text
stringlengths 396
192k
|
|---|
ืืณืืึธื ืฉืึดืขืจ ื ืืฉื ืืื ืืขืจืืขืฉืคึผืจืื ืืขื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึฟืจืืื. ืืึธืืฉ ืืื ืืื ืึทืืืื ืึท ื ืฉืงืฉืืืืงืข ืงืขืืื, ืืึธื ืืื ืชึผืืื ืืขืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืกืณืืืึธืื ืืขืืืขื, ืืืขื ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืคึฟืขืกืืึธื ืขืืขืจ ืงืึธืืขืจ ืืจืืื ืืืจ ืฆื ืคึผืื ืงื ืึทืืึท ืืึธืืฆืฒึทื, ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืืื. ืืืืกื ืืืง ืึธืืขืจ, ืึทื ืึทื ืืขืจืข ืืืขืื ืืื ืืืื ืงืืืึทืคึผืขื ื ืึธื ืึทืืึท ืืืงืกืืก, ืืึธื ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืึทื ืขื, ืึทื ืืื ืืึธืจ ื ืืฉื ืืฉืึทืืขืืืขื, ืืื ืืืขื ืืืื ืึธื ืืึธืื ืึท ืืืืืข ืกืืืข. ืืึธื ืืื ืึทืืข ืืฒึทื ืข โืืึทื ืงื ืึธืืโ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืืขืงืืืขืืฉื ืืืจืื ืฉืคึผืึทืื ืคึฟืื ืงืขืกืื, ืืื ืฉืืืืขืจืืืื ืืขืืึธื ืึท ืชึผืคึฟืืื.
ืืขื ืฆืืืืืื ืืื ืืขืจืคึฟืจื ืืึธื ืืขื ืืืจ ืึธื ืืขืงืืื ืืขื ืคึฟืื ืขื ืงืืืืึพืฆืขื ืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืจ ืืืืขืจ ืืฉืืืจื: ืืณืืึธื ืืขืืืึผื ืขื ืืขื โืงืื ืืืืขืืโ ืืึธืืฆืฒึทื! ืื ืืขืืขืคึฟืึธื ืืกืืงืข ืืึธื ืืืจ ืืขืืขืื ืืขื ืืืืฆืคึผืึธืกืึพืึทืืจืขืก ืคึฟืื ืขื ืงืืืื ืึทืจ โ ืึท ืืึดืืืฉืข ืคึฟืจืื, ืึท ืืืืืขืจืึทื ื, ืืืื ื ืึธืืขื ืืึธืจืึท. ืืึธืืฉ ืื ืึทืืืื ืืึธื ื ืืฉื ืงืืื ืึผืฉืจืข ืงืื โ ืืึธื ืื ืืืจ ืืขืจืงืืขืจื โ ืืืืืกื ืื ืื ืชึผืงื ืืช ืคึฟืื ืึผืฉืจืืช. ืืึธืื ืืืจ ืชึผืืึผืฃ ืึธื ืืขืืืืื ืคึผืืึทื ืืจื ืืขื ืืขื ืื ืคึฟืึทืจื ืืึธืืฆืฒึทื, ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืึธื ืืึทืฉืืึธืกื ืืึธื ืืฒึทื ืึท ืืืืืืงืขืจ.
ืืึธืจืึท ืืึธื ืืืจ ืืขืฉืืงื ืึท ืจืฉืืื ืคึฟืื 18 ืจืึทืคึฟืื ืืจืืข ืคึผืึธืืจืึทืืืขืก ืืื ืืื ืืขืืขืื ืืืืกืงืืฒึทืื ืืจืฒึท. ืฆืืืืฉื ืื ืืจืืจืืช: ืืขืืจืึธืืขื ืข ืคึฟืืึธื ืืขืจืงืข ืืื ืืขื ืขืคึฟื ืืื ืงืจืึธืคึผ; ืืื ืืื ืืื ืงื ืึธืื, ืฆืืืขืืข ืืื ืืขืจื; ืงืึทืืืคึฟืืึธืจ ืืื ืืืื ืึพืกืึธืืก; ืืขืืจืึธืืขื ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืืืขืืฉืึทื ืืื ืืึทืคึฟืจืขืึพืืึธืืืจืโฆ ืืณืืึธื ืืื ืืขืืึทืืื ืึทื ืขืฆื ืืื ืืฒึทื ืข ืืจืฒึท ืืื ืืื ืืฒึทื ืฉื ืืจ, ืืืขืืขื ืืื ืืึธื ืคึฟืึทืจืืขืื ืฆื ืืขืจ ืืืขืืฉืขืจืข, ืืื ืฆืื ืกืืฃ, ืืึธื ืืื ืืืืขืจืืขืืขืื ืืึธืจืึท ืืฒึทื ืข ืืจืฒึท ืคึผืจืขืคึฟืขืจืขื ืฆื. ืื ืืึธื ืืืจ ืืขืฉืืงื ืึท ืจืฉืืื ืคึฟืื ืึทืืข ืืื ืืจืขืืืขื ืื, ืืื ืืึธื ืึทืืฅ ืืฒึทื ืืขืงืืืคึฟื ืืื ืืขืืืึทืจื ืืืืืขืืืืืืง ืืืืคึฟื ืืึทืฉืืืืื ืืึธื.
ืืื ืขืืืขืืข ืืืึธืื ืฉืคึผืขืืขืจ ืืื ืืึธืจืึท ืฉืืื ืืขืฉืืึทื ืขื ืืื ืืฒึทื ืงืื ืืื ืืื ืืขื ืืืขื ืฆื ืืขืจ ืึทืจืืขื. ืืฉืขืช ืื ืืึธื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืื ืืจืื ืกื, ืืขืืึทืื ืึทื ืืฒึทื ืืจืขื ืืื ืืขืจ ืคึผืึทืืขืื ืืข ืืื ืืขืืึทืืื ืึทื ืืืื ืืืืฃ ืื ืืจืึธืื ืืืงืข ืืจืื ืกื ืืื ืืืืืื, ืืึธืื ืืืจ ืืขืฉืืืขืกื ืืืขืื ืืื ืืืขืจืข ืงืื ืืขืจ, ืืื ืืืขืจืข ืฉืืขืืขืก ืืื ืืื ืืืขืจ ืืฉืืชึผืคึฟืืชืืืงืขืจ ืืืืขืจืืขืืขืื ืงืืื ืฆืื ืฆืืืจืืืื ืืขืืื ืืข, ืืขืฉืืึทืงืข ืืืืืื. ืืื ืฆืืืื ืฉืขื ืฉืคึผืขืืขืจ ืืื ืืฒึทื ืืฉืคึผืื ืึธื ืืขืงืืืขื; ืืึธืจืึท ืืื ืึทืืืืืืขืคึฟืึธืจื ืืื ืืืจ ืืึธืื ืืื ืืขืืขืฆื ืฆืื ืืืฉ.
ืืขืจ ืืึธืืฆืฒึทื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืขื ืืึพืขืืโฆ ื ืึธื ืืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืืขื ืขื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืงื, ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืึธื ืขืก ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืขืืึทืจืคึฟื ืฆืืืจืืืื! ืืึธื ืืื ืฉืืื ืึธื ืืขืืืืื ืืืืืขื, ืืื ืฉืืื ืกืณืืืึธืื ืืขืืืขื, ืืืขื ืืึธืจืึท ืืืึธืื ืืขืงืืืขื ืฆื ืืืจ ืืขืื ืขืจืึฟึพืฉืืช, ืืื ืืขืืึทืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืื ืื ืึท ืฉืืชืืืงื ืืึธืืฆืฒึทื, ืึผืื ืืื ืืึธื ืืขืื ืคึฟืจืฒึทืืืง ื ืึธืืืืืึธื ื ืืฉื ืึทืจืืืืืืคึฟื ืืื ืึท ืืึธื ืึธื ืึท ืงืึธืคึผ. ืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืึธืื ืืื ืืื ืืึธืก ืืขืงืขื ื ืคึฟืึทืจืืื ืขื!
ืืขื ืฆืืืืืื ืืื ืืขืจืคึฟืจื ืืึธื ืืื ืืึทืืึทื ืงื ืืึธืจืึท ืคึฟืึทืจื ืคึผืจืขืืืืงื ืืึธืืฆืฒึทื, ืืื ืืืืฃ ืืฉืืงืึทืืืขืก ืื ืืขืคึฟืจืขืื, ืืืืคึฟื ืื ืืืึธืื ืืขืจืขืื ื, ืืืขื ืื ืืืึธืื ืืขืงืืืขื ืฆื ืืื ืื ืืืืฃ ืฆืืืื ืฉืขื ืืขืื ืขืจืึฟึพืฉืืช ืืื ืฆืืืขืืจืืื ืึทืืึท ืืึธืืฆืฒึทื? ืืืขื ืื ืืึธื ืืืจ ืืขืืขืื ืืขื ืคึผืจืฒึทื, ืืื ืืื ืืขืืืืื ืืขืคึผืืขืคึฟื; ืกืณืืื ืืืืงื ืืขืืืขื ืึท ืกื ื ืืืขืจืืงืขืจ, ืืื ืืื ืืึธื ืืขืืืื ื! ืืืืื ืืืขื, ืืืืื ืึท ืืืกื ืืขืืขืจ ืืื ืกืณืืืึธืื ืืืจ ืืขืงืึธืกื, ืืืขื ืืื ืืึทืฉืืขื ืืึธืก ืขืกื ืืฒึทื ืึธืจืืืงื โืืขืืโ.
ืืขื ืฆืืืืืื ืคึฟืจืฒึทืืืง ืืื ืืึธืจืึท ืฉืืื ืืืืืขืจ ืืขืฉืืึทื ืขื ืืฒึท ืืืจ ืืื ืงืื, ืืื ืืึธืก ืืึธื โ ืฆืืืขืืจืืื ืึท ืคึฟืืืืฉืืงื ืืขื ืื: ืืึทืจืึธืงืึทื ืขืจ ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืขื ืข ืืื ืืึทืกืืื ืขืก; ืงืึทืืืคึฟืืึธืจึพืงืืื ืืึทืืขืงื ืืื ืืึทื ืืึพืงืจืืฉืงืขืก ืืื ืืขืืืืจืฆื, ืืื ืืขืืจืึธืืขื ืขืจ ืงืึทืืึทืง ืืื ืฆืืืขืืข. ืืฒึทื ืืฉืคึผืื ืืื ืื ืืขืกื ืืึธืื ืืื ืืขืืขืงื ืื ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ.
ืืื ื ืืขืืึธืื ืึธื ืงืืื ืืึธืจืึท ืฆื ืืื ืื ืืขืื ืขืจืึฟึพืฉืืช ืืื ึพืืืึพืืืึฟ, ืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืฆื ืึท ืกื ืจืืึดืงืขืจ ืืื ืืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืืขื ืขื. ืึท ืืึธื ืคึฟืื ืืื ืืื ืึท ืืืกื ืฉืืืืืง, ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืื ืืืืก ืืขืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืืึทื, ืืืึธืก ืืื ืงืขื ืึทืืืื ืืึธื. ืึธืืขืจ ืืขืจื ืึธื ืงืืขืจ ืืื ืึทืืื: ืึทื ืืขืจืข ืคึฟืจืืืขื ืืืื ืืืืก ืืืืขืจ ืืขืื ืืืืฃ ืืืงืกืืกึพืงืจืืื ืืื ืฉืคึผืึธืืึพื ืฒึทืข ืืืืืึธืก. ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจ ืึธืืขืจ ื ืืฉื ืืืืฃ ืงืืื ืงืจืืื, ืืื ืื ืืืืืึธืก, ืืืึธืก ืืื ืงืืืฃ, ืืขื ืขื ืชึผืืื ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืฆืืืืืืขืจ ืืึทื ื. ืึธืืขืจ ืึท ืจืืึดืงืข ืฉืืืืื ื ืขืจืึฟึพืฉืืช, ืืืขื ืืื ืืื ืืฒึทื ืืึทื ืงืขื ืขื ืืื ืืืึทืจืขื ืืึทืืจืืกื ื ืึธื ืืขืจ ืึทืจืืขื ืืื ืืื ืึท ืืจืื ื ืืขืืื ืึทืจืฒึทื ืืจืขื ืืขื ืื ืฉืืชึพืืืึผื โ ืืึธืก ืึทืืืื ืืื ืืืขืจื ืืึธืก ืืึทื ืฆืข ืืขืื.
ยซ Previous
1
2
Next ยป
Share On Facebook Twitter
ืื ืืขืฆืืข ืึทืจืืืงืืขื
The Yiddish Daily Forward welcomes reader comments in order to promote thoughtful discussion on issues of importance to the Jewish community. In the interest of maintaining a civil forum, The Yiddish Daily Forwardrequires that all commenters be appropriately respectful toward our writers, other commenters and the subjects of the articles. Vigorous debate and reasoned critique are welcome; name-calling and personal invective are not. While we generally do not seek to edit or actively moderate comments, our spam filter prevents most links and certain key words from being posted and The Yiddish Daily Forward reserves the right to remove comments for any reason.
'); //j171('#IDCNavGuest2 > div').append(j171('#IDCNavList')); //j171('.idc-loginbtn_intensedebate, .idc-loginbtn_twitter').text(''); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').text('ืืฒึทื ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืึทืจืืืคึฟืฆืืฉืืขืื ืึท ืืึทืืขืจืงืื ื.'); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').children('a').wrap('
'); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('div');}); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').before(' ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ื ืึธื ื ืืฉื ืงืืื ืืึทืืขืจืงืื ืืขื. '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv').css({"text-align":"left", "direction":"ltr"}); /* $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').on('load', function() { $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').text('To post a comment, please login or enter your name and email address'); }); */ $('#IDNewThreadSubmitLI > a > span.idc-r > strong').text('ืฉืืงื'); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').wrap('
');}); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').before('ืืฒึทื ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืึทืจืืืคึฟืฆืืฉืืขืื ืึท ืืึทืืขืจืงืื ื. ').wrap('
');}).css({"text-align":"right", "direction":"rtl"}); } else { $(setTimeout(yiddishcomments, 3000)); } return; } |
ืืขืจ ื ืึธืืขื ืคึฟืื ืขืืื ืคึผืขืจืืืึทื ืก ืืึทืืืืื ืคึฟืื ืืขืจืฆืฒืืื ืืขื, โืืื ืึธืงืืืึทืจืข ืจืืืโ, ืืื ืึท ืฉืืืกื ืฆื ืืขื ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขืื ืืขืืึธื ืคึฟืื ืืฒืขื ืขื ืืฒ. ืืขืืข ืืขืฉืืืืข ืืึธื ืึท ืงืืึธืจื ืกืืคึผืืจึพืืืขืฉืื, ืืื ืึทื ืึธื ืืฒื ืืื ืึท ืกืืฃ, ืึธืืขืจ ืืขืจืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจืืึธืื ืื ื ืึธื ืึท โืืขืฉืื ืืืืขืจ ืึท ืืขืฉืืโ. ืืื ืื ืืึธืืืงืข ืฆืฐืฒืืข ืืขืฉืื ืึทื ืืคึผืืขืงื ืืื ืืืจื ืจืืืื ืืื ืกืืื ืื, ืฐืึธืก ืืฒึทื ืขื ืฆืขืืฒื ืืื ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื ืืืืขืจื ืืขืงืกื. ืืึธืก ืืื ืึท ืืื ืฆืฐืฒืืขืจ ืื ืึธ ืืื ืึท ืงืึทืกืื, ืฐืึผ ืขืก ืืืื ืคึฟืึทืจืืึทืืึทืืื ืืขืืฒืืข ืืืฆืจืืช.
ืึผืกืืจ ืืฒึทืื ืคึผืขืจืืืึทื ืืฑืก ืืจืึทืืึทืืืฉืข ืขืคึฟืขืงืื. ืืืจ ืืขืจืฆืฒืืขืจืืฉืขืจ ืืึธื ืืื ืึท ืจืืึดืงืขืจ, ืื ืืขืฉืขืขื ืืฉื ืืฒึทื ืขื ืืึธืึพืืขืืืขืืข, ืืื ืื ืืขืืื โ ืืจืืึฟ ืึทืืขืจืืงืึทื ืขืจ ืคึฟืจืฑืขื ืืื ืืขื ืขืจ ืคึฟืื ืึท ืืึทื ืฅ ืืึธืจ. ืึธืืขืจ ืืขืืขืจ ืคึฟืื ืืฒ ืืึธื ืึท ืืขืฉืืืืข, ืฐืึธืก ืืึทืฐืืจืงื ืืขื ืืึทื ื ืคึฟืื ืืฒึทื ืืขืื. ืึทืืฑ ืึทืจืื ืืึธืื ืึทืืข ืคึผืขืจืกืึธื ืึทืืฉื ืึทืืฑ ืฐื ืฆืฐืฒ ืืึทืจืึทืงืืขืจื, ืึท ื ืืืื ืืื ืึท ื ืืกืชึผืจ.
ืืขืจ ืืึธืืืงืขืจ ืืขืจืฆืฒืืขืจืืฉืขืจ ืืืฉืืจ ืฐืขืจื ืึทื ืืคึผืืขืงื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืขืฉืืืืข ืืืื ืืฒืืขื ืขื ื ืึธืืขื ืฐื ืืึธืก ืืึทื ืฆืข ืืื. ืืึธืึพืืฒึทื, ืืึธืึพืืฑืก ืงืืงื ืื ืืื ืืข ืืขืจืฆืฒืืขืจืื ืืืจื ืึท ืืื ืึธืงื ืืื ืื ืคึฟืขื ืฆืืขืจ ืคึฟืื ืขื ืฉืื ืืฉื ืืฑื. ืื ืืขื ืฐื ืืขืจ ืืึทื ืงืืื ืืขืื ืึธืฐื ื ืึท ืืฒื, ืืึธืื ืืฒึทื ืืฑืืึธ ืืืืขืจ ืืื ืขื ืืึทืจืึทืืฉ ืืื ืืขืฆื ืืื ืึทืฐืขืง ืขืกื ืฐืขืืฉืขืจืข ืืื ืืฒึทื ืคึฟืจืฑ. ืืขืจ ืืฒื ืฆืืงืขืจ ืืึธืืขื ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื ืงืึธื ื ืื ืืขื ืืืจื ืื ืคึฟืขื ืฆืืขืจ, ืืื ืืขื ืืึทื ืก ืึทืจืฒึทื ืงืืืขื ืืื ืขื ืืฑื ืคึฟืื ืขื ืืึทืจืึทืืฉ. ืคึผืืืฆืขื ืืฒื ืืึธื ืฐืฒึทืื ืืื ืึทืจืฑืก, ืึทื ืืขืจ ืืึทื ืืึธื ืืื ืืขื ืืืขื ืืึธืก ืืขืื. ืขืจ ืืึธื ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืึธืกื ืืื ืขื ืืึทืจืึทืืฉ ืืื ืขื ืืฑืืึธ ืืื ืืขืืึธืื ืืขื ืืึธืืึธืจ ืึทืจืืขืื. ืืขืจ ื ืขืงืจืึธืืึธื ืืื ืื ืฆืฒึทืืื ืืขื ืืึธืื, ืึทื ื ืึธื ืืื ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจืืืืื ืืืฑื ืืฒึทื ืืืืขืจ. ืืื ืฐืขืจ ืืฉืข ืืื ืืขืฐืขื ืื ืคึฟืจืฑ, ืฐืึธืก ืืึธื ืืขืืขืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืขื ืืฑื? ืคึผืืืฆืขื ืืื ืื ืืึทื ืึทืืข ืงืืึธืจืงืฒื ืฐื ืืฑืกืืขืจืื ืขื ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืืขืจืฆืฒืืื ื, ืืื ืืขืจ ืกืื ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืืขื ืืฉืืขืืขืจ ืขืงืืืกืืขื ืฅ ืืื ืืขืืืืื ืึทื ืืืืืืื ืืื ื ืึทืงืขื.
ืืขืืข ืืขืฉืื ืืึธื ืึท ืืึทืฉืืืืื ืกืืฃ, ืึธืืขืจ ื ืื ืงืฒื ืืฒืืื ื. ืึท ืฆืึธื ืคึฟืื ืคึผืขืจืืืึทื ืก ืืขืืื ืืฒึทื ืขื ืึทืืขืจืืงืึทื ืขืจ ืืึดืื, ืฐืขืืืข ืืจืึธืื ืืื ืืื ืืฒืขืจ ืขืึฟืจ ืฐื ืึทื ืึธืคึฟืขื ืข ืคึฟืจืึทืืข. ืึทืืฑ ืืื ืืืฉื ืื ืกืขืจืืข ืคึฟืื ืืจืฒึท ืืขืจืฆืฒืืื ืืขื ืฐืขืื ืืขืจ ืึทืืขืจืืงืึทื ืขืจ ืืึดืืืฉืขืจ ืคึฟืจืฑ ืกืึธื ืืข. ืขืจืึฟ ืืขืจ ืฆืฐืฒืืขืจ ืฐืขืืึพืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืขืฉืืงื ืืขืืืึธืจื ืืืจื ืืขื ืึทืืขืจืืงืึทื ืขืจ โืืืฉืฑื ืโ ืงืฒื ืืึธื ืืึธื ืฆื ืืขืืคึฟื ืื ืืึดืืืฉืข ืคึผืืืืื ืคึฟืื ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข. ื ืึธืื ืกืืฃ ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืืืืื ืฐืขืจื ืื ืึทืจืืืขืจืืขืคึฟืืจื ืืื ืืฒื ืขื ืคึฟืื ืื ืึทืืขืจืืงืึทื ืขืจ ืืึทืืขืจื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื โืืึพืคึผื ืคึผืขืจืกืึธื ืกโ ืืื ืืฒึทืืฉืืึทื ื, ืืื ืฆืื ืกืืฃ, ืืึธื ืื ืืชืื ื ืืื ืืืจื ืึท ืืืืึทืจืืขืืขืจ ืืื ืงืขืจื ืืื ืฆืืจืืง ืืื ืงืฒื ื ืืึพืืึธืจืง.
ืืขืจ ืฉืฑืืขืจ ืคึฟืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืฒึทืื ืืฑืคึฟื ืืื ืืขืจืืจืื ื ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืืึธื-ืืขืืืขืืขืจ ืจืืืื ืข ืคึฟืื ืกืึธื ืืขืก ืึทืจืืขื. ืคึผืขืจืืืึทื ืืึทืื ืึท ืฉืึทืจืฃ ืืืื ืืืืฃ ืื ืืึทืืขืจืืขืืข ืคึผืจืืื ืคึฟืื ืขื ืึทืจืื, ืึทืืขืืืข ืฐื ืืืืื, ืืขืื ืืื ืืึทื ืืฉืึทืคึฟื. ืืึธืก ืึทืืฅ ืฐืขืจื ืืึทืืึธืื ืืื ืืืคึฟืขืจืข ืืึทืืฒึทืื ืฐืึธืก ืืจืึธืื ืืื ืืื ืืจืขืงืืขื ืคึฟืื ื ืขืืื. ืืื ื ืืึพืืึธืจืง ืืขืคึฟืื ื ืกืึธื ืืข ืฆืืคึฟืขืืืง ืึท ืฉืฒื ืขื ืืขื ืขืจืืฉื ืืึทื ืื ืืื ืึท ืฉืึทืคึฟืข ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืืขืืื ืืขื ืขืจ ืืืจื, ืืื ืืขืจ ืืึธืืืงืขืจ ืืึทื ืื ืฐืขืงื ืืฑืฃ ืืขื ืืจืขืืืขื ืืืงื ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืขืึดืฉื ืึทืืึธื, ืฐืึธืก ืืื ื ืขืื ืืขืฐืึธืจื ืืื ืขื ืืืจืื.
ืื ืืขืืข ืคึฟืื ืืืื ืื ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืขืึดืฉืข ืฐืึธืจืฆืืขื ืืื ืคึผืึธืคึผืืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืืืงืขืจ ืึทืืขืจืืงืึทื ืขืจ ืืืืขืจืึทืืืจ, ืืื ืืคึฟืจื ืืฒึท ืื ืืืืจืื ืคึฟืื ืึท ืืึดืืืฉื ืึธืคึผืฉืืึทื. ืฐืึธืก ืืึทืื ืคึผืขืจืืืึทื ืืืฆืึพืืึพืืึผืื ืืื ืงืืืึพืึผื ืืืจ ืืืืขืจืึทืจืืฉืข ืืฒึทืกืืขืจืฉืึทืคึฟื. ืึทืืข ืฐืขืจืืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืขื ืืืืคึฟื ืึธืจื, ืึทืืข ืืืืึทืืฉื ืืื ืืึทืจืึทืงืืขืจื ืืฒึทื ืขื ืืขืฉืืืืขืจื ืืฒืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืฆืื ืืื ืฉืึทืจืฃ, ืืื ืึทืืข ืืขืจืฆืฒืืขืจืืฉืข ืืื ืืขืก ืฉื ืฒึทืื ืืื ืืืืขืจ ืคึผืื ืงื ืืื ืขื ืจืืืืืงื ืืึธืืขื ื.
ืึธืืขืจ ืื ืืจืขืกืืข ืืขืื ืคึฟืื ืคึผืขืจืืืึทื ืก ืคึผืจืึธืืข ืืื ืืึธืก ืึผืืฉืืฃึพืืขืคึฟืื, ืฐืึธืก ืื ืืึธืื ืืืืขืจ ื ืึธื ืืื ืืฒึทื ืืฒืขื ืขืจ. ืื ืฉืจืฒึทืืขืจืื ืืึธื ืืื ืึท ืกื ืึธื ืืขืืขืจื ื ืืฒึท ืื ืงืืึทืกืืงืขืจ ืคึฟืื ืขื ืืขืจืฆืฒืืขืจืืฉื ืืฉืึทื ืขืจ, ืืื ืืขื ืคึฟืึทืจืืืฒึทืื ืื ืึธืคึฟืืืึธื ืืื ืืฉืขืืึธืฐื. ืึท ืกืคึฟืง, ืฆื ืื ืืึธื ืึท ืืึธื ืืขืืฒืขื ื ืืขืจืืขืืกืึธื ืขื, ืึธืืขืจ ืึท ืคึฟืึทืจืืืฒึทื ืืื ืืื ืฐืึธืื ืืขืฐืขื ืืฑื ืึท ืคึผืึทืกืืงืขืจ. ืืืฃ ืืื ืืึทืจืฆื ืืฒึทื ืขื ืคึผืขืจืืืึทื ืก ืืขืืื ืืฒื ืืึทืืข ื ืฉืืืช, ืฐืึธืก ื ืฒืืืงื ืืื ืืื ืืืืข ืืื ืืืืืฒึทื. ืึธืืขืจ ืืฒ ืึทืืข ืืจืึธืื ืืืฃ ืืื ืืื ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทืืฑื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืืฒืื ืืฒ ืึธืคึผ ืคึฟืื ืืฒืขืจ ืกืึฟืืึฟื. ืื ืืึธืืืงืข ืืืืชึพืคึฟืืืืจื ืืืื ืึท ืืฒื ืืื ืืฒืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืืืงื ืึทืจืื, ืึธืืขืจ ืงืึธื ืขื ืื ืงืฒื ืืึธื ื ืื ืืขืคึฟืื ืขื.
ืืึธืก โืขืคึผืขืกโ, ืฐืึธืก ืืื ืืขืจ ืงืขืจื ืคึฟืื ืืฒืขืจ ืืฒื ืืึทืืงืฒื, ืืื ืื ืืจืืฉื ืคึฟืื ืื ืคึฟืจืึดืขืจืข ืืืจืืช. ืืขืจ ืขืึฟืจ ืฐืขืจื ืฆืขืืจืึธืื ืืฑืฃ ืงืืฒื ืืฉืืงืข ืืจืขืงืืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืืขื ืืึทืืขืจืงื ืงืฑื ืึทืจืื ืืื. ืึธืืขืจ ืฆืื ืกืืฃ ืืฒึทื ืขื ืืฐืงื ืึธื ืื ืืจืขืงืืขื ืืืืืืืง ืคึฟืึทืจื ืฆืืงืื ืคึฟืืืงื ืืืจื ืคึฟืื ืขื ืืขื ืืฉื. ืื ืืื ืืข ืงืื ืืกึพืงืื ืืขืจ ืคึฟืื ืขื ืกืคึฟืจืืืฉื ืืึฟืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืึธื ืืฆืืง ืืืจืื ื (ืืขืจืฆืฒืืื ื โืืจืึทื ืกืงืโ) ืคึฟืึทืจืืึธืื ืืฒืขืจ ืืฉืคึผืืโื ืขืกื ื ืึธืื ืืฑื ืคึฟืื ืืฒืขืจ ืืึธืืข, ืึธืืขืจ ืืขืืขืจ ืืฒื ืขืจ ื ืขืื ืืื ืืื ืึท ืฉืืืงื ืืขืืฒื ืืึทืืขื ืขืึฟืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื, ืกืืฃึพืึผืึพืกืืฃ, ืืึทืฉืืืืขื ืืฒืขืจ ืืขืื.
ืืื ืคึผืขืจืืืึทื ืก ืืืกืืขืจืืึทืคึฟืืืงืขืจ ืขื ืืืืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทื ืืจืขืคึฟื ืืื ืืึธ ืืื ืืึธืจืื ืคึฟืจืขืืืฉืคึผืจืึทืืืงืข ืฐืขืจืืขืจ ืคึฟืื ืืฒึทืืฉ, ืจืืกืืฉ, ืคึฟืจืึทื ืฆืฑืืืฉ, ืืึดืืืฉ. ืืฒ ืืขืจืืึธื ืขื ืึธื ืื ืึทืืืข ืคึฟืึทืจืืขืกืขื ืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืื ืคึฟืื ืืืืืืจืึทื ืื, ืฐืึธืก ืืึธืื ืืื ืฆืขืืึธืื, ืฐื ืืึทืืฅ ืืื ืขื ืื, ืืื ืขื ืึทืืขืจืืงืึทื ืขืจ ืขื ืืืืฉ. ืืืจื ืืฒ ืงืึธื ืขื ืืฒื ืืงืข ืืขืืื ืืขืจืืจืฒืื ืฆื ืึทื ืขืึฟืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืืฒึทื ืืื ืืึทื ืฆื ืืฑืกืืขืืจืึทืื. ืึทืืฑื ืก ืงืืื ืคึฟืึธืจ ืืื ืืขืจ ืืขืจืฆืฒืืื ื โืืึดืืืกโ ืฐืขืื ืึทื ืึทืืืขืจ ืคึฟืจืฑ, ืฐืขืืืข ืืึทืื ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืจืืกืืฉืขืจ ืืจืฑืกึพืคึฟืืจืฉืืื ืคึฟืื ืจืึธืืึทื ืึธืฐืก ืืื ืึทืกืืืข. ืฐืขื ืื ืืขืจืฆืฒืื ืฐืขืื ืืขื ืคึฟืึทืจื ืืฑื ืืฑืฃ ืจืืกืืฉ ืืื ืขื ืึทืืขืจืืงืึทื ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืืืึธื, ืขื ืืคึฟืขืจื ืืืจ ืื ืืฒื ืฆืืงืข ืืึธืงืืึธืจืื, ืฐืึธืก ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืฒื ืื ืฉืคึผืจืึทื: โืืฑื ืกืณืืื ืึท ืืืื, ืืื ืืึธืก ืืจืฒืืืึทืจืฆืืง. ืืื ืืฑื ืกืณืืื ืึทื ืืืช, ืฐืขื ืขืก ืืืฒึทืื ืฆืฐืืฉื ืืื ืื.โ
Share On Facebook Twitter
ืื ืืขืฆืืข ืึทืจืืืงืืขื
The Yiddish Daily Forward welcomes reader comments in order to promote thoughtful discussion on issues of importance to the Jewish community. In the interest of maintaining a civil forum, The Yiddish Daily Forwardrequires that all commenters be appropriately respectful toward our writers, other commenters and the subjects of the articles. Vigorous debate and reasoned critique are welcome; name-calling and personal invective are not. While we generally do not seek to edit or actively moderate comments, our spam filter prevents most links and certain key words from being posted and The Yiddish Daily Forward reserves the right to remove comments for any reason.
'); //j171('#IDCNavGuest2 > div').append(j171('#IDCNavList')); //j171('.idc-loginbtn_intensedebate, .idc-loginbtn_twitter').text(''); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').text('ืืฒึทื ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืึทืจืืืคึฟืฆืืฉืืขืื ืึท ืืึทืืขืจืงืื ื.'); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').children('a').wrap('
'); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('div');}); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').before(' ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ื ืึธื ื ืืฉื ืงืืื ืืึทืืขืจืงืื ืืขื. '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv').css({"text-align":"left", "direction":"ltr"}); /* $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').on('load', function() { $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').text('To post a comment, please login or enter your name and email address'); }); */ $('#IDNewThreadSubmitLI > a > span.idc-r > strong').text('ืฉืืงื'); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').wrap('
');}); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').before('ืืฒึทื ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืึทืจืืืคึฟืฆืืฉืืขืื ืึท ืืึทืืขืจืงืื ื. ').wrap('
');}).css({"text-align":"right", "direction":"rtl"}); } else { $(setTimeout(yiddishcomments, 3000)); } return; } |
ืืืจืขืงื ืฉืืืฆื ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกืกืืึธื ืึทืืก (DSPs) ืฆืืฉืืขืื ืืืืฃ ืฆื ืืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืึทืืข ืืืืขืจ ืคืขืจืืขื ืืขืืข ืืืืขืจืคืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืขืืคึฟื ืืื ืึธื ืืืื ื ืขืืขื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืึธืก ืคืืจืฉืืืจืงื ืืืืขืจ ืืขืื ืกืงืืื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืจ ืึท ืืืืขืจ ืืื ืืึทืงืืืขื ืกืืืืืืข. ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืขืืืขืืข ืืืืืขื ืืื OPWDD ืืืึธืก ืืึทืื ืืื ืืืขืจ ืืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื ืคืื ืืืจืขืงื ืฉืืืฆื ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกืกืืึธื ืึทืืก. ืืื ืืขื ืขื ืืืกืงืจืืืื ืืื ืืืื:
ืืืจืขืงื ืฉืืืฆื ืึทืกืกืืกืืึทื ื (DSA)
ืืื ืึท DSA ืคึฟืึทืจ OPWDD ืืืจ ืืืขื ืืขืืคึฟื ืืขื ืืฉื ืืืจื ืึทืจืืืฉืขืืคื ืืื ืฆื ืืขืจื ืขื ืืื ืึทื ืืืืืงืืขื ืืขืืืขื ืืขืืขืืืง ืกืงืืื ืืื ืืขืืืืื ืืืืื; ืืืจ ืืืขื ืืขืืคึฟื ืืื ืฆื ืืึธืจืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืืขืจ ืืืืืขื ืข ืคืขืจืืขื ืืขืืข ืืืืขืจืคืขื ืืฉื; ืืืจ ืืืขื ืฉืืืฆื, ืืืืืงื, ืคืืจื ืืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืืขื ืืฉื ืฆื ืืืืกืืจืืงื ืคึผืขืจืืขื ืืขื ืืจืืจื. DSAs ืื ืฉืืจ ืงืื ืื ืึทืืจืืืฉืึทื, ืืขืืื ื ืืื ืืืืขืจืงืืึทื ืืื ืึท ืืึทืงืืืขื ืืืื ืกืืืืืืข. ืื ืฉืืืฆื ืืื ืืึทืืื ืื ืืก ืืืจ ืืืขื ืฆืืฉืืขืื ืึธืคืขื ืืขื ืืืืฃ ืื ืกืคึผืขืฆืืคืืฉ ืึทืืืืึทืืื ืคืื ืืขืจ ืืขื ืืฉ ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืขืืื ื, ืืื ืื ื ืึทืืืจ ืคืื ืื ืืึทืฉืืขืืืงื ืืื ืื ืึทืงืืืืืืืขืื ืืขื ืขื ืืขื ืืืขื.
ืืื ืืืื ืงืืืึทืืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื:
ืืืจ ืืืื ืืึธืื ืึท ืืืื ืฉืืืข ืืืคึผืืึธื ืึธืืขืจ ืึทื ืขืงืืืืืืึทืืึทื ืกื, ืึทืืึท ืืื ืึท GED.
ืืืจ ืืืื ืืึธืื ืึท ืืืืืืง ืืขืจืืืืืขื ืืฉ ืฆื ืึทืจืืขืื ืึท ืืึธืืึธืจ ืคืึธืจืืืื ืืื ื ืื ืืืจืง ืกืืขืื. ืืืจ ืืืขื ืืืื ืคืืจืืื ืื ืฆื ืืึทืืื ืึท ืืืืืืง ืืจืืืืืขืจ ืืขืจืืืืืขื ืืฉ ืืขืฉืึทืก ืืืื ืืึทืฉืขืคืืืงืื ื ืืื ืึท DSA.
ืืืจ ืืืื ืืจืขืคื ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ืคืืื ืงืืึทื ืกืืึทื ืืึทืจืืก.
