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BioNLI36273 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] We have studied the effects of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MPT), an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, on the in vivo conversion of L-T4 (T4) to 3',3,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), and on the biological effectiveness of T4. Thyroidectomized rats were used and were injected daily with T4 maintenance doses. Three different types of experiments were carred out. The first involved isotopic equilibration with 125I-labeled T4 and measurement of urinary 125I excretion. The second series involved the injection of a single dose of [125I]T4, with the amounts of [125I]T3 in different tissues being studied 7 or 20 h later. The third series involved daily treatment for 13 days with T4 and alpha-MPT, at the end of ehich the liver alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity was measured as a parameter of the biological effects of the hormone. Though the experimental approaches used clearly disclosed the well known effects of 6-propyl-2-thiouracil, no clear-cut effects of alpha-MPT were observed. [HYP] It is concluded that alpha-MPT neither inhibits the conversion of T4 to T3 in vivo in rats nor affects the biological potency of a given dose of T4 , at least to an extent compararble to that observed when 6-propyl-2-thiouracil is used.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI42391 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] 1. Bicarbonate ions stimulate the transport of serine and alanine into isolated hepatocytes. 2. The effect of bicarbonate is to increase the Vmax. of the transport process without changing the apparent Km. 3. The intracellular pH was estimated from the distribution of the weak base methylamine and the weak acid 5,5'-dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione (DMO) across the plasma membrane. 4. The addition of bicarbonate to a cell suspension caused the internal pH to become more acid. 5. The initial rate of serine, alanine and glycine transport was a linear function of the initial difference in pH across the membrane. 6. [HYP] It is concluded that bicarbonate activates the transport of these amino acids primarily by increasing the pH difference across the plasma membrane.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI55079 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Ba++ added to the serosal solution bathing a resting frog stomach increased transmucosal resistance and induced acid secretion. The increase in acid secretion was associated with an increased leak of histamine from the mucosa into the serosal solution. Pretreatment with burimamide inhibited the secretory response to Ba++. After a pulse treatment with Ba++ (2 mM for 5 min), the effects on resistance were transient but the effects on acid secretion were sustained. A pulse treatment with histamine also led to a sustained increase in acid secretion, and this increase was blocked by burimamide. [HYP] It is concluded that Ba++ releases histamine which then stimulates acid secretion .
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI62489 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Mast cells from the peritoneal and pleural cavities of actively sensitized rats were isolated and incubated with biogenic amines (5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine) with or without pretreatment with specific antigen. An anaphylactic reaction resulting in the release of 20-25% of the histamine in the cells led to a slightly reduced amine uptake. At concentrations which induced histamine release comparable to that during the anaphylactic reaction compound 48/80 had a similar effect on the uptake of the two amines. Histamine release induced by higher concentrations of compound 48/80 led to a more pronounced reduction in the uptake of the amines, the reduction being roughly proportional to the extent of the histamine release. [HYP] It is concluded that the reduction in the in vitro amine uptake after anaphylactic and compound 48/80 -induced histamine release is due to the fact that there are a fewer intact granules capable of storing histamine and not primarily due to a damage to the mechanisms by which mast cells take up biogenic amines in vitro.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI90055 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Previous studies have suggested that dihydrotestosterone accumulation in the prostate may be involved in the pathogenesis of prostatic hyperplasia in man and dog. However, the fact that the administration of 10 mg dihydrotestosterone/d to castrated, mongrel dogs (0.5 mg/kg body wt) causes little growth in the prostate, whereas identical doses of 3alpha- androstanediol regularly induce prostatic hyperplasia (> 14 g weight) has raised the possibility that the dihydrotestosterone accumulation may be the result rather than the cause of the pathology. To investigate the mechanism of this phenomenon, we measured the levels of dihydrotestosterone and 3alpha-androstanediol in prostates from 75 dogs. In both naturally occurring and 3alpha-androstanediol-induced prostatic hyperplasia, the levels of dihydrotestosterone were high (>5 ng/g), whereas in immature glands and glands from dihydrotestosterone-treated animals, levels were similar (2.1 and 2.6 ng/g, respectively). 3alpha-Androstanediol levels were no different in animals treated with dihydrotestosterone or 3alpha-androstanediol.Therefore, because exogenous 3alpha-androstanediol is a better precursor of prostatic dihydrotestosterone than exogenous dihydrotestosterone itself, the effects of treatment with larger doses (2.5 mg/kg per d) of dihydrotestosterone and 3alpha-androstanediol for 12 wk were examined. In these amounts, dihydrotestosterone was as effective as 3alpha-androstanediol in inducing the development of prostatic hyperplasia and in elevating prostatic dihydrotestosterone concentration. [HYP] Because dihydrotestosterone accumulates in spontaneous prostatic hyperplasia, because the administration of sufficient amounts of dihydrotestosterone to the castrated dog can induce the development of prostatic hyperplasia, and because 3alpha-androstanediol induces the development of hyperplasia via conversion to dihydrotestosterone , we conclude that accumulation of dihydrotestosterone is the cause of canine prostatic hyperplasia.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI140114 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Seven laboratories collaborating in a study of two intermediate purity plasminogen preparations (64/23, 63/6) observed that the amount of activator (urokinase or streptokinase) and the time of activation of plasminogen influenced the amount of plasmin generated. Using casein and a synthetic polypeptide (S-2251) as substrates, the authors subsequently showed that complete activation of plasminogen was difficult to achieve without acitivity losses due to plasmin autodigestion. [HYP] Comparison of the polypeptide subunits (on SDS electrophoresis) of the various AKT-induced activation mixtures with their plasmin activity allowed the conclusion that at maximum generation of plasmin from AKT-induced , some AKT-induced remains in the form of an inactive AKT-induced intermediate (PLG-i).
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI167353 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Parental and filial DNA strands were isolated from a Novikoff rat hepatoma cell line, synchronized by S-phase arrest with excess thymidine, that had completed up to one round of DNA replication in the presence of (14-C-methyl)methionine and (6-3-H) bromodeoxyuridine. Both strands were methylated, the proportion of total methyl label in parental DNA increasing slightly with time in S-phase. The studies were repeated with (14-C-methyl)methionine and (3-H)deoxycytidine to determine if parental methylation occurred on extant or repair-inserted cytosine residues. Both (14-C) and (3-H) were found in parental DNA. The (14-C)/(3-H) ration of parental DNA-5-methylcytosine was about twice that in filial DNA while the (3-H) data showed twice the concentration of 5-methylcytosine in parental compared to filial DNA. Thus parental methylation occurred on repair-inserted cytosine residues and resulted in overmethylation. That the DNA damage and repair was due to 5-phase arrest was shown by repeating the studies using a sequential mitotic-G1 arrest method. With this method little (14-C) or (3-H) was found in parental DNA. [HYP] We conclude that S-phase arrest leads to DNA damage and repair with subsequent overmethylation of repair-inserted cytosines; that sequential mitotic-G1 arrest minimizes DNA damage ; and, that the latter technique, suitable for synchronization of large quantities of cells, may prove useful in relatively artifact-free studies of eukaryotic DNA replication.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI169903 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] 1. The effect of purified cholera toxin on secretory processes of exocrine pancreas has been studied in the isolated, saline-perfused cat pancreas and in incubated pieces of rat pancreas. 2. The toxin evoked a biphasic secretory response from the perfused cat pancreas. An initial small phase, which began within minutes of toxin application, was an artefact due to the presence of NaN3 in the cholera toxin preparation as supplied; it could be entirely reproduced by NaN3 at the concentration expected during toxin stimulation. A second, sustained phase of secretion, due to the action of the toxin proper, began within 30-60 min, increasing in magnitude for many hours and persisting in the absence of toxin. It was accompanied by a parellel rise in tissue cyclic AMP concentration, and could be potentiated by theophylline. 3. The composition of the secretion stimulated by cholera toxin resembled that evoked by secretin; e.g. it contained a high concentration of bicarbonate and only basal amounts of digestive enzymes. 4. Similarly, cholera toxin did not stimulate enzyme secretion by incubated rat pancreas, despite large rises in tissue cyclic AMP concentration. 5. [HYP] Because cholera toxin has thus far been shown to have no other effect than that of stimulating adenylate cyclase, these observations support the conclusion that secretin does mediate the electrolyte secretory response of the pancreas to cyclic AMP , but offers no evidence that secretin plays a similar role in the regulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion stimulated by cholecystokinin-pancreozymin or acetylcholine.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI172624 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Two hypophyseal lipolytic peptides, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (beta-MSH), and the extrhypophyseal lipolytic peptide IIF, were compared with regard to their effects on free fatty acid production and 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentration in isolated rabbit and rat adipose tissue, and on adenylate cyclase activity in the tissue homogenates. ACTH at concentrations of 0.01 mug/ml or more increased lipolysis and cAMP levels in both tissues. beta-MSH at concentrations of 0.001 mug/ml or more increased lipolysis and cAMP in the rabbit tissue, but a concentration of 10 mug/ml did not stimulate lipolysis and did not alter nucleotide concentration in the rat tissue. Peptide IIF at 0.01 mug/ml or more stimulated lipolysis in rabbit adipose tissue and caused an accumulation of cAMP. A concentration of 100 mug/ml failed to stimulate free fatty acid production in the rat tissue and the cAMP level was also unaffected. In a medium containing 7.6 mEq/l of Mg++ and no Ca++, ACTH at 0.1 mug/ml or more stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in both rabbit and rat adipose homogenates by 6- to 12-fold. This effect was inhibited when Mg++ was replaced by Ca++, Na+ or K+. beta-MSH stimulated adenylate cyclase in rabbit, but not in rat, adipose homogenate in Mg++-containing incubation midium; again, the effect on rabbit adenylate cyclase was suppressed when Mg++ was replaced by Ca++, Na+ or K+. Peptide IIF failed to influence adenylate cyclase in the rabbit tissue homogenate in the Mg++-containing, Ca++-free medium; but when the medium contained 7.6 mEq/l of Ca++ in place of Mg++, 0.1 mug/ml or more of IIF caused a 4- to 15-fold increase in cyclase activity. IIF did not affect cyclase in the rat tissue homogenate in the presence or absence of Ca++. [HYP] The data are consistent with the conclusion that extrahypophyseal lipolytic peptide IIF, as well as hypophyseal peptides ACTH and beta-MSH , accelerates lipolysis in susceptible adipocytes by stimulating adenylate cyclase to produce cAMP.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI181391 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Insulin-induced hypoglycemia caused an increase in plasma aldosterone as well as in renin activity and cortisol. After the suppression of the renin-angiotensin system by the prior administration of propranolol, insulin-induced hypoglycemia still caused a significant increase in plasma aldosterone similar to the increase in plasma cortisol, though plasma renin activity was suppressed. Conversely, after the suppression of endogenous ACTH by the prior admininstration of dexamethasone, insulin-induced hypoglycemia failed to induce a rise in plasma aldosterone and plasma cortisol, through plasma renin activity increased. The increase of plasma aldosterone in response to exogenous ACTH was not different with or without the prior administration of dexamethasone. [HYP] We conclude that ACTH is largely responsible for the increased aldosterone secretion after insulin -induced hypoglycemia .
