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---
license: cc-by-4.0
metrics:
- bleu4
- meteor
- rouge-l
- bertscore
- moverscore
language: it
datasets:
- lmqg/qg_itquad
pipeline_tag: text2text-generation
tags:
- question generation
- answer extraction
widget:
- text: "generate question: <hl> Dopo il 1971 <hl> , l' OPEC ha tardato ad adeguare i prezzi per riflettere tale deprezzamento."
example_title: "Question Generation Example 1"
- text: "generate question: L' individuazione del petrolio e lo sviluppo di nuovi giacimenti richiedeva in genere <hl> da cinque a dieci anni <hl> prima di una produzione significativa."
example_title: "Question Generation Example 2"
- text: "generate question: il <hl> Giappone <hl> è stato il paese più dipendente dal petrolio arabo."
example_title: "Question Generation Example 3"
- text: "extract answers: <hl> Il 6 ottobre 1973 , la Siria e l' Egitto, con il sostegno di altre nazioni arabe, lanciarono un attacco a sorpresa su Israele, su Yom Kippur. <hl> Questo rinnovo delle ostilità nel conflitto arabo-israeliano ha liberato la pressione economica sottostante sui prezzi del petrolio. All' epoca, l' Iran era il secondo esportatore mondiale di petrolio e un vicino alleato degli Stati Uniti. Settimane più tardi, lo scià d' Iran ha detto in un' intervista: Naturalmente[il prezzo del petrolio] sta andando a salire Certamente! E come! Avete[Paesi occidentali] aumentato il prezzo del grano che ci vendete del 300 per cento, e lo stesso per zucchero e cemento."
example_title: "Answer Extraction Example 1"
- text: "extract answers: <hl> Furono introdotti autocarri compatti, come la Toyota Hilux e il Datsun Truck, seguiti dal camion Mazda (venduto come il Ford Courier), e l' Isuzu costruito Chevrolet LUV. <hl> Mitsubishi rebranded il suo Forte come Dodge D-50 pochi anni dopo la crisi petrolifera. Mazda, Mitsubishi e Isuzu avevano partnership congiunte rispettivamente con Ford, Chrysler e GM. In seguito i produttori americani introdussero le loro sostituzioni nazionali (Ford Ranger, Dodge Dakota e la Chevrolet S10/GMC S-15), ponendo fine alla loro politica di importazione vincolata."
example_title: "Answer Extraction Example 2"
model-index:
- name: lmqg/mt5-base-itquad-qg-ae
results:
- task:
name: Text2text Generation
type: text2text-generation
dataset:
name: lmqg/qg_itquad
type: default
args: default
metrics:
- name: BLEU4 (Question Generation)
type: bleu4_question_generation
value: 7.72
- name: ROUGE-L (Question Generation)
type: rouge_l_question_generation
value: 22.81
- name: METEOR (Question Generation)
type: meteor_question_generation
value: 18.56
- name: BERTScore (Question Generation)
type: bertscore_question_generation
value: 81.15
- name: MoverScore (Question Generation)
type: moverscore_question_generation
value: 57.15
- name: QAAlignedF1Score-BERTScore (Question & Answer Generation (with Gold Answer))
type: qa_aligned_f1_score_bertscore_question_answer_generation_with_gold_answer
value: 81.98
- name: QAAlignedRecall-BERTScore (Question & Answer Generation (with Gold Answer))
type: qa_aligned_recall_bertscore_question_answer_generation_with_gold_answer
value: 82.83
- name: QAAlignedPrecision-BERTScore (Question & Answer Generation (with Gold Answer))
type: qa_aligned_precision_bertscore_question_answer_generation_with_gold_answer
value: 81.19
- name: QAAlignedF1Score-MoverScore (Question & Answer Generation (with Gold Answer))
type: qa_aligned_f1_score_moverscore_question_answer_generation_with_gold_answer
value: 56.35
- name: QAAlignedRecall-MoverScore (Question & Answer Generation (with Gold Answer))
type: qa_aligned_recall_moverscore_question_answer_generation_with_gold_answer
value: 56.75
- name: QAAlignedPrecision-MoverScore (Question & Answer Generation (with Gold Answer))
type: qa_aligned_precision_moverscore_question_answer_generation_with_gold_answer
value: 56.0
- name: BLEU4 (Answer Extraction)
type: bleu4_answer_extraction
value: 26.87
- name: ROUGE-L (Answer Extraction)
type: rouge_l_answer_extraction
value: 45.82
- name: METEOR (Answer Extraction)
type: meteor_answer_extraction
value: 43.51
- name: BERTScore (Answer Extraction)
type: bertscore_answer_extraction
value: 91.12
- name: MoverScore (Answer Extraction)
type: moverscore_answer_extraction
value: 82.62
- name: AnswerF1Score (Answer Extraction)
type: answer_f1_score__answer_extraction
value: 74.04
- name: AnswerExactMatch (Answer Extraction)
type: answer_exact_match_answer_extraction
value: 60.7
---
# Model Card of `lmqg/mt5-base-itquad-qg-ae`
This model is fine-tuned version of [google/mt5-base](https://huggingface.co/google/mt5-base) for question generation and answer extraction jointly on the [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) (dataset_name: default) via [`lmqg`](https://github.com/asahi417/lm-question-generation).