ืืืจ ืืืขื ืืืื ืคืืจืืื ืื ืฆื ืืึธืื ืึท ืืขืืืฆืื ืืฉ ืืืจืืงืืง ืืืืืขืจ ืืืจ ืืขื ื ืืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืขื ื ืคืึทืจืึทื ืืืืึธืจืืืขื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืฆืึธืืื ื ืคืื ืื ืงืืื ืืฉ ืืึทืืึธืจืึทืืึธืจืืข ืึธืคึผืฆืึธื. ืืืืข ืืึธื: ืื ืืขืืืฆืื ืืฉ ืืืืึทื ืืืื ืคืกืืืืืืืืฉื ืืื ืืขืืืฆืื ืืืคึผืื ื.
ืืืจ ืืืื ืืืื ืงืืืจื ืืืจื ืื ื ืื ืืืจืง ืกืืขืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืืขื ืจืขืืืกืืจื, ืื ืืืกืืืฅ ืฆืขื ืืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืฉืืฅ ืคืื ืืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขืืข ื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืขืืืงืึทืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืคืึทืจืืืืื ื ืืื ืืขืืขืงืฉืึทื ืืึทืืึทืืืืก.
ื ืคืึทืจืืจืขืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืจืืจืื ื ืืฉืขืง ืืื ืคืื ืืขืจืคึผืจืื ืืื ื ืืืขื ืืืื ืืขืคืืจื. ืืืจ ืืืขื ืืืื ืคืึทืจืึทื ืืืืึธืจืืืขื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืื ื ืึธืคึผืฆืึธื.
ืงืึธื ืืึทืงื ืืืื ืืืงืืืข OPWDD ืืขื ืืฉื ืจืขืื ืึธืคืคืืกืข.
ืืขืืืขืืึธืคึผืืขื ืืึทื ืืืกืึทืืืืืืื ืืืืขืจ ืงืขืจ ืืึทืืึทื ืืืื ื ืืืืฃ (DDSCTA)
ืึทื OPWDD DDSCTA ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืึธืจืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืขืืขืงืืืึทื ืืื ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืืืกืึทืืืืึทืืื ืืื ืืื ืืขื ืกืืืืข ืืึทืืึทื ืืืื ื ืื ืืฅ ืืื ืืืึทืื ืจืืืืฉ ืืื ืกืขื ืืจืึทื ื ืื ืืืจืง ืืื ืืื ืื Sunmount ืืขืืืขืืึธืคึผืืขื ืืึทื ืืืกืึทืืืืืืื ืฉืืึทื ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืืืึธื ืก ืึธืคืคืืกืข (ืืืกืึธืึธ) ืืื ืืึทืคึผืขืจ ืืืืง.
ืืื ืึท DDSCTA, ืืืจ ืฆืืฉืืขืื ืึท ืืืืขืจ, ืืืืขืจ ืืื ืกืืึทืืื ืกืืืืืืข ืืื ืืขื ืืฉื ืงืขื ืขื ืืึทืงืืืขื ืื ืืขืจืึทืคึผืืืืืง ืืึธืจื ืืืจืฃ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกืืืืืึทืืึทืืืืฉืึทื ืืื ืืึทืืึทื ืืืื ื.
ืืื ืืืื ืงืืืึทืืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื:
ืืืจ ืืืื ืืึธืื ืึท ืืืื ืฉืืืข ืืืคึผืืึธื ืึธืืขืจ ืึทื ืขืงืืืืืืึทืืึทื ืกื, ืึทืืึท ืืื ืึท GED, ืืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืฆืืื ืคืึทืจืขื ืืืงื ืึท DDSCTA ืืจืืื ืืฉืืคึผ.
ืืืจ ืืืื ืืึธืื ืึท ืืืืืืง ืืขืจืืืืืขื ืืฉ ืฆื ืึทืจืืขืื ืึท ืืึธืืึธืจ ืคืึธืจืืืื ืืื ื ืื ืืืจืง ืกืืขืื. ืืืจ ืืืขื ืืืื ืคืืจืืื ืื ืฆื ืืึทืืื ืึท ืืืืืืง ืืจืืืืืขืจ ืืขืจืืืืืขื ืืฉ ืืขืฉืึทืก ืืืื ืืึทืฉืขืคืืืงืื ื ืืื ืึท DDSCTA.
ืืืจ ืืืื ืืจืขืคื ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ืคืืื ืงืืึทื ืกืืึทื ืืึทืจืืก.
ืืืจ ืืืขื ืืืื ืคืืจืืื ืื ืฆื ืืึธืื ืึท ืืขืืืฆืื ืืฉ ืืืจืืงืืง ืืืืืขืจ ืืืจ ืืขื ื ืืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืขื ื ืคืึทืจืึทื ืืืืึธืจืืืขื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืฆืึธืืื ื ืคืื ืื ืงืืื ืืฉ ืืึทืืึธืจืึทืืึธืจืืข ืึธืคึผืฆืึธื. ืืืืข ืืึธื: ืื ืืขืืืฆืื ืืฉ ืืืืึทื ืืืื ืคืกืืืืืืืืฉื ืืื ืืขืืืฆืื ืืืคึผืื ื.
ืืืจ ืืืื ืืืื ืงืืืจื ืืืจื ืื ื ืื ืืืจืง ืกืืขืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืืขื ืจืขืืืกืืจื, ืื ืืืกืืืฅ ืฆืขื ืืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืฉืืฅ ืคืื ืืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขืืข ื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืขืืืงืึทืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืคืึทืจืืืืื ื ืืื ืืขืืขืงืฉืึทื ืืึทืืึท ืืึทืืข.
ื ืคืึทืจืืจืขืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืจืืจืื ื ืืฉืขืง ืืื ืคืื ืืขืจืคึผืจืื ืืื ื ืืืขื ืืืื ืืขืคืืจื. ืืืจ ืืืขื ืืืื ืคืึทืจืึทื ืืืืึธืจืืืขื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืื ื ืึธืคึผืฆืึธื.
ืงืึธื ืืึทืงื ืืืื ืืืงืืืข OPWDD ืืขื ืืฉื ืจืขืื ืึธืคืคืืกืข.
ืืืึธืก ืืื ืื ืกืืึทืจืืื ื ืืขืฆืึธืื?
ืื ืกืืึทืจืืื ื ืืขืฆืึธืื ืคึฟืึทืจ DSAs ืืื ืืขืจืืืืึทื $ 42,419 ืคึผืขืจ ืืึธืจ ืืื DSAs ืืขื ืขื ืืืจืขืืืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขืจืืขื ืืขืฆืึธืื ืื ืงืจืืกืึทื ืืืขื ืืื ืฉืืืึทืื ืฆื ืื ืงืจืึทื ื ืืืฉืึธื ืงืืจืก ืคืื $ 46,103. ื ืื ืืืจืง ืกืืขืื ืืืื ืืื ืึธื ืืขืฉืืขืืืข ืืื ืึท ืคืืืฉืืขื ืืืง ืืขื ืขืคืืื ืคึผืขืงื, ืึทืจืืึทื ืืขืจืขืื ื ืืขืืื ื ืคืึทืจืืืืขืจืื ื, ืจืืืืืขืจืืึทื ื ืคึผืืึทื ืืื ืืจืืืืืึทืจืฆืืง ืืึธืื ืืขื ืขืคืืฅ. DDSCTAs ืึธื ืืืืื ืืื ืึท ืงืจืึทื ื ืืขืจืืขื ืืขืฆืึธืื ืคืื $ 47,357 ืืื ืืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืืจืขืืืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขืจืืขื ืืขืฆืึธืื ืื ืงืจืืกืึทื ืืืขื ืืื ืฉืืืึทืื ืฆื ืื ืงืจืึทื ื ืืืฉืึธื ืงืืจืก ืคืื $ 51,410.
ืฉืืขืืขืก ืืื ืึทืืกืืขืจ, ืืืืืฉืขืกืก ืืื ืคึผืืื ืึทื ืงืึทืื ืืื ืืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืืจืขืืืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืืขืจืืขื ืืื-ืืืืกืึธื ืึทืืืฉืึทืกืืืึทื ื ืคืื $ 1,513, ืืฉืขืช ืฉืืขืืขืก ืืื ืืืขืกืืฉืขืกืืขืจ, ืจืึธืงืงืืึทื ื, ืืจืึธื ืงืก, ื ืื ืืืจืง (ืืึทื ืืึทืืืึทื), ืงืื ืืก (ืืจืืงืืื), ืจืืืฉืืึธื ื (ืกืืขืืขื ืืื ืื), ืงืืืื ืก. , Nassau ืืื Suffolk ืงืึทืื ืืื ืืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืืจืขืืืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืืขืจืืขื ืืึทืื ืกืืืื ืึทืืืฉืึทืกืืืึทื ื ืคืื $3,026.
ืืขืจื ืคืื ืืืจืขืงื ืฉืืืฆื ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกืกืืึธื ืึทืืก
ืืืขื ืืืจ ืึธื ืืืืื ืึท ืงืึทืจืืขืจืข ืืื OPWDD, ืืืจ ืงืขื ืงืืืขื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืึทืจืืขื, ืึธืืขืจ ืืืจ ืืืขื ืืืืึทืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืืขื ืืฉื. ืื ืืืืกื ื ืืฉื ื ืขืืขื ืืื ืืืขืจ ืืืึธืจื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืื; ืืขืจื ืฆื ืืืึธืก ืื ืืขืจืข ืืืจืขืงื ืฉืืืฆื ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกืกืืึธื ืึทืืก ืืึธืื ืฆื ืืึธืื ืืืขืื ืึท ืงืึทืจืืขืจืข ืืืึธืก ืืืื ืึท positive ืืขืืืขื ืคึผืจืึทื ืืื ืืขื ืืขืื ืคืื ืขืืขืฆืขืจ ืึทื ืืขืจืฉ.
ืึทืืืกืืึท
"ืืืจ ืงืขื ื ืึทื ืืืืืงืืขื ืึท ืงืึทืจืืขืจืข ืืื OPWDD ... ืืืจ ืงืขื ื ื ืขืืขื ืืืืึทืื ืฆื ืืืื ืคึผืจืึธืืึธืืขื ... ืืื ืึท DSP ืืื OPWDD, ืขืก ืืื ืึท ืฉืขืคืข ืคืื ืึทืคึผืขืจืืื ืึทืืื." - ืึทืืืกืืึท ืกืึธืืืืขืจื, ืืึทืืืืืืึทืืืึธื ืืืืืข ืืื
Wes
"ืืืึธืก ื ืึธืจ ืืืจ ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืึท ืืืื ืฉืืืข ืืืืืื ื [ืฆื ืืืื ืึท ืืกืคึผ], ืขืก ืืื ืืืืืื - ื ืื ืฆื ืืขืจืืึธื ืขื ืื ืืืืจืงืื ื ืืืจ ืืึธื ืืืืฃ ืื ืืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืึธืก ืืืจ ืึทืจืืขื. ืจืืึฟ ืคืื ืื ืฆืืื ืืืขื ืืื ืืขืืจืืขื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืืื, ืขืก ืืื ืืขืืืขื ื ืื 'ื ืืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืขื ืฆื ืึทืจืืขืื, ืขืก ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืขื ืฆื ืืืื ืฆืืืืื ืืืื. - Wesley King, ืืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื ืืจืขืึทืืืขื ื ืคืืจืขืจ
ืืึทื ืึท
"ืืืจ ืืืื ืืืื ืึท ืงืึทืจืื ื ืืขื ืืฉ, ืขืืขืฆืขืจ ืืืืก ืืึทืงืข ืืึธืจืื ืืืขืื ืืืขืจ ืขืก ืื ... ืืึธืก ืืื ื ืืฉื ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืึทืจืืขื ืขื ืืืึธืจ, ืขืก ืืื ืึท ืืืืคืกืืืื." - ืืึทื ืึท ืฉืื, ืืขืืืขืืึธืคึผืืขื ืืึทื ืึทืกืกืืกืืึทื ื ืืื |
ืกื ืึทืงืงืืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืึท ืกืขืืขืงืฆืืข ืคืื โโโโืคืึทืจืฉืืื ืคืจืืจื-ืืึทืจ ืคืืื ืืื ืงืืืื ืคึผืึทืืืฉืขืก ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืื ืฉืืืืืขืกืืืง ืืจืืืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื ืึทืงืก, ืกื ืึทืงืงืืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืึท ืกืขืืขืงืฆืืข ืคืื โโโโืคืึทืจืฉืืื ืคืจืืจื-ืืึทืจ ืคืืื ืืื ืงืืืื ืคึผืึทืืืฉืขืก ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืื ืฉืืืืืขืกืืืง ืืจืืืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื ืึทืงืก, ืกื ืึทืงืงืืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืึท ืกืขืืขืงืฆืืข ืคืื โโโโืคืึทืจืฉืืื ืคืจืืจื-ืืึทืจ ืคืืื ืืื ืงืืืื ืคึผืึทืืืฉืขืก ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืื ืฉืืืืืขืกืืืง ืืจืืืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื ืึทืงืก. ืกื ืึทืงืงืืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืึท ืกืขืืขืงืฆืืข ืคืื โโโโืคืึทืจืฉืืื ืคืจืืจื-ืืึทืจ ืคืืื ืืื ืงืืืื ืคึผืึทืืืฉืขืก ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืื ืฉืืืืืขืกืืืง ืืจืืืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื ืึทืงืก 5 ืกื ืึทืงืงืืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืึท ืกืขืืขืงืฆืืข ืคืื โโโโืคืึทืจืฉืืื ืคืจืืจื-ืืึทืจ ืคืืื ืืื ืงืืืื ืคึผืึทืืืฉืขืก ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืื ืฉืืืืืขืกืืืง ืืจืืืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื ืึทืงืก.
ืกื ืึทืงืงืืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืึท ืกืขืืขืงืฆืืข ืคืื โโโโืคืึทืจืฉืืื ืคืจืืจื-ืืึทืจ ืคืืื ืืื ืงืืืื ืคึผืึทืืืฉืขืก ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืื ืฉืืืืืขืกืืืง ืืจืืืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื ืึทืงืก
ืกื ืึทืงืงืืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืึท ืกืขืืขืงืฆืืข ืคืื โโโโืคืึทืจืฉืืื ืคืจืืจื-ืืึทืจ ืคืืื ืืื ืงืืืื ืคึผืึทืืืฉืขืก ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืื ืฉืืืืืขืกืืืง ืืจืืืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื ืึทืงืก, ืกื ืึทืงืงืืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืึท ืกืขืืขืงืฆืืข ืคืื โโโโืคืึทืจืฉืืื ืคืจืืจื-ืืึทืจ ืคืืื ืืื ืงืืืื ืคึผืึทืืืฉืขืก ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืื ืฉืืืืืขืกืืืง ืืจืืืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื ืึทืงืก. ืกื ืึทืงืงืืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืึท ืกืขืืขืงืฆืืข ืคืื โโโโืคืึทืจืฉืืื ืคืจืืจื-ืืึทืจ ืคืืื ืืื ืงืืืื ืคึผืึทืืืฉืขืก ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืื ืฉืืืืืขืกืืืง ืืจืืืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื ืึทืงืก?ืกื ืึทืงืงืืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืึท ืกืขืืขืงืฆืืข ืคืื โโโโืคืึทืจืฉืืื ืคืจืืจื-ืืึทืจ ืคืืื ืืื ืงืืืื ืคึผืึทืืืฉืขืก ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืื ืฉืืืืืขืกืืืง ืืจืืืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื ืึทืงืก.
ืกื ืึทืงืงืืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืึท ืกืขืืขืงืฆืืข ืคืื โโโโืคืึทืจืฉืืื ืคืจืืจื-ืืึทืจ ืคืืื ืืื ืงืืืื ืคึผืึทืืืฉืขืก ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืื ืฉืืืืืขืกืืืง ืืจืืืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื ืึทืงืก
ืืขืจืืืึทืงืกื ืืื ืจืืืคึผืึทื ื ืืืืฃ ืึท ืืฉืคึผืื ืคืึทืจื, ืืื ืืืขืจ ืขืกื ืืืึทืจื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืขืจ ืืขืจื ืขืจืื ื ืืื ืืึทื ืึธื ืึทืืื ื ืขืคึผืขืก ืกืงืขืืฉื - ืึทืืื ืืืึธืก ืืืจ ืขืกื ืืื ืจืืื, ืืื ืืืขืจ ืขืกื ืืืึทืจื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืขืจ ืืขืจื ืขืจืื ื ืืื ืืึทื ืึธื ืึทืืื ื ืขืคึผืขืก ืกืงืขืืฉื - ืึทืืื ืืืึธืก ืืืจ ืขืกื ืืื ืจืืื.
ืืื ืืืขืจ ืขืกื ืืืึทืจื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืขืจ ืืขืจื ืขืจืื ื ืืื ืืึทื ืึธื ืึทืืื ื ืขืคึผืขืก ืกืงืขืืฉื - ืึทืืื ืืืึธืก ืืืจ ืขืกื ืืื ืจืืื
ืืื ืืืขืจ ืขืกื ืืืึทืจื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืขืจ ืืขืจื ืขืจืื ื ืืื ืืึทื ืึธื ืึทืืื ื ืขืคึผืขืก ืกืงืขืืฉื - ืึทืืื ืืืึธืก ืืืจ ืขืกื ืืื ืจืืื. ืืื ืืืขืจ ืขืกื ืืืึทืจื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืขืจ ืืขืจื ืขืจืื ื ืืื ืืึทื ืึธื ืึทืืื ื ืขืคึผืขืก ืกืงืขืืฉื - ืึทืืื ืืืึธืก ืืืจ ืขืกื ืืื ืจืืื, ืืื ืืืขืจ ืขืกื ืืืึทืจื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืขืจ ืืขืจื ืขืจืื ื ืืื ืืึทื ืึธื ืึทืืื ื ืขืคึผืขืก ืกืงืขืืฉื - ืึทืืื ืืืึธืก ืืืจ ืขืกื ืืื ืจืืื, ืืื ืืืขืจ ืขืกื ืืืึทืจื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืขืจ ืืขืจื ืขืจืื ื ืืื ืืึทื ืึธื ืึทืืื ื ืขืคึผืขืก ืกืงืขืืฉื - ืึทืืื ืืืึธืก ืืืจ ืขืกื ืืื ืจืืื, ืืื ืืืขืจ ืขืกื ืืืึทืจื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืขืจ ืืขืจื ืขืจืื ื ืืื ืืึทื ืึธื ืึทืืื ื ืขืคึผืขืก ืกืงืขืืฉื - ืึทืืื ืืืึธืก ืืืจ ืขืกื ืืื ืจืืื. ืืื ืืืขืจ ืขืกื ืืืึทืจื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืขืจ ืืขืจื ืขืจืื ื ืืื ืืึทื ืึธื ืึทืืื ื ืขืคึผืขืก ืกืงืขืืฉื - ืึทืืื ืืืึธืก ืืืจ ืขืกื ืืื ืจืืื.
ืืื ืืืขืจ ืขืกื ืืืึทืจื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืขืจ ืืขืจื ืขืจืื ื ืืื ืืึทื ืึธื ืึทืืื ื ืขืคึผืขืก ืกืงืขืืฉื - ืึทืืื ืืืึธืก ืืืจ ืขืกื ืืื ืจืืื
ืืื ืืืขืจ ืขืกื ืืืึทืจื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืขืจ ืืขืจื ืขืจืื ื ืืื ืืึทื ืึธื ืึทืืื ื ืขืคึผืขืก ืกืงืขืืฉื - ืึทืืื ืืืึธืก ืืืจ ืขืกื ืืื ืจืืื? ืืื ืืืขืจ ืขืกื ืืืึทืจื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืขืจ ืืขืจื ืขืจืื ื ืืื ืืึทื ืึธื ืึทืืื ื ืขืคึผืขืก ืกืงืขืืฉื - ืึทืืื ืืืึธืก ืืืจ ืขืกื ืืื ืจืืื! ืืื ืืืขืจ ืขืกื ืืืึทืจื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืขืจ ืืขืจื ืขืจืื ื ืืื ืืึทื ืึธื ืึทืืื ื ืขืคึผืขืก ืกืงืขืืฉื - ืึทืืื ืืืึธืก ืืืจ ืขืกื ืืื ืจืืื. |
ืืืื ืงืืืึทืืืืขื - ืืขืืืื ืคืื ืืืื ืงืืืึทืืืืขื ืขืคึผืก ืคึผืื ืข ืืืึธืก ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืจืื ื ืฆื ืืจืขืื ืึธืืขืจ ืคืึทืจืงืจืืืขื, ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืขื ืืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืืึทื ื ืฆืืึทื, ืืื ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืขื ืืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืจืึทืคึผืื ื ืคืืฉ ืคึผืจืึทืงืืืฉ ืคืื ืงืฆืืึธื ืืจื.
ืืขื ืงืึธืืึธืจืก - ืคืืฉ ืืืขืื ืืื ืขืก ืึทืืื ืืจืื ื ืฆื ืฆืืฆืืขื ืคืืฉ. ืึธืคึผืฉืืงื ืื ืืืืขืจืคืืึทื ืืึทืืึทื ืืืื ื, ืืืฅ ืึทืงืจืืืืง ืงืึธืืืื ื, ืืืจ ืืึธืื ืืืึทืืืืง ืคึผืืื ื, ืืืึธืกื โโืงืึธืืืึทื ืืื ืคืื ืงืืขื ืคืึทืจื.
ืึทืจืืขื ืืจืืืก - ืืืืขืจ ืึธืคึผืจืืคืืง ืืืขื ืื ืคืืฉ ื ืขืื ืื ืืขืงืขืื. ืึทืจืืขื ืืจืืืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืืฉืขืจืืึท ืืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืื ืกืืืืึทืืืึธื ืก ืืื ืืืคืขื ืืฉื.
ืคืืฉืขืจืืึท ืคืืึธืืฅ ืืขื ืขื ืึท ืืจืืืก ืืืขื ืฆื ืฆืืฆืืขื ืคืืฉ ืฆื ืืืื ืืขืงืขืื ืืืขื ืื ืืขืืื ื ืคืื ืื ืืืึทืกืขืจ ืืื ื ืืืขืจืืง. ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ื ืืฆื ืืื ืืื ืึท ืืืืืฉืึทืืืึทื ืจืขืคึฟืขืจืขื ืฅ ืคืื ื ืึทืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืขื ืืืง ืืืืกื ืืื ืืืื ืืขืงืขืื ืืื.
ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืคืืืข ืืืืคึผืก ืคืื ืคืืฉืขืจืืึท ืคืืึธืืฅ ืื ืืืฆื. ืื ืกืึธืจื ืืืจ ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืืื ืึธืคืขื ืืืง ืืืืฃ ืืื ืืืจ ืืขื ื ืคืืฉืขืจืืึท, ืืืึธืก ืื ืืืืืฉืึทืืืึทื ืงืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืึทืกืขืจ, ืื ืงืจืึทื ื ืืืื ื ืืืืงืืึทื, ืื ืืจืืืก ืคืื ืื ืืขืงืขืื ืืื ืื ืืืคืขื ืืฉ ืคืื ืื ืืืึทืกืขืจ.
ืืืจ ืงืขื ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืฆื ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจืืืขื ื ืขืืืขืืข ืฆื ืจืขืืขื ืขื ืืืืก ืืืึธืก ืืึธืื ืฉืืืืืขื ืืื ืืขืกืืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืจ. ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืงืืืึทืื ืคืื ืคืืืข ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืืืืคึผืก, ืึทืจืืึทื ืืขืจืขืื ื ืฉืืขืงื ืคืืึธืืฅ, ืคืืึธืงื ืคืืึธืืฅ, ืงืึธืจืืง ืคึผืึทืคึผืขืจื (ืืืึธืก ืงืขื ืืึทืื ืึท ืืืกื ืคืื ืจืึทืฉ) ืืื ืื-ืฉืืืคึผื ืคืืึธืืฅ (ืืืึธืก ืงืขื ืขื ื ืึทืืืืืืจื ืึทืจืื ืจืึทืงืก ืืื ืกืืืงืก). ืืฉืึธืึธืกืื ื ืื ืจืขืื ืืึธืื ืฉืืืืืขื ืงืขื ืืึทืื ืื ืืืืืง ืฆืืืืฉื ืึท ืืื ืคืืฉืขืจืืึท ืืึธื ืืื ืึท ืฉืืขืคึผื ืืืึธืก ืืืื ืืึธืจื ืืฉื.
ืื ืคึผืื ืข ืคืืึธืึทืฅ ืืขื ืขื ืืจืืืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืื ืืจืขื ืคืืฉืขืจืืึท ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืึธืืคึผืึทื ืึธ ืืื ืืขื ืขื ืืขืคืื ืืืืขืจ ืคืืึธืจืืืึท ืืืขื ืืื ืคืืฉืขืจืืึท ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืืืืืจืึทืืึธืจื ืืื ืื. ืืื ืืืื ืืืกืืขืฆืืืื ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืืืข ืื ืืขืจืข ืคืืฉืขืจืืึท ืกืืืืื ืืืขื ืืืจ ืืืืื ืฆื ืืืืื ืงืึธืืืจ ืืื ืคืืึธืืืืืฉืึทื ืฆื ืืืื ืคืืฉืขืจืืึท ืจืื. ืืื ืืขื ืขื ืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืคึผืึทืงืก ืคืื 100 ืืื 12 ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืคืืจืื.
ืื ืืขืจืข ืฉืึทืคึผืขืก ืืื ืกืืืขืก ืคืื ืคึผืื ืข ืคืืฉืขืจืืึท ืคืืึธืืฅ ืืขื ืขื ืืืจืขืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืจ ืืึทืจืคึฟื, ืืืืข ืืึธืื ืืื ืื ืืืืกื. |
ืืืจ ืืึธื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืืื ืื ืคึผืืึทื ืืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืฆืืจื ืคืื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืื ืื ืืืืคึผืก ืืื ื ืืฆื ืคืื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง.
ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืืื ืึท ืืื ืคืื ืืืื ืืึธืืขืงืืืึทืจ ืงืึทืืคึผืึทืื ื (ืืึทืงืจืึธืืขืงืืืขืก) ืืืึธืก ืืื ืคึผืึทืืืืขืจืืืื ืืืจื ืืขืจืฆื ืคึผืึทืืืืขืจืึทืืืืฉืึทื ืึธืืขืจ ืคึผืึธืืืงืึธื ืืขื ืกืึทืืืึธื ืึธืคึผืจืืฃ ืืื ืืึทื ืึทืืขืจ ืืื ืจืื ืืึทืืขืจืืึทื. ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืคืืืข ืืืืคึผืก ืคืื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก ืืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืจืืืขืก, ืึธืืขืจ ืขืก ืืื ืืจืื ื ืฆื ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืึธื, ืืจืื ื ืฆื ืคืึธืจืขื, ืืจืื ื ืฆื ืงืจืืื ืจืื ืืึทืืขืจืืึทืืก ืืื ื ืืืขืจืืง ืืื ืคึผืจืืึทื, ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขื ืื ืืืกืืขืฆืืืื ื ืงืขืจืึธืืืฉืึทื ืงืขืื ืฉืืขื, ืื ืกืึทืืืืฉืึทื ืืื ืืืฅ ืคึผืจืขืืขืจืืืืืฉืึทื. ืืขืืืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืกืืจืืข ืืื ืืขื ืืฉืืขื ืืขืื.
ืืฉืึทืจืึทืงืืขืจืืกืืืงืก ืคืื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก:
(1) ืื ืืืืคึผื ืงืึทืืคึผืึธืื ืึทื ืฅ ืคืื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืจืื ืืึทืืขืจืืึทืืก ืืขื ืขื ืคึผืึธืืืืขืจ ืืึทืืจืืฅ ืืขืจืืคึฟื ืกืืึธืืข.
(2) ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืืื ืืื ืื ืกืึทืืืืฉืึทื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขืืขืงืืจืข, ืืืฅ ืืื ืืขืืื ื: ืขืืขืงืืจืืงืึทื ืื ืกืึทืืืืฉืึทื, ืงืจืืึทืืืืืื ืงืขืื ืฉืืขื, ืืืฅ ืคึผืจืขืืขืจืืืืืฉืึทื, ืืขืืื ื ืื ืกืึทืืืืฉืึทื, ืืขืืื ื ืึทืืืึธืจืคึผืฉืึทื, ืืืืืืจืืืฉืึทื ืึทืืืึธืจืคึผืฉืึทื, ืืืกืืขืฆืืืื ื ืจืึทืฉ ืจืขืืืงืฆืืข ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืืื ื.
(3), ืืื ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทืืืืืื, ืืืจื ืื ืืืฉืขืงืฉืึทื ืืึธืืืื ื, ืงืขื ืขื ืืืขืจื ืืขืืืื ืืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืื ืืื ืงืึธืืคึผืืขืงืก ืคืึธืจืขื, ืกืืึทืืื ืืจืืืก ืืื ืืื ืงืืืึทืืืืขื ืืื ืึท ืืืืขืจ ืงืืจืฅ ืฆืืึทื.
(4) ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืจืื ืืึทืืขืจืืึทื: ืขืก ืืื ืึท ืืื ืคืื ืืึทืืขืจืืึทื ืืื ืคึผืึธืืืืขืจ ืกืื ืืขืืืฉ ืกืืึธืืข (ืคึผืึธืืืืขืจ) ืืื ืื ืืืืคึผื ืงืึธืืคึผืึธื ืขื ื, ืืื ืื ืคืืืืจืืืืื ืืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืึทืืืืืืขืจื ืืึทืืขืจืืึทืืก ืึธืืขืจ ืขืืืขืืข ืึทืืึทืืืืื ืืื ืกืคึผืขืฆืืคืืฉ ื ืืฆื, ืืื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืกืืื ืืื ืคืืืืืึทืื ืืื ืืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืฆืืคืืฉ ืืขืืคึผืขืจืึทืืืจ ืืื ืืจืืง, ืืืึธืก ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืึธืืืืื ืืื ืึท ืืืืขืจ ืคืึธืจืขื ืืื ืืึทืืื ืื ืคืึธืจืขื ืึทื ืืฉืืื ืืืฉื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืืืขืจ ืื ืึธืื.
ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื
ืืืื ืื ืืึธืืขืงืืืึทืจ ืกืืจืืงืืืจ ืคืื ืกืื ืืขืืืฉ ืกืืึธืืข, ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืจืื ืืึทืืขืจืืึทืืก ืืขืจ ืืืืคึผื ืึทืจืืึทื ื ืขืืขื ืืขืจืืึทืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืืื ืืืขืจืืึธืกืขืืืื ื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก: ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขืจืืึทืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก, ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืืึทืืขืจืืึทืืก ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ื ืึธื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ื ืึธื ืจืืคึผืืืื ืืึทืืืฆืื ื ืืขื ืขื ืคึผืข / ืคึผืคึผ / ืคึผืืืง / ืคึผืก / ืึทืืก / ืคึผืืืึท / ืคึผืึธื / ืคึผืืกื / ืคึผืึท ืืื ืื ืืขืจืข ืคึผืจืึธืกื ืจืื ืืึทืืขืจืืึทืืก. ืืขืจืืึธืกืขืืืื ื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืืขืจ ืืืืคึผื ืจืขืคืขืจืก ืฆื ืื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืืขืืืื ืคืื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืึทืจืืึทื ืื ื ืกืื ืืขืืืฉ ืกืืึธืืข, ืึทืืึท ืืื ืขืืืขืืข ืคืึทื ืึทืืืง ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืืื ืึทืืื ืึธ ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง. ืคึผืึธืืืืขืจ ืืื ืงืึทืืคึผืึธืืื ืคืื ืคืืืข ืงืืืื ืืื ืคึผืฉืื ืืึทืืึทืงืืืื (ืืึทื ืึทืืขืจ) ืืืจื ืงืึธืืืึทืืขื ื ืืื ื.
1. ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืืืื ืื ืืฉืึทืจืึทืงืืขืจืืกืืืงืก ืคืื ืกืืึธืืข ืืขืฉืึทืก ืืึทืืืฆืื ื ืืื ืงืึธืึธืืื ื
(1) ืืืขืจืืึธืกืขื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก: ื ืึธื ืืึทืืืฆืื ื, ืื ืืึธืืขืงืืืึทืจ ืกืืจืืงืืืจ ืืืขื ืืืื ืงืึทืืืืื ื ืืื ืึท ื ืขืฅ ืคืึธืจืขื. ืึทืืึธื ืขืก ืืื ืงืึทืืืืื ื ืืื ืึท ื ืขืฅ ืคึผืึธืืืืขืจ,
ืขืก ืืืขื ื ืืฉื ืคืึทืจืืืืืืขืจื ืืคืืื ื ืึธื ืจืขืืขืึทืืื ื, ืืืืึทืืื ื ืื ืึทืืื ืืขืจืืคืขื ืข [ืืจืืืืขืจืกืึทืืึทื ืขื ืืขืจืื ื], ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืขืคึฟืืจื ืืืจื ืื ืขื ืืขืจืื ื ืคืื ืืึธืืขืงืืืึทืจ ืกืืจืืงืืืจ (ืืขืืืฉ ืขื ืืขืจืื ื).
(2), ืืืขืจืืึธืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก: ืจืขืคืขืจืก ืฆื ืื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืืืึธืก ืืืขื ืฆืขืฉืืขืืฆื ื ืึธื ืืึทืืืฆืื ื, ืืืืคื ืฆื ืื ืคืืจืขื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึธืึธืืื ื ืืื ืคืึธืจืืื ื ืืื ืืึทื ืฆืขืฉืืขืืฆื ื ืึธื ืืึทืืืฆืื ื. ืขืก ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืขืึทืืขื ืืื ืงืืื ืฆื ืคึผืจืึธืืืฆืืจื [ืจืืืืขืจืกืึทืืึทื ืขื ืืขืจืื ื] (ืคืืืกืืง โ โ ืืึทืจื), ืืืึธืก ืืื ืื ืึทืืื ืืขืจืืคืขื ืข ืืฉืืืืช ืขื ืืขืจืื ื.
A. ืึทืืืขืืืื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง: ืึทืืก, ืคึผืืืง.ืคึผืก.ืคึผืข
ืื ืึทืืืขืืืื ืข ืื ืืฉืขื ืืขืจืืข ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก: PA.PC, PBT, POM, PET
C. ืืืขืจ ืื ืืฉืขื ืืขืจืืข ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก: ืคึผืคึผืก. LCP
ืืืื ืืขืจ ืคืึทืจื ืขื ืคืื ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืืืฉืึทื, ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืืขืจ ืืืืคึผื ืึทืืืขืืืื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก ืึทืืึท ืืื ืคึผืข / ืคึผืคึผ / ืคึผืืืง / ืคึผืก ืืื ืื ืืฉืขื ืืขืจืืข ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก ืึทืืึท ืืื ืึทืืก / ืคึผืึธื / ืคึผืืกื / ืคึผืึท. ืืื ืึทืืืฉืึทื, ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืขืืืขืืข ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก, ืึทืืึท ืืื ืืืื ืืขืืคึผืขืจืึทืืืจ ืืื ืืืืืืืื ืงืขืื ืฉืืขื, ืงืขืจืึธืืืฉืึทื ืงืขืื ืฉืืขื ืืื ืื ืืขืจืข ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก ืืึทืืึทืคืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขื ืฆืืืขืงื.
2. ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืืืจื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก
(1) ืึทืืืขืืืื ืข ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืืื ืึท ืืื ืคืื ืืืืืืื ืืขืืืืื ื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง. ืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืฆืืข ืืื ืืจืืืก ืืื ืึทืงืึทืื ืึทื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืขืื 3/4 ืคืื ืื ืืึทื ืฅ ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืฆืืข ืืื ืื ืคึผืจืืึทื ืืื ื ืืืขืจืืง. ืขืก ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืขื ืืฆื ืฆื ืืึทืื ืืขืืืขื ื ืขืกืขืกืกืืืืขืก ืืื ืงืืืื ืืจืืง, ืึทืืึท ืืื ืืขืืขืืืืืืข ืฉืึธื, ืืขืืขืคืึธื ืฉืึธื, ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืืขืงื, ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืคืึทืก, ืืื"ื ื. ืขืก ืืื ืึท ืืืืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื ืฉืืืืืช ืืื ืืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืขืืืืจื ืึท ืืืืืืืง ืืืึทื ืคืื ืื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืืื ืืืกืืจืืข. ืงืึทืืึทื ืื ืืขืืืืื ื ืึทืืืขืืืื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก ืืขื ืขื ืคึผืข, ืคึผืืืง, ืคึผืก, ืคึผืคึผ, ืคึผืฃ, ืืฃ, ืืฃ, ืขืืง.