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI184894 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Calcium chloride injected into isolated perfused rat hearts produced a positive inotropic effect and increased the levels of phosphorylase a (EC 2.4.1.1). The increase in enzyme activity lagged behind the inotropic effect. Pretreatment of animals with thyroid hormone enhanced the ability of noradrenaline to activate phosphorylase but did not affect the inotropic or phosphorylase activating effect of calcium. Thyroid hormone pretreatment did enhance the chronotropic effect of calcium. Calcium did not affect the cardiac levels of cyclic AMP. [HYP] It is concluded that phosphorylase can activate calcium by a mechanism other than cyclic AMP and that the enhancement of adrenergic amine-induced calcium activation by thyroid hormone is not a phosphorylase mediated event.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI187418 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The administration of heparin with or without ACTH significantly decreased hepatic cholesterol content in catfish. In serum, heparin alone produced first hypercholesterolemia which was followed by hypocholesterolemia whereas it potentiated hypercholesterolemic action of ACTH three hours after administration. [HYP] It is concluded that heparin inhibits the cholesterol -lowering action of ACTH in catfish.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI195600 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] 1. The ATP analog, adenylyl-imidodiphosphate rapidly inhibited CO2-dependent oxygen evolution by isolated pea chloroplasts. Both alpha, beta- and beta, gamma-methylene adenosine triphosphate also inhibited oxygen evolution. The inhibition was relieved by ATP but only partially relieved by 3-phosphoglycerate. Oxygen evolution with 3-phosphoglycerate as substrate was inhibited by adenylyl-imidodiphosphate to a lesser extent than CO2-dependent oxygen evolution. The concentration of adenylylimidodiphosphate required for 50% inhibition of CO2-dependent oxygen evolution was 50 micronM. 2. Although non-cyclic photophosphorylation by broken chloroplasts was not significantly affected by adenylyl-imidodiphosphate, electron transport in the absence of ADP was inhibited by adenylyl-imidodiphosphate to the same extent as by ATP, suggesting binding of the ATP analog to the coupling factor of phosphorylation. 3. The endogenous adenine nucleotides of a chloroplast suspension were labelled by incubation with [14C]ATP and subsequent washing. Addition of adenylyl-imidodiphosphate to the labelled chloroplasts resulted in a rapid efflux of adenine nucleotides suggesting that the ATP analog was transported into the chloroplasts via the adenine nucleotide translocator. 4. [HYP] It was concluded that uptake of ATP analogs in exchange for endogenous adenine nucleotides decreased the internal ATP concentration and thus inhibited CO2 fixation.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI200297 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] 1 Nicotinic acid and alloxanate inhibited water and electrolyte secretion in a dose-dependent fashion when added to the perfusate of the isolated saline-perfused pancreas of the cat stimulated by a supramaximal dose of secretin.2 There were no changes in the concentration of sodium or potassium secreted into the juice, but the anions exhibited changes which were related to flow rate. As the flow rate declined the chloride concentration increased with a reciprocal decrease in bicarbonate concentration.3 Nicotinic acid and alloxanate inhibited enzyme secretion stimulated by carbachol.4 Imidazole inhibited pancreatic electrolyte secretion, but stimulated amylase secretion. Atropine (0.14 muM) reduced the secretion of amylase but did not abolish the effect.5 Adenylate cyclase prepared from cat pancreas, was stimulated by the octapeptide of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, secretin and sodium fluoride.6 Alloxanate strongly inhibited both basal and hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. Nicotinic acid and imidazole stimulated basal adenylate cyclase activity but had little effect on secretin-stimulated activity.7 Alloxanate, nicotinic acid and imidazole were all without effect on phosphodiesterase when tested in the presence of micromolar concentrations of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP). [HYP] At higher cyclic AMP concentrations (2 mM) alloxanate and nicotinic acid were without effect, whereas imidazole had a slight stimulatory effect at 10 mM which was more marked at 50 mM.8 Alloxanate (10 mM) strongly inhibited both basal and secretin -stimulated adenylate cyclase activity.9 It is concluded that the effects of nicotinic acid, alloxanate and imidazole on pancreatic secretion are not mediated entirely through their effects on the adenylate cyclase or phosphodiesterase enzyme systems.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI204302 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The mechanism of action of lutropin on the stimulation of the synthesis of a specific lutropin-induced protein in rat testis Leydig cells was investigated. Lutropin-induced protein has a mol.wt. of approx. 21000 and is detected by labelling the Leydig-cell proteins with [(35)S]methionine, followed by separation by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and radioautography of the dried gel. The incorporation of (35)S into lutropin-induced protein was used as an estimate for the synthesis of the protein. Incubation of Leydig cells with dibutyryl cyclic AMP or cholera toxin also resulted in the stimulation of synthesis of the protein. Synthesis of lutropin-induced protein, when maximally stimulated with 100ng of lutropin/ml, could not be stimulated further by addition of dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Addition of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, further increased synthesis of the protein in the presence of a submaximal dose of lutropin (10ng/ml) but not in the absence of lutropin or with maximal amounts of lutropin (100 and 1000ng/ml). Actinomycin D prevented the effect of lutropin on the stimulation of lutropin-induced protein synthesis when added immediately or 1h after the start of the incubation, but not when added after 5-6h. This is interpreted as reflecting that, after induction of mRNA coding for lutropin-induced protein, lutropin had no influence on the synthesis of the protein in the presence of actinomycin D. Synthesis of the protein was also stimulated in vivo by injection of choriogonadotropin into rats 1 day after hypophysectomy, and the time course of this stimulation of lutropin-induced protein synthesis in vivo was similar to that obtained by incubating Leydig cells in vitro with lutropin. [HYP] From these results it is concluded that stimulation of lutropin -induced protein synthesis by lutropin is most probably mediated by cyclic AMP and involves synthesis of mRNA.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI205553 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Using circulating mononuclear cells as a readily available tissue and using the rate of high affinity degradation of 125-I-labeled low density lipoprotein (LDL) as an index of cell surface LDL receptor activity, we have measured receptor activity in cells from 53 individuals. This group includes 32 healthy subjects, 15 subjects with the heterozygous form of familial hypercholesterolemia, and 6 subjects with hyperlipidemic disorders other than familial hypercholesterolemia. 7 of the healthy subjects and 10 of the heterozygotes were members of a single large kindred with five-generation transmission of the mutant familial hypercholesterolemia gene. LDL receptor activity was assayed in blood mononuclear cells under two sets of conditions. First, 125I-LDL degradation was measured in purified lymphocytes that had been incubated for 3 days in the absence of lipoproteins so as to induce a high level of LDL receptor activity. Phase-contrast autoradiograms of cells incubated with 125I-LDL and electron micrographs of cells incubated with ferritin-labeled LDL confirmed the existence of LDL receptors on lymphocytes. Second, 125I-LDL degradation was measured in mixed mononuclear cells (85-90% lymphocytes and 5-15% monocytes) immediately after their isolation from the bloodstream. This assay represented an attempt to assess the number of receptors actually expressed on the cells when they were in the circulation. Under both sets of conditions, cells from the familial hypercholesterolemia heterozygotes expressed an average of about one-half the normal number of LDL receptors. [HYP] We conclude that the heterozygous form of familial hypercholesterolemia is characterized by a decreased number of LDL receptors on circulating mononuclear cells.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI217278 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Isolated rat mesenteric arteries perfused with a modified Krebs solution were utilized to study the effects of angiotensin II (AII), angiotensin III (AIII), and [des-Asp1-Arg2]AII on adrenergic transmission. Angiotensin II potentiated vasoconstrictor responses to both sympathetic nerve stimulation and to exogenous norepinephrine, whereas AIII and [des-Asp1-Arg2]AII potentiated vasoconstrictor responses to exogenous norepinephrine only. When the responses to exogenous norepinephrine were compared, the order of agonist potency was AIII greater than AII greater than [des-Asp1-Arg2]AII. The potentiation of sympathetic nerve stimulation by AII was inhibited by simultaneous administration of AIII (25%), [des-Asp1-Arg2]AII (51%), [Sar1-Ile8]AII (83%), and (Ile7)AIII (80%). The potentiation of exogenous norepinephrine by AII, AIII, and [des-Asp1-Arg2]AII was inhibited by [Sar1-Ile8]AII (110%, 113%, and 108%, respectively) and by [Ile7]AIII (50%, 64%, 91%, respectively). [HYP] We conclude that AII potentiates sympathetic nerve stimulation and [des-Asp1-Arg2] AII potentiates exogenous norepinephrine -induced vasoconstriction.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI236789 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] 1. Propionate and other unbranched short-chain fatty acids, butyrate, pentanoate, hexanoate and octanoate were found to both stimulate and inhibit active sodium transport by the toad bladder, as measured by the short-circuit current (s.c.c.). 2. Stimulation alone followed addition of low concentrations of fatty acids (0.1-1.0 mM) to either the serosal or mucosal bathing medium; stimulation was also seen after an initial period of inhibition in response to higher concentrations (approx. 5 mM) of some compounds. 3. Inhibition alone followed addition of high concentrations (5-20 mM) of these compounds. The duration and magnitude of the inhibition varied with increasing concentration and chain length of the fatty acid, and was greater following mucosal addition than serosal addition. 4. The inhibitory effect of mucosal propionate increased with decreasing pH of the mucosal bathing medium. 5. Inhibition by the fatty acids was completely reversed upon removing the compound from the bathing medium, and stimulation characteristically followed. 6. In studies designed to evaluate the role of metabolism of the fatty acids in their mucosal inhibitory effects it was found that 14-c-labelled propionate, when added to the mucosal surface of the bladder, was converted to 14-CO2, and mucosal succinate and alpha-oxoglutaric acid at 20 mM inhibited the s.c.c. slightly. However, malonate did not interfere with inhibition by mucosal propionate and two non-metabolizable acids, dimethylpropionate and benzoate, induced inhibition (and no stimulation) of the s.c.c. 7. In the presence of an inhibitory concentration of fatty acid, the ability of the bladder to respond to added pyruvate was reduced in proportion to the reduction in the level of the s.c.c., whereas the natriferic response to vasopressin was largely intact. 8. [HYP] We conclude that stimulation of sodium transport by propionate and other short-chain fatty acids is due to metabolism of the compounds and provision of energy to the sodium transport mechanism.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI266735 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Inoculation of newborn mice with lymphocytic chloriomeningitis (LCM) virus resulted in decreased weight gain, liver cell necrosis, and death. Injection of potent sheep immunoglobulin against mouse interferon markedly inhibited these manifestations of LCM virus disease despite the fact that these treated mice had 100-fold more LCM virus in their serum. [HYP] We conclude that interferon mediates the pathogenesis of LCM virus disease in newborn mice.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI281804 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The role of pituitary vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone--ADH) in the formation and dynamics of aqueous humour was studied in rabbits employing different techniques. Using isolated ciliary body preparations the changes in transepithelial short-circuit current were measured, and natural vasopressin and Lys8-vasopressin were found to increase the transepithelial short-circuit current at concentrations less than 10 muU/ml (i.e. within the physiological range), indicating increased sodium transport across the ciliary epithelium. In another series of experiments with intact rabbits given an ethanol load to suppress endogenous ADH, administration of exogenous vasopressin raised the intraocular pressure, and a similar effect was observed when endogenous ADH production was stimulated with nicotine. Direct measurements of outflow showed that vasopressin was without effect when given intravenously and that the only effect when given intracamerally was to increase the facility which would tend to lower rather than raise the intraocular pressure. Finally, the intra-arterial and intravenous effects of vasopressin on circulation in the iris and on the intraocular and systemic arterial pressures were studied. Local effects on the vascular bed in the eye and changes in systemic blood pressure were observed only at rates of administration well in excess of the physiological range for endogenous vasopressin production. [HYP] It is concluded that, at physiological levels, antidiuretic hormone can stimulate active sodium transport into the eye thereby tending to raise the intraocular pressure, and it is suggested that this may act as a homeostatic regulating mechanism limiting changes in the rate of formation of aqueous humour and in intraocular pressure which might otherwise result from diurnal variations in the state of body hydration.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI300395 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Protein A, a cell wall constituent of several strains of Staphylococcus aureus, binds strongly to the Fc portion of immunoglobulins. This investigation demonstrated that such binding can inhibit antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The degree to which ADCC was inhibited depended upon the relative concentrations of protein A and anti-target cell antiserum. Protein A also inhibited the formation of rosettes between antibody-coated sheep red blood cells and lymphoid cells with Fc receptors. [HYP] We, therefore, conclude that protein A inhibits ADCC by preventing the binding of antibody-coated target cells to Fc receptors on cytotoxic effector cells.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI307426 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] In 37 of 41 isolated frog skeletal muscle fiber preparations (one, two, or three fibers) the twitch was eliminated or reduced to less than 10% of control by exposing the fibers to a O-calcium, bicarbonate-buffered solution for 10 min or less. Replacing the bicarbonate by a phosphate buffer either prevented twitch inhibition or increased the O-calcium exposure time required for its production. [HYP] It is not concluded that surface membrane-bound calcium ions (presumably in the t-tubules) are required to couple the action potential to the mechanical response and that phosphate ions inhibit the loss of the membrane-bound calcium ions into an external calcium -free solution.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI321182 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The effectiveness of a 1% chlorhexidine-containing dental gel on dental plaque and gingival health was evaluated over a period of 6 months using a double-blind procedure. One hundred and seventeen mentally retarded subjects aged between 10-17 years resident in an institution were divided into two groups. One group was assigned daily brushing with the 1% chlorhexidine gel, the other group a placebo quinine sulfate-containing gel. No other form of oral hygiene was used during the experimental period. Assessment of dental plaque accumulation and gingivitis was made at 0, 1, 3, and 6 months. An assessment was also made 2 months after the gel was withdrawn from use and normal toothbrushing procedures resumed. No clinical or statistical advantage was noted in plaque or gingivitis scores in the group receiving chlorhexidine treatment during the 6-month period. This group showed a higher prevalence of tooth staining. [HYP] It was concluded that periodontal severity and poor oral hygiene exceeded the plaque- and chlorhexidine -preventing potential of gingivitis .
