metadata

license: mit
datasets:
  - openai/summarize_from_feedback
  - openai/webgpt_comparisons
  - Dahoas/instruct-synthetic-prompt-responses
  - Anthropic/hh-rlhf
  - lmsys/chatbot_arena_conversations
  - openbmb/UltraFeedback
metrics:
  - accuracy
tags:
  - reward_model
  - reward-model
  - RLHF
  - evaluation
  - llm
  - instruction
  - reranking
language:
  - en
pipeline_tag: text-generation

Pairwise Reward Model for LLMs (PairRM) from LLM-Blender

Github: https://github.com/yuchenlin/LLM-Blender
Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.02561
Space Demo: https://huggingface.co/spaces/llm-blender/LLM-Blender

Introduction

Pairwise Reward Model (PairRM) takes an instruction and a pair of output candidates as the input, and output a score for each candidate to measure their relative quality. PairRM can be used to (re-)rank a list of candidate outputs and thus can be used an LLM evaluator to efficiently assess the quality of LLMs in local environment. PairRM can also be used to enhance the decoding by best-of-n sampling (i.e., reranking N sampled outputs). Apart from that, one can also use PairRM to further align instruction-tuned LLMs with RLHF methods.

Unlike the other RMs that encode and score each candidate respectively, PairRM takes a pair of candidates and compares them side-by-side to indentify the subtle differences between them. Also, PairRM is based on DeBERTa-large, and thus it is super efficient: 0.4B. We trained PairRM on a diverse collection of human preference datasets such as UltraFeedback, HH-RLHF, chatbot-arena, etc. PairRM is part of the LLM-Blender project (ACL 2023). Please see our paper linked above to know more.

Installation

First install llm-blender

pip install git+https://github.com/yuchenlin/LLM-Blender.git

Then load PairRM:

import llm_blender
blender = llm_blender.Blender()
blender.loadranker("llm-blender/PairRM") # load PairRM

Usage

Use Case 1: Comparing/Ranking output candidates given an instruction

Ranking a list candidate responses

inputs = ["hello!", "I love you!"]
candidates_texts = [["get out!", "hi! nice to meet you!", "bye"], 
                    ["I love you too!", "I hate you!", "Thanks! You're a good guy!"]]
ranks = blender.rank(inputs, candidates_texts, return_scores=False, batch_size=2)
# ranks is a list of ranks where ranks[i][j] represents the ranks of candidate-j for input-i
"""
ranks -->
array([[3, 1, 2], # it means "hi! nice to meet you!" ranks the 1st, "bye" ranks the 2nd, and "get out!" ranks the 3rd. 
       [1, 3, 2]], # it means "I love you too"! ranks the the 1st, and "I hate you!" ranks the 3rd.
       dtype=int32)

Directly comparing two candidate responses

inputs = ["hello!", "I love you!"]
candidates_A = ["hi!", "I hate you!"]
candidates_B = ["f**k off!", "I love you, too!"]
comparison_results = blender.compare(inputs, candidates_A, candidates_B)
# comparison_results is a list of bool, where comparison_results[i] denotes whether candidates_A[i] is better than candidates_B[i] for inputs[i]
# comparison_results[0]--> True

Comparing two multi-turn conversations.

conv1 = [
    {
        "content": "hello",
        "role": "USER"
    },
    {
        "content": "[assistant1‘s response 1]",
        "role": "ASSISTANT"
    },
    ...
]
conv2 = [
    {
        "content": "hello",
        "role": "USER"
    },
    {
        "content": "[assistant2's response 1]",
        "role": "ASSISTANT"
    },
    ...
]
comparison_results = blender.compare_conversations([conv1], [conv2])
# comparison_results is a list of bool, where each element denotes whether all the responses in conv1 together is better than that of conv2

Use Case 2: Best-of-n Sampling (Decoding Enhancment)

Best-of-n Sampling, aka, rejection sampling, is a strategy to enhance the response quality by selecting the one that was ranked highest by the reward model (see more in OpenAI WebGPT section 3.2 and OpenAI Blog). Best-of-n sampling with PairRM is a very easy way to imporve your LLMs with only a few changes of your inference code:

# loading models 
import llm_blender
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("HuggingFaceH4/zephyr-7b-beta")
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("HuggingFaceH4/zephyr-7b-beta", device_map="auto")
system_message = {"role": "system", "content": "You are a friendly chatbot."}

# formatting your inputs 
inputs = ["can you tell me a joke about OpenAI?"]
messages = [[system_message, {"role": "user", "content": _input}] for _input in inputs]
prompts = [tokenizer.apply_chat_template(m, tokenize=False, add_generation_prompt=True) for m in messages]

# Conventional generation method 
input_ids = tokenizer(prompts[0], return_tensors="pt").input_ids
sampled_outputs = model.generate(input_ids, do_sample=True, top_k=50, top_p=0.95, num_return_sequences=1)
print(tokenizer.decode(sampled_outputs[0][len(input_ids[0]):], skip_special_tokens=False))
# --> The output could be a bad case such as a very short one, e.g., `Sure` 

# PairRM for best-of-n sampling 
blender = llm_blender.Blender()
blender.loadranker("llm-blender/PairRM") # load ranker checkpoint
outputs = blender.best_of_n_generate(model, tokenizer, prompts, n=10)

print("### Prompt:\n", prompts[0])
print("### best-of-n generations:\n", outputs[0])
# --> The output will be much more stable and consistently better than single sampling, for example: 
""" 
Sure, here's a joke about OpenAI:

Why did OpenAI decide to hire a mime as their new AI researcher?