(2) ืื ืืฉืขื ืืขืจืืข ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก ืืึธืืฉ ืืขืจ ืคึผืจืืึทื ืคืื ืึทืืืขืืืื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก ืืื ื ืืืขืจืืง, ืื ืืขืืฉืึทื ืืงืึทื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืจืืืขืก, ืืขืืคึผืขืจืึทืืืจ ืงืขืื ืฉืืขื ืืื ืงืขืจืึธืืืฉืึทื ืงืขืื ืฉืืขื ืืขื ืขื ืฉืืืขืจ ืฆื ืืจืขืคื ืื ืืืืขืจืคืขื ืืฉื ืคืื ืกืืจืึทืงืืฉืขืจืึทื ืืึทืืขืจืืึทืืก ืืื ืขืืืขืืข ืื ืืฉืขื ืืขืจืืข ืืื ืขืงืืืืคึผืืขื ื. ืืขืจืืืขืจ, ืื ืืฉืขื ืืขืจืืข ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก ืืขืงืืืขื. ืขืก ืืื ืืืื ืืขืืฉืึทื ืืงืึทื ืฉืืึทืจืงืืึทื ืืื ืจืืืืฉืืืึทืื, ืงืขื ืขื ืคืึทืจืืืึทืื ืขืืืขืืข ืฉืืึธื ืึธืืขืจ ื ืื-ืคืขืจืึทืก ืืึทืืขืจืืึทืืก, ืืื ืงืขื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืืืฆืืจื ืืขืืฉืึทื ืืงืึทื ืืืืื ืึธืืขืจ ืื ืืฉืขื ืืขืจืืข ืืจืืง ืืืืื ืืื ืงืึธืืคึผืืขืงืก ืกืืจืืงืืืจ, ืคืืืข ืคืื โโืืื ืืขื ืขื ืืขืจ ืขืคืขืงืืืื ืืื ืื ืึธืจืืืื ืขื ืึธื ืขืก. PSF, PTFE, POM ืืื ืคึผืืกื.
(3) ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขืืข ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืจืื ืืึทืืขืจืืึทืืก, ืืืึธืก ืืึธืื ืืื ืฆืืง ืคืึทื ืืงืฉืึทื ื, ืงืขื ืขื ืืืขืจื ืืขื ืืฆื ืืื ืขืืืขืืข ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขื ืืื, ืึทืืึท ืืื ืืึทืื ืขืืืง ืงืึทื ืืึทืงืืื ื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก, ืืืึทื ืึทืืขืจ ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก, ืคึผืขืจืืขืกืกืึทื ื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก, ืคืึธืืึธืกืขื ืกืืืืืืข ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก, ืืขืืืฆืื ืืฉ ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก, ืขืืง.
ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืคืื 10 ืืืืคึผืก ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก ืจืขืืื ื:
1. ืึทืืืขืืืื ืข ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก
(1) .PP (ืคึผืึทืืืคึผืจืึธืืคึผืึทืืื): ืื ืืขืจืึทืืืืฉืึทื ืฉืืขืงื ืคืื ื ืึทืคื, ืื ืคืืึทื ืืื ืืขืจืืจืื ื ืคึฟืึทืจื ืืื ืืืื; ืคืืึธืืืื ื ืืืึทืกืขืจ.
ืืึธืืึธืคึผืึธืืืืขืจ ืคึผืคึผ: ืืจืึทื ืกืืืกืึทื ื, ืืจืขื ืขืืืืืง, ืืจืึธื ืฆืืืืขื ืื ื, ืขืืขืงืืจืืงืึทื ืึทืคึผืคึผืืืึทื ืกืขืก, ืืจืขื, ืืขืืืขื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืื.
ืงืึธืคึผืึธืืืืขืจืืืขื ืคึผืคึผ: ื ืึทืืืจืืขื ืงืึธืืืจ, ืืจืขื ืขืืืืืง, ืขืืขืงืืจืืงืึทื ืึทืคึผืคึผืืืึทื ืกืขืก, ืึทืงืกืขืกืขืจืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืื ืึทืคึผืคึผืืืึทื ืกืขืก, ืงืึทื ืืืื ืขืจื.
ืืจืึทืค - ืงืึธืคึผืึธืืืืขืจืืืึทืืืึธื ืคึผืคึผ: ืืขืืกื ืืจืึทื ืกืคึผืขืจืึทื ื, ืืจืขื ืขืืืืืง, ืืขืืืฆืื ืืฉ ืืขืืืืกืขืก, ืขืกื ืืืึทืจื ืงืึทื ืืืื ืขืจื, ืคึผืึทืงืงืึทืืื ื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืื
(2) .ืึทืืก (ืคึผืึทืืืกืืืืจืื ืืืืึทืืืขื ืข ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืืืขื ืข ืงืึธืคึผืึธืืืืขืจ): ืืืื ืืืึธืกืกืื ืขืกืก, ืืจืขื ืขื ืจืืื, ืขืจืึทืืึทืืืง ืืขื; ืกืึทืืืขืจืืืฉื ืืืึทืกืขืจ
ืึทืืก ืจืื ืืึทืืขืจืืึทืืก: ืืืื ืืึทืคื ืึทืก ืืื ืฉืืึทืจืงืืึทื, ืืจืขื ืขืืืืืง; ืขืืขืงืืจืืงืึทื ืฉืึธื, ืืขืืขืจ, ืืืฉืืจืื, ืื ืกืืจืึทืืึทื ืฅ
ืึทืืก ืืึทืืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื: ืคืึทืจืืจืขืกืขืจื ืจืืืืฉืืืึทืื ืืื ืคืืึทื ืจืืืึทืจืืึทื ื, ื ืื ืืจืขื ืขืืืืืง; ืึทืืืึธ ืคึผืึทืจืฅ, ืขืืขืงืืจืืงืึทื ืคึผืึทืจืฅ
(3). ืคึผืืืง (ืคึผืึทืืืืืืื ืึทื ืงืืึธืจืืื): ืฉืืขืงื ืคืื ืงืืึธืจืื ืืจืขื ืขื, ืืจืื ืืื ืื ืื ืึธ ืคืื ืืขืจ ืคืืึทื; ืกืึทืืืขืจืืืฉื ืืืึทืกืขืจ
ืฉืืจืขื ื ืคึผืืืง: ืืืื ืฉืืึทืจืงืืึทื ืืื ืืึทืจืื ืึทืก, ืคืืึทื ืจืืืึทืจืืึทื ื; ืื ืื ืืึทืืขืจืืึทืืก, ืคึผืืืคึผืก
ืืืืื ืคึผืืืง: ืคืืขืงืกืึทืืึทื ืืื ืืจืื ื ืฆื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก, ืฉืืืขืจ ืฆื ืืจืขื ืขื; ืืืืืฉ, ืงืจืึทืคืก, ืฆืืจืื ื
2. ืืื ืืฉืขื ืืจืืข ืคึผืืึทืกืืืงืก
(1). ืคึผืง (ืคึผืึธืืืงืึทืจืืึธื ืึทืืข): ืืขื ืคืืึทื, ืฉืืืึทืจืฅ ืจืืื, ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขื ืืขืฉืืึทืง, ืกืึทืืืขืจืืืฉื ืืืึทืกืขืจ; ืฉืืจืขื ื, ืืืื ืืืจืืืขืืงืืึทื, ืคืืึทื-ืจืืืึทืจืืึทื ื; ืจืืจืขืืืืืง ืืืืืืึทื, ืกื, ืืขืคึฟืืจื, ืืขืืืขื ื ืขืกืขืกืกืืืืขืก
(2). ืคึผืง / ืึทืืก (ืฆืืืืฉ): ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขื ืืขืจืื, ืืขื ืฉืืืึทืจืฅ ืจืืื, ืกืึทืืืขืจืืืฉื ืืืึทืกืขืจ; ืฉืืจืขื ื ืืึทืคื ืึทืก, ืืืืึทืก, ืคืืึทื-ืจืืืึทืจืืึทื ื; ืขืืขืงืืจืืงืึทื ืืึทืืขืจืืึทืืก, ืืขืฆืืึทื ืคืึทื, ืงืึธืืื ืืงืึทืฆืืข ืืืกืจืืื
(3). ืคึผืึท (ืคึผืึทืืืึทืืืื ืคึผืึท 6, ืคึผืึท 66): ืคึผืึทืืขืืขื ื ืึทืืืจ, ืืขื ืจืืื, ืืจืขื ืขื ืฉืืขืงื ืคืื ืืึธืจ; ืืึทืคื ืึทืก, ืืืื ืฉืืึทืจืงืืึทื, ืคืืึทื ืจืืืึทืจืืึทื ื; ืืืกืจืืื, ืืขืืฉืึทื ืืงืึทื ืืืืื, ืขืืขืงืืจืืงืึทื ืืืืื
(4). ืคึผืึธื (ืคึผืึธืืืคืึธืจืืึทืืืึทืืืื): ืืจืขื ืขื ืฉืคึผืืฅ ืืขื, ื ืืืขืจืืงืขืจ ืกืืฃ ืืืื, ืคืึธืจืืึทืืืึทืืืื ืจืืืขื; ืืึทืคื ืึทืก, ืืืื ืฉืืึทืจืงืืึทื, ืืจืขื ืขืืืืืง; ืืึทื ื, ืืขืืฉืึทื ืืงืึทื ืืืืื
(5) .PMMA (ืคึผืึธืืืืขืืืื ืืขืืืึทืงืจืืืึทืืข); ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขื ืืืึทืกืืง ืืขืฉืืึทืง: ืืืื ืืืื ืืจืึทื ืกืืืืืึทื ืกืข; ืคึผืืขืงืกืืืืึธื, ืืึทื ืืืงืจืึทืคืฅ, ืึธืจื ืึทืืึทื ืฅ, ืคึผืึทืงืงืึทืืื ื, ืคืืื ืืขืกืงืขื
3. ืขืืึทืกืืึธืืขืจ ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง
(1) .ืืคึผื (ืคึผืึทืืืืจืึทืืืื): ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขื ืืขืฉืืึทืง; ืืื ืืืึทืกืืืกืึทืื, ืืึทืคื ืึทืก ืืื ืืจืึธืื ืงืขืื ืฉืืขื, ืืจืขื ืขืืืืืง; ืืขืืฉืึทื ืืงืึทื ืืืืื, ืขืืขืงืืจืึธื ืืฉ ืืืืื
(2). ืืืคึผืข: ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขื ืืขืจืื, ืืขื ืคืืึทื; ืกืขืืก ืืึทืืึทืคืืื, ืืฉืืืืช ืืึทืจืื ืึทืก ืึทืืืฉืึทืกืืึทืืึทื, ืืื ืืขืืืฉ ืคืึทืจืืึธื, ืืจืขื ืขืืืืืง; ืฆืึทืฆืงืข, ืฆืืืืืืืง ืื ืืืฉืขืงืฉืึทื ืฉืขืคึผื, ืืึทื ืืืขืืึทืจ ืืึทืืก, ืงืืืืึทืื, ืึทืืืึธ ืืืืื, ืกืคึผืึธืจื ืขืงืืืืคึผืืขื ื.
ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืคืืจ ืืื ืื ืคืื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืืึธืืืื ื ืืขืื ืึธืืึธืืืข: ืื ืืืฉืขืงืฉืึทื ืืึธืืืื ื, ืืงืกืืจืืืฉืึทื ืืึธืืืื ื, ืงืึทืืขื ืืขืจืื ื ืืึธืืืื ื ืืื ืืึธืืืื ื. ืื ืืืฉืขืงืฉืึทื ืืึธืืืื ื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืืืคึผื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืฆื ืงืจืืื ืงืึธืืคึผืืขืงืก ืกืืจืืงืืืจ ืืื ืคึผืื ืืืขืืงืืึทื ืืจืืืก ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืืืืื. ืื ืื ืืืฉืขืงืฉืึทื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืฆืืข ืืึทืจืฃ ืคืึทืจืืึธืื ืืืืฃ ืืจืื ืืกืืืืช ืคืื ืื ืืืฉืขืงืฉืึทื ืคืืจืขื, ืื ืืืฉืขืงืฉืึทื ืืึทืฉืื ืืื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืจืื ืืึทืืขืจืืึทืืก ืฆื ืคืึทืจืขื ืืืงื ืืขื ืกืืกืืขื.ืืขืกืืขืืฉ ืคืึธืืงืืกืื ืืืืฃ ืืึทื ืืคืึทืงืืืจืื ื ืคืื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืื ืืืฉืขืงืฉืึทื ืคืืจืขื ืืื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืืืืื ืืึธืืืื ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขืจ ืืื 10 ืืืจ ืืื ืึทืงืืืืืึทืืืืืื ืจืืึทื ืืขืื ืึธืืึธืืืข ืืื ืืขืจืคืึทืจืื ื. ืืืจ ืืขื ืขื ืืขืืึทืงืืืืึทื ืฆื ืฆืืฉืืขืื ืืืจ ืคืืจืขื ืืึทื ืืคืึทืงืืืจืื ื ืืื ืคึผืืึทืกืืืง ืืืืื ืืึธืืืื ื ืืึทืืื ืื ืืก. ืืืืข ืงืึธื ืืึทืงื ืืื ืื.
ืคึผืึธืกืื ืฆืืื: Oct-16-2020
ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืงืืืขืจืื ืืืขืื ืืื ืืืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืื ืึธืืขืจ ืคึผืจืืกืขืืืกื, ืืืืข ืืึธืื ืืืื E- ืืจืืื ืฆื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืขืื ืืืื ืืื ืงืึธื ืืึทืงื ืืื 24 ืฉืขื. |
ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืึธืึธืืึธืืืฉืขืจ ืืึธืจืื ืงืึทืืืืื ื ืื ืืฉืชืืืืช ืคืื ืคืืืข ื ืื-ืืืืื ืืืึทืืึทื ืืืจื ืฆื ืงืืึทืกืืคืืฆืืจื ืึท ืืืืืึธื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก.
ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืึธืึธืืึธืืืฉืขืจ ืืึธืจืื ืืขืืืืงืกื ืคืื ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืืืขื ืคืืืกื ืืืจื ืงืขืืืื ืฉืึทืืืื ืกืงื, ืึท ืืจืึทืืืฉืึทืืืึทื ืชึผืืืื ืืื ืืกืืจืึธื ืึธืืืข ืืืึท ืื ืืื ืืืืขืจืกืืืขื ืคืื ืึธืงืกืคึฟืึธืจื ืืื 2007. ืกืืืคึผืืืคืืืื ื ืืึทื ืฅ ืึท ืืืกื, ืฉืึทืืืื ืกืงื ืืื ืืื ืืขืจืขืกืืจื ืืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก, ืืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืืื ืืืจื ืืืืขืจ ืืึธืจืคืึทืืึทืืืฉื-ืืืืคึผืืืงืึทื ืึธืืขืจ ืกืคึผืืจืึทืืืฉ ืืืจื ืืืืขืจ ืงืึธืืืจ-ืืืื ืึธืืขืจ ืจืืื. ืืื ืืขืจ ืฆืืึทื, ืื ืงืึทื ืืืขื ืฉืึทื ืึทื ืืืื ืฆืืืืฉื ืื ืึทืกืืจืึทื ืึทืืขืจื ืืื ืึทื ืกืคึผืืจืึทืืืฉ ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก, ืืื ืืื ืืืขืจ ืืืืงื ืืืขื, ืืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืื ืงืึธืืืจื (ืื ืืึทืงืืืืื ื ืืืื ื) ืืื ืืืืคึผืืึทืืึทื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืจืืื (ืื ืืึทืงืืืืื ื ืขืืืขืจ). ืฉืืืืื ืกืงื ืืื ืฆืืืืืคื ืืขืจืืืืื ืืื ื. ืขืจ ืืึธื ืืขืืึธืื ืึทื ืืฉืขืช ืืขื ืืืกืืขืจ ืงืขื ืืืื ืืืช ืืื ืึทืืืขืืืื, ืขืก ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืืกืืึธืืข ืึท ืืืกืฉืืืกืืง ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืืืืกืืขื, ืืื ืืืจื ืืขืืขืจื ื ืขืืืขืืข ืืืืขืืืืื ืืืขื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก, ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก ืืขืฉืืคื.
ืืืื, ืืืึธืก ืฉืึทืืืื ืกืงื ืืืจืฃ ืืื ืกืืจ ืฆื ืืืขืจืงืขืจื ืงืึทื ืืืขื ืฉืึทื ืึทื ืืืื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืึท ืืจืืืก ืฉืืขืื ืคืื ืืึธืจืคืึธืืึธืืืงืื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก; ืึทื ืืื, ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืืื ืืื ืึท ืกืคึผืืจืึทืืืฉ ืึธืืขืจ ืืืืคึผืืืงืึทื. ืืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืืืขื, ืึธืืขืจ, ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืึทื ืื ืึทืืืขืจืืืึทืืืง ืืขืืืึธืืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืืขื ืขื ื ืืฉื ืืขื ืื ืืื ืืขื ืืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืืกื ืฉืืคืืืขืืข ืคืึธืจืฉืื ื; ืืื ืื ืืขืจืข ืืืขืจืืขืจ, ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืืืื ื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก ืืื, ืืื ืืขื ืฆืืึทื, ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืืืขื ืืืึธืก ืืื ืฉืืืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึธืืคึผืืืืขืจืก. ืืขืจืืืขืจ, ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืืจืฃ ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืึท ืืจืืืก ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืืขื ืืฉื - ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก. ืฉืึทืืืื ืกืงื ืืขื ืืืขื ืืขื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืคึผืจืึธืืืขื ืืื ืืขืจ ืขื ืืืืืึทืื ืคืื ืึท ืืจืึทืืืฉืึทืืืึทื ืชึผืืืื. ืืื ืึท ืืขืจืึทืืึทื ืกืขืกืืข ืคืื โโืืืื 12-ืฉืขื ืืขื, ืขืจ ืืื ืืืืืืช ืฆื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืื 50,000 ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก. ืืฉืขืช 50,000 ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก ืืื ืืขืืื ื ืืื ืึท ืคึผืืึทืฅ, ืขืก ืืื ืคืืงืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืขืื 5% ืคืื ืื ืึผืืขื 1,000,000 ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืืขืืืขื ืคืึธืืึธืืจืึทืคืืจื ืืื ืื ืกืงืึธืึทื ืืืืืืึทื ืกืงื ืกืืจืืืื. ืฉืืืืื ืกืงื ืืื ืืืื ืืขืืขื ืึทื ืขืจ ืืืจืฃ ืึท ืืขืจ ืกืงืึทืืึทืืืข ืฆืืืึทื ื.
ืฆืื ืืืืง, ืขืก ืืืจื ืก ืืืืก ืึทื ืื ืึทืจืืขื ืคืื ืงืืึทืกืกืืคืืื ื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก ืืื ื ืื ืืึทืจืคื ืึทืืืึทื ืกืืจืืข ืืจืืื ืื ื ืืื ืึทืกืืจืึธื ืึธืืืข; ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืขืจื ืขื ืขืืขืฆืขืจ ืฆื ืืึธื ืขืก ืฉืืื ืืขืฉืืืื ื. ืืื ืื ืืขืจืข ืืืขืจืืขืจ, ืึทืคึฟืืื ืืึธืืฉ ืงืืึทืกืกืืคืืื ื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก ืืื ืึท ืึทืจืืขื ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืฉืืืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึธืืคึผืืืืขืจืก, ืขืก ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืฉืืื ืืจืื ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืืึทื ื. ืึทืืื, ืืฉืขืช ืืืฆื ืืื ืึท ืฉืขื ืง ืืื ืึธืงืกืคึฟืึธืจื, ืกืืฉืึทืืืื ืกืงื ืืื ืืื ืืขืจืืึทื ืึทืกืืจืึธื ืึธื ืงืจืืก ืืื ืืึธืื ืืขืืืืื ืึทืจืืืฃ ืึท ืืืขืืืืึทืื ืืื ืืืึทืืึทื ืืืจื ืืืึธืื ืงืืึทืกืืคืืฆืืจื ืืืืืขืจ ืคืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก. ื ืืืกื ืืืฉืื ืฉืคึผืขืืขืจ, ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืึธืึธืืึธืืืฉืขืจ ืืึธืจืื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืขืืืืจื.
ืืื ืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืึธืึธืืึธืืืฉืขืจ ืืึธืจืื, ืืืึทืืึทื ืืืจื ืืืึธืื ืคืึธืจื ืขืืืขืืข ืืื ืื ืคืื ืืจืืื ืื ื; ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืืืืกื ืื ืืืืืง ืฆืืืืฉื ืึท ืกืคึผืืจืึทืืืฉ ืืื ืืืืคึผืืืงืึทื ืืึทืืึทืงืกื (ืคืืืืจืข 5.2). ื ืึธื ืืขื ืืจืืื ืื ื, ืืขืืขืจ ืคืจืืึทืืืืืืงืขืจ ืืื ืฆื ืคืึธืจืืขืฆื ืึท ืืขืคืืขืจืขื ืืจืื ื ืืืกืคืจืขื-ืจืืืืืง ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืืื ืื ื 11 ืคืื 15 ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก ืืื ืืืงืื ื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื - ืืื ืืขืืึธืื ืืืึธืื ืึธื ืืืืื ืคืึทืงืืืฉ ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืคืื ืืืืืึทืงืึทื ื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก ืืืจื ืึท ืคึผืฉืื ืืืขื-ืืืืืจื ืฆืืืื ื (ืคืืืืจืข 5.3). ืืขืจ ืืืขืจืืึทื ื ืคืื ืคืจืืึทืืืืืืงืขืจ ืฆื ืึทืกืืจืึธื ืึธืืขืจ ืืืึธืื ื ืขืืขื ืึธืจื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืขืจ ืืื 10 ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืึธืจ ืคืืจืืื ืื ืืืื ืคืืจืืื ืื ืืึธืืึทืกื ืคืื ืืขืจืืึทืื, ืึท ืคึผืฉืื ืืืกืคืจืขื.
ืคืืืืจืข 5.2: ืืืืฉืคืืื ืคืื ืฆืืืื ืืืืคึผื ืืืืคึผืก ืคืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก: ืกืคึผืืจืึทืืืฉ ืืื ืืืืคึผืืืงืึทื. ืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืึธืึธืืึธืืืฉืขืจ ืืึธืจืื ืคึผืจืืืขืงื ืืขืืืืื ื ืืขืจ ืืื 100,000 ืืืึทืืึทื ืืืจื ืฆื ืงืึทืืึทืืขืจืืื ืืขืจ ืืื 900,000 ืืืืืขืจ. ืจืขืคึผืจืึธืืืกืขื ืืืจื ืืขืจืืืืืขื ืืฉ ืคืื http://www.GalaxyZoo.org ืืื ืกืืึธืื ืืืืืืึทื ืกืงื ืกืืจืืืื .
ืคืืืืจืข 5.3: ืึทืจืืึทื ืฉืจืืึทื ืคืึทืจืฉืืขืื ืืื ืืืึทืืึทื ืืืจื ืืขื ืขื ืืขืืขืื ืฆื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืื ืึท ืืืื ืืืื. ืจืขืคึผืจืึธืืืกืขื ืืืจื ืืขืจืืืืืขื ืืฉ ืคืื Chris Lintott ืืืืืจื ืืืืฃ ืึท ืืืื ืคืื ืื ืกืืึธืึทื ืืืืืืึทื ืกืงื ืกืืจืืืื .
ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืึธืึธืืึธืืืฉืขืจ ืืึธืจืื ืืขืฆืืืื ืืืึทื ืขืจืฉื ืืืึทืืึทื ืืืจื ื ืึธื ืื ืคึผืจืืืขืงื ืคืืืฉืขืจื ืืื ืึท ื ืืึทืขืก ืึทืจืืืงื, ืืื ืืื ืืืขืื ืืขืงืก ืืืฉืื ืื ืคึผืจืืืขืงื ืืขืืืืงืกื ืฆื ืึทืจืืึทื ืฆืืขื ืืขืจ ืืื 100,000 ืืืจืืขืจ ืกืืืึทื ืืืก, ืืขื ืืฉื ืืืืก ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืึทื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืึทืจืืขื ืืื ืืื ืืขืืืืื ืฆื ืคืึธืจื ืึทืกืืจืึธื ืึธืืืข. ืฆืืืึทืืขื, ืื 100.000 ืืืึทืืึทื ืืืจื ืงืึทื ืืจืืืืืืื ืึท ืืึทื ืฅ ืคืื ืืขืจ ืืื 40,000,000 ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื, ืืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึทื ืคืื ืื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืงืืื ืคืื ืึท ืืขืคืืขืจืขื ืงืืืื, ืืึทืจืฅ ืืจืืคึผืข ืคืื โโืคึผืึทืจืืืกืึทืคึผืึทื ืฅ (Lintott et al. 2008) .
ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืืืึธืก ืืึธืื ืืขืจืคืึทืจืื ื ืืืจืื ื ืื ืืขืจืืจืึทืืืึทืืข ืคืึธืจืฉืื ื ืึทืกืืกืืึทื ืฅ ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืกืงืขืคึผืืืงืึทื ืืืขืื ืืึทืื ืงืืืึทืืืืขื. ืืฉืขืช ืืขื ืกืงืขืคึผืืืกืืืึทื ืืื ืืืืึทื, ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืึธืึธืืึธืืืฉืขืจ ืืึธืจืื ืืืืืื ืึทื ืืืขื ืืืึธืืื ืืขืขืจืื ื ืงืึทื ืืจืึทืืืืฉืึทื ื ืืขื ืขื ืจืืืืืง ืงืืื ื, ืืขืืืึทืกืขื ืืื ืึทืืจืึทืืืืืื, ืืื ืงืขื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืืืฆืืจื ืืืื-ืงืืืึทืืืืขื ืจืขืืืืืึทืื (Lintott et al. 2008) . ืึท ืืืืืืืง ืงืื ืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขืืื ื ืื ืืึทืกืข ืฆื ืฉืึทืคึฟื ืคืึทืืืึทื-ืงืืืึทืืืืขื ืืึทืื ืืื ืืืขืจืืงืืึทื , ืืืึธืก ืืื, ืืขืช ืื ืืขืืืข ืึทืจืืขื ืืขืืื ืืืจื ืคืืืข ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืืขื ืืฉื. ืืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืึธืึธืืึธืืืฉืขืจ ืืึธืจืื, ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืืืขืื 40 ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื ืคึผืขืจ ืืึทืืึทืงืกื; ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืืืึธืก ื ืืฆื ืื ืืขืจืืจืึทืืืึทืืข ืคืึธืจืฉืื ื ืึทืกืืกืืึทื ืฅ ืงืขื ืงืืื ืืึธื ืคืึทืจืืืืึทืื ืืขื ืืืจืื ืคืื ืืืขืจืืง ืืื ืืขืจืืืขืจ ืืืึธืื ืืืื ืคืื ืืขืจ ืืขืจ ืืึธืจืื ืืืขืื ืื ืงืืืึทืืืืขื ืคืื ืืขืืขืจ ืืืื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื. ืืืึธืก ืื ืืืึทืืึทื ืืืจื ืืขืคืืื ืืื ืืจืืื ืื ื, ืืื ืืขืืืื ืึทืจืืืฃ ืืื ืืืขืจืืง.
ืืคืืื ืืื ืงืืืคื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื ืคึผืขืจ ืืึทืืึทืงืกื, ืึธืืขืจ, ืงืึทืืืืื ืื ื ืื ืกืืื ืคืื ืคืจืืึทืืืืืืงืขืจ ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื ืฆื ืคึผืจืึธืืืฆืืจื ืึท ืงืึธื ืกืขื ืกืืก ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืืื ืืจืืงื. ืืืืึทื ืืืืขืจ ืขื ืืขื ืคึผืจืึธืืืขืืก ืืขื ืขื ืืืืคืืขืฉืืื ืขื ืืื ืจืืึฟ ืืขื ืืฉ ืงืึทืืคึผืืึทืืื ื ืคืจืืืขืงืื, ืขืก ืืื ื ืืฆืืง ืฆื ืืืจืืืื ืื ืืจืืึท ืืจืื ืึทื ืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืึธืึธืืึธืืืฉืขืจ ืืึธืจืื ืจืืกืขืจืืฉืขืจื ืืขื ืืฆื ืฆื ืคึผืจืึธืืืฆืืจื ืืืืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกืขื ืกืืก ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื. ืขืจืฉืืขืจ, ืื ืจืืกืขืจืืฉืขืจื "ืงืืื ื" ืื ืืึทืื ืืืจื ืจืืืืืืื ื ืคืึทืืฉ ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืืขื ืืฉื ืืืืก ืจืืคึผืืืืืื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืืื ืื ืืขืืืข ืืึทืืึทืงืกื-ืขืคึผืขืก ืืืึธืก ืืืึธืื ืคึผืึทืกืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืืขื ืขื ืืจืืื ื ืฆื ืืึทื ืืคึผืืืืจื ืื ืจืขืืืืืืื - ืืื ืึทืืข ืืืืขืจ ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืืืกืงืึทืจืืื. ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืขืจืข ืขื ืืขื ืจืืื ืืงืื ื ืึทืืืขืงืืขื ืืืขื ืืืขืื 4% ืคืื ืึทืืข ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื.
ืจืืข, ื ืึธื ืจืืื ืืงืื ื, ืื ืจืืกืขืจืืฉืขืจื ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืฆื ืืึทืืืึทืืืงื ืกืืกืืขืืึทืืืฉ ืืืืึทืกืื ืืื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื. ืืืจื ืึท ืกืขืจืืข ืคืื โโืคืึธืจืฉืื ื ืืืืขืงืฉืึทื ืกืืืืขื ืื ืขืืืขืืื ืืื ืืขืจ ืึธืจืืืื ืขื ืคึผืจืืืขืงื - ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืืืืึทืืื ื ืขืืืขืืข ืืืึทืืึทื ืืืจื ืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืื ืืึทื ืึทืงืจืึธืื ืึทื ืฉืืึธื ืคืื ืงืึธืืืจื, ืื ืจืืกืขืจืืฉืขืจื ืืขืคืื ืขื ืขืืืขืืข ืกืืกืืขืืึทืืืฉ ืืืืืืืึทื, ืึทืืึท ืืื ืึท ืกืืกืืขืืึทืืืฉ ืคืึธืจืืจืืืื ืฆื ืงืืึทืกืืคืืฆืืจื ืืืืึทื ืกืคึผืืจืึทืืืฉ ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก ืืื ืืืืคึผืืืงืึทื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก (Bamford et al. 2009) . ืึทืืืฉืึทืกืืื ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืกืืกืืขืืึทืืืฉ ืืืืืืืึทื ืืื ืืึธืจ ืืืืืืืง ืืืืึทื ืื ืืืขืจืืงืืึทื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืืึธืืึทืืืฉ ืืึทืืืึทืืืงื ืกืืกืืขืืึทืืืฉ ืคืึธืจืืจืืืื; ืขืก ื ืึธืจ ืืขืืคื ืจืืืืืื ืืจืึทืค - ืืขืืช.
ืกืืฃ, ื ืึธื ืืขืืืึทืกืื ื, ืื ืจืืกืขืจืืฉืขืจื ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืึท ืืขืืึธื ืฆื ืคืึทืจืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื ืฆื ืคึผืจืึธืืืฆืืจื ืึท ืงืึธื ืกืขื ืกืืก ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื. ืื ืกืืืคึผืืึทืกื ืืืขื ืฆื ืคืึทืจืืื ืื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขืืขืจ ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืืึธืื ืืึธืื ืฆื ืงืืืึทืื ืื ืืขืจืกื ืคึผืจืึธืกื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื. ืึธืืขืจ, ืืขื ืฆืืืึทื ื ืืืึธืื ืืึธืื ืืขืืขืื ืืขืืขืจ ืืืึทืืึทื ืืืจ ืืืืึทื ืืืึธื, ืืื ืื ืจืืกืขืจืืฉืขืจื ืกืึทืกืคึผืขืงืืื ืึทื ืขืืืขืืข ืืืึทืืึทื ืืืจื ืืขื ืขื ืืขืกืขืจ ืืื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืืื ืื ืืขืจืข. ืืขืจืืืขืจ, ืื ืจืืกืขืจืืฉืขืจื ืืขืืืขืืึธืคึผืขื ืึท ืืขืจ ืงืึธืืคึผืืืฆืืจื ืืืขืจืึทืืืืืข ืืืืืืื ื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืืืจ ืืืึธืก ืืขืคืจืืืื ืฆื ืืขืืขืงื ืื ืืขืกืืขืจ ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืืืขืจื ืืื ืืขืื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืืึธื.
ืืืื, ื ืึธื ืึท ืืจืืึท-ืฉืจืื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก-ืจืืื ืืงืื ื, ืืขืืืึทืกืื ื ืืื ืืืืืืื ื, ืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืึธืึธืืึธืืืฉืขืจ ืืึธืจืื ืคืึธืจืฉืื ื ืืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื ืืื ืงืึธื ืืืขืจืืขื 40,000,000 ืคืจืืึทืืืืืืงืขืจ ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื ืืื ืึท ืืึทื ื ืคืื ืงืึธื ืกืขื ืกืืก ืืึธืจืคืึทืืึทืืืฉืืงืึทื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื. ืืืขื ืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืึธืึธืืึธืืืฉืขืจ ืืึธืจืื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื ืืขื ืขื ืงืึทืืคึผืขืจื ืืื ืืจืืึท ืคืจืืึทืขืจืืืง ืกืืึธืืขืจ ืกืงืึทืืขืจ ืคืจืืืื ืคืื ืคืึทืืืึทื ืึทืกืืจืึทื ืึทืืขืจื, ืึทืจืืึทื ืืขืจืขืื ื ืื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืคืื ืฉืึทืืืื ืกืงื ืืืึธืก ืืขืืึธืืคึฟื ืฆื ืืึทืืืึทืกืืขืจื ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืึธืึธืืึธืืืฉืขืจ ืืึธืจืื, ืขืก ืืื ืฉืืึทืจืง ืืขืกืงืขื. ืืขืจืืืขืจ, ืื ืืืึทืืึทื ืืืื ื, ืืื ืึท ืืขืืืื ืืึทื, ืืขื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืฆื ืฆืืฉืืขืื ืืืื-ืงืืืึทืืืืขื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื ืืื ืืื ืึท ืืืึธื ืึทื ืื ืจืืกืขืจืืฉืขืจื ืงืขื ื ืืฉื ืืืืึทืื (Lintott et al. 2008) . ืืื ืคืึทืงื, ืืืจื ืืขื ืืฉืืขื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืืึท ืึท ืืจืืืก ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก, ืฉืึทืืืื ืกืงื, ืืื ืืึธืื, ืืื ืื ืืขืจืข ืืขื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืฆื ืืืืึทืื ืึทื ืืืืื ืืืขืื 80% ืคืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก ื ืึธืืืืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึทืจื ืืืกืืขืจ-ืืืื ืกืคึผืืจืึทืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืืืืืืงืึทืืก, ืืื ืคืืืข ืฆืืืืื ืืขื ืืึธืื ืืขืฉืจืืื ืืืขืื ืืขื ืื ืืืขืงืื ื (Fortson et al. 2011) .
ืืขืืขืื ืืขื ืืื ืืขืจืืจืื ื, ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืืฆื ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืึธืึธืืึธืืืฉืขืจ ืืึธืจืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืคึผืึทืืื-ืฆืืืืืื-ืคืึทืจืืื ืื ืจืขืฆืขืคึผื, ืื ืืขืืืข ืจืขืฆืขืคึผื ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืขื ืืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืจืืึฟ ืืขื ืืฉ ืงืึทืืคึผืืึทืืื ื ืคืจืืืขืงืื. ืขืจืฉืืขืจ, ืึท ืืจืืืก ืคึผืจืึธืืืขื ืืื ืฉืคึผืึทืืื ืืื ืืฉืึทื ืืงืก. ืืื ืืขื ืคืึทื, ืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืขื ืคืื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืืืื ื ืึท ืืืืืึธื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก ืืื ืฉืคึผืึทืืื ืืื ืึท ืืืืืึธื ืคึผืจืึธืืืขืืก ืคืื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืขืจ ืืึทืืึทืงืกื. ืืืืึทืืขืจ, ืึทื ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆืืข ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืื ืฆื ืืขืืขืจ ืืฉืึทื ื ืื ืืืคึผืขื ืืึทื ืืื. ืืื ืืขื ืคืึทื, ืืืึทืืึทื ืืืจื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืืื ืืขืืขืจ ืืึทืืึทืงืืืง ืืื ืึท ืกืคึผืืจืึทืืืฉ ืึธืืขืจ ืืืืคึผืืืงืึทื. ืกืืฃ, ืื ืจืขืืืืืึทืื ืืขื ืขื ืงืึทืืืืื ื ืฆื ืคึผืจืึธืืืฆืืจื ืึท ืงืึธื ืกืขื ืกืืก ืจืขืืืืืึทื. ืืื ืืขื ืคืึทื, ืื ืคืึทืจืืื ืื ืฉืจืื ืึทืจืืึทื ืืขืจืขืื ื ืื ืจืืื ืืงืื ื, ืืขืืืึทืกืื ื, ืืื ืืืืืืื ื ืฆื ืคึผืจืึธืืืฆืืจื ืึท ืงืึธื ืกืขื ืกืืก ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขืืขืจ ืืึทืืึทืงืกื. ืืคืืื ืจืืึฟ ืคืจืืืขืงืื ื ืืฆื ืืขื ืืขื ืขืจืึทื ืจืขืฆืขืคึผื, ืืขืืขืจ ืฉืจืื ืืึทืจืฃ ืฆื ืืืื ืงืึทืกืืึทืืืืื ืฆื ืืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืฆืืคืืฉ ืคึผืจืึธืืืขื ืืืึทืขื ืืืง ืึทืืจืขืกื. ืืืฉื, ืืื ืืขืจ ืืขื ืืฉ ืงืึทืืคึผืืึทืืืืฉืึทื ืคึผืจืืืขืงื ืืืกืงืจืืืื ืืื ืื, ืืขืจ ืืขืืืืงืขืจ ืจืขืฆืขืคึผื ืืืขื ืืืื ื ืืืืขืืื ืืขื, ืึธืืขืจ ืื ืฆืืืืืื ืืื ืคืึทืจืืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืขื ืืืื ืืึทื ืฅ ืึทื ืืขืจืฉ.
ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื Galaxy Zoo ืืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื, ืืขื ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืคึผืจืืืขืงื ืืื ื ืึธืจ ืืขืจ ืึธื ืืืื. ืืืืขืจ ืืขืฉืืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืขืืขื ืึทื ืึทืคึฟืืื ืืึธืืฉ ืืื ืืขื ืขื ืืืืืืช ืฆื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื ืึธืขื ื ืฆื ืึท ืืืืืึธื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก, ืืขื ืืืึธื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืขื ืื ืฆื ืึทืจืืขืื ืืื ื ืืืข ืืืืืืึทื ืืืื ืกืขืจืืืืื, ืืืึธืก ืงืขื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืืืฆืืจื ืืืืืขืจ ืคืื ืืืขืื 10000000000 ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก (Kuminski et al. 2014) . ืฆื ืคืึทืจืฉืืึทืจืงื ืึท ืคืึทืจืืจืขืกืขืจื ืคืื 1 ืืืืืึธื ืฆื 10 ืืืืืึทืจื, ืึท ืคืึทืงืืึธืจ ืคืื 10,000-ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืึธืึธืืึธืืืฉืขืจ ืืึธืจืื ืืืึธืื ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืฆื ืจืขืงืจืื ืืขืขืจืขื 10,000 ืืื ืืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืืืกืึทืคึผืึทื ืฅ. ืืึธืืฉ ืื ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืืืึทืืึทื ืืืจื ืืืืฃ ืื ืืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืืื ืืจืืืก, ืขืก ืืื ื ืืฉื ืื ืคืึทื ืึทื. ืืขืจืืืขืจ, ืื ืจืืกืขืจืืฉืขืจื ืืืื ืืขืืขื ืึทื ืืืื ืืื ืืขื ืขื ืืขืืื ืืขื ืฆื ืฉืขืคึผื ืืืฅ-ืืจืึธืืื ื ืึทืืึทืื ืฅ ืคืื ืืึทืื, ืึท ื ืืึท, ืืคืืื ืืขืจ ืกืงืึทืืึทืืืข, ืฆืืืึทื ื ืืื ืืืจืฃ.
ืืขืจืืืขืจ, ืืึทื ืืึท ืืึทื ืขืจืืืฉื-ืืจืืขืื ืืื ืฉืึทืืืื ืกืงื, ืืื ืืึธืื, ืืื ืื ืืขืจืข ืืืืืืืืขืจ ืคืื ืืขืจ ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืึธืึธืืึธืืืฉืขืจ ืืึธืจืื ืงืึธืืขืงืืืื (2010) -ืกืืึทืจืืขื ืืขืจื ืขื ืงืึธืืคึผืืืืขืจืก ืฆื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก. ืืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขื, ื ืืฆื ืื ืืขื ืืฉืืขื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืืืฉืืคื ืืืจื ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืึธืึธืืึธืืืฉืขืจ ืืึธืจืื, ืืึทื ืขืจืืืฉื ืืขืืืื ืึท ืืึทืฉืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืืึธืืขื ืืืึธืก ืงืขื ืคืึธืจืืืกืืึธืื ืื ืืขื ืืฉืืขื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืคืื ืึท ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืืืืจื ืืืืฃ ืื ืืฉืึทืจืึทืงืืขืจืืกืืืงืก ืคืื ืื ืืืื. ืืืื ืืึธืก ืืึธืืขื ืงืขื ืจืขืคึผืจืึธืืืฆืืจื ืืขื ืืขื ืืฉืืขื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืืื ืืืื ืึทืงืืขืจืึทืกื, ืืขืืึธืื ืขืก ืงืขื ืืืื ืืขื ืืฆื ืืืจื ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืึธืึธืืึธืืืฉืขืจ ืืึธืจืื ืจืืกืขืจืืฉืขืจื ืฆื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืื ืึท ืืกืขื ืฉืึทืื ืื ืคืึทื ืึทื ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก.
ืื ืืึทืจืฅ ืคืื ืืึทื ืขืจืืืฉื ืืื ืงืึธืืืึทืืก 'ืฆืืืึทื ื ืืื ืคืืงืืืฉ ืฉืืื ืขื ืืขื ืฆื ืืขืงื ืืงืก ืงืึทืืึทื ืื ืืขื ืืฆื ืืื ืืขืืขืืฉืึทืคืืืขื ืคืึธืจืฉืื ื, ืืึธืืฉ ืึทื ืขื ืืขืืงืืื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืื ืงืืึธืจ ืืื ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืืืืง. ืขืจืฉืืขืจ, Banerji ืืื ืืืจืื ืงืึธื ืืืขืจืืขื ืืขืืขืจ ืืืื ืืื ืึท ืกืืื ืคืื ื ืืืขืจืืงืึทื ืคึฟืขืึดืงืืืื ืึทื ืกืึทืืขืจืืืื ืืืึทื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืจืืืขืก. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืืืขืจ ืคืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก, ืขืก ืงืขื ืืืื ืืจืืึท ืคึฟืขืึดืงืืืื: ืื ืกืืืข ืคืื โโืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืื, ืื ืืืึทืจืืึทื ืกืข ืืื ืื ืืจืืืื ืึทืก ืคืื ืื ืืืืืฆืขืื, ืืื ืื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึธืจืฆืืข ืคืื โโื ืื-ืืืืึทืก ืืืืืฆืขืื. ืื ืกืขืืขืงืฆืืข ืคืื โโืื ืจืืืืืง ืคึฟืขืึดืงืืืื ืืื ืึท ืืืืืืืง ืืืื ืคืื ืืขื ืคึผืจืึธืืืขื, ืืื ืขืก ืืืืฉืึทืืืึทืื ืจืืงืืืืืขืจื ืืื ืืขืจืืขื ืืง-ืืขืื ื ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจืืื. ืืขื ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืฉืจืื, ืงืึทืืึทื ืื ืืขืจืืคื ืฉืืจืื ืื ืืฉืขื ืืขืจืืข , ืจืขืืืืืึทืื ืืื ืึท ืืึทืื ืืึทืืจืืฅ ืืื ืืืื ืจืืืขืจื ืคึผืขืจ ืืืื, ืืื ืืขืืึธืื ืืจืืึท ืฉืคืืืื ืืืกืงืจืืืื ืึทื ืืืื. ืืขืืขืื ืื ืืึทืื ืืึทืืจืืฅ ืืื ืืขืจ ืืขืืืืื ืจืขืืืืืึทื (ืืืฉื, ืฆื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืืื ืืืจื ืึท ืืขื ืืฉืืขื ืืื ืึท ืืืืคึผืืืงืึทื ืืึทืืึทืงืกื), ืืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืฉืึทืคึฟื ืึท ืกืืึทืืืกืืืฉ ืึธืืขืจ ืืึทืฉืื ืืืืกื ืืึธืืขื, ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืืึธืืืกืืืง ืจืขืืจืขืกืกืืึธื-ืึทื ืคึผืจืืืืงืก ืื ืืขื ืืฉืืขื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืืืืืจื ืืืืฃ ืื ืคึฟืขืึดืงืืืื ืคืื ืื ืืืื. ืกืืฃ, ืื ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื ืืฆื ืื ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจืก ืืื ืืขื ืกืืึทืืืกืืืฉ ืืึธืืขื ืฆื ืคึผืจืึธืืืฆืืจื ืขืกืืืืึทืืขื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื ืคืื ื ืืึท ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก (ืคืืืืจืข 5.4). ืืื ืืึทืฉืื ืืขืจื ืขื, ืืขื ืฆืืืึทื ื-ื ืืฆื ืืืืืึทืื ืืืืฉืคืืื ืฆื ืฉืึทืคึฟื ืึท ืืึธืืขื ืึทื ืงืขื ืขื ืืขืจืงืขื ืขื ื ืืึท ืืึทืืข-ืืขืจืืคื ืกืืคึผืขืจืืืืืื ืืขืจื ืขื .
ืคืืืืจืข 5.4: ืกืืืคึผืืืคืืขื ืืึทืฉืจืืึทืืื ื ืืืขืื Banerji et al. (2010) ืืขื ืืฆื ืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืึธืึธืืึธืืืฉืขืจ ืืึธืจืื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืฆื ืืึทื ืึท ืืึทืฉืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืืึธืืขื ืฆื ืืึธื ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื. ืืืืืขืจ ืคืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืงืึธื ืืืขืจืืขื ืืื ืึท ืืึทืืจืืฅ ืคืื ืคึฟืขืึดืงืืืื. ืืื ืืขื ืกืืืคึผืืืคืืขื ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืืจืืึท ืคึฟืขืึดืงืืืื (ืื ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืื, ืื ืืืึทืจืืึทื ืกืข ืืื ืื ืืจืืืื ืึทืก ืคืื ืื ืืืืืฆืขืื, ืืื ืื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึธืจืฆืืข ืคืื โโื ืขืืืืืืข ืคึผืืงืกืขืืก). ืืขืจืืืขืจ, ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืกืืืกืขื ืคืื ืื ืืืืืขืจ, ืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืึธืึธืืึธืืืฉืขืจ ืืึธืจืื ืืึทืืขืืก ืืขื ืืฆื ืฆื ืืึทื ืึท ืืึทืฉืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืืึธืืขื. ืฆืื ืกืืฃ, ืื ืืึทืฉืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืืื ืืขื ืืฆื ืฆื ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืจืืขื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก. ืืื ืืขืจืืคื ืืขื ืึท ืงืึธืืคึผืืืืขืจ-ืึทืกืกืืกืืขื ืืขื ืืฉ ืงืึทืืคึผืืึทืืืืฉืึทื ืคึผืจืืืขืงื ืืืืึทื, ืืื ืืื ืืขืช ืืืืืึทื ื ืกืึธืืืืข ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืืืขื, ืขืก ืืื ืืืืึทื ื ืืืืขื ืึท ืืึทืืึทืกืขื ืืืึธืก ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืขื ืืฆื ืฆื ืืึทื ืึท ืงืึธืืคึผืืืืขืจ ืฆื ืกืึธืืืืข ืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืขื. ืื ืืืึทืืข ืคืื โโืืขื ืงืึธืืคึผืืืืขืจ-ืึทืกืกืืกืืขื ืืขื ืืฉ ืงืึทืืคึผืืึทืืืืฉืึทื ืกืืกืืขื ืืื ืึทื ืขืก ืื ืืืืึทืื ืืืจ ืฆื ืืึทืฉืืฆื ืขืกื ืืืขื ืืืงืืึทื ืึทืืึทืื ืฅ ืคืื ืืึทืื ื ืืฆื ืืืืื ืึท ืขื ืืืง ืกืืืข ืคืื โโืืขื ืืฉ ืื. ืืืืืขืจ ืคืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก ืจืืคึผืจืึทืืืกื ืืืจื ืืขืจืืืืืขื ืืฉ ืคืื Sloan Digital Sky Survey .
ืื ืคึฟืขืึดืงืืืื ืคืื ืืึทื ืขืจืืืฉื ืืื ืงืึธืืืึทืืก 'ืืึทืฉืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืืึธืืขื ืืขื ืขื ืืขืจ ืงืึธืืคึผืืืฆืืจื ืืื ืืขื ืข ืืื ืืืื ืฆืึทืฆืงืข ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืื ืืขื ืืฆื ืคึฟืขืึดืงืืืื ืืื "ืื ืืืึทืืงืึธืืืขืืจืก ืคึผืึทืกืืง ืึทืงืกืืึทื ืคืึทืจืืขืืืขื ืืฉ", ืืื ืืืจ ืืึธืืขื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืึธืืืกืืืง ืจืึทืืจืขืฉืึทื, ืขืก ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืึท ืงืื ืกืืืขื ื ืืจืึทื ื ืขืฅ. ื ืืฆื ืืืจ ืคึฟืขืึดืงืืืื, ืืืจ ืืึธืืขื, ืืื ืื ืงืึธื ืกืขื ืกืืก ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืึธืึธืืึธืืืฉืขืจ ืืึธืจืื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื, ืื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืืืืืช ืฆื ืืึทืื ืืืืืฅ ืืืืฃ ืืขืืขืจ ืฉืืจืื, ืืื ืืขืืึธืื ื ืืฆื ืื ืืืืืฅ ืฆื ืืึทืื ืคึผืจืขืืืงืืืึธื ืก ืืืขืื ืื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืคืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืืืจ ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก ืืขืคืื ืขื ืึทื ืืืืืขืจ ืืื ื ืืืขืจืืง "ืื ืืืึทืืงืืืขืืจืก ืคึผืึทืกืืง ืึทืงืกืืึทื ืคืึทืจืืขืืืขื ืืฉ" ืืขื ืขื ืืขืจ ืืกืชึผืื ืฆื ืืืื ืกืคึผืืจืึทืืืฉ ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก. ืืขืืขืื ืื ืืืืืฅ, ืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืฆื ืคืึธืจืืืกืืึธืื ืื ืืขื ืืฉืืขื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืคืื ืึท ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืื ืืืืึทื ืึทืงืืขืจืึทืกื.
ืื ืึทืจืืขื ืคืื ืืึทื ืขืจืืืฉื ืืื ืงืึธืืืึทืืก ืคืืจืงืขืจื ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืึธืึธืืึธืืืฉืขืจ ืืึธืจืื ืืื ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืืึธืื ืจืืคื ืึท ืงืึธืืคึผืืืืขืจ ืึทืกืกืืกืืขื ืืขื ืืฉ ืงืึทืืคึผืืึทืืืืฉืึทื ืกืืกืืขื . ืืขืจ ืืขืกืืขืจ ืืืขื ืฆื ืืจืึทืืื ืืืขืื ืื ืืืืืจืื ืกืืกืืขืืขื ืืื ืึทื ืืื ืืื ืืขืช ืืืืืึทื ื ืกืึธืืืืข ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืืืขื, ืืื ืืึธืื ืืืืึทื ื ืืืืขื ืึท ืืึทืืึทืกืขื ืืืึธืก ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืขื ืืฆื ืฆื ืืึทื ืึท ืงืึธืืคึผืืืืขืจ ืฆื ืกืึธืืืืข ืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืขื. ืืื, ืืจืึทืื ืื ื ืึท ืงืึธืืคึผืืืืขืจ ืฆื ืกืึธืืืืข ืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืขื ืงืขื ืขื ืืึทืจืคื ืึท ืคึผืืึทืฅ ืคืื ืืืืฉืคืืื, ืืื ืืขืจ ืืืืื ืืืขื ืฆื ืคึผืจืึธืืืฆืืจื ืึท ืืขื ืื ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืืืืฉืคืืื ืืื ืึท ืืึทืกืข ืืืืึทืจืืขื. ืื ืึทืืืืึทื ืืึทืืขืก ืคืื ืืขื ืงืึธืืคึผืืืืขืจ-ืึทืกืกืืกืืขื ืฆืืืึทื ื ืืื ืึทื ืขืก ืงืขื ืื ืืืืึทืื ืืืจ ืฆื ืืึทืคืจืืึทืขื ืขืกื ืื ืกืืืื ื ืึทืืึทืื ืฅ ืคืื ืืึทืื ื ืืฆื ืืืืื ืึท ืขื ืืืง ืกืืืข ืคืื โโืืขื ืืฉ ืื. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืึท ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืืื ืึท ืืืืืึธื ืืขื ืืฉ ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก ืงืขื ืขื ืืืืขื ืึท ืคึผืจืืืืงืืืื ืืึธืืขื ืืืึธืก ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืขื ืืฆื ืฆื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืื ืึท ืืืืืึธื ืึธืืขืจ ืึทืคึฟืืื ืืจืืืืึทื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก. ืืืื ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืจืืืืง ื ืืืขืจื ืคืื ืืึทืืึทืงืกืืขืก, ืืขืืึธืื ืืขื ืืืคึผ ืคืื ืืขื ืืฉ-ืงืึธืืคึผืืืืขืจ ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืึทืงืข ืื ืืืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืืืืื ื. ืืขื ืื ืคืึทื ืึทื ืกืงืึทืืึทืืืืืื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืคึฟืจืืึท, ืึธืืขืจ. ืืื ืืขื ืึท ืืึทืฉืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืืึธืืขื ืืืึธืก ืงืขื ืขื ืจืืืืืง ืจืขืคึผืจืึธืืืฆืืจื ืืขื ืืขื ืืฉืืขื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืืื ืืื ืึท ืฉืืืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืืืขื, ืึธืืขืจ ืืืืง ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืกืืขืฆืืืื ื ืกืคืจืื ืืขืืึทืงืืืืึทื ืฆื ืืขื ืืขืืข (Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman 2009; Murphy 2012; James et al. 2013) .
ืืึทืืึทืงืกื ืืึธืึธืืึธืืืฉืขืจ ืืึธืจืื ืืื ืึท ืืื ืคืึธืจืขื ืคืื ืืื ืคืืืข ืืขื ืืฉ ืงืึทืืคึผืขืืืืืื ืคึผืจืืืขืงื ืืืืึทืืื. ืขืจืฉืืขืจ, ืึท ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืคืจืืืื ืื ืคึผืจืืืขืงื ืืืจื ืืื ืึธืืขืจ ืืื ืึท ืงืืืื ืืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื ืคืื ืคืึธืจืฉืื ื ืึทืกืืกืืึทื ืฅ (ืืืฉื, ืฉืึทืืืื ืกืงื ืก ืขืจืฉื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืื). ืืืื ืืขื ืฆืืืึทื ื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืึธื ืืื, ืืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืึทื ืฆื ืึท ืืขื ืืฉ ืงืึทืืคึผืึทืืืฉ ืคึผืจืืืขืงื ืืื ืคืืืข ืคึผืึทืจืืืกืึทืคึผืึทื ืฅ. ืืืขืจ, ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืืืืขืจ ืืึทื ื ืคืื ืืึทืื, ืจืืื ืืขื ืืฉ ืื ืืืขื ื ืืฉื ืืืื ืืขื ืื. ืืื ืืขื ืคืื ื, ืจืืกืขืจืืฉืขืจื ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืฆื ืืืืขื ืึท ืงืึธืืคึผืืืืขืจ-ืึทืกืกืืกืืขื ืืขื ืืฉ ืงืึทืืคึผืืึทืืืืฉืึทื ืกืืกืืขื ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืืฉืืขื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื ืืขื ืขื ืืขื ืืฆื ืฆื ืืึทื ืึท ืืึทืฉืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืืึธืืขื ืืืึธืก ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืขืืืขื ืื ืฆื ืืืขื ืึทื ืืืืึทืืึทื ืึทืืึทืื ืฅ ืคืื ืืึทืื. |
ื ืงืขื ืืืจืืื (ืืืขืจ ืืื ืืจืืืข; ืืฉื"ืง: ืืืืื) ืืื ืคืึธืจื ืคืื ืจืขืืืจืื ื ืืื ืืืืก ื ืืขื ืืฉ, ืืขืจ ืืื ืืจื, ืืื ืืขืจ ืคืืจืขืจ. ื ืืื ืืจื ื ืืืจ ืืืขืจื ืืคื ืืขืจืืคื ืงืขื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืคืจืื ืืื ืื ืงืขื ืืื (ืืืขืจ ืืืื).
ื ืงืขื ืื ืืืขืจื ื ืืฉื ืืืืกืืขืงืืืื ืืืจื ืื ืืืจืืขืจ ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืข ืจืขืคืืืืืงื, ื ืืจ ืขืจ ืืืขืจื ืืขืืืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืก, ื ืืื ืคืื ื ืงืขื ืื ืืจืฉ'ื ื ืึธืคึผ ืืืก ืงืขื ืืืจืืื ืคืื ืืืื ืืืื.
ื ืืื ืืจื ืงืขื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืืงืจืื (ืืืืกืฉืืืกืืืืขืจ ืืืื) ืืืขืจ ืงืขื ืืืื ื ืฆืขืจืขืืื ืืฉืขืจ ืืืืคื ืคืื ืขื ืืืื ื ืืืืก ืืื ื ืืฉื ืงืืื ืื, ืืื ืื ืืืชืข ืืขื ืืืื ืืื ืคืืจืืืืขื ื (ืืืก ืจืืคื ืืขื ื ืงืื ืกืืืืืฆืืขืืข ืืื ืืจืืืข).
ืืืื ื ืขืงืืืกืืืจื ื ืื ืงืขื ืืืจืืืื ืืื ืืขืืืืกืข ืืขื ืืขืจ (ืืื ืืขืืืืข ืืื ืื ืคืืจืืืื ืืืืข ืงืขื ืืืจืืื), ืืืขืจ ืขืก ืืื ื ืืจ ืคืืจ ืึท ืืจืืืืฆืืข ืฆืืืขืง, ืืื ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืงืืื ืจืืืืืืข ืืืื.
ืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืคืืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืืืืืขืโ ืืื (ืงืขื ืื) ืืืขืจ ืืืื (ืงืขื ืืื), ืคืจืื ืฅ ืืืขืจ ืคืจืื ืฆืขืกืื (ืืืฉื ืืขืจ ืคืจืื ืฅ ืคืื ืืื ืืงื), ืงืืืกืขืจ ืืืขืจ ืงืืืกืขืจืื ืข, ืืืขืจ ืืคืืื ืืขืจืฆืื ืืืขืจ ืืจืืืกืืขืจืฆืื (ืืืฉื ืืขืจ ืืจืืืกืืขืจืฆืื ืคืื ืืืงืกืขืืืืจื).
ืงืืืืขืจืจืขืืึทืงืืืจื
ืื ืจืืืืืฉืข ืืืืคืขืจืืืืจื ืืืืกื "ืงืืืืขืจ" (ืืืขืจ ืงืืืกืขืจ) ืขื ืฉื ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืงืืืืขืจ (ืืืืืืืก) ืืืืก ืืื ืืขืืืืจื ืืขืืืืจื ืืืจื ื ืงืืืืขืจ ืฉื ืื (ืืืฆื ืืืคื).โ[1]
ืจืขืคืขืจืขื ืฆืืจืขืืึทืงืืืจื
โ ืขืืืื ืืจื ื: ืชืืกืคืืช ื"ื ืื ื ืฉืืืื ืื"ื: "ืืืกืืฃ ืืื ืฉื ืื ืืื ืขืืืื ืืื ืืืืงื ืฉืืชื ืืื ืืืืชื ืื ืืงืขืช ืืื ื ืืืฆืืืื ืื ืืืื ืขืืืื ืื ืงืจื ืงืืกืจ ืืืฉืื ืจืืื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืจืืช ืืขืืจืืช ืืขื ืฉืื ื ืงืจืื ืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืืจืื ืงืืกืจ". |
75% ืึทืืงืึธืืึธื ืืื ืงืึทืืึทื ืื ืืขื ืืฆื ืืื ืืึธืกืคึผืืืึทืืก โโโโืืื ืงืขื ืขื ืืืืื ืขืกืืฉืขืจืืืฉืืึท ืงืึธืื, ืกืืึทืคืืืึธืงืึธืงืงืืก ืึทืืจืขืืก, ืงืึทื ืืืืึท ืึทืืืืงืึทื ืก, ืคึผืกืขืืืึธืืึธื ืึทืก ืึทืขืจืืืื ืึธืกืึท, ืืื"ื ื. ืขืก ืืื ืืืื ืขืคืขืงืืืื ืงืขืื ืื ื ืืึท ืงืึธืจืึธื ืึทืืืืจืืก.ืื ืืืกืื ืคืขืงืฉืึทื ืคึผืจืื ืฆืืคึผ ืคืื ืึทืืงืึธืืึธื ืืื ืืื ืืืื: ืืืจื ืึทืจืืึทื ืื ืื ืืขื ืืืฉ ืคืื ืืึทืงืืืจืืึท, ืขืก ืึทืืืึธืจืื ืื ื ืขืฅ ืคืื ืคึผืจืึธืืขืื ืฆื ืืขื ืึทืืืจ ืขืก, ืึทืืื ืฆื ืืขืจืืจืืืื ืืขื ืฆืื ืคืื ืืึธืจื ืืึทืงืืืจืืึท.ืืขืจืืืขืจ, ืืืืื ืึทืืงืึธืืึธื ืืื ืึท ืงืึทื ืกืึทื ืืจืืืฉืึทื ืคืื 75% ืงืขื ืขื ืืขืกืขืจ ืืืืื ืืึทืงืืืจืืึท.ืงืึทื ืกืึทื ืืจืืืฉืึทื ื ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืฆื ืืืื ืึธืืขืจ ืฆื ื ืืืขืจืืง ืืืขื ื ืืฉื ืืึธืื ืึท ืืึทืงืืขืจืืกืืืึทื ืืืืจืงืื ื.
ืึทืืงืึธืืึธื-ืืืืืจื ืืืกืื ืคืขืงืืึทื ืฅ ืืืื ืืึธืื ืขืืืขืืข ืืืกืึทืืืืึทื ืืืืืฉืื, ืึทืืึท ืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืืึทืืึทืืืืึทืื, ืืจืขื ืืืึทืจื, ืืื ืฉืืจืขื ื ืจืืืขื.ืขืก ืืื ื ืืฉื ืคึผืึทืกืืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ืืฆื ืืืขื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืงืึทืก ืืขืืืจืืื ื ืืขื ืขื ืืึทืืืืืฉื, ืืื ืืขื ืืฉื ืืืืก ืืขื ืขื ืึทืืขืจืืืฉืืง ืฆื ืึทืืงืึธืืึธื ืืขื ืขื ืืืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืืืึทืืึทื ืฆื ื ืืฆื ืขืก.ืืขืจืืืขืจ, ืืื ืึทืืงืึธืืึธื ืืืืืคึผืก, ืืืืึทื ืื ืึทืืงืึธืืึธื ืืื ืืืึทืืึทืืึทื ืืื ืื ืงืึทื ืกืึทื ืืจืืืฉืึทื ืืื ืจืืืืกื, ืขืก ืืืขื ืืืืจืงื ืื ืกืืขืจืึทืืืืืืฉืึทื ืืืืจืงืื ื.ืึทืืงืึธืืึธื ืืื ืืขืืจืขืึทืกืื ื ืืื ืืจืึทืืืืืื ื ืฆื ืื ืืืื, ืืืึธืก ืงืขื ืขื ืืืืื ืคืืจื ืฆื ืืจืืงื ืืื ืคึผืืืื ื ืืืื.
ืึธื ืคืจืขืืืขืืึทื
ืืืืืขื ืืฉ ืืืืืคึผืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขื ืขืจืึทื ืืืกืื ืคืขืงื ื ืืฆื
ืื ืืืืืคึผืก ืืขื ืขื ืืขืฉืืคื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืึทืืื-ืฆืื ืจืืื ืืงืื ื ืืื ืืืกืื ืคืขืงืืื ื ืืืื ืคืื ืึทืืึทืืฅ ืึธืืขืจ ืึทืืืขืืืื ืคืึทืกืืืึทืืื, ืึทืืึท ืืื ืืืื ืจืืื ืืงืื ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืืึทืืฅ, ืืจืืืกื ืืืง ื ืืฆื ืืื ืืืืืืขืืื ื ื ืืฆื. ืืืืื ืกืืืขืก.ืขืก ืืื ืึท ืงืืึธืจ ืืื ืืขืจ ืืึธื ืืึทืงืืขืจืืกืืืึทื ืืืืจืงืื ื ืืืืฃ ืกืืึทืคืืืึธืงืึธืงืงืืก ืึทืืจืขืืก ืืื ืขืกืืฉืขืจืืืฉืืึท ืงืึธืื.ืกืืขืจืืืืืืืฉืึทื ืงืืจืก ืืื 99.9%. ืืขืืื ื ืื ืืขื ืืืขื ืจืขืื ืฆื ืืืึทื ืืขืืขืจ ืคึผืจืืึทื-ืขืคืขืงืืืื, ืืืกืื ืคืขืงืฉืึทื ืืื ืกืืขืจืึทืืืืืืฉืึทื |
ื ืืืกืงืืกืืข ืืืขืื ืื ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืคืื ืึท ืกืืจืคืึทืงืืึทื ื ืืจืืคึผืข ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืึทื ืฅ ื ืืึท - ื ืื ืึทืืื ืคืื ืืื ืึท ืงืึทืืคึผืึทืื ื, ืึธืืขืจ ืืื ืืืึทื ืืขืจ ืกืึทืคืืกืืึทืงืืืืื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืจืืืขืก ืืื ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื - ืืืื ืึทืจืืึทื ื ืขืืขื ืขืงืึธื ืึธืืืฉ ืึทืกืคึผืขืงืฅ ืึทืืึท ืืื ืืืื ืคึผืจืึทืืึทืืึทื ืฉืืขืืข ืืื ืื ืกืืจืคืึทืงืืึทื ื ืืึทืจืง.ืกืืจืคืึทืงืืึทื ืฅ ืงืึทื ืกืืึทืืื ืึท ืคึผืืึทืฅ ืคืื ืืืืขืจืคืืึทื-ืึทืงืืืื ืืืขื ืื, ืึธืืขืจ ืึท ืืจืืคึผืข ืคืื โโืืืืื ืืืขืื 10 ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืืืืคึผืก ืคืึธืจืขื ืื ืกืืจืคืึทืงืืึทื ื ืืึทืจืง.ืืืืืืืง ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืคืื ืึท ืงืึทืืคึผืึทืื ื ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืขืจืืืึทืจื ืืืืื ืืืขื ืขืก ืืขืืขืจื ืฆื ืืขืจ ืืจืืคึผืข.ืืื ืืขืจืฆื ืฆื ืืืื ืขืคืขืงืืืื ืืื ืืืืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืกืืืืืืข, ืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืขืืืืื ืืืืฃ ืึท ืืืืึทื ืคึผืจืืึทื ืืงืขืจ, ืคืึทืจืืืืึทืืืขื ืฆื ืึธืืขืจ ืืคืืื ืืขืจ ืึทืืืืึทื ืืืืืืฉืึทืก ืืื ืื ืคืื ืกืืจืคืึทืงืืึทื ืฅ ืฉืืื ืืขืืจืื ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืึทืจืง.
ืืืืืขืจ 1995, ืื ืืขืจืกื ืืืืืืืง ืกืืจืคืึทืงืืึทื ื ืืื ื ืึธื ืคึผืจืึธืกื ืืืืฃ, ืืื ื ืืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขืืืขืืข ืืืืื ืืขืจ ืคืื ืืึธืจื.ืขืก ืืื ื ืืืืขืืื ืืขื ืืืจื ืึทืืงืืืืขื ืืขื ืข ืกืืืคืึธื ืึทื ืืื ืคึผืึธืืืึธืงืกืขืืืืืขื ืข ืึทืืงืื ืขืืืขืจืก, ืืืืืข ืฉืืืจืง ืจืขืคึผืจืืืขื ืืื ืืื ืึทืืข ืคืืจืืขื ืคืื ืืืืขืจืืืฉืึทื ืฅ, ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืื ืืืืคึผื ืืืขื ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกืืจืคืึทืงืืึทื ืฅ.ืืึธืืฉ ืึทืืงืืืืขื ืืขื ืข ืกืืืคืึธื ืึทื ืืื ืืขืืืืื ืื "ืืืขืจืงืืึธืจืก" ืคืื ืืืขืฉ ืืืืขืจืืืฉืึทื ืฅ, ืคืึทืื ืึทืืงืึธืืึธื ืกืึทืืคืืื ืืื ืืืขืจ ืกืึทืืคืืื ืืขื ืขื ืื ืืึธืืื ืึทื ื ืกืืจืคืึทืงืืึทื ืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืขืจืืขื ืืขื ืืึธืจืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืื.ืคึฟืื ืึทืคึผืคึผืืืงืึทืืืึธื ืฉืืืืืื, ืขืก ืืื ืืขืคืื ืขื ืึทื ืึทืืงืื ืคึผืึธืืืืืืงืึธืกืืืขืก, ืฆืืืืฉื ืื ืืขืจืข, ืงืขื ืืืื ืึท ืจืึธืืข ืืื ืืืืืข ืคืขืืืขืจ.ืืื ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืงืึทืืืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืขืจืข ื ืึธื ืืึธื ืืง ืกืืจืคืึทืงืืึทื ืฅ ืืื ืึท ืืื ืืืึทืืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฉืืืขืจ ืคืืืื ืืืขืฉ ืืืืขืจืืืฉืึทื ืฅ ืืื ืืื ืกืึทืืคืืื ืกืืจืคืึทืงืืึทื ืฅ ืืื ืืืื ืคืืืื ืืืืขืจืืืฉืึทื ืฅ, ืืื ืืขืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืคึผืขืจืืขื ืืขื ืืึธืจืื ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื.ืืืื, ืกืืจืคืึทืงืืึทื ืฅ ืืืึธืก ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืจืืคึผืืืืกื ืืืจื ืึทืืงืื ืคึผืึธืืืืืืงืึธืกืืืขืก ืึทืจืืึทื ื ืขืืขื ืืื ืขืึทืจ ืึทืืงืืืืขื ืืขื ืข ืกืืืคืึธื ืึทื ืืื ืกืึทืืคืืื ืกืืจืคืึทืงืืึทื ืฅ, ืืื ืึทืืืฉืึทื ืฆื ืืขืืขืจ ืคึผืจืืื ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืืืื ืึทืืึท ืืื ืืขืืึทืื ืขืก ืืื ืึทืืื ืข ืึทืงืกืืืื.
ืึท ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆืื ื ืคืื ืื ืกืึทืืกืืืืืฉืึทื ืคึผืึธืืขื ืฆืืขื ืคืื ืึทืืงืื ืคึผืึธืืืืืืงืึธืกืืืขืก ืืืื ืืึทืื ืึท ืืฉืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืฆืืข ืงืึธืก, ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืืขืืขืจ ืฆืืืืฉื ืกืึทืืคืืื ืกืืจืคืึทืงืืึทื ืฅ.ืึทืืื, ืึทืืงืื ืคึผืึธืืืืืืงืึธืกืืืขืก ืืืขื ืืืื ืืขื ืืฆื ืืื ืืจืืืก ืืืึธื ื ืื ืืืืื ืจืขืื ืฆื "ืืจืื ืืืืืืืขืก" ืืื ืื ืืืืืจืึทื ืืขื ืึทื ืืืึทืืข, ืึธืืขืจ ืืืื ืจืขืื ืฆื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืฆืืข ืงืึธืก ืืื ืืื ืืขืจืืืึทืจื ืคืื ืคืืืข ืคืืืืงืึธืืฉืขืืืงืึทื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืจืืืขืก, ืืืืขืจ ืืืืืขื ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืืื ื ืืื ืคืืืข ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื.
ืึทืืงืื ืคึผืึธืืืืืืงืึธืกืืืขืก ืืืขื ืืืื ืคืื ืืื ืืขืจืขืก ืืืืืืื ืืขืืคึผืขืจืึทืืืจืขืก ืืขื ืขื ื ืืฉื ืฆื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืฆื ืึทืกืืืืง ืืืืึทื ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืึทืกืขืืึทืื ืคืื ืึท ืฆืืงืขืจ ืกืืจืืงืืืจ ืืืึธืก ืืืืืจืึทืืืืื ืฆื ืคืึทืื ืึทืืงืึธืืึธื ืืื ืืืืงืึธืืก.ืืึทื ื-ืืขืจืืื ืคืขืกืืงืืึทื ืืื ืืขืืขืื ืืื 40โ ืืื PHโฅ4.ืืื ื ืืืืจืึทื PH ืืื ืืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืฅ-ืืจืืื ื ืื ืึธืื, ืืขืืคึผืขืจืึทืืืจืขืก ืึทืจืืืฃ ืฆื 140 โ ืืึธื ื ืื ืฆืขืฉืืขืจื ืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงื.