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI326314 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Procaine hydrochloric acid, a cationic anesthetic, although unable to prevent the effect of calcium ionophore A23187 on erythrocytes, inhibited the discocyte--echinocyte transformation, increased viscosity, and decreased filterability of red cells undergoing ATP depletion. The effects were abolished by washing ATP-depleted, procaine HCl-treated red cells prior to these determinations. Procaine HCl had no effects on volume, incubated osmotic fragility, or monovalent cation composition of ATP-depleted red cells. The drug increased 45Ca uptake by ATP-depleted red cells but did not change the fraction of membrane-bound calcium. Sodium dodecyl sulfate acrylamide gel electrophoresis of membrane proteins from ATP-depleted red cells revealed formation of high molecular weight protein complexes, which were not formed when biconcave shape and ATP content were maintained by incubation with adenine (0.54 mM) and inosine (12.7 mM); Formation of these complexes was not prevented when the biconcave shape was maintained by procaine HCl. [HYP] It was concluded that the maintenance of the biconcave shape and normal deformability during ATP depletion by procaine HCl was not related to a displacement of membrane-bound calcium and promotion of ATP -dependent rearrangement of red cell membrane proteins.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI330154 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The effects of somatostatin (SRIF) on glucagon release have been studied in the monolayer culture of newborn rat pancreas. It was found that SRIF inhibited glucagon release rapidly and in a dose dependent manner at concentrations of 1-1000 ng/ml. SRIF inhibited glucagon release under basal conditions and after stimulation by arginine, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), high Ca++ concentrations, ionophore A23187 and Ca++, and Ba++. SRIF inhibited ionophore-induced glucagon release over 60 min when a low concentration of A23187 was used (0.1 microgram/ml) but not when a high concentraion (10 microgram/ml) was used. The stimulant effect of 10 microgram/ml A23187 was, however, inhibited by SRIF during short periods of incubation. The per cent inhibition of arginine-stimulated glucagon release due to SRIF remained unchanged when the Ca++ concentration in the medium was varied from 1-10 mM. [HYP] It is concluded that SRIF promptly inhibits glucagon release under basal conditions or when stimulated by a variety of agents.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI340080 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] In an attempt to define the effects of endotoxin on the permeability of the pulmonary alveolar capillary membrane (ACM) to a variety of substances [molecular weight (MW) varying from 60 to 69,000], we studied the movement of specific molecular species from the pulmonary capillary blood to the saline-filled "alveolus," employing an in vivo dog lung model. Following endotoxin injection (2-2.5 mg/kg) baseline T1/2 values (time, in minutes, for 50% equilibration of the specific solute between the blood and the saline-filled lung) decreased as follows (compared to baseline values): urea (MW 60) - 42.5 +/- 24 to 21.3 +/- 18; sucrose (MW 360) - 201 +/- 72 to 76 +/- 53; 3,000 MW dextran - 1,275 +/- 746 to 686 +/- 433; 10,400 MW dextran - 1,871 +/- 845 to 1,052 +/- 630 (all p less than 0.05). Neither 20,000 MW dextran nor albumin (MW 69,000) showed an increased permeability following endotoxin injection. Histamine analysis revealed a significant increase in all lung liquid samples post-endotoxin injection without a significant increase in blood histamine values. [HYP] We conclude that, acutely (within 4 hr of injection), endotoxin causes an increase in permeability of the ACM for substances up to 10,400 MW.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI350009 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Coprine or disulfiram was given to rats in various doses at various time intervals before the administration of 2 g/kg ethanol. The ratio acetaldehyde/ethanol in the alveolar air was measured by gas chromatography and was taken as an index of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity. The activity of dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) was estimated in the same animals by measuring the amount of 14C-octopamine formed from 14C-tyramine in the heart. Coprine and disulfiram both caused an increase in the acetylaldehyde/ethanol ratio, coprine being more potent than disulfiram. Disulfiram, but not coprine, reduced the net yield of 14C-octopamine. In rats pretreated with either coprine or disulfiram, blood-pressure and heart-rate were recorded before and after intraperitoneal injections of 0.4 g/kg ethanol. In both cases ethanol caused a marked and rapid fall in blood-pressure. However, this effect was accompanied by tachycardia only in animals treated with coprine. [HYP] It is concluded that coprine like disulfiram inhibits ALDH , but only disulfiram causes an additional inhibition of DBH.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI353053 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The metabolism of Zn2+ in Escherichia coli infected with T4D bacteriophage and various T4D mutants has been examined. E. coli B infected with T4D, and all T4D mutants except T4D 12-, took up zinc ions at a rate identical to that of uninfected cells. E. coli B infected with T4D 12- had a markedly decreased rate of zinc uptake. The incorporation of zinc into proteins of infected cells has also been studied. T4D phage infection was found to shut off the synthesis of all bacterial host zinc metalloproteins while allowing the formation of viral-induced zinc proteins. The amount of zinc incorporated into viral proteins was affected by the absence of various T4D gene products. Cells infected with T4D 12-, and to a much less extent those infected with T4D 29-, incorporated the least amount of zinc into proteins, while cells infected with T4D 11- and T4D 51- incorporated increased amounts of zinc into the zinc metalloproteins. In cells infected with T4D 11- and 51- most of the zinc protein was found to be the product of gene 12. [HYP] The marked effect of infection of E. coli with T4D 4- on both zinc uptake and zinc incorporation into protein supports the conclusion that T4D gene 4 protein is a zinc metalloprotein .
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI372239 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The influence of testosterone on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion was assessed indirectly by altering the serum testosterone concentration of male rats and measuring GnRH release from their incubated hypothalami 1 wk later.GnRH release from hypothalami of castrated rats was 13.4+/-1.2 (SE) pg/h, compared to 35.3+/-3.8 pg/h from hypothalami of intact rats (P < 0.001). GnRH release from the hypothalami of castrated rats treated with testosterone propionate, 100 or 500 mug daily, was 25.0+/-3.4 pg/h and 27.9+/-3.6 pg/h, which is significantly greater (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) than that from hypothalami of castrated rats treated only with sesame oil.A similar decrease in GnRH release from hypothalami of hypophysectomized rats and prevention of this decrease by treating the hypophysectomized rats with testosterone propionate is evidence that the observed effects of testosterone are not mediated via luteinizing hormone and(or) follicle-stimulating hormone secretion. Treatment of castrated rats with either dihydrotestosterone propionate or estradiol benzoate also prevented the decrease in GnRH release from the hypothalami of castrated rats. [HYP] Treatment of castrated rats with dihydrotestosterone propionate, but not with estradiol benzoate, prevented the decrease in GnRH release from the hypothalami of castrated rats treated with sesame oil.It is concluded that the decrease in GnRH release from the hypothalami of castrated rats is reversed by treatment with testosterone propionate and that the effect of testosterone is not mediated via luteinizing hormone and(or) follicle-stimulating hormone.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI389910 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] We produced a localized right lower lobe (RLL) contusion in 14 anesthetized ventilated dogs, 7 of which were treated with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP group). We measured gas exchange, pulmonary mechanics, and regional function before and 5 h after the contusion. Arterial PO2 decreased by 20 Torr and venous admixture doubled in both groups during air breathing. The shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) was minimally increased, despite a large lobar Qs/Qt (0.43) in the contused RLL. These results were explained by reduced ventilation per unit volume (VA/V), and ventilation-to-perfusion ratios of the contused RLL measured with 133Xe technique. [HYP] We conclude that pulmonary contusion causes a leak of blood and plasma, flooding 25% of the air spaces of the RLL at FRC, reducing the compliance of adjacent air spaces, and resulting in a reduced VA/V and a large RLL Qs/Qt.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI414629 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The role of endogenous prostaglandin E (PGE) in the regulation of intestinal motility in situ was studied in cats anesthetized with pentobarbital. The basal concentration of PGE in the ileum was found by radioimmunoassay to be 3.3 +/- 0.6 ng PGE per g wet wt (chi +/- SE, n = 12). Intramesenteric arterial infusion of acetylcholine (ACh) (100 microgram/min) increased intestinal motility, and PGE concentration rose to 6.7 +/- 0.8 ng/g. Intravenous infusion of indomethacin (4 mg/kg) enhanced spontaneous and ACh-induced motility and abolished the ACh-induced rise in ileal PGE concentration. [HYP] We conclude that basal PGE synthesis limits the motility of the resting and ACh -stimulated cat ileum.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI426016 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Thyroxine (T4) uptake from amniotic fluid was investigated in fetal sheep. Samples of fetal and maternal blood and of amniotic fluid were obtained from indwelling catheters at specific intervals after intra-amniotic injection of T4. T4 and reverse T3 (rT3) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Basal levels of T4 were 7.3 +/- 0.92, less than 2, and 6.28 +/- 0.49 microgram/dl in the fetus, amniotic fluid, and ewe, respectively. Basal levels of rT3 were 3,858 +/- 214, 189 +/- 62, and 385 +/- 20 pg/ml in the fetus, amniotic fluid, and ewe, respectively. T4 and rT3 rose progressively in the fetus with maximum concentrations of 25 to 30 microgram/dl T4 by 10 hours and 11,000 to 14,000 pg/ml rT3 by 20 hours after intra-amniotic injection of 500 microgram of T4. These concentrations returned toward baseline by 50 and 70 hours for T4 and rT3, respectively. The increase of fetal T4 was proportional to the amount of T4 injected in a range of 250 and 2,500 microgram. Esophageal ligation abolished the changes in fetal T4 but not rT3. Amniotic fluid rT3 increased with time after intra-amniotic injection of T4 and returned to baseline long after amniotic fluid T4 had reached basal levels. This pattern persisted despite esophageal ligation. T4 was converted to rT3 during incubation in amniotic fluid in vitro. [HYP] We conclude that T4 is taken up by the fetus from the maternal circulation and is converted to rT3 in amniotic fluid.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI429482 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Eight GH-deficient subjects received both subtilisin-cleaved human GH (hGH-S) and intact hGH (hGH-I) during short term balance studies to compare the potency of these two forms of GH. Both forms caused nitrogen retention, calciuria, postassium retention, and elevation of blood glucose. The effects on plasma insulin concentrations were inconstant at the doses used. hGH-S was more potent than hGH-I, as measured by nitrogen and potassium retention, and the differences reached levels of statistical significance. hGH-S also caused greater calciuria and increases in fasting the postprandial blood glucose and in postprandial insulin in absolute terms, but these differences did not reach levels of statistical significance. [HYP] In no instance was potassium -I significantly more potent than potassium -S. We conclude potassium -S, a two-chain form of potassium , caused significantly greater nitrogen and hGH retention in human subjects in short term balance studies than potassium -I.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI438650 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] A report on the effects of primary bile acid ingestion alone or in combination with plant sterols on serum cholesterol levels, biliary lipid secretion, and bile acid metabolism. Biliary bile acid and cholesterol secretion were measured in four patients with type IIa hypercholesterolemia before and after randomized treatment periods. During these periods either a bile acid mixture (cholic-chenodeoxycholic 2:1, a proportion similar to that endogenously synthesized in health), at a level of 20 mg/kg, or the same mixture plus sitosterols, 200 mg/kg, was fed. Serum cholesterol and the cholesterol saturation of fasting-state bile was also measured. Pretreatment biliary lipid secretion was within normal limits. Bile acid kinetic measurements were also recorded before treatment and showed that cholic acid synthesis was disproportionately decreased relative to that of chenodeoxycholic acid, a finding previously reported by others. Administration of the bile acid mixture increased biliary bile acid secretion in 3 of 4 patients, but did not influence biliary cholesterol secretion. The combination of sitosterol-bile acid, however, caused a relative decrease in cholesterol secretion in bile, and fasting-state bile became unsaturated in all patients. No change in fecal neutral sterol excretion occurred during the beta-sitosterol-bile acid regimen, suggesting that simultaneous bile acid feeding blocks the compensatory increase in cholesterol synthesis known to be induced by beta-sitosterol feeding in hypercholesterolemic patients. Serum cholesterol levels also fell modestly during the sitosterol-bile acid regimen, the decrease averaging 15%. [HYP] We conclude that the abnormally low rate of bile acid synthesis in patients with type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia does not influence biliary lipid secretion; that increasing the input of the two primary bile acids into the enterohepatic circulation does not decrease biliary cholesterol secretion or lower serum cholesterol levels in such patients; and that the usual increase in cholesterol synthesis induced by beta-sitosterol feeding does not occur if bile acids are administered simultaneously.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI444679 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] 1. The absorption kinetic of 59Fe-(FeCl3) and 60CO-(CoCl2) 10 min after administration of increasing doses (0.5--1,000 nmoles metal) into tied-off duodenal segments of normal and iron-deficient rats shows saturation characteristic for both metals; in iron-deficient rats the absorption of both metals was enhanced. 2. The addition of increasing amounts of cobalt to the 59Fe-containing test solutions caused a decrease of the absorption of iron. 3. The study of the time dependence of this interaction in iron-deficient rats revealed, that cobalt inhibits the release of iron from mucosal cells into the blood, whereas the uptake of iron from the lumen into the mucosal cells did not differ from the controls without administration of cobalt. 4. The subcellular distribution of 59Fe and 60 Co in mucosal cell homogenates of iron-deficient rats after ultracentrifugation on a polyvinylpyrrolidone-CsCl solution shows a similar pattern for both metals; in the presence of cobalt the subcellular distribution of 59Fe is not changed. 5. [HYP] From these results the conclusion is drawn that cobalt promotes iron absorption not by an interference with iron binding sites on or in the luminal membranes of the mucosal cells but by an interaction with the releasing process at the contraluminal side.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI445967 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] We investigated the effect of intravenous infusions of aminophylline on plasma glucose, insulin (IRI), glucagon (IRG), growth hormone (HGH), cortisol, and free fatty acid (FFA) levels in healthy young subjects. Six received an intravenous loading dose of aminophylline (6.0 mg/kg over 20 min) followed by a maintenance dose (0.9 mg/kg/hr) for 100 min. Another 7 subjects initially received smaller loading (3.0 mg/kg) and maintenance (0.45 mg/kg/hr) doses, and after 60 min they received a second loading dose (3.0 mg/kg) followed by a larger maintenance dose (0.9 mg/kg/hr) over 120 min. In these fasting volunteers, infusion of aminophylline, which produced theophylline levels in the usual therapeutic range (10 to 20 microgram/ml) caused small increases in plasma glucose levels without changing IRI, IRG, HGH, or cortisol. There were rapid, pronounced, and prolonged rises in FFA associated with the aminophylline infusion. Increases in FFA paralleled the rise in theophylline levels. [HYP] It is concluded that routine therapeutic doses of theophylline , i.e., doses that achieve serum levels normally encountered in treatment for bronchial asthma, cause a marked rise in FFA and a slight rise in glucose (8 +/- 3 mg/dl) without changing levels of IRI, IRG, HGH, or cortisol.