### Overview
- **Language model:** [google/mt5-base](https://huggingface.co/google/mt5-base)
- **Language:** it
- **Training data:** [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) (default)
- **Online Demo:** [https://autoqg.net/](https://autoqg.net/)
- **Repository:** [https://github.com/asahi417/lm-question-generation](https://github.com/asahi417/lm-question-generation)
- **Paper:** [https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03992](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03992)
### Usage
- With [`lmqg`](https://github.com/asahi417/lm-question-generation#lmqg-language-model-for-question-generation-)
```python
from lmqg import TransformersQG
# initialize model
model = TransformersQG(language="it", model="lmqg/mt5-base-itquad-qg-ae")
# model prediction
question_answer_pairs = model.generate_qa("Dopo il 1971 , l' OPEC ha tardato ad adeguare i prezzi per riflettere tale deprezzamento.")
```
- With `transformers`
```python
from transformers import pipeline
pipe = pipeline("text2text-generation", "lmqg/mt5-base-itquad-qg-ae")
# answer extraction
answer = pipe("generate question: <hl> Dopo il 1971 <hl> , l' OPEC ha tardato ad adeguare i prezzi per riflettere tale deprezzamento.")
# question generation
question = pipe("extract answers: <hl> Il 6 ottobre 1973 , la Siria e l' Egitto, con il sostegno di altre nazioni arabe, lanciarono un attacco a sorpresa su Israele, su Yom Kippur. <hl> Questo rinnovo delle ostilità nel conflitto arabo-israeliano ha liberato la pressione economica sottostante sui prezzi del petrolio. All' epoca, l' Iran era il secondo esportatore mondiale di petrolio e un vicino alleato degli Stati Uniti. Settimane più tardi, lo scià d' Iran ha detto in un' intervista: Naturalmente[il prezzo del petrolio] sta andando a salire Certamente! E come! Avete[Paesi occidentali] aumentato il prezzo del grano che ci vendete del 300 per cento, e lo stesso per zucchero e cemento.")
```
## Evaluation
- ***Metric (Question Generation)***: [raw metric file](https://huggingface.co/lmqg/mt5-base-itquad-qg-ae/raw/main/eval/metric.first.sentence.paragraph_answer.question.lmqg_qg_itquad.default.json)
| | Score | Type | Dataset |
|:-----------|--------:|:--------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------|
| BERTScore | 81.15 | default | [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) |
| Bleu_1 | 23.3 | default | [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) |
| Bleu_2 | 15.39 | default | [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) |
| Bleu_3 | 10.74 | default | [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) |
| Bleu_4 | 7.72 | default | [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) |
| METEOR | 18.56 | default | [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) |
| MoverScore | 57.15 | default | [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) |
| ROUGE_L | 22.81 | default | [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) |
- ***Metric (Question & Answer Generation)***: [raw metric file](https://huggingface.co/lmqg/mt5-base-itquad-qg-ae/raw/main/eval/metric.first.answer.paragraph.questions_answers.lmqg_qg_itquad.default.json)
| | Score | Type | Dataset |
|:--------------------------------|--------:|:--------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------|
| QAAlignedF1Score (BERTScore) | 81.98 | default | [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) |
| QAAlignedF1Score (MoverScore) | 56.35 | default | [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) |
| QAAlignedPrecision (BERTScore) | 81.19 | default | [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) |
| QAAlignedPrecision (MoverScore) | 56 | default | [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) |
| QAAlignedRecall (BERTScore) | 82.83 | default | [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) |
| QAAlignedRecall (MoverScore) | 56.75 | default | [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) |
- ***Metric (Answer Extraction)***: [raw metric file](https://huggingface.co/lmqg/mt5-base-itquad-qg-ae/raw/main/eval/metric.first.answer.paragraph_sentence.answer.lmqg_qg_itquad.default.json)
| | Score | Type | Dataset |
|:-----------------|--------:|:--------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------|
| AnswerExactMatch | 60.7 | default | [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) |
| AnswerF1Score | 74.04 | default | [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) |
| BERTScore | 91.12 | default | [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) |
| Bleu_1 | 40.14 | default | [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) |
| Bleu_2 | 34.56 | default | [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) |
| Bleu_3 | 30.56 | default | [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) |
| Bleu_4 | 26.87 | default | [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) |
| METEOR | 43.51 | default | [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) |
| MoverScore | 82.62 | default | [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) |
| ROUGE_L | 45.82 | default | [lmqg/qg_itquad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmqg/qg_itquad) |
## Training hyperparameters
The following hyperparameters were used during fine-tuning:
- dataset_path: lmqg/qg_itquad
- dataset_name: default
- input_types: ['paragraph_answer', 'paragraph_sentence']
- output_types: ['question', 'answer']
- prefix_types: ['qg', 'ae']
- model: google/mt5-base
- max_length: 512
- max_length_output: 32
- epoch: 13
- batch: 32
- lr: 0.0005
- fp16: False
- random_seed: 1
- gradient_accumulation_steps: 2
- label_smoothing: 0.15
The full configuration can be found at [fine-tuning config file](https://huggingface.co/lmqg/mt5-base-itquad-qg-ae/raw/main/trainer_config.json).
## Citation
```
@inproceedings{ushio-etal-2022-generative,
title = "{G}enerative {L}anguage {M}odels for {P}aragraph-{L}evel {Q}uestion {G}eneration",
author = "Ushio, Asahi and
Alva-Manchego, Fernando and
Camacho-Collados, Jose",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
month = dec,
year = "2022",
address = "Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
}
```
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