zjunlp/OneKE
Text Generation
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The dataset generation failed because of a cast error
Error code: DatasetGenerationCastError
Exception: DatasetGenerationCastError
Message: An error occurred while generating the dataset
All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 1 new columns ({'input'}) and 2 missing columns ({'text', 'entity'}).
This happened while the json dataset builder was generating data using
hf://datasets/zjunlp/InstructIE/valid_en.json (at revision 2da6badf8e28dddbcf3212896e0b039445920880)
Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 2011, in _prepare_split_single
writer.write_table(table)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 585, in write_table
pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self._schema)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2302, in table_cast
return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2256, in cast_table_to_schema
raise CastError(
datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
id: int64
cate: string
input: string
relation: list<item: struct<head: string, head_type: string, relation: string, tail: string, tail_type: string>>
child 0, item: struct<head: string, head_type: string, relation: string, tail: string, tail_type: string>
child 0, head: string
child 1, head_type: string
child 2, relation: string
child 3, tail: string
child 4, tail_type: string
to
{'id': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'cate': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'text': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'relation': [{'head': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'head_type': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'relation': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'tail': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'tail_type': Value(dtype='string', id=None)}], 'entity': [{'entity': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'entity_type': Value(dtype='string', id=None)}]}
because column names don't match
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1577, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1191, in convert_to_parquet
builder.download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1027, in download_and_prepare
self._download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1122, in _download_and_prepare
self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1882, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 2013, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationCastError.from_cast_error(
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationCastError: An error occurred while generating the dataset
All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 1 new columns ({'input'}) and 2 missing columns ({'text', 'entity'}).
This happened while the json dataset builder was generating data using
hf://datasets/zjunlp/InstructIE/valid_en.json (at revision 2da6badf8e28dddbcf3212896e0b039445920880)
Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)Need help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
id
string | cate
string | text
string | relation
list | entity
list |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5f2b7b22ec82cc05ad7a24f702922ecd6add9c6f950eabec5f6997ef07f6e604 | Natural_Science | Homonuclear molecules, or homonuclear species, are molecules composed of only one element. Homonuclear molecules may consist of various numbers of atoms. The size of the molecule an element can form depends on the element's properties, and some elements form molecules of more than one size. The most familiar homonuclear molecules are diatomic molecule, which consist of two atoms, although not all diatomic molecules are homonuclear. Homonuclear diatomic molecules include hydrogen , oxygen , nitrogen and all of the halogens. Ozone is a common triatomic homonuclear molecule. Homonuclear tetratomic molecules include arsenic and phosphorus .
Allotropes are different chemical forms of the same element . In that sense, allotropes are all homonuclear. Many elements have multiple allotropic forms. In addition to the most common form of gaseous oxygen, O2, and ozone, there are other allotropes of oxygen. Sulfur forms several allotropes containing different numbers of sulfur atoms, including diatomic, triatomic, hexatomic and octatomic forms, though the first three are rare. The element carbon is known to have a number of homonuclear molecules, including diamond and graphite.
Sometimes a cluster of atoms of a single kind of metallic element is considered a single molecule. | [] | [
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4848a6891aa415d8c3b79b2811f8ca8b8bc5938bfa7106a4c57685cffdd16679 | Natural_Science | Diamond is the allotrope of carbon in which the carbon atoms are arranged in the specific type of cubic lattice called diamond cubic. It is a crystal that is transparent to opaque and which is generally isotropic . Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring material known. Yet, due to important structural brittleness, bulk diamond's toughness is only fair to good. The precise tensile strength of bulk diamond is little known; however, compressive strength up to 60 GPa has been observed, and it could be as high as 90–100 GPa in the form of micro/nanometer-sized wires or needles , with a corresponding maximum tensile elastic strain in excess of 9%. The anisotropy of diamond hardness is carefully considered during diamond cutting. Diamond has a high refractive index and moderate dispersion properties that give cut diamonds their brilliance. Scientists classify diamonds into four main types according to the nature of crystallographic defects present. Trace impurities substitutionally replacing carbon atoms in a diamond's crystal structure, and in some cases structural defects, are responsible for the wide range of colors seen in diamond. Most diamonds are electrical insulators and extremely efficient thermal conductors. Unlike many other minerals, the specific gravity of diamond crystals has rather small variation from diamond to diamond. | [
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840fe29b44e7363c5a9d916fdc2cb0a0f703ce3f038a80487016e4264bd4d680 | Natural_Science | Hydroxypethidine is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of the more commonly used pethidine . Hydroxypethidine is slightly more potent than meperidine as an analgesic, 1.5x meperidine in potency, and it also has NMDA antagonist properties like its close relative ketobemidone.
Hydroxypethidine has similar effects to other opioids, and produces analgesia, sedation and euphoria. Side effects can include itching, nausea and potentially serious respiratory depression which can be life-threatening.
Hydroxypethidine is under international control under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961 and therefore controlled like morphine in most countries; in the United States it is a Schedule I Narcotic controlled substance with an ACSCN of 9627 and a 2014 annual aggregate manufacturing quota of 2 grams. The salt in use is the hydrochloride, with a free base conversion ratio of 0.878. | [] | [
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0c72290a90e64cc42d29358639b0b1595851e2fcbed3f8841d274214ffda1688 | Natural_Science | In statistics, the Hájek–Le Cam convolution theorem states that any regular estimator in a parametric model is asymptotically equivalent to a sum of two independent random variables, one of which is normal with asymptotic variance equal to the inverse of Fisher information, and the other having arbitrary distribution.
The obvious corollary from this theorem is that the “best” among regular estimators are those with the second component identically equal to zero. Such estimators are called efficient and are known to always exist for regular parametric models.
The theorem is named after Jaroslav Hájek and Lucien Le Cam. | [
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bd2d88e1f8f65c819be0d5d5ec3362c8d90d305f6535e9f5f4c44ad39079713a | Natural_Science | The IMES-2 RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was identified by a study based on metagenomics and bioinformatics, and the underlying RNA sequences were identified independently by a similar earlier study. These RNAs are present in environmental sequences, and when discovered were not known to be present in any cultivated species. However, an IMES-2 RNA has been detected in alphaproteobacterium HIMB114, which is classified in the SAR11 clade of marine bacteria. This finding fits with earlier predictions that species that use IMES-2 RNAs are most closely related to alphaproteobacteria. IMES-2 RNAs are exceptionally abundant, as twice as many IMES-2 RNAs were found as ribosomes in RNAs sampled from the Pacific Ocean. Only two bacterial RNAs are known to be more highly transcribed than ribosomes.
The IMES-2 RNA secondary structure contains four stem-loop structures and one pseudoknot. | [] | [
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6a4d083d7a8f2048fca5ce0af08826573c8c77da62bbe6b73ffdf4ae2acacf45 | Natural_Science | In computational complexity theory, the class IP (interactive proof) is the class of problems solvable by an interactive proof system. It is equal to the class PSPACE. The result was established in a series of papers: the first by Lund, Karloff, Fortnow, and Nisan showed that co-NP had multiple prover interactive proofs; and the second, by Shamir, employed their technique to establish that IP=PSPACE. The result is a famous example where the proof does not relativize.
The concept of an interactive proof system was first introduced by Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali, and Charles Rackoff in 1985. An interactive proof system consists of two machines, a prover, P, which presents a proof that a given string n is a member of some language, and a verifier, V, that checks that the presented proof is correct. The prover is assumed to be infinite in computation and storage, while the verifier is a probabilistic polynomial-time machine with access to a random bit string whose length is polynomial on the size of n. These two machines exchange a polynomial number, p(n), of messages and once the interaction is completed, the verifier must decide whether or not n is in the language, with only a 1/3 chance of error. (So any language in BPP is in IP, since then the verifier could simply ignore the prover and make the decision on its own.) | [
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5ba0db7fbfe1aec109c7f7b00b715a0addc468253c376113f3fe5159568bb141 | Natural_Science | In geometry, an icosahedral prism is a convex uniform 4-polytope . This 4-polytope has 22 polyhedral cells: 2 icosahedra connected by 20 triangular prisms. It has 70 faces: 30 squares and 40 triangles. It has 72 edges and 24 vertices.
It can be constructed by creating two coinciding icosahedra in 3-space, and translating each copy in opposite perpendicular directions in 4-space until their separation equals their edge length.
It is one of 18 convex uniform polyhedral prisms created by using uniform prisms to connect pairs of parallel Platonic solids or Archimedean solids. | [
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f5000b2e7e22771a7cb839c843902019489eb093152b784b421494726fc56945 | Natural_Science | Idola tribus is a category of logical fallacy, normally translated as "Idols of the Tribe", which refers to a tendency of human nature to prefer certain types of incorrect conclusions. It is a Latin term, coined by Sir Francis Bacon and used in his Novum Organum, one of the earliest treatises arguing the case for the methodical approach of modern science. | [
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c3d18d38d2fa464e0a1f71d9e670abdcbd4d720bed86c2c268968b3620608a1d | Natural_Science | In topology, a branch of mathematics, intersection homology is an analogue of singular homology especially well-suited for the study of singular spaces, discovered by Mark Goresky and Robert MacPherson in the fall of 1974 and developed by them over the next few years.
Intersection cohomology was used to prove the Kazhdan–Lusztig conjectures and the Riemann–Hilbert correspondence. It is closely related to L2 cohomology. | [
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370a8c7ed3f2a5207a98a042f5b51c50abee4e6df5f6d1be68d74645efe5b50a | Natural_Science | An issue tree, also called logic tree, is a graphical breakdown of a question that dissects it into its different components vertically and that progresses into details as it reads to the right.
Issue trees are useful in problem solving to identify the root causes of a problem as well as to identify its potential solutions. They also provide a reference point to see how each piece fits into the whole picture of a problem. | [
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f204dadffd1748fdd356e2147a3204d67e7edf6201028986a8220213ab4e642f | Natural_Science | In computability theory, the Turing jump or Turing jump operator, named for Alan Turing, is an operation that assigns to each decision problem X a successively harder decision problem X′ with the property that X′ is not decidable by an oracle machine with an oracle for X.
The operator is called a jump operator because it increases the Turing degree of the problem X. That is, the problem X′ is not Turing-reducible to X. Post's theorem establishes a relationship between the Turing jump operator and the arithmetical hierarchy of sets of natural numbers. Informally, given a problem, the Turing jump returns the set of Turing machines that halt when given access to an oracle that solves that problem. | [
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b0bd479f08f668c2e8f6fce76f8ab2311efbb457c006b92d753b5ea859be533f | Natural_Science | The Schoof–Elkies–Atkin algorithm is an algorithm used for finding the order of or calculating the number of points on an elliptic curve over a finite field. Its primary application is in elliptic curve cryptography. The algorithm is an extension of Schoof's algorithm by Noam Elkies and A. O. L. Atkin to significantly improve its efficiency . | [
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e01ba090231f45f9041260799be0b75183a8ee5c0a5f0fb5958f62d5538170d7 | Natural_Science | Pentanitroaniline, sometimes called hexyl, is an explosive organic compound. It is a relatively sensitive explosive that can be used as a base charge for detonators, although it is uncommon in this application.