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI447035 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The effect of administration of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) on cholesterol absorption has been investigated in 11 volunteers. Five hundred milligrams of cholesterol 5 muCi of C14 cholesterol, and 10 muCi of H3 sitosterol (as a nonabsorbable marker) were given with a standard meal. Feces were collected for 6 days and cholesterol absorption was estimated from the recovered C14 radioactivity. The study was repeated after 20 days of treatment with CDCA. Cholesterol saturation of bile and biliary bile acid composition were also studied. Percent CDCA in bile was 40.5 +/- 14.0 SDM before treatment and rose to 75.3 +/- 5.7 after treatment. Saturation index fell from 1.08 +/- 0.31 to 0.71 +/- 0.19. Cholesterol absorption was 33.2 +/- 11.0% of the administered dose in basal conditions and decreased to 14.9 +/- 9.7% after treatment (P less than 0.01). In all but 1 subject, CDCA administration was associated with a decreased intestinal transit time. [HYP] In conclusion, in doses effective to desaturate bile, CDCA seems to decrease dietary cholesterol absorption.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI447717 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The degradation of acetylcholine receptor observed in denervated and innervated normal rat diaphragms in organ culture is stimulated by exogenous antireceptor serum. In this paper we demonstrate that diaphragms from rats with experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis contain reduced amounts of acetylcholine receptor. Acetylcholine receptor from myasthenic, but not from normal, rats has antibody bound to it and is degraded at an accelerated rate. [HYP] We conclude that acetylcholine receptor deficiency in myasthenia gravis is caused by an autoantibody-mediated process.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI466425 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Severe depletion of brain noradrenaline and separately of brain dopamine was induced in rats by intracerebral injection of the selective neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine, and the susceptibility of the treated animals to various seizure-inducing manipulations was examined. A significant potentiation of the seizures induced both by Metrazol and by electroconvulsive shock was found in animals depleted of brain noradrenaline, but no alteration was seen after depletion of brain dopamine on either measure. The catecholaminergic drug cocaine also induced seizures, but these were found not to depend on either brain noradrenaline or dopamine as they continued to occur in the virtual absence of either catecholamine. [HYP] It is concluded that seizures induces cocaine by a non-specific toxic mechanism and that noradrenaline, but not dopamine, is involved in reducing the suceptibility of the central nervous system to the several distinct forms of seizure induction examined.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI481612 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Injection of fentanyl into the cisterna magna of the brain leads to hypotension and bradycardia in anesthetised dogs. To determine if this effect is related to the recently discovered opiate receptors fentanyl was perfused in increasing concentrations (2.5-20 microgram/ml) through the cerebro-ventricular system in conscious dogs. Blood pressure was recorded continuously from a punctured exteriorised carotid artery; heart rate was derived from the ECG. Baroreflex activity was tested repeatedly by clamping of both common carotid arteries. Cerebral activity was evaluated from the EEG. Perfusion of the fourth cerebral ventricle resulted in a concentration-related fall in heart rate by 43% and in an inhibition of the reflex response of heart rate to carotid clamping. In contrast, blood pressure fell only moderately by 14% and its reflex response was well maintained. The EEG pattern changed from frequencies in the beta-band (awake control) to gradual synchronisation with delta-activity corresponding to behavioural signs of tranquilisation and sleep-like states. All these effects were reversed by naloxone. No effects were seen when fentanyl was perfused through the lateral ventricles and third ventricle although this yielded similar serum concentration as after perfusion of the fourth ventricle. [HYP] It is concluded that fentanyl activates the opiate receptors in the fourth ventricle.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI489605 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Insulin and glucagon stimulate amino acid transport in freshly prepared suspensions of isolated rat hepatocytes. The kinetic properties of alpha-amino[1-14C]isobutyric acid (AIB) transport were investigated in isolated hepatocytes following stimulation by either hormone in vitro. In nonhormonally treated cells (i.e. basal state), saturable transport occurred mainly through a low affinity (Km approximately equal to 40 mM) component. In insulin or glucagon-treated hepatocytes, saturable transport occurred through both a low affinity component (similar to that observed in the basal state) and a high affinity (Km approximately equal to 1 mM) component. At low AIB concentrations (less than 0.5 mM), insulin and glucagon at maximally stimulating doses increased AIB uptake about 2-fold and 5-fold, respectively. The high affinity component induced by either hormone exhibited the properties of the A (alanine preferring) mediation of amino acid transport. This component required 2 to 3 h for maximal expression, and its emergence was completely prevented by cycloheximide. Half-maximal stimulation was elicited by insulin at about 3 nM and by glucagon at about 1 nM. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP mimicked the glucagon effect and was not additive to it at maximal stimulation. Maximal effects of insulin and glucagon, or insulin and dibutyryl cyclic AMP, were additive. [HYP] We conclude that insulin and glucagon can modulate amino acid entry in hepatocytes through the synthesis of a high affinity transport component.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI517777 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The effect of halothane on precursor incorporation into nucleic acids was studied in Tetrahymena pyriformis, a ciliate protozoan. At concentrations that blocked cell division (1.2 and 2.4 per cent), halothane inhibited incorporation of 14C-thymidine and 14C-uridine into DNA and RNA, respectively, in intact cells. However, in nuclei isolated from T. pyriformis, the anesthetic did not inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis when these processes were assayed using the nucleoside triphosphates (3H-thymidine triphosphate and 3H-uridine triphosphate) as precursors. [HYP] It is concluded that halothane does not directly inhibit nucleic acid synthesis (i.e., the nucleic acid polymerase reactions), and that the promotion of precursor incorporation observed in intact cells is due to an effect at a locus other than the DNA and RNA polymerase reactions.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI566050 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Seven anesthetized patients were studied to determine the interaction between pancuronium and lincomycin and the ability of neostigmine and 4-aminopyridine to antagonize the block. Lincomycin 600 mg given IV alone did not decrease twitch tension. An 8 to 10% decrease in twitch tension occurred when lincomycin was given after neostigmine antagonism of pancuronium. Lincomycin augmented a partial pancuronium neuromuscular blockade. The combined lincomycin-pancuronium neuromuscular blockade was effectively antagonized by both neostigmine and 4-aminopyridine although the latter produced a slower rate of antagonism. [HYP] The authros conclude that lincomycin , 600 mg IV, augments a pancuronium neurovascular blockade.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI575253 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] As LH is capable of stimulating ovarian progesterone secretion at the beginning of 4-day cycles, it was the aim of this work to determine whether corpora lutea formed at the end of a preceding cycle are responsible for the increase in ovarian progesterone secretion. 4-day cyclic female rats were injected with LH on dioestrus I at 8...9 a.m. (64 microgram/100 g/b.w. expressed in terms of NIH-LH-S3). An increase in the peripheral blood progesterone concentration was shown to occur on the morning of dioestrus II in LH-treated females when compared to control females. Concomitantly enlarged mitochondria, numerous membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a decrease in the number of lipid droplets were observed in LH-treated females. Inversely signs of involution of the corpora lutea were noted from the morning of dioestrus I to that of dioestrus II in noninjected females. [HYP] It is concluded that LH -induced progesterone increase at dioestrus II results from the activation of the corpora lutea formed at the end of the preceding cycle.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI577162 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] N-[(1-Ethyl-pyrrolidin-2-yl)-methyl]-2-methoxy-5-sulf-amoyl-benzamide (sulpiride, Dogmatil) inhibits acetylcholinesterase of rat brain in a mixed-type manner (Ki 0.3 mM; Ki 1.8 mM) as well as serum cholinesterase of the rat competitively (Ki 0.37 mM). Using acetylthiocholine in concentrations below 0.1 mM and purified enzyme from Electrophorus, reaction becomes first-order kinetics. At 35 micronM sulpiride doubles half-life and is without effects below 3.5 micronM. Hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine in homogenates of stomach muscle from rats is not affected by sulpiride up to 20 micronM. Pretreatment of mice with 5 mg atropine/kg i.p. decreases i.p. LD50 of sulpiride to 67% of controls. [HYP] It is concluded that sulpiride inhibits cholinesterase at pharmacologically relevant concentrations.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI581334 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Alveolar type II synthesize and secrete pulmonary surface-active material; the stimuli for secretion in vivo and the mechanisms by which secretion occurs are not well understood. We studied the secretion of disaturated phosphatidylcholine, the principal component of surfactant, from a purified population of type II cells. We isolated type II type from the lungs of adult male rats by treatment with trypsin, centrifugation over discontinuous density gradients, and adherence in primary culture; our preparations were 93 +/- 5 per cent (mean +/- SD; n = 10) type II cells. Basal secretion was 2.9 +/- 1.0 per cent (n = 16) of total cellular carbon-14 [14C]-disaturated phosphatidycholine in 3 hours. We found that 10(-8) M 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-phorbol-acetate (TPA), a substance that has been shown to stimulate secretion in other cell systems, caused a release of 14C-disaturated phosphatidylcholine that was 8.4 times the basal rate. TPA caused a greater release of disaturated phosphatidylcholine than did any other substance that we have tested. Low temperature (4 degree C) inhibited the basal release by 85 per cent and the TPA-stimulated release by 98 per cent. The effect of TPA was also inhibited 25 per cent by 10(-6) M colchicine and 33 per cent by 10(-5) M vinblastine. Medium from control cells contained 6.3 +/- 1.3 per cent (mean +/- SD; n = 5) of total cellular lactate dehydrogenase (a marker for cell damage) after a 3-hour incubation period; medium from cells treated with TPA contained a similar amount, 6.7 +/- 1.5 per cent (n = 5). [HYP] We concluded that the TPA -induced secretion of disaturated phosphatidylcholine is an active process probably mediated by microtubules.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI603301 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Effect of propanidid on the pacemaker activity of the SA node was investigated in anesthetized dogs by injecting 30 microgram to 3 mg into the SA node artery in a single dose in a period of 4 sec. The doses of more than 100 microgram usually induced a negative chronotropic response. The injection of more than 1 mg frequently caused a sinus arrest followed by AV nodal rhythm. The initial sinus rhythm, however, was restored within 2 min after the propanidid administration. Its negative chronotropic response was not altered by pretreatment with atropine which completely blocked the action of acetylcholine. Bilateral vagotomy also did not affect the response induced by propanidid. A control solution or histamine failed to cause such a depressant effect on the SA node as observed after the propanidid injection. [HYP] Thus, we conclude that propanidid supresses the SA nodal activity by a direct local action.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI640729 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Guinea pig boars were inoculated intraurethrally with the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC). At the heights of their urethral infections, they were caged with sows in estrus. Whereas some of the sows had not been previously exposed to GPIC agent, others had received an intravaginal inoculation 5 to 8 weeks earlier. Those sows for which infected boars provided the first exposure were challenged by intravaginal inoculation 5 to 8 weeks later. Vaginal and conjunctival scrapings were taken regularly and stained for chlamydial inclusions. Titers of serum anti-GPIC antibodies and of vaginal secretory IgA anti-GPIC antibodies were determined by immunofluorescence. Our results show for the first time that a sexually acquired vaginal GPIC infection induces immunity to manual reinfection of the vagina. [HYP] Because of the high incidence of secondary conjunctival immunity s among the vaginally infected sows, we could not provide a sound statistical basis for our tentative conclusion that manual immunity of the vagina induces infection to sexual reinfection.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI700295 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] It has been our policy at Harefield Hospital since 1971 to perform primary repair of large ventricular septal defects in the first year of life if there is severe intractable cardiac failure or persistent pulmonary hypertension in infants approaching the first year of age. Twenty-six infants underwent repair; their ages were between one and twelve months. One child died early. The remaining 25 have been followed up for between 6 and 78 months (mean 30.3 months). There have been no late deaths and all children are asymptomatic. Late, postoperative cardiac catheterization was performed in 17 patients. This showed that in all the patients the pulmonary artery pressure was normal and there were no residual shunts. [HYP] We conclude that primary repair of large ventricular septal defects in the first year of life is the treatment of choice if there is severe intractable cardiac failure or persistent pulmonary hypertension .
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI708174 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] To determine whether patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and leukopenia have an increased risk of infection, we reviewed the incidence of leukopenia and infection in 68 cases of AN and studied the mechanism of profound neutropenia in one. Compared with controls, patients with AN had substantially lower total leukocyte counts and absolute neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts. Despite frequent and often severe panleukopenia, the patients with AN had no more infections than did the control subjects. The patient with severe neutropenia ahd a hypocellular bone marrow biopsy specimen showing relative myeloid hyperplasia, normal distribution of neutrophils between the marginal and circulating pools, and normal bone marrow neutrophil reserves as estimated by response to hydrocortisone sodium succinate. [HYP] We conclude that severe leukopenia in AN is not associated with an increased risk of infection and that the hypocellular bone marrow in AN may be responsible for the leukopenia .
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI716777 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The effect of litium on the peripheral turnover of T4 and T3 was investigated in 14 euthyroid subjects using lymphocytes as target cells. Lithium caused a dose-dependent rise in T4 turnover, which did not lead to increased T3 production, but no rise in T3 turnover. A further 3 patients with lithium induced hypothyroidism were studied. Patients with high T4 turnover had high TSH values and in these patients lithium induced a decrease in T4 turnover. [HYP] This may lead to the conclusion that the demonstrated effect of T4 in the control group did not cause the low lithium in these patients.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI723511 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Twenty young males, all active in middle-distance running, were studied between January 1968 and May 1974 for the purpose of gathering longitudinal data regarding Vo2 during treadmil running. Vo2 submax (measured during the last 2 min of a 6-min run at 202 m/min) and Vo2 max values (measured during a 5-8 min increasing-speed run to exhaustion) were collected approximately every 6 months for 6 years. Different groups, starting at ages of 10, 12 and 13 years were followed for periods of 2 to 5 years continuously. In all longitudinal comparisons. Vo2 max (ml/min) changes peralleled changes in body weight; consequently, Vo2 max (ml/kg.min-1) did not show a significant change. In every group Vo2 submax (ml/kg.min-1) dropped significantly over time. All data were pooled by 1 yr age groups, providing cross-sectional data for active boys 10-18 yrs of age. Vo2 max ranged from 1933 ml/min for 10-yr olds to 4082 for 18-year olds. Concurrent changes in weight resulted in no significant differences in Vo2 max (ml/kg.min-1) from the overall mean of 61.5 Vo2 submax (ml/kg.min-1) was highest among 10-year olds (53.3) and lowest among 18-yr olds (42.5). [HYP] It is concluded that changes in Vo2 max (ml/kg.min-1) during treadmil running do not depend on concurrent changes in body weight .
