chief Justice John Marshall legislative Wayman v. Southard Chief Justice John Marshall 1930s A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 1935 1935 Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy Senate impeachment quasi-judicial Executive the President impeachment Congress restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties INS v. Chadha 1983 two-thirds Supreme Court good behavior Senate constitutional courts Judicial power good behavior Senate legislative courts exercise the judicial power of the United States The Vice President two-thirds The Vice President president president commander in Chief of the Army and Navy Congress Senate executive branch and the legislative branch Marbury v. Madison the Supreme Court Congress the Supreme Court The Chief Justice James Madison Federalist 51 dominance of one of the three branches John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams one twelve Andrew Jackson twenty-nine Tenure of Office Act Grover Cleveland Grover Cleveland Panama Refining v. Ryan, Panama Refining v. Ryan, national security checks and balances the Supreme Court Florida Supreme Court Florida Supreme Court cultural symbols architectura arkhitekton Architectural works their surviving architectural achievements arkhitekton "chief" and "builder" the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures cultural symbols and as works of art Historical civilizations De architectura Vitruvius early 1st century AD. firmness, commodity and delight. De architectura Vitruvius architect firmitas, utilitas, venustas firmness, commodity and delight 16th century Vasari Italian, French, Spanish and English three Leon Battista Alberti proportion Golden mean style Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin 1836 Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin 1836 the modern, industrial world Gothic John Ruskin John Ruskin art critic 1849 to his mental health, power, and pleasure a building is not truly a work of architecture aesthetic it is in some way "adorned" rustication Le Corbusier Le Corbusier Architect Le Corbusier touch my heart happy Function aesthetic, psychological and cultural Vitruvius all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building skepticism rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology. rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology. rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology. poststructuralism late 20th century sustainability environment non-sustainable power sources shelter, security, worship human cultures craft architecture needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials vernacular buildings Anatolia trial and error vernacular architecture mostly rural Anatolia Anatolia Egypt and Mesopotamia Egypt and Mesopotamia the divine and the supernatural monumentality Shilpa Shastras Shilpa Shastras 7th–5th centuries BCE Shilpa Shastras Shilpa Shastras pantheistic religion Buddhist architecture 3rd century BCE expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm the Shastras Buddhist pantheistic religion the pointed arch 7th century CE Middle East and Byzantium Islamic architecture the pointed arch the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. abbeys and cathedrals clerics and tradesmen clerics and tradesmen clerics and tradesmen 900 CE onwards Renaissance Humanism 1400 onwards Renaissance Europe Renaissance Humanism Renaissance Humanism artist, architect and engineer Architecture Architecture cost estimation Nunzia Rondanini Through its aesthetic dimension social life social development Nunzia Rondanini a purposeless quest for perfection or originality a purposeless quest for perfection or originality form civic ideals civic ideals civic ideals Architectural "style" ancient time specific formal prescriptions canons Roman religious written contracts written contracts ecclesiastical buildings Magister lathomorum the Classical style generalist aesthetics technical aspects of building design Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial context and feasibility offices of other architects mass production and consumption ornamented products Aesthetics pattern books and architectural journals current architectural design revivalist architecture Modern Architecture 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects Bauhaus school avant-garde middle and working classes the rapidly declining aristocratic order functionalist functionalist Frank Lloyd Wright Robie House and Fallingwater Frank Lloyd Wright the Industrial Revolution steel-frame construction International Style Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center Minoru Yamasaki decorative richness Brutalism, concrete modernism and Brutalism metaphoric architecture biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture metaphoric expressionist architecture late 1950s and 1960s modernism