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lyhoaensis
Jesper Mattsson (footballer)
Hola Mohalla, also called Hola, is a three-day long Sikh festival which normally falls in March and takes place on the second day of the lunar month of Chett, a day after the Hindu spring festival Holi but sometimes coincides with Holi.
Hola Mohalla is a big festive event for Sikhs around the world.
The fair held during Holi and Hola at Anandpur Sahib is traditionally a three-day event but participants attend Anandpur Sahib for a week, camping out and enjoying various displays of fighting prowess and bravery, and listening to kirtan, music and poetry.
For meals, which is an integral part of the Sikh institution (Gurdwara), visitors sit together in Pangats (Queues) and eat vegetarian food of the Langars.
The event concludes on the day of Hola Mohalla with a long, "military-style" procession near Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib, one of the five seats of temporal authority of the Sikhs.
Etymology Bhai Kahan Singh, who compiled the Mahan Kosh (the first Sikh encyclopedia) at the turn of the 20th century, explained, "Hola is derived from the word halla (a military charge) and the term mohalla stands for an organized procession or an army column.
The words 'Hola Mohalla' would thus mean 'the charge of an army.'
" Dr. M.S.
Ahluwalia notes that the related Punjabi term mahalia (which was derived from the root hal, meaning to alight or descend) refers to "an organized procession in the form of an army column accompanied by war drums and standard-bearers, and proceeding to a given location or moving in state from one to another."
Hola is a Sanskrit word meant to be distinguished from Holi, the Hindu spring festival of colors (Holi) which takes place the day before Hola Mohalla.
History Hola Mohalla builds upon the Spring festival of Holi.
The Guru Granth Sahib contains passages prescribing the celebration of Holi by serving God.
The colours of Holi manifest in the Lord's love.
As Holi starts with Holika Dahan on the full moon night of Phagan or Phalgan, the festival of Holi is referred to as the festival of Phalgun even though the actual day of Holi falls on the first day of the lunar month of Chett.
Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji built upon this method of celebrating Holi by adding a martial element and creating Hola Mohalla to be celebrated a day after Holi.
The festival also has roots in the story of the child bhagat, Prahlad who would not accept his father, Harnakash, as god.
According to Gandhi (2007), "in order to please her brother, Holka planned to burn Prahlad.
She took him in her lap, sat in the midst of a heap of easily combustible straw".
Holka thought she would be protected by a cloth but it was Prahald who survived and Holka perished in the fire.
The event gave rise to the belief that good triumphed over evil.
Harnaksh, the King of Multan, was defeated by good in the form of Prahlad.
According to Lorenzen(1996), the story of Prahlad was popular with the early Sikhs.
The Guru Granth contains verses reciting Prahald by the saints Namdev and Kabir, and also by the third Guru Amar Das.
Customs Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru built upon the story of Prahlad and founded the festival of Hola Mohalla.
According to Thompson (2000), Guru Gobind Singh established Hola Mohalla in 1680.
Similarly, Cole (1994) states that Guru Gobind Singh summoned his followers to attend Anandpur on Holi when he introduced a new rally in 1680 to coincide with Holi where his followers could practice manoeuvres and combat training.
However, Guru Gobind Singh organised the first procession accompanied by drums in Anandpur on 22 February 1701 A.D.
The new tradition of overseeing mock battles and poetry contests at Lohgarh Fort has since spread from the town of Anandpur Sahib to nearby Kiratpur Sahib and the foothills of the Shivaliks, and to other Gurdwaras around the world.
According to Singh (2018), "during the celebrations of Hola Mohalla a sword is most in demand at Nanded, since each participant in the procession (jaloos) must have it in his hand".
Colours According to Guru Gobind Singh's court poet Bhai Nand Lal, colours were thrown by the participants after completion of the mock battles: rose water, amber, musk and saffron-coloured water was used.
Sikh tradition holds that Guru Gobind Singh also participated in the colourful festival with the use of gulal which has survived into modern times with Nihangs "splashing gulal (red farinaceous powder) on each other and the audience".
The alternative view is that the practice of throwing colours was not observed by Guru Gobind Singh.
Details Hola Mahalla is a Sikh event which takes place on the second day of the lunar month of Chet, which usually falls in March.
Mahalia, is a Punjabi word that implies an organized procession in the form of an army column accompanied by war drums and standard-bearers, and proceeding to a given location or moving in state from one place to another.
Holi, when people playfully sprinkle colored powders, dry or mixed in water, on each other on the first day of Chet was given a new dimension by establishing Hola to be celebrated a day after.
However, Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708) held the first march at Anandpur on Chet vadi 1, 1757 Bk (22 February 1701) and therefore festivities start before the second of Chet.