Pentanitroaniline can be reacted with ammonia in benzene, dichloromethane or another similar solvent to produce triaminotrinitrobenzene , an insensitive high explosive, used in nuclear bombs and other critical applications.
Pentanitroaniline is regulated by the United States Department of Transportation as a "forbidden explosive" that is too dangerous to transport over public thoroughfares or by air. | [
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666ced613bf86ca414d06a7ceb767dc936066a7f3f09e286b8553f86b8f4e63a | Natural_Science | Tandospirone is an anxiolytic and antidepressant drug used in China and Japan, where it is marketed by Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma. It is a member of the azapirone class of drugs and is closely related to other azapirones like buspirone and gepirone. | [
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ae79a5500df8552967bc7c6a051732d270b3d465163024dda7a589a323d83abd | Natural_Science | In mathematical set theory, an ω-Jónsson function for a set x of ordinals is a function __LATEX_FORMULA__ with the property that, for any subset y of x with the same cardinality as x, the restriction of __LATEX_FORMULA__ to __LATEX_FORMULA__ is surjective on __LATEX_FORMULA__. Here __LATEX_FORMULA__ denotes the set of strictly increasing sequences of members of __LATEX_FORMULA__, or equivalently the family of subsets of __LATEX_FORMULA__ with order type __LATEX_FORMULA__, using a standard notation for the family of subsets with a given order type. Jónsson functions are named for Bjarni Jónsson.
Erdős and Hajnal showed that for every ordinal λ there is an ω-Jónsson function for λ.
Kunen's proof of Kunen's inconsistency theorem uses a Jónsson function for cardinals λ such that 2λ = λℵ0, and Kunen observed that for this special case there is a simpler proof of the existence of Jónsson functions. Galvin and Prikry gave a simple proof for the general case.
The existence of Jónsson functions shows that for any cardinal there is an algebra with an infinitary operation that has no proper subalgebras of the same cardinality. In particular if infinitary operations are allowed then an analogue of Jónsson algebras exists in any cardinality, so there are no infinitary analogues of Jónsson cardinals. | [
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973c22c2b15300e0620ea75a931e14478c07cd84a0708745a2b164044cab13a4 | Natural_Science | In algebra, the Kantor–Koecher–Tits construction is a method of constructing a Lie algebra from a Jordan algebra, introduced by Jacques Tits , Kantor , and Koecher .
If J is a Jordan algebra, the Kantor–Koecher–Tits construction puts a Lie algebra structure on J + J + Inner, the sum of 2 copies of J and the Lie algebra of inner derivations of J.
When applied to a 27-dimensional exceptional Jordan algebra it gives a Lie algebra of type E7 of dimension 133.
The Kantor–Koecher–Tits construction was used by Kac to classify the finite-dimensional simple Jordan superalgebras. | [
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46e616c0c3db7cc2cf48c5ccdb42c121a382975cf33262da99d8990f5eda9147 | Natural_Science | Kellogg's theorem is a pair of related results in the mathematical study of the regularity of harmonic functions on sufficiently smooth domains by Oliver Dimon Kellogg.
In the first version, it states that, for __LATEX_FORMULA__, if the domain's boundary is of class __LATEX_FORMULA__ and the k-th derivatives of the boundary are Dini continuous, then the harmonic functions are uniformly __LATEX_FORMULA__ as well. The second, more common version of the theorem states that for domains which are __LATEX_FORMULA__, if the boundary data is of class __LATEX_FORMULA__, then so is the harmonic function itself.
Kellogg's method of proof analyzes the representation of harmonic functions provided by the Poisson kernel, applied to an interior tangent sphere.
In modern presentations, Kellogg's theorem is usually covered as a specific case of the boundary Schauder estimates for elliptic partial differential equations. | [
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498fa88d45dbfae1ccb3bca1ae800c421aa265cdd9b44de081272947f3fe520d | Natural_Science | In number theory, Lagrange's theorem is a statement named after Joseph-Louis Lagrange about how frequently a polynomial over the integers may evaluate to a multiple of a fixed prime. More precisely, it states that if p is a prime number, __LATEX_FORMULA__, and __LATEX_FORMULA__ is a polynomial with integer coefficients, then either: | [
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7246675861b3c68d903ffc40f2dfc909799c6336238e0bfad04662c04a7f1f13 | Natural_Science | The Kinoshita–Lee–Nauenberg theorem or KLN theorem states that perturbatively the standard model as a whole is infrared finite. That is, the infrared divergences coming from loop integrals are canceled by IR divergences coming from phase space integrals. It was introduced independently by Kinoshita and Tsung-Dao Lee and Michael Nauenberg .
An analogous result for quantum electrodynamics alone is known as Bloch–Nordsieck theorem.
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f2f1f3510b0669a9fa261be1a973e2202c9e8189496c214577cdd203f12f53e6 | Natural_Science | In mathematics, for a Lie group __LATEX_FORMULA__, the Kirillov orbit method gives a heuristic method in representation theory. It connects the Fourier transforms of coadjoint orbits, which lie in the dual space of the Lie algebra of G, to the infinitesimal characters of the irreducible representations. The method got its name after the Russian mathematician Alexandre Kirillov.
At its simplest, it states that a character of a Lie group may be given by the Fourier transform of the Dirac delta function supported on the coadjoint orbits, weighted by the square-root of the Jacobian of the exponential map, denoted by __LATEX_FORMULA__. It does not apply to all Lie groups, but works for a number of classes of connected Lie groups, including nilpotent, some semisimple groups, and compact groups.
The Kirillov orbit method has led to a number of important developments in Lie theory, including the Duflo isomorphism and the wrapping map. | [
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8f0b782ed619af2f393c6e537dac6f12f31e8f190e8e8ef82be584adda346e2c | Natural_Science | In mathematics, a Kleinian model is a model of a three-dimensional hyperbolic manifold N by the quotient space __LATEX_FORMULA__ where __LATEX_FORMULA__ is a discrete subgroup of PSL. Here, the subgroup __LATEX_FORMULA__, a Kleinian group, is defined so that it is isomorphic to the fundamental group __LATEX_FORMULA__ of the surface N. Many authors use the terms Kleinian group and Kleinian model interchangeably, letting one stand for the other. The concept is named after Felix Klein.
Many properties of Kleinian models are in direct analogy to those of Fuchsian models; however, overall, the theory is less well developed. A number of unsolved conjectures on Kleinian models are the analogs to theorems on Fuchsian models. | [
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07b14b8fa6f9bf7a012337dcf5307ce2ac3bae4110e9237ff97b746cb271a8f8 | Natural_Science | In computational geometry, Klee's measure problem is the problem of determining how efficiently the measure of a union of rectangular ranges can be computed. Here, a d-dimensional rectangular range is defined to be a Cartesian product of d intervals of real numbers, which is a subset of Rd.
The problem is named after Victor Klee, who gave an algorithm for computing the length of a union of intervals which was later shown to be optimally efficient in the sense of computational complexity theory. The computational complexity of computing the area of a union of 2-dimensional rectangular ranges is now also known, but the case d ≥ 3 remains an open problem. | [
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d0d0dc3e3a725f6acf4f33d2a66c2045eb6b93f4faf86cbc344300e1849ae979 | Natural_Science | In mathematics, the Kleene–Rosser paradox is a paradox that shows that certain systems of formal logic are inconsistent, in particular the version of Haskell Curry's combinatory logic introduced in 1930, and Alonzo Church's original lambda calculus, introduced in 1932–1933, both originally intended as systems of formal logic. The paradox was exhibited by Stephen Kleene and J. B. Rosser in 1935. | [
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956dff194699732c8f466d23bcc8c0414a121a606c4072c696c26d6997e2a47b | Natural_Science | In mathematics, a Kloosterman sum is a particular kind of exponential sum. They are named for the Dutch mathematician Hendrik Kloosterman, who introduced them in 1926 when he adapted the Hardy–Littlewood circle method to tackle a problem involving positive definite diagonal quadratic forms in four as opposed to five or more variables, which he had dealt with in his dissertation in 1924.
Let a, b, m be natural numbers. Then | [
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898f59f313c8f782f1dd98d109ebf34372abf386dad6974c0fc1f9584853db38 | Natural_Science | In mathematical physics the Knizhnik–Zamolodchikov equations, or KZ equations, are linear differential equations satisfied by the correlation functions of two-dimensional conformal field theories associated with an affine Lie algebra at a fixed level. They form a system of complex partial differential equations with regular singular points satisfied by the N-point functions of affine primary fields and can be derived using either the formalism of Lie algebras or that of vertex algebras.
The structure of the genus-zero part of the conformal field theory is encoded in the monodromy properties of these equations. In particular, the braiding and fusion of the primary fields can be deduced from the properties of the four-point functions, for which the equations reduce to a single matrix-valued first-order complex ordinary differential equation of Fuchsian type.
Originally the Russian physicists Vadim Knizhnik and Alexander Zamolodchikov derived the equations for the SU Wess–Zumino–Witten model using the classical formulas of Gauss for the connection coefficients of the hypergeometric differential equation. | [
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912196fb4f4e9ee5825987a4f9373fa36e7b01bd50e53cbc7f148ea0f4641de6 | Natural_Science | In differential geometry, algebraic geometry, and gauge theory, the Kobayashi–Hitchin correspondence relates stable vector bundles over a complex manifold to Einstein–Hermitian vector bundles. The correspondence is named after Shoshichi Kobayashi and Nigel Hitchin, who independently conjectured in the 1980s that the moduli spaces of stable vector bundles and Einstein–Hermitian vector bundles over a complex manifold were essentially the same.
This was proven by Simon Donaldson for projective algebraic surfaces and later for projective algebraic manifolds, by Karen Uhlenbeck and Shing-Tung Yau for compact Kähler manifolds, and independently by Buchdahl for non-Kahler compact surfaces, and by Jun Li and Yau for arbitrary compact complex manifolds.
