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The Bogor Botanical Gardens is a botanical garden located in Bogor, Indonesia, 60 km south of central Jakarta. It is currently operated by Indonesian Institute
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A terraced wall, also a terrace wall, or a terraced retaining wall is a wall which is divided into sections, as in, is not a single wall; they are terrraced. They can
[ "is not a single wall", "terraced retaining wall is a", "which is divided into sections" ]
"Egyptian faience is not, technically, faience. It is a sintered-quartz ceramic, with a surface vitrification which creates a bright lustre of various colours.
[ "with a surface vitrification which", "bright lustre of various colours" ]
The red grouper is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes
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Kate Langley Bosher was an American novelist from Virginia, best known for her novels Mary Cary and Miss Gibbie Gault. She was also a suffragist and
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Rolandseck station in Rolandseck near Remagen, Germany, built from 1856 to 1858, is considered an important part of the cultural heritage of the Rhineland and a
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Alza.cz a.s. is an e-commerce store operating in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and since 2014, in other European Union countries. It’s one of the largest
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Vuarrens is a municipality in the district Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
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New Oxford is a borough in Adams County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,783 at the 2010 census.
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"Medina Sidonia is a city and municipality in the province of Cádiz in the autonomous community of Andalusia, southern Spain. It is considered
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Dodda Basavana Gudi is situated in Bull Temple Road, Basavanagudi, area of South Bengaluru, part of the largest city of the Indian state of Karnataka.
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Little Treaty of Versailles or the Polish Minority Treaty was one of the bilateral Minority Treaties signed between minor powers and the League of Nations in the
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The Herbert Dröse Stadion is an American Football stadium for the Hanau Hornets American football team in Hanau, Germany. It was built in 1951.
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Air ambulance services in the United Kingdom provide emergency medical functions, patient transport between specialist centres, or medical
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Emil Lubtchov Kostadinov is a former Bulgarian football forward, former member of the Bulgaria national team for which he played in two World Cups. He shares his
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Jefry Osvaldo Rodríguez is a Dominican professional baseball pitcher for the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball. He previously played for the
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In boating, a fender is a bumper used to absorb the kinetic energy of a boat or vessel berthing against a jetty, quay wall or other vessel. Fenders, used on all
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The Black Umfolozi River is one of the two main tributaries to the Umfolozi River in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. It forms part of the Upper Umfolozi – the Lower
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Neureichenau is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany.
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The Scottish and North Irish Yeomanry is a reserve Light Cavalry Regiment, formed in 2014, created out of the restructuring of the British Army
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The National Memorial Arboretum is a British site of national remembrance at Alrewas, near Lichfield, Staffordshire. Its objective is to honour the fallen,
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Piedmont is a census-designated place along the Saluda River in Anderson and Greenville counties in the U.S. state of South Carolina. The population was
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Almuñécar is a municipality in the Spanish Autonomous Region of Andalusia on the Costa Tropical between Nerja and Motril. It has a subtropical climate. Almuñécar
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Edmund Bacon (1785–1866), was the business manager and primary overseer for 20 years for Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States, at
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The Battle of Wagram was a military engagement of the Napoleonic Wars that ended in a costly but decisive victory for Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte's
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Mario Rodríguez Varela, was an Argentine professional footballer. Nicknamed Mariulo, he was the topscorer of the 1964 Copa Libertadores with 6 goals.
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The Belgian Ringbeater is a breed of fancy pigeon. Belgian Ringbeaters, along with other varieties of domesticated pigeons, are all descendants
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Johannes de Graaff, also referred to as Johannis de Graeff in some documents, was a Dutch Governor of Sint Eustatius, Saba and Sint Maarten in the
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The economy of Serbia is a service-based upper middle income economy with the tertiary sector accounting for two-thirds of total gross domestic product
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The Magnificat is a canticle, also known as the Song of Mary, the Canticle of Mary and, in the Byzantine tradition, the Ode of the Theotokos. It is traditionally
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Piwnica Świdnicka is a Polish restaurant- chain company with in fact only one restaurant. The chain- company is considered to be the third oldest Polish
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Alexei Ivanovich Rykov was a Russian Bolshevik revolutionary and a Soviet politician most prominent as Premier of Russia and the Soviet Union from 1924
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"Major League Baseball recognizes the player or players in each league with the most wins each season. In baseball, wins are a statistic used to evaluate
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"The Citra Award for Best Director is an award given at the Indonesian Film Festival to Indonesian film directors in recognition for their
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Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt was a German front-line fortification, west of the village of Beaumont Hamel on the Somme. The redoubt was built after the end of
[ "west of the village of", "redoubt was built after the" ]
"St. Alphonsus Church, Rectory, Convent and Halle, also known as St. John Neumann Shrine and ""Baltimore's Powerhouse of Prayer,"" is an historic Roman
[ "as St. John Neumann Shrine" ]
Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal is a dictionary of the Dutch language. It contains between 350,000 to 400,000 entries for Dutch words from 1500 to 1921.
[ "is a dictionary of the" ]
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Wilhelm Horst Lichter is a German cook, television cook, cookbook author and moderator. He also occasionally appears on stage as an entertainer.
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Avenida Corrientes is one of the principal thoroughfares of the Argentine capital of Buenos Aires. The street is intimately tied to the tango and the porteño
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Eugene Ivanov is a Russian-Czech contemporary artist, painter, graphic artist and illustrator. Since 1998 he has been living and working in