In Anandpur Sahib, the festival lasts for three days.
The Guru made Hola Mahalla an occasion for the Sikhs to demonstrate their martial skills in simulated battles.
This was probably done to forestall a grimmer struggle against the imperial power and channeling people's energy into a more useful activity.
Hola Mahalla became an annual event held in an open ground near Holgarh, a fort across the rivulet Charan Ganga, northwest of Anandpur sahib.
The popularity of this festival may be judged from the fact that out of five Sikh public holidays requested by the Khalsa Diwan, of Lahore in 1889, the Government approved only two - Hola Mahalla and the birth anniversary of Guru Nanak.
Hola Mahalla is presently the biggest festival at Anandpur.
Anandpur Sahib Anandpur Sahib (lit.
City of Bliss) is situated on one of the lower spurs of the Shiwalik Hills in Ropar District of Punjab and is well connected with the rest of the country both by road and rail.
It lies 31 km north of Rupnagar (Ropar) and 29 km south of Nangal Township.
Being one of the supremely important historical centers of the Sikhs it has been reverently called Anandpur Sahib.
It was here at Anandpur that on Baisakhi of 1699, Guru Gobind Singh inaugurated the Khalsa and the Panj Piare (the five beloved ones); hence inaugurating the order of Saint-Soldiers who pledged their dedication to defend the needy, poor and oppressed and their respective social, economic and political rights.
This was a tradition of one of the world's greatest martyrs Guru Tegh Bahadur (the 9th Guru) who laid down his life in the defense of the Hindus on behalf of the Pandits of Kashmir.
The order of the Khalsa, at the wish of Guru Gobind Singh's would henceforth be distinguished by five symbols (a uniform of 5Ks), viz.
Kes (uncut hair), Kangha (comb), Kacherra (drawers), Kara (an all-steel bracelet) and Kirpan (a sword) so that they could easily be recognized by anyone under attack.
Sikhs were further instructed to live to the highest ethical standards, and to be always ready to fight tyranny and injustice.
Nihang Singhs The Nihang are the members of the khalsa army known for their distinctive blue traditional robes and dumala, which are often embellished.
They are prominent at the Hola Mahalla festival.
Notes References Rupnagar Holi Sikh festivals Nihang Religious festivals in India
2LO was the second radio station to regularly broadcast in the United Kingdom (the first was 2MT).
It began broadcasting on 11 May 1922, for one hour a day from the seventh floor of Marconi House in London's Strand, opposite Somerset House.
Initially the power was 100 watts on 350 metres (857 kHz).
2LO was allowed to transmit for seven minutes, after which the "operator" had to listen on the wavelength for three minutes for possible instructions to close down.
On 14 November 1922 the station was transferred to the new British Broadcasting Company which in 1923 took up the nearby Savoy Hill for its broadcasting studios.
In 1927 the company became the British Broadcasting Corporation.
On 9 March 1930 2LO was replaced by the BBC Regional Programme and the BBC National Programme.
The letters LO continued to be used internally as a designation in the BBC for technical operations in the London area (for example, the numbering of all recordings made in London contained LO).
The code LO was changed to LN in the early 1970s.
The 2LO transmitter now belongs to the Science Museum, having been donated by Crown Castle International on 7 November 2002.
It is displayed in the Information Age gallery on the second floor of the museum.
Marconi House was demolished in 2006, apart from the listed façade, which will be incorporated into a new hotel complex.
A first-hand account of a broadcast from 2LO is given in The Spell of London by H. V. Morton.
The 'LO' part of 2LO's callsign was adopted in 1924 by the metropolitan radio station in Melbourne which, since 1932, has been a part of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
The station, 3LO, still has this callsign allocated to it, but since 2000 it has used different on-air names, first 774 ABC Melbourne and since 2017, Radio Melbourne.
The amateur radio callsign G2LO is currently held by the staff association at Arqiva, formerly Crown Castle International, formerly the domestic part of BBC Transmitter Department.
References Sources H.V.
Morton.
1926, 18th Edition 1948, The spell of London, Methuen & Co Ltd, London.
External links The Science Museum: London Calling History of Marconi House where 2LO first broadcast Audio of 2LO station identification Radio stations in London Radio stations established in 1922 Defunct radio stations in the United Kingdom
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qinhaiensis
Canarium is a genus of about 100 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae.
They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; including from southern Nigeria east to Madagascar, Mauritius, Sri Lanka and India; from Burma, Malaysia and Thailand through the Malay Peninsula and Vietnam to south China, Taiwan and the Philippines; through Borneo, Indonesia, Timor and New Guinea, through to the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and Palau.