ืึทืืงืื ืคึผืึธืืืืืืงืึธืกืืืขืก ืืืขื ืืืื ืึทืืจืึทืงืืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ืืฆื ืืืืืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืืกืืขืฆืืืื ื ืกืืจืคืึทืงืืึทื ื ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืฆืืง ืขืงืึธืืึธืงืกืืงืึธืืึธืืืงืึทื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืจืืืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืืขืืืืื, ื"ื ืืื ืงืึธืกืืขืืืงืก ืืื ืืื ืืืืืืขืืื ื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืื.ืึธืืขืจ ืืืืขืจ ื ืืืขืจืืง ืื ืืขืจ-ืคืืืฉืึทื ืืขื ืืฉืึทื ื, ืืืื ืืืกืคึผืขืจืกืื ื ืืึทืื ืืื ืืืืื ืงืึทื ืืจืึธืืื ืคืึธืืืื ื ืืึทืื ืืื ืึทืืจืึทืงืืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืืืข ืืขืื ืืฉ ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื.ืื ืคืืืืงืืื ืฆื ืฆืืืืืื ืึท ืกืืจืคืึทืงืืึทื ื ืืขืคึผืขื ืืก ื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืฃ ืืืึทื ืืืืืขื ืข ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืจืืืขืก, ืึธืืขืจ ืืคืืื ืืขืจ ืืืืฃ ืืืึทื ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืืื ื ืืืขื ืงืึทืืืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืขืจืข ืกืืจืคืึทืงืืึทื ืฅ.ืืืึทืขื ืืืง ืึท ืืืกื ืึทื ืืึธื ืืง ืึธืืขืจ ืืขืืึทืื ืข ืกืืจืคืึทืงืืึทื ืฅ.ืืึทืื ืคึผืขื ืกืืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึธืืงื ืืขืจืฉืืื ืื ืืขื.ืืื ืืขื ืขื ืืืื ืงืึทืืคึผืึทืืึทืืึทื ืืื ืงืึทืืืึธื ืืง ืกืืจืคืึทืงืืึทื ืฅ.
ืืื ืคืืืข ืงืึทืกืขืกืึทืืงืื ืคึผืึธืืืืืืงืึธืกืืืขืกืืืกืฉืืขืืื ื ืืื ืฆืืง ืกืื ืขืจืืืกืืืง ืืคืขืงืฅ ืืื ืงืึธืืืื ืึทืฆืืข ืืื ืื ืืขืจืข ืกืืจืคืึทืงืืึทื ืฅ, ืืื ืื ืคึผืจืึทืงืืืฉ ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืคืื ืื ืืคืขืงืฅ ืืื ืฉืคืืืื ืืื ืื ืคืืืืจ ืคืื ืืขืจ ืืื 500 ืคึผืึทืืขื ื ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื ืืื ื 1981. ืื ืืขืงื ืืืฉืืืึทืฉืื ื;ืืืื ืคืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืขืจ ืคืืืื ืืืืขืจืืืฉืึทื ืฅ;ืึทืืข-ืฆืื ืงืืื ืขืจื;ืึทืืงืึทืืืื ืงืืื ืขืจื;ืคืขืจืืขื ืืขืืข ืืึธืจื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืื ืึทืืึท ืืื ืฉืึทืืคึผืื, ืฉืคึผืจืืฅ ืืืฉืขืื, ืืึธืืฉืึทื ื ืืื ืขืืืืกืืึธื ืก;ืืขืื ืืฉ ืืืกืคึผืขืจืกืืึธื ืก ืึทืืึท ืืื ืงืึธืืืจ ืคึผืึทืกืืขืก;ืคืึธืจืืืืืืืฉืึทื ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืื ืข ืื ืืืืึทืืขืจื; ืืขืืืืกืืคืืขืจืก;ืคืึทืืจืืง ืฉืืฅ ืืืขื ืื; ืืืืจืืงืึทื ืฅ; ืืืืจืึทืืืืง ืคืืืืืก;ืืื ืืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืฆืืข ืงืขืืืงืึทืื, ืฆื ื ืึธืืขื ืึท ืืืกื.
ืคึผืึธืกืื ืฆืืื: ืืขืฆืขืืืขืจ 03-2021
ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืงืืืขืจืื ืืืขืื ืืื ืืืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืื ืึธืืขืจ ืคึผืจืืืกืืืกื, ืืืืข ืืึธืื ืืื ืื ืืืื E- ืืจืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืขืื ืงืึธื ืืึทืงื ืืื ืื ืืื 24 ืฉืขื.ืึธื ืคืจืขื |
A dark cloud descends over everyone in the home. Days are lifeless and nights are sleepless. The children are home but they are not home. Tatty and Mommy tear themselves to pieces trying to keep things normal, but life at home hasnโt been normal since the dark day their sibling was first taken to the hospital.
Try as they might, that one patient has turned all their lives upside down. Who knows what the future holdsโthatโs for the doctors and the Sefer Tehilimโbut the present is crushing them emotionally and physically, and the burden gets heavier by the day.
Those who have experienced or witnessed such heartbreak will never forget what itโs like, and those who havenโt, never should. Whatโs worse, the impact can often last a lifetime.
Who is there for the devastated children during this period? In Kiryas Yoel and beyond, the one-word answer is Yedidim! The tireless and devoted volunteers of Yedidim step up for the affected children with a comprehensive list of services geared towards improving their well-being and providing for their many needs.
From therapy to other forms of emotional support, exciting programs to uplifting Shabbatons, and family transportation to everyday play, the organization is there in every way possible.
Yedidim has grown by leaps and bounds in recent years and the services are spread out across town. The time has come for a Yedidim center to be built that will host the children in one accommodating space and provide all their needs in an efficient and successful manner.
But the costs of this undertaking are enormous and the support of the community is urgently needed to crown this project with success. By taking part in this mission, you will have a direct role in positively transforming the lives of families in their most vulnerable state!
JOIN US. TOGETHER WE WILL BUILD THE YEDIDIM CENTER AND BUILD A BRIGHTER FUTURE.
1 ืงืืืคืืื ืืื 2 ืฆืืื!
"ืืืืืื ืงืจืืช ืืืื" ืชืฉืค"ื ืืื ืื ืืืืกื ืื!
ืื ืืขืจืฉ ืืื ืืื ื ืืขืืืขื ืืืืข ืืืจ ืืจืืื ืืขืจ ืืขืฆืืืืขืจ "ืืืืืื ืงืืืคืืื" ื ืืืคืขืืืขืจ ืฆืื; ืคืืจ ืืืขืืืข ื'ืืื ืืจืื ืืขื ื-ืืืืืืื ืื ืืขืืืืื ืืืืฃ ืืืืขืจ "ืคืืจืืจืืืืขืจืืข ืืืืฃ".
ืฆื ืฉืืคื ื ืขืงืกืืขืจืข 1.5 ืืืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืฃ ืฆื ืงืขื ืขื ืงืืืืื ืืืืค'ื ื ืืืขื ืืจืืืกืืจืืืื "ืืืืืื ืฆืขื ืืขืจ" ืืื ืื ืืืืืืช ืงืจืืช ืืืื, ืืื ืจืขื ืืืืืจื ืืขื ืื ืื ืืืืฃ ืฆื ืงืขื ืขื ืืจืืื ืืจืขื ืืขื ืืื ืืื ืืฅ ืคืืืข ืืืืืืืืข ืกืขืจืืืืกืขืก ืืืืืช ืื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืชืืื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืืื ืืื!
ืฆื ืฉืืคื ืขืงืกืืขืจืข ืืจืืืกืข ืกืืืืื ืืขืจ ืืื ืืื ืื ืคืืจืืื ืืขื ืืืื, ืคืฉืื ืืืืฃ ืฆื ืงืขื ืขื ืืขืงื ืื 'ืคืืจืืจืืืืขืจืืข' ืืืืืฉืขื ืืืืก ืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืขืฉืคืจืื ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืขืฆืืข ืชืงืืคื.
ืชืฉืค"ื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืื ืืขืืืข ืืื ืืื ืืืื ื; ืื ืืืกื ืคืื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืคืืจืฆืืืืืคืืืข ืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืก ืืืจืคื ืืืืืขืจ ืฆืืงืืืขื ืฆื ืื ืกืขืจืืืืกืขืก ืคืื 'ืืืืืื' ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืจืง "ืคืืจืืจืืืืขืจื" ื"ื!
ืืืืืคืื ืืืืฉืืืืืืข ืืื ืืข ืงืื ืืขืจืืขื ืืขืคืื ืขื ืืื ื"ืข ืืื ืฉืคืืืื ืืืขืจ ืฆืืืขืืื ืื ืฆืื ืืขื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืงืืงื ืืจืืืก ืืืืฃ ืื ืืืืจืืืข ืืืืืืืืื ื ืคืื 'ืืืืืื'!
ืืื ืืื ืคืื ืกืืขืจืข ืืฆื ืืื 'ืืืืืื' ืืืืขืจ ืฉืืจืื ืคืื ืืืคืขื ืื ื ืฆื ืงืขื ืขื ืืืจืืฉืืืืืขื ืื ืฉืืืขืจืข ืฆืืืื, ืืืคืืื ืืืืจื.
"ืืืืืื" ืืืฉืืืื ืคืื ื ืืขืืจืืืข ืฉืืื 'ืืืืืื', ืืขืืจืืืข ืืืืืื ืืืจื, ืืืขืืืข ืืืืื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืื'ื ืืื ืฆื ืืืื ืืื ืืขืื, ืืจืืืกืฆืืืขืืคื ืืื ืืืืืืืื ืื ืคืืฆืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืขืจืข ืืฉืคืืืช, ืืื ื ืจืืืข ืืขืืกื-ืืืืืืืืข ืกืขืจืืืืกืขืก, ืืืืก ืืืขื ืืขืจืืืืืืขืจื ืื ืฆืขืืจืืืขื ืข ื ืคืฉืืช ืืขืช ืฆืจ, ืืจืืื ืืขืจืขืื ื: ืคืขืจืืขื ืืืืข ืืืืืืืืื ื ืคืืจ ืื ืคืืฆืืขื ืื ืืื ืืฉืคืืืช; ืคืจืืคืขืกืืขื ืืืข ืืืืฃ ืืื ืืขืจ ืขืจื ืกืืข ืคืขืืขืจ; ืคืจืืืืืืข ืืจืื ืกืคืืจืืืฆืืข ืคืื/ืฆื ืฉืคืืืขืืขืจ/ืืขืืืงืขื ืืคืืกืขืก; ืืืืืจืขืจื ืื ืืขืคืืื ืืื ืืืื-ืืืืจืืื, ืืืืืง, ืืขืืืก ืคืืจ ืื ืงืื ืืขืจืืขื; ืคืืขื-ืจืื ืคืื ืืื ืฉืคืืืขืจืืืขื; ืฉืืชืื ืืื ืืกืืจ'ืืืืข ืคืจืืืจืืืขื ืืืืคืฆืืืขืื ืื ืงืื ืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืฉืืืืกืืขืจ; ืืืืื-ืงืืืขืจืขืก ืืื ืืืจ/ืกืงืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืช ืฆื ืคืืจืืื ืื ืฆืื ืฉืคืืืื-ืืขื; ืืื ื ืื ืืืืืืืืขืืืืข ืกืขืจืืืืกืขืก!
ืฆืืืื ืื 'ืคืืจืืจืืืืขืจืืข' ืืขืืจืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืฆืืืื ืืขื ืฆื 'ืคืืจืืจืืืืขืจื' ืืืจืข ืืจืขื ืืฆื!
ืืืืืื ื ืืืงืจ! ื ืืจ ืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืืืืจืืขื ืงืขื ืขื ืืืจ ืฆื ืืขื ืื ืงืืืขื! ืคืืจืืจืืืืขืจื ืืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืืง; ืคืืจืืจืืืืขืจื ืืืืขืจ ืจืืื ืืช-ืืขืคืื ืืืืฃ ืื ืคืืืข ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืคืืืชืืื ืืืืก ืงืขืืคื ืคืืจ ืืืืขืจ ืืขืื; ืฉืขื ืงื ืืืืขืจ "ืืจืืืืืืจืฆืืืข" ื ืืื ืืื ืืจืขื ืื ืืืืฃ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืฉืคืื ืคืืจืืขืจืืข ืืืืชืื ืืฉืืืจื ืืืืฆืืื. |
ืืืฉืืึทื ืืงืกื ืืฉืึธื ืืคื ืกืขืืขื ืืขื ืงืึทืจืืืืข ืงืึธื, ืืื ืืื ืืขืืจืื ืืขื ืืื 2001. ืืื ืืืขืจ ืืืืคึผื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืื ืืขื ืขื ืคืึทืจืฉืืื ืกืขืืขื ืืขื ืงืึทืจืืืืข ืจืึทืื, ืืืื, ืืขืืฅ, ืืืื ืื ื ืืืฉืืจืื, ืืจืึธื ืฆืืืืขื ืื ื ืืืขืก, ืืขืฆืืึทื ืขืฆืืช, ืืื ืืขืืื ื ืืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืื ื ืื-ื ืึธืจืืึทื ืกืขืืขื ืืขื ืงืึทืจืืืืข ืืื ืคึผืงื ืืืืขืจ ืืืื . , ืื ืืจืืืืืื ื ืืืื, ืืขืฆืืึทื ืืืื, ืืื"ื ื, ืืืืืืื ืืขื ืืฆื ืืื ืืขืืึทืืขืจืืืฉื, ืขืืขืงืืจืึธื ืืง, ืืขืงืกืืืืื, ื ืืฆืืื ืืืข ืคืึทืจืืืืืืงืื ื, ืืขืื ืืื ืื ืืขืจืข ืคืขืืืขืจ
ืืื ืื ืืึทื ื-ืืขืจืืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืฆืืข ืืื ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆืืข ืคืึทืจืืืึทืืืื ื, ืื ืคืืจืืข ืืื ืืืกืืขืืืืืึทื ืืขืฉืืคื ืึท ืืึทื ื ืคืื ืกืืึทื ืืขืจืืืืื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืงืึธื ืืจืึธื ืืืืืขื ืืื ืงืึธื ืืจืึธื ืคืื ืงืื, ืืืึธืก ืงืขื ืขื ืฆืืฉืืขืื ื ืืฆืขืจืก ืืืื-ืงืืืึทืืืืขื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืื ืืืึธืก ืืจืขืคื ืงืื ื ืืืืขืจืคืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืึทืืข ืึทืกืคึผืขืงืฅ.
ืื ืคืืจืืข ืืื ืืงืืืืคึผื ืืื ืึท ืืึทื ืฅ ืืึทื ื ืคืื ืืืกืจืืื ืืืึธืก ืืื ืคืืจืืื ืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืื ื ืืื ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืคืื ืกืขืืขื ืืขื ืงืึทืจืืืืข ืืื ืืขืฆืืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืื, ืืื ืงืขื ืขื ื ืขืืขื ืื ืึทืจืืขื ืคืื ืงืืืื ืคึผืขืงื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืฆืืข ืคืื โโืกืขืืขื ืืขื ืงืึทืจืืืืข ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืื. ืืขืจืืืืึทื, ืื ืคืืจืืข 'ืก ืืขืื ืึธืืึธืืืข ืคืึธืจืฉืื ื ืืื ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืคึผืืึทืืคืึธืจืืข ืจืืืฉื ืื ืืืจืืฉื ืืืืขื ืืืจืื ืคืื ืืื ืขืจ ืืื ืืืกืืจืืข.
ยฉ ืงืึทืคึผืืจืืื - 2010-2021: ืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืืจืืช.
ืืืืก ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืื - ืกืืืขืืึทืคึผ - AMP ืืึธืืื
ืืึทื ืืกืืึทื ืงืึทืจืืืืข ืืืก ืงืึทืจืืืืข, ืคึผืจืขืกืืกืืึธื ืงื ืง ืืึทืฉืื ืื ื ืืฉืืื ืึท, ืงืึทืจืืืืข ืคึผืึทื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืืขืก, ืื ืื ืคึผืึทืจืฅ & ืืจืึธืื, ืงืึทืจืืืืข ืืืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืฅ, Dureza Del Titanio, |
The news sent shockwaves through the community. Burech Dayan Emes; Reb Mendel Biener has passed on to a better world. The community and Klal Yisroel at large have lost a treasure, an authentic erlich Yid. We shed bitter communal tears of mourning, each of us feeling bereft. Reb Mendel has touched the lives of us all.
Reb Mendel was the timeless symbol of a classic chassidishe Yid, righteous and so humble. A softspoken and unassuming man, he possessed a heart that beat with love for every fellow Yid, regardless of age or stance. He genuinely cared about all he met and they all felt it.
Reb Mendel lived his life steeped in pure yiras shamayim and wholehearted temimus. His tefillas were heartfelt and an inspiration for all those around him. He was the Gabbai in the Satmar shul on Rodney street, where he tended to all the mispallelimโs needs with much devotion.
Reb Mendel had burning fire in his soul, a righteous passion of a Chassidishe Yid barely seen in todayโs world. He staunchly followed in the path of the Satmar Rebbes, the Berech Moshe zโl and his son, the Satmar Rebbe. He was dedicated to all and any cause that would help fortify the purity and sanctity of our community and its values. He would untilize his extraordinary talent in writing and spend relentless effort to provide reading material fit for Yiddisha homes. Reb Mendel possessed the discretion and sensitivity of a genuine Chassid, and his writing surely reflected the high bars he set.
Reb Mendel has left us bereft after indescribable pain and illness, leaving his family reeling from their tremendous loss. The pain is unfathomable for his wife and four young sons, one of who is engaged to be married in just several short months. They have lost a loving father and a breadwinner and remain with a gaping void that is impossible to fill. His wife and the orphaned children worry amidst their grief and sorrow: Who will care for our needs? Who will provide us with financial stability?
Dear friends:
Itโs payback time. Payback for all of Reb Mendelโs efforts for our community, for every individual, each of whom was like his closest friend. His family is consumed by grief. We can ensure they are not consumed by despair as well, despair of debt and financial ills. We will unite in support of Reb Mendel Bienerโs kin, that their day-to-day needs are met, and they can collect their lives after this great loss with at least financial calm. Reb Mendelโs true love for every single Yid has served as an inspiration for us all; now in his familyโs time of need, let us send our substantial donations their way. We owe him that.
ืขืื ื ืขื ื ืืจืื ืืื ืื ืจืืง ืืื ื ืื ืื!
ืื ืืืืขืจื ืืขืจื ืืื? ืจ' ืืขื ืื ืืื ืขืจ? ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืช? ืืืจืื ื ืืืจืื? ืืื ืืืื ืก'ืืืืขืจ!
ืื ืืืืืขืจ... ืื ืืืืขืจ ืืขืจื ืืืืืขืจ ืืื... ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืคืืจืืืืจื ื ืืจืืืืื ื, ื ืฉืืจืื ืคืื ืืขืืืืืงืืื, ืื ืขืืืขืจ ืกืืืืื ืคืื ื ืจืขืืืคืืจืืืืืข ืืกืืืืฉืข ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฆื ืงืื.
ืืืก ืืืจืฅ ืจืืืกื! ืื ืืจืขืจื ืคืืืกื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืคืฉืืขืื! ืขืก ืืืื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืืื ืื ืจ' ืืขื ืื ืืขืจ ืืืฉ ืืกืื ืืื ืืืืขืงืืขืจืืกื ืืขืืืืจื ืคืื ืืื ื!
ืืื ืจ' ืืขื ืื! ื ืกืืืืื ืคืื ื ืืขืืืืืขื ืข ืืกืืืืฉืข ืืื, ื ืฆืืืขืืืืขื ืขืจ, ืืื ื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืข ืืฉืจืืช. ืืื ืืจืืคืืขืืืื ืฆื ืืขืื ืืื ื ืืืจ, ืืคืืขืืขื ืฆื ืืขื ืขืจ ืืื ืืขืืืขื ื ืืืืจ'ื ืฆื ื ืืื ืืขืจืืื, ืืขืืขื ืืงืื ืืขืืืขื ืืกืืจ ืคื ืื ืืคืืช ืืื ื ืืืืจืขืืงืืื ืืื ืืขืคืืืืงืืื. ืจ' ืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืช'ืืื ืืืืืขืฉืคืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืขืงืืืขืจื ืืื ืืขืื ืืืืก ืขืจ ืืื ื ืืจ ืืืืขืืขื ื. ืืื ืืืข ืืืื ืืืก ืืขืคืืื. ืืืขืจ ืืืืขืจ ืขืก ืืื ื ืืจ ืืขืงืืืขื ืืื ืืืื ืข ื' ืืืืช ืืื ืืืืคืืขืืืืื ืืขืืืืจื ืคืื ืืืื ืืืืืจืืจื ืืข ืขื ืืื'ืืืืข ืืืขืื.
ืจ' ืืขื ืื'ืก ืืจืืช ื' ืืืืจื ืืื ืคืืจืฆืืืืืฉืข ืชืืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืื ืขื ืื ืืฉืคืืืช ืจืื ืืื ืขืื ืืืื ืืื ืคืืจืฉืืคื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฆืข ืืจืื ื ืืืืจืขืืข ืืืืขืกืคืขืจ ืคืื ืืืืืืืข ืืกืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื. ืืืื ืข ืชืคืืืช ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืืื ืฉืืืง ืืจืขื ืืื ื ืืืฉ ืืกืื ืืืชืืกื ืขื ืงืื ื, ืืคืจื ืืื ืขืจ ืืขืืื ืื ืืื ืืืขืจืืืข ืืื' ืฆื ืืืื ืคืื ืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืงืืฉ ืืื ืืืื"ื ืืืืื ืงืื ืืื ืื ืืกืืืืืจ ืืืืฃ ืจืืื ื ืกืืจืื ืืื ืืืืืืืืกืืืจื ืืื ืขืจ ืคืืขืื ืืื ื ืืขืืืขื ืข ืืืืืขืืงืืื ืืื ืืฆืืืืช ืื ืคืฉ ืืขืืจืจ ืืืื ืืืืฃ ืงืืืฉืช ืืืื"ื.
ืื ืขืงืกืืขืจ ืงืืคืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืชืืืืืช ืืื ืขืจ ืืื ืืขืฉืืื ืขื ืืขืืื ืงืื ืืจื ืคืืจ ื"ืง ืืจื ืืืื"ืจ ืืื"ืง ืืขื ืืจื ืืฉื ืืฆืืง"ื ืืื ืืืืื"ื ืื ื ื"ืง ืืจื ืืืื"ืจ ืฉืืื"ื ืืื ืืื ืืขืืจืืืฉืืคื ืืื ืชืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืช'ืขืจ ืืขืืืืืขื ืขืจ ืืกืืืืฉืขืจ ืืื. ืจ' ืืขื ืื ื"ื ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืจืืื ืืื ื ืกืืืืื ืืจืืื ืฆื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืคืจืืื ืคืื ืกืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืจืืื ืข ืืืืกืืขืจืขืืขื ืขื ืืืขื ืืืงืืื ืื ื ืืจืืื"ืง ืื"ืข.
ืจ' ืืขื ืื ืจ' ืืขื ืื! ืขืื ื ืขืื ื ืืจืื ืืื ืื ืจืืง ืืื ื ืื ืื! ืขืจ ืืื ืืจืืืฃ ืืขืืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืคืืืืฉืขื ืขื ืืื ืฉืจืขืงืืืืข ืืกืืจืื ืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืขืืืื ืืืื ืข ืืืงืื ืืข ืฆืืฉืืืจืขืื ืืื ืขืจืฉืืืขืจื ืืื ื ืืืคืข ืงืืขื, ืืื ืืืืขืจืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืื 4 ืืชืืืื ืืจืืื ืืขืจืขืื ื ื ืืชื ืืืืก ืืืื ืืื ืืขืจ ืื ืืืคื ืืงืจืื, ืืืืก ืืขื ืขื ืืืืืขืจ ืืขืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืคื ืืืืกืขืจ, ืื ืงืืื ืืจืืื-ืคืืจืืืจืืขืจ.
ืืืื ืืืืขืจืข ืืืื ื ืฉืชืื' ืืื 4 ืืืืคืืจืืืืจืืืข ืงืื ืืขืจ ืคืจืขืื ืืื ืืจืืืขืจ ืืื ืืืจื: ืืืขืจ ืืืขื ืืื ืงืืืขืจื ืืื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืืืืืืืืื? ืืืขืจ ืืืขื ืืื ื ืืจืขื ืื ืคืจื ืกื ืืื ืฉืืื? ืืืขืจ ืืืขื ืืื ื ืืชืื ื ืืืื?
ืืืืขืจืข ืืืื: ืขืก ืืื ืฆืืื ืฆืืจืืง ืฆื ืฆืืื ืจ' ืืขื ืื ืคืืจ ืืืข ืืืื ืข ืืืืกืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืคืืจ ืืืื ืคืืืงืขืจืืื ืืืจืฅ ืคืืจ ืืขืื ืืื. ืืืื ืืฉืคืื ืืื ืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืื ืฆืขืจ ืืื ืืืืืืื, ืฆื ืคืืจืืืจื ืืื ืืืืข, ืืื ืืกืื ืืขื ืื, ืืื ื ืืืืื ื ืืืืก ืงืขื ืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืขืจ ืืืืื.
ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืคืืจืืืื ืืื ืฆืื ืืจืืืกืืจืืืื 'ืืืฉ ืืกืื ืืื' ืงืืืคืืื, ืืืืคืฆืืขืคืขื ืขื ื "'ืงืจื ืืชืืืื" ืืืืกืฆืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืืื 4 ืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืขืืืืืข ืืขืื ืืื ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืขืจ ืื ืืืคื ืจืืืืืขืจืืืื. ืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืื ืืขื ืงืืืคืืื, ืขืคื ื ืืืืขืจ ืืืจืฅ, ืืืืื ืฆื ื ืืื ื, ืืืืื ืืื ืืขืจ ื ืคืืืืฆืข, ืืืืืื ืคืืจ ืื ืืฉืคืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืคืืจืืขืกื ื ืืฉื ืคืื ืืืืขืจ ืืืื. |
ืืืก ืืืืืฉืข ืืืืจื (ืืื ืืขืจืืฉ: Zsidรณ szรณ, ืกืืืืืืงืืฉ: Zidovskรฉ Slovo)โ[1] ืืื ื ืฆืืืืื ื, ืืืืก ืืื ืขืจืฉืื ืขื ืืืขืื ืืืื, ืืืขื ืคืจืืืืื, ืืื ืงืืฉืื, ืืฉืขืืืกืืืืืืงืื, ืฆืืืืฉื ืื ืืืจื 1931-1933.
ืืืก ืืืืืฉืข ืืืืจื
"ืืืก ืืืืืฉืข ืืืืจื" ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืื "ืืืืคืืจืืืืืืฉ ืืขืืขืืฉืืคืืืื ืจืืคืืจืืืืื", ืืื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืืืฃ ืฆืืืื ืฉืคืจืืื: ืืืืืฉ ืืื ืืื ืืขืจืืฉ.
ืืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ-ืจืขืืึทืงืืึธืจ ืืื ืืืืคื ืฉืจืืืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืขื ืื ืขืืขืคืื ื.โ[2].
ืฆืืืืฉื 1931-1932 ืืขืจ ืืกืืฆืืขืจืืขืจ-ืจืขืืึทืงืืึธืจ ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืฉืืขืื ืืขืืืืืืืฉ (Lebovics Simon), ืืื ืฆืืืืฉื 1932-1933 - ืขืืงื ืืืืฉืืืื-ืขืืขืคืื ื (Irena Blausteinova).โ[3]
Zsidรณ szรณ
ืจืขืคืขืจืขื ืฆืืจืขืืึทืงืืืจื
โ ืืขื ืืืืฃ ืื ื ืืฆืืื ืืืข ืืืืืืืืขืง ืคืื ืืื ืืืจื Zsidรณ szรณ : pรกrtonkรญvรผli tรกrsadalmi riportlap / szerk. Elefant Emanuel
โ ืืขื: Previously unexplored sources on the Holocaust in Hungary: a selection from Jewish periodicals, 1930-1944", ืืจืืฉืืื: Jerusalem: ืื ืืฉื ืืืืื ืืืงืจ ืืฉืืื, 2007, ืื' 28-35, ืฉืจืืืื ืืืจืืืืช ืื ืืขืฉืืืืข ืคืื ืืขื ืื ืืื ืื ืฆืืืืื ื ืืื ืืืึทื ืืฉืืจื ืึทืืืกืืืง ืืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืขืจืข ืงืึธื ืงืืจืขื ื ืฆืืืืื ืืขื ืืื ืงืืฉืื
โ Sรกndor Scheiber, Magyar zsidรณ hรญrlapok รฉs folyรณiratok bibliogrรกfiรกja (= Bibliography of Hungarian Jewish newspapers and journals), Budapest : MTA Judaisztikai Kutatรณcsoport, 1993, p. 179.
ืืึดืืืฉึพืฉืคึผืจืึทืืืงืข ืฆืฒึทืืื ืืขื
ืคึฟืึทืจืืึทื ืืขื ืข ืฆืฒึทืืื ืืขื ืืขืจ ืืืืืฉืข ืืืขืงืขืจ ืืขืจ ืคืจืืื ื ืืขืจ ืคืืงื ืืขืจ ืงืื ืืฉืืง ืืืก ืืืืืฉืข ืืืืจื ืืืืืฉืข ืฉืืืืข ืืฒึทื ื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืจืืืื ืข ืืืก ืืืืืฉืข ืืืืืืื ืืื ืฉืจืืคื |
ืคืืคื ืืกืืืืช ืืื ืืขืืจืื ืืขื ืืขืืืืจื ืืื ืืขืจ ืฉืืื ืคืืคื, ืืืจื ืืจื ืืขืงื ืืืืงืืื ืืจืื ืืืืื, ืืขืจ ืจื ืคืื ืืขืจ ืงืืืื ืขืืช ืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืืขืจ ืฉืืื ืคืืคื.
ืื ืคึผืืคื ืชืจืฆ"ื ืืื ืกืช ืกืคืจ ืชืืจื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืืืฃ ืฉืืช ืืื ืืื ืืขืืืืจื ืคืึธืืึธืืจืึทืคืืจื ืืืจื ืึท ืืื.
ืื ืื ืืขื ืืืฉ ืคืื ืื ืคืืคื ืืจืืืก ืืืช ืืืืจืฉ ืืื ืืืืืืึทืืกืืืจื, ืืจืืงืืื
ืคืืคื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืืืืืืกืืืจื
ืืืื ืืืื ืืงืื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืจื ืืืกืฃ ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืขืจ ืคืืคื ืจื. ืจ' ืืืกืฃ ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืขืคืืื ืฆื ืื ืคืืคื ืืกืืืืช ืืื ืืืขืจืืงืข ื ืื ืืขืจ ืฆืืืืืืขืจ ืืืขืื ืงืจืื, ืืืื ืืจืื ืื ืื ืงืืืื "ืงืืืช ืืขืงื ืคืืคื" ืืื ืืืืืืืืกืืืจื, ืืขืจ ืคืืคื ืจื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ื ืฉืืืจืงืขืจ ืื ืืขื ืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืื, ืืื ืืขืจ ืคืืคื ืืกืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืขื ืืขืืืขืจ ืืจื.
ืืืื ืืืื ืืงืื ืืื ืืขืจ ืขืืืกืืขืจ ืืื ืืืืื"ืจ ืจืื ืืขืงื ืืืืงืื ืืจืื ืืืืื ืคืื ืืืืืืืืกืืืจื. ืืืื ืฆืืืืืืขืจ ืืื, ืืื ืื"ื ืชืืืืืช ืืืกืฃ ืคืืคื ืืื ืืืจื ืคืืจืง ืืจื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืืื. ืืืื ืืจืืืขืจ ืืื, ืืื ืืื"ืฅ ืคืืคื ืืืืืืืืกืืืจื ืืจื ืืืจื ืืจืื ืืืืื. |
ืืืขื ืืืจ ืืืืืื โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ (ืคืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืขืจ โืืื ืโ, โืืื ืืขืจโ, โืืืจโ, โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ, โhttp://www.kaveshtiebel.comโ), ืืขื ื ืืืจ ืืกืืื ืืื ืฆื ืืืืื ืฆื ืื ืงืืืขื ืืืืข ืืขืจืืื ืขื. ืืืื ืืขื ื ืืืจ ื ืืฉื ืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืข ืืืืกืืขืจืขืื ืืข ืชื ืืื, ืืืืข ืืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืื/ืืืขืจ ืืื ืืฆื ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืื โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ. ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืืืฉื ืื ืชื ืืื ืกืื ืืืขื, ืืื ืืืจ ืืืขืื ืืื ืืืฅ ืืืืก ืืขืืืื ืืืื ืฆื ืืืื ืืืืกื ืืขืจืืืขืื, ืืืขืจ ืขืก ืืื ืืืื ืืืืขืจืฆืืงืืงื ืื ืืขืจืืื ืขื ืคืื ืฆืืื ืฆื ืฆืืื, ืืืก ืืืง ืคืื ืืืืขืจ ืื ืืืืขื ืืขืจ ืืื ืืฅ ืืื โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ. ืืืขื ืืืจ ืืืืฉื, ืืขื ื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฆื ืคืืืื ืื ืืขืจืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืขืจื ืืขืจืืืื ืืืื ืืื/ืืืขืจ ืคืืจืจืืืื.
ืืื ืืขืจ ืคืืจืืืก ืืขื ืขื ืืืืืจื ืืืืฃ ืื phpBB ืกืืกืืขื (ืคืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืืขืจ โืืืโ, โืืืืขืจืขโ, โืกืืกืืขืโ โphpBBโ, โwww.phpbb.co.ilโ, โืงืืืฆืช phpBBโ, โืฆืืืช phpBB ืืืฉืจืืืโ) ืืืืก ืืื ื ืคืจืืืข ืืืืขืืื (ืคืืจืื'ืก ืกืืกืืขื ืืื ืืขืจื ืืคืืื ืคืื โืืืืืชืงืืืืขืจ ืคืืืืืง ืืืืกืขื ืกโ (ืคืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืขืจ โGPLโ) ืืื ืืขื ืงืขื ืืืก ืืจืคืืืืขื ืขื ืืืจื ืื ืืืขืืืืืื www.phpbb.co.il. ืื phpBB ืกืืกืืขื ืืื ืื ืกืืกืืขื ืืืืฃ ืืืืก ืืื ืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืคืืจืืืก ืืขื ืขื ืืืืืจื, ืืืขืจ ืื phpBB ืืจืืคืข ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืฃ ืืืืก ืืืจ ืขืจืืืืื ืืื/ืืืขืจ ืขืจืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืฆื ืฉืจืืืื ืืืืคื "ืงืืืืข ืฉืืืื" ืืืืื. ืคืืจ ื ืื ืืื ืคืืจืืืฆืืข ืืืื phpBB, ืืข: http://www.phpbb.co.il/.
ืืืื ืืจืืงื ืืขื "ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืฃ ืื ืืขืจืืื ืขื" ืงื ืขืคื, ืืขื ื ืืืจ ืืกืืื ื ืืฉื ืฆื ืฉืจืืืื ืืืขืจืืขืจ ืืืืก ืืขื ืขื: ืืืืืืืื, ืจืืกืืกืืืฉ, ืืืืื, ืืืืืืืืืื ืคืืจ ื ืฆืืืืืืขื, ื ืืฉื ืืขืืขืฆืืื, ืืืขืจ ืกืื ืืืืก ืคืืจ ื ืืืืขืจืืื ืืืืก ืืื ืงืื ืืจืืืืขืจืกืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืจ ืืขืคืื ื ืืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืื โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืขืจ ืืื ืืขื ืืื ืืขืจื ืืฆืืื ืืืขื ืืขืืขืฅ. ืืืื ืืืขื ืืืจ ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืื ืฆื ืื ืืขืจืืื ืขื ืงืขื ืืืก ืคืืจื ืื ืืืจ ืืืขื ืืืขืจื ืืืืกืืขืฉืคืืจื ืืืขืจื ืืืืฃ ืืืืืื, ืืื ื ืืืืขื ืฆื ืืืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืคืจืืืืืืืขืจ, ืืืื ืขืก ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืืก ืฆื ืืืื ืืืืืืื. ืื IP ืืืจืขืกืกืขื ืคืื ืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืงื ืืืืขืจ ืืืืขืืช ืืืขืจื ืืคืืขืืืื ืืื ืฆื ืืขืืคื ืืืื ืคืืจืกืืจืขื ืื ืืขืจืืื ืขื. ืืืจ ืืขื ื ืืกืืื ืื โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ ืืื ืืืื ืื ืจืขืื ืืจืืคืฆืื ืขืืขื, ืืืืกืฆืืืขืงื, ืืืืฉื, ืจืขืืืืืจื, ืืจืืืขืจืคืืจื ืืืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืคืืจื ืกืื ืืืืก ืคืืจ ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืขืจ ืืืืขื ืืื ืกืื ืืืืก ืคืืจ ื ืฆืืื ืืืขื ืขืก ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืืก ื ืืืืื. ืืืก ืืื ืืฆืขืจ ืืขื ื ืืืจ ืืกืืื ืื ืืืข ืืื ืคืืจืืืฆืืข ืืืืก ืืืจ ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืขืจื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืกื ืคืื ืขื ืืืืื. ืืืจ ืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืคืืจืืืฆืืข ื ืืฉื ืืืืขืจืืขืื ืคืืจ ืงืืืื ืขื ืื ืืืืขืจ ืืคืืจืืฉ'ื ืืกืืื, ืืืขืจ ื ืืฉื โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ ืืื ืืืื ื ืืฉื phpBB ืืืขืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืฃ ืกืื ืืืืกืคืืจื ืคืจืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืฆืืืจืขืื ืืื ("ืืขืงืขื") ืืขื ืืืืื ืืืืก ืืืขื ืคืืจื ืฆื ืื ืืืืคืืขืงืื ื ืคืื ืืืืขืจ ืืื ืคืืจืืืฆืืข.