Because they wanted someone who could communicate complex ideas without making a sound!

(Note: This is a joke, not a reflection of OpenAI's actual hiring practices.)
"""

Use case 3: RLHF

PairRM has been trained on various high-quality and large-scale dataset with human preference annotations and exhibits great correlation with human preferences with an extremly small model size (0.4B), approching the performance of GPT-4. We believe PairRM will power the alignment of LLM in an efficient and effective way. With a blender.compare() function, you can easily apply PairRM to poopular RLHF toolkits like trl.

🔥 Check more details on our example jupyter notebook usage: blender_usage.ipynb

Learn more in our LLM-Blender Github README.md

Statistics

Context length

PairRanker type	Source max length	Candidate max length	Total max length
pair-ranker	128	128	384
PairRM (This model)	1224	412	2048

Performance

We test the pairwise comparison on

Auto-J Pairwise test data performance

Model	Summ	Exam	Code	Rewriting	Crea W	Func W	Comm	NLP	Overall
Closed -source Models
ChatGPT	33.3	40.3	36.6	31.6	48.2	40.4	47.6	45.8	42.7
Claude -2	30.6	36.1	41.7	34.2	48.1	42.5	40.6	48.5	42.4
GPT -4	59.7	51.4	69.2	58.3	66.7	60.4	58.3	65.2	61.9
Open -source Models
SteamSHP	33.3	29.2	26.7	33.3	40.7	31.3	51.4	51.9	40.6
PandaLM	29.2	33.3	31.7	23.3	43.5	32.9	44.8	48.9	38.9
LLaMA -2-Chat -13B	20.8	27.8	19.2	20	31.5	27.5	35.8	31.8	29
Vicuna -13B-v1.5	30.6	23.6	35	28.3	36.1	37.5	45.5	39.8	37.3
WizardLM -13B-v1.2	22.2	20.8	32.5	19.2	28.7	25.4	29.2	33	27.8
LLAMA -2-chat -70B	34.7	33.3	36.7	35.8	51.4	54.2	47.2	47.7	45.9
AUTO -J (13b)	45.8	38.9	59.2	47.5	54.6	57.1	58	57.6	54.8
PairRM (0.4b)	56.94	52.78	58.33	55.83	61.57	59.17	57.64	62.5	59.05

HHH-Alignment and MT-bench human judgements

Evaluator LM	HHH ALIGNMENT					MT BENCH HUMAN JUDG .
	Help .	Harm .	Hon .	Other	Total Avg .	Human Preference
RANDOM	50	50	50	50	50	34.26
STANFORDNLP REWARD MODEL	69.49	60.34	52.46	51.16	58.82	44.79
ALMOST REWARD MODEL	74.58	67.24	78.69	86.05	76.02	49.9
LLAMA2 -CHAT 7B	66.1	81.03	70.49	74.42	72.85	51.78
LLAMA2 -CHAT 13B	74.58	87.93	55.74	79.07	73.76	52.34
LLAMA2 -CHAT 70B	66.1	89.66	67.21	74.42	74.21	53.67
LLAMA2 -CHAT 13B+COARSE .	68.74	68.97	65.57	67.44	67.42	46.89
GPT -3.5-TURBO -0613	76.27	87.93	67.21	86.05	78.73	57.12
PROMETHEUS 7B	69.49	84.48	78.69	90.7	80.09	55.14
PROMETHEUS 13B	81.36	82.76	75.41	76.74	79.19	57.72
PairRM (0.4b)	84.75	84.48	80.33	90.7	84.62	59
GPT -4-0613	91.53	93.1	85.25	83.72	88.69	63.87

While PairRM is a extremely small model (0.4B) based on deberta, the pairwise comparison aggrement performance approches GPT-4's performance!

Two reasons to attribute:

Our PairRM specically designed model arch for pairwise comparison through bidirectional attention (See LLM-blender paper for more details)
The high-quality and large-scale human preference annotation data it was train on (see training dataset list on this hugging face page)

Citation & Credits

If you are using PairRM in your research, please cite LLM-blender.

@inproceedings{llm-blender-2023,
    title = "LLM-Blender: Ensembling Large Language Models with Pairwise Comparison and Generative Fusion",
    author = "Jiang, Dongfu and Ren, Xiang and Lin, Bill Yuchen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 61th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2023)",
    year = "2023"
}