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI740054 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Pretreatment of rats with spironolactone caused an fourfold increased cleavage rate of the sugar chain of digitoxin (dt-3) in vitro yielding digitoxigenin-bis-digitoxoside. This was due to an enhanced, cyt. P450 dependent, formation of 15'-dehydro-dt-3, the intermediate which has to be formed before the terminal sugar can be split off. The second reaction catalysed by microsomal monoxygenases, the 12-beta-hydroxylation, was only increased by a factor 2. In contrast to the effects of spironolactone no increase of metabolism could be observed after phenobarbital pretreatment. [HYP] From our results it may be concluded that the enhanced dt-3 metabolism in vivo is mainly caused by spironolactone inducible monoxygenases which catalyse the oxidation of the terminal sugar.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI744106 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] From the earliest detectable development of fetal pituitary-thyroid function (day 18-19 of gestation) through the first postnatal day, there was a higher degree of stimulation of the pituitary-thyroid axis in the fetuses of rats fed a low iodine diet (LID) than in those of rats fed a high iodine diet (HID). Significant differences between the two groups were consistently observed in relative thyroid size, plasma TSH, 4-h thyroid radioiodine uptake, and the labeled iodoamino acid composition of thyroid digests. Plasma T4 concentration was lower in both LID and HID fetuses and pups than in the HID mothers. Plasma T3 was not detectable (less than 20 ng/dl) in the fetuses of either group, nor was labeled T3 in the thyroid digests. Body weight, plasma T4, and pituitary TSH content were usually lower in the LID than the HID animals of comparable age; however, these differences were not consistently statistically significant (P less than 0.05). [HYP] We conclude that thyroid deficiency causes a marked stimulation of TSH secretion and, consequently, of iodine growth and metabolism from the earliest development of fetal pituitary- iodine function.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI766015 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Twenty Holstein heifers in diestrus were given 30 mg of PGF2alpha Tham salt (im). Thereafter each of five heifers received no further treatment of 40 mug of GnRH (im) at 10, 30, or 50 hr after PGF2alpha. Serum progesterone decreased to less than 1 ng/ml at 24 hr after PGF2alpha and remained low throughout the remainder of the sampling period. Following PGF2alpha, estradiol concentrations increased gradually in serum but GnRH given at 30 hr after PGF2alpha abruptly decreased estradiol concentration. The magnitude of LH release induced by GnRH given at 30 or 50 hr after PGF2alpha was greater than that at 10 hr. All heifers exhibited behavioral estrus except those in group GnRH-50. Spontaneous LH peaks, which usually occur after PGF2alpha were observed in 5/5 (control), 4/5 (GnRH-10), 0/5 (GnRH-30), and 2/5 (GnRH-50) heifers. [HYP] We conclude that pituitary responsiveness to GnRH increases with time after PGF2alpha and GnRH given at 30 hr completely inhibits and at 50 hr partially inhibits endogenous LH release .
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI786044 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The intravascular removal rates of colloidal carbon and of biologically active endotoxin by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) were evaluated as a function of blood-glucose levels. There was a significant negative correlation of carbon clearance half time on blood glucose in both saline-treated and insulin-treated rats. Insulin hypoglycemia depressed RES carbon clearance with the maximal effect occurring at blood glucose values below 30 mg/dl. Insulin hypoglycemia also severely impaired the intravascular removal of endotoxin as evaluated by lethality bioassay in lead-sensitized rats. [HYP] It is concluded that blood glucose may modulate RES phagocytic function and that the hypoglycemia of endotoxin shock may augment the shock state due to impairment of RES host defense clearance functions.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI786608 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Hydrocortisone 17-butyrate is a new non-fluorinated topical corticosteroid for use in psoriasis, eczema and other inflammatory dermatoses. In double-blind paired comparisons with other topical corticosteroids, the efficacy of hydrocortisone 17-butyrate 0.1% has generally been indistinguishable from that of triamcinolone acetonide 0.1%, fluocinolone acetonide 0.025% or betamethasone 17-valerate 0.1% in patients with eczema or psoriasis. When applied to the face of patients with atrophy superimposed on rosacea and perioral dermatitis resulting from prolonged use of fluorinated topical corticosteroids, hydrocortisone 17-butyrate 0.1% did not prevent the beneficial effect of systemic tetracycline nor the disappearance of telangiectasis, and tended to be more effective than hydrocortisone 1%. This result suggests that hydrocortisone 17-butyrate may be suitable for long-term use on facial lesions, although the occurrence of moderate rebound eruption in about 10% of patients indicates the need for caution. [HYP] The findings suggest that hydrocortisone 17-butyrate may be less liable to cause skin atrophy and adrenal suppression than some other potent topical corticosteroids, but trials to date have been too short to allow definite conclusions regarding possible long-term effects and have not involved infants or children.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI809224 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The effects of probenecid and hydrochlorothiazide on renal handling of phosphorus during hyperphosphatemia induced by diphosphonate (ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate, EHDP) was studied. Measurements of calcium, phosphorus, and creatinine clearance were performed in 2 sessions on each of 3 consecutive days in 10 normal fasting volunteers during the morning hours from 8 A.M. to 12 noon. During 2 to 3 wk thereafter, each subject was treated with EHDP, 30 mg/kg/day. The second group of studies were performed in the same manner as the first except the EHDP administration was continued throughout. EHDP caused elevation of serum phosphorus in all cases. Probenecid did not affect urine phosphorus. Hydrochlorothiazide caused a transient phosphaturia of similar magnitude in the EHDP treated and untreated states. Creatinine clearance was not affected by any of the treatments and urine calcium was decreased by EHDP. [HYP] It was concluded that phosphorus inhibits tubular reabsorption of hydrochlorothiazide but that it does not affect the mechanism whereby EHDP causes increased tubular reabsorption of hydrochlorothiazide .
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI815916 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Twelve heifers were exposed to 21 degrees ambient temperature for 10 days, and then subjected to 4.5, 21, or 32 degrees for 9 days in controlled environmental chambers. Serum prolactin (PRL) decreased linearly (P less than 0.01; 0.6 ng/ml/degrees) as the temperature was reduced during the first day from 21 to 4.5 degrees; serum PRL increased linearly (P less than 0.05; 1.17 ng/ml/degrees) as the temperature was increased from 21 to 32 degrees. Between Days 2 and 9 serum PRL averaged 2.6, 13.0, and 27.7 ng/ml (P less than 0.05) at 4.5, 21, and 32 degrees, respectively. Injection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) caused serum PRL to increase within 5 min from 20.4 to 109.8 ng/ml at 32 degrees, at 21 degrees serum PRL increased from 15.7 to 62.8 ng/ml, whereas at 4.5 degrees serum PRL did not respond to TRH. Serum growth hormone (GH) averaged 4.0, 6.3, and 9.4 ng/ml at 4.5, 21, and 32 degrees, respectively, but these means were not different (P greater than 0.10). TRH released GH at all temperatures tested, but the quantity released was unaffected by ambient temperature. Relative humidities of 50 and 90% did not significantly alter (P greater than 0.05) serum PRL or GH. [HYP] We conclude that ambient temperature affects basal and TRH -stimulated concentrations of serum PRL but not GH in heifers.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI831088 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Despite widespread use and abuse of ethanol and diazepam in combination, little is known about the effects of ethanol on diazepam absorption. We administered diazepam (0.07 mg per kilogram of body weight) with water and with 30 ml of 50 per cent ethanol to seven normal volunteers. Plasma diazepam levels were significantly higher at 60 minutes (P less than 0.05), 90 minutes (P less than 0.01), 120 minutes (P less than 0.01), and 240 minutes (P less than 0.01) when diazepam was administered with ethanol than with water alone. [HYP] Since maximum mean plasma diazepam levels after combined ingestion with ethanol were nearly twice as high than after diazepam and water (373 ng per milliliter versus 197 ng per mililiter at 60 minutes) we conclude that ethanol enhanced diazepam absorption.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI839120 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Previous workers have reported that ethyl methylene blue (EMB) diminishes cyanide-induced increases in blood lactate (CIL); the present study investigates the mechanism underlying this interaction. Accordingly, sodium cyanide (1.2 mg./Kg.) was infused into the abdominal aorta of anesthetized, spontaneously breathing dogs. Following cyanide infusion, arterial lactate concentration increased 5.4 +/- 1.1 mmol./L. and arterial PCO2 decreased 22 +/- 3 mm. Hg. A second group of dogs was pretreated with EMB (8 to 15 mg./Kg.); this dose of EMB elicited twofold increments in oxygen consumption and induced the formation in vivo of methemoglobin (0.8 +/- 0.1 gm./100 ml.). Following cyanide infusion, the increase in lactate in EMB animals was only 0.6 +/- 0.2 mmol./L.; the decrease in arterial PCO2 was limited to 5 +/- 1 mm. Hg. In order to clarify the relationship between cyanide-induced hypocapnia and CIL, cyanide was infused into a third group of dogs that were maintained isocapneic via mechanical ventilation; despite constancy of arterial PCO2, lactate increased 6.0 +/- 0.7 mmol./L. To determine the effect of EMB-induced tissue hypermetabolism on CIL, twofold increments in oxygen consumption were produced in a fourth group of dogs by pretreatment with sodium salicylate. Following cyanide infusion, salicylate-pretreated animals increased lactate 7.2 +/- 1.2 mmol./L. In order to assess the relationship between EMB-induced methemoglobinemia and the decrease in CIL, similar concentrations of methemoglobin were produced in two subsequent groups of dogs by two different techniques (i.e., by aniline pretreatment or by infusion of methemoglobinemic blood that had been prepared in vitro by addition of sodium nitrite). CIL in these animals was again markedly diminished (i.e., increments of only 0.6 +/- 0.3 mmol./L.) [HYP] It is concluded that CIL diminishes EMB by a mechanism other than elimination of cyanide-induced hypocapnia or induction of tissue hypermetabolism.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI839464 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] 1. Cat superior cervical ganglia were perfused with a Krebs solution containing 10(-6) M [3H]homocholine (2-hydroxypropyl-trimethylammonium) or 10(-5) M [14C]triethylcholine (2-hydroxyethyl-triethylammonium). Preganglionic nerve stimulation (20 Hz) increased the accumulation of homocholine (3-2-fold) and of triethylcholine (2-1-fold). This increased accumulation during stimulation was not the result of increased metabolism. 2. The increased accumulation of homocholine or triethylcholine induced by pregnaglionic nerve stimulation was not reduced by tubocurarine or by atropine, but it was blocked by choline and by hemicholinium. These results suggested that preganglionic nerve stimulation increased choline analogue accumulation into cholinergic nerve terminals. 3. The increased accumulation of homocholine or of triethylcholine induced by preganglionic nerve stimulation was reduced when the Ca2+ concentration was reduced and was abolished in the absence of Ca2+. However, changes in the Mg2+ concentration which depressed acetylcholine (ACh) release by amounts comparable to those induced by altered Ca2+ concentrations did not alter the uptake of homocholine or triethylcholine. It is concluded that the uptake of choline analogues is not regulated by transmitter release but that stimulation increases the uptake of the choline analogues by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism. 4. The accumulation of ACh by ganglia perfused with a Krebs solution containing choline and high MgSO4 (18 mM) was measured. The ACh content of these ganglia did not increase, although choline transport presumably exceeded that necessary for ACh synthesis to replace released ACh. [HYP] It is concluded that choline transport does not limit ACh synthesis in ganglia.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI858972 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Administration of pharmacologic doses of vasopressin (50 mU./min./kg.) to the rat resulted in significant increases in both the urinary excretion of sodium (0.02 +/- 0.02 to 6.24 +/- 0.76 micronEq/min.) and the urine flow rate (4.5 +/- 0.5 to 30.5 +/- 6.0 micronl/min). Simultaneous free-flow micropuncture studies demonstrated a decrease in end-proximal TF/Pinulin ratios from 2.82 +/- 0.15 to 1.90 +/- 0.90 (p less than 0.01), indicating decreased water reabsorption in this portion of the nephron. To reduce the influence of the pressor effect of these doses of vasopressin on the kidney, the aorta was constricted proximal to the renal arteries and this resulted in a decrease in urinary sodium excretion to 2.87 +/- 0.57 micronEq/min. and in urine flow rates to 16.6 +/- 3.6 micronl/min. compared with animals given vasopressin alone. End-proximal TF/Pinulin ratio was 2.01 +/- 0.15, a value not significantly different than that in animals given vasopressin alone, suggesting a continued proximal inhibitory effect of vasopressin. [HYP] It is not concluded that pharmacologic doses of vasopressin inhibit sodium reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule as well as in distal portions of the nephron.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI865655 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Prolactin was shown to activate adenylate cyclase in broken cellular enzyme preparations from rat renal medulla. Likewise, vasopresin was effective on this enzyme system. Parathyroid hormone was similarly active in the renal cortex. The simultaneous administration of vasopressin and prolactin to medullary kidney slices did not result in an additive effect in stimulating medullary adenyl cyclase. Audioradiographic techniques revealed a selective and prolonged localization of intravenously injected 125I-prolactin to the thick limb of the loop of Henle, the distal tubule and the collecting duct. [HYP] It is concluded that prolactin activates medullary adenylate cyclase , and may do not so by occupying ADH receptors.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI870830 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Dopamine (da) concentrations in rat adrenals, plasma and brain were variably elevated 1 h after a large parenteral dose of morphine. In adrenals, unlabelled DA increased 2-fold and labelled DA, synthesized from 3H-tyrosine, increased more than 4-fold. The increases could be prevented by inhibition of DA-synthesizing enzymes and spinal cord transection, respectively. Labelled DA in plasma increased 2.7-fold after morphine in intact rats but did not increase in those with spinal cord transection. [HYP] It is concluded that: (1) morphine stimulates the adrenal by increasing nerve impulse flow, (2) increased nerve impulse flow increases HMBA synthesis and levels, and (3) the increased HMBA levels result in increased release of HMBA into the bloodstream.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI871204 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The effects of enflurane anesthesia on adrenal medullary catecholamine secretion and on the pressor effect of splanchnic-nerve stimulation were studied in cats given pentobarbital for basal anesthesia. Inhalation of enflurane, 1.2 and 2.2 per cent, caused dose-related inhibition of both spontaneous catecholamine release and secretion evoked by splanchnic-nerve stimulation. During inhalation of 2.2 per cent enflurane spontaneous release of epinephrine was decreased to 19 and 25 per cent, respectively, of the initial values, and the stimulated release was decreased to 30 and 15 per cent, respectively. Enflurane also inhibited the pressor effect of splanchnic-nerve stimulation, whereas that of norepinephrine was not changed significantly. These results are similar to those previously obtained with halothane and methoxyflurane. [HYP] It is concluded that enflurane anesthesia inhibits adrenal medullary catecholamine secretion in the cat.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI871806 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Four young women and six older men with mitral leaflet prolapse presented with visual disturbances consistent with embolism in the ophthalmic or posterior cerebral circulation. Cardiac arrhythmias were common, but these are rarely associated with focal ischaemia. [HYP] The evidence that mitral leaflet embolism caused the prolapse in these patients is suggestive but not conclusive.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI902162 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The relationship between bath Po2, intramural prostaglandin synthesis, and vessel tone in isolated coronary arteries of cattle was studied. The basal output of prostaglandin under 95% O2-5% CO2 (580 mmHg) was elevated markedly when the Po2 was decreased to 47 mmHg but extreme hypoxia (9 mmHg) sharply curtailed output. The coronary vessels responded to 47 mmHg with relaxation but they contracted when the Po2 was decreased further to 9 mmHg. Known inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis attenuated both the hypoxia-induced relaxations and contractions. Analysis of the effects of extreme hypoxia and of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis on tone indicated that both suppress prostaglandin production. [HYP] It is concluded that coronary prostaglandin synthesis is accelerated by hypoxia unless the oxygen deprivation is so severe as to limit the availability of oxygen for synthesis.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI906865 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Isolated hindquarters of rats were perfused at constant flow with a plasma substitute so that pressor responses to various concentrations of noradrenaline (NA) could be measured in consective sections of the vascular bed with normal (greater than 1.5 mM) or low (0.2 mM) Ca2+ in the perfusate. The animals used were 6-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats of the Okamoto strin (SHRy), normotensive controls of the same age NCRy); 6--7-month-old SHR (SHRA) and NCR (NCRA); and rats made hypertensive by clipping of one renal artery (RHR) plus matched normotensive controls (NCRR). Concentration-response curves to NA showed that constrictor responses to NA become more dependent on external calcium as one proceeds peripherally in the vascular system in both SHRA and NCRA, with responses in proximal vessels being least and small pre- and postcapillary vessels being most dependent in both cases. In low calcium SHRA retained their responses better than NCRA, whereas RHR retained their responses to NA poorer than did NCRR. No significant differences in responses in low calcium were observed in SHRY compared to NCRY though a trend in the same direction as in SHRA could be traced. [HYP] It is concluded that the development of hypertension in SHR is paralleled by changes in the sensitivity of the alpha-adrenoceptors to external calcium .