Canarium species grow up to large evergreen trees of tall, and have alternately arranged, pinnate leaves.
They are dioecious, with male and female flowers growing on separate trees.
Common names The trees and their edible nuts have a large number of common names in their range.
These include Pacific almond, canarium nut, pili nut, Java almond, Kenari nut, galip nut, nangai, and ngali.
Species This species listing was sourced from The Plant List data aggregation website that takes in some inaccurate data.
The brief species distribution information was sourced from Flora Malesiana, the Flora of China (series) and the Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants information system.
Canarium acutifolium – New Guinea, Moluccas, Sulawesi, New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, Qld Australia Canarium album Chinese white olive (橄榄) – Taiwan, S China, Vietnam Canarium apertum – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo Canarium asperum – New Guinea, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Philippines, Borneo, Java, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, Timor, Solomon Is., Canarium australasicum – Qld, NSW, Australia endemic Canarium australianum – New Guinea, Qld, NT, WA, Australia Canarium balansae – New Caledonia endemic Canarium balsamiferum – Moluccas, Sulawesi Canarium batjanense – Canarium bengalense – India, Burma, Laos, Thailand, S China Canarium caudatum – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo Canarium cestracion – E New Guinea Canarium chinare – Solomon Is., Admiralty Is.
Canarium cinereum – Canarium copaliferum – Canarium decumanum – E Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea, Sulawesi Canarium denticulatum – Andaman Is., Burma, Sumatra, Malay Penin., Java, Borneo, Philippines Canarium dichotomum – Sumatra, Borneo Canarium divergens – Borneo Canarium elegans — Madagascar Canarium engleri – Canarium euphyllum – Canarium euryphyllum – Philippines Canarium fuscocalycinum – Borneo Canarium gracile – Philippines Canarium grandifolium – Malay Peninsula Canarium harami – Canarium harveyi – Canarium hirsutum – New Guinea to throughout Malesia, Solomon Is., Palau Canarium indicum – New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Solomon Is., Vanuatu, Moluccas, Sulawesi Canarium intermedium – S Sumatra Canarium kaniense – New Guinea Canarium karoense – N Sumatra Canarium kerrii – Canarium kinabaluense – N Borneo Canarium kipella – W Java Canarium kostermansii – Borneo Canarium lamii – New Guinea Canarium latistipulatum – Borneo Canarium liguliferum – Canarium littorale – Indo-China, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo Canarium luzonicum – Philippines Canarium lyi – Canarium macadamii – New Guinea Canarium madagascariense – Canarium maluense – Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Borneo Canarium megacarpum – New Guinea Canarium megalanthum – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo Canarium merrillii – Borneo Canarium muelleri – Queensland endemic, Australia Canarium odontophyllum – Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines (Palawan) Canarium oleiferum – New Caledonia endemic Canarium oleosum – New Guinea, New Britain, Timor, Moluccas, Sulawesi Canarium ovatum – Philippines, cultivated Asia–Pacific Canarium paniculatum – Canarium parvum – S China, Vietnam Canarium patentinervium – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Banka, Borneo Canarium perlisanum – Malay Peninsula (Perlis) Canarium pilososylvestre – W New Guinea Canarium pilosum – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo subsp.
borneensis – Borneo Canarium pimela Chinese black olive (乌榄) – Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, S China Canarium polyphyllum – New Guinea Canarium pseudodecumanum – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo Canarium pseudopatentinervium – S Sumatra, Banka, Borneo Canarium pseudopimela – Canarium pseudosumatranum – Malay Peninsula Canarium reniforme – Canarium resiniferum – Canarium rigidum – New Guinea Canarium rotundifolium – Canarium sarawakanum – Canarium schweinfurthii – African canarium; from Nigeria and Angola to Uganda Canarium sikkimense – Canarium solomonense – New Guinea Canarium strictum – India, Burma, S China Canarium subulatum – Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, S China Canarium sumatranum – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula Canarium sylvestre – New Guinea, Moluccas Canarium thorelianum – Canarium trifoliolatum – New Caledonia endemic Canarium trigonum – Sulawesi Canarium vanikoroense – Canarium venosum – Canarium vitiense – Fiji, Solomon Is., Samoa, Tonga, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Admiralty Is., Louisiade Arch., Torres Strait I's, Qld Australia Canarium vittatistipulatum – Canarium vrieseanum – Philippines, Sulawesi Canarium vulgare – Flores, Timor, Sulawesi, Moluccas Canarium whitei – New Caledonia endemic Canarium zeylanicum – Uses and ecology Several species have edible nuts, known as galip nut or nangae (C. indicum), pili nut (C. ovatum), or simply canarium nut (C. harveyi and C. indicum).

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