The theorem can be considered a vast generalisation of the Narasimhan–Seshadri theorem concerned with the case of compact Riemann surfaces, and has been influential in the development of differential geometry, algebraic geometry, and gauge theory since the 1980s. In particular the Hitchin–Kobayashi correspondence inspired conjectures leading to the nonabelian Hodge correspondence for Higgs bundles, as well as the Yau–Tian–Donaldson conjecture about the existence of Kähler–Einstein metrics on Fano varieties, and the Thomas–Yau conjecture about existence of special Lagrangians inside isotopy classes of Lagrangian submanifolds of a Calabi–Yau manifold. | [
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38b66787bcc0a6d02516ba3de6c3765e230dd84df4cb7b5d9def58af209b4b66 | Natural_Science | In mathematics, the Koszul complex was first introduced to define a cohomology theory for Lie algebras, by Jean-Louis Koszul . It turned out to be a useful general construction in homological algebra. As a tool, its homology can be used to tell when a set of elements of a ring is an M-regular sequence, and hence it can be used to prove basic facts about the depth of a module or ideal which is an algebraic notion of dimension that is related to but different from the geometric notion of Krull dimension. Moreover, in certain circumstances, the complex is the complex of syzygies, that is, it tells you the relations between generators of a module, the relations between these relations, and so forth. | [
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5bffc8cd9fdd11e3abc29f1233c6e0df31e092ced16625a81e5c43f90a60343c | Natural_Science | L-Norpseudoephedrine, or -norpseudoephedrine, is a psychostimulant drug of the amphetamine family. It is one of the four optical isomers of phenylpropanolamine, the other three being cathine ((+)-norpseudoephedrine), -norephedrine, and (+)-norephedrine; as well as one of the two enantiomers of norpseudoephedrine (the other being cathine). Similarly to cathine, L-norpseudoephedrine acts as a releasing agent of norepinephrine (EC50 = 30 nM) and to a lesser extent of dopamine (EC50 = 294 nM). Due to the 10-fold difference in its potency for inducing the release of the two neurotransmitters however, L-norpseudoephedrine could be called a modestly selective or preferential norepinephrine releasing agent, similarly to related compounds like ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. | [
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a8eb7605899f69d3d728f66d8f581750653bad1456423202a9232b6f7661b3b2 | Natural_Science | L-759,656 is an analgesic drug that is a cannabinoid agonist. It is a highly selective agonist for the CB2 receptor, with selectivity of 414x for CB2 over CB1, although it is still not as selective as newer agents such as HU-308.
It produces some similar effects to other cannabinoid agonists such as analgesia, but with little or no sedative or psychoactive effects due to its weak CB1 activity, and a relatively strong antiinflammatory effect due to its strong activity at CB2. | [] | [
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54719c6bb13ac36a25266ab710f12723b07492d272d5fdd92aaea1e98e70a519 | Natural_Science | LB buffer, also known as lithium borate buffer, is a buffer solution used in agarose electrophoresis, typically for the separation of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. It is made up of Lithium borate .
LB is a registered trademark of Faster Better Media LLC, which owns US patent 7,163,610 covering low-conductance lithium borate polynucleotide electrophoresis.
Lithium Borate buffer has a lower conductivity, produces crisper resolution, and can be run at higher speeds than can gels made from TBE or TAE . At a given voltage, the heat generation and thus the gel temperature is much lower than with TBE/TAE buffers, therefore the voltage can be increased to speed up electrophoresis so that a gel run takes only a fraction of the usual time. Downstream applications, such as isolation of DNA from a gel slice or Southern blot analysis, work as expected with lithium boric acid gels.
SB buffer containing sodium borate is similar to lithium borate and has nearly all of its advantages at a somewhat lower cost, but the lithium buffer permits use of even higher voltages due to the lower conductivity of lithium ions as compared to sodium ions and has a better resolution for fragments above 4kb. | [
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e4d8201c4a2a64f704cfa21e5ba557eae01c3ff2fd52e71f14a4483cf91507e0 | Natural_Science | In probability theory and statistics, the law of the unconscious statistician, or LOTUS, is a theorem which expresses the expected value of a function g of a random variable X in terms of g and the probability distribution of X.
The form of the law depends on the type of random variable X in question. If the distribution of X is discrete and one knows its probability mass function pX, then the expected value of g is | [] | [
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2a2a32fe8e030de4ae66b90fc8799b4937219f56715f901ebf5d540ebc1722f0 | Natural_Science | The theory of the least objectionable program is a mediological theory explaining television audience behavior. It was developed in the 1960s by then executive of audience measurement at NBC, Paul L. Klein, who was greatly influenced by the media theorist Marshall McLuhan's Understanding Media. | [
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6b901bc34463a1db41dc31ae2cd160e8a819ce35d36fbd858f0513f6d6bac3fc | Natural_Science | In algebraic geometry, a branch of mathematics, the Lefschetz theorem on -classes, named after Solomon Lefschetz, is a classical statement relating holomorphic line bundles on a compact Kähler manifold to classes in its integral cohomology. It is the only case of the Hodge conjecture which has been proved for all Kähler manifolds. | [
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c6cdaba9b44724730c55d958bd2b75fb5df60039dff36990c570c760bb30044b | Natural_Science | In mathematics, the Lehmer–Schur algorithm (named after Derrick Henry Lehmer and Issai Schur) is a root-finding algorithm for complex polynomials, extending the idea of enclosing roots like in the one-dimensional bisection method to the complex plane. It uses the Schur-Cohn test to test increasingly smaller disks for the presence or absence of roots. | [
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09f45bcbe8e64fc75734b8b426dca960edb87da82268f75ed551f3d4f4f9ac1a | Natural_Science | Orteronel is a nonsteroidal CYP17A1 inhibitor that was being developed for the treatment of cancer by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company in conjunction with Millennium Pharmaceuticals. It completed two phase III clinical trials for metastatic, hormone-refractory prostate cancer but failed to extend overall survival rates, and development was voluntarily terminated as a result.
Orteronel is an androgen biosynthesis inhibitor. It selectively inhibits the enzyme CYP17A1 which is expressed in testicular, adrenal, and prostatic tumor tissues. CYP17 catalyzes two sequential reactions: the conversion of pregnenolone and progesterone to their 17α-hydroxy derivatives by its 17α-hydroxylase activity, and the subsequent formation of dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione, respectively, by its 17,20-lyase activity. DHEA and androstenedione are androgens and precursors of testosterone. Inhibition of CYP17 activity thus decreases circulating levels of testosterone. | [] | [
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bce9b3db7f6950e71e79a9725c87ee5f837bc4ab6906c6ad5b33a0e52e7b59fa | Natural_Science | In biochemistry, a protein dimer is a macromolecular complex or multimer formed by two protein monomers, or single proteins, which are usually non-covalently bound. Many macromolecules, such as proteins or nucleic acids, form dimers. The word dimer has roots meaning "two parts", di- + -mer. A protein dimer is a type of protein quaternary structure.
A protein homodimer is formed by two identical proteins. A protein heterodimer is formed by two different proteins.
Most protein dimers in biochemistry are not connected by covalent bonds. An example of a non-covalent heterodimer is the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which is composed of two different amino acid chains. An exception is dimers that are linked by disulfide bridges such as the homodimeric protein NEMO.
Some proteins contain specialized domains to ensure dimerization and specificity.
The G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors have the ability to form both homo- and heterodimers with several types of receptors such as mu-opioid, dopamine and adenosine A2 receptors. | [
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9a6b979fc63ca97036bc529549f8295cc5a893df7c508b8724a59b0811323cec | Natural_Science | Protein phosphatase 2 , also known as PP2A, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP2CA gene. The PP2A heterotrimeric protein phosphatase is ubiquitously expressed, accounting for a large fraction of phosphatase activity in eukaryotic cells. Its serine/threonine phosphatase activity has a broad substrate specificity and diverse cellular functions. Among the targets of PP2A are proteins of oncogenic signaling cascades, such as Raf, MEK, and AKT, where PP2A may act as a tumor suppressor. | [
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52b508e779c355153ea76200c96a83f037ad5340d8dd86478f725a2632713c57 | Natural_Science | In mathematics, the Loewner differential equation, or Loewner equation, is an ordinary differential equation discovered by Charles Loewner in 1923 in complex analysis and geometric function theory. Originally introduced for studying slit mappings , Loewner's method was later developed in 1943 by the Russian mathematician Pavel Parfenevich Kufarev . Any family of domains in the complex plane that expands continuously in the sense of Carathéodory to the whole plane leads to a one parameter family of conformal mappings, called a Loewner chain, as well as a two parameter family of holomorphic univalent self-mappings of the unit disk, called a Loewner semigroup. This semigroup corresponds to a time dependent holomorphic vector field on the disk given by a one parameter family of holomorphic functions on the disk with positive real part. The Loewner semigroup generalizes the notion of a univalent semigroup.
The Loewner differential equation has led to inequalities for univalent functions that played an important role in the solution of the Bieberbach conjecture by Louis de Branges in 1985. Loewner himself used his techniques in 1923 for proving the conjecture for the third coefficient. The Schramm–Loewner equation, a stochastic generalization of the Loewner differential equation discovered by Oded Schramm in the late 1990s, has been extensively developed in probability theory and conformal field theory. | [
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03db40c15cd25ccaa7b739856411c03ff0e780edc4fab19d4a9ce9e7c6f3372e | Natural_Science | In graph theory, the Lovász number of a graph is a real number that is an upper bound on the Shannon capacity of the graph. It is also known as Lovász theta function and is commonly denoted by __LATEX_FORMULA__, using a script form of the Greek letter theta to contrast with the upright theta used for Shannon capacity. This quantity was first introduced by László Lovász in his 1979 paper On the Shannon Capacity of a Graph.
Accurate numerical approximations to this number can be computed in polynomial time by semidefinite programming and the ellipsoid method.
The Lovász number of the complement of any graph is sandwiched between the chromatic number and clique number of the graph, and can be used to compute these numbers on graphs for which they are equal, including perfect graphs. | [
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8b735845f96cbb66f2310f7361fa7468dff65c99f27b428a854ed8a943235ab8 | Natural_Science | Low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance is an oligopeptide that seems to transport chromium in the body. It consists of four amino acid residues; aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, and glycine, bonded with four centers. It interacts with the insulin receptor, by prolonging kinase activity through stimulating the tyrosine kinase pathway, thus leading to improved glucose absorption. and has been confused with glucose tolerance factor.
The exact mechanisms underlying this process are currently unknown. Evidence for the existence of this protein comes from the fact that the removal of 51Cr in the blood exceeds the rate of 51Cr formation in the urine. This indicates that the transport of Cr3+ must involve an intermediate and that Cr3+ is moved from the blood to tissues in response to increased levels of insulin. Subsequent protein isolations in rats, dogs, mice and cows have shown the presence of a similar substance, suggesting that it is found extensively in mammals. This oligopeptide is small, having a molecular weight of around 1 500 g/mol and the predominant amino acids present are aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and cysteine. Despite recent efforts to characterize the exact structure of chromodulin, it is still relatively unknown. | [
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631fad03bd6110cc1e0762d6b6dd27eface7edba2c740f49a86db4a703f46bc7 | Natural_Science | A methylene blue active substances assay, or MBAS assay, is a colorimetric analysis test method that uses methylene blue to detect the presence of anionic surfactants (such as a detergent or foaming agent) in a sample of water. An anionic surfactant detected by the color reaction is called a methylene blue active substance (MBAS).