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The Koxx is a South Korean indie rock band that formed in 2009. They are also involved in the production of k-pop songs.
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Eugene Barker McDaniel is a retired United States Navy Captain, Naval Aviator and former Prisoner of war during the Vietnam War. He was released
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Ogrodzieniec is a town in Zawiercie County, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland, with 4,282 inhabitants. It is noted for the extensive ruins of a medieval
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Haidianhuangzhuang Station is a station on Line 4 and Line 10 of the Beijing Subway, located in Haidian District. This transfer station handled peak passenger
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Euphorbia milii, the crown of thorns, Christ plant, or Christ thorn, called Corona de Cristo in Latin America, is a species of flowering plant in the spurge
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Rajiv Gulshan Rai is an Indian film director, screenwriter and film editor. He is the son of the producer Gulshan Rai. He has directed all his films under his
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The Treaty of Edinburgh was a treaty drawn up on 5 July 1560 between the Commissioners of Queen Elizabeth I of England with the assent of the Scottish
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Farnborough Airport is an operational business/executive general aviation airport in Farnborough, Rushmoor, Hampshire, England. The
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António Augusto dos Santos Marto GCC is a Portuguese prelate of the Catholic Church. He has served as the Bishop of Leiria-Fátima since 2006. Pope
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A gas holder, or gasometer, is a large container in which natural gas or town gas is stored near atmospheric pressure at ambient temperatures. The volume of the
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Leek is a village and former municipality in Groningen province in the northeastern Netherlands. The municipality, which bordered the Drenthe and
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Maria Feodorovna was Empress consort of Russia as the second wife of Tsar Paul I. She was the founder of the Office of the Institutions of Empress Maria.
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Jordanstown railway station serves Jordanstown and the University of Ulster in Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland. A park and ride facility for the
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The Mark 101 Lulu was an airdropped nuclear depth charge developed by the U. S. Navy and the Atomic Energy Commission during the 1950s. It carried a
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Rothsville is a census-designated place, associated with the town of Lititz, PA, in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States. Lititz, PA, is the town for
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Raymond Ahipene-Mercer is a former New Zealand politician, who served as a Wellington City Councillor for the Eastern Ward, only the second Māori to be
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The Down Town Association in the City of New York, usually referred to as the Down Town Association, is a private club in the Financial District of
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Walter Langton of Castle Ashby in Northamptonshire, was Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield and Treasurer of England. The life of Langton was strongly influenced
[ "Lichfield and Treasurer of England" ]
Overlake Transit Center is a bus station and future light rail station in Redmond, Washington. The current bus station opened in 2002 and is located on the
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The University of Bath is a public university located in Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom. It received its royal charter in 1966, along with a number of other
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USS George Washington (CVN-73) is a United States Navy nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, the sixth carrier in the Nimitz class and the fourth US Navy
[ "carrier in the Nimitz class" ]
The Samanid mausoleum, built in the 10th century C.E., is located in the northwestern part of Bukhara, Uzbekistan, just outside its historic center. It was built as
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This table shows an overview of the immovable heritage sites in the Flemish town Hasselt. This list is part of Belgium's national heritage.
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Svirce is a village in the south of municipality of Medveđa, Serbia. Until the 1999 Kosovo War it had 1300 people, the largest village in population in Medvedja
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Kaunas Central Post Office is a post office in Kaunas, Lithuania, which is one of the most notable buildings from the period when Kaunas was the temporary
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Erinnyis obscura, the obscure sphinx, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Johann Christian Fabricius in 1775. It lives from
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Tobu World Square is a theme park in Kinugawa Onsen, Nikkō, Tochigi, Japan. The theme park contains over a hundred 1:25 scale models of famous buildings,
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Nibbler is an arcade snake game released in 1982 by Chicago-based developer Rock-Ola. The player navigates a snake through an enclosed
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Kay Bailey Hutchison is an American attorney, television correspondent, politician and diplomat serving as the 22nd and current United States Permanent
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Stanislav Libenský and Jaroslava Brychtová were contemporary artists. Their works are included in many major modern art collections, such as the
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Madinabonu Mannopova is an Uzbekistani taekwondo athlete. She won a silver medal at the 2018 Asian Games and a bronze at the 2018 Asian
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The Ford Laser is a compact car, originally a subcompact car in the first three generations, which was sold by Ford in Asia, Oceania, and parts of South America, and
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The Paymaster of the Forces was a position in the British government. The office was established 1661 one year after the Restoration of the Monarchy
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Plitvice Lakes National Park is one of the oldest and largest national parks in Croatia. In 1979, Plitvice Lakes National Park was added to the UNESCO World
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Perafita is a municipality in the comarca of Osona in Catalonia, Spain.
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Oliver Township is a township in Jefferson County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,083 at the 2010 census. It was named after Commodore
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Fiad is a village in Somogy county, Hungary.
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The list of cannon by caliber contains all types of cannon through the ages listed in decreasing caliber size. For the purpose of this list, the
[ "by caliber contains all types", "cannon through the ages listed", "For the purpose of this" ]
The Lounge Kittens was an English comedy lounge band formed in Southampton in 2012. They perform covers of classic popular songs, in particular rock
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Stenonychosaurus is a genus of troodontid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada, as well as possibly the Two Medicine
[ "a genus of troodontid dinosaur", "the Late Cretaceous Dinosaur Park" ]