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI928958 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The objective of the present investigation was to determine whether a correlation exists between the effect of ouabain to inhibit activity of the sympathetic neuronal transport system and the effect of the drug to produce cardiac arrhythmias. 3H-d,1-Metaraminol was used to monitor activity of the transport system in intact animals as well as in isolated perfused hearts. Accumulation by myocardial tissue (LV; RV), spleen (S), and gastrocnemius muscle (GM) of the guinea pig was not altered by the lowest dose of ouabain, 100 microgram/kg. A subarrhythmic dose, 150 microgram/kg, as well as the arrhythmic dose of ouabain, 212+/-24 microgram/kg, decreased accumulation by LV, RV, and S. Several different concentrations of ouabain were studied in the isolated perfused guinea pig heart preparation. Only the highest concentration, 5 X 10(-6)M was capable of decreasing accumulation of metaraminol. However, all but the lowest concentration of ouabain produced toxic arrhythmias. Thus, neither in intact animals nor in isolated perfused hearts could the dose of ouabain required to inhibit the sympathetic neuronal transport system be correlated with the dose of ouabain required to produce cardiac arrhythmias. [HYP] It is concluded that ouabain promotion of the sympathetic neuronal transport system does not play a role in the genesis of ouabain -induced cardiac arrhythmias.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI931470 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Doses of aminophylline commensurate with human doses, administered intravenously to dogs under chloralose anesthesia cause an increase in heart rate, a decrease in mean systemic arterial blood pressure, a rise in cardiac output, coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption and an increase in the oxygen content of the coronary sinus blood which resulted in a decrease in the coronary oxygen arteriovenous difference as the oxygen content of the arterial blood remained essentially unchanged. This increase in coronary blood flow in the presence of a decrease in arterial blood pressure is obviously due to a decrease in the resistance of the coronary bed, which is probably due, at least partially, to dilatation of the coronary bed. [HYP] It is concluded that aminophylline in doses commensurate with human doses increases myocardial oxygen consumption by dilatation of the coronary bed.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI942879 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Shock-induced fighting behavior, flinch-jump thresholds and locomotor open-field activity were studied following dorsal and medial raphe lesions in rats. Attack scores were raised for low-intensity shocks (1 mA) only, whereas they remained unchanged for shocks of higher intensity (2 mA), as compared to controls. The jump threshold is decreased in raphe lesioned animals, but the flinch threshold is unchanged. Physostigmine (0,2-0,5 mg/kg) reduces the lesion-induced hyperreactivity: locomotor open-field activity is reduced to a greater extent than in the controls, and habituation to the open-field situation is restored. Doses of physostigmine (e.g. 0,2 mg/kg), that do not modify shock-induced aggression in controls, reduce aggression in lesioned animals to the level shown by controls for low-intensity shocks. [HYP] In conclusion, aggression -induced shock is not directly dependent on a serotonergic brain mechanism.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI947950 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The alpha-glucose anomer produces a greater insulin release than beta-glucose in various animal models. These glucose anomers were dissolved rapidly and administered intravenously to human volunteers at a high dose (0.5 g/kg) over a 3-min period or a low dose (3.5 g) over a 20-s period. Blood samples were obtained at frequent time intervals for measurement of whole blood glucose (ferricyanide), plasma glucose (beta-glucose oxidase) and serum immunoreactive insulin. The high-dose infusion test showed no differences between the anomers of either blood glucose or serum insulin levels. However, at the lower dose, the alpha-glucose anomer stimulated a significantly greater insulin release than did beta-glucose. [HYP] It is concluded that the alpha-glucose anomer stimulates a greater insulin release than the beta-glucose anomer in human subjects at low but not at high doses intravenously and that this response is not apparently related to approximations of the degree of mutarotation.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI966782 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Despite experimental evidence that myocardial depression resulting from rapid transfusion of ACD blood (citrate binds ionic calcium) is avoidable by simultaneous calcium administration, most hypovolemic patients receive calcium either after transfusion or not at all. Similar iatrogenic hypocalcemic myocardial depression occurs in normovolemic patients with known myocardial damage who are dialyzed for acute uremia when ACD blood prime is used at high initial flow rates (350 c.c. per minute) and when dialysis is performed against low calcium dialysate (2.5 mEq. per liter or less). This study tests the hypotheses that (1) rapid transfusion of as little as one unit of CPD blood causes a significant reduction in ionized calcium, (2) the depressive effect of CPD blood is significant and similar to that of ACD blood, (3) rapid blood transfusion (ACD or CPD) is safe if calcium is given simultaneously, (4) addition of calcium to the extracorporeal heparinized blood prime used in dialysis prevents initial depression, and (5) hemodynamic instability during dialysis is prevented when the dialysate is normocalcemic. [HYP] In conclusion, addition of calcium to extracorporeal heparinized blood prime prevents initial hypocalcemic myocardial depression resulting from rapid transfusion of CPD or ACD blood.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI975616 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] 1. The effects of the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitors bupicamide, fusaric acid, FLA-63 and U-14,624 on blood pressure and heart rate of spontaneously hypertensive rats were examined. 2. Bupicamide and fusaric acid caused marked tachycardia whereas FLA-63 and U-14,624 caused modest bradycardia; all drugs decreased blood pressure. 3. In normotensive rats, fusaric acid caused the same degree of tachycardia as in spontaneously hypertensive rats, but blood pressure was only slightly reduced. 4. Tachycardia after fusaric acid was not due to increased sympathetic activity or decreased parasympathetic activity but required intact catecholamine stores. 5. [HYP] It is concluded that fusaric acid causes tachycardia by releasing catecholamines indirectly and that a metabolite of fusaric acid is also involved.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI976195 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The protein metabolism and [3H]-uridine uptake of thyroid and adenohypophysis and the kinetics of pituitary TSH rebound (PTR) were studied in goitrous female rats (fed propylthiouracil, PTU: for 7-12 weeks) following single, iv injections of L-thyroxine (T4: 0.8 to 200 mug). Goitrogenesis was associated with reduced protein concentration and enhanced uptake of [3H] uridine in both glands. Plasma levels of TSH were invariably elevated but stores in the adenohypophysis were consistently reduced. Small doses of T4 (4 mug) induced significant TSH repletion in the pituitary within 2-6 h following injection. Accumulations of pituitary TSH to supranormal levels (15-fold increases) were achieved with 20 mug T4 at 6 and 24 h; higher doses (100-200 mug) inhibited the PTR at all time intervals tested (0.5-24 h). Administration of puromycin or actinomycin D did not influence the PTR. Protein content and labeled uridine uptake of the pituitary bore no apparent relationship to T4-induced TSH repletion in the gland. Blood clearance rate of exogenous rat TSH was measured prior to and during PTR. Plasma half-life was determined to be 13.6 and 19.9 min in euthyroid and chronically hypothyroid rats, respectively; it was not significantly altered from the latter during rebound (18.7 min). Calculations of theoretical TSH secretory rates prior to (50.5 +/- 4.4 mU/h) and after rebound with 20 mug T4 (25.4 +/- 4.2 mU/H) revealed that the reaccumulation of TSH in the pituitary induced with T4 cannot be attributed solely to inhibition of release, but may also involve enhancement of synthesis. [HYP] It is concluded that T4 administration at high dose levels inhibits both synthesis and release of TSH from pituitary thyrotrophs, whereas low critical doses of T4 suppress release, but augment synthesis and/or facilitate conformational change in a pituitary precursor(s) molecule which renders it detectable by bioassay.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI978134 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] In this study the physiological role of properdin and the differential subunit composition of the solid phase enzymes of the pathway have been explored. Cell-bound C3 and C5 convertase differ in their C3b requirement. Apparently one molecule of C3b is sufficient to allow formation of C3 convertase (C3b,B), whereas two or more are required for generation of C5 convertase (C3bn,B). This conclusion was drawn from results indicating the critical role of the spacial distribution of C3b molecules on the cell surface in enzyme formation. While the C3/C5 convertase is fully capable of acting on C5 and thereby initiating the assembly of the cytolytic membrane attack complex, it is exceedingly labile and vulnerable to destruction by the C3b inactivator. It is the apparent role of properdin to confer a degree of stability upon the labile enzyme and to protect its C3 convertase function against enzymatic destruction. To achieve these effects, precursor properdin (pre-P) is recruited in a binding-activation reaction by the labile C3/C5 convertase. Multiple C3b molecules appear to be needed for the formation of properdin-activating principle. Three modes of regulation have been described, which involve spontaneous dissociation enzymatic degradation by C3b inactivator and disassembly by beta1H. The functional differences of pre-P and activated properdin (P) were delineated, pre-P displaying a weak affinity for C3b and P the capacity of strong interaction, P generating a soluble C3 convertase in serum and pre-P being unable to do so. Because of the profound differences between native pre-P and the laboratory product P, the question was raised as to whether soluble P represents an unphysiological form of the protein. [HYP] On the basis of this and other studies, the conclusion was reached that in vitro properdin recruitment constitutes the terminal event of the properdin pathway, and that properdin augments the function of C3/C5 convertase without changing its substrate specificity.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI993351 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The aim of the present experiments was to determine the role of insulin and glucagon in the regulation of basal glucose production in dogs fasted overnight. A deficiency of either or both pancreatic hormones was achieved by infusin somatostatin (1 mug/kg per min), a potent inhibitor of both insulin and glucagon secretion, alone or in combination with intraportal replacement infusions of either pancreatic hormone. Infusion of somatostatin alone caused the arterial levels of insulin and glucagon to drop rapidly by 72+/-6 and 81+/-8%, respectively. Intraportal infusion of insulin and glucagon at rates of 400 muU/kg per min and 1 ng/kg per min, respectively, resulted in the maintenance of the basal levels of each hormone. Glucose production was measured using tracer (primed constant infusion of [3-3H]glucose) and arteriovenous difference techniques. Isolated glucagon deficiency resulted in a 35+/-5% (P less than 0.05) rapid and sustained decrease in glucose production which was abolished upon restoration of the plasma glucagon level. Isolated insulin deficiency resulted in a 52+/-16% (P less than 0.01) increase in the rate of glucose production which was abolished when the insulin level was restored. Somatostatin had no effect on glucose production when the changes in the pancreatic hormone levels which it normally induces were prevented by simultaneous intraportal infusion of both insulin and glucagon. [HYP] We conclude that glucagon and, to a lesser extent, insulin contribute to the regulation of overnight glucose production in the dog.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI1001252 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Ovariectomized hamsters were administered estradiol benzoate (EB) and 44 h later, progesterone (P.) Lordosis behavior was induced. When an additional dose of P was given up to 24 h prior to or 24 h after the EB, EB-P facilitation of lordosis was inhibited. Additional hamsters were given varying doses of P (25-200 mu) following EB using both excitatory and inhibitory paradigms. Inhibition of EB-induced lordosis was effected with a lower dose of P than was the facilitation of EB induced lordosis by P. Hamsters were also given intracerebral implants of P using excitatory and inhibitory paradigms. No excitatory loci were found. Inhibition of EB-induced lordosis was effected by implants in the posterior hypothalamus and anterior mesencephalon, but not by diencephalic implants. Other hamsters were administered tritiated estradiol (E2) plus P prior to, concurrent with, or shortly after the E2. P had no effect upon the accumulation of E2 by any brain sites, although E2 was found to concentrate to a greater degree in the diencephalon than in the mesencephalon or cortex. The estrogen-induced depletion and replenishment of hypothalamic cytosol estrogen receptors was also studied. Concurrent P treatment had no effect upon the receptor depletion-replenishment process. [HYP] It was not concluded that P can both facilitate and inhibit estrogen -induced lordosis and that the inhibitory effects of P are not upon estrogen -sensitive cells in the brain.