After first acidifying a water sample (with boric acid, for example), one adds to it chloroform and a solution of methylene blue et al. Methylene blue is a cationic dye. The biphasic solution is then agitated to distribute these reagents throughout the aqueous and organic phases. If an anionic surfactant is present, then the cationic methylene blue and the anionic surfactant forms an ion pair, which is extracted into the organic phase. The color saturation of the chloroform increases with the concentration of anionic surfactants.
MBAS assay is an ASTM International standard technique for detecting anionic surfactants. These include carboxylates, phosphates, sulfates, and sulfonates. An MBAS assay alone does not, however, identify specific surfactants. ASTM withdrew the standard (ASTM D2330-02) in 2011 pending a review and update of the method, which was last approved in 2003.
The publication Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater lists the following methods used by certified laboratories testing wastewater in the United States. | [
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4f842283a461dee28ca43f8f1e2df7985b1620e5a2508fbc54f024f4af654daf | Natural_Science | In mathematics, Maass forms or Maass wave forms are studied in the theory of automorphic forms. Maass forms are complex-valued smooth functions of the upper half plane, which transform in a similar way under the operation of a discrete subgroup __LATEX_FORMULA__ of __LATEX_FORMULA__ as modular forms. They are eigenforms of the hyperbolic Laplace operator __LATEX_FORMULA__ defined on __LATEX_FORMULA__ and satisfy certain growth conditions at the cusps of a fundamental domain of __LATEX_FORMULA__. In contrast to modular forms, Maass forms need not be holomorphic. They were studied first by Hans Maass in 1949. | [
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fd09e1e278c83f5a4292cb01b245bcca3f42d68a04fc2fcbf7a9065df2be86e1 | Natural_Science | The Mantel test, named after Nathan Mantel, is a statistical test of the correlation between two matrices. The matrices must be of the same dimension; in most applications, they are matrices of interrelations between the same vectors of objects. The test was first published by Nathan Mantel, a biostatistician at the National Institutes of Health, in 1967. Accounts of it can be found in advanced statistics books . | [
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8586928978783a8efa3a27578a1988537a9ec44b4e3442c5f0f5db5080abe659 | Natural_Science | In differential geometry, the Margulis lemma (named after Grigory Margulis) is a result about discrete subgroups of isometries of a non-positively curved Riemannian manifold (e.g. the hyperbolic n-space). Roughly, it states that within a fixed radius, usually called the Margulis constant, the structure of the orbits of such a group cannot be too complicated. More precisely, within this radius around a point all points in its orbit are in fact in the orbit of a nilpotent subgroup (in fact a bounded finite number of such). | [
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6b1bcf8488188a36cf4cc455572b22b73cb03cc02eb6de27d4c1dc0a55d1a26e | Natural_Science | In statistics, the Matérn covariance, also called the Matérn kernel, is a covariance function used in spatial statistics, geostatistics, machine learning, image analysis, and other applications of multivariate statistical analysis on metric spaces. It is named after the Swedish forestry statistician Bertil Matérn. It specifies the covariance between two measurements as a function of the distance between the points at which they are taken. Since the covariance only depends on distances between points, it is stationary. If the distance is Euclidean distance, the Matérn covariance is also isotropic. | [
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e194441c16c8c61fc879a6db2c7de2ae670df7f1bb9ec938b22fe5821b3a4fd0 | Natural_Science | Maxam–Gilbert sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing developed by Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert in 1976–1977. This method is based on nucleobase-specific partial chemical modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage of the DNA backbone at sites adjacent to the modified nucleotides. | [
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1f29c77ebee19067a288e0ba0ec95265b97236f516a96d57e3cc81ccd1f678b4 | Natural_Science | Medrogestone, sold under the brand name Colprone among others, is a progestin medication which has been used in menopausal hormone therapy and in the treatment of gynecological disorders. It is available both alone and in combination with an estrogen. It is taken by mouth.
Medrogestone is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. It has weak antiandrogenic, glucocorticoid, and antimineralocorticoid activity and no other important hormonal activity. Due to its progestogenic activity, medrogestone has antigonadotropic effects.
Medrogestone was described as early as 1963 and was introduced for medical use by at least 1966. It has mostly been discontinued and remains available only in a few countries. | [
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d17638d67aa81e1a748758acc981f31ef424278a8a3460e12c34214f2969231f | Natural_Science | Normethandrone, also known as methylestrenolone or methylnortestosterone and sold under the brand name Metalutin among others, is a progestin and androgen/anabolic steroid medication which is used in combination with an estrogen in the treatment of amenorrhea and menopausal symptoms in women. It is taken by mouth.
Side effects of normethandrone include symptoms of masculinization like acne, increased hair growth, voice changes, and increased sexual desire. It can also cause liver damage. Normethandrone is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. It is also a synthetic AAS and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor, the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone . It has some estrogenic activity as well and no other important hormonal activity.
Normethandrone was introduced for medical use by 1957. It is available only in a few countries, including Brazil, Indonesia, and Venezuela, and is available only in combination with methylestradiol or estradiol valerate. | [
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2a92c17a23ab19f8a9f014d7aa61271c3323f43434850eb6b3e84c0f2a487359 | Natural_Science | Methyldesorphine is an opioid analgesic. First synthesized in Germany in 1940 and patented in the US in 1952, it has a high potential for abuse as with any potent opioid agonist, and is sometimes found along with desomorphine as a component of the home-made opioid mixture known as "Krokodil" used in Russia and the neighboring former Soviet republics. It is approximately 15 times more potent than morphine as an analgesic but if the 6-7 bond is saturated, the β isomer is some 50 times more potent than morphine.
Methyldesorphine is listed as a Schedule I Narcotic controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act 1970 in the United States with a DEA ACSCN of 9302 and zero annual aggregate manufacturing quota. The free base conversion ratio of the hydrochloride is 0.89. | [
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7ee831e711955b94359e9e007b6d6de449f9350f1a4c8fd260881bf07daea9b9 | Natural_Science | Homarylamine is an antitussive drug which was patented in 1956 by Merck & Co., but has never been used medically as such.
Chemically it is a substituted phenethylamine. It is the N-methylated analog of methylenedioxyphenethylamine . It is a schedule I drug in the USA as a positional isomer of MDA. | [] | [
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2f59233bcbd121a0f9eee1c19babeec985f5be64c70d7cb82d04a4f510eb13b3 | Natural_Science | 3,4-Methylenedioxyphenethylamine, also known as 3,4-MDPEA, MDPEA, and homopiperonylamine, is a substituted phenethylamine formed by adding a methylenedioxy group to phenethylamine. It is structurally similar to MDA, but without the methyl group at the alpha position.
According to Alexander Shulgin in his book PiHKAL, MDPEA appears to be biologically inactive. This is likely because of extensive first-pass metabolism by the enzyme monoamine oxidase. However, if MDPEA were either used in high enough of doses , or in combination with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor , it is probable that it would become sufficiently active, though it would likely have a relatively short duration of action. This idea is similar in concept to the use of selective MAOA inhibitors and selective MAOB inhibitors in augmentation of dimethyltryptamine and phenethylamine , respectively. | [
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2f9fc50506e82a7d618ee87ee6554ef99fdd834b4dc0c0f262ea4a2d0e4e62f9 | Natural_Science | In fluid dynamics the Milne-Thomson circle theorem or the circle theorem is a statement giving a new stream function for a fluid flow when a cylinder is placed into that flow. It was named after the English mathematician L. M. Milne-Thomson.
Let __LATEX_FORMULA__ be the complex potential for a fluid flow, where all singularities of __LATEX_FORMULA__ lie in __LATEX_FORMULA__. If a circle __LATEX_FORMULA__ is placed into that flow, the complex potential for the new flow is given by | [
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3af16985b04c4e6de41c2d97bfd218a1c05ac9236baa3939e963f4186a054b60 | Natural_Science | In mathematics, the Milman–Pettis theorem states that every uniformly convex Banach space is reflexive.
The theorem was proved independently by D. Milman and B. J. Pettis . S. Kakutani gave a different proof in 1939, and John R. Ringrose published a shorter proof in 1959.
Mahlon M. Day gave examples of reflexive Banach spaces which are not isomorphic to any uniformly convex space. | [
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bfbeb09a5ce533d108612f2b2bc9b5efe9a001404d5721d1b597e4f865556e2b | Natural_Science | In molecular biology mir-126 is a short non-coding RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several pre- and post-transcription mechanisms.
Mir-126 is a human microRNA that is expressed only in endothelial cells, throughout capillaries as well as larger blood vessels, and acts upon various transcripts to control angiogenesis. | [] | [
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9d23a42cc14fd36cce73f474a4def9777645e4f28bde9344c0f5db8e8d139354 | Natural_Science | In tensor analysis, a mixed tensor is a tensor which is neither strictly covariant nor strictly contravariant; at least one of the indices of a mixed tensor will be a subscript and at least one of the indices will be a superscript .
A mixed tensor of type or valence __LATEX_FORMULA__, also written "type ", with both M > 0 and N > 0, is a tensor which has M contravariant indices and N covariant indices. Such a tensor can be defined as a linear function which maps an -tuple of M one-forms and N vectors to a scalar. | [] | [
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646741a9e4dc7e6081e20542aed8edaf21c7e103b1b9a5a8fb83b9fc1ea9b6f8 | Natural_Science | In computability theory, the mortality problem is a decision problem related to the halting problem. For Turing machines, the halting problem can be stated as follows:
Given a Turing machine, and a word, decide whether the machine halts when run on the given word.
In contrast, the mortality problem for Turing machines asks whether all executions of the machine, starting from any configuration, halt.
In the statement above, a configuration specifies both the machine's state ,
its tape position and the contents of the tape. While we usually assume that in the starting configuration all but finitely many cells on the tape are blanks, in the mortality problem the tape can have arbitrary content, including infinitely many non-blank symbols written on it.
Philip K. Hooper proved in 1966 that the mortality problem is undecidable. This is true both for a machine with a tape infinite in both directions, and for a machine with semi-infinite tape. Note that this result does not directly follow from the well-known total function problem , since the latter problem concerns only valid computationd .
The variant in which only finite configurations are considered is also undecidable, as proved by Herman, who calls it ''the uniform halting problem''. He shows that the problem is not just undecidable, but __LATEX_FORMULA__-complete.
For disambiguation, ''Matrix mortality'' is a different problem, which is also undecidable. | [] | [
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9a3c61eec5e0f42074d476af1c5fc60eaedf3e12e32f86aa932e525c905a1830 | Natural_Science | In rock physics and petrophysics, the mudrock line, also called Castagna's equation or Castagna's relation, is an empirical linear relation between seismic P-wave velocity and S-wave velocity in brine-saturated siliciclastic rocks .