The VCR-Wiki Dataset for Visual Caption Restoration (VCR)

🏠 Paper | 👩🏻‍💻 GitHub | 🤗 Huggingface Datasets | 📏 Evaluation with lmms-eval

This is the official Hugging Face dataset for VCR-Wiki, a dataset for the Visual Caption Restoration (VCR) task.

VCR is designed to measure vision-language models' capability to accurately restore partially obscured texts using pixel-level hints within images. text-based processing becomes ineffective in VCR as accurate text restoration depends on the combined information from provided images, context, and subtle cues from the tiny exposed areas of masked texts.

image/jpg

We found that OCR and text-based processing become ineffective in VCR as accurate text restoration depends on the combined information from provided images, context, and subtle cues from the tiny exposed areas of masked texts. We develop a pipeline to generate synthetic images for the VCR task using image-caption pairs, with adjustable caption visibility to control the task difficulty. However, this task is generally easy for native speakers of the corresponding language. Initial results indicate that current vision-language models fall short compared to human performance on this task.

Benchmark

EM means "Exact Match" and Jaccard means "Jaccard Similarity". The best in closed source and open source are highlighted in bold. Closed source models are evaluated based on 500 test samples, while open source models are evaluated based on 5000 test samples.

Model Size (unknown for closed source) En Easy EM En Easy Jaccard En Hard EM En Hard Jaccard Zh Easy EM Zh Easy Jaccard Zh Hard EM Zh Hard Jaccard
Claude 3 Opus - 62.0 77.67 37.8 57.68 0.9 11.5 0.3 9.22
Claude 3.5 Sonnet - 63.85 74.65 41.74 56.15 1.0 7.54 0.2 4.0
GPT-4 Turbo - 78.74 88.54 45.15 65.72 0.2 8.42 0.0 8.58
GPT-4V - 52.04 65.36 25.83 44.63 - - - -
GPT-4o - 91.55 96.44 73.2 86.17 14.87 39.05 2.2 22.72
Gemini 1.5 Pro - 62.73 77.71 28.07 51.9 1.1 11.1 0.7 11.82
Qwen-VL-Max - 76.8 85.71 41.65 61.18 6.34 13.45 0.89 5.4
Reka Core - 66.46 84.23 6.71 25.84 0.0 3.43 0.0 3.35
CogVLM2 19B 83.25 89.75 37.98 59.99 - - - -
CogVLM2-Chinese 19B - - - - 33.24 57.57 1.34 17.35
DeepSeek-VL 1.3B 23.04 46.84 0.16 11.89 0.0 6.56 0.0 6.46
DeepSeek-VL 7B 38.01 60.02 1.0 15.9 0.0 4.08 0.0 5.11
DocOwl-1.5-Omni 8B 0.84 13.34 0.04 7.76 0.0 1.14 0.0 1.37
Idefics2 8B 15.75 31.97 0.65 9.93 - - - -
InternLM-XComposer2-VL 7B 46.64 70.99 0.7 12.51 0.27 12.32 0.07 8.97
InternVL-V1.5 25.5B 14.65 51.42 1.99 16.73 4.78 26.43 0.03 8.46
MiniCPM-V2.5 8B 31.81 53.24 1.41 11.94 4.1 18.03 0.09 7.39
Monkey 7B 50.66 67.6 1.96 14.02 0.62 8.34 0.12 6.36
Qwen-VL 7B 49.71 69.94 2.0 15.04 0.04 1.5 0.01 1.17
Yi-VL 34B 0.82 5.59 0.07 4.31 0.0 4.44 0.0 4.12
Yi-VL 6B 0.75 5.54 0.06 4.46 0.00 4.37 0.00 4.0