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI1004638 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The cardiac effects of a continuous infusion of glucagon at the rate of 10 mug/min were studied in the Starling heart-lung preparation, modified to measure coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption. A maximal increase in myocardial contractility, as reflected by maximal rate of rise of left ventricular pressure, dp/dt, of 31% was observed at a total dose of glucagon of 50 mug and was accompanied by an increase in heart rate and in myocardial oxygen consumption of 59% and 57%, respectively. At a total dose of glucagon of 100 mug, there was an additional and comparable increase only in heart rate and myocardial oxygen consumption of 11.2% and 6.4% respectively. Similarly, at a total dose of glucagon of 150 mug, only heart rate and myocardial oxygen consumption increased additionally by increments of 2.6% and 2.9% respectively. These effects occurred at constant aortic pressure and left ventricular volume. Further infusion of glucagon led to an additional increase only in myocardial oxygen consumption of 4.2%. When the increase in heart rate was largely prevented by prior treatment with veratramine, an increase in dp/dt, not significantly different from the maximal increase obtained with glucagon alone, was accompanied by much lower and closely comparable increases in heart rate and in myocardial oxygen consumption of 15% and 19%, respectively. Coronary flow increased more markedly when glucagon was administered alone and it paralleled the increase in myocardial oxygen consumption. [HYP] It may be concluded from this study that, in the isolated dog heart preparation, glucagon increases contractility, heart rate and myocardial oxygen consumption and that the increase in myocardial oxygen consumption is related more closely to the increase in heart rate than to the increase in contractility, but a minor increment is referable to a calorigenic action.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI1030657 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The clinical manifestations and natural history of radiculomyelitis following a newly reported disease--acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC)--have been studied in 33 patients in Taiwan, and the following observations made: All the patients in this series were adults at ages ranging from 21 to 55 years; the salient initial neurological manifestations were radicular pains and acute flaccid paralysis which developed from five to thirty-seven days after the onset of AHC. In some patients, signs and symptoms indicating involvement of the meninges, cranial nerves and the white matter of the cord were observed; motor paralysis was the most striking feature during the whole clinical course; it consisted of flaccid asymmetrical weakness in one or more limbs, usually being more severe in the lower limbs than in the upper, and often more proximal than distal. Atrophy in the severely affected muscles usually became apparent in the second or third week of the weakness; the prognosis regarding the return of function in the affected muscles was dependent on the severity of the involvement. Permanent incapacitation due to paralysis and muscular atrophy in the affected proximal muscles of lower limbs was the main sequel in severe cases. The pattern and prognosis of flaccid motor paralysis were reminiscent of acute poliomyelitis in which the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord are mainly involved. Pleocytosis ranging from 11 to 270 per mm3 was noted in the majority of the patients when the cerebrospinal fluid was examined within the first three weeks from the onset of neurological symptoms; the total protein level was raised invariably from the second week onwards in all specimens, and remained so throughout the subsequent course as long as the seventh week or later. Tissue culture neutralization tests were performed on the sera from 9 patients; significant rises in the antibody titres (greater than or equal to 1:16) to AHC virus antigens were found in 8 cases, and in 2 of them a fourfold rise in the paired sera was noted. The differentiation of this syndrome from poliomyelitis and from Guillain-Barré syndrome, the relative freedom of children from neurological complications of AHC and the aetiological relationship of AHC virus to the syndrome have been discussed. [HYP] It is concluded that this unusual neurological syndrome is caused by the neurovirulent properties of the AHC virus.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI1033690 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The effect of ketamine on intraocular pressure (IOP) was studied in 10 children. Control IOP values were determined prior to induction of anesthesia, following premedication with atropine alone or in combination with pentobarbital and meperidine. After the IM injection of 8 mg/kg of ketamine, the IOP was determined at 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes. Mean (+/- SD) IOP values before and after ketamine were 22.2 +/- 4.8 and 16.7 +/- 3.3 torr (p less than 0.001), respectively. The authors believe that the reduction in IOP was not due to ketamine, per se, but rather to lack of patient relaxation and cooperation during control measurements. At the end of 20 minutes, a second dose of ketamine, this time 1 mg/kg IV, was given and measurements were repeated at the same intervals. In 5 patients, the effects on IOP of d-tubocurarine, endotracheal intubation, and N2O inhalation also was evaluated. A significant increase (6.7 torr) in IOP was observed only after endotracheal intubation. [HYP] The authors conclude that ketamine does not raise epidermal growth factor receptor in the healthy pediatric patient and, therefore, can be used for ophthalmic procedures requiring sedation or anesthesia.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI1118868 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The effects of estradiol-17beta and progesterone on uterine sialic acid of ovariectomized rats have been examined. In contrast to a previous report, progesterone was found in two of three experiments of different design to increase uterine sialic acid concentration above that produced by estradiol-17beta alone; in the third experiment, it had no significant effect. This effect of progesterone was independent of the duration of treatment with exogenous hormones or of whether or not uterine luminal fluid was removed by blotting before assaying sialic acid. In a factorially designed experiment with four levels of estradiol-17beta and three of progesterone, a dose-response relationship was found between estradiol-17beta, but not progesterone, and uterine sialic acid concentration. [HYP] It is concluded that, in some circumstances, estrogen and progesterone can act synergistically to increase uterine sialic acid concentration.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI1126927 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The observation that thyroxine stimulated in vitro protein synthesis in the absence of mitochondria (Carter, W.J., Faas, F.H., and Wynn, J (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 4973-4977) has been disputed on the basis that radioactivity incorporated into protein did not represent peptide synthesis but incorporation of labeled contaminants present in the L-(U-14C) valine precursor (Sokoloff, L., and Roberts, P.A. (1972 Fed. Proc. 31, 1525). The question of mitochondrial requirement is important in determining whether thyroxine has a direct action on the polysome or causes the release of stimulatory factors from mitochondria. In this paper, thyroxine stimulation of peptide synthesis in mitochondria-free systems has been confirmed. Peptide synthesis is required for the thyroxine effect since it is dependent on the presence of polysomes and an energy source in the reaction mixture and is abolished by puromycin. The thyroxine effect is not due to incorporation of labeled contaminants since hydrolysis of labeled protein recovered from control and thyroxine-treated reaction mixtures yields the labeled amino acid precursor as the only radioactive product. Thyroxine stimulates polyuridylic acid-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis, providing further evidence that thyroxine is stimulating peptide synthesis rather than incorporation of radioactive contaminants by mechanisms other than peptide synthesis. Although thyroxine stimulates polyphenylalanine synthesis, it does not influence polyuridylic acid hydrolysis measured in the same reaction. Therefore, thyroxine stimulation of peptide synthesis is not due to prevention of hydrolysis of nucleic acid components of the reaction mixture. Thyroxine does not influence the size or specific activity of the free valine pool in the reaction mixture, indicating that observed increases in valine incorporation reflect increased peptide synthesis rather than increased specific activity of the valine precursor. [HYP] The fact that peptide synthesis stimulates thyroxine using (14C)aminoacyl-tRNA precursors strengthens this conclusion.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI1139737 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Administration of phenobarbital to rats increases the rate of synthesis of certain microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes in a selective manner and promotes proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the liver. Phenobarbital increased a number of factors by which protein synthesis could be enhanced in the liver. It produced a 30% increase in the amount of ribosomes and mRNA per cell. The proportion of ribosomes associated with polysomes was increased by 5-10% over normal liver. There was a 10-30% increase in the rate of ploypeptide elongation and a small increase or no change in polysome size, indicating that the rate of polypeptide initiation was increased proportionately. The product of these effects accounts for the 1.5-fold increase in the rate of total protein synthesis previously reported. The average polysome size, and the size of free polysomes in particular, was maintained when actinomycin D was administered to phenobarbital-pretreated rats, suggesting that the rate of mRNA degradation was decreased selectively. Phenobarbital did not, however, affect the distribution of ribosomes between the free and membrane-bound states or the activity of ribonucleases associated with isolated free and bound polysomes. [HYP] Thus, we conclude that phenobarbital stimulates protein synthesis by expanding the mRNA pool, at least partially through effects on mRNA degradation, and by augmenting the rate of mRNA translation.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI1141433 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Bolus injections of gastrin or pentagastrin (PG) cause a marked elevation in lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP), and it has been suggested that serum gastrin concentration is the main physiological and pathophysiological regulator of LESP. We evaluated this hypothesis by measuring LESP and gastric acid secretion simultaneously in normal subjects during continuous infusion of PG (0.004-12 mjg/kg per h), since continuous infusion of a hormone probably simulates physiological hormone release better than bolus injection. In groups of 8-13 subjects there was no statistically significant increase in average LESP with any of seven PG infusion rates. However, a bolus of PG superimposed on the continuous infusion of PG resulted in a 20-mm Hg increase in LESP. Examination of results in individual subjects suggested that PG by infusion might be stimulating LESP in some subjects and inhibiting it in others. Therefore, individual dose-response studies were performed in two normal subjects. These revealed that 0.9 mug/kg per h PG by infusion elevated LESP by 10-12 mm Hg. This dose of PG also elicited maximal rates of gastric acid secretion. In one of the subjects an infusion of PG calculated to give one-half maximal acid secretion (D50) elevated LESP by 8 mm Hg; in the other the PG-D50 for acid secretion had no effect on sphincter pressure. Infusion of smaller amounts of PG had no effect on LESP, even though gastric acid secretion was stimulated submaximally. Thus, the parietal cells are more sensitive than the lower esophageal sphincter to the effect of PG by infusion. [HYP] We conclude that PG by continuous infusion elevates LESP to only a modest degree (compared with the contraction that occurs after bolus injections of PG ) and that the contraction occurs only within a narrow dose range between the D50 and D100 for acid secretion.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI1147308 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The effect of halothane on A-V conduction was evaluated in gods during atrial pacing using the technique of His-bundle electrocardiography. In addition, the effects of lidocaine and diphenylkydantoin (DPH) on A-V conuction were examined during halothane anesthesia. Effects of these drugs on three subintervals of A-V conduction were compared. These included the -H (stimulus atifact of His-bundle deflection-atrioventricular conduction), H-Q (His-budnle deflection onset of QRS complex-His-Purkinje conduction), and H-S intervals(His-bundle delfection to end of QRS COmplex-total intraventricular conduction). Linear regression best described the relationship between duration of interval (P-H, H-V,and H-S) and heart rate during incremental increases in the atrial paced rate. Data from these experiments were fitted to a multiple lenear regression model that predicted the effect of increasing concentrations of halothan, lidocaine, and DPH on slope and intercept coefficients. In creasing concentrations of halothan ( 30 and 45 mg/100 ml arterial). Both lidocaine and DPH further depressed conduction at all levels of halothan anesthesia. The P-H interval was particularly sensitive todrug effefts. This may represent potentiation of the normal slowing of conduction through the AVnode in response to incremental increases in heart rate (fatigue response.) [HYP] It is concluded that while halothane anesthesia depresses A-V conduction, both lidocaine and DPH further depress A-V conduction.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI1174954 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] By means of single unit recording techniques it was found that a small systemically administered (intravenous) dose of the alpha-adrenergic agonist clonidine inhibited the spontaneous firing of brain norepinephrine (NE)-containing neurons in the locus coeruleus. In addition, the NE neurons were consistently inhibited by the direct (microiontophoretic) application of minute amounts of NE or clonidine. Intravenous clonidine also inhibited the firing of the great majority of (5-HT) neurons in the midbrain dorsal raphe nucleus. However, this action does not appearto be a direct one since clonidine (and NE) had relatively weak or variable effects when applied microiontophoretically to raphe neurons. The clonidine-induced depression of raphe firing may be secondary to an impairment in adrenergic transmission since (1) the depression could be reversed by the NE-releasing agents D- and L-amphetamine, (2) high doses of clonidine itself (which have been reported to have postsynaptic alpha-agonistic activity) reversed the depression produced by a low dose of clonidine and (3) prior destruction of NE neurons by 6-hydroxydopamine (7-12 days) rendered raphe neurons insensitive to the depressant effect of i.v. clonidine. Dopaminergic (substantia nigra, zona compacta) neurons did not respond to either low or high doses of clonidine. These results are consistent with previous data showing that clonidine decreases NE and 5-HT but not dopamine turnover. [HYP] We conclude that systemically administered clonidine inhibits the firing of brain NE neurons by acting directly upon adrenergic receptors located on or near the soma of these neurons but that the concomitant inhibition of 2-HT neurons is an indirect effect (possibly secondary to an impairment in noracrenergic transmission).