The equation reads: | [
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0b433e8b6341975fe68570e3be68470c09964ccbc0bf5eb1fe53e7d3d0bb93c1 | Natural_Science | In machine learning and statistical classification, multiclass classification or multinomial classification is the problem of classifying instances into one of three or more classes .
While many classification algorithms naturally permit the use of more than two classes, some are by nature binary algorithms; these can, however, be turned into multinomial classifiers by a variety of strategies.
Multiclass classification should not be confused with multi-label classification, where multiple labels are to be predicted for each instance. | [
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ce8b6540f05ace42aa8c859c1de508158db9332eab046449512509aac6dd52bc | Natural_Science | MycoBond is a low-energy material that is heat resistant and fire resistant and is biodegradable. Mycobond was discovered and developed by two Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute graduate students and National Science Foundation assisted them in doing so.
MycoBond is created by using the natural growth process of the vegetative structure of a fungus called mycelium.
MycoBond is produced from crop waste such as seed husks , or woody biomass, that has been inoculated with a fungus . | [] | [
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644aa35fef765226fe0664bd8f0e1197ea5f592270b137571e3ed1d176bb5e95 | Natural_Science | The n-vector representation is a three-parameter non-singular representation well-suited for replacing geodetic coordinates for horizontal position representation in mathematical calculations and computer algorithms.
Geometrically, the n-vector for a given position on an ellipsoid is the outward-pointing unit vector that is normal in that position to the ellipsoid. For representing horizontal positions on Earth, the ellipsoid is a reference ellipsoid and the vector is decomposed in an Earth-centered Earth-fixed coordinate system. It behaves smoothly at all Earth positions, and it holds the mathematical one-to-one property.
More in general, the concept can be applied to representing positions on the boundary of a strictly convex bounded subset of k-dimensional Euclidean space, provided that that boundary is a differentiable manifold. In this general case, the n-vector consists of k parameters. | [] | [
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fdcfb1cb5561deee2c8b27f341df511c8b6a367313981b985fa726a866434445 | Natural_Science | In algebra, a Nakayama algebra or generalized uniserial algebra is an algebra such that each left or right indecomposable projective module has a unique composition series. They were studied by Tadasi Nakayama who called them "generalized uni-serial rings". These algebras were further studied by Herbert Kupisch and later by Ichiro Murase , by Kent Ralph Fuller and by Idun Reiten .
An example of a Nakayama algebra is k[x]/ for k a field and n a positive integer.
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32adea2c4b9d643d356d83d6d4085afd1f6753470153282af42caeec10a16b17 | Natural_Science | Narsarsukite is a rare silicate mineral with either the chemical formula Na2Si411 or Na44[Si8O20]4.
It was first described in 1900 for an occurrence in the Narsarsuk pegmatite in the Ilimaussaq intrusive complex of West Greenland. It has also been reported from a syenite which intruded limestone in the Sweetgrass Hills, Montana, and within hornfels and marble xenoliths in the alkalic intrusive of Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec. It occurs associated with aegirine, microcline, albite, elpidite, epididymite, taeniolite, pectolite, calcite, galena and quartz. | [
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79533bf28804cd15d37448ed98e4f922b40cfce1dd3effe1e42bc2113edbde85 | Natural_Science | In mathematics Nef polygons and Nef polyhedra are the sets of polygons and polyhedra which can be obtained from a finite set of halfplanes by Boolean operations of set intersection and set complement. The objects are named after the Swiss mathematician Walter Nef , who introduced them in his 1978 book on polyhedra.
Since other Boolean operations, such as union or difference, may be expressed via intersection and complement operations, the sets of Nef polygons are closed with respect to these operations as well.
In addition, the class of Nef polyhedra is closed with respect to the topological operations of taking closure, interior, exterior, and boundary. Boolean operations, such as difference or intersection, may produce non-regular sets. However the class of Nef polyhedra is also closed with respect to the operation of regularization.
Convex polytopes are a special subclass of Nef polyhedra, being the set of polyhedra which are the intersections of a finite set of half-planes. | [
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b310967d3071b7059e84e7ed9639b97c501ce4a180b657cb80fb71278729d6a9 | Natural_Science | Open-shop scheduling or open-shop scheduling problem is an optimization problem in computer science and operations research. It is a variant of optimal job scheduling. In a general job-scheduling problem, we are given n jobs J1, J2, ..., Jn of varying processing times, which need to be scheduled on m machines with varying processing power, while trying to minimize the makespan - the total length of the schedule . In the specific variant known as open-shop scheduling, each job consists of a set of operations O1, O2, ..., On which need to be processed in an arbitrary order. The problem was first studied by Teofilo F. Gonzalez and Sartaj Sahni in 1976.
In the standard three-field notation for optimal job-scheduling problems, the open-shop variant is denoted by O in the first field. For example, the problem denoted by "O3|__LATEX_FORMULA__|__LATEX_FORMULA__" is a 3-machines job-shop problem with unit processing times, where the goal is to minimize the maximum completion time. | [
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e4b64b2d6ba9f6a3b1ad0394156adb20dc469cb35cc3c3a7038b65e9851527aa | Natural_Science | Ortetamine , also known as 2-methylamphetamine, is a stimulant drug of the amphetamine class. In animal drug discrimination tests it substituted for dextroamphetamine more closely than either 3- or 4-methylamphetamine, although with only around 1/10 the potency of dextroamphetamine itself. | [
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9a42ce7e1027f34b9324f6aa316d87461c959936d0c1f26606fbbd6bf6464261 | Natural_Science | Calculus is a branch of mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. This subject constitutes a major part of contemporary mathematics education. Calculus has widespread applications in science, economics, and engineering and can solve many problems for which algebra alone is insufficient. | [] | [
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84f6650bd6ab47b19491ef1d7bacd21c4c670680fff72379208eda27c5d67c26 | Natural_Science | In chemistry, molecular oxohalides are a group of chemical compounds in which both oxygen and halogen atoms are attached to another chemical element A in a single molecule. They have the general formula AOmXn, where X is a halogen. Known oxohalides have fluorine , chlorine , bromine , and/or iodine in their molecules. The element A may be a main group element, a transition element, a rare earth element or an actinide. The term oxohalide, or oxyhalide, may also refer to minerals and other crystalline substances with the same overall chemical formula, but having an ionic structure. | [
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a77b5453ca7a3e7a098f9bd196c45ebc2365c548a29e608045459b9d8e87c143 | Natural_Science | p14ARF is an alternate reading frame protein product of the CDKN2A locus . p14ARF is induced in response to elevated mitogenic stimulation, such as aberrant growth signaling from MYC and Ras . It accumulates mainly in the nucleolus where it forms stable complexes with NPM or Mdm2. These interactions allow p14ARF to act as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting ribosome biogenesis or initiating p53-dependent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, respectively. p14ARF is an atypical protein, in terms of its transcription, its amino acid composition, and its degradation: it is transcribed in an alternate reading frame of a different protein, it is highly basic, and it is polyubiquinated at the N-terminus.
Both p16INK4a and p14ARF are involved in cell cycle regulation. p14ARF inhibits mdm2, thus promoting p53, which promotes p21 activation, which then binds and inactivates certain cyclin-CDK complexes, which would otherwise promote transcription of genes that would carry the cell through the G1/S checkpoint of the cell cycle. Loss of p14ARF by a homozygous mutation in the CDKN2A gene will lead to elevated levels in mdm2 and, therefore, loss of p53 function and cell cycle control.
The equivalent in mice is p19ARF. | [] | [
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bdc7067ee4f30aede6225f82eb841696ab37e971bc6304ec6f6d834f6592c50f | Natural_Science | Parafluorofentanyl is an opioid analgesic analogue of fentanyl developed by Janssen Pharmaceuticals in the 1960s.
4-Fluorofentanyl was sold briefly on the US black market in the early 1980s, before the introduction of the Federal Analog Act which for the first time attempted to control entire families of drugs based on their structural similarity rather than scheduling each drug individually as they appeared. 4-Fluorofentanyl is made by the same synthetic route as fentanyl, but by substituting para-fluoroaniline for aniline in the synthesis.
Side effects of fentanyl analogs are similar to those of fentanyl itself, which include itching, nausea and potentially serious respiratory depression, which can be life-threatening. Fentanyl analogs have killed thousands of people throughout Europe and the former Soviet republics since the most recent resurgence in use began in Estonia in the early 2000s, and novel derivatives continue to appear.
In 2020, the Drug Enforcement Agency warned about the increasing prevalence of parafluorofentanyl in Arizona. | [] | [
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30914b665b1f5e68ad84a3913b92120320dc515a8e63509d572ab0c767a25f40 | Natural_Science | In mathematics, the Parry–Sullivan invariant is a numerical quantity of interest in the study of incidence matrices in graph theory, and of certain one-dimensional dynamical systems. It provides a partial classification of non-trivial irreducible incidence matrices.
It is named after the English mathematician Bill Parry and the American mathematician Dennis Sullivan, who introduced the invariant in a joint paper published in the journal Topology in 1975. | [
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68bb4800faff53995fc1411de67f603cd63ee6caa48b70dcb4c5b3b460288d8b | Natural_Science | In theoretical physics, Pauli–Villars regularization is a procedure that isolates divergent terms from finite parts in loop calculations in field theory in order to renormalize the theory. Wolfgang Pauli and Felix Villars published the method in 1949, based on earlier work by Richard Feynman, Ernst Stueckelberg and Dominique Rivier.
In this treatment, a divergence arising from a loop integral is modulated by a spectrum of auxiliary particles added to the Lagrangian or propagator. When the masses of the fictitious particles are taken as an infinite limit one expects to recover the original theory.
This regulator is gauge invariant in an abelian theory due to the auxiliary particles being minimally coupled to the photon field through the gauge covariant derivative. It is not gauge covariant in a non-abelian theory, though, so Pauli–Villars regularization cannot be used in QCD calculations. P–V serves as an alternative to the more favorable dimensional regularization in specific circumstances, such as in chiral phenomena, where a change of dimension alters the properties of the Dirac gamma matrices.