Charles Moore Robert Venturi Robert Venturi 1980s one person Modernism and Postmodernism Environmental sustainability environment Frank Lloyd Wright Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Ryn U.S. Green Building Council Metaphoric architecture solitary housing estates architectural tradition and classical design modernist and globally uniform architecture life expectancy, education, and income per capita longer Mahbub ul Haq United Nations Development Programme longer Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index the IHDI is the actual level of human development the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development Mahbub ul Haq Amartya Sen people-centered policies Mahbub ul Haq Mean years of schooling Mean years of schooling 5-year-old 5-year-old United Nations Development Programme December 14, 2015 estimates for 2014 July 24, 2014 estimates for 2013 Inequality Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index Cuba very high the lack of necessary data North Korea March 14, 2013 estimates for 2012 Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index Barbados Barbados The 2011 Human Development Report New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan the unavailability of certain crucial data North Korea November 4, 2010 the United Nations Development Program income, life expectancy, and education New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Republic of China (Taiwan), Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Malta, Brunei, Qatar, Bahrain and Barbados the unavailability of certain crucial data Cuba High Human Development country October 5, 2009 2007 Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development very high human development developed countries not included for various reasons, such as being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication statistical update without an accompanying Human Development Report 2006 November 27, 2007 Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world 2005 2005 Braslia, Brazil decrease in HDI of high income countries below 0.5 Africa 119th 121st Gabon and South Africa 0.8 Brazil Seven red arrows red arrows Blue dash es Japan Iceland national performance and ranking Western alleged ideological biases alleged ideological biases 11%, 21% and 34% cut-off values The Economist 230+ 230+ Mediterranean Europe Iberian peninsula Balkan Iberian peninsula political, economic, and cultural attributes geography, climate, and flora Turkey Turkey pine forests Spain and Italy north coast Atlantic climate phytochoria Armen Takhtajan classical antiquity classical antiquity Alexander the Great Rome Constantinople Germanic AD 476 Western Roman Empire Byzantine Empire Germanic kingdoms and empires of their own the Crusades 1204 Genoa and Venice The Reconquista Byzantine Empire The Late Middle Ages Black Death Ottoman Empire 1453 the 14th century Florence science and theology the 14th century 1648 1648 Spain and France Galileo Galilei Guglielmo Marconi colonial empires Columbian Exchange manufacturing New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain 1815 and 1871 Ottoman Empire 1870 The Age of Empire rise of nationalism 1918 the Big Four Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler Mussolini the Warsaw Pact The European Union market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism 1989 1991 2013 Romance languages San Marino, and the Vatican eastern Spain Galician over 40 million Greek Cyprus Macedonian Macedonian Slovenia English Spanish Maltese Albanian Maltese northern Spain and southwestern France Christianity 380 AD Roman Catholic Greek Orthodox a classification of regions statistical convenience Southern Europe, as grouped for statistical convenience by the United Nations (the sub-regions according to the UN), includes following countries and territories: Tourism Decision Metrics Tourism Decision Metrics BBC Television 2 November 1936. 1932 2 November 1936 2 November 1936. commercial one of the world's largest television production companies Baird Television Ltd. Long Acre, London Baird Television Ltd. June 1932 30 March 1930 Broadcasting House, London advances in all-electronic television systems advances in all-electronic television systems 16 Portland Place, London February 1934 a converted wing of Alexandra Palace a converted wing of Alexandra Palace 240 405 Baird intermediate film system and the 405-line Marconi-EMI six months Farnsworth image dissector cameras Saturday 13 February 1937 40 kilometres 40 kilometres 40 kilometres a British television set Brookmans Park 2 August 1932 Opening of the BBC Television Service coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth September 1939 the government was concerned that the VHF transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft radar programme Mickey's Gala Premier before the end of the cartoon 