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI1184506 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Increases in functional residual capacity (FRC) decrease inspiratory muscle efficiency; the present experiments were designed to determine the effect of FRC change on the ventilatory response to exercise. Six well-trained adults were exposed to expiratory threshold loads (ETL) ranging from 5 to 40 cmH2O during steady-state exercise on a bicycle ergometer at 40-95% VO2max. Inspiratory capacity (IC) was measured and changes of IC interpreted as changes of FRC. ETL did not consistently limit exercise performance. At heavy work (greater than 92% VO2max) minute ventilation decreased with increasing ETL; at moderate work (less than 58% VO2max) it did not. Decreases in ventilation were due to decreases in respiratory frequency with prolongation of the duration of expiration being the most consistent change in breathing pattern. At moderate work levels, FRC increased with ETL; at maximum work it did not. Changes in FRC were dictated by constancy of tidal volume and a fixed maximum end-inspiratory volume of 80-90% of the inspiratory capacity. When tidal volume was such that end-inspiratory volume was less than this value, FRC increased with ETL. Mouth pressure measured during the first 0-1 s of inspiratory effort against an occluded airway (P0-1) was increased by ETL equals 30 cmH2O, in spite of the fact that ventilation was decreased. [HYP] We concluded that changes in FRC due to ETL had no effect on the ventilatory response to exercise and that changes in P0-80 induced by ETL did not reflect changes of inspiratory drive so much as changes of the pattern of inspiration.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI1192181 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The purpose of this study was to determine whether denervation supersensitivity could be produced in an identified cholinergic pathway in the CNS of the rat. The mechanism for the development of this phenomenon was also explored. Cholinergic denervation of the hippocampus was accomplished by lesions of the medial septum. The response of hippocampal pyramidal cells to microiontophoretic application of acetylcholine (ACh) and carbachol in lesioned and unlesioned animals was determined by extracellular recording. There was a marked increase (6 X) in sensitivity to ACh 2-43 days following lesions. However, there was no increase in sensitivity to carbachol or glutamate. Other workers have shown that septal lesions cause a large decrease in hippocampal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) which is located mainly presynaptically. The absence of increase in sensitivity to carbachol, a cholinomimetic resistant to hydrolysis by AChE, suggests that the postlesion increase in sensitivity to ACh results from a decrease in its inactivation by AChE. A time course for the development of ACh supersensitivity was found to be similar to the time course of AChE loss previosly reported. Experiments using physostigmine, an AChE inhibitor, demonstrated that inhibition of AChE can potentiate the effects of ACh in unlesioned preparations, but not in lesioned preparations. [HYP] It is concluded that denervation supersensitivity to ACh can be produced in a cholinergic pathway which is not presynaptically located, and that the loss of presynaptic ACh inhibition following medial septal lesions results in the potentiation of ACh by AChE .
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI1269103 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Circulating angiotensin II is said to inhibit renin release by a direct, intrarenal action. This effect of angiotensin was studied indirectly using the selective angiotensin II antagonist saralasin (1Sar-8-Ala-angiotensin II) in conscious normal, sodium-depleted, and sodium-loaded rats. Saralasin caused a dose-related increase in plasma renin concentration (PRC) in normal and sodium-depleted rats, but had no effect on PRC in sodium-loaded animals. However, saralasin was 300 times more active in sodium-depleted rats than in normal rats. Saralasin caused hypotension and tachycardia in sodium-depleted rats, but not in normals. Propranolol inhibited saralasin-induced renin release by 99% in normal rats and by 75% in sodium-depleted rats but not alter the hypotensive effect of saralasin in the latter. Saralasin potentiated phentolamine-induced renin release, hypotension, and tachycardia in normal rats, and this potentiated renin release was blocked by propranolol. We conclude that a portion of saralasin-elicited renin release in sodium-depleted rats is mediated by hypotensive activation of the carotid baroreceptor reflex which increases sympathetic nervous activity in the kidney. However, in sodium-depleted rats saralasin induced a 42-fold increase in PRC, whereas an equipotent hypotensive dose of the vasodilator hydralazine caused only a 3.5-fold increase in PRC. Thus, we find that saralasin appears to have a selective effect on renin release over and above its hypotensive effect, which suggests an angiotensin-mediated, feedback mechanism inhibitory to renin release. [HYP] Thus, we have come to the conclusion that for part of saralasin -induced renin release appears to be caused by disinhibition of angiotensin suppression of renin secretion.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI1280708 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The aim of this study was to determine the electrophysiological effects of a combination of factors that are of importance during myocardial ischaemia, i.e., acidosis, lactate, and lysophosphatidylcholine, in ventricular myocytes. Intracellular microelectrode techniques were used to record action potential and ionic currents in ventricular myocytes before, during, and after a 30 min exposure to a salt solution that was acidotic (pH 6.8), and contained lactate (10 mM) and lysophosphatidylcholine (5 microM). Single ventricular myocytes were dissociated enzymatically from guinea pig hearts, and perfused with either normal or modified physiological salt solution. Combined acidosis, lactate, and lysophosphatidylcholine resulted in a reduction in the resting membrane potential and maximum rate of depolarisation of phase 0, and flattening of the plateau but prolongation of the action potential duration at 90% repolarisation. Automatic activity was also induced in about one-third of the cells studied. Under voltage-clamp conditions, this combination of factors reduced the peak inward calcium current, on repolarisation after a depolarising step, reduced the steady-state outward current, and reduced the delayed rectifier current, measured as the tail current at the end of a depolarising clamp step. In some cells, a transient inward current was induced by the modified salt solution. [HYP] It is concluded that the characteristic alterations in action potential characteristics induced by a combination of acidosis , lactate, and lysophosphatidylcholine are likely to result from reductions in the inward Ca current and the background and delayed rectifier K current.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI1281991 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Epidermal growth factor (EGF) was found to induce a rapid 2-fold increase in the amount of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) mRNA in human hepatoma Hep2G cells, and this was accompanied by a 2-fold increase in IGFBP-1 secretion. A protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) caused a 2-3-fold increase in the amount of IGFBP-1 mRNA, which could be accounted for the observed stabilization in decay of IGFBP-1 mRNA after CHX treatment. In nuclear run-on transcription experiments neither EGF nor CHX affected the transcription rate of the IGFBP-1 gene. [HYP] It is not concluded that EGF increases IGFBP-1 secretion rapidly by enhancing IGFBP-1 mRNA accumulation, and the addition of a protein synthesis inhibitor results in a specific increment of IGFBP-1 mRNA, suggesting that a labile protein repressor protein is involved in the turnover IGFBP-1 mRNA.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI1285345 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The effects of cyclic strain on the production of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) by cultured endothelial cells (EC) were examined. Human saphenous vein EC were seeded in selective areas of culture plates with flexible membrane bottoms (corresponding to specific strain regions) and grown to confluence. Membranes were deformed by vacuum (-20 kPa) at 60 cycles/min (0.5 s strain alternating with 0.5 s relaxation in the neutral position) for 5 days. EC grown in the periphery were subjected to 7-24% strain, while cells grown in the center experienced less than 7% strain. The results show a significant increase in immunoreactive tPA production on days 1, 3 and 5 compared to day 0 in EC subjected to more than 7% cyclic strain. There was no significant elevation of tPA in the medium of EC subjected to less than 7% strain. tPA activity could only be detected in the medium of EC subjected to more than 7% cyclic strain. PAI-1 levels in the medium were not significantly different in either group. In addition, immunocytochemical detection of intracellular tPA and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of tPA (assessed by the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction utilizing tPA specific sense and antisense primers) was significantly increased in EC subjected to more than 7% cyclic strain. [HYP] We conclude that a 7 cycles/min regimen of strain that is greater than 7% can selectively stimulate tPA production by EC in vitro and may contribute to the relative nonthrombogenicity of the endothelium in vivo.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI1288100 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] We infused endotoxin into anesthetized dogs while maintaining cardiac output. Whole body O2 uptake and arterial lactate concentration were measured at the same time with regional O2 uptake and lactate fluxes in muscle and gut. Even though whole body O2 uptake increased, so did arterial lactate levels. The different behavior of organ systems was marked by the fact that muscle took up lactate while its O2 uptake didn't change whereas gut produced lactate as it decreased its O2 uptake. Comparison with critical levels of O2 delivery and O2 extraction ratio for whole body and the two regions opened considerable doubt that generalized and significant hypoxia explained the rise in arterial lactate. [HYP] We concluded that arterial lactate was a reflection of whole body hypoxia .
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI1295904 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) on eicosanoid synthesis in microvessel endothelial cells derived from rabbit left ventricular muscle (RCME cells). We observed that aFGF increased AA conversion to PGE2 in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and the stimulatory effect was abolished by actinomycin D and cycloheximide. Acidic FGF increased the recovery of PGG/H synthase activity following aspirin treatment, suggesting an action on de novo PGG/H synthase synthesis. Acidic FGF increased the incorporation of [35S] methionine into a 70 kD immunoreactive PGG/H synthase band. PGG/H synthase synthesis following aspirin treatment was also increased by transforming growth factor beta, while epidermal growth factor basic FGF and platelet derived growth factor were without effect. In addition, the actions of aFGF on de novo PGG/H synthase were compared in several endothelial preparations. Acidic FGF treatment of aspirin treated endothelial cells from rabbit lung microvessels and small pulmonary artery and from human lung microvessels all showed an increase in PGG/H synthase recovery. In contrast, similar treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells was without effect. Pretreatment of RCME cells with dexamethasone (1 microM) did not alter the aFGF induction of PGG/H synthase activity. [HYP] We conclude that aFGF stimulates PGE2 production by a mechanism that includes the de novo synthesis of PGG/H synthase.
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI1296825 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] To evaluate the effects of milrinone (MIL) on hemodynamics and lung water content, we used 10 mongrel dogs with pulmonary hypertension (PH). To induce pulmonary hypertension, we administered two injections of glass beads stirred in saline to dogs. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance significantly increased following induction. Milrinone, which inhibits cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase-(PDE) demonstrated pulmonary vasodilation, indicated a reduction in these two parameters. To clarify the drug mechanism, we measured lung water content as extravascular lung thermal volume (ETVL) using a thermo/sodium double-indicator dilution method. The induction of pulmonary hypertension produced a transient reduction in extravascular lung thermal volume. The parameter remained constant following milrinone administration, whereas the control showed a gradual increase. Of the 10 dogs, five were killed to measure gravimetrically the volume of lung water content as a comparison with extravascular lung thermal volume. [HYP] We conclude that milrinone reduced PAP and caused pulmonary vasodilation .
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI1300036 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The effects of tetrandrine (Tet) on the contractile properties of rat aortic ring preparations were studied to test the hypothesis that Tet is a Ca2+ antagonist acting on voltage-operated Ca2+ channels (VOC). The tests were performed on contractions induced by depolarizing concentrations of KCl and by alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist, phenylephrine (Phe). These vascular effects of Tet were compared to those of nifedipine (Nif). We found that Tet behaved qualitatively similar to, but less potent than, Nif in that it inhibited KCl-induced contraction in a concentration-dependent fashion and its inhibitory effect was long-lasting. However, the effects on Phe-induced contraction of Tet was different from those of Nif in that the extracellular Ca(2+)-dependent contraction was inhibited by Tet, but not by Nif. Tet (60 mumol.L-1) completely inhibited the 45Ca2+ uptake induced by KCl and Phe in rat aortic muscle strips. When the aortic muscle contractile response was induced by addition of Ca2+ following depletion of intracellular stores by Phe in the presence of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-pump inhibitor, cyclopiazonic acid, Tet (60 mumol.L-1) was more effective than Nif 1 mumol.L-1 in inhibiting such a response to extracellularly added Ca2+. Furthermore, Tet, but not Nif, also significantly inhibited the contraction to Phe in Ca(2+)-free medium. [HYP] Collectively, these results led us to conclude that Tet does not behave as a selective VOC blocker like Nif .
OUTPUT:
| entailment | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 0 |
BioNLI1309868 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] Treatment of young rats with vitamin D3 and nicotine produced a 35-fold increase in the calcium content of the aorta and a 4-fold increase in the calcium content of the mesenteric arterial bed. Blood pressure was not modified. In vitro, aortic rings and mesenteric arterial bed preparations from such animals showed diminished vasoconstrictor responses to norepinephrine. After precontraction with norepinephrine, the endothelium-dependent vasodilator, carbachol, produced vasorelaxation. This latter effect was attenuated in aortic rings and mesenteric arterial bed preparations from animals previously treated with vitamin D3 and nicotine, but the vasodilator effect of sodium nitroprusside (which is independent of the endothelium) was unchanged. Prolonged treatment with the calcium entry blocker, isradipine, at a dose (1 mg/kg, i.p.) which had no effect on blood pressure, prevented calcium overload of the mesenteric arterial bed, but did not modify aortic calcium overload. Isradipine treatment had no effect on vasoconstrictor responses to norepinephrine in vitro. Such treatment did, however, restore the endothelium-dependent vasodilator effect of carbachol in the mesenteric arterial bed (but not in aortic rings). [HYP] In conclusion, in a rat model of vascular vitamin D3 overload produced by administration of calcium plus nicotine, chronic treatment with a low dose of the vitamin D3 entry blocker, isradipine, restored the endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant effect of carbachol in the mesenteric arterial bed, but not in the aorta.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
BioNLI1312760 |
TASK: Please classify the relationship between the given premise and hypothesis into one of the following labels: entailment, contradiction, or neutral. Return only the label.
###
INPUT: [PRE] The mechanisms by which glucocorticoids (GC) inhibit some actions of vitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D3] are not well understood, but there is growing evidence that GC alter vitamin D receptor (VDR) number. We studied the effects of dexamethasone (DEX) on VDR number and mRNA in the human osteosarcoma cell line, MG-63. The effects of DEX on 1,25-(OH)2D3 binding were examined by incubating confluent cells overnight in media without or with 10(-6) M DEX. DEX decreased VDR number (B max) by approximately 70% (110 versus 32 fmol/mg cellular protein, p less than 0.001) without significantly changing the apparent affinity (K'D) of 1,25-(OH)2D3 for its receptor (3.8 versus 2.2 x 10(-10) M, p greater than 0.05). Overnight incubation of MG-63 cells with DEX produced a time- and dose-responsive decrease in VDR mRNA compared to untreated controls (p less than 0.01). To determine the mechanism of the DEX-mediated decrease in VDR mRNA, the effect of DEX on VDR mRNA stability was studied. We found that the half-life for the VDR mRNA was approximately 5.7 h and was not significantly changed when the cells were incubated with DEX (approximately 6.3 h). [HYP] We conclude that DEX decreases both VDR number and mRNA in MG-3 osteosarcoma cells.
OUTPUT:
| contradiction | [
"entailment",
"contradiction"
] | 1 |
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