metadata

license: apache-2.0
language:
  - twi
  - aka
datasets:
  - allenai/nllb
  - cis-lmu/Glot500
  - legacy-datasets/wikipedia
library_name: transformers
pipeline_tag: text-generation
tags:
  - goldfish

twi_latn_full

Goldfish is a suite of monolingual language models trained for 350 languages. This model is the Twi (Latin script) model trained on 62MB of data (all our data in the language), after accounting for an estimated byte premium of 1.03; content-matched text in Twi takes on average 1.03x as many UTF-8 bytes to encode as English. The Goldfish models are trained primarily for comparability across languages and for low-resource languages; Goldfish performance for high-resource languages is not designed to be comparable with modern large language models (LLMs).

Note: twi_latn is an individual language code. Macrolanguage code aka_latn (Akan) is included in Goldfish. Consider using that model depending on your use case.

All training and hyperparameter details are in our paper, Goldfish: Monolingual Language Models for 350 Languages (Chang et al., 2024).

Training code and sample usage: https://github.com/tylerachang/goldfish

Sample usage also in this Google Colab: link

Model details:

To access all Goldfish model details programmatically, see https://github.com/tylerachang/goldfish/blob/main/model_details.json. All models are trained with a [CLS] (same as [BOS]) token prepended, and a [SEP] (same as [EOS]) token separating sequences. Details for this model specifically:

Architecture: gpt2
Parameters: 124770816
Maximum sequence length: 512 tokens
Training text data (raw): 64.82MB
Training text data (byte premium scaled): 62.795MB
Training tokens: 18900480 (x10 epochs)
Vocabulary size: 50000
Compute cost: 9.6442627719168e+16 FLOPs or ~9.1 NVIDIA A6000 GPU hours

Training datasets (percentages prior to deduplication):

77.35013%: NLLB (CommonCrawl and ParaCrawl)
10.40427%: eBible
7.58195%: Wikipedia 2023/08
4.66365%: Glot500, including Wikipedia Hugging Face

Citation

If you use this model, please cite:

@article{chang-etal-2024-goldfish,
  title={Goldfish: Monolingual Language Models for 350 Languages},
  author={Chang, Tyler A. and Arnett, Catherine and Tu, Zhuowen and Bergen, Benjamin K.},
  journal={Preprint},
  year={2024},
}