ืืืืคื ืืืื
ืืื ืืขืจ ืฉืืื โข ืคืืจืืขืง ืืืข ืงืืงืืก โข ืืืข ืฆืืืื ืืขื ืขื UTC - 5 ืฉืขืืช
Powered by phpBBยฎ Forum Software ยฉ phpBB Group
ืืืืืจื ืืืืฃ phpBB.co.il - ืคืืจืืืื ืืขืืจืืช. ืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืืจืืช ยฉ 2012 - ืงืืืืข ืฉืืืื, 2008 - phpBB.co.il. |
ืืึทืจืง ืึธืจืืขื ืืื, ืงืื ื ืคืึธืืขืจืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืขืจ ืืืืขืฉ. ืืื ืืืขืจ ืคืืจืืข ืืื ืืฆืืื ืืขืืืขืืึธืคึผืขื ืืื ืืึทืกืข ืืขืฉืืคื 10 Gigabit RJ45 ืงืึทื ืขืงืืขืจ.
ืืื ืื ืคึผืึธืคึผืืืึทืจืืืึทืืืึธื ืคืื 5 ื ื ืขืฅ ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืืื ืื ืืื ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืคืื ืืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืคืื ืืื ืื, ืคึผืจืึธืกื ืจืืืฉ 45 ืงืึทื ืขืงืืขืจ ืงืขื ื ืืฉื ืืจืขืคื ืื ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืืื ื ืืืืขืจืคืขื ืืฉื ืคืื ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขื ืขืงืืืืคึผืืขื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืกืืจืืข.
ืืื ืืืขืจ ืคืืจืืข ืืื ืืึทืกืข ืืขืฉืืคื 10 ืืืืึทืืื ืจืืืฉ 45 ืงืึทื ืขืงืืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืื ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื 100% ืงืึทืืคึผืึทืืึทืืึทื ืืื ืจืืืฉ 45 ืงืึทื ืขืงืืขืจ ืืจืึทื ืื ืึทืืึท ืืื ืื ืืืืคืขืง ืืขื Wurth ืึทืืคืขื ืึธื ืืึธืืงืกืข ืืืืืึทื ืืืึทื ื ืขืืึทืง ืึทืืจืึทืงืึธื ืคืึธืงืกืงืึธื ื ืืื YDS ืืื Hanrun. ืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงื ืืึธืืขืืก ืึทืจืืึทื ื ืขืืขื, ืึธืืขืจ ืืขื ืขื ื ืืฉื ืืืืืืขื ืฆื: jt4-1173hl, jt4-1108hl, jt4-1128hl, 7499611421
10 Gigabit Ethernet, ืึธืืขืจ 10GigE, ืฉืืืฆื 10 Gbit / s ืืืืขืจ ืงืึทืืืข ืืขื ืืงืืก ืืืืขืจ 80m ืึธื ืจืืคึผืืืขืจื ืึธืืขืจ ืึธืคึผืืืฉ ืืงืกืืขื ืฉืึทื ื. ืืึธืก ืืืื 10GigE ืืืขืึทื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืจืึธืืจืึทืืขื ืืืึธืก ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืืืื ืืึทื ืืืืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืึทื ื ืืืกืืึทื ืกืึทื.
ืคึผืึธืกืื ืฆืืื: 12-12 ืืื ืืืจ
ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืงืืืขืจืื ืืืขืื ืืื ืืืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืื ืึธืืขืจ ืคึผืจืืกืขืืืกื, ืืืืข ืืึธืื ืืืื E- ืืจืืื ืฆื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืขืื ืืืื ืืื ืงืึธื ืืึทืงื ืืื 24 ืฉืขื.ืึธื ืคืจืขื |
ืืขืจ ืคึผืกืืืึธืืึธื ืืึธื ืืขืืึทื ืึท ืืฉืขืจื, ืึทื ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืืื ืืืฆื ืืฒึท ืืืืืขื ืื ืจืึธืืข ืคึฟืื ืึท ืคึฟืึธืืขืจ-ืืขืฉืืึทืื. ืืืืคึฟื ืืืฆืืืงื ืฉืืึทืคึผื ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืคึผืกืืืึธืืึธืืืฉืขืจ ืืขืจืึทืคึผืืข ืืื ื ืขืจ ืืื ืึท ืคึฟืึธืืขืจ, ืืืึธืก ืกืฒึท ืืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืืืงืขืจ ืืืื ืืื ืกืฒึท ืคึฟืืืข ืืึธืก ืงืื ื, ื ืืืืืงื ืืื ืืื ืืื. ืืืืขืจ ืืขืจืึทืคึผืืฉืข ืืึทืืขืืขื ืืฉื ืคึฟืืื ืึธื ืืขื ืืื ืคึฟืื ืื ืืึทืืข-ืืื-ืืื ืฉืืืขืกื, ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืงืืื ืืึธื ื ืืฉื ืคึฟืึธืจืืขืงืืืขื ืืื ืืขืจ, ืึทืืื ืืขืจืืคึฟืขื ืขืจ, ืึธืืืขืงืืืืืขืจ ืืืืจืงืืขืืงืืื
ืืื ืืื ืืขืจ ืึธืืืขืงืืืืืขืจ ืืืืจืงืืขืืงืืื ืืึธื ืืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืืขืจ ืืขืืื ืืืืกืืขืืืื ืึท ืืืึธืจื ืืื ืื ืงืื ืืขืจ. ืึทืืึผืกื ืืจ, ืืขืจ ืฉืืขื ืืืง ืคึฟืึทืจื ืืืขื ืขืจ ืืื-ืืื ืืฉืขื ืืจ, ืืึธื ืชึผืืื ืืืืกืืขืืขื ืืืืกืืขืฉืขืคึผื, ืืืืฆืืคึฟืจืืื ืืื ืึทื ืืืืฉื. ืขืจ ืคึฟืืขืื ืงืืืขื ืึทืืืื ืืืืฃ ืคึฟืืจ ืืขื ื ืึธื ืึท ืืึทื ืฆื ืืืืฉ ืืึธืจืขืืืึทื ืืข ืืืืฃ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืืืืืืขืจืืฉืขืจ ืืึทืืข ืืื ืืื ืืึทืจื. ืึทืืึผืกื ืืจ ืืึธื ืืื ืืึทืฆืืืื ืฆื ืืฒึทื ืข ืืื, ืืึธืก ืืืืกื, ืฆื ืคึฟืืืขื ืืื ืึทื ืืจืืืขื, ืืืืืชึพืืฉืืจืขื ืืงืืื: ืขืจ ืคึฟืืขืื ืืึธืื, ืึทื ืฉืืจืขื ืืงืืื ืืื ืึท ืืจืืืกืข ืืืึฟื, ืืืึธืก ืขืจ ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืงืื ืืขืจ. ืืืื ืขืจ ืืืขื ื ืืฉื ืืฒึทื ืฉืืจืขื ื, ืืืขืื ืืื ืืืึทืงืกื ืึธื ืืืกืฆืืคึผืืื, ืคึผืจื-ืึธืืขืืก. ืขืจ ืคึฟืืขืื ืืึธืจ ืืขืืื ืืจืขื ืืขื ืึท ืืชึผื ื, ืงืืฉื ืึธืืขืจ ืืืขืื ืื ืงืขืคึผ ืคึฟืื ืืฒึทื ืข ืืื.
ืืขืจ ืคึผืกืืืึธืืึธื ืืึธื ืืืืื ืืง ืืขืจืขืื ืืฉืขืช ืืขืจ ืืขืจืึทืคึผืืข. ืกืณืจืืึฟ ืฆืฒึทื ืคึฟืืขืื ืขืจ ืืืฆื, ืึท ืคึฟืืก ืืืืขืจ ืึท ืคึฟืืก, ืื ืืขืืข ืืขืคึฟื ืึธืคึฟื ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืจืขืืืขืจ ืงื ื ืืื ืึท ืืขืฉื ืืฆืืขืจ ืืืฒึทืขืจ ืืึธื ืึทืจืืืกืืขืฉืืขืงื ืฆืืืืฉื ืืขื ืืืฒึทืืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืืื ืืขื ืืืืืกืื ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ, ืืจืืื ืฆื ืืึทื ืื ืืืื ืก-ืืื-ืฆืืืื ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืืขืืขืจ ืืขืคึฟื ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืจืฒึทืื ืื ืืึทืืขืจืงืื ืืขื ืคึฟืื ืืขื ืคึผืกืืืึธืืึธื. ืคึฟืื ืฆืฒึทื ืฆื ืฆืฒึทื ืคึฟืืขืื ืืขืจ ืคึผืกืืืึธืืึธื ืฆืืฉืึธืงืืขื ืืืื ืงืึธืคึผ ืึธืืขืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืืจืื ืืึธื. ืืืื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืืืขืจ ื ืฒึทืืขืจืืง ืฆื ืืขืจืืืื, ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืขืจ ืืึทืืฒึทื ืคึฟืื ืื ืืึธืืืงืข ืฉืึธืงืืขื ืืฉื ืืื ืืจืืืขื ืืฉื. ืืื ืืขื ืขื ืฆืื ืืืื ืึธืืขืจ ืืคึฟืฉืจ ืืจืึธื ืคึฟืึทืจืงืขืจื, ืฆืื ืฉืืขืืื? ืขืก ืืึธื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืขืืจืึธืคึฟื, ืึทื ืืขืจ ืืืฒึทืขืจ ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืขืืืืื ืืขื ืืขื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืืคึฟืื; ืขืจ ืืึธื ืขืคึผืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจืฆืืืื ื ืืื ืืขืคึฟื. ืฆื ืืื ืืึธืก ืฆืื ืืืื? ืืื ืืืึธืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื ืึทืจืืฉืงืืื ืืึธื ืขืจ ืืื ืึทืจืืืกืืขืืึทืคึผื ืืืฆื? ืืืื ืืึธื ื ืืฉื ืืขืืืึผืกื.
ืืืืืขื ืืื ืึธื ืืขืงืืืขื ืฉืืืขืจ ืฆื ืืขืคึฟืื ืขื ืึท ืืึทืงืืืขืืขื ืืืืงื ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืงืืืื ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืึทืคึผืข; ืืื ืืื ืืขืจืืขืืืืื ืึท ืงืืฉื ืืื ืืขืจื ืจืืงื, ืืื ืึธื ืืขืืขื ื ืืืืฃ ืึท ืคึผืึทืจืขื ืืฉ ืืื ื ืึธื ืึทืืฅ ืืขืืืขื ื ืืฉื ืืึทืงืืืขื. ืขืจ ืืึธื ืืื ืึทืคึฟืืื ืฆืขืืืืื ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืงืึทื ืึทืคึผืข ืืื ืื ืคึฟืืก ืึทืจืืืฃ, ืืื ืืื ืื ืึทืืขืจืืงืึทื ืขืจ ืคึฟืืืืขื, ืึธืืขืจ ืืึธืก ืืขืคึฟืื ืืืึธืก ืขืจ ืจืขืื ืฆื ืืขืจ ืกืืขืืืข ืืื ื ืืฉื ืฆื ืึท ืืขื ืืฉื, ืืื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืขืคึฟืขืื ืืขืืืขื. ืืืื ืืึธืก ืืึธื ืืื ืืขืฉืขื ืืึธืก, ืืืึธืก ืืขืฉืขื ืืืืฃ ืืขืืขืจ ืืขืจืึทืคึผืืข; ืืืื ืืืืื ืึธื ืฆื ืจืขืื ืืื ืืขืจืฆืืืื ืืืขืื ืืืึธืก ืขืก ืงืืื ืืื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจ ืืฒึทื ื: ืืขื ืฉืขืฃ ืืฒึท ืืขืจ ืึทืจืืขื, ืืฒึทื ืึผืืขื-ืืจืืฉื, ืงืืืื ืข ืคึผืจืึธืืืขืืขื, ืึธืืขืจ ื ืึธื ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืืื ืื ืจืขืื, ืืื ืืืจื ืึท ืึผืืฉืืฃ, ืืืืืฉื ืืื ืื ืืขืืข ืึทืจืืืขืจ ืืืืฃ ืึทื ืืขืจืข ืกืืขืืฉืงืขืก; ืขืจ ืงืขืจื ืืื ืืืืืขืจ ืืื ืฆื ืืขื ืข ื ืฒึทืข, ืกืึธืืืขืืืฉืข โืงืืืึทืจืืึทืืโ, ืคึฟืืจืขืงืืงืข ืื ืื ืื, ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืืขืฉืืึทื ืขื ืืฒึทื ืกืึทืืข ืขืง ืคึฟืื ืืฉืขืจื ืึธืืืืฅ โ ืืืฒึทืืขืจ ืืึธืื ืืื ืืขืฆืืืื ืืึทืื-ืืึทืึทืจืืขืืข ืคึฟืขืืืขืจ ืืื ืฉืืขืืืงืข ืงืืกืืขืก. ืฆืืืืฉื ืื ืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืึท ืืจืื ืฉืืืงื ืคึผืืึทืฅ โ ืึท ืงืื ืืืจืฒึทื, ืืืึผ ืขืก ืืึธื ืืขืืฉืืืขื ืึท ืืึทื ืฆื ืืึธื ืืื ืงืืืืช ืคึฟืื ืงืื ืืขืจ.
ืืืื ืืึธื ืืื ืึท ืงืึทืคึผืขืืข ืืขืฉืขืื, ืืืึธืก ืขืจ ืืืจื ืืืืขืจ ืื ืืขืืืข ืจืืื ื ืึธื ืึท ืืึธื ืืื ืึธืืขืจ ืึท ืืึธื. ืขืจ ืืึธื ืืื ืืขืืจืืืกื ืืขืจืืื, ืืืึธืก ืืึธืืฉ ืขืจ ืืื ืืืืขืจ ืื ืืืืืขื ืข ืืึทืื, ืืื ืขืจ ืขืก ืืขืืขืก ืืึธื ืืื ืึทื ืืขืจืข ืคึผืจืืื โ ืฉื ืฒึทืื ืึธืคึผ ืืึธ, ืืื ืฆื ืืึธืจื:
โืื ืืืึธืก ืืึธื ืณืืขืืจืึธืื ืื ืืืืืืณ ืืฒึท ืืื ืื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืื ืืึทืืข. ืื ืืึธืืข ืืึธื ืืขืืื ืืขืืึทื ืึท ืืืึธืจื, ืืื ืืขืจ ืืึทืืข โ ืึท ืืึทืกื ืืืืฃ ืึท ืืืฒึทื. ืืขืจ ืืึทืืขืก ืืืึธืจื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืื ืืขืจ ืจืืื ืขืจ ืืืช, ืื ืึทื ืขืฆื, ืื ืึท ืืึทืคึฟืขื. ืื ืืึทืืข ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืึท ืจืืจืขืืืืืงืข, ืคึฟืื ืืื ืขื ืขืจืืืข. ืชึผืืื ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืืจืขื ืขืฅ ืคึฟืื ืึท ื ืขืจืืื-ืฆืืืึทืืขื ืืจืึธื. ืื ืืึธืืข ืคึฟืึทืจืงืขืจื โ ืฉืืื, ืฆืืืขืืึธืื, ืืื ืืขืจืืขื ืืง. ืืขืจ ืืึทืืข ืคึฟืืขืื ืืื ืึทืจืืืืจืืืขื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืืจื ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจืืืืืืข ืืขื ื ืืื ืืขืจื ืจืืงื, ืืื ืึท ืืืจืืกื. ืื ืืืื ืฆืืงืข ืกืฆืขื ืข, ืืื ืืืขืืืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืืึทืืข ืืึธื ืืขืฉืคึผืืื ืื ืืืืคึผืึพืจืึธืืข, ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืื ืคึฟืึธืืื ืืืงืข: ืขืจ ืืื ืืขืืขืกื ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืกืึธืคึฟืข ืืื ืืืืื ืฆืืืขืจ, ืื ืคึฟืืก ืึธื ืืขืฉืคึผืึทืจื ืืืืฃ ืึท ืคึฟืืก-ืืขื ืงืขืืข, ืื ืืึธืจืืขืืขื ืืื ืืขืจ ืื ืืืืื ืึธื ืืขืฉืืืึธืื, โ ืืื ืขืจ ืืึธื ืืขืงืืงื ืืืืคึฟื ืึทืจืื ืืื ืึท ืงืึทืืขืืืื ืขื ืืืืง ืคึฟืื ืขืืขืฆื, ืืืึธืก ืืึธื ืืื ื ืึธืจ ืืืืคึฟืืขืืืขืงื. ืื ืฉืืืขืจืข ืืึธืจ ืืขื ืขื ืฆืืืขืงืืขืคึผื ืฆืื ืคึผืืื ืืื ืืจืืืกืข ืืจืึธืคึผื ืก ืฉืืืืืกโฆ ืืืฆื ืืื ืืฒึทื ืืฉืืคึผืจืื ืข ืืืื ืืขืืืึธืจื ืืจืื ืืื ืฉืืืขืจ ืืื ืืฒึทื ืข. ืืื ืืขืืขื ืง ื ืืฉื, ืขืจ ืืึธื ืืขืืืขื ืืื ืืืืกืืืืฉื ืืื ืืืจ ืืขืจ ืืื ืืื ืืขืฆืืืืืข ืืืขืจืืขืจโฆโ
ืืื ืคึผืืืฆืขื ืืื ืคึฟืื ืขืจืืขืฅ ืืืืกืืขืืืึทืงืกื, ืืื ืืฒึท ืึท ืงืื ืฆื ืืึทืืขืจ, ืึท ืืืืืขืจ, ืฉืฒึทื ืขื ืืืงืขืจ ืืืขืืึธืกืืคึผืขื. ืืื ืืขืืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื ืืื ืึทืืึท ืืืขืืึธืกืืคึผืขื ืืขืืืขื ืึทื ืึทื ืืืงื. ืืื ืื, ืฆืืืืฉื ืื โืงืืืึทืจืืึทืืโ ืืขื ืขื ืึทืืข ืงืื ืืขืจ ืืื ืฆืื ืืืคึฟืืขืืึธืคึฟื ืึท ืงืืง ืฆื ืืึธื ืืืืฃ ืืืืืฉืื: ืคึฟืืืข, ืึทืืึผืกื ืืจ ืืึทืืืืืืึธื ืก ืืื, ืืึธื ืืขืงืจืึธืื ืึท ืืืขืืึธืกืืคึผืขื, ืืืึธืก ืืฒึทื ืืึทืืข ืืึธื ืืื ืึทืจืึธืคึผืืขืืจืึทืื ืึทืืฉ ืคึฟืื ืืื ืืึทืจื. ืืึธืก ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืึทืงืข ืึท ื ืึธืืืื ืข; ืืืขืจ ื ืึธื ืืืืฃ ืืืืขืจ ืืึทืก ืืึธื ืืขืงืขื ื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืืขืื, ืึทื ืึทืืึท ืืึทื ืงืึธื ืขืงืืืกืืืจื?..
โืืขืจ ืืืขืืึธืกืืคึผืขื ืืึธื ื ืืฉื ืืืื ืืขืืืขื ืฆื ืืึทื ืืข ืืึธืจื; ืงืืจืฅ ืืขืจื ืึธื ืืื ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืืึผื ืื ืืขืืืึธืจื, ืืึธืืฉ ืืื ืืึธื ืืื ืึธืคึผืืขืืื, ืืื ืืึธืก ืืืื ืืื ืงืึธืคึผ. ืณืึทืืื ืืจืขืคึฟื ืืื, ืึทื ืืข ืจืฒึทืกื ืืืืก ืืขื ืขื ืื ืืืืืืณ, โ ืืึธื ืื ืืึทืืข ืึทืจืฒึทื ืืขืืึธืื ืืขื ืืึทืื ืฆืืืื ืืฒึทื ืืฒึทืืืืื ืืงืขืจ ืืชึผื ื. ืืื ืืขืจ ืืืชื, ืืึธืื ืืฒึทื ืืึทืื ืก ืืชึผื ืืช ืชึผืืื ืืขืืึทื ืึท ืืืืขืจื ื ืึธืืืขื ืืื ืืื ืืขื ืคึฟืึทื ืืื ืขืก ื ืืฉื ืืขืืืขื ืึทื ืืขืจืฉ. ืืื ืฉืืึทืจืง ืงืขื ืืขื ืืื ืคึฟืจืืืขื ืืื ืึท ืืชึผื ื, ืืืึธืก ืืข ืงืจืืื ืคึฟืื ืึท ืคึผืึธืื ืขื ืคึฟืจืขืืื?
โืืึธืก ืืืึธืก ืขืก ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืืืขืจ ืืืืืืืง ืืื ืืฒึทื ืข ืืืืื, ืึท ืืืฅ ืืืกืฆืืคึผืืื, ืืขื ืขื ืืขืืืขื ืืฒึทื ืข ืฆืืืื ืก. ืื ืืึทืืข ืคึฟืืขืื ืืื ืฉืจืฒึทืื ืงืืื ืืื ืืึทืจื ืขืงืกืืจืข, ืึทื ืืื ืืจืขื ื ืึทืืืื ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืฉืื ืฆืืืื ืก ื ืืืขืจืืงืขืจ ืคึฟืื ืึท โืืจืฒึทโ; ืึท โืืจืฒึทโ ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืึทื ืืืืืืืง, ืขืง-ืืืขืื. ืืขืจ ืืึทืืข ืืึธื ืงืืื ืืึธื ื ืืฉื ืืขืืขืืขืจื ืืืืฃ ืืืจ ืืขื ืงืื ืึธืืขืจ ืืืืื ืืืืคึฟืืขืืืืื ืื ืืึทื ื. ืื ืืึทืืข ืืึธื ืืึธืก ืืขืืึธื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืื: ืึท โืคึฟืืจโ ืงืึธื ืืขื, ืืื ืขืก ืืึธื ื ืืฉื ืืฒึทื, ืคึฟืึทืจืืืขืื, ืึท โืฆืืืืโ โ ืขืงืืืกืืืจื ื ืืฉื, ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท โืืจืฒึทโ ืืึทืคึผื ืืขื ืงืืขืคึผ. ืืขืจืืขืขื ืืืง ืึท โืืจืฒึทโ, ืคึฟืืขืื ืืึธืก ืืืื ืืืจ ืึท ืืขืฅ ืืึธื ืืื ืงืึธืคึผ, ืืึธืก ืคึผื ืื ืืื ืืขืืืึธืจื ืจืืื, ืคึฟืึทืจืคึฟืืึทืื. ืืื ืืึธื ืืื ืืขืืืึผืกื โ ืึท ืกืขืงืื ืืข ืืื ืืฒึทื ืืื ืื ืืืขื ืคึฟืืึทืืขื.
โืื ืืึธื ืืื ืืขืืขืื ืึท ืืืื ืืืืฃ ืืื ืฆืืืขืืึทื ืืขื ืืืฒึทื ืฆื ืืืจ ืฉืึทืคึฟืข. ืืึธืจืื ืืขื ืขื ืืขืืึธื ืืขื ืืืจืข ืจืืืขื ืก ืืืืฃ ืงืืืื ืข ืืึธืงื ืก ืืฒึทื ืืื ืงื ืืืจื; ืืขืืึธื ืืขื ืืื ืึท ืืึทืืื ืืขืจืขืจ ืึธืจืืขื ืื ื, ืืืึธืก ืืึธื ืืื ืงืืื ืืึธื ื ืืฉื ืืขืืืื: ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืจืืืขื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืึท ืืื ืขืจ ืืื ืึท ืจืืืืขืจ, ืืขืจ ืฆืืืืืืข โ ืึท ืืืฒึทืกืขืจ ืืื ืืจืืืืขืจ. ืืขืจ ืจืืืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืขืจ ืคึผืึธืคึผืืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืจ ืืืฒึทืกืขืจ. ืืฉืขืช ืื ืืึธื ืืืืกืืขืงืืืื ืืขื ืจืืืขื, ืืึธื ืืื ืึทืืืื ืืขืืึทืจืคึฟื ืืืืกืืึธื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืชึผืืชึผืื ืื, ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ื ืึทืงืขืื ืืื ืื ืึทืจืืืฃ ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืกืึธืคึฟืข ืืื ืืืืื ืฆืืืขืจ, ืืืึผ ืื ืืึธืืข ืคึฟืืขืื ืฉืืึธืคึฟื, ืืื ืืืึทืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืืฃ ืืฒึทื ืคึผืกืง. ืื ืืึธืืข ืคึฟืืขืื ืืื ืืจืขืื ืื ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ, ืืื ืืขืื ืคึฟืื ืืฒึทื ืขื ืืืขืื, ืึธืืขืจ ืขืก ืืึธื ืืึธืจื ืืฉื ืืขืืึธืืคึฟื. ืณืืึธืก ืืื ืืขืจืฆืึดืื ื!ืณ, โ ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืขืจ ืืึทืืขืก ืืืืืืงืขืจ ืขื ืืคึฟืขืจ.
โืื ืืึทืืข ืืื ืืขืฉืืึทื ืขื ืืืืขืจ ืืืจ, ืืขืฉืจืืื, ืึท ืืึธื ืืขืฉืึธืืื, ืืื ืืึทืงืืึธืื ืืืืฃ ืืืจ ืืืจื, ืืืืึทื ืงืืื ืืืจ ืึทืืึท ืฉืืจืึธืฃ?.. ืื ืขืจืฉืืข ืฉืืืฅ ืืึธืื ืืึทืงืข ืืืื ืืขืืึธื, ืืืฒึทืืขืจ โ ื ืื. ืืืืคึฟื ืฉืืืฅ ืคึฟืืขืื ืื ืืขืจืืึทื ืืขื? ืขืก ืืืขื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืขืจ ืขืึฟืืจื: ืฆืืืืฉื ืคึฟืื ืฃ ืืื ืฆืขื. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท โืืจืฒึทโ ืคึฟืืขื ืื ืืขืืืืื ืืืขื ืืืื ืืฒึทื ืืื ืคึฟืื ืฃ ืฉืืืฅ. ืึทื ืืจืืืขื ืืึธื ืื ืืึทืืข ืืขืฉืึทื ืขืืืขื, ืงืืื ืืึธื ื ืืฉื ืืขืฉืืึธืื ืึธืืขืจ ืืขืจืขืื ืฆื ืืื ืืืืืขืืืืืืง ืืื ืืืืืืขื, ืืื ืื ืืึธื ืืขืจืขืื ืฆื ืืืจ. ืืื ืืขืจ ืืืชื, ืืึธื ืื ืืขืจืขืื ืฆื ืืื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืื ืืื. ืื ืืึธื, ืืืืขืจืืืืคึผื, ืืขืืขืื ืืื ืืึทืคึฟืขืื ืืื ืึธื ืืืฒึทืืื ืืขื.
โืืื ืคึผืจืึผืื ืืื ืืขืจืืึธื ืขื. ื ืืื, ืืื ืืืื ื ืืฉื, ืึทื ืืข ืืึธื ืืขืืึทื ืืขืจืืืึทืจืืื ืืขื ืคึฟืื ืืื. ืงืืื ืฉืื ืืขืจืืืึทืจืืื ื. ื ืืฉื ืืขืฉืืจืึธืคึฟื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืขืืืืื. ืื ืืึธืจื ืืขื ืขื ืึทืจืืืขืจ; ืขืจ ืืึธื ืืขืืขืกื, ืืขืฉืืึธืคึฟื, ืืืืคึฟืืขืฉืืึทื ืขื ืืื ืืขืจ ืคึฟืจื. ืืืฒึทืืขืจ ืืึธืก ืืขืืืขโฆ ืขืจ ืคึฟืืขืื ืึทืจืืืกืืืื ืคึฟืื ืฉืืื ื ืึธืจ ืึทื ืื ืืึทืืข ืืึธื ืืื ืืขืฉืืขืคึผื ื ืึธื ืืื, ืึผืื ืขืจ ืืึธื ืึธืืขืืขื ืณืึท ืืืกื ืคึฟืจืืฉืข ืืืคึฟืืณ. ืคึฟืื ืฉืคึผืืื ืืื ืืื ืึทื ืืขืจืข ืงืื ืืขืจ ืืึธื ื ืืฉื ืืขืงืขื ื ืืฒึทื ืงืืื ืจืืื. ืึทื ืขืจ ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืงืจืึทื ืง, ืืึธื ืื ืืึทืืข ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืขื ืืืขื ืฆื ืกืชึผื ืึท ืืึธืงืืขืจ, ืึทืื ืืืขืจ. ืื ืคึฟืืขืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืึธืจ ืฆื ืืื ืืืขืจ ืึท ืืืฒึทืืข ืงืจืืึฟื, ืืืึธืก ืืืจ ืงืึทืืื ืขื ืืึธื ืืื ืืขืคึฟืื ืขื ืืื ืึทื ืึทื ืืขืจ ืขืง ืฉืืึธื.
ืืืื ืืึธื ืืึธื ืณืืื ืืืขืจ ืืึธืงืืขืจืฉืขืณ ื ืืฉื ืืขืึทืจืืขื ืืื ืื ืืึทืืข ืืึธื ืืขืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืึทื ืืจืืืขื ืฆื ืึท ืณืคึฟืจืขืืื ืืึธืงืืขืจืณ. ืืขืจ ืืึธืงืืขืจ ืืึธื ืืื ืืึทืืจืึทืื ืืื ืืฒึทื ืืืึทืื ืึธืืข ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืึทื ืึธื ืฆืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืขื ืืื ืงื ืืืืขืจ. ืืขืจื ืึธื ืืึธื ืขืจ ืฆืืืขืืขืื, ืึทื ื ืึธื ืืฒึทื ืืืื ืื ื ืณืืื ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืืฉื ืืื ืขืก ืืึทืจืฃ ืฆื ืืฒึทื ืืืื ืงืื ืืณ, ืืื ืจืขืงืึธืืขื ืืืจื ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆืืึทืืืกื ืืึธื ืืื ืืึทืืจืึทืืื. ืื ืืึทืืข ืืื ืึทืืืขืง ืคึฟืื ืืื, ืืื ืื ืืึธื ืขืก ืึทืืืื ืืขืจืฆืืืื, ืึธื ืึท ืืฒึท-ืืขืืื ื. ืื ืืขืฉืื ืืืื ืืึธืงืืขืจ ืืึธื ืฉืืื ืึท ืืึทื ืืข ืืึธืจื, ืึธืืขืจ ืื ืืึทืืข ืืืขืจื ืงืืื ืืึธื ื ืืฉื ืืื ืื ืืืืขืจืฆืืืขืจืฆืืืื ืืืึธืจื ืืฒึท ืืืึธืจื ืืืื ืืฒึทื ืืืงื ืืึธื ืืื ืืื ืฆื ืืืจ ืืืกืจ-ืืฉืืึผื: ืณืืึธืงืืืืจืื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืืืขื ืึท ืงืจืขื ืง!ืณ.
โืืืึธืก ืฉืืื ืึทื ืืจืืืขื, ืืึธื ืืื ื ืึธื ืงืืื ืฉืื ืกืคึผืขืฆืืึทืืืกื ื ืืฉื ืืึทืืจืึทืื. ืขืจ ืืื ืึทื ืืขืจืฉ. ืืึธืก ืืืืกื, ืฉืืึทืจืง ืืึธืื ืข. ืืึธืก ืืืึทืจืคึฟื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืื. ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืื ืืื? ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึธืก ืืื ืขืจ ืึทืืึท ืืื ื ืืฉื ืึทื ืึทื ืืขืจืขืจ? ืขืจ ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืื ืขืก ืณืืึทืจืฃ ืฆื ืืฒึทืืณ, ืึธืืขืจ ืืืึธืก ืืืืกื, ืณืืึทืจืฃ ืฆื ืืฒึทืืณ? ืืข ืงืขื ืืื ืืืืกืืืืื?
ืืขืืึธืื ืืึธื ืืขื ื ืืฉื ืืขืืึธืจื ืฉืืขืื ืงืืื ืคึฟืจืึทืืขืก. ืึทื ืืจืื ืืื ืึทืืึท โ ืืื ืฉืืื! ืืึธืื ืึทื ืืขืจืฉ, ืืึธื ืืขืืืื ื ืืฒึทื ืฉืืขืื ืืึธืก ืืขืื. ืืื ืขืก ืืึธื ื ืื ืืฒึทื, ืืึธื ืึทื ืืจืื ืคึฟืึทืจืขื ืืืง ืื ืืืืืฉืื. ืืื ืึทืืื ืืึธื ืขืจ ืื ืคึฟืึทืจืขื ืืืงื? ืืืึธืกืขืจ ืคึผื ืื ืืึธื ืืฒึทื ืืืคึผืืึธื? ืืืืืขืจ, ืคึฟืจืึทืืขืก, ืืืึธืก ืืข ืืึธืจ ืืื ื ืืฉื ืฉืืขืื. ื ืึธืจ ืืื ืจืึทืื-ืคึฟืึทืจืืึทื ื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืึทืืึท ืืืืืื ื-ืกืืกืืขื, ืืืขื ืึทืืึท ืืขื ืืฉ, ืืืึธืก ืืึธื ืึทืืขืืืข ืขืจื ืกืืข ืคึผืจืึธืืืขืืขื, ืืึธื ืคึฟืึธืจื ืืขืงืึธื ื ืคึฟืึทืจืขื ืืืงื ืื ืฉืื.
โื ืึธืื ืคึฟืึทืจืขื ืืืงื ืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืึธืจื ืืฉื ืืขืฉืขื. ืืึธืก ืืืืกื, ืขืจ ืืื ืืืฒึทืืขืจ ืืขืืขืกื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืืื. ื ืืฉื ืืขืืึทื ืืขื ืืืืฃ ืงืืจืกื ืึธืืขืจ ืืืื ืึทืจืืขื. ืืืืืข ืืึธืจื ืืฉื. ืืึธืก ืืืึธืจื โืฆืืงืื ืคึฟืโ ืืึธื ืืขื ื ืืฉื ืืขืืึธืจื ืืขืจืืึธื ืขื. ืขืก ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืฆื ืืืจืืืืง ืืข ืืึธื ืขืก ืึทืจืืืคึฟืืจืขื ืืขื ืืืืฃ ืื ืืืคึผื. ืืื ืืึธื ืึธืืขืจ ืืึธ ืืขืืืึธืื ืึท ืฆืืงืื ืคึฟื. ืืฒึท ืืืจ ืืื ืืึธืก ื ืืฉื ืืขืืืขื ืึท ืืืืืก ืืืึธืจื. ืฉืคึผืืื ืืืืืืง ืื ืจืึธืืข ืคึฟืื ืณืคึฟืืืขืณ ืืึธื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืขืงืขื ื ืืขืจืืฒึทืื. ืืื ืืึธื ืขืืื ืืขืืืขื ืึทืืืื ืงืืื ืืฉืืจืื, ืืืืขืจืืึธืื ืืืง ืื ืืฉืคึผืื ืืื ืืฉืขืจื ืึธืืืืฅ.
โืืขืืึธืื ืืื ืขืก ืืืจ ื ืืฉื ืืฒึทื ืืขืคึฟืึทืื, ืึธืืขืจ ืกืณืงืึธื ืืฒึทื, ืึทื ืืฒึทื ืืจืขื ืขื ืืืงืขืจ ืฆืืื ืืื ืืึธื ืืื ืืขืคึฟืืึทืงืขืจื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืืขื, ืึผืื ืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจืืขืกื ืืื ืณืคึฟืืืขืืณ ืืื ืืืขืจื ืณืืืืืณ, ืืืึธืก ืณืืืืืณ ืืึธื ื ืืฉื ืืืืกื โ ืึทืื ืืืขืจื ืณืืืืืณ! ืืื ืืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื ืืึธื ืืื ืฆืืืขืืจืึทืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืณืืืืืขืืณ ืึท ืืขืื: ืขืจ ืึทืจืืขื ืืื ืืฒึทืืขืง, ืคึฟืึทืจืืื ื ืฉืืื, ืคึฟืืจื ืืฒึทื ืืขืื ืืืื ืืฒึทื ืืขืฉืืึทืง, ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืื ืืขืจ ืืึทืืขืก ืฉืืืฅโฆโ
ืฆืืืึธื, ืืืื ืขืก ืืื ื ืึธื ืืขืืืืื ืฆืฒึทื, ืคึฟืืขืื ืืืื ืืึทืฉืจืฒึทืื ืืื ืึทื ืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืึทืืข ืืึธืื ืขืืื ืืขืืืขื ื ืึธื ืืขื ืืึทืื ืก ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืขืจ ืืึธื ืึท ืืึธื, ืฉืืื ืืื ืืฉืืจืื, ืึท ืืืจืื ืืขืืึธื ืืืขืื ืึทื ืืจืื; ืืขืืึธืื, ืึทื ืขืก ืืื ืืคึฟืฉืจ ืึผืืึทื ืึท ืคึผืกืืืืึทืืขืจ ืืึธื ืืื ืืึทืืจืึทืืื, ืืื ืื ืืึทืืข ืืื ืืึทืคึฟืึทืื ืืื ืึท ืืืืืข ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืขืจืขืื ืืื ืืื ืคึฟืืจ ืืืฉืื.