18,999 Jasmine Bligh 7 June 1946 Lime Grove Studios Mickey Mouse Birmingham Sutton Coldfield transmitting station Birmingham VHF BBC tv ITV 23 November 1963 Alexandra Palace ITV BBC2 massive power failure Battersea Power Station Denis Tuohy BBC Two 15 November 1969 soap opera or standard news programming Sir David Attenborough Sir David Attenborough Tom and Jerry 2000 Tom and Jerry CBBC BBC Natural History Unit 1950s Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Planet, The Life of Mammals, Planet Earth and Frozen Earth fifteen Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland local announcers major local events Give My Head Peace Give My Head Peace Gaelic Erpa and Dè a-nis? Patrick Kielty Almost Live 25% The Simpsons The Simpsons teletext 1974 BBCi May 2003 Astra 2D satellite 14 July £85 million Western Europe Hollywood studios and sporting organisations Scottish Premier League Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football 5 July 2004 DVD fiftieth anniversary Little Angels Jana Bennett BBC Vision new media outlets and technology 2008 November 2008 Keeping Up Appearances Keeping Up Appearances Keeping Up Appearances annually advertisements and subscription 2013 Danny Cohen Danny Cohen. December 2004 December 2004 and April 2006 December 2004 July 30, 1947 Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger 2003 15 Mr. Olympia Conan the Barbarian Mr. Olympia Arnie 2011 Republican Gray Davis January 5, 2007 Styria, Austria Jadrny Aurelia Schwarzenegger chief of police Meinhard refrigerator soccer 13 police officer Steve Reeves May 20, 1971 Patrick stroke Barbara Baker Fortune Mr. Universe Junior Mr. Europe 1966 London Reg Park improving the muscle definition and power in his legs business school Rolf Putziger 10 21 New York Ric Drasin LA Weekly The Education of a Bodybuilder international marketing of fitness and business administration Transcendental Meditation Transcendental Meditation Arnold Classic Muscle & Fitness $250,000 executive editor Junior Mr. Europe Lee Haney half an hour Munich stone-lifting contest 1969 Sergio Oliva 1970 23 Franco Columbu 1975 Mr. Olympia Pumping Iron Stay Hungry Jeff Bridges Conan seven weeks seven weeks anabolic steroids Dr. Willi Heepe $10,000 The Globe Hercules "Arnold Strong Robert Altman Golden Globe for New Male Star of the Year my body was 'too weird 1991 1980 The Incredible Hulk The Villain Conan the Destroyer 1984 James Cameron Sylvester Stallone 1987 Twins $10 million Christmas in Connecticut Tales from the Crypt Terminator 2: Judgment Day National Association of Theatre Owners True Lies Junior $150 million 82 Forum Stadtpark The Kid & I Governator Stan Lee With Wings as Eagles Randall Wallace May 20 10 years The Expendables 2 Terminator Genisys Terminator Genisys 2004 "Stop the Madness" Republican Republican Conan the Republican 1999 The Hollywood Reporter August 6, 2003 "Total Recall" Gray Davis Cruz Bustamante 1.3 million 31% John G. Downey Willie Brown Hans and Franz four four Susan Kennedy Phil Angelides Gavin Newsom United States Senate Wendy Leigh Eunice and Sargent Shriver Sylvester Stallone 1983 Austrian John McCain Rudy Giuliani environment and economy Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington 89% 23% Gropegate Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times bathing suit GQ marijuana Anna Richardson they tried to tarnish her reputation Los Angeles Times 1968 Peter Pilz September 27, 2006 utilities, refineries and manufacturing plants 2020 Northeast solar 2009 carbon dioxide Detroit Article II, Section I, Clause V New York Post Michael Dorf index cards 30 Franco Columbu San Fernando earthquake $10,000 Planet Hollywood 2000 Hard Rock Cafe Dimensional Fund Advisors Columbus, Ohio Oak Productions, Inc. Simon & Schuster Schatzi On Main Santa Monica little treasure 1998 2011 $38 million 2006 polite society six to eight months Sue Moray Maria Shriver August 1978 television journalist Hyannis Christopher Sargent Shriver Schwarzenegger Heather Milligan 25 Los Angeles Times 20 years Joseph KNX 1070 radio Bob Kaufman Schwarzenegger did not include spousal support Brigitte Nielsen bicuspid 1997 Harley Davidson right femur Sun Valley, Idaho smoke 6'2" Herb Wesson Bob Mulholland Total Recall "The Secret" October 2012 1992 two silver 6,300 lb (2,900 kg) $21,000 California Hydrogen Highway Network U.S. Department of Energy Inner City Games Foundation Shanghai over 250,000 Sol Price School of Public Policy 2012 chairman 60 Tamar Tamar Devon Tamar Mount Batten Sutton 1620 1642 and 1646 the Pilgrim Fathers Devonport 1928 Plymouth Blitz 1967 East Stonehouse 261,546 30th Plymouth City Council Santander Plymouth University TAMARI OSTIA Middle Iron Age mouth/estuaries of the Tamar Barbican south town 1211 King Henry VI mouth of the River Plym 1340 Breton raiders 1596 Sutton Pool 1512 Sir John Hawkins Sir Francis Drake 1588 1620 