Gerard 't Hooft and Martinus J. G. Veltman invented, in addition to dimensional regularization, the method of unitary regulators, which is a Lagrangian-based Pauli–Villars method with a discrete spectrum of auxiliary masses, using the path-integral formalism. | [
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e3a6388cf4638b7647f1f317fa01de43013534ea201a1d6e4ffd3faddbdaf395 | Natural_Science | In the theory of dynamical systems, Peixoto theorem, proved by Maurício Peixoto, states that among all smooth flows on surfaces, i.e. compact two-dimensional manifolds, structurally stable systems may be characterized by the following properties: | [
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cf27b30ac79deffb0bfacd5492e5da498c16099f3557bce272afb9bd39470a8a | Natural_Science | In mathematics, the Pfeffer integral is an integration technique created by Washek Pfeffer as an attempt to extend the Henstock–Kurzweil integral to a multidimensional domain. This was to be done in such a way that the fundamental theorem of calculus would apply analogously to the theorem in one dimension, with as few preconditions on the function under consideration as possible. The integral also permits analogues of the chain rule and other theorems of the integral calculus for higher dimensions. | [
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d185156b3d78f9c7b0281a0ee5545f27f22b207652b2223b14faa7b9ce34a74f | Natural_Science | In statistics, the Phillips–Perron test (named after Peter C. B. Phillips and Pierre Perron) is a unit root test. That is, it is used in time series analysis to test the null hypothesis that a time series is integrated of order 1. It builds on the Dickey–Fuller test of the null hypothesis __LATEX_FORMULA__ in __LATEX_FORMULA__, where __LATEX_FORMULA__ is the first difference operator. Like the augmented Dickey–Fuller test, the Phillips–Perron test addresses the issue that the process generating data for __LATEX_FORMULA__ might have a higher order of autocorrelation than is admitted in the test equation—making __LATEX_FORMULA__ endogenous and thus invalidating the Dickey–Fuller t-test. Whilst the augmented Dickey–Fuller test addresses this issue by introducing lags of __LATEX_FORMULA__ as regressors in the test equation, the Phillips–Perron test makes a non-parametric correction to the t-test statistic. The test is robust with respect to unspecified autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity in the disturbance process of the test equation.
Davidson and MacKinnon (2004) report that the Phillips–Perron test performs worse in finite samples than the augmented Dickey–Fuller test. | [
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dd81ee41c87d9af8c7dac523f90d1d9f17fd35bc0c3feaca4a6ddbb0f421bfd2 | Natural_Science | A Picard horn, also called the Picard topology or Picard model, is one of the oldest known hyperbolic 3-manifolds, first described by Émile Picard in 1884. The manifold is the quotient of the upper half-plane model of hyperbolic 3-space by the projective special linear group, __LATEX_FORMULA__. It was proposed as a model for the
shape of the universe in 2004. The term "horn" is due to pseudosphere models of hyperbolic space. | [
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7a541c45d39c5a2436ae85af6dc24796ea3f9c62b0a27068a6214b950e9cd86c | Natural_Science | Piquindone is an atypical antipsychotic with a tricyclic structure that was developed in the 1980s but was never marketed. It acts as a selective D2 receptor antagonist, though based on its effects profile its selectivity may be considered controversial. Unlike most other D2 receptor ligands, piquindone displays Na+-dependent binding, a property it shares with tropapride, zetidoline, and metoclopramide.
In clinical trials piquindone was found to possess moderate efficacy in treating positive symptoms of schizophrenia, and notably, was also modestly effective for negative symptoms, though this was just under statistical significance. Additionally, relative to haloperidol, it was found to possesses significantly fewer extrapyramidal symptoms and had a much lower propensity for inducing tardive dyskinesia, indicating its atypical nature. In addition to psychosis, piquindone has also been found to be effective in the treatment of Tourette's syndrome in numerous clinical studies. | [
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f2369955e5e2b91a9461b5ba0ceaab26f04e965c6fe0731a7278c3877888f3a8 | Natural_Science | Plasma electrolytic oxidation , also known as electrolytic plasma oxidation or microarc oxidation , is an electrochemical surface treatment process for generating oxide coatings on metals. It is similar to anodizing, but it employs higher potentials, so that discharges occur and the resulting plasma modifies the structure of the oxide layer. This process can be used to grow thick , largely crystalline, oxide coatings on metals such as aluminium, magnesium and titanium. Because they can present high hardness and a continuous barrier, these coatings can offer protection against wear, corrosion or heat as well as electrical insulation. | [
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815a4dbbc2fc7d688c4a697b91e320f31f32afa2b77db4e9b43303b15b6eed68 | Natural_Science | Plasmonic nanolithography is a nanolithographic process that utilizes surface plasmon excitations such as surface plasmon polaritons to fabricate nanoscale structures. SPPs, which are surface waves that propagate in between planar dielectric-metal layers in the optical regime, can bypass the diffraction limit on the optical resolution that acts as a bottleneck for conventional photolithography. | [] | [
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e0464e720691c866fcf379eeb95a7254739c0acd4dada505f9d8f831cde4878b | Natural_Science | Platelet-derived growth factor receptors are cell surface tyrosine kinase receptors for members of the platelet-derived growth factor family. PDGF subunits -A and -B are important factors regulating cell proliferation, cellular differentiation, cell growth, development and many diseases including cancer. There are two forms of the PDGF-R, alpha and beta each encoded by a different gene. Depending on which growth factor is bound, PDGF-R homo- or heterodimerizes. | [] | [
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4848876eac8734a8c5dddd1d196aee5a2efaa94fa619828b3f67396a6a17720f | Natural_Science | Plutonium–gallium alloy is an alloy of plutonium and gallium, used in nuclear weapon pits, the component of a nuclear weapon where the fission chain reaction is started. This alloy was developed during the Manhattan Project. | [
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94269fd04a6bad272f7268486732237b09c9b97b255d1c0441bbf7fc19958e5c | Natural_Science | In cryptography, the Pointcheval–Stern signature algorithm is a digital signature scheme based on the closely related ElGamal signature scheme. It changes the ElGamal scheme slightly to produce an algorithm which has been proven secure in a strong sense against adaptive chosen-message attacks, assuming the discrete logarithm problem is intractable in a strong sense.
David Pointcheval and Jacques Stern developed the forking lemma technique in constructing their proof for this algorithm. It has been used in other security investigations of various cryptographic algorithms. | [
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f31e92bfb039accf27f1e2c847b2da7c083c502fd4318cea31de9e7cc51389da | Natural_Science | Poly is a polymer that forms a hydrogel in water. Poly hydrogel for intraocular lens materials was synthesized by solution polymerization using 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate as raw material, ammonium persulfate and sodium pyrosulfite as catalyst, and triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate as cross-linking additive. It was invented by Drahoslav Lim and Otto Wichterle for biological use. Together they succeeded in preparing a cross-linking gel which absorbed up to 40% of water, exhibited suitable mechanical properties and was transparent. They patented this material in 1953. | [
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e11eeb1ea41d090b0de034bd122269428bda4407c17e70641ccea23b089995ff | Natural_Science | Pom1 is a polarity protein kinase in fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe , that localizes to cell ends and regulates cell division. As the cell lengthens, the level of Pom1 in the middle declines, which triggers mitosis.
The gene pom1 codes for a protein 1087 amino acids long with the protein kinase domain likely located at the carboxyl terminus. Pom1 regulates a signaling pathway that includes Cdk1 and ultimately regulates mitotic entry. Cells with mutant pom1 form a septa and growth zone, but show a host of abnormalities including misplaced or misoriented septa, bi-polar growth replaced with random growth at one end, or the mislocalization of the growth axis leading to abnormal branching.
Pom1 plays an important role in differentiating the old and new end of an S. pombe cell. Normal cell growth begins immediately in the old end of the cell and is delayed in the new end. pom1 mutants show immediate growth at both ends. Since Pom1 has been shown to be highly concentrated at the new end and nearly absent from the old end, it, along with other factors are part of an inhibitory signal that prevents immediate growth from the new end. Overexpression of Pom1 can also lead to the formation of new growth ends.
Pom1 is a relatively unique protein kinase as its closest homolog in S. pombe is only 55% identical. Homologs in other organisms include Dyrk in rats, Dyrk2 and Dyrk3 in humans, Yak1p in S. cerevisiae, and Minibrain in Drosophila and humans. | [] | [
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c6a2c8ecf48adc86edf3d46985e833d59aa6e39e88ec06e05b42f6c22844c806 | Natural_Science | Porfimer sodium, sold as Photofrin, is a photosensitizer used in photodynamic therapy and radiation therapy and for palliative treatment of obstructing endobronchial non-small cell lung carcinoma and obstructing esophageal cancer.
Porfimer is a mixture of oligomers formed by ether and ester linkages of up to eight porphyrin units. In practice, a red light source emitting at 630 nm is used to excite the Porfimer oligomers.
Porfimer is Haematoporphyrin Derivative . | [
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c1a9f27767562adbff1a4b0213fe0056410fa5ca2af8ea79f207a5d6362d0039 | Natural_Science | Polyestradiol phosphate , sold under the brand name Estradurin, is an estrogen medication which is used primarily in the treatment of prostate cancer in men. It is also used in women to treat breast cancer, as a component of hormone therapy to treat low estrogen levels and menopausal symptoms, and as a component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women. It is given by injection into muscle once every four weeks.
Common side effects of PEP include headache, breast tenderness, breast development, feminization, sexual dysfunction, infertility, and vaginal bleeding. PEP is an estrogen and hence is an agonist of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like estradiol. It is an estrogen ester in the form of a polymer and is an extremely long-lasting prodrug of estradiol in the body. The biological half-life of PEP is more than two months. Because PEP works by being converted into estradiol, it is considered to be a natural and bioidentical form of estrogen. The safety profile of parenteral estradiol esters like PEP is greatly improved relative to synthetic oral estrogens like ethinylestradiol and diethylstilbestrol.
PEP was discovered around 1953 and was introduced for medical use in the United States in 1957. Along with estradiol undecylate and estradiol valerate, it has been frequently used in the United States and Europe as a parenteral form of estrogen to treat men with prostate cancer. However, it is no longer available in the United States. | [
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7aa71d93da88a25a2807037171cccb59b82fd0a9bae196df220bfa2a0c6d1f3a | Natural_Science | In econometrics, Prais–Winsten estimation is a procedure meant to take care of the serial correlation of type AR in a linear model. Conceived by Sigbert Prais and Christopher Winsten in 1954, it is a modification of Cochrane–Orcutt estimation in the sense that it does not lose the first observation, which leads to more efficiency as a result and makes it a special case of feasible generalized least squares. | [
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48ea2fb620dc9a21413588a8132532ea6bbac57261c53a7e9f0e49d005764815 | Natural_Science | In mathematical logic, the primitive recursive functionals are a generalization of primitive recursive functions into higher type theory. They consist of a collection of functions in all pure finite types.
The primitive recursive functionals are important in proof theory and constructive mathematics. They are a central part of the Dialectica interpretation of intuitionistic arithmetic developed by Kurt Gödel.
In recursion theory, the primitive recursive functionals are an example of higher-type computability, as primitive recursive functions are examples of Turing computability. | [
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d47deb54df6026f73566f44f93b14ed2916eae31179c5cb176394028807e6f64 | Natural_Science | A protein deacetylase is any enzyme that removes acetyl groups from lysine amino acids in proteins.