ืืืืืืึธื ืืื ืขืจ ืคึผืืืฆืขื ืึทืจืืืขืจืืขืฉืคึผืจืื ืืขื ืฆื ืืึธืจ ืึทื ืึทื ืืขืจ ืขื ืื: ืืขืจืขืื ืืืขืื ืืฒึทื ืืจืืฉื, ืืืึธืก ืืึธื ืคึฟืึทืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืึธืคึฟืขื ืื ื ืคึฟืื ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืจ, ืืขืืื ืืขืจ ืืืื; ืืืขืื ืืืจืข ืฉืืืขืจืืงืืืื ืฆื ืืืขืจื ืืจืึธืืขืืืง; ืืืขืื ืืขื ืืืืืืึธืื ืืื ื, ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืึธืื ืึทืืึธืคึผืืืจื, ืึทืจืฒึทื ืืขืืจืึทืื ืืื ืืืืขืจ ืงืืืื ืขืจ ืืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืึทืฆืืืื ืฆื ืืื, ืืื ืฆื ืืืืขืจ ืึท ื ืึธื-ื ืืฉื-ืืขืืืืจืขื ืขื ืงืื ื. ืืืฆื ืืื ืืื ืืื. ืขืก ืืื ืืืืขืืืง, ืึธืืขืจ ืืืืขืจ ืฆืืืึทืืขื ืืขืื ืืืื ื ืืฉื. ืงืืื ืืึธื ื ืืฉื ืืขืืืืืโฆ
ืืขืจ ืคึผืกืืืึธืืึธื ืืึธื ืืึทืืืืื ืืืืืขื ืฆื ืืขืจ ืืืจ ืืื ืคึผืึทืืขืืขืืข ืืจืื. ืืฒึทื ืจืขืื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืึทืืื ืฉืืื, ืึทื ืืืื ืืึธื ืืขืืึทืจืคึฟื ืึธื ืฉืคึผืืฆื ืื ืืืืขืจื, ืึผืื ืืืืคึฟืฆืืืึทืคึผื ืื ืืืขืจืืขืจ. ืืขืจ ืคึผืกืืืึธืืึธื ืืึธื ืืขืืึธืื ืขืคึผืขืก ืืืขืื ืืขืจ ื ืึธืจืืึทืืขืจ ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืคึฟืื ืืขื โืืืโ, ื ืึทืจืงืืกืืื ืืื ืื ืคึฟืจืึดืึดืงืข ืืึธืจื, ืงืึธื ืคึฟืืืงืื ืืื ืืขื ืฉืืขื ืืืงื ืืึทืืืึผืกืืืฒึทื-ืฉืืจืึธื ืฆืืืืฉื ืื ืืึทืืจืืคึฟื โืืืโ ืืื โืึทืจืืโ. ืืขืื ืคึฟืึทืืก, ืืื ืึผืืึทื ืืืฉืื ืฆื ืืฒึทื ืืื ืืืื ืคึผืื โืฆืืคึฟืจืขืืึทืงืกโ ืืืื ืืึธื ืึท ืืึธื ืืื, ืึทื ืืืื ืืืขื ืืื ืคึฟืืื ืฉืืึทืจืงืขืจ, ืืืขื ืืขื ืคึผืจืึผืืื ืคึฟืึทืจืงืืขื ืขืจื ืื ืืึธืืข ืืืืฃ ืึท ืืขืืคึฟื ืคึผืื.
ืืืื ืืื ืึทืจืืืก ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืืขืจืึทืคึผืืข ืึทื ืืืืกืืขืฉืขืคึผืืขืจ, ืืื ืึท ืืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืืืขืจื ืืื ืึทื ืืืืกืืขืืืืืืงืื ืงืึธืคึผ. ืขืจ ืืึธื ืืขืืืึธืื ืืืฒึทืืขืจ ืฆืึดืขื ืืขื ืคึฟืึธืืขื ืคึฟืื ืื ืืืฉืึฟืืช, ืืึธืืฉ ื ืึธื ืืืืฃ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืกืขืงืื ืืขืก, ืืื ืืขืจ ืืืคึฟื ืืืขื ืืื ืึธืคึผืฉืืขืื ืืืืคึฟื ืคึผืึทืจืืขืจ. ืืฒึทื ืข ืืขื ื ืืึธืื ืึธืืขืจ ืืขืืึทื ืึทื ืืขืจืข ืคึผืืขื ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืื. ืื ืจืขืืืข ืืึทื ื ืืึธื ืฉืืื ืืขื ืืฉืืขืจื ืืื ืืืืคึผืขื ืืื ืืฒึทื ืข ืงืขืฉืขื ืขืก ื ืึธื ืึทื ืืืืกืืขืืึทืจืืขืจ ืกืืืึทืจืขื; ืกืืฃึพืึผืึพืกืืฃ ืื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืขืงื ืฆืืืืฉื ืื ืืืคึผื, ืืึธื ืขืจ ืืขื ืืืขื ืืืื ืืขื ืฆืื ืืขืจ. ืื ืืื ืงืข ืืึทื ื ืืึธื ืืขืืึทืคึผื ืืขื ืืืืกืืขืืึธืฉืขื ืขื ืืขืืขืคึฟืึธื, ืืื ืืื ืึธื ืืขืฆืื ืื. ืคึฟืื ืฃ ืืืืฉืืฉืขื ืืืงืข ืืขืืืื ืืขื ืคึฟืื ื ืืฉื ืคึฟืึทืจืขื ืืคึฟืขืจืืข ืจืืคึฟื ืืึธืื ืืึทืื ืืื ืืึทืืืืื ืืืืคึฟื ืขืงืจืึทื. |
ื ืืขืืข ื ืืืข ืืืื ืขืก/ืงืืืคืืื-ืงืื ืฆืขืคื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืคื ืื ืืืืขืจ ืคืจืืืืงื/ืกืขืจืืืืก ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืขืืืืืืืืข ืืฆืืื. ืืืขืจ ืกโืฉืืขืื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืขืืื ืืืืก ืืืื. โ ืคืืจืืืืก?
ืืืืื ืืขืืข ื ืืืข ืืืืืืข ืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืืฃ ืืขืจืขืจืข Assumptions: โืืืืืจืโ ืืืื ืขืก ืืขื ืืฉื \ โืืืืืจืโ ืืื ืื ื ืคืืจืืื ื \ โืืืืืจืโ ืืืจืฃ ืืขื ืขืก ืืืจืงืขืื ืคืืจ ืืขื ืขืจ ืืื ื ืืฉื ืคืืจ ืคืจืืืขื. \ ื.ื.ืื.
ืืคืโ ืื ืืืืกื ืืืื ื ืืขืืช ืืื ืืืื ืข ืคืื ืื โืืืืืจืโืกโ, ืืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืืขืคืขืจืืื.
ืกโืืื ืืืขืจ ืืืขืืื ืื ืืืื โืืืืืจืโ ืืืืก ืื ืืืจืกื ื ืืฉื ื ืขืืขื ืงืืื ืฉืื ืก. ืื ืืืจืคืกื ืขืก ืคืขืกืืฉืืขืื ืคืื ืคืืจืืืืก.
ืคืื ืงื ืืื ื ืืืจื-ืงืจืืืขืจ โ ืืืืก ืืื ืกืคืขืฆืืขืืข ืฉืื; ื ืงืืค-ืืืฉืืฆืขืจ, ืืืขืจ ืืขืืงืจ ื ืฉืืจืืง โ ืืืจืคืกืื ืืืื ืงืขื ืขื ืืืืขื ืืืคืืฆืืจื:
ืืืืก ืืื ืืืื โืฉืืจืืงโ?
ืืืืก ืืื ืื ืืืื โืืืืืจืโ, ืืืืก ืืื ืงืขื ื ืืฉื ืขืจืืืืื ืฆื ื ืขืืขื ื ืฉืื ืก? ืืื ืืื ืขืก โืืืืกืโ ืคืื ืคืืจืืืืก? |
ืืืขื ืืืจ ืืืืืื โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ (ืคืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืขืจ โืืื ืโ, โืืื ืืขืจโ, โืืืจโ, โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ, โhttp://www.kaveshtiebel.comโ), ืืขื ื ืืืจ ืืกืืื ืืื ืฆื ืืืืื ืฆื ืื ืงืืืขื ืืืืข ืืขืจืืื ืขื. ืืืื ืืขื ื ืืืจ ื ืืฉื ืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืข ืืืืกืืขืจืขืื ืืข ืชื ืืื, ืืืืข ืืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืื/ืืืขืจ ืืื ืืฆื ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืื โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ. ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืืืฉื ืื ืชื ืืื ืกืื ืืืขื, ืืื ืืืจ ืืืขืื ืืื ืืืฅ ืืืืก ืืขืืืื ืืืื ืฆื ืืืื ืืืืกื ืืขืจืืืขืื, ืืืขืจ ืขืก ืืื ืืืื ืืืืขืจืฆืืงืืงื ืื ืืขืจืืื ืขื ืคืื ืฆืืื ืฆื ืฆืืื, ืืืก ืืืง ืคืื ืืืืขืจ ืื ืืืืขื ืืขืจ ืืื ืืฅ ืืื โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ. ืืืขื ืืืจ ืืืืฉื, ืืขื ื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฆื ืคืืืื ืื ืืขืจืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืขืจื ืืขืจืืืื ืืืื ืืื/ืืืขืจ ืคืืจืจืืืื.
ืืื ืืขืจ ืคืืจืืืก ืืขื ืขื ืืืืืจื ืืืืฃ ืื phpBB ืกืืกืืขื (ืคืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืืขืจ โืืืโ, โืืืืขืจืขโ, โืกืืกืืขืโ โphpBBโ, โwww.phpbb.co.ilโ, โืงืืืฆืช phpBBโ, โืฆืืืช phpBB ืืืฉืจืืืโ) ืืืืก ืืื ื ืคืจืืืข ืืืืขืืื (ืคืืจืื'ืก ืกืืกืืขื ืืื ืืขืจื ืืคืืื ืคืื โืืืืืชืงืืืืขืจ ืคืืืืืง ืืืืกืขื ืกโ (ืคืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืขืจ โGPLโ) ืืื ืืขื ืงืขื ืืืก ืืจืคืืืืขื ืขื ืืืจื ืื ืืืขืืืืืื www.phpbb.co.il. ืื phpBB ืกืืกืืขื ืืื ืื ืกืืกืืขื ืืืืฃ ืืืืก ืืื ืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืคืืจืืืก ืืขื ืขื ืืืืืจื, ืืืขืจ ืื phpBB ืืจืืคืข ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืฃ ืืืืก ืืืจ ืขืจืืืืื ืืื/ืืืขืจ ืขืจืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืฆื ืฉืจืืืื ืืืืคื "ืงืืืืข ืฉืืืื" ืืืืื. ืคืืจ ื ืื ืืื ืคืืจืืืฆืืข ืืืื phpBB, ืืข: http://www.phpbb.co.il/.
ืืืื ืืจืืงื ืืขื "ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืฃ ืื ืืขืจืืื ืขื" ืงื ืขืคื, ืืขื ื ืืืจ ืืกืืื ื ืืฉื ืฆื ืฉืจืืืื ืืืขืจืืขืจ ืืืืก ืืขื ืขื: ืืืืืืืื, ืจืืกืืกืืืฉ, ืืืืื, ืืืืืืืืืื ืคืืจ ื ืฆืืืืืืขื, ื ืืฉื ืืขืืขืฆืืื, ืืืขืจ ืกืื ืืืืก ืคืืจ ื ืืืืขืจืืื ืืืืก ืืื ืงืื ืืจืืืืขืจืกืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืจ ืืขืคืื ื ืืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืื โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืขืจ ืืื ืืขื ืืื ืืขืจื ืืฆืืื ืืืขื ืืขืืขืฅ. ืืืื ืืืขื ืืืจ ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืื ืฆื ืื ืืขืจืืื ืขื ืงืขื ืืืก ืคืืจื ืื ืืืจ ืืืขื ืืืขืจื ืืืืกืืขืฉืคืืจื ืืืขืจื ืืืืฃ ืืืืืื, ืืื ื ืืืืขื ืฆื ืืืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืคืจืืืืืืืขืจ, ืืืื ืขืก ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืืก ืฆื ืืืื ืืืืืืื. ืื IP ืืืจืขืกืกืขื ืคืื ืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืงื ืืืืขืจ ืืืืขืืช ืืืขืจื ืืคืืขืืืื ืืื ืฆื ืืขืืคื ืืืื ืคืืจืกืืจืขื ืื ืืขืจืืื ืขื. ืืืจ ืืขื ื ืืกืืื ืื โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ ืืื ืืืื ืื ืจืขืื ืืจืืคืฆืื ืขืืขื, ืืืืกืฆืืืขืงื, ืืืืฉื, ืจืขืืืืืจื, ืืจืืืขืจืคืืจื ืืืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืคืืจื ืกืื ืืืืก ืคืืจ ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืขืจ ืืืืขื ืืื ืกืื ืืืืก ืคืืจ ื ืฆืืื ืืืขื ืขืก ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืืก ื ืืืืื. ืืืก ืืื ืืฆืขืจ ืืขื ื ืืืจ ืืกืืื ืื ืืืข ืืื ืคืืจืืืฆืืข ืืืืก ืืืจ ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืขืจื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืกื ืคืื ืขื ืืืืื. ืืืจ ืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืคืืจืืืฆืืข ื ืืฉื ืืืืขืจืืขืื ืคืืจ ืงืืืื ืขื ืื ืืืืขืจ ืืคืืจืืฉ'ื ืืกืืื, ืืืขืจ ื ืืฉื โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ ืืื ืืืื ื ืืฉื phpBB ืืืขืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืฃ ืกืื ืืืืกืคืืจื ืคืจืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืฆืืืจืขืื ืืื ("ืืขืงืขื") ืืขื ืืืืื ืืืืก ืืืขื ืคืืจื ืฆื ืื ืืืืคืืขืงืื ื ืคืื ืืืืขืจ ืืื ืคืืจืืืฆืืข.
ืฆืืจืืง ืฆืื ืจืขืืขืกืืจืืฆืืข ืืืื
ืืืืคื ืืืื
ืืื ืืขืจ ืฉืืื โข ืคืืจืืขืง ืืืข ืงืืงืืก โข ืืืข ืฆืืืื ืืขื ืขื UTC - 5 ืฉืขืืช [ ืืืืขืจ ืืืืืขืจ ]
Powered by phpBBยฎ Forum Software ยฉ phpBB Group
ืืืืืจื ืืืืฃ phpBB.co.il - ืคืืจืืืื ืืขืืจืืช. ืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืืจืืช ยฉ 2012 - ืงืืืืข ืฉืืืื, 2008 - phpBB.co.il. |
ืืืขื ืืืจ ืืืืืื โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ (ืคืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืขืจ โืืื ืโ, โืืื ืืขืจโ, โืืืจโ, โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ, โhttp://www.kaveshtiebel.comโ), ืืขื ื ืืืจ ืืกืืื ืืื ืฆื ืืืืื ืฆื ืื ืงืืืขื ืืืืข ืืขืจืืื ืขื. ืืืื ืืขื ื ืืืจ ื ืืฉื ืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืข ืืืืกืืขืจืขืื ืืข ืชื ืืื, ืืืืข ืืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืื/ืืืขืจ ืืื ืืฆื ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืื โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ. ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืืืฉื ืื ืชื ืืื ืกืื ืืืขื, ืืื ืืืจ ืืืขืื ืืื ืืืฅ ืืืืก ืืขืืืื ืืืื ืฆื ืืืื ืืืืกื ืืขืจืืืขืื, ืืืขืจ ืขืก ืืื ืืืื ืืืืขืจืฆืืงืืงื ืื ืืขืจืืื ืขื ืคืื ืฆืืื ืฆื ืฆืืื, ืืืก ืืืง ืคืื ืืืืขืจ ืื ืืืืขื ืืขืจ ืืื ืืฅ ืืื โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ. ืืืขื ืืืจ ืืืืฉื, ืืขื ื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฆื ืคืืืื ืื ืืขืจืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืขืจื ืืขืจืืืื ืืืื ืืื/ืืืขืจ ืคืืจืจืืืื.
ืืื ืืขืจ ืคืืจืืืก ืืขื ืขื ืืืืืจื ืืืืฃ ืื phpBB ืกืืกืืขื (ืคืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืืขืจ โืืืโ, โืืืืขืจืขโ, โืกืืกืืขืโ โphpBBโ, โwww.phpbb.co.ilโ, โืงืืืฆืช phpBBโ, โืฆืืืช phpBB ืืืฉืจืืืโ) ืืืืก ืืื ื ืคืจืืืข ืืืืขืืื (ืคืืจืื'ืก ืกืืกืืขื ืืื ืืขืจื ืืคืืื ืคืื โืืืืืชืงืืืืขืจ ืคืืืืืง ืืืืกืขื ืกโ (ืคืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืขืจ โGPLโ) ืืื ืืขื ืงืขื ืืืก ืืจืคืืืืขื ืขื ืืืจื ืื ืืืขืืืืืื www.phpbb.co.il. ืื phpBB ืกืืกืืขื ืืื ืื ืกืืกืืขื ืืืืฃ ืืืืก ืืื ืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืคืืจืืืก ืืขื ืขื ืืืืืจื, ืืืขืจ ืื phpBB ืืจืืคืข ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืฃ ืืืืก ืืืจ ืขืจืืืืื ืืื/ืืืขืจ ืขืจืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืฆื ืฉืจืืืื ืืืืคื "ืงืืืืข ืฉืืืื" ืืืืื. ืคืืจ ื ืื ืืื ืคืืจืืืฆืืข ืืืื phpBB, ืืข: http://www.phpbb.co.il/.
ืืืื ืืจืืงื ืืขื "ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืฃ ืื ืืขืจืืื ืขื" ืงื ืขืคื, ืืขื ื ืืืจ ืืกืืื ื ืืฉื ืฆื ืฉืจืืืื ืืืขืจืืขืจ ืืืืก ืืขื ืขื: ืืืืืืืื, ืจืืกืืกืืืฉ, ืืืืื, ืืืืืืืืืื ืคืืจ ื ืฆืืืืืืขื, ื ืืฉื ืืขืืขืฆืืื, ืืืขืจ ืกืื ืืืืก ืคืืจ ื ืืืืขืจืืื ืืืืก ืืื ืงืื ืืจืืืืขืจืกืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืจ ืืขืคืื ื ืืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืื โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืขืจ ืืื ืืขื ืืื ืืขืจื ืืฆืืื ืืืขื ืืขืืขืฅ. ืืืื ืืืขื ืืืจ ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืื ืฆื ืื ืืขืจืืื ืขื ืงืขื ืืืก ืคืืจื ืื ืืืจ ืืืขื ืืืขืจื ืืืืกืืขืฉืคืืจื ืืืขืจื ืืืืฃ ืืืืืื, ืืื ื ืืืืขื ืฆื ืืืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืคืจืืืืืืืขืจ, ืืืื ืขืก ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืืก ืฆื ืืืื ืืืืืืื. ืื IP ืืืจืขืกืกืขื ืคืื ืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืงื ืืืืขืจ ืืืืขืืช ืืืขืจื ืืคืืขืืืื ืืื ืฆื ืืขืืคื ืืืื ืคืืจืกืืจืขื ืื ืืขืจืืื ืขื. ืืืจ ืืขื ื ืืกืืื ืื โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ ืืื ืืืื ืื ืจืขืื ืืจืืคืฆืื ืขืืขื, ืืืืกืฆืืืขืงื, ืืืืฉื, ืจืขืืืืืจื, ืืจืืืขืจืคืืจื ืืืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืคืืจื ืกืื ืืืืก ืคืืจ ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืขืจ ืืืืขื ืืื ืกืื ืืืืก ืคืืจ ื ืฆืืื ืืืขื ืขืก ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืืก ื ืืืืื. ืืืก ืืื ืืฆืขืจ ืืขื ื ืืืจ ืืกืืื ืื ืืืข ืืื ืคืืจืืืฆืืข ืืืืก ืืืจ ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืขืจื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืกื ืคืื ืขื ืืืืื. ืืืจ ืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืคืืจืืืฆืืข ื ืืฉื ืืืืขืจืืขืื ืคืืจ ืงืืืื ืขื ืื ืืืืขืจ ืืคืืจืืฉ'ื ืืกืืื, ืืืขืจ ื ืืฉื โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ ืืื ืืืื ื ืืฉื phpBB ืืืขืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืฃ ืกืื ืืืืกืคืืจื ืคืจืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืฆืืืจืขืื ืืื ("ืืขืงืขื") ืืขื ืืืืื ืืืืก ืืืขื ืคืืจื ืฆื ืื ืืืืคืืขืงืื ื ืคืื ืืืืขืจ ืืื ืคืืจืืืฆืืข.
ืฆืืจืืง ืฆืื ืจืขืืขืกืืจืืฆืืข ืืืื
ืืืืคื ืืืื
ืืื ืืขืจ ืฉืืื โข ืคืืจืืขืง ืืืข ืงืืงืืก โข ืืืข ืฆืืืื ืืขื ืขื UTC - 5 ืฉืขืืช
Powered by phpBBยฎ Forum Software ยฉ phpBB Group
ืืืืืจื ืืืืฃ phpBB.co.il - ืคืืจืืืื ืืขืืจืืช. ืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืืจืืช ยฉ 2012 - ืงืืืืข ืฉืืืื, 2008 - phpBB.co.il. |
ืืื ืึท ืืืืฉ ืฆืืจืืง, ืคึฟืจืฒึทืืืงึพืฆืึพื ืึทืืืก, ืืึธื ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจื ืืืืึพืืขื ืืฉื ืึธื ืืขืฆืื ืื ืึท ืืืึผืืจึพืืืื ืืึผืึฟืื ืืฒึทื ืืึทืื ืก ืืึธืจืฆืฒึทื, ืืดื ืฉืึฟื, ืืื ืืื ืืขืืขืก ืืึธืจ โ ืืึธื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืขืืึธืื ืงืืืฉ ื ืึธื ืืื.
ืืฉืขืชึพืืขืฉืื ืืื ืืืจ ืึธืืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืืขืคึฟืึทืื, ืึทื ืืื ื ืืขืจ ืืึทืืข ืืื ืึทืืืขืง ืืื 2007, ืืึธื ืืื ืฉืืื ืึธื ืืขืืืืื ืคึฟืึทืจืืขืกื ืึท ืกื ืคึผืจืืื ืืืขืื ืืื: ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืืขืืืขื ืืฒึทื ืข ืืึทืืืืืข ืืืขืจืืืขื, ืืฒึทื ืข ืืืืฆื, ืืฒึทื ืข ืืขืืืืืช, ืึทืคึฟืืื ืืฒึทื ืงืืโฆ ืขืก ืืขืืคึฟื, ืึทืืืืื, ืฆื ืืขืคึฟืื ืขื ืึท ืคึฟืึธืืึธืืจืึทืคึฟืืข ืคึฟืื ืืื, ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืึธื ืคึฟืจืึดืขืจ ื ืืฉื ืืขืืขื, ืึธืืขืจ ืฆื ืืขืจื ืืฒึทื ืงืื ืืืืฃ ืึท ืจืึทืืืึธึพืคึผืจืึธืืจืึทื, ืืืึธืก ืึท ืืึดืืืฉืข ืืื ืกืืืืืฆืืข ืืึธื ืืืืคึฟืืขืืึทืืื ืึธืืขืจ ืืขืฆืื ืก ืจืขืืึทืืืืืืืจื. ืืืจ ืืื ืึธืืขืจ ืืืืขืจ ืฆื ืืขืคึฟืื ืขื ืขืคึผืขืก ืคึฟืื ืืื, ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืืืขืจ ืึท ืฉืืจืื, ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืึธื ืคึฟืจืึดืขืจ ื ืืฉื ืืขืืขื.
ื ื, ืื ืืืึธื ืืึธื ืืื ืืึทืงืข ืืึทืงืืืขื ืึทื ืขื ืืคึฟืขืจ: ืึทื ืึทืืืขืจ ืคึฟืจืฒึทื ื, ืึทืึฟืจืื ืงืืจืฉื ืืืึทื, ืืึธื ืืืจ ืืืืขืจืืขืฉืืงื ืืืจื โืคึฟืืืกืืืงโ ืึท ืืืื ืคึฟืื ืึท ืคึผืึธืกืืงืึทืจืื, ืืืึธืก ืืฒึทื ืืึทืืข ืืึธื ืืขืืึทื ืืขืฉืืงื ืืฒึทื ืืึทืืขื, ืืืืึทื ืข ืงืืจืฉื ืืืึทื, ืืึทืืืจื ืืขื 27ืกืื ืึธืงืืึธืืขืจ 1966. ืึทืึฟืจืืืก ืืึทืืขืก ืืื ื ืืคึฟืืจ ืืขืืืึธืจื ืืื ืคึฟืขืืจืืึทืจ, ืืื ืึทืึฟืจืื ืืึธื ืืขืืึทืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืขืจืงืืงื ืืืจืข ืืึทืื, ืืืขื ืขืจ ืืึธื ืืึธืก ืคึผืึธืกืืงืึทืจืื ืืขืคึฟืื ืขื.
ืืื ืงืขื ืึทืึฟืจืื ืงืืจืฉื ืืืึทื ื ืึธื ืคึฟืื ืื ืงืื ืืขืจืืึธืจื. ืขืจืฉืื ืก โ ืคึฟืื ืขื ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืืขืจึพืืึทืืขืจ โืงืขืืคึผ ืืืฉืโ, ืืืึผ ืืื ืืึธื ืืื ืืขืจืืืื ืคึฟืึทืจืืจืึทืื ื ืฒึทื ืืืึผื ืืขืจืืขืืข ืืืืขืจื. ืึทืึฟืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืขื ืขื ืืขืืืขื ืืื ืื ืืขืืืข ืืึธืจื, ืืึธืื ืืืจ ืืื ืึธืคึฟื ืืึทืืืืืืงื ืืื ืื ืืขืืืข ืึทืงืืืืืืืขืื. ืืืื ืืขืจืฆืฒึทื ืืึธืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืขืื ืืื ืืืง ืืื ืืขืจ ืคึฟืจื ืืขืืขืจื ื ืืื ืืืื ืงืืึทืก ืืื ืืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืืืื ืืงืืขืจ ืืึดืืืฉืขืจ ืืืืืฉืื. ืฆืืืื ืืขื ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืื ืืฒึทื ืฉืืืขืกืืขืจ, ืืืื, ืืขื ืขื ืืขืงืืืขื ืคึฟืื ืืจืึธื ืงืก, ืืื ืึทืึฟืจืื โ ืคึฟืื ืืจืืงืืื, ืืึธืื ืืืจ ืืขืืื ืืขืืึทื ืึท ืืขืืขืื ืืืื ืฆื ืืึทืคึผื ืึท ืฉืืืขืก; ืืึธื ืืื ืืึทืงืข ืืืืื ืืง ืืขืืืึผืกื ืืืขืื ืืื.
ืืฒึทื ืืึทืืข, ืืืืึทื ืข, ืืึธื ืืื ืืึธ ืืขืงืขื ื. ืื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืืื ืข ืคึฟืื ืื โืงืขืืคึผืืึทืืขืกโ, ืืืึธืก ืืืืขืจ ืืืืคึฟืืึทืืข ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืฆืืฆืืืขืืคึฟื ืื ืงืื ืืขืจ ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืืึทืื. ืืืฉื, ืืืื ืืข ืืึธื ืืขืืึทืจืคึฟื ืืฒึทื ืงืื ื ืฆืื ืืืขื ืึท ืงื ืขืคึผื ืืืืคึฟื ืืขืื; ืึธืืขืจ, ืืืึฟืืื, ืืืื ืืข ืืึธื ืืขืืึทืจืคึฟื ืงืึธื ืืจืึธืืืจื ืื ืงืขืคึผืืขื ืคึฟืื ืื ืงืขืืคึผืขืจืก ืืื ืึท ืืขืืืืกื ืืฒึทืื, ืืึธืืขืจ ืืึธื ืืขื ืืฒึท ืืืื ืขื ืืขืคึฟืื ืขื ืืฒึทื. ืึท ืืึธื ืืึธื ืืขื ืฆื ืืขืจ โืงืขืืคึผืืึทืืขโ ืืขืืจืึทืื ืึท ืืืืื ืขื ืืืง ืงืื ื, ืืืึธืก ืืึธื ืืขืืขื ืงื ืึทืืืื, ืึผืื ืื ืืึธื ืืื ืืขืื ืึท ืืื ืืืึธืจื ืืื ืึท ืืืขื ืืื ืืขืงื. ืืขืจืฆื ืืึธืื ืื โืงืขืืคึผืืึทืืขืกโ ืืขืื ื ืึธืืืืืึธื ืืืืกืืขืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืงืืืขืืขื ืฆื ืื ืงืขืืคึผืขืจืก ืืื ืืืืคึฟืคึผืึทืกืขืจืก, ืืื ืืขืจื ืึทืืืึพืืขืจืืคึฟืขื ืขื โืืืืืืืืโ.
ืฆืืืื ืืขื ืืืึธืก ืกืณืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืืืขืจืฆืฒึทื ืืึธื ืืืืึทื ืข ืชึผืืื ืืขืืจืึธืื ืงืืจืฆืข ืึทืจืื, ืืื ืืขืจืคึฟืึทืจ ืืึธื ืืขื ืืืื ืืขืงืขื ื ืืขื ืื ืืืึธืข ืฆืืคึฟืขืจื ืืฒึทื ืืขืงืจืืฆื ืืื ืืืจ ืึธืจืขื. ืืื ืืฒึทื ืงืื ืืขืจืืฉืขืจ ืคึฟืึทื ืืึทืืืข ืืึธื ืืื ืืื ืืขืคึผืจืึผืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืืขืื ืืืขืจ ืืืืืกื ืืืึธืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืคึผืฒึทื ืืงืื ืืขื ืื ืืึธื ืืขืืืื ืืฒึทืื ืืื ืงืึธื ืฆืขื ืืจืึทืฆืืขึพืืึทืืขืจ, ืึธืืขืจ ืื ืืึธื ืชึผืืื ืึทืืื ืืืึทืจืขื ืืขืฉืืืืืื ืฆื ืืืจ ืืื ืฆื ืื ืึทื ืืขืจืข ืืขื ืืฉื ืึทืจืื ืืืจ, ืึทื ืืื ืืึธื ืืืฒึทื ืคึฟืึทืจืืขืกื ืืื ืืขื ืข ืฉืจืขืงืืขืืข ืืขืืึทื ืงืขื.
ยซ Previous
1
2
Next ยป
Share On Facebook Twitter
ืื ืืขืฆืืข ืึทืจืืืงืืขื
The Yiddish Daily Forward welcomes reader comments in order to promote thoughtful discussion on issues of importance to the Jewish community. In the interest of maintaining a civil forum, The Yiddish Daily Forwardrequires that all commenters be appropriately respectful toward our writers, other commenters and the subjects of the articles. Vigorous debate and reasoned critique are welcome; name-calling and personal invective are not. While we generally do not seek to edit or actively moderate comments, our spam filter prevents most links and certain key words from being posted and The Yiddish Daily Forward reserves the right to remove comments for any reason.
'); //j171('#IDCNavGuest2 > div').append(j171('#IDCNavList')); //j171('.idc-loginbtn_intensedebate, .idc-loginbtn_twitter').text(''); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').text('ืืฒึทื ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืึทืจืืืคึฟืฆืืฉืืขืื ืึท ืืึทืืขืจืงืื ื.'); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').children('a').wrap('
'); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('div');}); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').before(' ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ื ืึธื ื ืืฉื ืงืืื ืืึทืืขืจืงืื ืืขื. '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv').css({"text-align":"left", "direction":"ltr"}); /* $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').on('load', function() { $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').text('To post a comment, please login or enter your name and email address'); }); */ $('#IDNewThreadSubmitLI > a > span.idc-r > strong').text('ืฉืืงื'); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').wrap('
');}); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').before('ืืฒึทื ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืึทืจืืืคึฟืฆืืฉืืขืื ืึท ืืึทืืขืจืงืื ื. ').wrap('
');}).css({"text-align":"right", "direction":"rtl"}); } else { $(setTimeout(yiddishcomments, 3000)); } return; } |
ืืืขื ืืืจ ืืืืืื โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ (ืคืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืขืจ โืืื ืโ, โืืื ืืขืจโ, โืืืจโ, โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ, โhttps://www.kaveshtiebel.comโ), ืืขื ื ืืืจ ืืกืืื ืืื ืฆื ืืืืื ืฆื ืื ืงืืืขื ืืืืข ืืขืจืืื ืขื. ืืืื ืืขื ื ืืืจ ื ืืฉื ืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืข ืืืืกืืขืจืขืื ืืข ืชื ืืื, ืืืืข ืืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืื/ืืืขืจ ืืื ืืฆื ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืื โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ. ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืืืฉื ืื ืชื ืืื ืกืื ืืืขื, ืืื ืืืจ ืืืขืื ืืื ืืืฅ ืืืืก ืืขืืืื ืืืื ืฆื ืืืื ืืืืกื ืืขืจืืืขืื, ืืืขืจ ืขืก ืืื ืืืื ืืืืขืจืฆืืงืืงื ืื ืืขืจืืื ืขื ืคืื ืฆืืื ืฆื ืฆืืื, ืืืก ืืืง ืคืื ืืืืขืจ ืื ืืืืขื ืืขืจ ืืื ืืฅ ืืื โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ. ืืืขื ืืืจ ืืืืฉื, ืืขื ื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฆื ืคืืืื ืื ืืขืจืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืขืจื ืืขืจืืืื ืืืื ืืื/ืืืขืจ ืคืืจืจืืืื.
ืืื ืืขืจ ืคืืจืืืก ืืขื ืขื ืืืืืจื ืืืืฃ ืื phpBB ืกืืกืืขื (ืคืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืืขืจ โืืืโ, โืืืืขืจืขโ, โืกืืกืืขืโ โphpBBโ, โwww.phpbb.co.ilโ, โืงืืืฆืช phpBBโ, โืฆืืืช phpBB ืืืฉืจืืืโ) ืืืืก ืืื ื ืคืจืืืข ืืืืขืืื (ืคืืจืื'ืก ืกืืกืืขื ืืื ืืขืจื ืืคืืื ืคืื โืืืืืชืงืืืืขืจ ืคืืืืืง ืืืืกืขื ืกโ (ืคืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืขืจ โGPLโ) ืืื ืืขื ืงืขื ืืืก ืืจืคืืืืขื ืขื ืืืจื ืื ืืืขืืืืืื www.phpbb.co.il. ืื phpBB ืกืืกืืขื ืืื ืื ืกืืกืืขื ืืืืฃ ืืืืก ืืื ืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืคืืจืืืก ืืขื ืขื ืืืืืจื, ืืืขืจ ืื phpBB ืืจืืคืข ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืืฃ ืืืืก ืืืจ ืขืจืืืืื ืืื/ืืืขืจ ืขืจืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืฆื ืฉืจืืืื ืืืืคื "ืงืืืืข ืฉืืืื" ืืืืื. ืคืืจ ื ืื ืืื ืคืืจืืืฆืืข ืืืื phpBB, ืืข: http://www.phpbb.co.il/.
ืืืื ืืจืืงื ืืขื "ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืฃ ืื ืืขืจืืื ืขื" ืงื ืขืคื, ืืขื ื ืืืจ ืืกืืื ื ืืฉื ืฆื ืฉืจืืืื ืืืขืจืืขืจ ืืืืก ืืขื ืขื: ืืืืืืืื, ืจืืกืืกืืืฉ, ืืืืื, ืืืืืืืืืื ืคืืจ ื ืฆืืืืืืขื, ื ืืฉื ืืขืืขืฆืืื, ืืืขืจ ืกืื ืืืืก ืคืืจ ื ืืืืขืจืืื ืืืืก ืืื ืงืื ืืจืืืืขืจืกืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืจ ืืขืคืื ื ืืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืื โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืขืจ ืืื ืืขื ืืื ืืขืจื ืืฆืืื ืืืขื ืืขืืขืฅ. ืืืื ืืืขื ืืืจ ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืื ืฆื ืื ืืขืจืืื ืขื ืงืขื ืืืก ืคืืจื ืื ืืืจ ืืืขื ืืืขืจื ืืืืกืืขืฉืคืืจื ืืืขืจื ืืืืฃ ืืืืืื, ืืื ื ืืืืขื ืฆื ืืืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืคืจืืืืืืืขืจ, ืืืื ืขืก ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืืก ืฆื ืืืื ืืืืืืื. ืื IP ืืืจืขืกืกืขื ืคืื ืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืงื ืืืืขืจ ืืืืขืืช ืืืขืจื ืืคืืขืืืื ืืื ืฆื ืืขืืคื ืืืื ืคืืจืกืืจืขื ืื ืืขืจืืื ืขื. ืืืจ ืืขื ื ืืกืืื ืื โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ ืืื ืืืื ืื ืจืขืื ืืจืืคืฆืื ืขืืขื, ืืืืกืฆืืืขืงื, ืืืืฉื, ืจืขืืืืืจื, ืืจืืืขืจืคืืจื ืืืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืคืืจื ืกืื ืืืืก ืคืืจ ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืขืจ ืืืืขื ืืื ืกืื ืืืืก ืคืืจ ื ืฆืืื ืืืขื ืขืก ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืืก ื ืืืืื. ืืืก ืืื ืืฆืขืจ ืืขื ื ืืืจ ืืกืืื ืื ืืืข ืืื ืคืืจืืืฆืืข ืืืืก ืืืจ ืืืืื ืืจืืื ืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืขืจื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืกื ืคืื ืขื ืืืืื. ืืืจ ืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืคืืจืืืฆืืข ื ืืฉื ืืืืขืจืืขืื ืคืืจ ืงืืืื ืขื ืื ืืืืขืจ ืืคืืจืืฉ'ื ืืกืืื, ืืืขืจ ื ืืฉื โืงืืืืข ืฉืืืืโ ืืื ืืืื ื ืืฉื phpBB ืืืขืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืฃ ืกืื ืืืืกืคืืจื ืคืจืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืฆืืืจืขืื ืืื ("ืืขืงืขื") ืืขื ืืืืื ืืืืก ืืืขื ืคืืจื ืฆื ืื ืืืืคืืขืงืื ื ืคืื ืืืืขืจ ืืื ืคืืจืืืฆืืข.