Model Evaluation

Method 1 (recommended): use the evaluation script

git clone https://github.com/tianyu-z/VCR.git

Open-source evaluation

We support open-source model_id:

["openbmb/MiniCPM-Llama3-V-2_5",
"OpenGVLab/InternVL-Chat-V1-5",
"internlm/internlm-xcomposer2-vl-7b",
"HuggingFaceM4/idefics2-8b",
"Qwen/Qwen-VL-Chat",
"THUDM/cogvlm2-llama3-chinese-chat-19B",
"THUDM/cogvlm2-llama3-chat-19B",
"echo840/Monkey-Chat",]

For the models not on list, they are not intergated with huggingface, please refer to their github repo to create the evaluation pipeline. Examples of the inference logic are in src/evaluation/inference.py

pip install -r requirements.txt
# We use HuggingFaceM4/idefics2-8b and vcr_wiki_en_easy as an example
# Inference from the VLMs and save the results to {model_id}_{difficulty}_{language}.json
cd src/evaluation
python3 inference.py --dataset_handler "vcr-org/VCR-wiki-en-easy-test" --model_id "HuggingFaceM4/idefics2-8b" --device "cuda" --dtype "bf16" --save_interval 50 --resume True

# Evaluate the results and save the evaluation metrics to {model_id}_{difficulty}_{language}_evaluation_result.json
python3 evaluation_metrics.py --model_id HuggingFaceM4/idefics2-8b --output_path . --json_filename "HuggingFaceM4_idefics2-8b_en_easy.json" --dataset_handler "vcr-org/VCR-wiki-en-easy-test"

# To get the mean score of all the `{model_id}_{difficulty}_{language}_evaluation_result.json` in `jsons_path` (and the std, confidence interval if `--bootstrap`) of the evaluation metrics
python3 gather_results.py --jsons_path .

Close-source evaluation

We provide the evaluation script for the close-source models in src/evaluation/closed_source_eval.py.

You need an API Key, a pre-saved testing dataset and specify the path of the data saving the paper

pip install -r requirements.txt
cd src/evaluation
# [download images to inference locally option 1] save the testing dataset to the path using script from huggingface
python3 save_image_from_dataset.py --output_path .
# [download images to inference locally option 2] save the testing dataset to the path using github repo
# use en-easy-test-500 as an example
git clone https://github.com/tianyu-z/VCR-wiki-en-easy-test-500.git

# specify your image path if you would like to inference using the image stored locally by --image_path "path_to_image", otherwise, the script will streaming the images from github repo
python3 closed_source_eval.py --model_id gpt4o --dataset_handler "VCR-wiki-en-easy-test-500" --api_key "Your_API_Key"

# Evaluate the results and save the evaluation metrics to {model_id}_{difficulty}_{language}_evaluation_result.json
python3 evaluation_metrics.py --model_id gpt4o --output_path . --json_filename "gpt4o_en_easy.json" --dataset_handler "vcr-org/VCR-wiki-en-easy-test-500"

# To get the mean score of all the `{model_id}_{difficulty}_{language}_evaluation_result.json` in `jsons_path` (and the std, confidence interval if `--bootstrap`) of the evaluation metrics
python3 gather_results.py --jsons_path .

Method 2: use lmms-eval framework

You may need to incorporate the inference method of your model if the lmms-eval framework does not support it. For details, please refer to here

pip install git+https://github.com/EvolvingLMMs-Lab/lmms-eval.git
# We use HuggingFaceM4/idefics2-8b and vcr_wiki_en_easy as an example
python3 -m accelerate.commands.launch --num_processes=8 -m lmms_eval --model idefics2 --model_args pretrained="HuggingFaceM4/idefics2-8b" --tasks vcr_wiki_en_easy --batch_size 1 --log_samples --log_samples_suffix HuggingFaceM4_idefics2-8b_vcr_wiki_en_easy --output_path ./logs/

lmms-eval supports the following VCR --tasks settings:

  • English
    • Easy
      • vcr_wiki_en_easy (full test set, 5000 instances)
      • vcr_wiki_en_easy_500 (first 500 instances in the vcr_wiki_en_easy setting)
      • vcr_wiki_en_easy_100 (first 100 instances in the vcr_wiki_en_easy setting)
    • Hard
      • vcr_wiki_en_hard (full test set, 5000 instances)
      • vcr_wiki_en_hard_500 (first 500 instances in the vcr_wiki_en_hard setting)
      • vcr_wiki_en_hard_100 (first 100 instances in the vcr_wiki_en_hard setting)
  • Chinese
    • Easy
      • vcr_wiki_zh_easy (full test set, 5000 instances)
      • vcr_wiki_zh_easy_500 (first 500 instances in the vcr_wiki_zh_easy setting)
      • vcr_wiki_zh_easy_100 (first 100 instances in the vcr_wiki_zh_easy setting)
    • Hard
      • vcr_wiki_zh_hard (full test set, 5000 instances)
      • vcr_wiki_zh_hard_500 (first 500 instances in the vcr_wiki_zh_hard setting)
      • vcr_wiki_zh_hard_100 (first 100 instances in the vcr_wiki_zh_hard setting)

Dataset Statistics

We show the statistics of the original VCR-Wiki dataset below:

image/png

Dataset Construction

image/png

  • Data Collection and Initial Filtering: The original data is collected from wikimedia/wit_base. Before constructing the dataset, we first filter out the instances with sensitive content, including NSFW and crime-related terms, to mitigate AI risk and biases.

  • N-gram selection: We first truncate the description of each entry to be less than 5 lines with our predefined font and size settings. We then tokenize the description for each entry with spaCy and randomly mask out 5-grams, where the masked 5-grams do not contain numbers, person names, religious or political groups, facilities, organizations, locations, dates and time labeled by spaCy, and the total masked token does not exceed 50% of the tokens in the caption.

  • Create text embedded in images: We create text embedded in images (TEI) for the description, resize its width to 300 pixels, and mask out the selected 5-grams with white rectangles. The size of the rectangle reflects the difficulty of the task: (1) in easy versions, the task is easy for native speakers but open-source OCR models almost always fail, and (2) in hard versions, the revealed part consists of only one to two pixels for the majority of letters or characters, yet the restoration task remains feasible for native speakers of the language.

  • Concatenate Images: We concatenate TEI with the main visual image (VI) to get the stacked image.

  • Second-round Filtering: We filter out all entries with no masked n-grams or have a height exceeding 900 pixels.

Data Fields

  • question_id: int64, the instance id in the current split.
  • image: PIL.Image.Image, the original visual image (VI).
  • stacked_image: PIL.Image.Image, the stacked VI+TEI image containing both the original visual image and the masked text embedded in image.
  • only_id_image: PIL.Image.Image, the masked TEI image.
  • caption: str, the unmasked original text presented in the TEI image.
  • crossed_text: List[str], the masked n-grams in the current instance.

Disclaimer for the VCR-Wiki dataset and Its Subsets

The VCR-Wiki dataset and/or its subsets are provided under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) license. This dataset is intended solely for research and educational purposes in the field of visual caption restoration and related vision-language tasks.

Important Considerations:

  1. Accuracy and Reliability: While the VCR-Wiki dataset has undergone filtering to exclude sensitive content, it may still contain inaccuracies or unintended biases. Users are encouraged to critically evaluate the dataset's content and applicability to their specific research objectives.

  2. Ethical Use: Users must ensure that their use of the VCR-Wiki dataset aligns with ethical guidelines and standards, particularly in avoiding harm, perpetuating biases, or misusing the data in ways that could negatively impact individuals or groups.

  3. Modifications and Derivatives: Any modifications or derivative works based on the VCR-Wiki dataset must be shared under the same license (CC BY-SA 4.0).

  4. Commercial Use: Commercial use of the VCR-Wiki dataset is permitted under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license, provided that proper attribution is given and any derivative works are shared under the same license.

By using the VCR-Wiki dataset and/or its subsets, you agree to the terms and conditions outlined in this disclaimer and the associated license. The creators of the dataset are not liable for any direct or indirect damages resulting from its use.

Citation

If you find VCR useful for your research and applications, please cite using this BibTeX:

@article{zhang2024vcr,
  title   = {VCR: Visual Caption Restoration},
  author  = {Tianyu Zhang and Suyuchen Wang and Lu Li and Ge Zhang and Perouz Taslakian and Sai Rajeswar and Jie Fu and Bang Liu and Yoshua Bengio},
  year    = {2024},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv: 2406.06462}
}
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