The main ones are histone deacetylases and sirtuins .
Because histone proteins were the first known substrate for protein deacetylases, the latter all tend to be called HDACs of one class or another.
Human protein deacetylase enzymes have been categorized into | [] | [
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05f8305aa6eba9e03e9a0a1b12866329ef0295bdcc70d50c03ce16ff195dd768 | Natural_Science | Protein mass spectrometry refers to the application of mass spectrometry to the study of proteins. Mass spectrometry is an important method for the accurate mass determination and characterization of proteins, and a variety of methods and instrumentations have been developed for its many uses. Its applications include the identification of proteins and their post-translational modifications, the elucidation of protein complexes, their subunits and functional interactions, as well as the global measurement of proteins in proteomics. It can also be used to localize proteins to the various organelles, and determine the interactions between different proteins as well as with membrane lipids.
The two primary methods used for the ionization of protein in mass spectrometry are electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization . These ionization techniques are used in conjunction with mass analyzers such as tandem mass spectrometry. In general, the proteins are analyzed either in a "top-down" approach in which proteins are analyzed intact, or a "bottom-up" approach in which protein are first digested into fragments. An intermediate "middle-down" approach in which larger peptide fragments are analyzed may also sometimes be used. | [] | [
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c6be19acebfaed8b50f7b0badac52cc4de902aef7ac792ca8aac72acbc416084 | Natural_Science | The Protein Dispersibility Index is a means of comparing the solubility of a protein in water, and is widely used in the soybean product industry.
A sample of the soybeans are ground, mixed with a specific quantity of water, and the two are then blended together at a specific rpm for a specific time. The resulting mixture and original bean flour then have their protein content measured using a combustion test, and the PDI is calculated as the percentage of the protein in the mix divided by the percentage in the flour - a PDI of 100 therefore indicates total solubility.
It has been shown that the PDI can be affected, not only by the type of soybean used, but also by manufacturing processes - heat has been shown to lower the PDI.
The PDI required of a soyflour is dependent on the purpose to which the soybeans are to be put. Manufacturers of soymilk and tofu products want a high PDI to ensure the maximum protein content in their products. However, manufacturers of soy-based fish feed require a low PDI to avoid loss of valuable protein into the surrounding water. | [
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8146d732611558d163e41df726d925d3bfa1276880fc31df45ed5ec7fa98159d | Natural_Science | In mathematics, the Prym variety construction (named for Friedrich Prym) is a method in algebraic geometry of making an abelian variety from a morphism of algebraic curves. In its original form, it was applied to an unramified double covering of a Riemann surface, and was used by F. Schottky and H. W. E. Jung in relation with the Schottky problem, as it is now called, of characterising Jacobian varieties among abelian varieties. It is said to have appeared first in the late work of Riemann, and was extensively studied by Wirtinger in 1895, including degenerate cases.
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4e2fc538ea3c1fdb91222913072fd21106a0a55ebf6b92a7937b105b19be574c | Natural_Science | In mathematics, specifically in topology, a pseudo-Anosov map is a type of a diffeomorphism or homeomorphism of a surface. It is a generalization of a linear Anosov diffeomorphism of the torus. Its definition relies on the notion of a measured foliation introduced by William Thurston, who also coined the term "pseudo-Anosov diffeomorphism" when he proved his classification of diffeomorphisms of a surface. | [
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"head": "pseudo-Anosov map",
"head_type": "product",
"relation": "discoverer or inventor",
"tail": "William Thurston",
"tail_type": "organization/human"
}
] | [
{
"entity": "mathematics",
"entity_type": "product/product"
},
{
"entity": "topology",
"entity_type": "product/work"
},
{
"entity": "pseudo-Anosov map",
"entity_type": "other/other"
},
{
"entity": "diffeomorphism",
"entity_type": "event/event"
},
{
"entity": "homeomorphism",
"entity_type": "event/event"
},
{
"entity": "surface",
"entity_type": "product/product"
},
{
"entity": "Anosov diffeomorphism",
"entity_type": "event/event"
},
{
"entity": "torus",
"entity_type": "product/product"
},
{
"entity": "William Thurston",
"entity_type": "human/human"
},
{
"entity": "classification of diffeomorphisms of a surface",
"entity_type": "product/work"
}
] |
74bde499e39c40b3c03cf0e60b09cb6fe5793ab5d3e925207f9ef27947e9112b | Natural_Science | In combinatorial mathematics, the q-difference polynomials or q-harmonic polynomials are a polynomial sequence defined in terms of the q-derivative. They are a generalized type of Brenke polynomial, and generalize the Appell polynomials. See also Sheffer sequence. | [
{
"head": "q-difference polynomials",
"head_type": "product",
"relation": "alternative name",
"tail": "q-harmonic polynomials",
"tail_type": "product"
}
] | [
{
"entity": "combinatorial",
"entity_type": "product/work"
},
{
"entity": "mathematics",
"entity_type": "product/product"
},
{
"entity": "q-difference polynomials",
"entity_type": "other/other"
},
{
"entity": "q-harmonic polynomials",
"entity_type": "other/other"
},
{
"entity": "polynomial sequence",
"entity_type": "product/product"
},
{
"entity": "q-derivative",
"entity_type": "product/product"
},
{
"entity": "Brenke",
"entity_type": "measure1/family_name"
},
{
"entity": "Appell polynomials",
"entity_type": "product/product"
},
{
"entity": "Sheffer sequence",
"entity_type": "product/product"
}
] |
1f8fbcce828198c776fbd091b4f50c38723105185a9fea7664149b511ba0f441 | Natural_Science | In mathematics, the quadratic bottleneck assignment problem is one of the fundamental combinatorial optimization problems in the branch of optimization or operations research, from the category of the facilities location problems.
It is related to the quadratic assignment problem in the same way as the linear bottleneck assignment problem is related to the linear assignment problem, the "sum" is replaced with "max" in the objective function.
The problem models the following real-life problem: | [] | [
{
"entity": "quadratic bottleneck assignment problem",
"entity_type": "other/other"
},
{
"entity": "combinatorial optimization",
"entity_type": "product/work"
},
{
"entity": "optimization",
"entity_type": "event/activity"
},
{
"entity": "operations research",
"entity_type": "product/product"
},
{
"entity": "facilities location",
"entity_type": "other/other"
},
{
"entity": "quadratic assignment problem",
"entity_type": "other/other"
},
{
"entity": "linear bottleneck assignment problem",
"entity_type": "other/other"
},
{
"entity": "linear assignment problem",
"entity_type": "event/event"
},
{
"entity": "objective function",
"entity_type": "product/product"
}
] |
efc5ed6cd4ccc8aa403bf901dd7cc8ba77f6b443060bcf84395482bfaeee46cf | Natural_Science | The Quillen–Suslin theorem, also known as Serre's problem or Serre's conjecture, is a theorem in commutative algebra concerning the relationship between free modules and projective modules over polynomial rings. In the geometric setting it is a statement about the triviality of vector bundles on affine space.
The theorem states that every finitely generated projective module over a polynomial ring is free. | [
{
"head": "The Quillen–Suslin theorem",
"head_type": "product",
"relation": "alternative name",
"tail": "Serre's problem",
"tail_type": "product"
},
{
"head": "The Quillen–Suslin theorem",
"head_type": "product",
"relation": "alternative name",
"tail": "Serre's conjecture",
"tail_type": "product"
}
] | [
{
"entity": "Quillen–Suslin theorem",
"entity_type": "product/work"
},
{
"entity": "theorem",
"entity_type": "product/work"
},
{
"entity": "Serre's problem",
"entity_type": "product/work"
},
{
"entity": "Serre's conjecture",
"entity_type": "product/work"
},
{
"entity": "commutative algebra",
"entity_type": "measure/measure"
},
{
"entity": "free modules",
"entity_type": "measure/measure"
},
{
"entity": "free",
"entity_type": "product/work"
},
{
"entity": "projective module",
"entity_type": "measure/measure"
},
{
"entity": "projective modules",
"entity_type": "measure/measure"
},
{
"entity": "polynomial ring",
"entity_type": "measure/measure"
},
{
"entity": "polynomial rings",
"entity_type": "measure/measure"
}
] |
c65b46577d078ef054ed683a6173bef9dc15c948237f971c445a392dd545d8f7 | Natural_Science | Quingestanol acetate, sold under the brand names Demovis and Pilomin among others, is a progestin medication which was used in birth control pills but is no longer marketed. It is taken by mouth.
Quingestanol acetate is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. It has weak androgenic and estrogenic activity and no other important hormonal activity. The medication is a prodrug of norethisterone in the body, with quingestanol and norethisterone acetate occurring as intermediates.