ืืืืคื ืืืื
ืืื ืืขืจ ืฉืืื โข ืคืืจืืขืง ืืืข ืงืืงืืก โข ืืืข ืฆืืืื ืืขื ืขื UTC - 5 ืฉืขืืช
Powered by phpBBยฎ Forum Software ยฉ phpBB Group
ืืืืืจื ืืืืฃ phpBB.co.il - ืคืืจืืืื ืืขืืจืืช. ืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืืจืืช ยฉ 2012 - ืงืืืืข ืฉืืืื, 2008 - phpBB.co.il. |
ืืฒึทื ืฉืืืืืขืจ ืืื 92 ืืึธืจ ืึทืื. ืื ืืืืื ื ื ืื ืืื ื ืื-ืืึธืจืง, ื ืึธืจ ืืื ืึทื ืึทื ืืขืจ ืขืง ืคึฟืื ืื ืคึฟืึทืจืืืื ืืงืืข ืฉืืึทืื. ืงืืื ืืจืืืกืขืจ ืืขืื ืืื ืื, ืฆืื ืืึทืืืืขืจื, ื ืื, ืืึธื ืึท ืกื ืขืจื ืกืืข ืืขืืื ื-ืคึผืจืึธืืืขืืขื, ืึธืืขืจ ืึทื ืืืืืืกืืข ืืึทืืขืืคึฟืขืจืื ืงืืื ืฆื ืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืฃ ืคึฟืืจ ืฉืขื ืึท ืืึธื โ ืึทืืื ืืึธื ืืึทืฉืืึธืกื, ืืื ืืืื ื ืื ืืืฒึทื, ืื ืืืืข ืืืืจืึทืงืจืึธืืืข. ืืื ื ืื-ืืึธืจืง ืืืึธืื ืื, ืึท ืคึผื ืื, ืืขืืืขื ืืึทืืึธืจืื ืึทื ืืขืจืฉ.
ืื ืืขื ืืื ืืื ืึทืจืฒึทื ืืื ืืจืืงืืื ืฆื ืึท ืคึฟืจืืืืจืขืจ ืืื ืฆืืคึฟืขืืืง ืืืืกืืขืืขืจื ืึท ืฉืืืงื ืจืขืืข ืคึฟืื ืืืื ืขื ืึท 74ึพืืึธืจืืงื ืจืืกืืฉ-ืฉืคึผืจืึทืืืงื ืืึดื. ืขืจ ืืื ืืขืงืืืขื ืึทืจืืืฆืืจืขืื ืืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืจืึธืืืขืืขื ืืื ืืขืจืืจืืืืื ืืขื ืืื ืืขืจ ืคึฟืจืืืืจืขืจืื, ืืืึธืก ืึทืจืืขื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืขืืืืงืขืจ ืคึฟืจืืืืจืขืจืฒึท. ืืขืจ ืืึดื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืึท ืืืืืขืจ, ืืื ืึท ืืขืืขืจ-ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื ืืื ืืืืขืจ, ืืขืจืคึฟืึทืจ ืืึธื ืขืจ ืืื ืืขืืืืื ืืื ืืฒึทื ืข ืกืืืืช ืืืืขืจ ืืืื. ืืึธื ืขืจ ืืขืจืฆืืืื, ืึทื ืืฒึท ืืื ืืจืืื ืืื ืืืฆื ืึท ืจืึธืืึทื ืืื ืึท 60ึพืืึธืจืืงืขืจ ืคึฟืจืื ืืื ืึทื ืืฒึท ืืื โืืึทืงืืื ืืื ืึทืืฅ ืืืืขืจ ืืืโ, ืืืื ืืฒึทื ืข ืืืขืจืืขืจ, ืึทืคึฟืืื ืืขืกืขืจ ืืื ืืื ืืฒึทื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืึธืจืืขื ืขืจ ืคึฟืจืื. ืืึธืก ืฉืืขืจื ื ืื ืืขื ืืึธืืืงื ืืึทื ืฆืืื ืฆื ืืึธืื ืึทื ืืืืืืกืืข ืืึทืืขืืคึฟืขืจืื (ืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืขืงืืืขื ืืื ืืขืจ ืคึฟืจืืืืจืขืจืฒึท), ืืืขืืืข ืืืฒึทืื ืืื ืืื ืึทืืข ืืึธื ืืื ืืฉื ืคึฟืื ืึทืื ืฉืขื.
ืืื ืืขืจืฆืืื ืขืก ืึทืงืขืื ืืขื, ืืืึธืก ืึทืืขืจืืงืข ืืื ืึท ืงืึธืืคึผืืืฆืืจื ืืึทื ื. ืืขืืขืจ ืืืื ืงื ืืขืื ืืืื ืืฒึทื ืข ืืืืืขื ืข ืชึผืงื ืืช. ืืข ื ืขืื ืึทื ืืขืจืข ืฉืืฒึทืขืจื, ืึธืืขืจ ืืข ื ืขืื ืืื ืืื ืืึทื ืฆื ื ืื. ืืข ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื ืึธืคึฟื ืืึธื ื ืื ืื ืืืฆืขื ืฆื, ืืึธืืขืจ ืืื ืืฒึทื ืขื ืึทืจืืืกืืขืืขืื ืืขืืืึธืจื ืืื ืึทื ืึทื ืืขืจ ืึทืืขืจืืงืึทื ืขืจ ืืืื ืงื. ืืืจ ืืึทืื ืืื ืฆื ืืึธื, ืึทื ืึทืืขืจืืงืข ืืื ืืขืจ ืฆืขืืืืื ืืื ืืืืจืึธืคึผืข.
ืืขืจื ืึท ืืขืืคึฟื ืคึฟืื ืืขืื ืืึธืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืึทื ื, ืึท ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืืขืจ ืึทืืืข ืืื ืืืืืืืฒึทื ืืึธืื ืข ืืจืึทืืืฆืืขืก. ืกโืืื ืืขื ืื ืฆื ืืขืจืืึธื ืขื ืืขื ืืึทื ืฆื ืืึทืจืึทืจืึทื ืึทืจืื ืืขืจ ืืืึผื ืืื ืืืจ ืืฉืคึผืื. ืึธืืขืจ ืคึฟืื ืืึธื ืฆื ืืึธื ืฉืึทืคึฟื ืืื ืืฒึท ืืืจ ืึทื ืืฒึทื ืืจืืง, ืึทื ืืืืงื ืึทืืขืจืืงืข ืืื ื ืึธื ืืขืจ ืึทืืืคึฟืจืขื ืงืืฉ, ืืื ืขื ืืืึทื ื. ืืื ืคึฟืื ืขืก, ืึท ืฉืืืืืขืจ, ืืืขื ืขืก ืงืืื ืื ืฆืฒึทื ืฆืืืจืืืื ืื ืืึทืจืืืื ืืืขืื ืืฒึทื ืข ืฉืืฒึทืขืจื. ืืื ืืขื ืึทืืืืืฉืงื ืขื ืืืึทื ื ืืื ืขืก ืืึทื ืฅ ืคึผืฉืื, ื ืื ืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจืืืฒึทืื ืคึผืฉืืืขืจ, ืืืืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืจ ืึทืืขืจืืงืึทื ืขืจ ืืืื ื.
ืืื ืจืขื ืฉืืื ื ืื ืืืขืื ืืขืจ ืึทืืขืจืืงืึทื ืขืจ ืืขืืืฆืื. ืงืืื ืขืจ, ืึท ืืืฅ ืืืืื-ืกืืืื, ืืืขื ืืึธ ืงืืื ืขืง ื ืื ืืขืจืืืื. ืึทืคึฟืืื ืื ืึทืืื ืืขืจืืคึฟืขื ืข ืฉืคึผืึธืื ื ืฒึทืข โืึธืืึทืืึทืงืขืจืขโ ืืื ืืขืืึทืื ืืขืืืึธืจื ืืืืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืืจืืื, ืืคึฟืจื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืฒึทื ืคึผืจืืืืืืืื ืืื. ืืื ืขื ืืืึทื ื ืืื ืืึธื ืึทืืฅ ืืืืขืจ ืืจืึธืืืื ืืง โ ืึทืืข ืืึธืื ืึท ืฆืืืจืื ืฆื ืืืืืืกืืขืจ ืืขืืืฆืื, ืืื ืฉืืื. ืืขืจ ืึทืืขืจืืงืึทื ืขืจ ืขืืื, ืืื-ืืคึผืืืช ืึท ืืืื ืคึฟืื ืืื, ืงืืื-ืึผื, ืื ืืืืื-ืืฒึทื, ืจืขืึทืืืจื ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืืึธืืืงืขืจ ืืืืืืืงืขืจ ืึธืืึทืืึท-ืจืขืคึฟืึธืจื ืืืื ืืืืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืืจืืื, ืืืฒึทื ืืื ืืข ืืืึธืื ื ืื ืคึฟืึทืจืืื ืขื, ืึทื ืึท ืืึทื ืง ืืืจ, ืืืขืื ืืืืืึธื ืขื ืึทืืขืจืืงืึทื ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืึทืงืืืขื ืึท ืืขืืืฆืื ืืฉืข ืคึฟืึทืจืืืืขืจืื ื.
ืืืื ืขืจ ืคึฟืื ืืฒึทื ืข ืกืืืืขื ืื ืืึธื ืืขืืึธืื ืืืขืื ืืขื ืืืฆืืืงื ืืฆืึฟ ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืงืจืืืขืจืฒึท ืืื ืืืึทืฉืื ืืืึธื: โืืื ืืฒึทื ืขื ืืื ืงืืืื ืข ืงืื ืืขืจ, ืืึธืจ ืงืืืื ืข, ืืืึธืก ืืฒึทื ืขื ืึทืื ืืื ืืึทื ืฆื ืึท ืืึธืจ ืคึฟืืจโ. ืืื ืืึธื ืืื ืืึธืจื ืืฉื ื ืื ืืขืืึธืื, ืืึธืืฉ ืขืจ ืืื, ืืืื ืืฒึทื ืืืื ืื ื, ื ืื ืืขืจืขืื. ืื ืจืืื ืืืื ืืึธื ืืืขืื ืึทื ืขื ืื, ืืืึธืก ืืื ืึท ืกื ืขืจื ืกืืขืจ ืคึฟืื ืึท ืงืื ืืขืจืฉืคึผืื. ืืข ืืขื ืืื ืืขืจ โืฉืคึผืืโ ืืืืขืจ ืืืื ืึท ืฆืืืึทืืขื ืฉืืืืก ืคึฟืื ืขืงืกืืจืขืืขื: ืคึฟืื ืืืื ืืฒึทื โ ืืื ืืืืืืืืึทืืืื, ืืื ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืฆืืืืืืขืจ ืืฒึทื โ ืื ืฆืืืืืืืืืจืืข ื ืืืืืงืืื ืฆื ืืึทืืึธืจืื ืืื ืืขืืืฆืื ืืืื ืืขื ืืืื ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืืึทืคึฟืขืืงืขืจืื ื, ืืืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืก ื ืื ืึทื ืืขืจืฉ ืืึทืงืืืขื.
ืื ืืืืกืคึฟืจืขืื ืืืฒึทืื, ืึทื ืึท ืืืคึผืฉ ืืืกื โ ืืคึฟืฉืจ ืื ืืขืจืืืื โ ืึทืืขืจืืงืึทื ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืขื ืึทืืื ืึธืืขืจ ืึทื ืืขืจืฉ ื ืื ืฆืืคึฟืจืืื ืืื ืืขืจ โืึธืืึทืืึทืงืขืจืขโ. ืืขืจืฆื, ืืื ืืื ืืึธื ืฉืืื ืืขืืึธืื, ืืื ืฉืืืขืจ ืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืืื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืืืขื ืข ืคึผืจืืื ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืืึธืืืงืขืจ ืจืขืคึฟืึธืจื. ืึธืืขืจ ืื ืืขืืืืงืข ืืืืกืคึฟืจืขืื ืืืฒึทืื ืืืื, ืึทื ืกโืจืืึฟ ืึทืืขืจืืงืึทื ืขืจ ืืึทืืื ื ืื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืขื ืืืื, ืึทื ืืข ืืึทืจืฃ ืื ืืื ืืึทื ืฆื ืืืงืืืืืืจื. ืืข ืืขื ืื, ืึทื ืืข ืืื ืื ืืึทืื ืืขืกืขืจ, ืึทืจืฒึทื ืืจืขื ืืขื ืืื ืืืจ ืืขืจ ืฉืืื. ืืื ืึผืื ืขืก ืฆื ืืึธื, ืืื ืืึธืจ ื ืื ื ืืืืืง ืฆื ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืืืืจื ืื ืึทืจืืขื ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืจืขืืืจืื ื.
ืืืึธืก ืืฉืข ืงืืื ืคึฟืึธืจ ืืืฆื? ืืืืืึธื ืขื ืึทืืขืจืืงืึทื ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึผืืื ืคึฟืึทืจืจืขืืืกืืจืืจื ืืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืงืจืืื ืึท ืคึฟืึทืจืืืืขืจืื ื ืืืจื ืืขืจ โืึธืืึทืืึทืงืขืจืขโ. ืื ืฆืึธื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืึทืืื ืืจืืืก, ืึทื ืื ืืื ืืขืจื ืขืฅ-ืกืืกืืขื ืงืขื ืขืก ื ืื ืืืืขืจืงืฒึทืขื. ืืื ื-ืืืื ื, ื ืขืืขื ืื ืงืขืื ืขืจ ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืจืขืคึฟืึธืจื ืืื, ืืืืฃ ืึท ืืืืืืึทื ืืฉื ืืืคึฟื, ืฉืืขืื ืึทืจืฒึทื ืึท ืฉืืขืงื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืืืืืืฉืขืจ ืืึทืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืขืื ืื ืืืืืืืฒึทื ืึธืคึผ.
ืืึธ, ืึท ืงืึธืืคึผืืืฆืืจื ืืึทื ื ืืื ืึทืืขืจืืงืข; ืืื ืฆืืืื ืืืจ ืงืึธืืคึผืืืฆืืจืืงืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืึทืจืืืง ืืื ืืืจืข ืืขืกืืข ืืื ืขืจืืกืืข ืืขื.
Share On Facebook Twitter
ืื ืืขืฆืืข ืึทืจืืืงืืขื
The Yiddish Daily Forward welcomes reader comments in order to promote thoughtful discussion on issues of importance to the Jewish community. In the interest of maintaining a civil forum, The Yiddish Daily Forwardrequires that all commenters be appropriately respectful toward our writers, other commenters and the subjects of the articles. Vigorous debate and reasoned critique are welcome; name-calling and personal invective are not. While we generally do not seek to edit or actively moderate comments, our spam filter prevents most links and certain key words from being posted and The Yiddish Daily Forward reserves the right to remove comments for any reason.
'); //j171('#IDCNavGuest2 > div').append(j171('#IDCNavList')); //j171('.idc-loginbtn_intensedebate, .idc-loginbtn_twitter').text(''); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').text('ืืฒึทื ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืึทืจืืืคึฟืฆืืฉืืขืื ืึท ืืึทืืขืจืงืื ื.'); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').children('a').wrap('
'); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('div');}); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').before(' ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ื ืึธื ื ืืฉื ืงืืื ืืึทืืขืจืงืื ืืขื. '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv').css({"text-align":"left", "direction":"ltr"}); /* $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').on('load', function() { $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').text('To post a comment, please login or enter your name and email address'); }); */ $('#IDNewThreadSubmitLI > a > span.idc-r > strong').text('ืฉืืงื'); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').wrap('
');}); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').before('ืืฒึทื ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืึทืจืืืคึฟืฆืืฉืืขืื ืึท ืืึทืืขืจืงืื ื. ').wrap('
');}).css({"text-align":"right", "direction":"rtl"}); } else { $(setTimeout(yiddishcomments, 3000)); } return; } |
ืืื ืคึฟืขืืจืืึทืจ ืงืืื ืืื ืืึธืกืงืฐืข ืคึฟืึธืจ ืึทื ืึทืงืึทืืขืืืฉืข ืงืึธื ืคึฟืขืจืขื ืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืืจืขื ืื ืฆืื ืฑืฃ ืืึดืืืฉืข ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืคึฟืื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืขืงื ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืึทืืึธืืืงืขืจ ืกืึธืฐืขืืืฉืขืจ ืืืืื. ืืึธืก ืืื ืืกืชึผืื ืืึธืก ืืขืฆืืข ืึธืจื, ืฐืึผ ืขืก ืืจืขืคึฟื ืืื ืืขื ืืฉื ืคึฟืื ืขื ืืึทืืืืฉื ืื ืืืื ืคึผืึทืฆืืคึฟืืฉื ืึธืงืขืึทื ืฆืืืื ืึท ืืฉืืชึผืคึฟืืชืืืงื ืืื ืืขืจืขืก. ืื ืืฑืกืืขืงืืืืขื ืข ืจืขืคึฟืขืจืึทืื ืฐืขืจื ืืขืจื ืึธื ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคึฟื ืืืขืื ืืืจื ืืขื ืฆืขื ืืขืจ ืดืกืคึฟืจืด, ืฐืึธืก ืคึฟืึทืจื ืขืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืขืจืฉืืืฆื ืื ืืึดืืืฉืข ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืื ืืขื ืืื ืขื ืืึทื ืฆื ืคึผืึธืกืึพืกืึธืฐืขืืืฉื ืฉืื.
ืืขืจ ืงืึดืขืฐืขืจ ืืืกืืึธืจืืงืขืจ ืึทื ืึทืืึธืื ืงืขืจืืฉื ืขืจ
ืฆืฐืืฉื ืื ืืขืฆืืข ืืขืืจืืงืืข ืืึทืืขืจืืึทืื ืืฒึทื ืขื ืคึฟืึทืจืึทื ืืื ืืขืจืขืกืึทื ืืข ืืืืขืจืืืืื ืคึฟืื ืืึดืืืฉืข ืืึทืืืื ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืืฒืขื ืืื ืึทืจืืืฐื ืคึฟืื ืงืึดืขืฐ, ืืืงืจืึทืึดื ืข. ืืขืจ ืงืึดืขืฐืขืจ ืืืกืืึธืจืืงืขืจ ืึทื ืึทืืึธืื ืงืขืจืืฉื ืขืจ, ืืฒื ืขืจ ืคึฟืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืคึฟืื ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ืืึดืืืฉื ืืขืจื ืืื ืืฑืฃ ืืืงืจืึทืึดื ืืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืืื ืึทืจืฑืก ืืื ืืฉืขืจื ืึธืฐืืฅ ืืื 2008, ืืึทืฉืจืฒึทืื ืืขื ืึทืจืืืฐ ืคึฟืื ืขื ืดืงืึทืืื ืขื ืคึฟืื ืืึดืืืฉืขืจ ืงืืืืืจืด. ืืขืจ ืืึธืืืงืขืจ ืดืงืึทืืื ืขืืด ืืื ืืขืฐืขื ืึท ืืืจืฉ ืคึฟืื ืขื ืงืึดืขืฐืขืจ ืืื ืกืืืืื ืคึฟืื ืืึดืืืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืืขืืึทืจืืฉืขืจ ืงืืืืืจ ื ืึธื 1936, ืฐืขื ืืขื ืืึธื ืึทืจืขืกืืืจื ืื ืคึฟืืจืขืจืฉืึทืคึฟื ืืื ืืขืฉืืึธืกื ืืขื ืืื ืกืืืืื. ืคึฟืึทืจื ืืืจืขืงืืึธืจ ืคึฟืื ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ืดืงืึทืืื ืขืืด ืืื ืืึทืฉืืขืื ืืขืฐืึธืจื ืืขืจ ืืึทืงืึทื ืืขืจ ืืึดืืืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืืคึฟืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืขืื ืกืคึผืืฐืึทืง.
ืืื ืืฑืืืกื 1941, ืงืืจืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขืจ ืืฒึทืืฉืืฉืขืจ ืึธืงืืคึผืึทืฆืืข, ืืึธื ืืขื ืขืฐืึทืงืืึดืจื ืืขื ืดืงืึทืืื ืขืืด ืงืฒื ืืืคึฟืึท ืืื ืืึทืฉืงืืจืืข, ืืขืื ืืืจืึทืืขืจ ืืขืจื. ืฆื ืืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื ืืื ืืขืจ ืงืึทืืื ืขื ืืึทืฉืืึทื ืขื ืคึฟืื ืืจืฒึท ืกืขืงืฆืืขืกื ืื ืืื ืืฐืืกืืืฉืข, ืื ืืืืขืจืึทืจืืฉืข, ืืื ืคึฟืื ืืืืืงืึทืืืฉื ืคึฟืึธืืงืืึธืจ. ืืื ืืื ื 1944, ืืืฒึทื ื ืึธื ืืขืจ ืืึทืคึฟืจืฒึทืื ื ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืฉืืึธื, ืืึธื ืืื ืืขืจ ืงืึทืืื ืขื ืฆืืจืืงืืขืงืขืจื ืงืฒื ืงืึดืขืฐ. ืืขื ืืึธื ืืขืฉืึทืคึฟื ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขืืข ืงืึธืืืกืืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืึทืืืขื ืืึทืืขืจืืึทืื ืคึฟืึทืจื ืดืฉืฐืึทืจืฆื ืืืืด, ืึธืืขืจ ืฉืฑื ืืื ืคึฟืื ืขืฃ ืืึธืจ ืฉืคึผืขืืขืจ, ืืขืช ืื ืึทื ืืืกืขืืืืืฉืข ืจืืืคึฟืืช, ืืื ืืขืจ ืงืึทืืื ืขื ืคึฟืึทืจืืึทืื ืืขืฐืึธืจื, ืืื ืืึธืก ืจืืึฟ ืืืืึทืจืืขืืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืขื ืึทืจืขืกืืืจื ืืขืฐืึธืจื. ืกืคึผืืฐืึทืง ืืื ืืขืฉืืึธืจืื ืืื ืชึผืคึฟืืกื ืืื 1950.
ืืขืจ ืึทืจืืืฐ ืืื ืฆืขืืฒืื ืืขืฐืึธืจื ืืฑืฃ ืืจืฒึท ืืฒืื, ืฐืึธืก ืืขืคึฟืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืืึทืืืื ืืขื ืืื ืงืึดืขืฐ. ืฆืฐืืฉื ืื ืืึทืืขืจืืึทืื, ืฐืึธืก ืืฒึทื ืขื ืึทืจืฒึทื ืืขืคึฟืึทืื ืืื ืขื ืจืฉืืช ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืืืงืจืึทืึดื ืืฉืขืจ ื ืึทืฆืืึธื ืึทืืขืจ ืืืืืืึธืืขืง, ืืฒึทื ืขื ืคึฟืึทืจืึทื ืืึธืจ ืฐืขืจืืคึฟืืืข ืืงืืจืื. ืืฒืืฐืฒึทื ืฉืืึทืืขื ืืฒ ืคึฟืื ืคึผืขืืขืจืืืจื. ื ืึธื ืืขื, ืฐื ืื ืกืึธืฐืขืืืฉืข ืืึทืื ืืึธื ืืื 1930 ืคึฟืึทืจืืึทืื ืื ืดืืืจืืฉืืึทืืขืด ืืึดืืืฉืข ืึธืจืืึทื ืืืึทืฆืืขืก ืืื ืืขื ืื ืืจืึทื, ืืฒึทื ืขื ืืฒืขืจืข ืืึทืืขืจืืึทืื ืดืืืืืขืงืขืจืืด ืืขืฐืึธืจื ืืขื ืืึดืืืฉื ืดืคึผืจืึธืืขืืึทืจืืึทืืด, ืืึธืก ืืฒืกื, ืึทืจืืืขืจืืขืืจืึทืื ืืขืืืึธืจื ืืื ืงืึดืขืฐืขืจ ืืื ืกืืืืื ืคึฟืื ืืึดืืืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืืขืืึทืจืืฉืขืจ ืงืืืืืจ.
ืกืฒึท ืคึฟืึทืจ, ืกืฒึท ื ืึธื ืืขืจ ืืืืื ืืึธื ืืื ืืขืจ ืดืงืึทืืื ืขืืด ืึทืงืืืฐ ืึธืคึผืืขืืขืื ืืื ืืึทืืืขื ืืึดืืืฉื ืคึฟืึธืืงืืึธืจ. ืืขื ืืึธื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืจืืื ืืืืขืจ, ืืขืฉืืืืช, ืฉืคึผืจืืืฐืขืจืืขืจ, ืฐืืฆื, ื ืึธืื, ืืื ืจืขืงืึธืจืืืจื ืืืืืง. ืืื ืขื ืึทืจืืืฐ ืืขืคึฟืื ืขื ืืื ืืึทืจืืืื ืคึฟืื ืื ืคึฟืึธืืงืืึธืจืืกืืืฉืข ืขืงืกืคึผืขืืืฆืืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืืึธืื ืืขืืึทืืื ืืึทืืขืจืืึทืื ืคึฟืึทืจื ืืึทืืืืื ืดืืึดืืืฉืข ืคึฟืึธืืงืกืฉืึทืคึฟืื ื ืืื ืื ืืขื ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืืจืฑืกืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืืขืจืืขื ืืืฉืขืจ ืืืืืืด.
ืืขืจ ืืึธืืืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืืขืงื ืืื ืืขืฐืขื ืืขืจ ืฐืืืืืงืกืืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืืึดืืืฉืข ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืขืจ. ืฉืฑื ืืื ืขื ืืึทืจืืกื 1944 ืืึธื ืืขื ืืขืฉืืงื ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืืื ืื ืืึทืคึฟืจืฒึทืืข ืจืึทืืึธื ืขื ืคึฟืื ืืจืึทื ืกื ืืกืืืจืข ืืื ืืื 1945 โ ืงืฒื ืืฉืขืจื ืึธืฐืืฅ, ืึผืื ืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืจืฒึทืื ืืขื ืคึฟืึธืืงืืึธืจ ืคึฟืื ืื ืืขืืึธืก. ืื ืืึดืืืฉืข ืคึฟืึธืืงืืึธืจืืกืื ืืฉื ืืขืจืขืืึธืฐืกืงื, ืืื ืข ืฉืึทืจืืึธืจืึธืืกืงืึทืืึท ืืื ืจืืืึฟื ืืขืจื ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืขื ืืขืงืืืขื ืฆืื ืืฑืกืคึฟืืจ, ืึทื ืืืืขืจ ืืื ืงืื ืกื ืืึธืื ืืขืฉืคึผืืื ืึท ืฐืืืืืงืข ืจืึธืืข ืืื ืขื ืืขืื ืคึฟืื ืื ืืขืืึธืก ืืื ืืึทืืขืจื. ืึธืืขืจ ืืึธืก ืืึทืืืืื ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจืืืืื ื ืื ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคึฟื ืืืขืื ืฆืืืื ืื ืจืืืคึฟืืช, ืืื ืืขืจ ืดืึทืจืฒึทื ืคึฟืืจืด ืฆื ืืขื ืืื ืืื ืึทืจืฑืก ืขืจืฉื ืืื ืืึธืจื ืฉืคึผืขืืขืจ ืืื ืดืกืึธืฐืขืืืฉ ืืฒืืืึทื ืืด.
ืืึทืืึทืจืึท ืกืืืึธืจืืฉืืง ืคึฟืื ืขื ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืขืจืืฉื ืฆืขื ืืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึธืจืืขื ืืึทืืืกืืืง ืืฒึท ืืขืจ ืงืึดืขืฐืขืจ ืืึธืืืืึทึพืึทืงืึทืืขืืืข ืจืขืงืึธื ืกืืจืืึดืจื ืื ืืจืึทืืึทืืืฉืข ืืขืฉืืืืข ืคึฟืื ืขื ืืึดืืืฉื ืืืืฒ ืืื ืืขืืืขืจื. ืืขืจ ืืืืฒ ืืื ืืขืขืคึฟื ื ืืขืฐืึธืจื ืืื 1934, ืืึธืืฉ ืื ืืืืขืข ืืื ืืืืคึฟืืขืงืืืขื ืึท ืกื ืคึฟืจืึดืขืจ, ืฐืขื ืืขืืืขืจื ืืื ื ืึธื ืืขืฐืขื ืื ืืฑืคึผืืฉืืึธื ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืขืกืืจืฒึทืืืฉืขืจ ืืึทืืืฆืืข. ืืขืจ ืดืืืจืืโืืึทืืืฆืืขืด ืืขืช ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืฐืขืืึพืืืืื ืืึธื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืึทืจืงื ืืขื ืืขืคึฟืื, ืึทื ืืขื ืืื ืึธืคึผืืืื ืื ืจืขืฉืื ืคึฟืื ืื ืงืื ืกืืฐืขืจืง ืคึฟืื ืืึทืืืฆืืึทื ืขืจ ืืึดืื.
ืืื 1925 ืืึธื ืื ืืขืืืขืจืืขืจ ืงืืืื ืืขืฉืึทืคึฟื ืึทื ืึทืคึผืืืจืืคึผืกืืชึพืงืึธืืืืขื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึธืคึผืืืื ืื ืืขื ืงืืขืืขืจ ืคึฟืื ืืึดืืืฉืขืจ ืงืื ืกื ืืื ืืึทืืืฆืืข. ืืืืจืื ืืึธื ืืื ืึธื ืืขืืึทืืื ืึท ืฐืขืจืืคึฟืืืข ืงืึธืืขืงืฆืืข. ืึท ืืืคึผืฉืขืจ ืืฒื ืืขืจืคึฟืื ืืึธื ืืขืืขืจื ืฆืื ืืึทืจืืืื ืืึทืืืขืจ ืืื ืงืื ืกืืงืขื ืขืจ ืืึทืงืกืืืืืืึทื ืืึธืืืฉืืฒื, ืฐืขืืืขืจ ืืึธื ืึทืจืฑืกืืขืฉืืขืื ืืฒ ืคึฟืึทืจื ืคึผืืืืืงืื ืืื ืืฒึทื ืืืจื. ืืื 1933 ืืื ืืขืขืคึฟื ื ืืขืฐืึธืจื ืื ืขืจืฉืืข ืขืคึฟื ืืืขืืข ืืฑืกืฉืืขืืื ื ืคึฟืื 570 ืงืื ืกืืฐืขืจืง. ืืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึทื ืคึฟืืจ ืฆื ืืขื ืืืืกืฉืืขืืื ืึพืงืึทืืึทืืึธื ืืึธื ืืึทืืึธื ื, ืึทื ืึทืืึท ืืื ืืฑืกืฉืืขืืื ื ืงืึธื ืคึฟืึธืจืงืืืขื ืืืฑื ืืื ืคึผืฑืื. ืืื ืืขืจืึฟึพืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข ืืฒึทื ืขื ืื ืืึดืื ืืขืฐืขื ืฆื ืึทืกืืืืืืจื, ืืขืช ืืื ืกืึธืฐืขืืึพืคึฟืึทืจืืึทื ื ืืึธื ืื ืกืึธืฐืขืืืฉืข ืืึทืื ืืขืจืฉืืืงื ืึทืืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืืึธื ืฆื ืืึธื ืืื ืจืขืืืืืข.
ืืขืจ ืืืืฒ ืืึธื ื ืื ืืขืืึทื ืงืฒื ืืฒืืขื ืขื ืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืฑืกืฉืืขืืื ื ืืึธื ืืื ืืขืคึฟืื ืขื ืืื ืืขืจ ืงืืืืึพืืขืืฒึทืืข. ืืื 1938 ืืึธื ืื ืคึฟืึทืจืฐืึทืืืื ื ืคึฟืื ืขื ืืืืฒ ืืฑืกืืขืึทืจืืขื ืึท ืคึฟืึธืจืืขืื ืกืืึทืืื ืืื ืึท ืืจืฒืื ืคึผืืึทื ืคึฟืื ืึท ืฐืฒึทืืขืจืืืงืขืจ ืึทื ืืฐืืงืืื ื ืคึฟืื ืขื ืืืืฒ. ืืขื ืืึธื ืคึผืืึทื ืืจื ืฆื ืงืจืืื ืึทื ืืฒืืขื ืขื ืื ืื ืืื ืฆื ืคึฟืืจื ืคึผืขืืึทืืึธืืืฉืข ืืื ืืฑืคึฟืงืืขืจืขืจืืฉืข ืืขืืืงืฒืื. ืืื ืืขืจ ืืึธืืืงืขืจ ืึทืจืืขื ืืึธื ืืื ืึทืงืืืฐ ืืึทืืฒืืืงื ืืึทืจืืื ืืืืขืจ, ืฐืขืืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืืึธืื ื ืึธื ืืขืฐืขื ืืื ืืืืืขืจืก ืืฒึทืืฉืืึทื ื. ืึธืืขืจ ืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจืฐืืจืงืืขืื ืื ืืึธืืืงืข ืฐืฒึทืึพืืฒืขื ืืืงืข ืคึผืืขื ืขืจ ืืื ื ืื ืืขืฐืขื ืืึทืฉืขืจื. ืื ืกืึธืฐืขืื ืืึธืื ืคึฟืึทืจืืึทืื ืื ืงืืืื ืืื ืืืืขืจืืขืืขืื ืื ืืึทืืืื ื ืืื ืขื ืขืื ืึธืืจืึทืคึฟืืฉื ืืืืฒ. ืืืฑื ืืขืฆืฒืืืข ืขืงืกืคึผืึธื ืึทืื ืืึธืื ืืืืขืจืืขืืขืื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืฒึทื ืขื ืืฒึทื ื ืฆืขืืฒื ืืื ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื ืืืืขืจ ืคึฟืื ืขืฃ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืืืืฒืขื ืคึฟืื ืืขืืืขืจื. ืึท ืืืจ ืฐืขืื ืื ืคึผืืขื ืขืจ ืืื ืืืืืืช ืคึฟืื ืื ืืขืืืขืจืืขืจ ืืึดืืืฉืข ืึผืืึพืืืขืจ ืืืฒึทืื ืืึทืืจืึธืื ืืื ืื ืงืึดืขืฐืขืจ ืึทืจืืืฐื.
Share On Facebook Twitter
ืื ืืขืฆืืข ืึทืจืืืงืืขื
The Yiddish Daily Forward welcomes reader comments in order to promote thoughtful discussion on issues of importance to the Jewish community. In the interest of maintaining a civil forum, The Yiddish Daily Forwardrequires that all commenters be appropriately respectful toward our writers, other commenters and the subjects of the articles. Vigorous debate and reasoned critique are welcome; name-calling and personal invective are not. While we generally do not seek to edit or actively moderate comments, our spam filter prevents most links and certain key words from being posted and The Yiddish Daily Forward reserves the right to remove comments for any reason.
'); //j171('#IDCNavGuest2 > div').append(j171('#IDCNavList')); //j171('.idc-loginbtn_intensedebate, .idc-loginbtn_twitter').text(''); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').text('ืืฒึทื ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืึทืจืืืคึฟืฆืืฉืืขืื ืึท ืืึทืืขืจืงืื ื.'); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').children('a').wrap('
'); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('div');}); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0) > a').before(' ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ื ืึธื ื ืืฉื ืงืืื ืืึทืืขืจืงืื ืืขื. '); $('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv').css({"text-align":"left", "direction":"ltr"}); /* $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').on('load', function() { $('#IDCommentPopupInner > div:eq(0) > p').text('To post a comment, please login or enter your name and email address'); }); */ $('#IDNewThreadSubmitLI > a > span.idc-r > strong').text('ืฉืืงื'); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').wrap('
');}); //$('#IDCommentsNoCommentsDiv > div:eq(0)').replaceWith(function(){return $(this).children('a').before('ืืฒึทื ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืึทืจืืืคึฟืฆืืฉืืขืื ืึท ืืึทืืขืจืงืื ื. ').wrap('
');}).css({"text-align":"right", "direction":"rtl"}); } else { $(setTimeout(yiddishcomments, 3000)); } return; } |
End of preview. Expand
in Dataset Viewer.
README.md exists but content is empty.
Use the Edit dataset card button to edit it.
- Downloads last month
- 0