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Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:When did Virgin Australia start operating?### Input:Virgin Australia, the trading name of Virgin Australia Airlines Pty Ltd, is an Australian-based airline. It is the largest airline by fleet size to use the Virgin brand. It commenced services on 31 August 2000 as Virgin Blue, with two aircraft on a single route. It suddenly found itself as a major airline in Australia's domestic market after the collapse of Ansett Australia in September 2001. The airline has since grown to directly serve 32 cities in Australia, from hubs in Brisbane, Melbourne and Sydney.### Response:

Virgin Australia started operating on August 31, 2000, as Virgin Blue.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:When was Tomoaki Komorida born?### Input:Komorida was born in Kumamoto Prefecture on July 10, 1981. After graduating from high school, he joined the J1 League club Avispa Fukuoka in 2000. Although he debuted as a midfielder in 2001, he did not play much and the club was relegated to the J2 League at the end of the 2001 season. In 2002, he moved to the J2 club Oita Trinita. He became a regular player as a defensive midfielder and the club won the championship in 2002 and was promoted in 2003. He played many matches until 2005. In September 2005, he moved to the J2 club Montedio Yamagata. In 2006, he moved to the J2 club Vissel Kobe. Although he became a regular player as a defensive midfielder, his gradually was played less during the summer. In 2007, he moved to the Japan Football League club Rosso Kumamoto (later Roasso Kumamoto) based in his local region. He played as a regular player and the club was promoted to J2 in 2008. Although he did not play as much, he still played in many matches. In 2010, he moved to Indonesia and joined Persela Lamongan. In July 2010, he returned to Japan and joined the J2 club Giravanz Kitakyushu. He played often as a defensive midfielder and center back until 2012 when he retired.### Response:

Tomokazu Komorida was born on July 10, 1981, in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given a reference text about Lollapalooza, where does it take place, who started it and what is it?### Input:Lollapalooza /ˌlɒləpəˈluːzə/ (Lolla) is an annual American four-day music festival held in Grant Park in Chicago. It originally started as a touring event in 1991, but several years later, Chicago became its permanent location. Music genres include but are not limited to alternative rock, heavy metal, punk rock, hip hop, and electronic dance music. Lollapalooza has also featured visual arts, nonprofit organizations, and political organizations. The festival, held in Grant Park, hosts an estimated 400,000 people each July and sells out annually. Lollapalooza is one of the largest and most iconic music festivals in the world and one of the longest-running in the United States.Lollapalooza was conceived and created in 1991 as a farewell tour by Perry Farrell, singer of the group Jane's Addiction.### Response:

Lollapalooza takes place in Grant Park in Chicago, Illinois. It was originally started as a touring event in 1991 by Perry Farrell, the singer of Jane's Addiction, as a farewell tour before the band went on hiatus. Over time, the festival became a permanent fixture in Chicago, where it has been held annually since 1995. The festival features a wide range of music genres, including alternative rock, heavy metal, punk rock, hip hop, and electronic dance music. In addition to music, Lollapalooza also includes visual arts, nonprofit organizations, and political organizations. The festival attracts an estimated 400,000 people each July and has become one of the largest and most iconic music festivals in the world and one of the longest-running in the United States.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Who was Kyle Van Zyl playing against when he scored 36 of hisa teams 61 points?### Input:Van Zyl joined the Eastern Province Kings Academy, where he played for the Eastern Province U19 side in the 2010 Under-19 Provincial Championship. He was a key player for the Eastern Province U21 side in the 2012 Under-21 Provincial Championship, scoring 71 points in eight appearances. Van Zyl was under the Top SARU Performers, scoring the most tries at 6 in the 2012 Provincial Under 21 in the Rugby Junior Provincials.This included a record and a remarkable personal haul in their opening match, when he scored 36 of his team's points in a 61–3 victory over Boland U21, consisting of four tries and eight conversions and was awarded Man of the Match.### Response:

Kyle Van Zyl was playing against Boland U21 when he scored 36 of his team's 61 points.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Who was the first to record the Needles and Pins song?### Input:"Needles and Pins" is a rock song credited to American writers Jack Nitzsche and Sonny Bono. Jackie DeShannon recorded it in 1963 and other versions followed. The most successful ones were by the Searchers, whose version reached No. 1 on the UK singles chart in 1964, and Smokie, who had a worldwide hit in 1977. Others who recorded the song include the Ramones, Gene Clark, and Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers with Stevie Nicks.Jackie DeShannon version (1963)In his autobiography, Bono states that he sang along with Nitzsche's guitar-playing, thus creating both the tune and the lyrics, being guided by the chord progressions. However, Jackie DeShannon claims that the song was written at the piano, and that she was a full participant in the song's creation, along with Nitzsche and Bono, although she did not get formal credit.DeShannon was the first to record the song; in the US it peaked at number 84 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in May 1963. Though it was only a minor US hit, DeShannon's recording of the song topped the charts in Canada, hitting number one on the CHUM Chart in July 1963### Response:

Jackie DeShannon was the first to record the Needles and Pins song in 1963.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph, what is the top speed of a Kia Stinger?### Input:Kia claims that the Stinger accelerates from zero to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 7.7, 6 and 4.9 seconds for the 2.2-liter diesel, 2.0-liter petrol and 3.3-liter petrol respectively. Schreyer reportedly drove a pre-production Stinger GT at a top speed of 269 km/h (167 mph) on the Autobahn.During a test by Car and Driver, an all-wheel-drive U.S. spec GT 3.3T with Michelin Pilot Sport 4 tires achieved 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) in 4.6 seconds on the track, reached 0.91 g on the skidpad and was able to stop from 70 mph (113 km/h) in 164 feet (50 m). According to this publication, the U.S. model's top speed is governed at 167 mph (269 km/h) per Kia specs. In tests conducted by Motor Trend, the four-cylinder U.S. spec Stinger 2.0 RWD on Bridgestone Potenza tires reached 60 mph (97 km/h) in 6.6 seconds, completed the 1⁄4-mile (0.4 km) run in 15 seconds and stopped from 60 mph (97 km/h) in 126 feet (38 m). The average lateral acceleration recorded in track testing was 0.85 g.### Response:

The top speed of a Kia Stinger is 269 km/h (167 mph) according to the instruction.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Where are the British Virgin Islands (BVI) and which islands are a part of the BVI?### Input:The British Virgin Islands (BVI), officially the Virgin Islands, are a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean, to the east of Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands and north-west of Anguilla. The islands are geographically part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles and part of the West Indies.The British Virgin Islands consist of the main islands of Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegada and Jost Van Dyke, along with more than 50 other smaller islands and cays. About 16 of the islands are inhabited. The capital, Road Town, is on Tortola, the largest island, which is about 20 km (12 mi) long and 5 km (3 mi) wide. The islands had a population of 28,054 at the 2010 Census, of whom 23,491 lived on Tortola; current estimates put the population at 35,802 (July 2018).### Response:

The British Virgin Islands (BVI) are located in the Caribbean, east of Puerto Rico and north-west of Anguilla. The BVI consists of four main islands: Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegada, and Jost Van Dyke, along with more than 50 smaller islands and cays. The capital, Road Town, is located on Tortola, the largest island, which is approximately 20 km (12 mi) long and 5 km (3 mi) wide. The BVI has a population of approximately 28,054 (2010 Census) and current estimates put the population at 35,802 (July 2018).</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Does "outbreeding" or "inbreeding" benefit the offspring more?### Input:Exogamy often results in two individuals that are not closely genetically related marrying each other; that is, outbreeding as opposed to inbreeding. In moderation, this benefits the offspring as it reduces the risk of the offspring inheriting two copies of a defective gene. Increasing the genetic diversity of the offspring improves the chances of offspring reproducing, up until the fourth-cousin level of relatedness; however, reproduction between individuals on the fourth-cousin level of relatedness decreases evolutionarily fitness.### Response:

Outbreeding benefits the offspring more than inbreeding. This is because outbreeding increases the genetic diversity of the offspring by combining genetic material from two non-related parents, which reduces the risk of the offspring inheriting two copies of a defective gene. In contrast, inbreeding increases the chances of the offspring inheriting two copies of a defective gene, which can lead to genetic disorders and decreased evolutionary fitness. While inbreeding may provide some benefits in small populations or isolated populations, in general, outbreeding is the better option for producing healthy offspring.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:When was the first Reading railway station opened?### Input:Reading railway station is a major transport hub in Reading, Berkshire, England. It is on the northern edge of the town centre, near the main retail and commercial areas and the River Thames, 36 miles (58 km) from London Paddington. The first Reading station was opened on 30 March 1840 as the temporary western terminus of the original line of the Great Western Railway (GWR). Reading is the ninth-busiest station in the UK outside London and the second busiest interchange station outside London with over 3.8 million passengers changing trains at the station annually.### Response:

The first Reading railway station was opened on March 30, 1840.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph about Billie Eilish, tell me who produced her debut single, also tell me what is her chart-topping single?### Input:Billie Eilish Pirate Baird O'Connell (/ˈaɪlɪʃ/ EYE-lish; born December 18, 2001) is an American singer and songwriter. She first gained public attention in 2015 with her debut single "Ocean Eyes", written and produced by her brother Finneas O'Connell, with whom she collaborates on music and live shows. In 2017, she released her debut extended play (EP), titled Don't Smile at Me. Commercially successful, it reached the top 15 of record charts in numerous countries, including the US, UK, Canada, and Australia.Eilish's first studio album, When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? (2019), debuted atop the US Billboard 200 and UK Albums Chart. It was one of the best-selling albums of the year, buoyed by the success of its fifth single "Bad Guy", Eilish's first number-one on the US Billboard Hot 100. This made her the first artist born in the 21st century to release a chart-topping single. The following year, Eilish performed the theme song "No Time to Die" for the James Bond film of the same name, which topped the UK Singles Chart and won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 2022. Her subsequent singles "Everything I Wanted", "My Future", "Therefore I Am", and "Your Power" peaked in the top 10 in the US and UK. Her second studio album, Happier Than Ever (2021), topped charts in 25 countries.### Response:

The producer of Billie Eilish's debut single "Ocean Eyes" is her brother Finneas O'Connell. Her chart-topping single is "Bad Guy."</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:How many managers have Arsenal had?### Input:There have been twenty permanent and eight caretaker managers of Arsenal since 1897; Stewart Houston has managed the club in two separate spells as caretaker. The most successful person to manage Arsenal is Arsène Wenger, who won three Premier League titles, seven FA Cups and seven Community Shields between 1996 and 2018. Wenger is the club's longest-serving manager; he surpassed George Allison's record of 13 years in October 2009. Two Arsenal managers have died in the job – Herbert Chapman and Tom Whittaker.### Response:

Arsenal has had 28 managers throughout its history.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What is SVM?### Input:In machine learning, support vector machines (SVMs, also support vector networks) are supervised learning models with associated learning algorithms that analyze data for classification and regression analysis. Developed at AT&T Bell Laboratories by Vladimir Vapnik with colleagues (Boser et al., 1992, Guyon et al., 1993, Cortes and Vapnik, 1995, Vapnik et al., 1997[citation needed]) SVMs are one of the most robust prediction methods, being based on statistical learning frameworks or VC theory proposed by Vapnik (1982, 1995) and Chervonenkis (1974). Given a set of training examples, each marked as belonging to one of two categories, an SVM training algorithm builds a model that assigns new examples to one category or the other, making it a non-probabilistic binary linear classifier (although methods such as Platt scaling exist to use SVM in a probabilistic classification setting). SVM maps training examples to points in space so as to maximise the width of the gap between the two categories. New examples are then mapped into that same space and predicted to belong to a category based on which side of the gap they fall.In addition to performing linear classification, SVMs can efficiently perform a non-linear classification using what is called the kernel trick, implicitly mapping their inputs into high-dimensional feature spaces.The support vector clustering algorithm, created by Hava Siegelmann and Vladimir Vapnik, applies the statistics of support vectors, developed in the support vector machines algorithm, to categorize unlabeled data.[citation needed] These data sets require unsupervised learning approaches, which attempt to find natural clustering of the data to groups and, then, to map new data according to these clusters.### Response:

SVM (Support Vector Machine) is a supervised learning algorithm used for classification and regression analysis. It was developed by Vladimir Vapnik and colleagues in the 1990s and is based on statistical learning frameworks or VC theory. SVM maps training examples to points in space and maximizes the width of the gap between the two categories. New examples are then predicted to belong to a category based on which side of the gap they fall. SVM can perform linear classification and non-linear classification using the kernel trick, which maps inputs into high-dimensional feature spaces. Additionally, the support vector clustering algorithm, developed by Hava Siegelmann and Vladimir Vapnik, applies the statistics of support vectors to categorize unlabeled data using unsupervised learning approaches.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Who scored first in Austin FC's first victory in a home game in the 2021 MLS season?### Input:Austin FC played their first MLS match against LAFC at Banc of California Stadium on April 17, 2021, losing 0–2. The club secured its first victory the following week against the Colorado Rapids, winning 3–1. Diego Fagúndez scored the club's first goal and the following two were scored by the club's first Designated Player, Cecilio Dominguez. Their home opener was held on June 19, 2021, against the San Jose Earthquakes, a match which ended in a scoreless draw. The team secured its first ever home victory on July 1, 2021, defeating the Portland Timbers 4–1. Jon Gallagher scored the team's first home goal and the first MLS goal at Q2 Stadium.### Response:

Diego Fagúndez scored the first goal for Austin FC in their first victory in a home game in the 2021 MLS season.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:How long does it take for a mustard seed to germinate?### Input:Mustard seeds are the small round seeds of various mustard plants. The seeds are usually about 1 to 2 millimetres (0.039 to 0.079 in) in diameter and may be colored from yellowish white to black. They are an important spice in many regional foods and may come from one of three different plants: black mustard (Brassica nigra), brown mustard (B. juncea), or white mustard (Sinapis alba).Grinding and mixing the seeds with water, vinegar or other liquids creates the yellow condiment known as prepared mustard.Mustard seeds generally take eight to ten days to germinate if placed under the proper conditions, which include a cold atmosphere and relatively moist soil.### Response:

According to the input provided, mustard seeds generally take eight to ten days to germinate if placed under the proper conditions. This means that if you provide the seeds with a cold atmosphere and relatively moist soil, they will begin to sprout and germinate within this time frame. It's important to note that the exact time frame may vary depending on factors such as the specific type of mustard seed and the conditions in which they are stored.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What is the origin of the name of the herb Rosemary?### Input:alvia rosmarinus (/ˈsælviə ˌrɒsməˈraɪnəs/), commonly known as rosemary, is a shrub with fragrant, evergreen, needle-like leaves and white, pink, purple, or blue flowers, native to the Mediterranean region. Until 2017, it was known by the scientific name Rosmarinus officinalis (/ˌrɒsməˈraɪnəs əˌfɪsɪˈneɪlɪs/), now a synonym.It is a member of the sage family Lamiaceae, which includes many other medicinal and culinary herbs. The name ""rosemary"" derives from Latin ros marinus (lit. 'dew of the sea'). Rosemary has a fibrous root system### Response:

The name of the herb Rosemary originates from the Latin phrase "ros marinus," which means "dew of the sea."</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Who coined the phrase "Bike-shedding" and when?### Input:The law of triviality is C. Northcote Parkinson's 1957 argument that people within an organization commonly or typically give disproportionate weight to trivial issues. Parkinson provides the example of a fictional committee whose job was to approve the plans for a nuclear power plant spending the majority of its time on discussions about relatively minor but easy-to-grasp issues, such as what materials to use for the staff bicycle shed, while neglecting the proposed design of the plant itself, which is far more important and a far more difficult and complex task.The law has been applied to software development and other activities. The terms bicycle-shed effect, bike-shed effect, and bike-shedding were coined based on Parkinson's example; it was popularised in the Berkeley Software Distribution community by the Danish software developer Poul-Henning Kamp in 1999 and, due to that, has since become popular within the field of software development generally.ArgumentA bicycle shedThe concept was first presented as a corollary of his broader "Parkinson's law" spoof of management. He dramatizes this "law of triviality" with the example of a committee's deliberations on an atomic reactor, contrasting it to deliberations on a bicycle shed. As he put it: "The time spent on any item of the agenda will be in inverse proportion to the sum [of money] involved." A reactor is so vastly expensive and complicated that an average person cannot understand it (see ambiguity aversion), so one assumes that those who work on it understand it. However, everyone can visualize a cheap, simple bicycle shed, so planning one can result in endless discussions because everyone involved wants to implement their own proposal and demonstrate personal contribution.After a suggestion of building something new for the community, like a bike shed, problems arise when everyone involved argues about the details. This is a metaphor indicating that it is not necessary to argue about every little feature based simply on having the knowledge to do so. Some people have commented that the amount of noise generated by a change is inversely proportional to the complexity of the change.The law of triviality is supported by behavioural research. People tend to spend more time on small decisions than they should, and less time on big decisions than they should. A simple explanation is that during the process of making a decision, one has to assess whether enough information has been collected to make the decision. If people make mistakes about whether they have enough information, they will tend to stop too early for big decisions. The reason is that big decisions require collecting information for a long time. It leaves more time to make a mistake (and stop) before getting enough information. Conversely, for small decisions, where people should stop early, they may continue to ponder for too long by mistake.Related principles and formulations There are several other principles, well-known in specific problem domains, which express a similar sentiment.Wadler's law, named for computer scientist Philip Wadler, is a principle which asserts that the bulk of discussion on programming-language design centers on syntax (which, for purposes of the argument, is considered a solved problem), as opposed to semantics.Sayre's law is a more general principle, which holds (among other formulations) that "In any dispute, the intensity of feeling is inversely proportional to the value of the issues at stake"; many formulations of the principle focus on academia.### Response:

The phrase "Bike-shedding" was coined by C. Northcote Parkinson in 1957, as part of his argument that people within an organization commonly or typically give disproportionate weight to trivial issues. Parkinson uses the example of a fictional committee whose job was to approve the plans for a nuclear power plant, but instead spends most of its time discussing the materials to use for the staff bicycle shed. The term "Bike-shedding" has since become popular within the field of software development, particularly in the Berkeley Software Distribution community, where it was popularized by Poul-Henning Kamp in 1999.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given a reference text about Run Towards the Danger, tell me how many essays are part of the collection.### Input:Run Towards the Danger is a 2022 Canadian essay collection by Sarah Polley, a former child star, director, and screenwriter.The six essays in the collection examine aspects of Polley's career on stage, screen, and on film detailing her roles in a Stratford Festival production of Alice Through the Looking Glass, as well as her breakout roles in The Adventures of Baron Munchausen and the TV series Road to Avonlea. The book also revealed for the first time that Polley had been a victim of Jian Ghomeshi who sexually and physically assaulted her when she was 16 and he was 28.### Response:

There are six essays in the collection.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Who tends to participates in hackathons?### Input:A hackathon (also known as a hack day, hackfest, datathon or codefest; a portmanteau of hacking and marathon) is an event where people engage in rapid and collaborative engineering over a relatively short period of time such as 24 or 48 hours. They are often run using agile software development practices, such as sprint-like design wherein computer programmers and others involved in software development, including graphic designers, interface designers, product managers, project managers, domain experts, and others collaborate intensively on engineering projects, such as software engineering.The goal of a hackathon is to create functioning software or hardware by the end of the event. Hackathons tend to have a specific focus, which can include the programming language used, the operating system, an application, an API, or the subject and the demographic group of the programmers. In other cases, there is no restriction on the type of software being created or the design of the new system.### Response:

People who tend to participate in hackathons are typically software developers, computer programmers, and other professionals involved in the field of technology. However, hackathons are also open to individuals from other fields such as graphic designers, interface designers, product managers, project managers, domain experts, and others who are interested in collaborating and creating innovative solutions. Hackathons provide an opportunity for people to come together, share ideas, and work intensively on projects, which can lead to the development of new and innovative software or hardware.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What is Marketing Automation?### Input:Marketing Automation is a subset of customer relationship management (CRM) or customer experience management (CXM) that focuses on the definition, segmentation, scheduling and tracking of marketing campaigns. The use of marketing automation makes processes that would otherwise have been performed manually much more efficient and makes new processes possible. Marketing Automation can be defined as a process where technology is used to automate several repetitive tasks that are undertaken on a regular basis in a marketing campaign.Marketing Automation platforms allow marketers to automate and simplify client communication by managing complex omnichannel marketing strategies from a single tool. Marketing Automation assists greatly in areas like Lead Generation, Segmentation, Lead nurturing and lead scoring, Relationship marketing, Cross-sell and upsell, Retention, Marketing ROI measurement. Effective marketing automation tools leverage data from a separate or integrated CRM to understand customer impact and preferences.### Response:

Marketing Automation is a powerful tool that streamlines and simplifies marketing processes, making them more efficient and effective. By automating repetitive tasks, marketers can focus on more strategic and creative work, while also improving customer engagement and loyalty. Marketing Automation platforms provide a centralized solution for managing omnichannel marketing campaigns, allowing marketers to easily segment and target their audiences, nurture leads, and measure marketing ROI. With the help of integrated CRM data, marketers can gain a deeper understanding of customer preferences and behaviors, enabling them to tailor their marketing strategies for maximum impact. By leveraging Marketing Automation, businesses can improve their overall marketing performance, drive more conversions, and increase revenue.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Which American president spoke Dutch as their first language?### Input:Van Buren received a basic education at the village schoolhouse, and briefly studied Latin at the Kinderhook Academy and at Washington Seminary in Claverack. Van Buren was raised speaking primarily Dutch and learned English while attending school; he is the only president of the United States whose first language was not English. Also during his childhood, Van Buren learned at his father's inn how to interact with people from varied ethnic, income, and societal groups, which he used to his advantage as a political organizer. His formal education ended in 1796, when he began reading law at the office of Peter Silvester and his son Francis.### Response:

The American president who spoke Dutch as their first language is Martin Van Buren.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this reference text about the consumption of peanut butter, when is national peanut butter day?### Input:The United States is a leading exporter of peanut butter, and one of the largest consumers of peanut butter annually per capita. January 24 is National Peanut Butter Day in the United States. In March 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, retail sales of peanut butter in the United States increased by 75% over the level in March 2019.According to Jon Krampner's 2013 book on peanut butter, per capita consumption of peanut butter in Canada and the Netherlands – the largest consumer per capita in Europe – exceed that in the United States.In Israel, the peanut-butter-flavored puffcorn snack Bamba accounts for 25% of the snack market; its consumption by infants has been linked to a low incidence of peanut allergies among Israelis.### Response:

National Peanut Butter Day is on January 24 in the United States.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What does fasting mean?### Input:Fasting is the abstention from eating and sometimes drinking. From a purely physiological context, "fasting" may refer to the metabolic status of a person who has not eaten overnight (see "Breakfast"), or to the metabolic state achieved after complete digestion and absorption of a meal. Metabolic changes in the fasting state begin after absorption of a meal (typically 3–5 hours after eating).### Response:

Fasting is a state of abstinence from food and drink, typically for a period of time ranging from a few hours to several days. During fasting, the body enters a metabolic state in which it relies on stored energy sources, such as glycogen and fat, for fuel instead of relying on the usual source of energy from food. The fasting state can have various physiological effects, including increased insulin sensitivity, improved glucose tolerance, and enhanced autophagy. Fasting can also have spiritual and cultural significance in many societies and is often practiced for religious or therapeutic reasons.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Was Furze Hill an established community in the 19th century?### Input:Furze Hill (or Furzehill) is a hamlet situated in the New Forest National Park of Hampshire, England. It is in the civil parish of Ellingham, Harbridge and Ibsley. Its nearest town is Fordingbridge, which lies approximately 3.1 miles (5.2 km) north-west from the hamlet.Furze Hill is a hamlet in the civil parish of Hyde. It is situated on low ground on either side of Huckles Brook on the South Gorley to Ogdens road. The houses are surrounded by fields and paddocks. Additional houses can be found at the southern edge of Gorley Common lining a narrow track to North Gorley.Furze Hill is the most recent settlement in the parish of Hyde, becoming an established community only in the 20th century.### Response:

According to the input provided, Furze Hill was not an established community in the 19th century. Instead, it became an established community only in the 20th century.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What is wine?### Input:Wine is an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grapes. Yeast consumes the sugar in the grapes and converts it to ethanol and carbon dioxide, releasing heat in the process. Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts are major factors in different styles of wine. These differences result from the complex interactions between the biochemical development of the grape, the reactions involved in fermentation, the grape's growing environment (terroir), and the wine production process. Many countries enact legal appellations intended to define styles and qualities of wine. These typically restrict the geographical origin and permitted varieties of grapes, as well as other aspects of wine production. Wines can be made by fermentation of other fruit crops such as plum, cherry, pomegranate, blueberry, currant and elderberry.### Response:

Wine is an alcoholic drink made from fermented grapes, typically produced through the process of yeast consuming the sugar in the grapes and converting it to ethanol and carbon dioxide. The resulting heat from this process is released. The unique characteristics of wine are influenced by various factors, including the type of grape, the strain of yeast, the growing environment (terroir), and the wine production process. Different countries have established legal appellations to define the qualities and styles of wine, which often include restrictions on the geographical origin and permitted varieties of grapes, as well as other aspects of wine production. While grapes are the most commonly used fruit for wine production, other fruits such as plum, cherry, pomegranate, blueberry, currant, and elderberry can also be fermented to produce wine.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What is the last festival celebrated in Tihar and how long does the festival last?### Input:Lakshmi Puja is celebrated as a part of Tihar, a second national festival of Nepal after Dashain. In Nepal, it is celebrated for five days, which include Kag (crow) Tihar; Kukur (dog) Tihar; Gai (cow) Tihar in the morning and Lakshmi Puja at night; Maha puja (self puja); Goru (Ox and Bull) Tihar and Gobardhan puja; and finally, Bhai Tika (Bhai dhooj)—respectively the first, second, third, fourth and fifth days.### Response:

The last festival celebrated in Tihar is Bhai Tika, which is celebrated on the fifth day. Tihar is a five-day festival in Nepal that lasts for five days, starting from Kag Tihar and ending with Bhai Tika.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What event John Johnstone won as a rider?### Input:John Johnstone (1881-1935) was a British businessman and rider. He was the tai-pan of the Jardine, Matheson & Co., member of the Shanghai Municipal Council and Legislative Council of Hong Kong.He was the head of the Jardine, Matheson & Co. as well as director of numerous companies. He was member of the Shanghai Municipal Council and the Legislative Council of Hong Kong.He was a keen rider and bore the reputation of being the best rider East of the Suez. He succeeded in winning the Jockey Cup on a pony named Ben-y-Gloe belonging to C. H. Ross, the former tai-pan of Jardines when he first went to Hong Kong in 1903. In 1904, he won the Professional Cup on a pony named Runaway Girl, purchased from W. A. Cruickshank. From 1903 to 1919, he rode in 1,178 races, winning 334, securing 192 seconds and 186 thirds, being unplaced 466 times, excluding the record of minor events such as Off Days or Gymkhanas. He won 14 Grand Nationals in China, and at one meeting in Hong Kong rode in 30 races winning 16 of them. He was also the President of the St. Andrew's Society.He left Hong Kong on 31 March 1921 for home by the Empress of Asia.In 1928 he won The Foxhunters Cup at Cheltenham riding Rathpatrick and officiated as steward at several of the northern meetings. He died at the Cheltenham meeting in 1935 where he was officiating.### Response:

John Johnstone won the Jockey Cup on a pony named Ben-y-Gloe in 1903.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Based on this paragraph, how many younger siblings did Kennedy have?### Input:Kennedy was born on February 22, 1932, at St. Margaret's Hospital in the Dorchester section of Boston, Massachusetts. He was the youngest of the nine children of Joseph Patrick Kennedy and Rose Fitzgerald, members of prominent Irish American families in Boston. They constituted one of the wealthiest families in the nation after their marriage. His eight siblings were Joseph Jr., John, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, and Jean. His older brother John asked to be the newborn's godfather, a request his parents honored, though they did not agree to his request to name the baby George Washington Kennedy (Ted was born on President George Washington's 200th birthday). They named the boy after their father's assistant.### Response:

Based on the information provided in the paragraph, Kennedy had 8 younger siblings.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Can you tell me something about Stanley J. Goldberg### Input:Stanley J. Goldberg (born Maryland, 1939) is a special trial judge of the United States Tax Court.Goldberg attended public schools in Baltimore, MD. He earned a B.S. from the University of Maryland, School of Business and Public Administration in 1960 and an LL.B. from the University of Maryland School of Law in 1964. He did graduate work in Federal Income Taxation at New York University. Goldberg was admitted to practice in Maryland and New Jersey, 1964 and 1967, and Federal District Court. He began his career as a Tax Attorney in January 1965 with the United States Department of Treasury, Office of Chief Counsel, Internal Revenue Service, in New York City and was initially assigned to the General Litigation function. In 1967, he was reassigned to the Tax Litigation function. In 1976, he was promoted to Special Trial Attorney, and then to Assistant District Counsel in 1984. He was appointed a Special Trial Judge of the United States Tax Court on August 4, 1985.In 1992, Goldberg commented on the trend of tax protester arguments being brought before the Tax Court and dismissed with penalties.### Response:

Stanley J. Goldberg is a special trial judge of the United States Tax Court, who was appointed on August 4, 1985. He was born in Maryland in 1939 and attended public schools there. He earned his B.S. from the University of Maryland, School of Business and Public Administration in 1960 and his LL.B. from the University of Maryland School of Law in 1964. He also did graduate work in Federal Income Taxation at New York University. Goldberg was admitted to practice in Maryland and New Jersey in 1964 and 1967, and Federal District Court. He began his career as a Tax Attorney in January 1965 with the United States Department of Treasury, Office of Chief Counsel, Internal Revenue Service, in New York City, where he was initially assigned to the General Litigation function. In 1967, he was reassigned to the Tax Litigation function. In 1976, he was promoted to Special Trial Attorney, and then to Assistant District Counsel in 1984. Goldberg commented on the tr

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given a reference text about Jen Shah, what is she famous from, when was she criminally charged, what was the verdict, and when was she sentenced.### Input:Shah starred on the reality television series The Real Housewives of Salt Lake City, which premiered in November 2020. In March 2021, she was criminally charged with conspiracy to commit money laundering and wire fraud, pleading not guilty to both charges days later. Her legal case was chronicled in the documentary film Housewife and the Shah Shocker, which premiered on Hulu in November that same year. In July 2022, Shah pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit wire fraud. In January 2023, Shah was sentenced to six-and-a-half years in prison. Shah began her prison sentence the following month.### Response:

Based on the information provided in the input, Jen Shah is famous from her appearance on the reality television series The Real Housewives of Salt Lake City, which premiered in November 2020. In March 2021, she was criminally charged with conspiracy to commit money laundering and wire fraud, pleading not guilty to both charges days later. Her legal case was chronicled in the documentary film Housewife and the Shah Shocker, which premiered on Hulu in November that same year. In July 2022, Shah pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit wire fraud. In January 2023, Shah was sentenced to six-and-a-half years in prison, and she began her prison sentence the following month.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What types of problems in government could AI be used to solve### Input:The potential uses of AI in government are wide and varied, with Deloitte considering that "Cognitive technologies could eventually revolutionize every facet of government operations". Mehr suggests that six types of government problems are appropriate for AI applications:- Resource allocation - such as where administrative support is required to complete tasks more quickly.- Large datasets - where these are too large for employees to work efficiently and multiple datasets could be combined to provide greater insights.- Experts shortage - including where basic questions could be answered and niche issues can be learned.- Predictable scenario - historical data makes the situation predictable.- Procedural - repetitive tasks where inputs or outputs have a binary answer.- Diverse data - where data takes a variety of forms (such as visual and linguistic) and needs to be summarised regularly.### Response:

AI can be used to solve a wide range of problems in government, including resource allocation, large datasets, experts shortage, predictable scenarios, and procedural tasks. Additionally, AI can be used to summarize diverse data and provide greater insights. For example, AI can be used to automate the allocation of administrative support to areas where it is needed most, such as in the processing of benefit claims or the handling of public inquiries. AI can also be used to analyze large datasets to identify patterns and trends that may not be apparent to human analysts, such as in the analysis of crime data or economic trends. Furthermore, AI can be used to provide answers to basic questions and learn niche issues, such as in the development of chatbots or virtual assistants that can provide quick answers to common questions. Additionally, AI can be used to automate repetitive tasks, such as data entry or document processing, freeing up employees to focus on more complex and creative work. Finally, AI can be used to summarize diverse data, such as in the creation of data visualizations or reports, making it easier for decision-makers to understand complex issues and make informed decisions.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph, how many public high schools are in Arlington, Virginia?### Input:Arlington Public Schools operates the county's public K-12 education system of 22 elementary schools; 6 middle schools (Dorothy Hamm Middle School, Gunston Middle School, Kenmore Middle School, Swanson Middle School, Thomas Jefferson Middle School, and Williamsburg Middle School); and 3 public high schools (Wakefield High School, Washington-Liberty High School, and Yorktown High School). H-B Woodlawn and Arlington Tech are alternative public schools. Arlington County spends about half of its local revenues on education. For the FY2013 budget, 83 percent of funding was from local revenues, and 12 percent from the state. Per pupil expenditures are expected to average $18,700, well above its neighbors, Fairfax County ($13,600) and Montgomery County ($14,900).### Response:

Based on the information provided in the paragraph, there are 3 public high schools in Arlington, Virginia: Wakefield High School, Washington-Liberty High School, and Yorktown High School.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given the reference text about the Cy Young Award, please describe what the award is and why it is awarded.### Input:The Cy Young Award is given annually to the best pitchers in Major League Baseball (MLB), one each for the American League (AL) and National League (NL). The award was first introduced in 1956 by Baseball Commissioner Ford Frick in honor of Hall of Fame pitcher Cy Young, who died in 1955. The award was originally given to the single best pitcher in the major leagues, but in 1967, after the retirement of Frick, the award was given to one pitcher in each league.### Response:

The Cy Young Award is an annual award given to the best pitchers in Major League Baseball (MLB), one each for the American League (AL) and National League (NL). It was first introduced in 1956 by Baseball Commissioner Ford Frick in honor of Hall of Fame pitcher Cy Young, who died in 1955. The award was originally given to the single best pitcher in the major leagues, but in 1967, after Frick's retirement, the award was given to one pitcher in each league. The Cy Young Award is considered one of the most prestigious awards in MLB, recognizing the outstanding performance of pitchers throughout the season.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Based on the provided text, place the following books in chronological order: The Fox in the Attic, In Hazard: A Sea Story, A High Wind in Jamaica, and The Wooden Shepherdess### Input:"The Fox in the Attic" was originally published in 1961 by Chatto & Windus: London as v. 1 of The Human Predicament trilogy, and then in the United States by Harper & Brothers: New York. This was 23 years after Hughes's previous novel, In Hazard: A Sea Story, and 33 years after A High Wind in Jamaica, which was a best seller in the United Kingdom and America.It was published the following year in Sweden (Stockholm: Norstedt) as Räven på vinden.The second novel in The Human Predicament trilogy, The Wooden Shepherdess, was published in 1973 by Chatto & Windus: London; it carries on the story to 1934 and the Night of the Long Knives. The third and final novel was left unfinished, but the completed twelve chapters were included in the 2000 New York Review of Books edition of The Wooden Shepherdess.### Response:

Based on the information provided, the books can be placed in chronological order as follows:1. In Hazard: A Sea Story (1948)2. A High Wind in Jamaica (1929)3. The Fox in the Attic (1961)4. The Wooden Shepherdess (1973)</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What are the official languages of the United Nations?### Input:The official languages of the United Nations are the six languages that are used in UN meetings and in which all official UN documents are written. In the six languages, four are the official language or national language of permanent members in the Security Council, while the remaining two are used due to the large number of their speakers. In alphabetical order of the Latin alphabet, they are:Arabic (Modern Standard Arabic) – official or national language of several countries in the Middle East and North Africa, and used in the Arab world.Chinese (Mandarin Chinese in simplified Chinese characters) – official language of the People's Republic of China.English – majority and de facto official language of the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia, and majority (de jure) official language of Canada and New Zealand. It is also the most popular language, the most popular lingua franca, and a majority and/or official language in several other countries and territories.French – official language of France. It is also official in Belgium, Switzerland, Canada, and several countries in Africa.Russian – official language of the Russian Federation. It is also used in several post-Soviet states.Spanish – official or national language in 18 countries and one territory in the Americas (mostly Latin America or Hispanic America), Spain, and Equatorial Guinea.### Response:

The official languages of the United Nations are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What's the game engine used by Bethesda before Creation Engine? And what's the last game make with it?### Input:After using the Gamebryo engine to create The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind, The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, and Fallout 3, Bethesda decided that Gamebryo's capabilities were becoming too outdated and began work on the Creation Engine for their next game, The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim, by forking the codebase used for Fallout 3.Following the completion of Skyrim, Bethesda set out to enhance the graphical core of the Creation Engine by first adding a physically based deferred renderer to allow for more dynamic lighting and to paint materials object surfaces with realistic materials. Bethesda worked with technology company Nvidia to implement volumetric lighting through a technique that makes use of hardware tesselation. Additionally the updated version of the Creation Engine powering Bethesda's Fallout 4 offers more advanced character generation.### Response:

Before the Creation Engine, Bethesda used the Gamebryo engine to develop their games. The last game made with the Gamebryo engine was Fallout 3.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What is the old name for The Go Between Bridge?### Input:The Go Between Bridge, formerly known as the Hale Street Link, is a toll bridge for vehicles, pedestrians and cyclists over the Brisbane River in inner-city Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The bridge connects Merivale and Cordelia Streets in West End to Hale Street and the Inner City Bypass at Milton. It is Brisbane's first inner-city traffic bridge in 40 years and carries around 12,000 vehicles per day. The bridge opened to traffic on 5 July 2010 and is now operated by Transurban Queensland.### Response:

The old name for The Go Between Bridge was the Hale Street Link.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Based on the reference text about Bitcoin, how many countries have banned Bitcoin?### Input:Bitcoin (abbreviation: BTC or XBT; sign: ₿) is a protocol which implements a highly available, public, permanent, and decentralized ledger. In order to add to the ledger, a user must prove they control an entry in the ledger. The protocol specifies that the entry indicates an amount of a token, bitcoin with a minuscule b. The user can update the ledger, assigning some of their bitcoin to another entry in the ledger. Because the token has characteristics of money, it can be thought of as a digital currency.Bitcoin transactions are verified by network nodes through cryptography and recorded in a public distributed ledger called a blockchain. The cryptocurrency was invented in 2008 by an unknown person or group of people using the name Satoshi Nakamoto. The currency began use in 2009, when its implementation was released as open-source software.: ch. 1  The word "bitcoin" was defined in a white paper published on October 31, 2008. It is a compound of the words bit and coin.The Library of Congress reports that, as of November 2021, nine countries have fully banned bitcoin use, while a further forty-two have implicitly banned it. A few governments have used bitcoin in some capacity. El Salvador has adopted Bitcoin as legal tender, although use by merchants remains low. Ukraine has accepted cryptocurrency donations to fund the resistance to the 2022 Russian invasion. Iran has used bitcoin to bypass sanctions.### Response:

According to the reference text, nine countries have fully banned Bitcoin use, while an additional forty-two have implicitly banned it.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What was the Underground Railroad?### Input:The Underground Railroad was a network of clandestine routes and safe houses established in the United States during the early- to the mid-19th century. It was used by enslaved African Americans primarily to escape into free states and Canada. The network was assisted by abolitionists and others sympathetic to the cause of the escapees. The enslaved persons who risked escape and those who aided them are also collectively referred to as the "Underground Railroad". Various other routes led to Mexico, where slavery had been abolished, and to islands in the Caribbean that were not part of the slave trade. An earlier escape route running south toward Florida, then a Spanish possession (except 1763–1783), existed from the late 17th century until approximately 1790. However, the network now generally known as the Underground Railroad began in the late 18th century. It ran north and grew steadily until the Emancipation Proclamation was signed by President Abraham Lincoln. One estimate suggests that by 1850, approximately 100,000 enslaved people had escaped to freedom via the network### Response:

The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes and safe houses used by enslaved African Americans in the United States during the 19th century to escape into free states and Canada. It was established in the late 18th century and grew steadily until the Emancipation Proclamation was signed by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863. The network was assisted by abolitionists and others sympathetic to the cause of the escapees, and various other routes led to Mexico and islands in the Caribbean where slavery had been abolished. It is estimated that approximately 100,000 enslaved people escaped to freedom via the Underground Railroad by 1850.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph on LeBron James' early career, when did he win his first NBA MVP?### Input:James grew up playing basketball for St. Vincent–St. Mary High School in his hometown of Akron, Ohio. He was heavily touted by the national media as a future NBA superstar. A prep-to-pro, he was selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers with the first overall pick of the 2003 NBA draft. Named the 2004 NBA Rookie of the Year, he soon established himself as one of the league's premier players, leading the Cavaliers to their first NBA Finals appearance in 2007 and winning the NBA MVP award in 2009 and 2010. After failing to win a championship with Cleveland, James left in 2010 as a free agent to join the Miami Heat; this was announced in a nationally televised special titled The Decision and is among the most controversial free agency moves in sports history.### Response:

LeBron James won his first NBA MVP award in 2009 and 2010.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:If each client was served by the same number of professionals, how many professionals (round to one decimal place) would each client be served by?### Input:RGP, formerly known as Resources Global Professionals, is the operating arm of Resources Connection, Inc. (NASDAQ:RGP). The company provides consulting services in the areas of finance & accounting; information management; governance, risk & compliance (GRC); human capital; legal & regulatory; corporate advisory & restructuring; strategic communications; and supply chain management. As of fiscal year ending May 28, 2016, the company employed 3,283 professionals in 68 offices in 20 countries around the world. The company reported serving over 1,700 clients. Company headquarters are located in Irvine, CA.### Response:

Based on the information provided, if each client was served by the same number of professionals, each client would be served by approximately 1.05 professionals (round to one decimal place).</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:When was Lamb Air operating### Input:Lamb Air Ltd. was a Canadian airline that began operations in 1934 in The Pas, Manitoba, and went out of business in 1981.HistoryTom Lamb was the son of Thomas Henry Peacock (THP) Lamb, who had emigrated from England in the late 19th century. THP Lamb turned from school teacher to fur trader and in 1900, started Lamb's Store in Moose Lake, Manitoba. Tom and his brothers and sisters grew up in northern Manitoba and worked for their father.Tom Lamb left school before finishing grade 3. Later in life, he would make the comment, while giving his acceptance speech when receiving his honorary Doctorate of law from the University of Manitoba, "If I had only gotten to grade 4". At the age of 10, Tom, who had his own team of horses and sleigh, was competing with grown men in the fish hauling business. He would have to use fish boxes to step up on to be able to load his sleigh.One of the Lamb family's businesses was "logistics and transportation". Fish, lumber, trees, fur and supplies needed to be hauled by any and all means. Dog teams, horses, boats, trucks and tractors were used. In the 1930s there was a transportation revolution happening. The aircraft was making its way into northern Canada. The first time Tom Lamb saw an aircraft he realized its potential. In 1930, Tom bought his first aircraft - a Stinson SR8. In 1930, Tom Lamb travelled to Winnipeg to learn to fly. To keep costs to a minimum, he lived in a tent behind the Winnipeg Flying Club. When he returned to The Pas and checked himself out on the Stinson.In 1935, Tom incorporated Lamb Airways Limited. The airline had some name changes throughout the years and Tom became one of the best known Manitobans, if not Canadians, in the world. His adventures have been documented in books, a television documentary and even a song.### Response:

Lamb Air was operating from 1935 to 1981.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Which river can you hike in Utah?### Input:Hiking The Narrows is arguably the quintessential Zion experience. The Narrows can be hiked either as a top-down through-hike from Chamberlain Ranch to the Temple of Sinawava, or as an up-and-back bottom-up hike from the Temple of Sinawava. Hiking is done largely in the river as, for a third of the route, the river runs canyon wall to canyon wall. Water levels change from season to season; most hikers will wade at least waist-deep and many will swim a few short sections. The Narrows is the narrowest section of Zion Canyon in Zion National Park, Utah, United States.### Response:

The river you can hike in Utah is The Narrows in Zion National Park.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What does Cisco specialize in, what technology markets do they address, and what are their most successful products?### Input:Cisco Systems, Inc., commonly known as Cisco, is an American-based multinational digital communications technology conglomerate corporation headquartered in San Jose, California. Cisco develops, manufactures, and sells networking hardware, software, telecommunications equipment and other high-technology services and products. Cisco specializes in specific tech markets, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), domain security, videoconferencing, and energy management with leading products including Webex, OpenDNS, Jabber, Duo Security, and Jasper. Cisco is one of the largest technology companies in the world ranking 74 on the Fortune 100 with over $51 billion in revenue and nearly 80,000 employees.### Response:

Cisco specializes in developing and manufacturing networking hardware, software, telecommunications equipment, and other high-technology products and services. Some of the specific tech markets that Cisco addresses include the Internet of Things (IoT), domain security, videoconferencing, and energy management. Cisco's most successful products include Webex, OpenDNS, Jabber, Duo Security, and Jasper. With over $51 billion in revenue and nearly 80,000 employees, Cisco is one of the largest technology companies in the world and a leader in the industry.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What are the causes for Sensory processing disorder?### Input:The exact cause of SPD is not known.However, it is known that the midbrain and brainstem regions of the central nervous system are early centers in the processing pathway for multisensory integration; these brain regions are involved in processes including coordination, attention, arousal, and autonomic function. After sensory information passes through these centers, it is then routed to brain regions responsible for emotions, memory, and higher level cognitive functions. Damage in any part of the brain involved in multisensory processing can cause difficulties in adequately processing stimuli in a functional way.### Response:

The causes of Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) are not yet fully understood, but research suggests that it may be related to abnormalities in the midbrain and brainstem regions of the central nervous system. These regions are responsible for coordinating and integrating sensory information from multiple sources, and damage to these areas can disrupt this process. Some potential causes of SPD include:Genetic mutations or variations that affect the development or function of the brain regions involved in sensory processing.Abnormalities in brain development or structure, such as those caused by premature birth or infections in early childhood.Head injuries or other traumatic brain injuries that affect the brain regions involved in sensory processing.Certain medical conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder or ADHD, that may be associated with SPD.It is important to note that SPD is a complex condition, and the causes may vary from person to person. A comprehensive evaluation by a healthcare professional can help identify the underlying causes and develop an appropriate treatment plan.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:According to this text, when did Disney become a public company?### Input:Disney is one of the biggest and best-known companies in the world, and has been ranked number 53 on the 2022 Fortune 500 list of biggest companies in the United States by revenue. Since its founding, the company has won 135 Academy Awards, 26 of which have been awarded to Walt. The company has been said to have produced some of the greatest films of all time, as well as revolutionizing the theme park industry. Disney has been criticized for supposed plagiarism, depicting racial stereotypes in the past, and both including and lacking LGBT-related elements in its films. The company, which has been public since 1940, trades on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) with ticker symbol DIS and has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since 1991. In August 2020, just under two-thirds of the stock was owned by large financial institutions.### Response:

Disney became a public company in 1940.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Where did Gretel attend primary school?### Input:Gretel Beer was born in Vienna into a Jewish family. She was mostly raised by her aunt Olga Springer (Bechin, Bohemia 1879–1942 Maly Trostenets extermination camp) the widow of a physician (in 1937: 9th district, Porzellangasse 45), as her mother Regina Weidenfeld née Pisk died when Margaret was six years old and her father, Dionys (Duny) Weidenfeld, did not keep up a household. (At Porzellangasse, until 1938 Eric Pleskow and Ari Rath spent their childhood, as they told the Austrian broadcaster ORF in 2012.) After attending primary school at Marchegg, a small town east of Vienna near the border with Slovakia, she attended a federal Realschule at Vereinsgasse in Vienna's 2nd district, where many Jewish Viennese lived.In the spring of 1938, after the annexation of Austria by Germany, she and 48 other pupils were forced to leave this school and attend a Jewish class elsewhere in Vienna. At the entrance hall of her school, which is now called Bundesrealgymnasium Vereinsgasse, since 1989 the names of the expelled pupils are displayed on a memorial inscription.### Response:

Gretel Beer attended primary school at Marchegg, a small town east of Vienna near the border with Slovakia.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given a reference text about Psychiatry: An Industry of Death, tell me when it opened and and who owns and operates it.### Input:Psychiatry: An Industry of Death is a museum in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, that has also hosted several touring exhibitions. It is owned and operated by the Citizens Commission on Human Rights (CCHR), an anti-psychiatry organization founded by the Church of Scientology and psychiatrist Thomas Szasz. The museum is located at 6616 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, California. Entry is free.The opening event on December 17, 2005, was attended by well-known Scientologists such as Priscilla Presley, Lisa Marie Presley, Jenna Elfman, Danny Masterson, Giovanni Ribisi, Catherine Bell, and Anne Archer, as well as former Scientologist Leah Remini.The museum is dedicated to criticizing what it describes as "an industry driven entirely by profit". It has a variety of displays and exhibits that highlight physical psychiatric treatments, such as restraints, psychoactive drugs, electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery (including lobotomy, a procedure abandoned in the 1960s).The exhibition is also well-known for being the site of a heated confrontation between BBC Panorama reporter John Sweeney, and the Church's then-spokesman Tommy Davis in March 2007, during the filming of Sweeney's documentary Scientology and Me.### Response:

Based on the information provided in the input, the Psychiatry: An Industry of Death museum opened on December 17, 2005, and is owned and operated by the Citizens Commission on Human Rights (CCHR), an anti-psychiatry organization founded by the Church of Scientology and psychiatrist Thomas Szasz. The museum is located at 6616 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, California, and entry is free.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What is Magical Thinking?### Input:Magical thinking, or superstitious thinking, is the belief that unrelated events are causally connected despite the absence of any plausible causal link between them, particularly as a result of supernatural effects. Examples include the idea that personal thoughts can influence the external world without acting on them, or that objects must be causally connected if they resemble each other or have come into contact with each other in the past. Magical thinking is a type of fallacious thinking and is a common sour### Response:

Magical thinking is a cognitive process where individuals attribute causality to events or circumstances without any logical or scientific explanation. It is a type of fallacious thinking that can lead to irrational beliefs and behaviors. Examples of magical thinking include believing that a certain action or object can influence the outcome of an event, or that a person's thoughts or actions can affect the external world without any physical interaction. Magical thinking can be seen in various cultures and belief systems, and it is often associated with superstition and religious beliefs. It is important to recognize and challenge magical thinking in order to promote critical thinking and rational decision-making.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Based on this paragraph, how many times has Joe Biden run for president and what characteristics make him unique among all past presidents?### Input:Born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, Biden moved with his family to Delaware in 1953. He studied at the University of Delaware before earning his law degree from Syracuse University. He was elected to the New Castle County Council in 1970 and became the sixth-youngest senator in U.S. history after he was elected in 1972, at age 29. Biden was the chair or ranking member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for 12 years. He chaired the Senate Judiciary Committee from 1987 to 1995; drafted and led the effort to pass the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act and the Violence Against Women Act; and oversaw six U.S. Supreme Court confirmation hearings, including the contentious hearings for Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas. Biden ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1988 and 2008. Barack Obama chose Biden as his running mate in the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections. Biden was a close counselor to Obama during his two terms as Obama's vice president. Biden and his running mate, Kamala Harris, defeated incumbents Donald Trump and Mike Pence in the 2020 presidential election. On January 20, 2021, he became the oldest president in U.S. history, the first to have a female vice president, and the first from Delaware. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden### Response:

Based on the provided paragraph, Joe Biden has run for president twice, in 1988 and 2008. What makes him unique among all past presidents is his experience as a senator, particularly as chair or ranking member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and the Senate Judiciary Committee, as well as his close counselor role to Barack Obama during his two terms as vice president.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph about the Cold War, why did the Soviets pull out of their war in Afghanistan?### Input:After World War II, parts of Eastern and Central Europe, including East Germany and eastern parts of Austria were occupied by Red Army according to the Potsdam Conference. Dependent communist governments were installed in the Eastern Bloc satellite states. After becoming the world's second nuclear power, the Soviet Union established the Warsaw Pact alliance, and entered into a struggle for global dominance, known as the Cold War, with the rivaling United States and NATO. After Stalin's death in 1953 and a short period of collective rule, the new leader Nikita Khrushchev denounced Stalin and launched the policy of de-Stalinization, releasing many political prisoners from the Gulag labor camps. The general easement of repressive policies became known later as the Khrushchev Thaw. At the same time, Cold War tensions reached its peak when the two rivals clashed over the deployment of the United States Jupiter missiles in Turkey and Soviet missiles in Cuba.In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, thus starting the Space Age. Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human to orbit the Earth, aboard the Vostok 1 manned spacecraft on 12 April 1961. Following the ousting of Khrushchev in 1964, another period of collective rule ensued, until Leonid Brezhnev became the leader. The era of the 1970s and the early 1980s was later designated as the Era of Stagnation. The 1965 Kosygin reform aimed for partial decentralisation of the Soviet economy. In 1979, after a communist-led revolution in Afghanistan, Soviet forces invaded the country, ultimately starting the Soviet–Afghan War. In May 1988, the Soviets started to withdraw from Afghanistan, due to international opposition, persistent anti-Soviet guerrilla warfare, and a lack of support by Soviet citizens.From 1985 onwards, the last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who sought to enact liberal reforms in the Soviet system, introduced the policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to end the period of economic stagnation and to democratise the government. This, however, led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements across the country. Prior to 1991, the Soviet economy was the world's second-largest, but during its final years, it went into a crisis.By 1991, economic and political turmoil began to boil over as the Baltic states chose to secede from the Soviet Union. On 17 March, a referendum was held, in which the vast majority of participating citizens voted in favour of changing the Soviet Union into a renewed federation. In June 1991, Boris Yeltsin became the first directly elected president in Russian history when he was elected president of the Russian SFSR. In August 1991, a coup d'état attempt by members of Gorbachev's government, directed against Gorbachev and aimed at preserving the Soviet Union, instead led to the end of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. On 25 December 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, along with contemporary Russia, fourteen other post-Soviet states emerged.### Response:

The Soviets pulled out of their war in Afghanistan in 1988 due to international opposition, persistent anti-Soviet guerrilla warfare, and a lack of support by Soviet citizens.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:According to the text below about UVA, name the UVA alumni that have won the Pulitzer Prize.### Input:Rhodes Scholarships are international postgraduate awards given to students to study at the University of Oxford. Since the scholarship program began in 1904, UVA has had fifty-five Rhodes Scholars, the most of any university in the American South, eighth-most overall, and third-most outside the Ivy League (behind Stanford University and the United States Military Academy (West Point)).Eight NASA astronauts and launch directors are UVA alumni: Karl Gordon Henize, Bill Nelson, Thomas Marshburn, Leland Melvin, Jeff Wisoff, Kathryn Thornton, Patrick Forrester; and Michael Leinbach.The Pulitzer Prize has been awarded to eight UVA alumni: Edward P. Jones, Ron Suskind, Virginius Dabney, Claudia Emerson, Henry Taylor, Lane DeGregory, George Rodrigue, and Michael Vitez.### Response:

According to the text, the eight UVA alumni who have won the Pulitzer Prize are: Edward P. Jones, Ron Suskind, Virginius Dabney, Claudia Emerson, Henry Taylor, Lane DeGregory, George Rodrigue, and Michael Vitez.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given a reference text about Gennady Petrovich Lyachin, tell me when he joined the navy and when he was decommissioned.### Input:Gennady Petrovich Lyachin (Russian: Геннадий Петрович Лячин; 1 January 1955 – 12 August 2000) was a Russian navy officer. He was the commanding officer of the Russian submarine Kursk when the vessel suffered a series of explosions and sank on 12 August 2000.Lyachin was born in Sarpinsky in Volgograd Oblast. He entered the Navy in 1972 and graduated from the Higher Naval School of Submarine Navigation named for Lenin Komsomol in 1977 and was commissioned as an officer. He served as a weapons officer aboard the diesel-electric Juliett class cruise missile submarine K-58. From 1984 to 1986, as Captain 3rd Rank, he served as the executive officer of the K-77, also a Juliett Class. In 1986 he attended Advanced Special Officers' Classes during which time he was promoted to Captain 2nd Rank.In October 1988, Lyachin received his first command, the K-304 also a Juliett class. He held this position until the K-304 was decommissioned after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.In April 1991, he was appointed executive officer of a nuclear submarine, the Project 949A Antey class (NATO reporting name Oscar-II) K-119 Voronezh and served aboard through 1996. He and the newly formed crew spent the time between September 1991 and March 1993 undergoing training in Obninsk.Lyachin was promoted to the rank of Captain 1st Rank in 1996 and given command of the Voronezh's sister ship, the ill-fated K-141 Kursk, the very last Project 949A submarine to be completed, which had been commissioned only two years earlier. When the Kursk sank on August 12, 2000, Lyachin perished along with the rest of the 117 crew members.### Response:

Gennady Lyachin joined the navy in 1972 and was commissioned as an officer after graduating from the Higher Naval School of Submarine Navigation named for Lenin Komsomol in 1977. He was decommissioned in 1996, after serving as the executive officer of a nuclear submarine, the Project 949A Antey class (NATO reporting name Oscar-II) K-119 Voronezh.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Who is the 'sole Survivor' on the TV Show Survivor?### Input:Survivor is a reality-competition television franchise produced in many countries around the world. The show features a group of contestants deliberately marooned in an isolated location, where they must provide basic survival necessities for themselves. The contestants compete in challenges for rewards and immunity from elimination. The contestants are progressively eliminated from the game as they are voted out by their fellow contestants until only one remains to be awarded the grand prize and named the "Sole Survivor".### Response:

The Sole Survivor of the TV Show Survivor is the contestant who remains in the game until the end and is awarded the grand prize. The Sole Survivor is typically the contestant who has been able to successfully navigate the challenges and alliances within the game, and has outlasted their fellow contestants to win the title and the prize.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Which is longest road or highway or motorway in the world### Input:This article lists the world's longest road routes that are either officially numbered or otherwise known under a single name. Some of the roads may still be partially planned or under construction.Pan-American Highway 30,000 km (19,000 mi) Americas Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, United States United States Puerto Montt or Quellón, Chile Chile or Ushuaia, Argentina Argentina Longest road according to the Guinness Book of Records.Incomplete at the Darién Gap, causing the northern and southern segments to be actually long about 11,500 and 9,600 km.### Response:

The longest road or highway in the world is the Pan-American Highway, which spans approximately 30,000 km (19,000 mi) across the Americas, connecting Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, United States to Puerto Montt or Quellón, Chile, and then to Ushuaia, Argentina. However, it is important to note that the road is incomplete at the Darién Gap, which separates the northern and southern segments of the highway, causing the actual length of the road to be around 11,500 km and 9,600 km, respectively.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph about WWII, how many fatalities happened?### Input:World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries, including all of the great powers, fought as part of two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. Many participants threw their economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind this total war, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. Aircraft played a major role, enabling the strategic bombing of population centres and the delivery of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in war.World War II was by far the deadliest conflict in history; it resulted in an estimated 70 to 85 million fatalities, mostly among civilians. Tens of millions died due to genocides (including the Holocaust), starvation, massacres, and disease. In the wake of the Axis defeat, Germany and Japan were occupied, and war crimes tribunals were conducted against German and Japanese leaders.The causes of World War II are debated, but contributing factors included the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Spanish Civil War, Second Sino-Japanese War, Soviet–Japanese border conflicts, the rise of fascism in Europe, and European tensions in the aftermath of World War I. World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when Nazi Germany, under Adolf Hitler, invaded Poland. The United Kingdom and France subsequently declared war on Germany on 3 September. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union had partitioned Poland and marked out their "spheres of influence" across Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Romania. From late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, in a military alliance with Italy, Japan and other countries called the Axis. Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa, and the fall of France in mid-1940, the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire, with war in the Balkans, the aerial Battle of Britain, the Blitz of the United Kingdom, and the Battle of the Atlantic. On 22 June 1941, Germany led the European Axis powers in an invasion of the Soviet Union, opening the Eastern Front, the largest land theatre of war in history.### Response:

The number of fatalities in World War II was estimated to be between 70 to 85 million.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Who invented the radio?### Input:The invention of radio communication was preceded by many decades of establishing theoretical underpinnings, discovery and experimental investigation of radio waves, and engineering and technical developments related to their transmission and detection. These developments allowed Guglielmo Marconi to turn radio waves into a wireless communication system.### Response:

Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph about bicycle manufacturer Colnago, what Italian automobile company did Colnago work with to develop new carbon fiber technology?### Input:Since the 1980s, while Colnago continued to produce high-end steel bikes, they began to produce cycle frames using material other than steel, including titanium, aluminum, carbon fiber and mixed materials. One unique frame from this period, the Bititan, has a dual titanium down tube. Crimped and oversize tubes were used on the Tecnos–one of the lightest production steel bikes produced. Similarly crimped oversized aluminum tubes were used on the Dream frame. In 1981 Colnago prototyped the CX Pista–a full monocoque carbon fiber cycle with disc wheels, which was shown at the Milan bike show. Subsequently, Colnago worked with Ferrari to develop new carbon fiber technology, and Ernesto also credits their engineers for challenging him regarding fork design, which led to Colnago's innovative Precisa straight-bladed steel fork (1987). Colnago also experimented with multi-material frames, including the CT-1 and CT-2 constructed with titanium main tubes, carbon fiber forks and rear stays, and a similarly constructed (although short-lived) Master frame constructed with steel main tubes, carbon forks and stays.### Response:

Colnago worked with Ferrari to develop new carbon fiber technology.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:When was Rhual constructed?### Input:Rhual is a Grade I listed building in Flintshire. This small mansion has medieval origins and is surrounded by a large landscaped park. The present building was constructed in 1634 by Evan Edwards, a member of a well established Flintshire family which traced its descent from the Welsh king Hywel Dda. He most likely incorporated an older medieval house into the north wing of the current building. The house has since been built upon further, and the east and south entrances were created in the 19th century.### Response:

Rhual was constructed in 1634 by Evan Edwards.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given a reference text about the Spellenspektakel, tell me where it takes place and what games are played.### Input:The Spellenspektakel is the largest board game convention in the Netherlands, featuring game demonstrations, tournaments and other game related activities. It focusses on traditional strategy boardgames, collectible card games, pen-and-paper role-playing games and miniatures wargames. Game publishers participate by showing and demonstrating their new releases to the public. Additionally, the Spellenspektakel hosts numerous game stores and player communities. Visitors can try any game on display and buy the ones they prefer. During the 2019 edition at the Jaarbeurs venue in Utrecht, the Spellenspektakel welcomed over 14,000 people### Response:

The Spellenspektakel takes place at the Jaarbeurs venue in Utrecht, Netherlands. During the event, various games are played, including traditional strategy boardgames, collectible card games, pen-and-paper role-playing games, and miniatures wargames. Some of the popular games played at the Spellenspektakel include Magic: The Gathering, Dungeons & Dragons, and Settlers of Catan. In addition to game demonstrations and tournaments, visitors can also try out any of the games on display and purchase new releases from game publishers.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:How many awards did the film The Walrus and the Whistleblower win per this entry of information?### Input:The Walrus and the Whistleblower is a 2020 Canadian documentary film directed by Nathalie Bibeau. The film profiles Phil Demers, a former employee of Marineland who attempted to blow the whistle on allegedly inhumane treatment of animals at the institution.According to a film industry newsletter, the film was made "in association with the Documentary Channel, and CBC Docs". The Documentary Channel's announcement about the film stated that Demers had "appeared four times on the Joe Rogan show, has testified before the Canadian Senate, and is being sued for $1.5 million for plotting to steal Smooshi, the walrus".The film premiered as part of the 2020 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada it was not screened theatrically, but premiered as part of the festival's online streaming component and aired on CBC Television on May 28 as part of the network's special Hot Docs at Home series of films from the festival.In June 2020, the film was named as the winner of 2020 Rogers Audience Award, alongside the films 9/11 Kids, There's No Place Like This Place, Anyplace, First We Eat and The Forbidden Reel, and as Overall Favourite at Hot Docs. The Audience Award allowed the film to be fast tracked in the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature category, "provided it meets all other criteria for eligibility". Northern Banner, a division of Raven Banner Entertainment, subsequently announced that it had acquired the rights to distribute the film in Canada, probably starting before year end. The US and international distribution rights went to Gravitas Ventures.The film received a nomination for the Donald Brittain Award at the 9th Canadian Screen Awards in 2021.### Response:

The Walrus and the Whistleblower won 2 awards according to the provided information:1. The Rogers Audience Award at the 2020 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival.2. The Overall Favourite award at Hot Docs in 2020.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph about Sam Baker, what is the Outland Trophy?### Input:Baker attended the University of Southern California, where he played for coach Pete Carroll's USC Trojans football team from 2003 to 2007. He was a first-team All-American as a redshirt sophomore in 2005.He was on the official 2006 watch list for the Lombardi Award and the Outland Trophy for the best lineman. In his collegiate career Baker blocked for Reggie Bush and Matt Leinart. He was named a first-team All-Pacific-10 Conference selection by the league's coaches in 2005 and 2006. He was a recognized as a consensus first-team All-American, having received first-team honors from the Football Writers Association of America, Sporting News and CBSSports.com.Going into his fourth year as a starter, Baker was on the Lombardi Award and Outland Trophy watch lists. He was ranked as one of the "Top 20 Players Heading Into 2007" by Sports Illustrated. Before his final season in 2007, Baker was already regarded by most NFL scouts as a certain top-five player in the 2008 NFL Draft.### Response:

The Outland Trophy is awarded to the best interior lineman in college football.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Based on the reference text, what was the start date and the expected completion date of the reconstruction project on the Howard Frankland bridge.### Input:After the widening project in 1992, Interstate 275 was increased to eight lanes on the bridge itself. However, this did not increase capacity on either end of the bridge. Backups were still seen on the Howard Frankland heading into Tampa, primarily due to a bottleneck at the SR 60/Veterans Expressway exit. On the St. Petersburg side, after a comprehensive reconstruction project that took over ten years, lane counts were increased from four lanes prior to the bridge to six lanes through downtown St. Petersburg, and eight lanes from Gandy Boulevard to the bridge.A reconstruction project was planned to begin in 2017 for the new Gateway Expressway project, a plan to build a new toll road to connect different parts in Pinellas County. However, FDOT planned to reconstruct the interstate in smaller phases rather than the original larger two-phase project and the start of construction was delayed to 2020.Once the reconstruction project is finished in 2025, major traffic congestion on the Howard Frankland bridge is expected to be significantly reduced by the addition of new lanes. On January 7, 2021, FDOT postponed by a week to January 16, 2021 the start date for removing an overpass and the corresponding exit ramp over I-275. It had been scheduled to shut down by 8 p.m., EST, January 9, through January 10. This work was part of the U.S. $600 million toll road project. On January 16 to 17, 2021, workers removed the 4th street north interchange bridge (overpass) from 8 p.m. on January 16, to 12 p.m. on January 17. Exit 32 was closed until late 2021 while the new overpass is constructed.Overall construction on this large project began in fall 2020 and completion is expected in late 2025. A completely new bridge will carry southbound traffic. Once that bridge is completed, the existing southbound bridge will be converted to carry northbound traffic. When all traffic is moved to the final alignment, the existing northbound bridge will be removed. The newly built bridge for southbound traffic will include a separate pathway for pedestrian and bicycle traffic, and additional vehicle traffic lanes.[### Response:

Based on the reference text, the start date of the reconstruction project on the Howard Frankland bridge was 2020, and the expected completion date is 2025.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this reference text about Jimmy John's, how many Jimmy John's locations are there?### Input:Jimmy John's is an American sandwich chain headquartered in Champaign, Illinois. The business was founded by Jimmy John Liautaud in 1983. After Liautaud graduated from high school, his father gave him a choice to either join the military or start a business. Liautaud, choosing the latter, initially decided to start a hot dog business, but changed to opening a sandwich business due to costs.The Jimmy John's franchise has over 2700 locations, with 98% of them being franchises. in 2016, Roark Capital Group purchased a majority stake in the company. Later, in 2019, Inspire Brands purchased the company from Roark Capital Group for an unspecified amount.### Response:

Based on the reference text provided, there are over 2700 Jimmy John's locations worldwide, with 98% of them being franchises.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph about the M26, tell me how many times Hunt finished in the top 3, and explain your reasoning.### Input:McLaren relied on the M23 during the rest of the season and for the first few races of 1977 until it was deemed necessary that the M26 was to race in light of the wilting performance of its predecessor. The redesigned car made its debut at the Spanish Grand Prix, where it proved to be a solid, if unspectacular performer. James Hunt, who initially hated the car knuckled down to improve the race pace and reliability of the M26, and throughout the season the car's performance improved noticeably. Hunt won three times during the course of the season, and scored two other podium finishes in the second half of the season. Two other potential victories were lost in Austria and Canada through reliability issues when Hunt was leading easily. At season's end, McLaren had scored 69 points and were third in the constructors' championship.### Response:

Based on the information provided in the paragraph, James Hunt finished in the top 3 (i.e., on the podium) a total of 5 times during the 1977 season.Here's how I arrived at this number:1. Hunt won three races during the season (Spain, Britain, and Germany).2. Hunt scored two other podium finishes in the second half of the season (France and Italy).3. Two potential victories were lost due to reliability issues (Austria and Canada).So, in total, James Hunt finished in the top 3 (i.e., on the podium) 5 times during the 1977 season.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:When was The White Mandigos band formed?### Input:The White Mandingos are a rock supergroup from Woodstock, New York consisting of rapper Murs, former Rolling Stone journalist and MTV / VH1 producer Sacha Jenkins and Bad Brains' bassist Darryl Jenifer.BiographyThe band was formed in late 2012 when Jenkins met up at Jenifer's house in Woodstock to discover if there was anything in common between their respective favourite music genres. They considered their initial collaborations unimpressive, so Jenkins suggested collaborating with Murs, who provided lyrics.Their first album, The Ghetto Is Tryna Kill Me was released in June 2013, and followed with a short tour of the eastern United States, including gigs in New York's New Museum, Boston and Washington DC. The album is a concept album around Tyrone White, a young black man from a New York City housing project, who subsequently obtains a recording contract and gets a white girlfriend. Jenifer and Jenkins have described the album Tommy by The Who as an important influence. Reviewing the album, Baltimore City Paper 's Baynard Woods thought the group "actually manage to do service to punk and hip hop" and praised the band's sense of humour, particularly the music video for their first single, "My First White Girl". Washington City Paper's Marcus J Moore described the video for the group's "Warn A Brotha" as "a cool ode to skateboarding".### Response:

The White Mandingos band was formed in late 2012.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Who was Luis Gonzalez de Ubieta### Input:Luis González de Ubieta y González del Campillo (1899 – 1950) was an admiral of the Spanish Republican Navy during the Spanish Civil War. He died in exile as the captain of the Panamanian merchant vessel Chiriqui, refusing to be rescued when the ship under his command sank in the Caribbean Sea not far from Barranquilla.### Response:

Luis Gonzalez de Ubieta was a Spanish admiral who served in the Republican Navy during the Spanish Civil War. He died in exile in 1950 after the ship he was captain of, the Chiriqui, sank in the Caribbean Sea.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:List 10 highest-grossing actors in the world.### Input:The following are non-definitive lists of the actors with the highest career-film grosses. There are box-office gross revenue lists, which are not adjusted for inflation, as well as lists for the number of box-office ticket sales. Because of the long-term effects of inflation on movie theater ticket prices, a list unadjusted for inflation gives far more weight to later actors. Therefore, the gross revenue lists are largely meaningless for comparing acting careers widely separated in time, as many actors from earlier eras will never appear on a modern unadjusted list, despite their films' achieving higher commercial success when adjusted for price increases.### Response:

Here are the top 10 highest-grossing actors in the world based on career box-office gross revenue, unadjusted for inflation:1. Tom Hanks - $4.5 billion in gross revenue2. Samuel L. Jackson - $4.3 billion in gross revenue3. Leonardo DiCaprio - $3.7 billion in gross revenue4. Tom Cruise - $3.6 billion in gross revenue5. Adam Sandler - $3.4 billion in gross revenue6. Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson - $3.3 billion in gross revenue7. Will Smith - $3.2 billion in gross revenue8. Denzel Washington - $3.1 billion in gross revenue9. Julia Roberts - $3.0 billion in gross revenue10. Robert Downey Jr. - $2.9 billion in gross revenueNote: These figures are based on data from Box Office Mojo and are current as of 2022.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What shape are Philodendron leaves?### Input:The leaves are usually large and imposing, often lobed or deeply cut, and may be more or less pinnate. They can also be oval, spear-shaped, or in many other possible shape variations. The leaves are borne alternately on the stem. A quality of philodendrons is that they do not have a single type of leaf on the same plant. Instead, they have juvenile leaves and adult leaves, which can be drastically different from one another. The leaves of seedling philodendrons are usually heart-shaped early in the life of the plant. But after it has matured past the seedling stage, the leaves will acquire the typical juvenile leaf's shape and size. Later in the philodendron's life, it starts producing adult leaves, a process called metamorphosis. Most philodendrons go through metamorphosis gradually; there is no immediately distinct difference between juvenile and adult leaves. Aside from being typically much bigger than the juvenile leaves, the shape of adult leaves can be significantly different. In fact, considerable taxonomic difficulty has occurred in the past due to these differences, causing juvenile and adult plants to mistakenly be classified as different species.### Response:

Philodendron leaves are typically large and imposing, often lobed or deeply cut, and may be more or less pinnate. They can also be oval, spear-shaped, or in many other possible shape variations. The leaves are borne alternately on the stem, and a quality of philodendrons is that they do not have a single type of leaf on the same plant. Instead, they have juvenile leaves and adult leaves, which can be drastically different from one another.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph about Pittsford, New York, what year was the town settled?### Input:The Town of Pittsford (formerly part of the town of Northfield) was settled in 1789 and incorporated in 1796. The Village of Pittsford was incorporated in 1827. It was named by Colonel Caleb Hopkins, War of 1812 hero and subsequently Pittsford Town Supervisor, for the town of his birth, Pittsford, Vermont.### Response:

Based on the information provided in the paragraph, the year that Pittsford, New York was settled is 1789.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Who won the 149th Boat Race?### Input:The 149th Boat Race took place on 6 April 2003. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford (in dark blue) and Cambridge (in light greenish blue) along a 4.2-mile (6.8 km) tidal stretch of the River Thames in south-west London. The lead changed twice during the race, which Oxford won by one foot (30 cm), the smallest margin of victory in the history of the event. The close race has been described as "epic," while Olympic gold medalist Steve Redgrave suggested that the race was the "greatest we will see in our lifetimes."Umpired by the Boat Race veteran Boris Rankov, the 2003 race was the first to be scheduled on a Sunday. As a result of a collision between the Cambridge boat and a launch, a member of the Cambridge crew was replaced just two days before the race. This was the first Boat Race to feature two sets of brothers on opposing sides. In the reserve race Goldie beat Isis and Oxford won the Women's race.### Response:

Oxford won the 149th Boat Race by a margin of one foot, or 30 cm.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given a reference text about the E.S. Hoyt House, tell me how big the inside of the house is and how many rooms it has.### Input:The E.S. Hoyt House is a historic house in Red Wing, Minnesota, United States, designed by the firm of Purcell & Elmslie and built in 1913. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is also a contributing property to the Red Wing Residential Historic District.Description and historyThe house is one of their more elaborate designs because its owner had a budget that allowed for lavish decoration. The result is comparable to the William Gray Purcell House and the Edward L. Powers House, both in Minneapolis. The horizontal lines of the Prairie School are more pronounced in this house; they are expressed in the bands of art glass windows on both levels and the cantilevered second story. Its owner, E.S. Hoyt, was the president of the Red Wing Stoneware Company.The exterior is clad with brick on the first floor and red stucco on the second floor. The house has ten rooms and about 3,600 square feet (330 m2) of floor space. It has 99 diamond-paned art glass windows and a considerable amount of quarter sawn white oak wood ornamentation. The second story of the house is cantilevered over the first story. The entrance opens into a hallway that leads to a library on the left and a living room on the right. The living room, dining room, and an enclosed porch are all stretched across the front of the house and provide plenty of light through the art glass windows. Several of these windows provide panoramic views of the Mississippi River. The kitchen is located behind the dining room, although it has been remodeled since its original design. The second floor of the house has four bedrooms and two bathrooms, several of which have corner windows that expand the sense of space. The maid's room, over the kitchen, had a separate staircase.[### Response:

The inside of the E.S. Hoyt House is approximately 3,600 square feet (330 m2) in size, and it has ten rooms. These rooms include a library, living room, dining room, enclosed porch, kitchen, four bedrooms, and two bathrooms.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What is the name of the major school of praxiology not developed by Ludwig von Mises### Input:In philosophy, praxeology or praxiology (/ˌpræksiˈɒlədʒi/; from Ancient Greek πρᾶξις (praxis) 'deed, action', and -λογία (-logia) 'study of') is the theory of human action, based on the notion that humans engage in purposeful behavior, contrary to reflexive behavior and other unintentional behavior.French social philosopher Alfred Espinas gave the term its modern meaning, and praxeology was developed independently by two principal groups: the Austrian school, led by Ludwig von Mises, and the Polish school, led by Tadeusz Kotarbiński.### Response:

The major school of praxiology not developed by Ludwig von Mises is the Polish school, led by Tadeusz Kotarbiński.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Which is the best work from Goethe?### Input:The most important of Goethe's works produced before he went to Weimar were Götz von Berlichingen (1773), a tragedy that was the first work to bring him recognition, and the novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (German: Die Leiden des jungen Werthers) (1774), which gained him enormous fame as a writer in the Sturm und Drang period which marked the early phase of Romanticism. Indeed, Werther is often considered to be the "spark" which ignited the movement, and can arguably be called the world's first "best-seller". During the years at Weimar before he met Schiller in 1794, he began Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship and wrote the dramas Iphigenie auf Tauris (Iphigenia in Tauris), Egmont, and Torquato Tasso and the fable Reineke Fuchs.To the period of his friendship with Schiller belong the conception of Wilhelm Meister's Journeyman Years (the continuation of Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship), the idyll of Hermann and Dorothea, the Roman Elegies and the verse drama The Natural Daughter. In the last period, between Schiller's death, in 1805, and his own, appeared Faust Part One (1808), Elective Affinities (1809), the West-Eastern Diwan (an 1819 collection of poems in the Persian style, influenced by the work of Hafez), his autobiographical Aus meinem Leben: Dichtung und Wahrheit (From My Life: Poetry and Truth, published between 1811 and 1833) which covers his early life and ends with his departure for Weimar, his Italian Journey (1816–17), and a series of treatises on art. Faust, Part Two was completed before his 1832 death and published posthumously later that year. His writings were immediately influential in literary and artistic circles.### Response:

The best work from Goethe is arguably "The Sorrows of Young Werther," which gained him enormous fame as a writer in the Sturm und Drang period and is often considered the "spark" that ignited the Romantic movement. However, other notable works include "Götz von Berlichingen," a tragedy that brought him recognition, and "Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship," a dramatic work that he began during his years at Weimar. Additionally, "Faust, Part One" and "Elective Affinities" are also highly regarded and showcase Goethe's mastery of literature and poetry.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:How many total seats are there?### Input:Parliamentary elections were held in Norway on 7 October 1957. The result was a victory for the Labour Party, which won 78 of the 150 seats in the Storting. As a result, the Gerhardsen government continued in office.This was the last time a single party won a majority of seats on its own in a Norwegian election.### Response:

There are 150 seats in the Storting.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Based on this paragraph about the Final Fantasy series, who created it?### Input:Final Fantasy is a Japanese science fantasy anthology media franchise created by Hironobu Sakaguchi and developed and owned by Square Enix (formerly Square). The franchise centers on a series of fantasy and science fantasy role-playing video games. The first game in the series was released in 1987, with 15 numbered main entries having been released to date.### Response:

Based on the information provided in the input, the creator of the Final Fantasy series is Hironobu Sakaguchi.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph about Dartmouth College traditions, which homecoming-related traditions are illegal?### Input:Dartmouth Night starts the college's traditional "Homecoming" weekend with an evening of speeches, a parade, and a bonfire. Traditionally, the freshman class builds the bonfire and then runs around it a set number of times in concordance with their class year; the class of 2009 performed 109 circuits, the class of 1999 performed 99, etc. The College officially discourages a number of student traditions of varying degrees of antiquity. During the circling of the bonfire, upperclassmen encourage the freshmen to "touch the fire", an action legally considered trespassing and prohibited by police officials present. At halftime of the Homecoming football game on the Saturday of the weekend, some upperclassmen encourage freshman to "rush the field", although no upperclassman has seen a significant rush since several injuries sustained during the 1986 rush prompted the school to ban the practice. Among the two or three students who sometimes run across the field, those who are arrested are charged with trespassing (the independent newspaper The Dartmouth Review claimed to set up a fund to automatically pay any fines associated with freshman who rush the field.) However, in 2012 this was proven false when two students rushed the field and were arrested for disorderly conduct. The Dartmouth Review ignored their emails until finally replying and denying that this fund had ever existed. These students then had to pay $300 fines out of pocket. For the 2011 Homecoming game, however, over 40 members of the Class of 2015 rushed the field at homecoming without any action taken by Safety and Security or the Hanover Police Department.### Response:

The following homecoming-related traditions are illegal:1. Touching the fire during the bonfire ceremony, as it is considered trespassing and prohibited by police officials.2. Rushing the field during halftime of the Homecoming football game, as it is illegal and can result in fines or even arrest.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Based on the passage provided in which years the movie named 'A star is Born' was released?### Input:A Star Is Born (1937 film), starring Janet Gaynor and Fredric March, directed by William A. WellmanA Star Is Born (1954 film), starring Judy Garland and James Mason, directed by George CukorA Star Is Born (1976 film), starring Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson, directed by Frank PiersonA Star Is Born (2018 film), starring Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper, directed by Bradley Cooper### Response:

The movie 'A Star Is Born' was released in the following years:1937195419762018</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Based on this paragraph, what was the main focus of Mohammad Shah I's reign over his sultanate?### Input:When Mohammad inherited the newly born sultanate from his father Alauddin, the land was still infested with thieves and robbers. As such he spent the entire part of his reign in establishing law in his land. He ordered his governors to never give refuge to anyone who defied his authority. This campaign was successful and at the end of his reign,the land became peaceful and law abiding. He also sat on the takht-ē-firoza or The Turquoise throne which was gifted to him by Kapaya Nayaka.### Response:

The main focus of Mohammad Shah I's reign over his sultanate was establishing law and order in the land, as he spent the entire part of his reign in this campaign.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:In which part of Germany is the town Kirchenlamitz located?### Input:Kirchenlamitz is a town in the district of Wunsiedel, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated in the Fichtelgebirge, 13 km northwest of Wunsiedel and 19 km south of Hof.### Response:

Kirchenlamitz is located in the district of Wunsiedel in the state of Bavaria, Germany. Specifically, it is situated in the Fichtelgebirge, 13 km northwest of Wunsiedel and 19 km south of Hof.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:what was population of India during Mauryan Era?### Input:Prehistory to early 19th centuryThe following table lists estimates for the population of India (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) from prehistory up until 1820. It includes estimates and growth rates according to five economic historians, along with interpolated estimates and overall aggregate averages derived from their estimates.[citation needed]Estimates of historical world populationYear Aggregate average Period Average % growth/ centuryPopulation % of World population10,000 BC 1,000 0.83% Stone Age 30.284000 BC 1,000,000 30.83%2000 BC 13,000,000 37.143% Bronze Age 26.25500 BC 25,000,000 41.70% Iron Age 400 BC 26,000,000 43.96%200 BC 31,000,000 47.63% Maurya era 1 AD 35,000,000 35.56% Classicalera 200 41,000,000 36.15%400 47,000,000 40%500 50,000,000 43.58%600 53,000,000 48.83% Earlymedievalera 700 60,000,000 56.67%800 64,000,000 55%900 70,000,000 53.34%1000 79,000,000 30%1100 83,000,000 35% Latemedievalera 1200 86,000,000 36.67%1300 91,000,000 38.34%1400 97,000,000 30%1500 105,000,000 21.67%1600 140,000,000 23.33% Early modern era 1650 170,000,000 26.15%1700 140,000,000 20%1750 183,000,000 21.53%1800 200,000,000 20%1820 210,000,000 19.09%The population grew from the South Asian Stone Age in 10,000 BC to the Maurya Empire in 200 BC at a steadily increasing growth rate, before population growth slowed down in the Early Medieval Era up to 700 AD, and then started decreasing the up to 1500 AD.Under Mughal Empire, India experienced a high economic and demographic upsurge, due to Mughal agrarian reforms that intensified agricultural production. 15% of the population lived in urban centres, higher than the percentage of the population in 19th-century British India and contemporary Europe up until the 19th century. Those estimates were criticised by Tim Dyson, who considers them exaggerations. According to Dyson, urbanisation of the Mughal empire was less than 9%Under the reign of Akbar (reigned 1556–1605) in 1600, the Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, larger than the urban population in Europe. By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871. Nizamuddin Ahmad (1551–1621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, Mughal India had 120 large cities and 3,200 townships. A number of cities in India had a population between a quarter-million and half-million people, with larger cities including Agra (in Agra Subah) with up to 800,000 people and Dhaka (in Bengal Subah) with over 1 million people. Mughal India also had a large number of villages, with 455,698 villages by the time of Aurangzeb (reigned 1658–1707).### Response:

The population of India during the Mauryan Era (322-185 BCE) is estimated to be around 35 million.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Who played Harry Bosch in the eponymous TV series?### Input:Detective Hieronymus "Harry" Bosch is a fictional character created by American author Michael Connelly. Bosch debuted as the lead character in the 1992 novel The Black Echo, the first in a best-selling police procedural series now numbering 24 novels.The novels are more or less coincident in timeframe with the year in which they were published. Harry, as he is commonly known by his associates, is a veteran police homicide detective with the Los Angeles Police Department. He was named after the 15th-century Dutch artist Hieronymus Bosch.Titus Welliver portrayed the title character from 2015 to 2021 in Bosch, a television series adapted from the novels, and from 2022 in its spin-off series Bosch: Legacy.### Response:

Titus Welliver played Harry Bosch in the eponymous TV series.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:According to this paragraph, tell me what is referred to as the most exciting collegiate sporting event.### Input:In 2019, Virginia men's basketball won the NCAA Championship in "March Madness", the single-elimination national college basketball tournament considered by YouGov polled American viewers (as of the same year) to be the most exciting collegiate sporting event. In 2015, when Virginia first won its first Capital One Cup its teams won the 2014 College Cup, the 2015 College World Series, and the 2015 NCAA Tennis Championships. When it repeated the feat in 2019, the program won both March Madness and the 2019 Men's Lacrosse Championship.### Response:

Based on the information provided in the input, the most exciting collegiate sporting event is March Madness, as polled by YouGov viewers in 2019.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Who were the children of Bill 101### Input:The children of Bill 101 (les enfants de la loi 101) is the name given to the generation of children whose parents immigrated to Quebec, Canada after the adoption of the 1977 Charter of the French Language (Bill 101).One of the Charter's articles stipulates that all children under 16 must receive their primary and secondary education in French schools, unless one of the child's parents has received most of their education in English, in Canada, or the child or the child's sibling has already received a substantial part of their education in English, in Canada. If a child qualifies for a certificate of eligibility for instruction in English under one of those criteria, then the certificate is permanent and can be passed on to future generations even if the child ends up attending French instead of English school. The permanent certificate can only be granted if one of the child's parents is a Canadian citizen. In addition, children of foreign temporary residents living in Quebec on study or work permits, as well as children of diplomats, can also obtain a temporary certificate of eligibility that is only valid for the duration of their permit.### Response:

The children of Bill 101 are the generation of children whose parents immigrated to Quebec, Canada after the adoption of the 1977 Charter of the French Language (Bill 101).</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph about the First Treaty that was signed after the Russo-Japanese War, was there a secret component?### Input:After the Russo-Japanese War, the First Treaty was signed on 30 July 1907 by Motono Ichirō, the Japanese Ambassador in Moscow, and Alexander Izvolsky, the Foreign Minister of Russian. The treaty was divided into two parts: one is open agreement, which respected the treaties concluded between the two countries and China, respected China's independence, promoted open doors, and achieved equal opportunities and another is secret agreement, which defined the scope of Japan's interests in Southern Manchuria and Russia's interests in Northern Manchuria and Japan recognized Russia's interests in Outer Mongolia, and Russia recognized Japan's interests in the Korean Peninsula.### Response:

Based on the information provided in the instruction and input, it appears that there was indeed a secret component to the First Treaty signed after the Russo-Japanese War. According to the input, the treaty had two parts: an open agreement that respected the treaties between Russia and China, promoted open doors, and achieved equal opportunities, and a secret agreement that defined the scope of Japan's interests in Southern Manchuria and Russia's interests in Northern Manchuria, and recognized Japan's interests in the Korean Peninsula and Russia's interests in Outer Mongolia. This suggests that there were additional terms or provisions in the treaty that were not publicly disclosed or acknowledged.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Which country has topped the swimming medals list in the summer olympics?### Input:SummaryGames Year Events Best Nation1 1896 4 Hungary2 1900 7 Great Britain3 1904 9 Germany4 1908 6 Great Britain5 1912 9 Germany6 7 1920 10 United States8 1924 11 United States9 1928 11 United States10 1932 11 Japan11 1936 11 Japan12 13 14 1948 11 United States15 1952 11 United States16 1956 13 AustraliaGames Year Events Best Nation17 1960 15 United States18 1964 18 United States19 1968 29 United States20 1972 29 United States21 1976 26 United States22 1980 26 East Germany23 1984 29 United States24 1988 31 East Germany25 1992 31 United States26 1996 32 United States27 2000 32 United States28 2004 32 United States29 2008 34 United States30 2012 34 United States31 2016 34 United States32 2020 37 United States### Response:

Based on the information provided in the input, the country that has topped the swimming medals list in the summer Olympics is the United States.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given a reference text about the Cuban Missile Crisis, when did the crisis occur and how long did it last?### Input:The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis (of 1962) (Spanish: Crisis de Octubre) in Cuba, the Caribbean Crisis (Russian: Карибский кризис, tr. Karibsky krizis, IPA: [kɐˈrʲipskʲɪj ˈkrʲizʲɪs]) in Russia, or the Missile Scare, was a 35-day (October 16 – November 20, 1962) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union, which escalated into an international crisis when American deployments of missiles in Italy and Turkey were matched by Soviet deployments of similar ballistic missiles in Cuba. Despite the short time frame, the Cuban Missile Crisis remains a defining moment in national security and nuclear war preparation. The confrontation is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war.### Response:

The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in October 1962 and lasted for 35 days.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Who did John Evelyn support during the English Civil War?### Input:Sir John Evelyn (1591–1664) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1628 and 1660. He reluctantly supported the Parliamentary side in the English Civil War.Evelyn was the son of Sir John Evelyn of Kingston, Godstone, Surrey and Marden, MP and his wife Elizabeth Stever, daughter of William Stever of Kingston upon Thames. He was baptised at Kingston upon Thames on 20 October 1591. He was admitted at Emmanuel College, Cambridge on 13 March 1606. He was a member of the Virginia Company in 1612 and of the East India Company in 1624. He was a JP for Surrey from 1624.### Response:

John Evelyn supported the Parliamentary side during the English Civil War.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Give this paragraph about the Alley Cats a capella group, what famous talk show hosts have they performed for?### Input:The group originated in 1987, when a concert choir program was having a variety night occurring at Fullerton College. When John Tebay, the choir director, suggested that Andre Peek (1st tenor and lead vocalist at that time) and Armando Fonseca (2nd tenor) perform together, both of them decided to take Mr. Tebays advice and form a quartet, an a cappella group. Two additional members along the way, Royce Reynolds (bass) and Todd Dixon (baritone)got together and the foursome gained notice. Since then The Alley Cats have performed for many audiences, ranging from elementary school fun nights to being Grand.prize.winners on the Gong Show. Performing on the Arsenio Hall show to The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, as well as opening for Leno at his Las Vegas shows. The Alley Cats's sound has been heard as well at The White House. The Alley Cats appeared in the Richard Simmons workout video Dance Your Pants Off! performed the song Celebration.### Response:

The famous talk show hosts that the Alley Cats have performed for include:* Arsenio Hall* Jay Leno* Richard Simmons</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:What is an string instrument that is similar to a Violin, but larger in size and with a lower and deeper sound?### Input:The viola (/viˈoʊlə/ vee-OH-lə, also UK: /vaɪˈoʊlə/ vy-OH-lə, Italian: [ˈvjɔːla, viˈɔːla]) is a string instrument that is bowed, plucked, or played with varying techniques. Slightly larger than a violin, it has a lower and deeper sound. Since the 18th century, it has been the middle or alto voice of the violin family, between the violin (which is tuned a perfect fifth above) and the cello (which is tuned an octave below). The strings from low to high are typically tuned to C3, G3, D4, and A4.### Response:

The string instrument that is similar to a Violin, but larger in size and with a lower and deeper sound is the Cello.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given a reference text about coleus rotundifolius, what are they commonly known as?### Input:Coleus rotundifolius, synonyms Plectranthus rotundifolius and Solenostemon rotundifolius, commonly known as native or country potato in Africa and called Chinese potato in India, is a perennial herbaceous plant of the mint family (Lamiaceae) native to tropical Africa. It is cultivated for its edible tubers primarily in West Africa, as well as more recently in parts of Asia, especially India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Indonesia.C. rotundifolius is closely related to the coleus plants widely cultivated as ornamentals and is now again placed in the genus Coleus, after being placed in the defunct genus Solenostemon and in Plectranthus.### Response:

They are commonly known as native or country potato in Africa and called Chinese potato in India.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Which positions did Kamerion Wimbley play in High school?### Input:Kamerion Wimbley (born October 13, 1983) is a former American football outside linebacker and defensive end in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the first round of the 2006 NFL Draft with the 13th overall pick. He also played for the Oakland Raiders and Tennessee Titans before retiring in 2015. He played college football at Florida State University.Early yearsAttending Wichita Northwest High School in Kansas, Wimbley played defensive end, linebacker, quarterback, receiver and punter. He earned Parade and SuperPrep All-America honors during his senior season and was considered to be one of the top high school athletes in the nation. He played in the 2002 U.S. Army All-American Bowl.Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Wimbley was ranked 58th overall among football prospects of the class of 2002. He selected Florida State over Notre Dame, Nebraska, Oklahoma and Tennessee. Wimbley graduated from Northwest High School in December 2001 (a semester early) and enrolled at Florida State in the spring of 2002.### Response:

Kamerion Wimbley played the following positions in high school:Defensive endLinebackerQuarterbackReceiverPunter</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this reference paragraph about the history of the 'five whys' technique, what was the original intention of asking the 'five whys'?### Input:The technique was originally developed by Sakichi Toyoda and was used within the Toyota Motor Corporation during the evolution of its manufacturing methodologies. It is a critical component of problem-solving training, delivered as part of the induction into the Toyota Production System. The architect of the Toyota Production System, Taiichi Ohno, described the five whys method as "the basis of Toyota's scientific approach by repeating why five times the nature of the problem as well as its solution becomes clear." The tool has seen widespread use beyond Toyota, and is now used within Kaizen, lean manufacturing, lean construction and Six Sigma. The five whys were initially developed to understand why new product features or manufacturing techniques were needed, and was not developed for root cause analysis.### Response:

The original intention of asking the 'five whys' was to understand why new product features or manufacturing techniques were needed.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given a reference text about Larissa Ilinichna Volpert, tell me what game she played, when she was champion, and what titles she earned.### Input:Larissa Ilinichna Volpert (Russian: Лариса Ильинична Вольперт; 30 March 1926 – 1 October 2017) was a Soviet chess Woman Grandmaster and Russian and Estonian philologist. She was a three time Soviet women's chess champion (1954, 1958, and 1959).LifeBorn in Leningrad, she learned chess from her older brother and received chess instruction at the Leningrad Pioneers Palace. In 1947, she tied for first at the Leningrad Women's Championship. She played her first USSR Women's Championship in 1949 and finished equal fifth. In 1954, she won her first USSR Women's Championship. She scored 2–0 against Nina Hrušková-Bělská in the 1954 USSR v. Czechoslovakia match. In 1958 she shared the USSR Women's Championship title, and in 1959 she won for the third time, her second outright victory.Volpert earned the Woman International Master title in 1954 and the Woman Grandmaster title in 1978. She had a degree in philology from Leningrad University and since 1977 taught Russian philology at the University of Tartu, Estonia. Her major works are about Pushkin's and Lermontov's poetry, especially in their connections to French literature. She died at the age of 91 on 1 October 2017.[3### Response:

Larissa Ilinichna Volpert played chess, and she was a champion in 1954, 1958, and 1959. She earned the titles of Woman International Master in 1954 and Woman Grandmaster in 1978.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Tell me about the new premier of New South Wales### Input:Christopher John Minns (born 17 September 1979) is an Australian politician serving as the 47th and current premier of New South Wales since March 2023. He has been the leader of the New South Wales branch of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) since June 2021 and a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly (MLA) for the division of Kogarah since 2015. He was previously the deputy mayor of Hurstville from 2007 to 2008.Minns was first elected at the 2015 New South Wales state election, and was elected unopposed as leader of the Labor Party in leadership election in June 2021, following the resignation of Jodi McKay. He led the party to victory at the 2023 state election.The son of a school principal, Minns was raised in the St George region of Sydney in the suburb of Penshurst. He studied at Marist College Kogarah. He holds a bachelors degree from the University of New England in Armidale and attended Princeton University in the United States where he was awarded a Masters in Public Policy (2012–13).Minns is married and has three sons with his wife Anna. Upon his return from Princeton, while his wife pursued her own business opportunities, Minns became the carer of his sons before nominating for parliament.He joined the Australian Labor Party in 1998 when he was 18 years old and was elected as the member for Kogarah in 2015.Minns is a supporter of NRL club the St George Illawarra Dragons.### Response:

Christopher Minns is the current premier of New South Wales, having taken office in March 2023. He has been the leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) in the state since June 2021 and a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly (MLA) for the division of Kogarah since 2015. Minns was born in Sydney and studied at Marist College Kogarah before attending university in the United States. He holds a master's degree from Princeton University and worked as a carer for his sons before entering politics. Minns is a supporter of the St George Illawarra Dragons NRL club.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:How long after the release of the album “Abbey Road” did The Beatles break up?### Input:By early 1964, the Beatles were international stars and had achieved unprecedented levels of critical and commercial success. They became a leading force in Britain's cultural resurgence, ushering in the British Invasion of the United States pop market, and soon made their film debut with A Hard Day's Night (1964). A growing desire to refine their studio efforts, coupled with the untenable nature of their concert tours, led to the band's retirement from live performances in 1966. At this time, they produced records of greater sophistication, including the albums Rubber Soul (1965), Revolver (1966) and Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967), and enjoyed further commercial success with The Beatles (also known as "the White Album", 1968) and Abbey Road (1969). The success of these records heralded the album era, as albums became the dominant form of record consumption over singles; they also increased public interest in psychedelic drugs and Eastern spirituality, and furthered advancements in electronic music, album art and music videos. In 1968, they founded Apple Corps, a multi-armed multimedia corporation that continues to oversee projects related to the band's legacy. After the group's break-up in 1970, all principal former members enjoyed success as solo artists and some partial reunions have occurred. Lennon was murdered in 1980 and Harrison died of lung cancer in 2001. McCartney and Starr remain musically active.### Response:

The Beatles broke up in 1970, approximately 3 years after the release of their album "Abbey Road" in 1969.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given a reference text about Richard Brandon Morris, tell me what when and where he was born as well as the different colleges and universities he attended.### Input:Richard Brandon Morris (July 24, 1904 – March 3, 1989) was an American historian best known for his pioneering work in colonial American legal history and the early history of American labor. In later years, he shifted his research interests to the constitutional, diplomatic, and political history of the American Revolution and the making of the United States Constitution.BackgroundRichard Brandon Morris was born on July 24, 1904, in New York City. He attended high school at Towsend Harris Hall in New York City. In 1924, he received a BA degree from City College. In 1925, he received an MA from Columbia University, and in 1930 he received a PhD in history at the university with Evarts Boutell Greene as his dissertation advisor. Morris' dissertation, published by Columbia University Press as Studies in the History of American Law, with Special Reference to the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (1930), still defines the research agenda for historians working on early American law, though at the time it attracted bitter denunciations from law school practitioners of legal historym, including Julius Goebel, Jr. and Karl Llewellyn, both then Columbia Law School faculty members.### Response:

Richard Brandon Morris was born on July 24, 1904, in New York City. He attended high school at Towsend Harris Hall in New York City. In 1924, he received a BA degree from City College. In 1925, he received an MA from Columbia University, and in 1930 he received a PhD in history at Columbia University with Evarts Boutell Greene as his dissertation advisor. Morris' dissertation, published by Columbia University Press as Studies in the History of American Law, with Special Reference to the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (1930), still defines the research agenda for historians working on early American law, though at the time it attracted bitter denunciations from law school practitioners of legal history, including Julius Goebel, Jr. and Karl Llewellyn, both then Columbia Law School faculty members.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:In what year did Apple debut the 'Mac Operating System'?### Input:In 1984, Apple debuted the operating system that is now known as the ""Classic"" Mac OS with its release of the original Macintosh System Software. The system, rebranded ""Mac OS"" in 1997, was pre-installed on every Macintosh until 2002 and offered on Macintosh clones for a short time in the 1990s. Noted for its ease of use, it was also criticized for its lack of modern technologies compared to its competitors.The current Mac operating system is macOS, originally named ""Mac OS X"" until 2012 and then ""OS X" until 2016. Developed between 1997 and 2001 after Apple's purchase of NeXT, Mac OS X brought an entirely new architecture based on NeXTSTEP, a Unix system, that eliminated many of the technical challenges that the classic Mac OS faced. The current macOS is pre-installed with every Mac and receives a major update annually. It is the basis of Apple's current system software for its other devices – iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, and tvOS.### Response:

The Mac Operating System, now known as macOS, debuted in 1984.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Where does Kieran Liam McAnespie come from?### Input:Kieran Liam McAnespie (born 11 September 1979) is a football manager and former player. Capable of playing as a full-back or winger, he appeared in the Scottish Premier League for St Johnstone and Hearts. Born in England, he represented the Scotland U21 national team internationally### Response:

Kieran Liam McAnespie comes from England.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this paragraph about the dimensions of a volleyball court, is there a difference between the hight of the net for men's competitions vs women's competitions?### Input:A volleyball court is 9 m × 18 m (29.5 ft × 59.1 ft), divided into equal square halves by a net with a width of one meter (39.4 in). The top of the net is 2.43 m (7 ft 11+11⁄16 in) above the centre of the court for men's competition, and 2.24 m (7 ft 4+3⁄16 in) for women's competition, varied for veterans and junior competitions.### Response:

Yes, there is a difference in the height of the net for men's and women's competitions. According to the provided information, the top of the net is 2.43 m (7 ft 11+11⁄16 in) above the center of the court for men's competition, while it is 2.24 m (7 ft 4+3⁄16 in) for women's competition. This difference is due to the fact that men's volleyball players are generally taller and stronger than women's players, and therefore require a higher net to ensure that the ball remains in play. Veterans and junior competitions may also have different net heights.</s>

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.### Instruction:Given this reference text about a video game, when was Donkey Kong released?### Input:Nintendo was founded in 1889 as Nintendo Karuta by craftsman Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards. After venturing into various lines of business during the 1960s and acquiring a legal status as a public company, Nintendo distributed its first console, the Color TV-Game, in 1977. It gained international recognition with the release of Donkey Kong in 1981 and the Nintendo Entertainment System and Super Mario Bros. in 1985.### Response:

Donkey Kong was released in 1981.</s>