Quingestanol acetate was patented in 1963 and was introduced for medical use in 1972. It was marketed in Italy. | [
{
"head": "Quingestanol acetate",
"head_type": "product",
"relation": "has use",
"tail": "birth control pills",
"tail_type": "text"
},
{
"head": "Quingestanol acetate",
"head_type": "product",
"relation": "composition",
"tail": "progestin",
"tail_type": "product"
},
{
"head": "Quingestanol acetate",
"head_type": "product",
"relation": "composition",
"tail": "norethisterone",
"tail_type": "product"
},
{
"head": "Quingestanol acetate",
"head_type": "product",
"relation": "composition",
"tail": "quingestanol",
"tail_type": "product"
},
{
"head": "Quingestanol acetate",
"head_type": "product",
"relation": "composition",
"tail": "norethisterone acetate",
"tail_type": "product"
}
] | [
{
"entity": "Quingestanol acetate",
"entity_type": "measure/measure"
},
{
"entity": "Demovis",
"entity_type": "measure/measure"
},
{
"entity": "Pilomin",
"entity_type": "measure/measure"
},
{
"entity": "progestin",
"entity_type": "product/material"
},
{
"entity": "birth control pills",
"entity_type": "medicine/medication"
},
{
"entity": "by mouth",
"entity_type": "event/event"
},
{
"entity": "synthetic",
"entity_type": "product/material"
},
{
"entity": "progestogen",
"entity_type": "medicine/medication"
},
{
"entity": "agonist",
"entity_type": "product/material"
},
{
"entity": "progesterone receptor",
"entity_type": "medicine/biological_structure"
},
{
"entity": "progesterone",
"entity_type": "product/material"
},
{
"entity": "biological target",
"entity_type": "measure/measure"
},
{
"entity": "androgenic",
"entity_type": "medicine/medication"
},
{
"entity": "estrogenic",
"entity_type": "medicine/medication"
},
{
"entity": "hormonal",
"entity_type": "medicine/medication"
},
{
"entity": "prodrug",
"entity_type": "product/material"
},
{
"entity": "norethisterone",
"entity_type": "medicine/biological_structure"
},
{
"entity": "quingestanol",
"entity_type": "measure/measure"
},
{
"entity": "norethisterone acetate",
"entity_type": "measure/measure"
},
{
"entity": "intermediates",
"entity_type": "product/work"
},
{
"entity": "patented",
"entity_type": "product/work"
},
{
"entity": "Italy",
"entity_type": "geographic_region/administrative_territorial_entity"
}
] |
696c2e1113a22a0971c482707f9980f1ac1e1051c1b2f6707d5aa06a0cb3227c | Natural_Science | Quingestanol , also known as norethisterone 3-cyclopentyl enol ether, is a progestin of the 19-nortestosterone group which was never marketed. It is a prodrug of norethisterone. An acylated derivative, quingestanol acetate, is used as a pharmaceutical drug. | [
{
"head": "Quingestanol",
"head_type": "product",
"relation": "alternative name",
"tail": "norethisterone 3-cyclopentyl enol ether",
"tail_type": "product"
}
] | [
{
"entity": "Quingestanol",
"entity_type": "measure/measure"
},
{
"entity": "norethisterone 3-cyclopentyl enol ether",
"entity_type": "measure/measure"
},
{
"entity": "norethisterone",
"entity_type": "medicine/biological_structure"
},
{
"entity": "progestin",
"entity_type": "product/material"
},
{
"entity": "19-nortestosterone",
"entity_type": "medicine/biological_structure"
},
{
"entity": "prodrug",
"entity_type": "product/material"
},
{
"entity": "drug",
"entity_type": "medicine/medication"
},
{
"entity": "acylated",
"entity_type": "time/time"
},
{
"entity": "quingestanol acetate",
"entity_type": "measure/measure"
},
{
"entity": "pharmaceutical",
"entity_type": "medicine/medication"
}
] |
594112a526fef1796987dc8ed5f74741b97f3b1e070aa8edc28954aee570391c | Natural_Science | R-407A is a mixture of gasses used as a refrigerant. It is a zeotropic blend of difluoromethane , pentafluoroethane and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane . R-407A was developed as a close match to R-22's capacities and flow rates, making it well suited as an energy efficient retrofit for R-22 in medium and low temperature refrigeration systems for supermarket and food storage applications, but not for air conditioning systems or those with flooded evaporators. It must be used with synthetic oils. Its global warming potential is 2107. | [
{
"head": "R-407A",
"head_type": "product",
"relation": "composition",
"tail": "difluoromethane",
"tail_type": "product"
},
{
"head": "R-407A",
"head_type": "product",
"relation": "composition",
"tail": "pentafluoroethane",
"tail_type": "product"
},
{
"head": "R-407A",
"head_type": "product",
"relation": "composition",
"tail": "1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane",
"tail_type": "product"
}
] | [
{
"entity": "R-407A",
"entity_type": "product/material"
},
{
"entity": "refrigerant",
"entity_type": "product/material"
},
{
"entity": "zeotropic blend",
"entity_type": "other/other"
},
{
"entity": "difluoromethane",
"entity_type": "measure/measure"
},
{
"entity": "pentafluoroethane",
"entity_type": "measure/measure"
},
{
"entity": "1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane",
"entity_type": "measure/measure"
},
{
"entity": "R-22",
"entity_type": "measure/measure"
},
{
"entity": "global warming potential",
"entity_type": "product/product"
}
] |
45a2ee2031897c0a7dbc7e712a53937c48e1df268d80ad895a27e4d05f162f2d | Natural_Science | The rank-dependent expected utility model is a generalized expected utility model of choice under uncertainty, designed to explain the behaviour observed in the Allais paradox, as well as for the observation that many people both purchase lottery tickets and insure against losses .
A natural explanation of these observations is that individuals overweight low-probability events such as winning the lottery, or suffering a disastrous insurable loss. In the Allais paradox, individuals appear to forgo the chance of a very large gain to avoid a one per cent chance of missing out on an otherwise certain large gain, but are less risk averse when offered the chance of reducing an 11 per cent chance of loss to 10 per cent.
A number of attempts were made to model preferences incorporating probability theory, most notably the original version of prospect theory, presented by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky . However, all such models involved violations of first-order stochastic dominance. In prospect theory, violations of dominance were avoided by the introduction of an 'editing' operation, but this gave rise to violations of transitivity.
The crucial idea of rank-dependent expected utility was to overweigh only unlikely extreme outcomes, rather than all unlikely events. Formalising this insight required transformations to be applied to the cumulative probability distribution function, rather than to individual probabilities .
The central idea of rank-dependent weightings was then incorporated by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky into prospect theory, and the resulting model was referred to as cumulative prospect theory . | [
{
"head": "The rank-dependent expected utility model",
"head_type": "product",
"relation": "discoverer or inventor",
"tail": "Daniel Kahneman",
"tail_type": "organization/human"
},
{
"head": "The rank-dependent expected utility model",
"head_type": "product",
"relation": "discoverer or inventor",
"tail": "Amos Tversky",
"tail_type": "organization/human"
}
] | [
{
"entity": "rank-dependent expected utility",
"entity_type": "other/other"
},
{
"entity": "generalized expected utility",
"entity_type": "other/other"
},
{
"entity": "uncertainty",
"entity_type": "time/time"
},
{
"entity": "Allais paradox",
"entity_type": "event/activity"
},
{
"entity": "prospect theory",
"entity_type": "medicine/medicine"
},
{
"entity": "Daniel Kahneman",
"entity_type": "human/human"
},
{
"entity": "Amos Tversky",
"entity_type": "human/human"
},
{
"entity": "stochastic dominance",
"entity_type": "measure/measure"
},
{
"entity": "transitivity",
"entity_type": "product/product"
},
{
"entity": "cumulative prospect theory",
"entity_type": "other/other"
}
] |
e3ccf04aebf0782d9e06e0fda41ea7daf033dab0146e94c9dfc57d9dee287073 | Natural_Science | In mathematics, Ratner's theorems are a group of major theorems in ergodic theory concerning unipotent flows on homogeneous spaces proved by Marina Ratner around 1990. The theorems grew out of Ratner's earlier work on horocycle flows. The study of the dynamics of unipotent flows played a decisive role in the proof of the Oppenheim conjecture by Grigory Margulis. Ratner's theorems have guided key advances in the understanding of the dynamics of unipotent flows. Their later generalizations provide ways to both sharpen the results and extend the theory to the setting of arbitrary semisimple algebraic groups over a local field. | [
{
"head": "Ratner's theorems",
"head_type": "product",
"relation": "discoverer or inventor",
"tail": "Marina Ratner",
"tail_type": "organization/human"
}
] | [
{
"entity": "mathematics",
"entity_type": "product/product"
},
{
"entity": "Ratner's theorems",
"entity_type": "product/work"
},
{
"entity": "ergodic theory",
"entity_type": "product/work"
},
{
"entity": "homogeneous spaces",
"entity_type": "product/product"
},
{
"entity": "Marina Ratner",
"entity_type": "human/human"
},
{
"entity": "Oppenheim conjecture",
"entity_type": "product/work"
},
{
"entity": "Grigory Margulis",
"entity_type": "human/human"
},
{
"entity": "semisimple algebraic groups",
"entity_type": "measure/measure"
},
{
"entity": "local field",
"entity_type": "product/product"
}
] |
End of preview.
YAML Metadata
Warning:
empty or missing yaml metadata in repo card
(https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/datasets-cards)
InstructIE: A Bilingual Instruction-based Information Extraction Dataset
InstructIE: A Bilingual Instruction-based Information Extraction Dataset
News
- [2024/02] We released a large-scale (0.32B tokens) high-quality bilingual (Chinese and English) Information Extraction (IE) instruction tuning dataset named IEPile, along with two models trained on
IEPile, baichuan2-13b-iepile-lora and llama2-13b-iepile-lora. - [2023/10] We released a new bilingual (Chinese and English) theme-based Information Extraction (IE) instruction dataset named InstructIE.
- [2023/08] We introduced a dedicated 13B model for Information Extraction (IE), named knowlm-13b-ie.
- [2023/05] We initiated an instruction-based Information Extraction project.
InstructIE is an bilingual information extraction dataset based on topic schemas. We divide the text into 12 topics, namely, Person, Geographic_Location, Building, Works, Creature, Artificial_Object, Natural_Science, Organization, Transport, Event, Astronomy, Medicine. For each topic, we have designed corresponding schemas. We expect the model to learn a general extraction capability on InstructIE and generalize it to other domains.
InstrueIE
├── train_zh.json # Chinese training set.
├── train_en.json # English training set.
├── valid_zh.json # Chinese validation set.
├── valid_en.json # English validation set.
├── test_zh.json # Chinese test set.
├── test_en.json # English test set.
├── schema_zh.json # Schema information for 12 domains in Chinese.
├── schema_en.json # Schema information for 12 domains in English.
Example of data
{
"id": "841ef2af4cfe766dd9295fb7daf321c299df0fd0cef14820dfcb421161eed4a1",
"text": "NGC1313 is a galaxy in the constellation of Reticulum. It was discovered by the Australian astronomer James Dunlop on September 27, 1826. It has a prominent uneven shape, and its axis does not completely revolve around its center. Near NGC1313, there is another galaxy, NGC1309.",
"relation": [
{"head": "NGC1313", "head_type": "astronomical object type", "relation": "time of discovery", "tail": "September 27, 1826", "tail_type": "time"},
{"head": "NGC1313", "head_type": "astronomical object type", "relation": "discoverer or inventor", "tail": "James Dunlop", "tail_type": "organization/human"},
{"head": "NGC1313", "head_type": "astronomical object type", "relation": "of", "tail": "Reticulum", "tail_type": "astronomical object type"}
]
}
| Field | Description |
|---|---|
| id | The unique identifier for each data point. |
| cate | The category of the text's subject, with a total of 12 different thematic categories. |
| text | The input text for the model, with the goal of extracting all the involved relationship triples. |
| relation | Describes the relationship triples contained in the text, i.e., (head, head_type, relation, tail, tail_type). |
With the fields mentioned above, users can flexibly design and implement instructions and output formats for different information extraction needs.
We also provided the entity field in the training set to perform entity naming recognition tasks, but we did not provide corresponding entity annotation data in the test set.
Citation
Please cite these papers if you use InstructIE in your work.
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2305-11527,
author = {Honghao Gui and
Shuofei Qiao and
Jintian Zhang and
Hongbin Ye and
Mengshu Sun and
Lei Liang and
Huajun Chen and
Ningyu Zhang},
title = {InstructIE: {A} Bilingual Instruction-based Information Extraction
Dataset},
journal = {CoRR},
volume = {abs/2305.11527},
year = {2023},
url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2305.11527},
doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2305.11527},
eprinttype = {arXiv},
eprint = {2305.11527},
timestamp = {Thu, 22 Feb 2024 09:46:17 +0100},
biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-2305-11527.bib},
bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
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