1620 Parliamentarians Parliamentarians Freedom Fields Park 1660 Drake's Island sugar or tobacco trading Stoke Damerel Tamar 318 318 Stoke Damerel coal Devonport a series of neo-classical urban developments John Foulston Union Street China Clay China Clay China Clay John Smeaton 2 John Rennie 1841 1812 Devonport guano Devonport Scapa Flow Royal Navy Mount Batten Royal Australian Air Force Devonport 59 more than 1,000 more than 1,000 Sir Patrick Abercrombie over 1000 over 1000 the modernist high rise of the Civic Centre the modernist high rise of the Civic Centre Devonport Dockyard 1971 42 Commando of the Royal Marines Domesday Book Domesday Book Sudtone 1254 1439 Nancy Astor Plymouth Sutton 18 October 1928 Plympton Plympton and the parish of Plymstock Michael Foot Michael Foot 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act Michael Foot Plymouth 1971 1971 Tamarside 1 April 1974 Banham Commission South West England Johnny Mercer Johnny Mercer Plymouth Moor View 17 57 Each year a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years Brest 2001 King George V six Conservative Party and the Labour Party Dr John Mahony 3 Elliot Terrace Lady Astor £40m £40m £40m River Tamar River Tamar Devon and Cornwall Plymouth Sound 1967 Cattewater 1814 Drake's Island 30.83 155 Site of Special Scientific Interest Lower Devonian slates Middle Devonian Upper Devonian slates and shales its geology Middle Devonian Dartmoor Tamar middle Devonian Middle Devonian 27 April 1944 Sir Patrick Abercrombie Armada Way David MacKay 28 temperate oceanic climate 52 3 and 4 °C rare, not usually equating to more than a few flakes, July and August Atlantic depressions autumn and winter 39 June to August autumn and winter 1,600 South West England 89 26.6 °C 4.25 8.8 °C 8.8 °C 25,895 22nd largest 3,000 £160 million Polytechnic South West The University of St Mark & St John teacher training Plymouth College of Art approximately 26,000 153 153 two 71 71 71 Plymouth College Devonport High School for Girls Royal Naval Engineering College 1910 Dockyard Technical College 1994 University of Southampton Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences National Marine Aquarium, the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences, Plymouth University's Marine Institute Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership National Marine Aquarium 256,384 240,720 15,664 2.3 0.5 5,169 million GBP 5,169 million GBP £19,943 £23,755 7.0% 26.2% 78.3 78.3 78.3 12,000 12,000 1793 Plymouth Gin 1930s Devonport Dockyard Devonport Dockyard 270 almost 3,000 Hemsley Fraser 1959 1959 29th The Tinside Pool £3.4 million David Mackay David Mackay David Mackay 33,000 33,000 Charles Cross October 2006 Cattedown 2003 David Mackay Bretonside bus station Millbay Millbay The Parkway about 40 miles (65 km) Tamar Bridge Plymouth City Airport First South West Brittany Ferries Roscoff MV Armorique Stonehouse 1204 Plymouth City Airport 6 2018 FlyPlymouth 1877 Great Western Railway Tamar Valley Line and Cornish Main Line Three Great Western Railway 4 February 2014 130 4 April 2014 4 February 2014 about 150 1858 St Andrew's (Anglican) Anglican thirteen Moses 1762 1762 1762 0.8% 0.8% 32.9% 24.7% 7% 1815 Charlie Chaplin 30s Royal Navy British Firework Championships Roy Lowry Roy Lowry University of Plymouth the 29 Commando Regiment 1,315 200 Plymouth City Council Plymouth City Council 1961 BBC South West Radio Plymouth 16 February 2009 Radio Plymouth BBC Radio Devon Plymouth Argyle F.C. Football League Two Home Park The Pilgrims Vospers Oak Villa F.C. third tier of Professional English Rugby third tier of Professional English Rugby third tier of Professional English Rugby Plymouth Pavilions 1983 1823 September 2011 America's Cup World Series 1973 Plymouth County Borough Corporation 24 April 1591 River Meavy 1801 South West Water South West Water Western Power Distribution 2009 Langage Power Station, 1836 Charles Cross and Crownhill five Millbay Docks Devon and Cornwall Constabulary Derriford Hospital 6 Royal Eye Infirmary South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust Exeter Weston Mill and Efford Weston Mill and Efford Drake Memorial Park Drake Memorial Park Weston Mill and Efford 1666 1666 1759 23 Armada Memorial Sutton 1620 1620 National Marine Aquarium the Barbican Crownhill Fort north Landmark Trust Devonport, Devonport Heritage Trail Dartmoor, the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall Kingsand Dartmoor, the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall. Henning Larsen Arts University of Plymouth Arts city's central quarter Plymothians Janners Cousin Jan John Tavistock El Draco dysentery dysentery Sir Joshua Reynolds Robert Lenkiewicz Plymouth College of Art Jazz musician Keith Rowe Trematon Castle swimmer Chris Axworthy Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson Clear and Present Danger Angela Rippon |